document_title: Kylo Ren

question_text: where does kylo ren's name come from

question_tokens: where does kylo ren 's name come from

text: Kylo Ren

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: After Lucasfilm was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2012, the script for The Force Awakens was written by Lawrence Kasdan, J. J. Abrams and Michael Arndt, with no direct participation from Star Wars creator George Lucas. According to director Abrams, the First Order is inspired by ODESSA, a theoretical network of SS officers who fled to Argentina following World War II.[4]

text: Driver's casting in the film in an unnamed role was first announced on April 29, 2014.[5] Kylo Ren was first seen, but still not named, in the 88-second The Force Awakens teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28, 2014,[6][7] wielding a jagged red lightsaber with a crossguard.[8][9][10] The name Kylo Ren was revealed by Entertainment Weekly in a Lucasfilm-designed Topps-style trading card mockup in December 2014.[11][12] A May 2015 Vanity Fair photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz confirmed that Driver would be portraying Kylo.[13]

text: In an interview with Time, The Force Awakens costume designer Michael Kaplan said that Abrams requested that Ren's mask be designed to be memorable for a child. After numerous attempts to gain Abrams' approval, the final design was selected. Kaplan said:

text: I don't know if it was the kind of spaghetti type lines on it or what, but the next time J.J. came by that was what we presented to him and he loved it. Also the silver in those lines kind of reflects and changes color with the action. You know, if he's standing in front of fire you see that, so it almost brings you into the mask.[14]

text: Abrams told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015, "The movie explains the origins of the mask and where it's from, but the design was meant to be a nod to the Vader mask."[15]

text: According to other cast members, Driver is a method actor, which meant that he sometimes stayed in character on set as Ren and left his mask on between scenes.[16] Driver explained that his goal was "to forget you're in Star Wars and treat it like any other job that's filled with moments and problems", because from the perspective of the characters living within the film's universe, "Darth Vader is real".[16]

text: Ren's character arc shares similarities with that of the Star Wars expanded universe character Jacen Solo, the son of Han Solo and Princess Leia who threatens the galaxy as a fallen Jedi.[17][18][19][20] Additionally, critics have noted a resemblance between Ren's character design and that of Revan, the protagonist of Knights of the Old Republic.[21][22]

text: Character[edit]

text: Abrams told Empire in August 2015, "Kylo Ren is not a Sith. He works under Supreme Leader Snoke, who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force."[4] Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character, "came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren."[15] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as "a hot-headed, radicalised Dark Side jihadi, whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper".[23] Abrams noted, "The lightsaber is something that he built himself, and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character."[15] The Telegraph also explains that Ren's wild and erratic temper and "angsty" instability make him dangerous.[24] Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren's use of the Force as "formidable", citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air, immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will.[25]

text: Kasdan told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015, "I've written four Star Wars movies now, and there's never been a character quite like the one that Adam plays. I think you're going to see something that's brand new to the saga," noting that the character is "full of emotion".[15] Abrams explained, "I think that what makes Ren so unique is that he isn't as fully formed as when we meet a character such as Darth Vader ... He is not your prototypical mustache-twirling bad guy. He is a little bit more complex than that."[15] Driver said in December 2015 that, despite the visual similarities to Darth Vader, Ren is "unlike any villain the franchise has seen before".[26] He explained:

text: I feel there's a recklessness about him that's maybe not normally associated with the Dark Side. You normally think of order, and structure, and full commitment and no hesitation ... he's just a little bit more unpolished. It's in his costume, in his lightsaber—how you kind of get the sense that it could just not work at any moment; that it could just blow up. That’s kind of like a big metaphor for him.[26]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Feature films[edit]

text: The Force Awakens (2015)[edit]

text: Kylo Ren first appears in The Force Awakens as the commander of the First Order, a sinister regime that has risen from the remains of the old Galactic Empire. After arriving at Jakku to retrieve a map containing the coordinates for the location of Luke Skywalker, Ren kills an old vicar known as Lor San Tekka and captures Resistance pilot Poe Dameron, who has also been sent to recover the map by General Leia Organa. Ren soon learns that the pilot had entrusted his astromech droid, BB-8, with the map. Poe flees with the help of rogue stormtrooper Finn, who later finds BB-8, and the scavenger Rey. Finn, Rey, and BB-8 escape Jakku in the Millennium Falcon, and are soon intercepted by the ship's former owner, Han Solo, and his co-pilot Chewbacca.

text: It is revealed that Ren is the son of Han and Leia, and was once one of Luke's Jedi pupils. He was drawn to the dark side of the Force by the First Order's Supreme Leader Snoke. He then helped to destroy his uncle Luke's new Jedi Academy. However, Ren still feels the pull of the light side of the Force and seeks the strength to overcome this weakness from his grandfather Darth Vader, whose burnt helmet is in Ren's possession. Arriving at the Maz Kanata castle, Ren captures Rey, who he senses has seen the map. While interrogating her with the Force, he realizes that she is strong with the Force herself, though unaware of it. Rey finds herself able to experience Ren's emotions and confronts him on his fear that he will never be as powerful as Vader. She later uses the "Jedi mind trick" to compel her stormtrooper guard to let her escape. Han arrives at the First Order's battle station, Starkiller Base, as part of the Resistance's plan to destroy it.

text: After Han plants explosives to destroy the base, he confronts Ren, calling him by his real name, Ben, and implores him to abandon the dark side, warning him that Snoke will kill him once he accomplishes his goal to seize control of the galaxy. Ren refuses and kills his father, enraging Chewbacca, Han's copilot, who fires, injuring Ren. As Finn and Rey flee the damaged base, a badly injured Ren follows and confronts them. Finn fights Ren with Luke's recovered lightsaber, but Ren overpowers and severely wounds him. Rey then takes up the lightsaber and, using the Force, begins to overcome Ren, as well as striking him on the face with the lightsaber, leaving Ren with a scar on the right side of his face. Before the duel is finished, they are separated by a seismic fissure created by the collapsing base. Rey and the others escape as Snoke orders General Hux to evacuate the base and bring Ren to him to complete his training.

text: The Last Jedi (2017)[edit]

text: Ren's inner conflict continues into The Last Jedi, specifically through his conversations with Rey, with whom he connects through the Force. Rey believes that his conflict will ultimately bring him back to the light side. Ren captures her and brings her before Snoke, who orders Ren to kill her. However, Ren uses the Force to ignite a lightsaber at Snoke’s side and cut him in half, killing him. Ren beseeches Rey to join him in creating a new order, separate from the legacies created by Snoke and Luke. When Rey refuses, Ren declares himself Supreme Leader of the First Order, and orders his forces to attack the Resistance base on Crait. Ren engages Luke in battle and appears to blow him up and cut him in half, but Luke remains standing; “Luke” is revealed to be simply a vision projected from the real Luke on Ahch-To, serving as a distraction which allows the Resistance to escape from the First Order. When Luke vanishes, the First Order storms the base, but Resistance has already evacuated; he shares a final look with Rey through the Force before Rey closes the door to the Millennium Falcon and escapes with the Resistance.

text: Related works and promotional material[edit]

text: He is a playable character in the 2015 Force Awakens add-on to the Disney Infinity 3.0 video game, with an Infinity character figurine available separately.[27][28][29][30] He is also a character in the strategy video game Star Wars: Force Arena.[31]

text: Hasbro has released a 3 3⁄4-inch (9.5 cm) Kylo Ren action figure,[32] and a 6-inch (15 cm) figure in their Black Series line.[33] He is also featured in the Lego Star Wars playsets Kylo Ren's Command Shuttle (2015)[34][35] and Battle on Takodana (2016),[36][37] as well as a Lego Buildable Figure.[38] The Lego version of Kylo also appears in the 2016 short form animated series Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises.[39][40][41][42]

text: In January 2016, Driver reprised the role for a Star Wars/Undercover Boss sketch on Saturday Night Live, with Kylo Ren disguising himself as a radar technician named "Matt" to determine what the Starkiller Base employees really think of him.[43]

text: Kylo Ren appears in Star Wars Battlefront II, voiced by Matthew Wood and Roger Craig Smith, masked and unmasked respectively. In the game, Kylo interrogates Del Meeko about Lor San Tekka's location (who possess the map to Luke Skywalker) using his Force abilities. When Del finally relents and reveals the map and Lor San Tekka's location, Kylo leaves him for Hask, Del's former comrade in Inferno Squad.[44]

text: Novels[edit]

text: Kylo Ren is a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster.[45]

