document_title: English Channel

question_text: what is the average depth of the english channel

question_tokens: what is the average depth of the english channel

text: English Channel

text: Geography[edit]

text: The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the English Channel as follows:[3]

text: The IHO defines the southwestern limit of the North Sea as "a line joining the Walde Lighthouse (France, 1°55'E) and Leathercoat Point (England, 51°10'N)".[3] The Walde Lighthouse is 6 km east of Calais (50°59′06″N 1°55′00″E / 50.98500°N 1.91667°E / 50.98500; 1.91667), and Leathercoat Point is at the north end of St Margaret's Bay, Kent (51°10′00″N 1°24′00″E / 51.16667°N 1.40000°E / 51.16667; 1.40000).

text: The Strait of Dover (French: Pas de Calais), at the Channel's eastern end, is its narrowest point, while its widest point lies between Lyme Bay and the Gulf of Saint Malo near its midpoint.[1] It is relatively shallow, with an average depth of about 120 m (390 ft) at its widest part, reducing to a depth of about 45 m (148 ft) between Dover and Calais. Eastwards from there the adjoining North Sea reduces to about 26 m (85 ft) in the Broad Fourteens where it lies over the watershed of the former land bridge between East Anglia and the Low Countries. It reaches a maximum depth of 180 m (590 ft) in the submerged valley of Hurd's Deep, 48 km (30 mi) west-northwest of Guernsey.[4]  The eastern region along the French coast between Cherbourg and the mouth of the Seine river at Le Havre is frequently referred to as the Bay of the Seine (French: Baie de Seine).[5]

text: There are several major islands in the Channel, the most notable being the Isle of Wight off the English coast, and the Channel Islands, British Crown dependencies off the coast of France. The coastline, particularly on the French shore, is deeply indented; several small islands close to the coastline, including Chausey and Mont Saint-Michel, are within French jurisdiction. The Cotentin Peninsula in France juts out into the Channel, whilst on the English side there is a small parallel channel known as the Solent between the Isle of Wight and the mainland. The Celtic Sea is to the west of the Channel.

text: The Channel acts as a funnel that amplifies the tidal range from less than a metre as observed at sea to more than 6 metres as observed in the Channel Islands, the west coast of the Cotentin Peninsula and the north coast of Britanny. The time difference of about six hours between high water at the eastern and western limits of the Channel is indicative of the tidal range being amplified further by resonance.[6]

text: For the UK Shipping Forecast the Channel is divided into the following areas, from the west:

text:
Plymouth
Portland
Wight
Dover

text: Name[edit]

text: Ancient references[edit]

text:
Mare Britannicum Roman time;
Mare Gallicum Roman time;
"Sea near Gaul" Roman time;
Oceanus Gallicus 6th - 7th century (Isidore of Sevilla);
Sūð-sǣ 11th century (Ælfric);[8]
mare anglicum 12th century (Suger);[9]
Gallico mari 12th century (William of Newburgh);[10]
"arm of the sea south of the country that allows to sail to Gaul" around 1100 - 1155 (Geoffrey of Monmouth);[11]
"Beyond the sea" End 14th century (Jean Froissart);
Oceanus Britannicus in 1477 (Taddeo Crivelli);
Oceanus Britannicus in 1482 (Nicolaus Germanus);
Britannico Oceano in 1482 (Francesco Berlinghieri);
Mare Anglica in 1540 (Sebastian Münster);[12]
Mer Oceane or mare oceanum in the 16th century on various maps;
Britannicus Oceanus et La Grand Mer Occeane in 1570;[13]
Oceanus Britannicus 16th century;
Mer de France & d’Angleterre in 1587;[14]
Mare Britannicum 16th century (Jean Jolivet);
British Ocean in 1595 (John Norden);[15]
Channel in 1593 (Shakespeare);[16]
mare normandicum, ocean de bretaigne, mer de France 16th to 17th century
The British or Narrow Sea to the 17th century;
British Sea or the Chanell 17th century;
le Manche (masculine) in 1639 (Nicolas Sanson);[17]
la manche d’Angleterre in 1611 (Cotgrave)[18]
La Mer Britannique, vulgairement la Manche in 1623;[19]
British Channel in 1745 (John Renshaw);[20]
English Channel 18th century;

text: History and etymology[edit]

text: Throughout the centuries until the 18th, the English Channel did not have any fixed name in English and in French. It was never defined as a political border and the names were more or less descriptive. It was not considered as the property of a nation. Strangely, before the development of the modern nations, British scholars very often referred to it as "Gaulish" (Gallicum in Latin) and French scholars as "British" or "English".[21] The name English Channel has been widely used since the early 18th century, possibly originating from the designation Engelse Kanaal in Dutch sea maps from the 16th century onwards. In modern Dutch, however, it is known as Het Kanaal (with no reference to the word "English").[22] Later, it has also been known as the British Channel[23] or the British Sea having been called the Oceanus Britannicus by the 2nd-century geographer Ptolemy. The same name is used on an Italian map of about 1450, which gives the alternative name of canalites Anglie—possibly the first recorded use of the Channel designation.[24] The Anglo-Saxon texts often call it Sūð-sǣ ("South Sea") as opposed to Norð-sǣ ("North Sea" = Bristol Channel). The common word channel was first recorded in Middle English in the 13th century and was borrowed from Old French chanel, variant form of chenel "canal".