text: In the 2017 Chuck Wendig novel Star Wars: Aftermath: Empire's End, Ben Solo is stated as having been born on the planet Chandrila on the same day as a peace treaty is signed between the remnants of the Empire and the New Galactic Republic.[46] Kylo Ren is additionally mentioned in the 2017 novel Star Wars: Phasma.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Both the character of Kylo Ren and Driver's performance have been positively received. Many complimented Ren's conflicted nature and depth, as well as his costume design, and noted there were many places the character could be taken in future installments.[47][48][49] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the character and the actor alike, saying, "He is gorgeously cruel, spiteful and capricious – and unlike the Vader of old, he is given to petulant temper tantrums, with his lightsaber drawn."[50] Terri Schwartz of IGN also called Driver's performance "spectacular", noting that "his performance adds great depth to a character who could have come off as one-dimensional, and the implications of his arc leave a viewer with plenty to think about after they leave the theater." [51] Collin wrote, "To describe Kylo Ren as this film's Vader would be accurate in a sense ... But it would also be to undersell the deep ingenuity with which this astonishing character has been crafted by Abrams, Kasdan and Arndt, and also the wells of emotional tumult Driver invests in him."[23] Comparing the character to the one-note Vader of the 1977 film, Leon calls Ren "a living battleground between darkness and light, making him a far more resonant and familiar portrayal of that struggle than we've ever seen in Star Wars ... [which] makes him a far more interesting villain."[25] Abrams told Entertainment Weekly, "it was a great joy to work with Adam Driver on this role, because he threw himself into it in a deep and remarkable way."[15] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter noted, "Ren is given a pronounced inferiority complex, a clever bad guy twist that could be taken to interesting places both in the writing and performance."[52] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote, "The bald-faced attempt to clone Vader, one of the greatest badasses in film history, is clankingly obvious, but Driver, masked and unmasked, gives him hypnotic and haunting contours."[53] Kyle Buchanan of Vulture.com was underwhelmed by the reveal of Driver under the mask.[54] Leon, however, argued:

text: But that face—that of a normal, vulnerable young man—is the most subversively terrifying thing about J. J. Abrams' reimagining of A New Hope. Rather than pure evil, Ren is something far more familiar: He is human. Just like the real-life young men with minds clouded by fear, hate, and anger who commit unspeakable acts in our world every day ... all the visual cues that leave the character open to criticisms of not being "evil" enough—are all signs of Ren's struggle between the Dark Side and the Light.[25]

text: Driver won a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal.[55] In January 2018, Kylo was voted seventh greatest movie villain of all time by the readers of Empire.[56]

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Skywalker family tree

Aika
Lars[a]

Cliegg
Lars[b]

Shmi
Skywalker[c]

Jobal
Naberrie[d]

Ruwee
Naberrie[d]

Beru
Whitesun[e]

Owen
Lars[f]

Anakin
Skywalker[g][h]

Padmé
Amidala[i]

Bail
Organa[j][k]

Breha
Organa[l]

Luke
Skywalker[m][n]

Leia
Organa[o]

Han
Solo[p]

Ben
Solo[p][q]

References:

Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Cliegg Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Shmi Skywalker Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Jump up ^ "Databank: Beru Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Owen Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Anakin Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Darth Vader". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Padmé Amidala". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Bail Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Luke Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Princess Leia Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Force Awakens. 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends) continuity, Han and Leia have three children: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.


document_title: Eastern coastal plains

question_text: where are the coastal plains of india situated

root

text: Eastern coastal plains

text: This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (May 2015)

tag: table

text: The Eastern Coastal Plains refers to a wide stretch of landmass of India, lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal. It is wider and leveled than the western coastal plains and stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha. Chilka Lake is a brackish water lake along the eastern coastal plain. It lies in the state of Odisha and stretches to the south of the Mahanadi Delta.[1]

tag: p

text: Deltas of many of India's rivers form a major portion of these plains. The Mahanadi, Godavari, Kaveri and Krishna rivers drain these plains. The region receives both the Northeast & Southwest monsoon rains with its annual rainfall averaging between 1,000 and 3,000 mm (39 and 118 in). The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km (62 to 80 miles).

text: It is locally known as Utkal Plains in the Northern part between Cossye and Rushikulya Rivers, Northern Circars in the Central part between Rushikulya and Krishna Rivers and, as Coromandel Coast in the Southern part from the south of river Krishna till the Southern tip of Mainland India at Cape Comorin where it merges with the Western Coastal Plains.


document_title: The Black Stallion (film)

question_text: who played the mother in the black stallion

text: The Black Stallion (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1946 Alec Ramsey is aboard the steamer Drake off the coast of North Africa, where he sees a wild black stallion being forced into a makeshift stable compartment and heavily restrained by ropes leading to his halter. Captivated by the horse, Alec later sneaks to the horse to feed him some sugar cubes, but he is caught by the horse's supposed owner, who tells him in Arabic to stay away from Shetan and shoves the boy away.

text: Later in their cabin, Alec's father shows Alec his winnings from a card game and gives him a pocket knife and a small statue of Bucephalus, and tells the story of how Alexander the Great became Bucephalus' master. Later that night, Alec is thrown out of his bunk; he grabs his knife and his Bucephalus statue and joins his father on the other side of the cabin. His father puts Alec into a life jacket and they struggle with the rest of the passengers to get on deck. The ship is in flames and has started to sink. Alec's father leaves him by the compartment holding The Black to go help the crew. In the chaos, Alec opens the compartment hatch but is attacked by Shetan's owner who cuts Alec's life jacket off him so he can take it for himself. Alec's father rescues Alec from his attacker but the life jacket is lost and father & son are separated. The black stallion breaks free from his compartment and then jumps into the sea. Alec himself is swept overboard by a gigantic wave. Once in the water, he swims toward the stallion and managed to grab hold of the ropes that were previously restraining the stallion.

text: Alec wakes on the shore of a deserted island and starts to explore. He finds the stallion caught in his restraints with the ropes stuck between the rocks. With his knife, Alec manages to free the stallion once again and the stallion runs away. For a time, the two keep their distance. Alec discovers means to survive by catching fish and seaweed. As Alec suddenly faces a cobra eye to eye, the Black comes to the rescue and kills the snake, only to run off again.

text: By now, Alec decides to try to get closer to the horse and offer him some seaweed. The hungry stallion finds himself unable to resist, but visibly struggles with his distrust for humans. Eventually, the hunger wins and he takes Alec's offer; their bond has been sealed and the two are now inseparable. Alec even manages to ride the unbroken horse, after many times falling off the horse. One day, a fishing ship arrives, rescuing both Alec and the stallion.

text: Back home in Flushing, NY, Alec is given a hero's welcome. The Black has a temporary home in Alec's backyard, but a garbage man not knowing that there is a wild horse in the backyard is chased by the Black, who races off down the street after being spooked by a passing car. Alec chases after him through every part of town, but loses track of him. The next day, Alec meets Snoe (and Napoleon) who tell him where the Black is. Alec finds the stallion in the barn of Henry Dailey, a retired jockey and racehorse trainer, who apparently spent all night catching the Black. Henry allows Alec to keep the Black in his barn.

text: When Alec wonders how fast the Black is, Alec and Henry decide to train the Black for the racetrack, while Henry teaches Alec how to be a jockey. The Black surprises Henry with his speed. Henry immediately starts plotting to get the Black into a match race between two of the country's current champions, to be held at Santa Anita, California. To do that, he sets up a secret demonstration at night where the press can witness his speed, keeping the identity of Alec and the Black secret. The news about the mystery horse is soon widespread and the Black is entered into the race.

text: The race is the most anticipated horse-racing event of the year. Before the two champions and the Black enter the starting gate, the Black gets into a fight with one of his opponents, wounding his leg. Alec does not see the wound until he is in the gate. As he dismounts, the bell rings and the horses take off. Alec desperately tries to stay on his horse and trying to stop him. He falls behind, but the Black won't stop. When Alec regains his balance, the Black is well on his way to catch up with his opponents. Alec now encourages the Black to run as fast as he can, remembering the wild rides on the island, as they catch up. The Black eventually wins by two lengths.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kelly Reno as Alec Ramsay
Mickey Rooney as Henry Dailey
Teri Garr as Mrs. Ramsay, Alec's mother
Hoyt Axton as Mr. Ramsay, Alec's father
Clarence Muse as Snoe
Michael Higgins as Jim Neville
Ed McNamara as Jake
Doghmi Larbi as Arab
John Burton as Jockey No. 1
John Buchanan as Jockey No. 2
Kristen Vigard as Becky
Fausto Tozzi as Rescue Captain
John Karlsen as Archeologist
Leopoldo Trieste as Priest
Frank Cousins as African Chieftain
Don Hudson as Zaurog
Marne Maitland as Drake Captain
Tom Dahlgren as Veterinarian

tag: ul

text: Horses[edit]

text: Cass Ole, a champion Arabian stallion, was featured in most of the movie's scenes, with Fae Jur, another black Arabian stallion, being his main double. Fae Jur's main scene is the one where Alec is trying to gain the trust of the Black on the beach. Two other stunt doubles were used for running, fighting and swimming scenes.

text: El Mokhtar, an Egyptian Arabian racehorse, was the producers' first choice to portray the Black, but they were unable to secure his services for the film from his owners, who declined any offers. He does appear in The Black Stallion Returns, alongside Cass Ole, by which time the studio bought out the syndicate of owners in order to secure El Mokhtar's services.

text: Napoleon was portrayed by Junior, who previously appeared in National Lampoon's Animal House as Trooper, Niedermeyer's horse.[2]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Academy Awards[edit]

text: The film received two nominations for the Academy Awards:

text:
Mickey Rooney was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.
Robert Dalva was nominated for Best Film Editing.

text: In addition, Alan Splet was awarded with a Special Achievement Award for sound editing.

text: Golden Globe Awards[edit]

text: Carmine Coppola was nominated for Best Original Score at the Golden Globe Awards. He later won the award in this category for his score of Apocalypse Now.

text: British Academy Awards[edit]

text: Caleb Deschanel was nominated for Best Cinematography by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards.

text: LA Film Critics Awards[edit]

text: The film received two awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards for Best Cinematography (Caleb Deschanel) and Best Music (Carmine Coppola).

text: Others[edit]

text: The film also won the 1979 National Society of Film Critics award for Best Cinematography.

text: In 2002, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" .[3]

text: Also, the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2001: AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated[4]
2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[5]
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – #64[6]

text: Sequel, prequel and television series[edit]

text: The film was followed in 1983 by a sequel, The Black Stallion Returns, which also starred Reno. There was also a television series called The Adventures of the Black Stallion which aired from 1990 to 1993 and starred Mickey Rooney and Richard Ian Cox. In 2003, a 50-minute prequel called The Young Black Stallion, was shot and released for IMAX theaters.


document_title: The Proud Family (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings the theme song for the proud family

text: The Proud Family (soundtrack)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
The Proud Family

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
April 20, 2004
August 16, 2005 (Re-release)

Genre
Soul, hip hop, hip hop soul

Label
Walt Disney

text: The Proud Family is a soundtrack album for the show of the same name. A combination of both original tunes by the characters in the show, popular hits by popular music artists such as Alicia Keys, Jhené Aiko, India Arie, and Solange Knowles & Destiny's Child (who perform the theme song), and classic soul music from artists such as Aretha Franklin and The O'Jays.


document_title: List of The Fall characters

question_text: who is rose in the fall season 2

question_tokens: who is rose in the fall season 2

text: List of The Fall characters

text: Cast overview[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3
Total
Appearances

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

Gillian Anderson
DSI Stella Gibson

17

Jamie Dornan
Paul Spector

17

John Lynch
ACC Jim Burns

17

Aisling Franciosi
Katie Benedetto

N/A

16

Bronagh Waugh
Sally Ann Spector

N/A
15

Niamh McGrady
PC Danielle Ferrington

N/A

N/A

15

Stuart Graham
DCI Matthew Eastwood
N/A

N/A

N/A

13

Bronágh Taggart
DC Gail McNally
N/A

12

Valene Kane
Rose Stagg
N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

11

Emmett J. Scanlan
DC Glen Martin

N/A

N/A

N/A
10

Archie Panjabi
Prof. Reed Smith
N/A

N/A
9

Richard Clements
DC Rick Turner
N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A
9

Colin Morgan
DS Tom Anderson
N/A

9

Karen Hassan
Annie Brawley

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A
8

Jonjo O'Neill
Tom Stagg
N/A

N/A

N/A
7

Nick Lee
Ned Callan

N/A

N/A

N/A
6

Brian Milligan
James Tyler

N/A

N/A

N/A
6

Seainin Brennan
Liz Tyler

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A
5

Ben Peel
DS James Olson

N/A

N/A
5

Ian McElhinney
Morgan Monroe
N/A

N/A
5

Aidan McArdle
Sean Healy
N/A

5

Ruth Bradley
Wallace
N/A

5

Michael McElhatton
DI Rob Breedlove

N/A
4

Frank McCusker
DCI Garrett Brink

N/A

N/A
4

Aisling Bea
Kiera Sheridan
N/A

N/A
4

Barry Ward
Dr. Patrick Spencer
N/A

N/A
4

Krister Henriksson
Dr. August Larson
N/A

4

Laura Donnelly
Sarah Kay

N/A

N/A
3

Richard Coyle
Dr. Joe O'Donnell
N/A

N/A

N/A

3

Denise Gough
Dr. Alison Walden
N/A

N/A

2

Seán McGinley
Fr. Peter Jensen
N/A

N/A
1

Genevieve O'Reilly
DCI Joan Kinkead
N/A

N/A
1

Martin McCann
David Alvarez
N/A

N/A
1

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Det. Supt. Stella Gibson[edit]

text: DSI Stella Gibson (Gillian Anderson), a senior Metropolitan Police Superintendent attached to Britain's major case review team. Gibson has been seconded to the PSNI on a 28-day review of a murder investigation that quickly escalates into the hunt for a serial killer and she's made the Senior Investigating Officer (and Silver Commander) of Operation Musicman. Gibson is a very capable detective and a woman who's highly comfortable with her own sexuality; this plays a pivotal role in her story arc with other characters, primarily James Olson and Jim Burns. Whilst working in Belfast, she becomes embroiled in the politics of policing and uncovers corruption within the force. In the second series, with her investigation stalled, Gibson is forced to get results under the threat of a new 28-day review into Operation Musicman. As Stella's personal past comes back to haunt her, her professional present becomes further tangled in it. Stella has what Paul describes as "daddy-issues", due to her father's untimely death. During series three, Gibson is placed under investigation by the Police Ombudsman following the shooting of Spector. Burns allows her to retain her job, which leads her to fall victim to a vicious assault during her final showdown with the killer.

text: Peter Paul Spector[edit]

text: Peter Paul Spector (Jamie Dornan), the father of two young children. During the day, Paul is a bereavement counsellor, though at night he is, as dubbed by the press, the "Belfast Strangler". As Paul hunts his prey, he begins to develop an obsession with, and an affinity for, Stella. He is married to Sally Ann, a neo-natal nurse, and has a strong friendship with Katie Benedetto. Spector claims that he had an affair with Katie, a fifteen-year-old school girl, in order to quell the suspicions of his wife. Sally Ann later becomes pregnant, and the first series ends with Paul fleeing Ireland for Scotland as the net closes in. In series 2, returning to Ireland, Spector's lust to kill is now stronger than ever. As he gets closer to Stella, he finds an unusual source of help in Katie. After an encounter with James Tyler, Spector is arrested, and, co-operating with officers, is gunned down by Tyler at a crime scene. After surviving his injuries, Spector claims to have lost six years of memory. After undergoing psychological evaluation, he attacks both Gibson and his psychiatrist, before committing suicide.

text: Asst. Ch. Constable Jim Burns[edit]

text: ACC Jim Burns (John Lynch), the Assistant Chief Constable of the PSNI in charge of operations, and the Gold Commander of Musicman. Burns had an affair with Stella several years previously, and, despite being married, still appears to be infatuated with her. He's a skilled officer and knows how to balance politics and police-work. He is initially hesitant about linking the murders, but later provides the investigation with all the resources it requires. He is, at first, believed to be linked to the PSNI corruption scandal, though this is later disproved. During series 2, his lust for Stella becomes more apparent when he attempts to force himself on her whilst drunk. This drinking continues into series three, and he resigns his commission during the series finale.

text: Katie Benedetto[edit]

text: Katerina "Katie" Benedetto (Aisling Franciosi), a 15-year-old schoolgirl. She babysits the Spectors' children and - over the course of doing so - develops an affinity for Paul Spector. Katie is a gifted musician and uses online videos to express her feelings. During series 2 she becomes deeply embroiled in Paul's life. Paul ties her up in a hotel room, for example, whilst Katie breaks into a house wearing a shirt with Spector's face on. Benedetto is placed under police surveillance and later arrested whilst trying to dispose of evidence that implicates Paul in the murders. In series three, she attacks a girl with acid, and is detained for her crimes. During this time, she reveals to Stella that her father's death had a severe emotional impact on her, and she has been self-harming.

text: Sally Ann Spector[edit]

text: Sally Ann Spector (Bronagh Waugh), the wife of Paul Spector and a neonatal nurse. She has a deep devotion to Paul, but is wary of his character as she has never met his family. Sally Ann is the mother of his two children and is unaware of his dark side. Over the course of the series, she becomes embroiled in his crimes without her knowledge, and even provides a false alibi to the police. After leaving Paul for a short time, believing he slept with Katie, the two reconcile and she flees Ireland with him. In series 2, they return. Sally Ann is pregnant with her third child, though she suffers a miscarriage. Following her arrest for assisting an offender, Sally attempts to kill her children.

text: PC Danielle Ferrington[edit]

text: PC Danielle Ferrington (Niamh McGrady), a Police Constable first seen attending a breaking and entering call at Sarah Kay's home. She blames herself for Kay's murder and tells Gibson this, resulting in her being recruited by Stella to work with Operation Musicman. Dani is a skilled investigator, and proves herself invaluable to the team. She speaks openly of her homosexuality to bisexual Gibson, and as a result the two develop both a professional and a personal bond. She later returns to patrol, believing she can do the most good on the street. It is in this capacity that she is involved in a gunfight with Spector and, following her suspension from front-line duty, is re-recruited by Stella.

text: Det. Ch. Insp. Matthew Eastwood[edit]

text: DCI Matt Eastwood (Stuart Graham), a senior Detective Chief Inspector and longtime PSNI officer. Eastwood works for the Discipline and Complaints Commission and, as such, his character withstands the scrutiny of others. His primary task is to investigate corruption allegations within the PSNI. He and Stella work together several times due to her involvement with Olson and Breedlove. As well as being a corruption investigator, he is also trained in criminal investigations. During series 2, he becomes Stella's Deputy S.I.O. (and Bronze Commander), questioning many of her investigative decisions. He and Stella become a formidable team during series three, and he is visibly saddened by her departure in the series finale.

text: DC Gail McNally[edit]

text: DC Gail McNally (Bronágh Taggart), a detective who was assigned to Musicman sometime prior to the second series. She is Martin's partner. Tough, eager, and skilled, McNally is not afraid to confront criminals in the same manner as her male colleagues. Gibson relies on her heavily during the investigative process.