text: The French name la Manche has been in use since at least the 17th century.[2] The name is usually said to refer to the Channel's sleeve (French: la manche) shape. Folk etymology has derived it from a Celtic word meaning channel that is also the source of the name for the Minch in Scotland,[25] but this name was never mentioned before the 17th century, and French and British sources of that time are perfectly clear about its etymology.[26] The name in Breton (Mor Breizh) means "Breton Sea", and its Cornish name (Mor Bretannek) means "British Sea".

text: Geological origins; giant waterfalls and catastrophic floods[edit]

text: The Channel is of geologically recent origins, having been dry land for most of the Pleistocene period.[27] Before the Devensian glaciation (the most recent ice age that ended around 10,000 years ago), Britain and Ireland were part of continental Europe, linked by an unbroken Weald-Artois Anticline, a ridge that acted as a natural dam holding back a large freshwater pro-glacial lake in the Doggerland region, now submerged under the North Sea. During this period the North Sea and almost all of the British Isles were covered by ice. The lake was fed by meltwater from the Baltic and from the Caledonian and Scandinavian ice sheets that joined to the north, blocking its exit. The sea level was about 120 m (390 ft) lower than it is today. Then, between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago, at least two catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods breached the Weald–Artois anticline.

text: The first flood would have lasted for several months, releasing as much as one million cubic metres of water per second.[28][29] The flood started with large but localized waterfalls over the ridge, which excavated depressions now known as the Fosses Dangeard. The flow eroded the retaining ridge, causing the rock dam to fail and releasing lake water into the Atlantic. After multiple episodes of changing sea level, during which the Fosses Dangeard were largely infilled by various layers of sediment, another catastrophic flood carved a large bedrock-floored valley, the Lobourg Channel, some 500 m wide and 25 m deep, from the southern North Sea basin through the centre of the Straits of Dover and into the English Channel. It left streamlined islands, longitudinal erosional grooves, and other features characteristic of catastrophic megaflood events, still present on the sea floor and now revealed by high-resolution sonar.[30][31][32] Through the scoured channel passed a river, which drained the combined Rhine and Thames westwards to the Atlantic.

text: The flooding destroyed the ridge that connected Britain to continental Europe, although a land connection across the southern North Sea would have existed intermittently at later times when periods of glaciation resulted in lowering of sea levels.[33] At the end of the last glacial period, rising sea levels finally severed the last land connection.

text: Human geography[edit]

text:
This precious stone set in the silver sea,
Which serves it in the office of a wall
Or as a moat defensive to a house,
Against the envy of less happier lands.

William Shakespeare, Richard II (Act II, Scene 1)

text: The channel, which delayed human reoccupation of Great Britain for more than 100,000 years,[34] has in historic times been both an easy entry for seafaring people and a key natural defence, halting invading armies while in conjunction with control of the North Sea allowing Britain to blockade the continent.[citation needed] The most significant failed invasion threats came when the Dutch and Belgian ports were held by a major continental power, e.g. from the Spanish Armada in 1588, Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars, and Nazi Germany during World War II. Successful invasions include the Roman conquest of Britain, the Norman Conquest in 1066 and the invasion by the Dutch in 1688, while the concentration of excellent harbours in the Western Channel on Britain's south coast made possible the largest invasion of all time, the Normandy Landings in 1944. Channel naval battles include the Battle of the Downs (1639), Battle of Goodwin Sands (1652), the Battle of Portland (1653), the Battle of La Hougue (1692) and the engagement between USS Kearsarge and CSS Alabama (1864).

text: In more peaceful times the Channel served as a link joining shared cultures and political structures, particularly the huge Angevin Empire from 1135 to 1217. For nearly a thousand years, the Channel also provided a link between the Modern Celtic regions and languages of Cornwall and Brittany. Brittany was founded by Britons who fled Cornwall and Devon after Anglo-Saxon encroachment. In Brittany, there is a region known as "Cornouaille" (Cornwall) in French and "Kernev" in Breton[35] In ancient times there was also a "Domnonia" (Devon) in Brittany as well.

text: In February 1684, ice formed on the sea in a belt 3 miles (4.8 km) wide off the coast of Kent and 2 miles (3.2 km) wide on the French side.[36][37]

text: Route to the British Isles[edit]

text: Remnants of a mesolithic boatyard have been found on the Isle of Wight. Wheat was traded across the Channel about 8,000 years ago.[38][39] "... Sophisticated social networks linked the Neolithic front in southern Europe to the Mesolithic peoples of northern Europe." The Ferriby Boats, Hanson Log Boats and the later Dover Bronze Age Boat could carry a substantial cross-Channel cargo.[40]

text: Diodorus Siculus and Pliny[41] both suggest trade between the rebel Celtic tribes of Armorica and Iron Age Britain flourished. In 55 BC Julius Caesar invaded, claiming that the Britons had aided the Veneti against him the previous year. He was more successful in 54 BC, but Britain was not fully established as part of the Roman Empire until completion of the invasion by Aulus Plautius in 43 AD. A brisk and regular trade began between ports in Roman Gaul and those in Britain. This traffic continued until the end of Roman rule in Britain in 410 AD, after which the early Anglo-Saxons left less clear historical records.