text: Rose Stagg[edit]

text: Rose Stagg (Valene Kane), a woman who had a sexual relationship with Paul whilst at university. During a night of passion, Paul tried to strangle her to death. As the Belfast Strangler comes to the attention of the public, Stagg notices the similarities and contacts her close friend Reed Smith. Her husband was unaware the attack had taken place. She is later kidnapped and held captive by Spector. She is later found unconscious in a car trunk. During series three, Stagg reveals that her sexual relationship with Paul was entirely consensual, and that, during sex, he strangled her so aggressively she had to be revived.

text: DC Glen Martin[edit]

text: DC Glen Martin (Emmett Scanlan), a capable detective with a somewhat boyish attitude towards his work. Martin is an invaluable member of Gibson's team and, during series two, takes on a more prominent role in the decision making process. He is partnered with DC Gail McNally, and is fiercely protective of her, though not to a fault. Stella is often shown to be displeased at his attitude towards police work, and in particular his habit of eating whilst on duty.

text: Professor Reed Smith[edit]

text: Professor Reed Smith (Archie Panjabi), an esteemed medical professional and the senior pathologist assigned to Musicman. An avid rider of motorcycles, and somewhat unconventional in manner, Smith develops a personal closeness to Gibson and the two confide in each-other regularly. She's very professional, though her personal life later becomes embroiled in the case when an old friend of hers reveals she has had a sexual encounter with Spector. Whilst drinking with Stella, the two embrace in a kiss, and go back to Stella's hotel room, though Reed later gets cold feet.

text: DC Rick Turner[edit]

text: Rick Turner (Richard Clements), a Detective Constable.

text: Det. Sgt. Tom Anderson[edit]

text: DS Tom Anderson (Colin Morgan), the Senior Investigating Officer of a death that could be linked to Stella's investigation. Impressed with both his professional attitude and looks, Stella invites him to join her team. Seeing the parallels between Anderson and Spector, Stella allows him to conduct the arrest and interviews of Paul. He is later gunned down by James Tyler whilst cuffed to the serial killer, and suffers nerve damage as a result. After returning to active duty, Anderson is once again attacked by Spector whilst protecting Stella in an interview.

text: Annie Brawley[edit]

text: Annie Brawley (Karen Hassan), a woman who is recovering from an attack by Spector in which her brother died. Suffering from memory loss and unable to identify her attacker, Spector manipulates his way into her life.

text: Tom Stagg[edit]

text: Tom Stagg (Jonjo O'Neill), Rose Stagg's husband and a close friend of Professor Reed Smith. He is unaware of his wife's past relationship with Paul, and is at first ignorant to her involvement in the current case. Like Spector, he is the father of two children. He is particularly hurt when his wife goes missing, and is the first one to raise the alarm to Gibson and her team.

text: Ned Callan[edit]

text: Ned Callan (Nick Lee), a journalist with a keen interest in Gibson's investigation. He's intrepid, but does not always understand the boundaries placed upon him by the law.

text: James Tyler[edit]

text: James 'Jimmy' Tyler (Brian Milligan), a gangster whose son died as a child of meningitis. Tyler is part of the gang that are responsible for the death of DS Olson, and his gang ties allow him to become threatening towards Paul when he believes Spector slept with his wife. Following a confrontation in which Ferrington is shot at, Tyler hunts down Spector and shoots both him and Anderson. He is killed by officers including Hagstrom as a result of this.

text: Liz Tyler[edit]

text: Liz Tyler (Séainín Brennan), a grieving mother who was counselled by Spector following the death of her young son. Tyler develops a close friendship with Paul, and as a result the killer appears to put himself at great personal risk in order to protect her. Following a violent confrontation with her husband, Liz is placed in a half way house for her own protection. Feeling unattractive, she lied, stating that Spector had had sex with her, and a result Jimmy tracks her down, beats her, and goes on to shoot Paul and Tom Anderson.

text: Det. Sgt. James Olson[edit]

text: DS James Olson (Ben Peel), a young Sergeant who is first seen investigating an unrelated murder. Gibson invites him to her hotel room, and two engage in sexual activity. Following this, Olson begins to call Gibson, intimating he wants more than a one-night stand with her. After she rejects him, he is gunned down by unknown gang members. At the time of his death, he was married with at least one child. He is later linked to part of a wider corruption scandal within the PSNI. Following his death, Stella begins to see him in her dreams, implying his murder had a huge psychological impact on her. During series three, it is noted that his murder remains unsolved.

text: Morgan Monroe[edit]

text: Morgan Monroe (Ian McElhinney), the Chairman of the PSNI oversight executive board. Monroe wields great control over the police force and, in particular, Jim Burns. He is of questionable character, both personally and professionally. Morgan is the father-in-law of one of Spector's victims, though he initially believes his own son to be responsible for the murder. He is linked to the PSNI corruption scandal that Stella uncovers over the course of her investigation. He later threatens Stella with a new 28-day review into her own investigation. During series three, he is no longer the incumbent chairman. His departure remains unexplained.

text: Sean Healy[edit]

text: Sean Healy (Aidan McArdle), Spector's defense attorney. He is retained by Sally Ann, and continues to strongly advocate for Spector's freedom at the possible cost of Stella's career. This puts him at odds with Wallace, and the two develop a fractious relationship.

text: Wallace[edit]

text: Wallace (Ruth Bradley), Spector's defense attorney. Though initially showing a strong support for Healy's desire to free Spector, she later changes her position following his attack on Gibson. She also realises that her desire to do the right thing means she cannot advocate for the criminal.

text: Det. Insp. Rob Breedlove[edit]

text: DI Rob Breedlove (Michael McElhatton), Sergeant James Olson's partner. Breedlove finds himself caught up in the gangland violence of Northern Ireland and, as a result, begins moonlighting for a Belfast power broker. Corrupt, Breedlove first crosses paths with Stella following Olson's death. After being confronted by Stella, Breedlove turns a gun on himself and commits suicide in the middle of the Police Station. His death marks the beginning of Gibson's quest to uncover the corruption.

text: Det. Ch. Insp. Garrett Brink[edit]

text: DCI Garrett Brink (Frank McCusker), a veteran Detective Chief Inspector and, originally, the internal reviewer of Gibson's investigation. After failing to make any progress in his review, he is subjected to a 28-day review and subsequently becomes Gibson's deputy SIO (and Bronze Commander) during Musicman. He's a dedicated professional, but is more concerned with the politics of policing than with policing itself. Shortly after the first series, he is called to trial and as such steps down as Gibson's number two.

text: Kiera Sheridan[edit]

text: Kiera Sheridan (Aisling Bea), an Intensive Care Nurse employed by Belfast General Hospital. During series three, she is responsible for the treatment of Spector. During series three, the two develop a bond, with Kiera gifting Paul both her phone number and a small amount of cash with writing on it. Following Paul's discharge from hospital, the two share no further communication.

text: Patrick Spencer[edit]

text: Spencer (Barry Ward), an Intensive Care physician.

text: August Larson[edit]

text: August Larson (Krister Henriksson), a psychologist retained by the PSNI in order to examine Spector's competency. Throughout his time with Spector, Larson also develops a strong friendship with Gibson, examining her psychology via various phone-calls and procedural meetings. In the finale, he is viciously attacked by Spector, though it is later stated that he is in critical-yet-stable condition.

text: Sarah Kay[edit]

text: Sarah Kay (Laura Donnelly), a young solicitor who is brought to the attention of Ferrington after a home invasion. Kay decides to stay at her house, unbeknownst to her that the culprit, Spector, would return. She is later found murdered. Ferrington blames herself for this, however it is her death that allows Stella to link the previous crimes together and establish Musicman.

text: Joe O'Donnell[edit]

text: Dr. Joe O'Donnell (Richard Coyle), an emergency medical physician who is responsible for the immediate treatment and oversight of Spector. Following Spector's discharge, O'Donnell shares a tender moment with Gibson, in which he asks her numerous questions in order to assess her for concussion. He reveals he has five children, aged between seven months and twelve years old.

text: Alison Walden[edit]

text: Walden (Denise Gough), a consultant neuropsychologist who works with Spector.

text: Peter Jensen[edit]

text: Father Peter Jensen (Seán McGinley), was a priest until he was convicted of molesting numerous young choir boys. Regretful, Jensen attempts to make amends with God, but to little avail. During the investigation, Burns and Gibson notice Paul Spector was a member of his congregation, and Burns goes to interview him in order to gather background information on the killer. In series two, Jensen claims that he did not molest Paul, with Paul later clarifying that this was only because he didn't wash himself, with the goal of repulsing Peter. In series three, however, it is revealed that this is a lie, and that Paul was Jensen's "favourite," subjected to daily abuse for a year.

text: Det. Ch. Insp. Joan Kinkead[edit]

text: Joan Kinkead (Genevieve O'Reilly), a Detective Chief Inspector, and the senior investigating officer assigned to examine Spector's shooting. She interviews Gibson under caution, though she later clears her of all wrongdoing.

text: David Alvarez[edit]

text: David Alvarez (Martin McCann), a childhood friend of Spector.


document_title: The Great Gatsby

question_text: where does the story the great gatsby take place

text: The Great Gatsby

text: Historical context[edit]

text: Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922, The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative. That era, known for unprecedented economic prosperity, the evolution of jazz music flapper culture, new technologies in communication (motion pictures, broadcast radio, recorded music) forging a genuine mass culture; and bootlegging, along with other criminal activity, is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald's novel. Fitzgerald uses many of these societal developments of the 1920s that were to build Gatsby's stories from many of the simple details like automobiles to broader themes like Fitzgerald's discreet allusions to the organized crime culture which was the source of Gatsby's fortune.[5] Fitzgerald depicts the garish society of the Roaring Twenties by placing the book's plotline within the historical context of the era.[6]

text: Fitzgerald's visits to Long Island's north shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired The Great Gatsby's setting. Today, there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book. One possibility is Land's End, a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party.[7] Many of the events in Fitzgerald's early life are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald was a young man from Minnesota, and like Nick, he was educated at an Ivy League school, Princeton (in Nick's case, Yale). Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby, in that he fell in love while stationed far from home in the military and fell into a life of decadence trying to prove himself to the girl he loved. Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan, in Montgomery, Alabama. There he met and fell in love with a wild seventeen-year-old beauty named Zelda Sayre. Zelda finally agreed to marry him, but her preference for wealth, fun, and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success.[8] Like Nick in The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting, and, like Gatsby, he had always idolized the very rich.[8] In many ways, The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgerald's attempt to confront his conflicting feelings about the Jazz Age. Like Gatsby, Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized everything he wanted, even as she led him toward everything he despised.[8]

text: In her book Careless People: Murder, Mayhem and the Invention of 'The Great Gatsby (2013), Sarah Churchwell speculates that parts of the ending of The Great Gatsby were based on the Hall-Mills Case.[9] Based on her forensic search for clues, she asserts that the two victims in the Hall-Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in The Great Gatsby.[10]

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The main events of the novel take place in the summer of 1922. Nick Carraway, a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest—who serves as the novel's narrator—takes a job in New York as a bond salesman. He rents a small house on Long Island, in the fictional village of West Egg, next door to the lavish mansion of Jay Gatsby, a mysterious multi-millionaire who holds extravagant parties but does not participate in them. Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin, Daisy Fay Buchanan, and her husband, Tom, a college acquaintance of Nick's. They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, an attractive, cynical young golfer with whom Nick begins a romantic relationship. She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress, Myrtle Wilson, who lives in the "valley of ashes",[11] an industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City. Not long after this revelation, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment Tom keeps for his affairs with Myrtle and others. At Tom's New York apartment, a vulgar and bizarre party takes place. It ends with Tom breaking Myrtle's nose after she annoys him by saying Daisy's name several times.

text: As the summer progresses, Nick eventually receives an invitation to one of Gatsby's parties. Nick encounters Jordan Baker at the party, and they meet Gatsby himself, an aloof and surprisingly young man who recognizes Nick from their same division in the Great War. Through Jordan, Nick later learns that Gatsby knew Daisy through a purely chance meeting in 1917, when Daisy and her friends were doing volunteer services' work with young Officers headed to Europe. From their brief meetings and casual encounters at that time, Gatsby became (and still is) deeply in love with Daisy. Even more, he became obsessed with the idea of her, and the ideal of living in the world he saw her living in, as the fulfillment of all the possible dreams he could ever have.

text: Jordan confides in Nick that the only reason Gatsby bought the mansion is because it was across the bay from Tom and Daisy's home, and that Gatsby's extravagant lifestyle and wild parties were an attempt to impress Daisy and raise her curiosity about her "anonymous" neighbor across the bay. Gatsby had hoped that one day curiosity would have brought the unsuspecting Daisy to appear at his doorstep, and thereby he'd be able to present himself as a "new man", now of wealth and position, and now able to join her at her side and within her world. That however never played out, and although Tom had been invited (as a guest of Jordan's) to a Gatsby party and had attended more than one of them, both he and Daisy had (for different reasons) never responded affirmatively to an RSVP to attend as the Buchanans (Mr. and Mrs.). The deeper reasons behind this fact are expanded upon later in the story by Daisy. His research of Nick, who has so fortuitously rented the small cottage next door to Gatsby's mansion, results in a wholly new approach to his problem of how to introduce Daisy to the "new" J. Gatsby.

text: The whole purpose of the "invitation" to Nick to attend a Gatsby party was to develop a relationship with him so that Gatsby could later ask Nick to arrange a reunion between himself and Daisy. Nick invites Daisy to have tea at his house without telling her that Gatsby will also be there. After an initially awkward reunion, Gatsby and Daisy reestablish their connection. They begin an affair and, after a short time, Tom grows increasingly suspicious of his wife's relationship with Gatsby. At a luncheon at the Buchanans' house, Daisy speaks to Gatsby with such undisguised intimacy that Tom realizes she is in love with Gatsby. Though Tom is himself involved in an extramarital affair, he is outraged by his wife's infidelity. He forces the group to drive into New York City and confronts Gatsby in a suite at the Plaza Hotel, asserting that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand. In addition to that, he announces to his wife that Gatsby is a criminal whose fortune comes from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal activities. Daisy realizes that her allegiance is to Tom, and Tom contemptuously sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby, attempting to prove that Gatsby cannot hurt her.

text: When Nick, Jordan, and Tom drive through the valley of ashes on their way home, they discover that Gatsby's car has struck and killed Tom's mistress, Myrtle. Nick later learns from Gatsby that Daisy, not Gatsby himself, was driving the car at the time of the accident but Gatsby took the blame. Myrtle's husband, George, falsely concludes that the driver of the yellow car is the secret lover he recently began suspecting she has, and sets out on foot to find him. After finding out the yellow car is Gatsby's, he arrives at Gatsby's mansion where he fatally shoots Gatsby and then himself. Nick stages an unsettlingly small funeral for Gatsby in which none of Gatsby's associates or partygoers attend. Later, Nick runs into Tom in New York and finds out that Tom had told George that Gatsby was Myrtle's secret lover and that Gatsby had killed her, then gave Gatsby's address to George. Nick breaks up with Jordan, and, disillusioned with the East, moves back to the Midwest.

text: Major characters[edit]

text:
Nick Carraway – a Yale graduate originating from the Midwest, a World War I veteran, and, at the start of the plot, a newly arrived resident of West Egg, who is aged 29 (later 30). He also serves as the first-person narrator of the novel. He is Gatsby's next-door neighbor and a bond salesman. He is easy-going, occasionally sarcastic, and somewhat optimistic, although this latter quality fades as the novel progresses. He is a more grounded character than the others, and more practical, and is always in awe of other character's lifestyles and morals.
Jay Gatsby (originally James "Jimmy" Gatz) – a young, mysterious millionaire with shady business connections (later revealed to be a bootlegger), originally from North Dakota. He is obsessed with Daisy Buchanan, a beautiful debutante from Louisville, Kentucky whom he had met when he was a young military officer stationed at the Army's Camp Taylor in Louisville during World War I. Fitzgerald himself was actually based at Camp Taylor in Louisville when he was in the Army and makes various references to Louisville in the novel, including the Seelbach Hotel where the Buchanan party stayed while in town for Tom and Daisy's wedding. The character is based on the bootlegger and former World War I officer, Max Gerlach, according to Some Sort of Epic Grandeur, Matthew J. Bruccoli's biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Gatsby is said to have briefly studied at Trinity College, Oxford in England after the end of World War I.[12]
Daisy Fay Buchanan – an attractive and effervescent, if shallow and self-absorbed, young Louisville, Kentucky debutante and socialite, identified as a flapper.[13] She is Nick's second cousin, once removed, and the wife of Tom Buchanan. Daisy is believed to have been inspired by Fitzgerald's own youthful romances with Ginevra King. Daisy once had a romantic relationship with Gatsby, before she married Tom. Her choice between Gatsby and Tom is one of the central conflicts in the novel.
Thomas (or Tom) Buchanan – a millionaire who lives on East Egg, and Daisy's husband. Tom is an imposing man of muscular build with a "husky tenor" voice and arrogant demeanor. He is a former football star at Yale. Buchanan has parallels with William Mitchell, the Chicagoan who married Ginevra King. Buchanan and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in polo. Like Ginevra's father, whom Fitzgerald resented, Buchanan attended Yale and is a white supremacist.[14]
Jordan Baker – A professional golfer and Daisy Buchanan's long-time friend with a sarcastic streak and an aloof attitude. She is Nick Carraway's girlfriend for most of the novel, though they grow apart towards the end. She has a slightly shady reputation amongst the New York social elite due to her habit of being evasive and untruthful with her friends and lovers. Fitzgerald told Maxwell Perkins that Jordan was based on the golfer Edith Cummings, a friend of Ginevra King.[14] Her name is a play on the two popular automobile brands, the Jordan Motor Car Company and the Baker Motor Vehicle, alluding to Jordan's "fast" reputation and the freedom now presented to Americans, especially women, in the 1920s.[15][16][17]
George B. Wilson – a mechanic and owner of a garage. He is disliked by both his wife, Myrtle Wilson, and Tom Buchanan, who describes him as "so dumb he doesn't know he's alive". One interpretation of the novel's ending is that he learns of the death of his wife, he shoots and kills Gatsby, wrongly believing he had been driving the car that killed Myrtle, and then kills himself.
Myrtle Wilson – George's wife, and Tom Buchanan's mistress. Myrtle, who possesses a fierce vitality, is desperate to find refuge from her complacent marriage, but unfortunately this leads to her tragic ending. She is accidentally killed by Gatsby's car (driven by Daisy, though Gatsby insists he would take the blame for the accident).
Meyer Wolfshiem[note 1] – a Jewish friend and mentor of Gatsby's, described as a gambler who fixed the World Series. Wolfshiem appears only twice in the novel, the second time refusing to attend Gatsby's funeral. He is a clear allusion to Arnold Rothstein, a New York crime kingpin who was notoriously blamed for the Black Sox Scandal which tainted the 1919 World Series.[20]