text: In the power vacuum left by the retreating Romans, the Germanic Angles, Saxons, and Jutes began the next great migration across the North Sea. Having already been used as mercenaries in Britain by the Romans, many people from these tribes crossed during the Migration Period, conquering and perhaps displacing the native Celtic populations.[42]

text: Norsemen and Normans[edit]

text: The attack on Lindisfarne in 793 is generally considered the beginning of the Viking Age. For the next 250 years the Scandinavian raiders of Norway, Sweden, and Denmark dominated the North Sea, raiding monasteries, homes, and towns along the coast and along the rivers that ran inland. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle they began to settle in Britain in 851. They continued to settle in the British Isles and the continent until around 1050.[43]

text: The fiefdom of Normandy was created for the Viking leader Rollo (also known as Robert of Normandy). Rollo had besieged Paris but in 911 entered vassalage to the king of the West Franks Charles the Simple through the Treaty of St.-Claire-sur-Epte. In exchange for his homage and fealty, Rollo legally gained the territory he and his Viking allies had previously conquered. The name "Normandy" reflects Rollo's Viking (i.e. "Northman") origins.

text: The descendants of Rollo and his followers adopted the local Gallo-Romance language and intermarried with the area's inhabitants and became the Normans – a Norman French-speaking mixture of Scandinavians, Hiberno-Norse, Orcadians, Anglo-Danish, and indigenous Franks and Gauls.

text: Rollo's descendant William, Duke of Normandy became king of England in 1066 in the Norman Conquest beginning with the Battle of Hastings, while retaining the fiefdom of Normandy for himself and his descendants. In 1204, during the reign of King John, mainland Normandy was taken from England by France under Philip II, while insular Normandy (the Channel Islands) remained under English control. In 1259, Henry III of England recognised the legality of French possession of mainland Normandy under the Treaty of Paris. His successors, however, often fought to regain control of mainland Normandy.

text: With the rise of William the Conqueror the North Sea and Channel began to lose some of their importance. The new order oriented most of England and Scandinavia's trade south, toward the Mediterranean and the Orient.

text: Although the British surrendered claims to mainland Normandy and other French possessions in 1801, the monarch of the United Kingdom retains the title Duke of Normandy in respect to the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands (except for Chausey) are Crown dependencies of the British Crown. Thus the Loyal toast in the Channel Islands is La Reine, notre Duc ("The Queen, our Duke"). The British monarch is understood to not be the Duke of Normandy in regards of the French region of Normandy described herein, by virtue of the Treaty of Paris of 1259, the surrender of French possessions in 1801, and the belief that the rights of succession to that title are subject to Salic Law which excludes inheritance through female heirs.

text: French Normandy was occupied by English forces during the Hundred Years' War in 1346–1360 and again in 1415–1450.

text: England and Britain: Naval superpower[edit]

text: From the reign of Elizabeth I, English foreign policy concentrated on preventing invasion across the Channel by ensuring no major European power controlled the potential Dutch and Flemish invasion ports. Her climb to the pre-eminent sea power of the world began in 1588 as the attempted invasion of the Spanish Armada was defeated by the combination of outstanding naval tactics by the English and the Dutch under command of Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham with Sir Francis Drake second in command, and the following stormy weather. Over the centuries the Royal Navy slowly grew to be the most powerful in the world.[44]

text: The building of the British Empire was possible only because the Royal Navy eventually managed to exercise unquestioned control over the seas around Europe, especially the Channel and the North Sea. During the Seven Years' War, France attempted to launch an invasion of Britain. To achieve this France needed to gain control of the Channel for several weeks, but was thwarted following the British naval victory at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759.

text: Another significant challenge to British domination of the seas came during the Napoleonic Wars. The Battle of Trafalgar took place off the coast of Spain against a combined French and Spanish fleet and was won by Admiral Horatio Nelson, ending Napoleon's plans for a cross-Channel invasion and securing British dominance of the seas for over a century.

text: First World War[edit]

text: The exceptional strategic importance of the Channel as a tool for blockade was recognised by the First Sea Lord Admiral Fisher in the years before World War I. "Five keys lock up the world! Singapore, the Cape, Alexandria, Gibraltar, Dover."[45] However, on 25 July 1909 Louis Blériot made the first Channel crossing from Calais to Dover in an aeroplane. Blériot's crossing signalled the end of the Channel as a barrier-moat for England against foreign enemies.

text: Because the Kaiserliche Marine surface fleet could not match the British Grand Fleet, the Germans developed submarine warfare, which was to become a far greater threat to Britain. The Dover Patrol was set up just before the war started to escort cross-Channel troopships and to prevent submarines from sailing in the Channel, obliging them to travel to the Atlantic via the much longer route around Scotland.