text: Writing and production[edit]

text: Fitzgerald began planning his third novel in June 1922,[5] but it was interrupted by production of his play, The Vegetable, in the summer and fall.[21] The play failed miserably, and Fitzgerald worked that winter on magazine stories struggling to pay his debt caused by the production.[22][23] The stories were, in his words, "all trash and it nearly broke my heart,"[23] although included among those stories was "Winter Dreams", which Fitzgerald later described as "a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea".[24]

text: After the birth of their child, the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck, New York, on Long Island, in October 1922. The town was used as the scene of The Great Gatsby.[25] Fitzgerald's neighbors in Great Neck included such prominent and newly wealthy New Yorkers as writer Ring Lardner, actor Lew Fields, and comedian Ed Wynn.[5] These figures were all considered to be "new money", unlike those who came from Manhasset Neck or Cow Neck Peninsula, places which were home to many of New York's wealthiest established families, and which sat across the bay from Great Neck. This real-life juxtaposition gave Fitzgerald his idea for "West Egg" and "East Egg". In this novel, Great Neck (King's Point) became the "new money" peninsula of West Egg and Port Washington (Sands Point) the old-money East Egg.[26] Several mansions in the area served as inspiration for Gatsby's home, such as Oheka Castle[27] and Beacon Towers, since demolished.[28]

text: By mid-1923, Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel[29] but discarded most of his new story as a false start, some of which resurfaced in the 1924 short story "Absolution".[5][30]

text: Work on The Great Gatsby began in earnest in April 1924. Fitzgerald wrote in his ledger, "Out of woods at last and starting novel."[23] He decided to make a departure from the writing process of his previous novels and told Perkins that the novel was to be a "consciously artistic achievement"[31] and a "purely creative work—not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere and yet radiant world."[32] He added later, during editing, that he felt "an enormous power in me now, more than I've ever had."[33] Soon after this burst of inspiration, work slowed while the Fitzgeralds made a move to the French Riviera, where a serious crisis in their relationship soon developed.[23] By August, however, Fitzgerald was hard at work and completed what he believed to be his final manuscript in October, sending the book to his editor, Maxwell Perkins, and agent, Harold Ober, on October 30.[23] The Fitzgeralds then moved to Rome for the winter.[34] Fitzgerald made revisions through the winter after Perkins informed him in a November letter that the character of Gatsby was "somewhat vague" and Gatsby's wealth and business, respectively, needed "the suggestion of an explanation" and should be "adumbrated".[35]

text: Content after a few rounds of revision, Fitzgerald returned the final batch of revised galleys in the middle of February 1925.[36] Fitzgerald's revisions included an extensive rewriting of Chapter VI and VIII.[23] Despite this, he refused an offer of $10,000 for the serial rights in order not to delay the book's publication.[23] He had received a $3,939 advance in 1923[37] and $1,981.25 upon publication.[38]

text: Cover art[edit]

text: The cover of the first printing of The Great Gatsby is among the most celebrated pieces of art in American literature.[39] It depicts disembodied eyes and a mouth over a blue skyline, with images of naked women reflected in the irises. A little-known artist named Francis Cugat was commissioned to illustrate the book while Fitzgerald was in the midst of writing it.[39] The cover was completed before the novel; Fitzgerald was so enamored with it that he told his publisher he had "written it into" the novel.[39] Fitzgerald's remarks about incorporating the painting into the novel led to the interpretation that the eyes are reminiscent of those of fictional optometrist Dr. T. J. Eckleburg[40] (depicted on a faded commercial billboard near George Wilson's auto repair shop) which Fitzgerald described as "blue and gigantic – their retinas[note 2] are one yard high. They look out of no face, but instead, from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose." Although this passage has some resemblance to the painting, a closer explanation can be found in the description of Daisy Buchanan as the "girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs."[39] Ernest Hemingway wrote in A Moveable Feast that when Fitzgerald lent him a copy of The Great Gatsby to read, he immediately disliked the cover, but "Scott told me not to be put off by it, that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story. He said he had liked the jacket and now he didn't like it."[41]

text: Title[edit]

text: Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and entertained many choices before reluctantly choosing The Great Gatsby,[42] a title inspired by Alain-Fournier's Le Grand Meaulnes.[43] Prior, Fitzgerald shifted between Gatsby; Among Ash-Heaps and Millionaires; Trimalchio;[42] Trimalchio in West Egg;[44] On the Road to West Egg;[44] Under the Red, White, and Blue;[42] Gold-Hatted Gatsby;[42][44] and The High-Bouncing Lover.[42][44] The titles The Gold-Hatted Gatsby and The High-Bouncing Lover came from Fitzgerald's epigraph for the novel, one which he wrote himself under the pen name of Thomas Parke D'Invilliers.[45] He initially preferred titles referencing Trimalchio, the crude parvenu in Petronius's Satyricon, and even refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel: "It was when curiosity about Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night—and, as obscurely as it had begun, his career as Trimalchio was over."[46] Unlike Gatsby's spectacular parties, Trimalchio participated in the audacious and libidinous orgies he hosted but, according to Tony Tanner's introduction to the Penguin edition, there are subtle similarities between the two.[47]

text: In November 1924, Fitzgerald wrote to Perkins that "I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book ... Trimalchio in West Egg"[48] but was eventually persuaded that the reference was too obscure and that people would not be able to pronounce it.[49] His wife, Zelda, and Perkins both expressed their preference for The Great Gatsby and the next month Fitzgerald agreed.[50] A month before publication, after a final review of the proofs, he asked if it would be possible to re-title it Trimalchio or Gold-Hatted Gatsby but Perkins advised against it. On March 19, 1925,[51] Fitzgerald expressed intense enthusiasm for the title Under the Red, White and Blue, but it was at that stage too late to change.[52][53] The Great Gatsby was published on April 10, 1925.[54] Fitzgerald remarked that "the title is only fair, rather bad than good."[55]

text: Early drafts of the novel entitled Trimalchio: An Early Version of The Great Gatsby have been published.[56][57] A notable difference between the Trimalchio draft and The Great Gatsby is a less complete failure of Gatsby's dream in Trimalchio. Another difference is that the argument between Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby is more even,[58] although Daisy still returns to Tom.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Sarah Churchwell sees The Great Gatsby as a "cautionary tale of the decadent downside of the American dream." The story deals with the limits and realities of America's myths of social and class mobility; and the inevitably hopeless lower class aspirations to rise above the station(s) of their birth. The book in stark relief through the narrator, Nick Carraway, observes that: "...a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth." [59] Using elements of irony and tragic ending, it also delves into themes of excesses of the rich, and recklessness of youth.[60][61] Others, like journalist Nick Gillespie, see The Great Gatsby as a story "underlying permanence of class differences; even in the face of a modern economy's attempt to assert that the class structure is based; not on status and inherited position; but, upon the innovation and the ability of literally anyone, to succeed by meeting the ever-changing demands and tastes of consumers' needs."[62] This interpretation asserts that The Great Gatsby captures the American experience because it is a story about change and those who resist it; whether the change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants (Southern Europeans in the early 20th century, Latin Americans today), the nouveau riche, or successful minorities, Americans from the 1920s to the 21st century have plenty of experience with changing economic and social circumstances. As Gillespie states, "While the specific terms of the equation are always changing, it's easy to see echoes of Gatsby's basic conflict between established sources of economic and cultural power and upstarts in virtually all aspects of American society."[62] Because this concept is particularly American and can be seen throughout American history, readers are able to relate to The Great Gatsby (which has lent the novel an enduring popularity).[62]

text: Later critical writings on The Great Gatsby, following the novel's revival, focus in particular on Fitzgerald's disillusionment with the American Dream — life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness – in the context of the hedonistic Jazz Age, a name for the era which Fitzgerald claimed to have coined. In 1970, Roger Pearson published the article Gatsby: False prophet of the American Dream, in which he states that Fitzgerald "has come to be associated with this concept of the AMERICAN Dream more than any other writer of the twentieth century".[63] Pearson goes on to suggest that Gatsby's failure to realize the American dream demonstrates that it no longer exists except in the minds of those as materialistic as Gatsby. He concludes that the American dream pursued by Gatsby "is, in reality, a nightmare", bringing nothing but discontent and disillusionment to those who chase it as they realize its unsustainability and ultimately its unattainability.