text: On land, the German army attempted to capture Channel ports in the Race to the Sea but although the trenches are often said to have stretched "from the frontier of Switzerland to the English Channel", they reached the coast at the North Sea. Much of the British war effort in Flanders was a bloody but successful strategy to prevent the Germans reaching the Channel coast.

text: At the outset of the war, an attempt was made to block the path of U-boats through the Dover Strait with naval minefields. By February 1915, this had been augmented by a 25 kilometres (16 mi) stretch of light steel netting called the Dover Barrage, which it was hoped would ensnare submerged submarines. After initial success, the Germans learned how to pass through the barrage, aided by the unreliability of British mines.[46] On 31 January 1917, the Germans restarted unrestricted submarine warfare leading to dire Admiralty predictions that submarines would defeat Britain by November,[47] the most dangerous situation Britain faced in either world war.

text: The Battle of Passchendaele in 1917 was fought to reduce the threat by capturing the submarine bases on the Belgian coast, though it was the introduction of convoys and not capture of the bases that averted defeat. In April 1918 the Dover Patrol carried out the famous Zeebrugge Raid against the U-boat bases. During 1917, the Dover Barrage was re-sited with improved mines and more effective nets, aided by regular patrols by small warships equipped with powerful searchlights. A German attack on these vessels resulted in the Battle of Dover Strait in 1917.[48] A much more ambitious attempt to improve the barrage, by installing eight massive concrete towers across the strait was called the Admiralty M-N Scheme but only two towers were nearing completion at the end of the war and the project was abandoned.[49]

text: The naval blockade in the Channel and North Sea was one of the decisive factors in the German defeat in 1918.[50]

text: Second World War[edit]

text: During the Second World War, naval activity in the European theatre was primarily limited to the Atlantic. During the Battle of France in May 1940, the German forces succeeded in capturing both Boulogne and Calais, thereby threatening the line of retreat for the British Expeditionary Force. By a combination of hard fighting and German indecision, the port of Dunkirk was kept open allowing 338,000 Allied troops to be evacuated in Operation Dynamo. More than 11,000 were evacuated from Le Havre during Operation Cycle[51] and a further 192,000 were evacuated from ports further down the coast in Operation Ariel in June 1940.[52] The early stages of the Battle of Britain[53] featured air attacks on Channel shipping and ports, and until the Normandy Landings (with the exception of the Channel Dash) the narrow waters were too dangerous for major warships. Despite these early successes against shipping, the Germans did not win the air supremacy necessary for Operation Sealion, the projected cross-Channel invasion.

text: The Channel subsequently became the stage for an intensive coastal war, featuring submarines, minesweepers, and Fast Attack Craft.[54]

text: Dieppe was the site of an ill-fated Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces. More successful was the later Operation Overlord (D-Day), a massive invasion of German-occupied France by Allied troops. Caen, Cherbourg, Carentan, Falaise and other Norman towns endured many casualties in the fight for the province, which continued until the closing of the so-called Falaise gap between Chambois and Montormel, then liberation of Le Havre.

text: The Channel Islands were the only part of the British Commonwealth occupied by Germany (excepting the part of Egypt occupied by the Afrika Korps at the time of the Second Battle of El Alamein, which was a protectorate and not part of the Commonwealth). The German occupation of 1940–1945 was harsh, with some island residents being taken for slave labour on the Continent; native Jews sent to concentration camps; partisan resistance and retribution; accusations of collaboration; and slave labour (primarily Russians and eastern Europeans) being brought to the islands to build fortifications.[citation needed] The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time, particularly following the liberation of mainland Normandy in 1944. Intense negotiations resulted in some Red Cross humanitarian aid, but there was considerable hunger and privation during the occupation, particularly in the final months, when the population was close to starvation. The German troops on the islands surrendered on 9 May 1945, a day after the final surrender in mainland Europe.

text: Population[edit]

text: The English Channel is far more densely populated on the English shore. The most significant towns and cities along both the English and French sides of the Channel (each with more than 20,000 inhabitants, ranked in descending order; populations are the urban area populations from the 1999 French census, 2001 UK census, and 2001 Jersey census) are as follows:

text: England[edit]

text:
Brighton–Worthing–Littlehampton: 461,181 inhabitants, made up of:

Brighton: 155,919
Worthing: 96,964
Hove: 72,335
Littlehampton: 55,716
Lancing–Sompting: 30,360

Portsmouth: 442,252, including

Gosport: 79,200

Bournemouth & Poole: 383,713
Southampton: 304,400
Plymouth: 258,700
Torbay (Torquay): 129,702
Hastings–Bexhill: 126,386
Exeter: 119,600
Eastbourne: 106,562
Bognor Regis: 62,141
Folkestone–Hythe: 60,039
Weymouth: 56,043
Dover: 39,078
Walmer–Deal: 35,941
Exmouth: 32,972
Falmouth–Penryn: 28,801
Ryde: 22,806
St Austell: 22,658
Seaford: 21,851
Falmouth: 21,635
Penzance: 20,255

text: France[edit]

text:
Le Havre: 248,547 inhabitants
Calais: 104,852
Boulogne-sur-Mer: 92,704
Cherbourg: 42,318
Saint-Brieuc: 45,879
Saint-Malo: 50,675
Lannion–Perros-Guirec: 48,990
Dieppe: 42,202
Morlaix: 35,996
Dinard: 25,006
Étaples–Le Touquet-Paris-Plage: 23,994
Fécamp: 22,717
Eu–Le Tréport: 22,019
Trouville-sur-Mer–Deauville: 20,406

text: Channel Islands[edit]

text:
Saint Helier, Jersey: 28,310 inhabitants
Saint Peter Port, Guernsey: 16,488 inhabitants
Saint Anne, Alderney: 2,200 inhabitants
Sark: 600 inhabitants
Herm: 60 inhabitants

text: Shipping[edit]

text: The Channel has traffic on both the UK-Europe and North Sea-Atlantic routes, and is the world's busiest seaway, with over 500 ships per day.[55] Following an accident in January 1971 and a series of disastrous collisions with wreckage in February,[56] the Dover TSS[57] the world's first radar-controlled Traffic Separation Scheme was set up by the International Maritime Organization. The scheme mandates that vessels travelling north must use the French side, travelling south the English side. There is a separation zone between the two lanes.[58]

text: In December 2002 the MV Tricolor, carrying £30m of luxury cars sank 32 km (20 mi) northwest of Dunkirk after collision in fog with the container ship Kariba. The cargo ship Nicola ran into the wreckage the next day. There was no loss of life.[citation needed]

text: The shore-based long range traffic control system was updated in 2003 and there is a series of Traffic Separation Systems in operation.[59] Though the system is inherently incapable of reaching the levels of safety obtained from aviation systems such as the Traffic Collision Avoidance System, it has reduced accidents to one or two per year.[citation needed]

text: Marine GPS systems allow ships to be preprogrammed to follow navigational channels accurately and automatically, further avoiding risk of running aground, but following the fatal collision between Dutch Aquamarine and Ash in October 2001, Britain's Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) issued a safety bulletin saying it believed that in these most unusual circumstances GPS use had actually contributed to the collision.[60] The ships were maintaining a very precise automated course, one directly behind the other, rather than making use of the full width of the traffic lanes as a human navigator would.

text: A combination of radar difficulties in monitoring areas near cliffs, a failure of a CCTV system, incorrect operation of the anchor, the inability of the crew to follow standard procedures of using a GPS to provide early warning of the ship dragging the anchor and reluctance to admit the mistake and start the engine led to the MV Willy running aground in Cawsand bay, Cornwall in January 2002. The MAIB report makes it clear that the harbour controllers were informed of impending disaster by shore observers before the crew were themselves aware.[61] The village of Kingsand was evacuated for three days because of the risk of explosion, and the ship was stranded for 11 days.[62][63][64]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: As a busy shipping lane, the Channel experiences environmental problems following accidents involving ships with toxic cargo and oil spills.[65] Indeed, over 40% of the UK incidents threatening pollution occur in or very near the Channel.[66] One of the recent occurrences was the MSC Napoli, which on 18 January 2007 was beached with nearly 1700 tonnes of dangerous cargo in Lyme Bay, a protected World Heritage Site coastline.[67] The ship had been damaged and was en route to Portland Harbour.

text: Transport[edit]

text: Ferry[edit]

text: The number of ferry routes crossing the Strait of Dover has reduced since the Channel Tunnel opened. Current cross-channel ferry routes are:

text:
Dover–Calais
Dover–Dunkirk
Newhaven–Dieppe
Plymouth–Roscoff
Poole–Cherbourg
Poole–Saint Malo
Portsmouth–Cherbourg
Portsmouth–Jersey and Guernsey
Portsmouth–Le Havre
Portsmouth–Ouistreham
Portsmouth–Saint Malo
Rosslare–Cherbourg
Rosslare–Roscoff
Weymouth–Saint Malo

text: Channel Tunnel[edit]

text: Many travellers cross beneath the Channel using the Channel Tunnel, first proposed in the early 19th century and finally opened in 1994, connecting the UK and France by rail. It is now routine to travel between Paris or Brussels and London on the Eurostar train. Freight trains also use the tunnel. Cars, coaches and lorries are carried on Eurotunnel Shuttle trains between Folkestone and Calais.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Tourism[edit]

text: The coastal resorts of the Channel, such as Brighton and Deauville, inaugurated an era of aristocratic tourism in the early 19th century, which developed into the seaside tourism that has shaped resorts around the world.[citation needed] Short trips across the Channel for leisure purposes are often referred to as Channel Hopping.

text: Culture and languages[edit]

text: The two dominant cultures are English on the north shore of the Channel, French on the south. However, there are also a number of minority languages that are or were found on the shores and islands of the English Channel, which are listed here, with the Channel's name following them.

text:
Breton – "Mor Breizh" (Sea of Brittany)
Cornish – "Mor Bretannek"
Irish: Muir nIocht – "Merciful Sea"

text:
English
Dutch – "het Kanaal" (the Channel)

text: Dutch previously had a larger range, and extended into parts of modern-day France. For more information, please see French Flemish.