text: In addition to exploring the trials and tribulations of achieving the great American dream during the Jazz Age, The Great Gatsby explores societal gender expectations as a theme, exemplifying in Daisy Buchanan's character the marginalization of women in the East Egg social class that Fitzgerald depicts. As an upper-class, white woman living in East Egg during this time period in America, Daisy must adhere to certain societal expectations, including but certainly not limited to actively filling the role of dutiful wife, mother, keeper of the house, and charming socialite. As the reader finds in the novel, many of Daisy's choices, ultimately culminating in the tragedy of the plot and misery for all those involved, can be at least partly attributed to her prescribed role as a "beautiful little fool" who is completely reliant on her husband for financial and societal security. For instance, one could argue that Daisy's ultimate decision to remain with her husband despite her feelings for Gatsby can be attributed to the status, security, and comfort that her marriage to Tom Buchanan provides. Additionally, the theme of the female familial role within The Great Gatsby goes hand in hand with that of the ideal family unit associated with the great American dream- a dream that goes unrealized for Gatsby and Daisy in Fitzgerald's prose.[64]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Great Gatsby was published by Charles Scribner's Sons on April 10, 1925. Fitzgerald called Perkins on the day of publication to monitor reviews: "Any news?"[23] "Sales situation doubtful," read a wire from Perkins on April 20, "[but] excellent reviews." Fitzgerald responded on April 24, saying the cable "depressed" him, closing the letter with "Yours in great depression."[65] Fitzgerald had hoped the novel would be a great commercial success, perhaps selling as many as 75,000 copies.[65] By October, when the original sale had run its course, the book had sold fewer than 20,000 copies.[23][61][65] Despite this, Scribner's continually kept the book in print; they carried the original edition on their trade list until 1946, by which time Gatsby was in print in three other forms and the original edition was no longer needed.[23] Fitzgerald received letters of praise from contemporaries T. S. Eliot, Edith Wharton, and Willa Cather regarding the novel; however, this was private opinion, and Fitzgerald feverishly demanded the public recognition of reviewers and readers.[23]

text: The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews from literary critics of the day. Generally the most effusive of the positive reviews was Edwin Clark of The New York Times, who felt the novel was "A curious book, a mystical, glamourous [sic] story of today."[66] Similarly, Lillian C. Ford of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "[the novel] leaves the reader in a mood of chastened wonder," calling the book "a revelation of life" and "a work of art."[67] The New York Post called the book "fascinating ... His style fairly scintillates, and with a genuine brilliance; he writes surely and soundly."[68] The New York Herald Tribune was unimpressed, but referred to The Great Gatsby as "purely ephemeral phenomenon, but it contains some of the nicest little touches of contemporary observation you could imagine-so light, so delicate, so sharp .... a literary lemon meringue."[69] In The Chicago Daily Tribune, H.L. Mencken called the book "in form no more than a glorified anecdote, and not too probable at that," while praising the book's "careful and brilliant finish."[70]

text: Several writers felt that the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald's previous works and promptly criticized him. Harvey Eagleton of The Dallas Morning News believed the novel signaled the end of Fitzgerald's success: "One finishes Great Gatsby with a feeling of regret, not for the fate of the people in the book, but for Mr. Fitzgerald."[71] John McClure of The Times-Picayune said that the book was unconvincing, writing, "Even in conception and construction, The Great Gatsby seems a little raw."[72] Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt the book lacked what made Fitzgerald's earlier novels endearing and called the book "a minor performance ... At the moment, its author seems a bit bored and tired and cynical."[73] Ruth Snyder of New York Evening World called the book's style "painfully forced", noting that the editors of the paper were "quite convinced after reading The Great Gatsby that Mr. Fitzgerald is not one of the great American writers of to-day."[74] The reviews struck Fitzgerald as completely missing the point: "All the reviews, even the most enthusiastic, not one had the slightest idea what the book was about."[23]

text: Fitzgerald's goal was to produce a literary work which would truly prove himself as a writer,[75] and Gatsby did not have the commercial success of his two previous novels, This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and Damned. Although the novel went through two initial printings, some of these copies remained unsold years later.[76] Fitzgerald himself blamed poor sales on the fact that women tended to be the main audience for novels during this time, and Gatsby did not contain an admirable female character.[76] According to his own ledger, now made available online by University of South Carolina's Thomas Cooper library, he earned only $2,000 from the book.[77] Although 1926 brought Owen Davis's stage adaption and the Paramount-issued silent film version, both of which brought in money for the author, Fitzgerald still felt the novel fell short of the recognition he hoped for and, most importantly, would not propel him to becoming a serious novelist in the public eye.[23] For several years afterward, the general public believed The Great Gatsby to be nothing more than a nostalgic period piece.[23]

text: Legacy and modern analysis[edit]

text: In 1940, Fitzgerald suffered a third and final heart attack, and died believing his work forgotten.[78] His obituary in The New York Times mentioned Gatsby as Fitzgerald "at his best".[79] A strong appreciation for the book had developed in underground circles; future writers Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg were deeply affected by it and John O'Hara showed the book's influence.[80] The republication of Gatsby in Edmund Wilson's edition of The Last Tycoon in 1941 produced an outburst of comment, with the general consensus expressing the sentiment that the book was an enduring work of fiction.[23]

text: In 1942, a group of publishing executives created the Council on Books in Wartime. The Council's purpose was to distribute paperback books to soldiers fighting in the Second World War. The Great Gatsby was one of these books. The books proved to be "as popular as pin-up girls" among the soldiers, according to the Saturday Evening Post's contemporary report.[81] 155,000 copies of Gatsby were distributed to soldiers overseas,[82] and it is believed that this publicity ultimately boosted the novel's popularity and sales.[83]

text: By 1944, full-length articles on Fitzgerald's works were being published, and the following year, "the opinion that Gatsby was merely a period piece had almost entirely disappeared."[23] This revival was paved by interest shown by literary critic Edmund Wilson, who was Fitzgerald's friend.[84] In 1951, Arthur Mizener published The Far Side of Paradise, a biography of Fitzgerald.[85] He emphasized The Great Gatsby's positive reception by literary critics, which may have influenced public opinion and renewed interest in it.[86]

text: By 1960, the book was steadily selling 50,000 copies per year, and renewed interest led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel "a classic of twentieth-century American fiction".[23] The Great Gatsby has sold over 25 million copies worldwide as of 2013, annually sells an additional 500,000 copies, and is Scribner's most popular title; in 2013, the e-book alone sold 185,000 copies.[78]

text: Scribner's copyright is scheduled to expire in 2020, according to Maureen Corrigan's book about the making of The Great Gatsby, So We Read On.[87]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Ballet[edit]

text:
In 2009, BalletMet premiered a version at the Capitol Theatre in Columbus, Ohio. It was choreographed by Jimmy Orrante.[88]
In 2010, The Washington Ballet premiered a version at the Kennedy Center.[89] It was popularly demanded for an encore run the following year.[90]
In 2013, the Northern Ballet premiered a version of The Great Gatsby at Leeds Grand Theatre in the UK, with choreography and direction by David Nixon, a musical score by Richard Rodney Bennett, and set designs by Jerome Kaplan. Nixon also created the scenario and costumes designs.[91][92]

text: Computer games[edit]

text:
In 2010, Oberon Media released a casual hidden object game called Classic Adventures: The Great Gatsby.[93][94] The game was released for iPad in 2012.[95]
In 2011, as a tribute to old NES games, developer Charlie Hoey and editor Pete Smith created an 8-bit-style online game of The Great Gatsby.[96] Ian Crouch of The New Yorker compared it to The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1989) for the NES.[97]

text: Film and television[edit]

text: The Great Gatsby has resulted in a number of film and television adaptations:

text:
The Great Gatsby (1926), by Herbert Brenon  – a silent movie of a stage adaptation, starring Warner Baxter, Lois Wilson, and William Powell. It is a famous example of a lost film. Reviews suggest that it may have been the most faithful adaptation of the novel, but a trailer of the film at the National Archives is all that is known to exist.[98]
The Great Gatsby (1949), by Elliott Nugent  – starring Alan Ladd, Betty Field, and Macdonald Carey.[98]
The Great Gatsby (1974), by Jack Clayton – starring Robert Redford, Mia Farrow, and Sam Waterston, with a script by Francis Ford Coppola.[98]
The Great Gatsby (2000), by Robert Markowitz – a made-for-TV movie starring Toby Stephens, Mira Sorvino, and Paul Rudd.
The Great Gatsby (2013), by Baz Luhrmann – starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Carey Mulligan, and Tobey Maguire.

text: Literature[edit]

text:
The Double Bind (2007) by Chris Bohjalian imagines the later years of Daisy and Tom Buchanan's marriage as a social worker in 2007 investigates the possibility that a deceased elderly homeless person is Daisy's son.[99]
Great (2014) by Sara Benincasa is a modern-day young adult fiction retelling of The Great Gatsby with a female Gatsby (Jacinta Trimalchio).[100]

text: Opera[edit]

text: The New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned John Harbison to compose an operatic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of James Levine's debut. The work, called The Great Gatsby, premiered on December 20, 1999.[101]

text: Radio[edit]

text:
On January 1, 1950, an hour-long adaptation was broadcast on CBS' Family Hour of Stars starring Kirk Douglas as Gatsby.[102]
In October 2008, the BBC World Service commissioned and broadcast an abridged 10-part reading of the story, read from the view of Nick Carraway by Trevor White.[103]
In May 2012, BBC Radio 4 broadcast The Great Gatsby, a Classic Serial dramatisation by Robert Forrest.[104]

text: Theater[edit]

text:
The 1926 stage adaptation of Owen Davis,[105] subsequently developed, became the 1926 film version. The play, directed by George Cukor, opened on Broadway on February 2, 1926 and ran for 112 performances. A successful tour later in the year included the performances Chicago, 1 August 20 through 2 October.[106]
In July 2006, Simon Levy's stage adaptation,[107] the only one authorized and granted exclusive rights by the Fitzgerald Estate, had its world premiere at The Guthrie Theater to commemorate the opening of its new theatre, directed by David Esbjornson. It was subsequently produced by Seattle Repertory Theatre. In 2012, a revised/reworked version was produced at Arizona Theatre Company[108] and Grand Theatre in London, Ontario, Canada.[107]
Gatz by Elevator Repair Service earned the #1 in the best in 2010 NYC theatre from The New York Times's Ben Brantley.[109] An award-winning Off-Broadway production.