text:
French – "La Manche"
Gallo – "Manche", "Grand-Mè", "Mè Bertone"[68]
Norman, including the Channel Island vernaculars:

Anglo-Norman (extinct, but fossilised in certain English law phrases)
Auregnais (extinct)
Cotentinais – "Maunche"
Guernesiais – "Ch'nal"
Jèrriais – "Ch'na"
Sercquais

Picard

text: Most other languages tend towards variants of the French and English forms, but notably Welsh has "Môr Udd".

text: Channel crossings[edit]

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text: As one of the narrowest and most well-known international waterways lacking dangerous currents, the Channel has been the first objective of numerous innovative sea, air, and human powered crossing technologies.[citation needed] Pre-historic people sailed from the mainland to England for millennia. At the end of the last Ice Age, lower sea levels even permitted walking across.[69][70]

text: By boat[edit]

text:
Date
Crossing
Participant(s)
Notes

March 1816
the French paddle steamer Élise (ex Scottish-built Margery or Margory) was the first steamer to cross the Channel.

9 May 1816
Paddle steamer Defiance, Captain William Wager, was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland[71]

10 June 1821
Paddle steamer Rob Roy, first passenger ferry to cross channel

The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV.

June 1843
First ferry connection through Folkestone-Boulogne

Commanding officer Captain Hayward

25 July 1959
Hovercraft crossing (Calais to Dover, 2 hours 3 minutes)
SR-N1
Sir Christopher Cockerell was on board

22 August 1972
First solo hovercraft crossing (same route as SR-N1; 2 hours 20 minutes)[72]
Nigel Beale (UK)

1974
Coracle (13 and a half hours)
Bernard Thomas (UK)
As part of a publicity stunt, the journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from Welsh coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century.[73]

14 September 1995
Fastest crossing by hovercraft, 22 minutes by "Princess Anne"
MCH SR-N4 MkIII
Craft was designed as a ferry

1997
First vessel to complete a solar-powered crossing using photovoltaic cells
SB Collinda
—

14 June 2004
New record time for crossing in amphibious vehicle (the Gibbs Aquada, three-seater open-top sports car)
Richard Branson (UK)
Completed crossing in 1 hour 40 minutes 6 seconds – previous record was 6 hours.[citation needed]

26 July 2006
New record time for crossing in hydrofoil car (the Rinspeed Splash, two-seater open-top sports car)
Frank M. Rinderknecht (Switzerland)
Completed crossing in 3 hours 14 minutes[74]

25 September 2006
First crossing on a towed inflatable object (not a powered inflatable boat)
Stephen Preston (UK)
Completed crossing in 180 min[75]

July 2007
BBC Top Gear presenters "drive" to France in amphibious cars
Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond, James May (UK)
Completed the crossing in a 1996 Nissan D21 pick-up (the "Nissank"), fitted with a Honda outboard engine.[76]

1960's
First crossing by water ski.

An annual Cross Channel Ski Race was run from the Varne Boat Club from the 1960s onwards. The race was from the Varne club in Greatstone on Sea to Cap Gris Nez / Boulogne (latter years) and back. Many waterskiers have made this return crossing non stop since this time.[citation needed] Youngest known waterskier to cross the Channel was John Clements aged 10, from the Varne Boat Club on 22 August 1974 who made the crossing from Littlestone to Boulogne and back without falling.[citation needed]

20 August 2011
First Crossing by Sea Scooters
A four-man relay team from Scarborough, North Yorkshire, headed by Heath Samples, crossed from Shakespeare Beach to Wissant.[citation needed]
It took 12 hours 26 minutes 39 seconds and set a new Guinness World Record.

text: Pierre Andriel crossed the English Channel aboard the Élise, ex the Scottish p.s. "Margery" in March 1816, one of the earliest seagoing voyages by steam ship.

text: The paddle steamer Defiance, Captain William Wager, was the first steamer to cross the Channel to Holland, arriving there on 9 May 1816.[71]

text: On 10 June 1821, English-built paddle steamer Rob Roy was the first passenger ferry to cross channel. The steamer was purchased subsequently by the French postal administration and renamed Henri IV and put into regular passenger service a year later. It was able to make the journey across the Straits of Dover in around three hours.[77]

text: In June 1843, because of difficulties with Dover harbour, the South Eastern Railway company developed the Boulogne-sur-Mer-Folkestone route as an alternative to Calais-Dover. The first ferry crossed under the command of Captain Hayward.[78]

text: In 1974 a Welsh coracle piloted by Bernard Thomas of Llechryd crossed the English Channel to France in 13½ hours. The journey was undertaken to demonstrate how the Bull Boats of the Mandan Indians of North Dakota could have been copied from coracles introduced by Prince Madog in the 12th century.[79][80]

text: The Mountbatten class hovercraft (MCH) entered commercial service in August 1968, initially between Dover and Boulogne but later also Ramsgate (Pegwell Bay) to Calais. The journey time Dover to Boulogne was roughly 35 minutes, with six trips per day at peak times. The fastest crossing of the English Channel by a commercial car-carrying hovercraft was 22 minutes, recorded by the Princess Anne MCH SR-N4 Mk3 on 14 September 1995,[81]

text: By air[edit]

text: The first aircraft to cross the Channel was a balloon in 1785, piloted by Jean Pierre François Blanchard (France) and John Jeffries (US).[82]

text: Louis Blériot (France) piloted the first airplane to cross in 1909.

text: By swimming[edit]

text: The sport of Channel swimming traces its origins to the latter part of the 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb made the first observed and unassisted swim across the Strait of Dover, swimming from England to France on 24–25 August 1875 in 21 hours 45 minutes.

text: In 1927, at a time when fewer than ten swimmers (including the first woman, Gertrude Ederle in 1926) had managed to emulate the feat and many dubious claims were being made, the Channel Swimming Association (CSA) was founded to authenticate and ratify swimmers' claims to have swum the Channel and to verify crossing times. The CSA was dissolved in 1999 and was succeeded by two separate organisations: CSA (Ltd) and the Channel Swimming and Piloting Federation (CSPF). Both observe and authenticate cross-Channel swims in the Strait of Dover. The Channel Crossing Association was set up at about this time to cater for unorthodox crossings.

text: The team with the most number of Channel swims to its credit is the Serpentine Swimming Club in London,[83] followed by the International Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team.[84]

text: By the end of 2005, 811 people had completed 1,185 verified crossings under the rules of the CSA, the CSA (Ltd), the CSPF and Butlins.

text: The number of swims conducted under and ratified by the Channel Swimming Association to 2005 was 982 by 665 people. This includes 24 two-way crossings and three three-way crossings.

text: The number of ratified swims to 2004 was 948 by 675 people (456 men, 214 women). There have been 16 two-way crossings (9 by men and 7 by women). There have been three three-way crossings (2 by men and 1 by a woman). (It is unclear whether this last set of data is comprehensive or CSA only.)

text: The Strait of Dover is the busiest stretch of water in the world. It is governed by International Law as described in Unorthodox Crossing of the Dover Strait Traffic Separation Scheme.[85] It states: "[In] exceptional cases the French Maritime Authorities may grant authority for unorthodox craft to cross French territorial waters within the Traffic Separation Scheme when these craft set off from the British coast, on condition that the request for authorisation is sent to them with the opinion of the British Maritime Authorities."

text: The CCA, CSA, and CS&PF are the organisations escorting channel swims, because their pilots have the experience, qualifications, and equipment to guarantee the safety of the swimmers they escort.

text: The fastest verified swim of the Channel was by the Australian Trent Grimsey on 8 September 2012, in 6 hours 55 minutes,[86][87] beating the previous record set in 2007 by Bulgarian swimmer Petar Stoychev.

text: There may have been some unreported swims of the Channel, by people intent on entering Britain in circumvention of immigration controls. A failed attempt to cross the Channel by two Syrian refugees in October 2014 only came to light when their bodies were later discovered on the shores of the North Sea in Norway and the Netherlands.[88]

text: By car[edit]

text: On 16 September 1965, two Amphicars crossed from Dover to Calais.[89]

text: Other types[edit]

text:
Date
Crossing
Participant(s)
Notes

27 March 1899
First radio transmission across the Channel (from Wimereux to South Foreland Lighthouse)
Guglielmo Marconi (Italy)


question_text: krypton-85 decays by emission of a beta particle. the product of this decay is

question_tokens: krypton-85 decays by emission of a beta particle . the product of this decay is

root

text:
Krypton-85
Complete table of nuclides

General

Name, symbol
Krypton, 85Kr

Neutrons
49

Protons
36

Nuclide data

Half-life
10.756 years

Isotope mass
84.9125273(21) u

Spin
9/2+

Decay mode
Decay energy

Beta decay
0.687 MeV

tag: table

text:
Medium-lived
fission products

Prop:
Unit:
t½
(a)
Yield
(%)
Q *
(keV)
βγ *

155Eu
4.76
0.0803
252
βγ

85Kr
10.76
0.2180
687
βγ

113mCd
14.1
0.0008
316
β

90Sr
28.9
4.505
2826
β

137Cs
30.23
6.337
1176
βγ

121mSn
43.9
0.00005
390
βγ

151Sm
96.6
0.5314
77
β

text: Krypton 85 (85Kr) is a radioisotope of krypton.

tag: p

text: It has a half-life of 10.756 years and a maximum decay energy of 687 keV.[1] It decays into stable, non-radioactive rubidium-85. Its most common decay (99.57%) is by beta particle emission with maximum energy of 687 keV and an average energy of 251 keV. The second most common decay (0.43%) is by beta particle emission (maximum energy of 173 keV) followed by gamma ray emission (energy of 514 keV).[2] Other decay modes have very small probabilities and emit less energetic gammas.[1][3] There are 33 other known isotopes of krypton.

text: In terms of radiotoxicity, 440 Bq of Kr-85 is equivalent to 1 Bq of radon-222, without considering the rest of the radon decay chain.