document_title: List of Dallas Cowboys seasons

question_text: when did the dallas cowboys win their last playoff game

text: List of Dallas Cowboys seasons

text: This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Cowboys' franchise from 1960 to present, including postseason records, and league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team.[1] The team has earned 31 postseason appearances, tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers, the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20, the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game (14, behind the San Francisco 49ers' 15) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances (8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers). The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5, all five being Super Bowls.[2]

text: The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI, XII, XXVII, XXVIII and XXX. They also played in and lost Super Bowl V, X, and XIII.[2]

text: The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history. The first period of success came from 1966–1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times.[3] During this period, they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls, winning two of them, winning a total of 20 playoff games.[3] The second period of success was between 1991–1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11–2 in the postseason.[3]

text: The Cowboys have also experienced failure in their history. The most notable period of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965, during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance.[4] They did not win a single game during their first season, compiling an 0–11–1 record that is still the worst in franchise history.[4] Also, they did not have a single winning record in this period.[4] Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled, with the low point being the NFL's second 15-loss season (after the 1980 Saints) in 1989. After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996, the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games, one after a franchise-record 13–3 season in 2007, during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak.[5] This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival, the Philadelphia Eagles 34–14 after an 11–5 season in 2009.[5]

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
NFL Champions (1920–1969)
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Postseason Results
Awards
Head coaches

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

1960
1960
NFL
Western

7th
0
11
1

Tom Landry

1961
1961
NFL
Eastern

6th
4
9
1

Tom Landry

1962
1962
NFL
Eastern

5th
5
8
1

Tom Landry

1963
1963
NFL
Eastern

5th
4
10
0

Tom Landry

1964
1964
NFL
Eastern

5th
5
8
1

Tom Landry

1965
1965
NFL
Eastern

2nd
7
7
0

Tom Landry

1966
1966
NFL
Eastern

1st
10
3
1
Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 34–27
Tom Landry (COY)
Tom Landry

1967[6]
1967
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
1st
9
5
0
Won Conference Playoffs (Browns) 52–14
Lost NFL Championship Game (Packers) 21–17

Tom Landry

1968
1968
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
1st
12
2
0
Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 31–20

Tom Landry

1969
1969
NFL
Eastern
Capitol
1st
11
2
1
Lost Conference Playoffs (Browns) 38–14
Calvin Hill (OROY)
Tom Landry

1970
1970
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 5–0
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 17–10
Lost Super Bowl V (Colts) 16–13
Chuck Howley (SB MVP)
Tom Landry

1971
1971
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 20–12
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 14–3
Won Super Bowl VI (1) (Dolphins) 24–3
Roger Staubach (SB MVP)
Tom Landry

1972
1972
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (49ers) 30–28
Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 26–3

Tom Landry

1973
1973
NFL
NFC
East
1st[7]
10
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 27–26
Lost Conference Championship (Vikings) 27–10

Tom Landry

1974
1974
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
6
0

Tom Landry

1975
1975
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 17–14
Won Conference Championship (Rams) 37–7
Lost Super Bowl X (Steelers) 21–17

Tom Landry

1976
1976
NFL
NFC
East
1st
11
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 14–12

Tom Landry

1977
1977
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
2
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Bears) 37–7
Won Conference Championship (Vikings) 23–6
Won Super Bowl XII (2) (Broncos) 27–10
Tony Dorsett (OROY)
Harvey Martin (DPOY, SB MVP)
Randy White (SB MVP)
Tom Landry

1978[8]
1978
NFL
NFC
East
1st[9]
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 27–20
Won Conference Championship (Rams) 28–0
Lost Super Bowl XIII (Steelers) 35–31

Tom Landry

1979
1979
NFL
NFC
East
1st[10]
11
5
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 21–19

Tom Landry

1980
1980
NFL
NFC
East
2nd[11]
12
4
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 34–17
Won Divisional Playoffs (Falcons) 30–27
Lost Conference Championship (Eagles) 20–7

Tom Landry

1981
1981
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Buccaneers) 38–0
Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 28–27

Tom Landry

1982[12]
1982
NFL
NFC

2nd
6
3
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Buccaneers) 30–17
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 37–26
Lost Conference Championship (Redskins) 31–17

Tom Landry

1983
1983
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
12
4
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Rams) 24–17

Tom Landry

1984
1984
NFL
NFC
East
4th
9
7
0

Tom Landry

1985
1985
NFL
NFC
East
1st[13]
10
6
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Rams) 20–0

Tom Landry

1986
1986
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
7
9
0

Tom Landry

1987[14]
1987
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
8
0

Tom Landry

1988
1988
NFL
NFC
East
5th
3
13
0

Tom Landry

1989
1989
NFL
NFC
East
5th
1
15
0

Jimmy Johnson

1990
1990
NFL
NFC
East
4th
7
9
0

Emmitt Smith (OROY)
Jimmy Johnson (COY)
Jimmy Johnson

1991
1991
NFL
NFC
East
2nd[15]
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bears) 17–13
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Lions) 38–6

Jimmy Johnson

1992
1992
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 34–10
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 30–20
Won Super Bowl XXVII (3) (Bills) 52–17
Troy Aikman (SB MVP)
Jimmy Johnson

1993
1993
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 27–17
Won Conference Championship (49ers) 38–21
Won Super Bowl XXVIII (4) (Bills) 30–13
Emmitt Smith (MVP, SB MVP)
Jimmy Johnson

1994
1994
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 35–9
Lost Conference Championship (49ers) 38–28

Barry Switzer

1995
1995
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Eagles) 30–11
Won Conference Championship (Packers) 38–27
Won Super Bowl XXX (5) (Steelers) 27–17
Larry Brown (SB MVP)
Barry Switzer

1996
1996
NFL
NFC
East
1st[16]
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 40–15
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Panthers) 26–17

Barry Switzer

1997
1997
NFL
NFC
East
4th
6
10
0

Barry Switzer

1998
1998
NFL
NFC
East
1st
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Cardinals) 20–7

Chan Gailey

1999
1999
NFL
NFC
East
2nd[17]
8
8
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Vikings) 27–10

Chan Gailey

2000
2000
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
11
0

Dave Campo

2001
2001
NFL
NFC
East
5th
5
11
0

Dave Campo

2002
2002
NFL
NFC
East
4th
5
11
0

Dave Campo

2003
2003
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Panthers) 29–10

Bill Parcells

2004
2004
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
10
0

Bill Parcells

2005
2005
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
9
7
0

Bill Parcells

2006
2006
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 21–20

Bill Parcells

2007
2007
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Giants) 21–17
Greg Ellis (CBPOY)
Wade Phillips

2008
2008
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
9
7
0

Wade Phillips

2009
2009
NFL
NFC
East
1st[18]
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Eagles) 34–14
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Vikings) 34–3

Wade Phillips

2010
2010
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
6
10
0

Wade Phillips (1–7)
Jason Garrett (5–3)

2011
2011
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

Jason Garrett

2012
2012
NFL
NFC
East
3rd
8
8
0

Jason Witten (WP MOY)
Jason Garrett

2013
2013
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
8
8
0

Jason Garrett

2014
2014
NFL
NFC
East
1st
12
4
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Lions) 24–20
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 26–21
DeMarco Murray (OPOY)
Jason Garrett

2015
2015
NFL
NFC
East
4th
4
12
0

Jason Garrett

2016
2016
NFL
NFC
East
1st
13
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Packers) 34–31
Dak Prescott (OROY)
Jason Garrett (COY)
Jason Garrett

2017
2017
NFL
NFC
East
2nd
9
7
0

Jason Garrett

Total
502
374
6
All-time regular season record (1960–2017)

34
27
0
All-time postseason record (1960–2017)

536
401
6
All-time regular season and postseason record (1960–2017)

5 NFL Championships, 10 Conference Championships, 22 Divisional Championships

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "1960 Dallas Cowboys". Dallas Cowboys' Official Website. Archived from the original on 2007-12-29. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys' Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-12.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys Championship History". NFLTeamHistory.com. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
^ Jump up to: a b c "Dallas Cowboys History". CBS Sports. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
^ Jump up to: a b "Dallas Cowboys Franchise History". SportsEncyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions. Up to 1967, the league was either divided into two divisions, two conferences, or neither.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season, the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head-to-head games.
Jump up ^ For the 1978 season, the NFL expanded from a 14-game season to a 16-game season.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season, the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head-to-head record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12–4 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games.
Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players' strike. The NFL adopted a special 16-team playoff tournament; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1–8, and division standings were ignored.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season, the Cowboys, Redskins, and the Giants finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head-to-head record.
Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players' strike. Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled, and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season, the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10–6 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season, the Cowboys, Lions, and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8–8 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina.
Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season, the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11–5 records. Using the NFL's tie-breaking procedures, Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head-to-head record.

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