text: Krypton-85 is produced in small quantities by the interaction of cosmic rays with stable krypton-84 in the atmosphere. Natural sources maintain an equilibrium inventory of about 0.09 PBq in the atmosphere.[4]

text: However, as of 2009 the total amount in the atmosphere is estimated at 5500 PBq due to anthropogenic sources.[5] At the end of the year 2000, it was estimated to be 4800 PBq,[4] and in 1973, an estimated 1961 PBq (53 megacuries).[6] The most important of these human sources is nuclear fuel reprocessing.[4][5][6] Nuclear fission produces about three atoms of krypton-85 for every 1000 fissions; i.e. it has a fission yield of 0.3%.[7] Most or all of this krypton-85 is retained in the spent nuclear fuel rods; spent fuel on discharge from a reactor contains between 0.13-1.8 PBq/Mg of krypton-85.[4] Some of this spent fuel is reprocessed. Current nuclear reprocessing releases the gaseous Kr-85 to the atmosphere when the spent fuel is dissolved. It would be possible in principle to capture and store this krypton gas as nuclear waste or for use. The cumulative global amount of krypton-85 released from reprocessing activity has been estimated as 10,600 PBq as of 2000.[4] The global inventory noted above is smaller than this amount due to radioactive decay; a smaller fraction is dissolved into the deep oceans.[4]

text: Other man-made sources are small contributors to the total. Atmospheric nuclear weapons tests released an estimated 111-185 PBq.[4] The 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant released about 1.6 PBq (43 kCi).[8] The Chernobyl accident released about 35 PBq,[4][5] and the Fukushima Daiichi accident released an estimated 44-84 PBq.[9]

text: The average atmospheric concentration of krypton-85 was approximately 0.6 Bq/m3 in 1976, and has increased to approximately 1.3 Bq/m3 as of 2005.[4][10] These are approximate global average values; concentrations are higher locally around nuclear reprocessing facilities, and are generally higher in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere.

text: For wide-area atmospheric monitoring, krypton-85 is the best indicator for clandestine plutonium separations.[11]

text: Krypton-85 releases increase the electrical conductivity of atmospheric air. Meteorological effects are expected to be stronger closer to the source of the emissions.[12]

text: Uses in industry[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Krypton-85 is used in arc discharge lamps commonly used in the entertainment industry for large HMI film lights as well as high-intensity discharge lamps.[13][14][15][16][17] The presence of krypton-85 in discharge tube of the lamps can make the lamps easy to ignite.[14] Early experimental krypton-85 lighting developments included a railroad signal light designed in 1957[18] and an illuminated highway sign erected in Arizona in 1969.[19]

text: Krypton-85 is used to inspect aircraft components for small defects. Krypton-85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks, and then its presence is detected by autoradiography. The method is called "krypton gas penetrant imaging". The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in dye penetrant inspection and fluorescent penetrant inspection.[20]

text: Krypton-85 is used to test for leaks in semiconductors (MIL-STD-883H) and piping.

text: The sealed spark gap assemblies contained in ignition excitors used in some older turbine and jet engines contain a very small amount of krypton-85 in order to obtain consistent ionization levels and uniform operation. The amount of radiation from the average gap is approximately the same as that of a radium-dial wrist watch but should be handled carefully.

text: Krypton-85 was used in cold-cathode voltage regulator electron tubes, such as the type 5651.[21]

text: Krypton-85 is used to ionize spark gap inlet gases to decrease breakdown voltage.

text: Krypton-85 is used to neutralize electrostatically charged aerosols from nebulization, combustion, or powder dispersion.

text: Krypton-85 is used to measure extruded film or coating weight during online production.


document_title: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

question_text: what was the first episode of season 2 riverdale

text: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

text: Premise

text: The series follows Archie Andrews' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image.[1]

text: Cast and characters

text: Main

text:
KJ Apa as Archibald "Archie" Andrews: An intense and conflicted teen, Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father's construction business. He is now juggling the interest of several girls, as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music—against the wishes of his father and his football coach.[2]
Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper: A sweet, smart, eager-to-please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend, Archie. She is tired of being the perfect daughter, student, sister, etc., so she turns to her new friend, Veronica, for life advice—much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother.[3]
Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge: A beautiful, sophisticated, confident, silver-tongued high school sophomore and former socialite. Veronica is the "new girl" in town and is eager for a fresh start. Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was. Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father, she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth.[4]
Cole Sprouse as Forsythe "Jughead" Jones III: A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once Archie's best friend, and who is still dealing with the rift that developed between them over the summer. His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents.[3]
Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge: Veronica's mother, who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews, following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge.[5]
Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom: A wealthy, entitled, and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident.[6]
Ashleigh Murray as Josephine "Josie" McCoy: A striving, competitive, fierce, snooty, and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.[2]
Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper: Polly and Betty's mother, who is the editor of the local paper. She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters.[7]
Luke Perry as Frederick "Fred" Andrews: Archie's father, who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day.[8]
Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge: Veronica's father, who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities. Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one.[9]
Casey Cott as Kevin Keller: An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie, Betty and Veronica. He is the son of Riverdale's sheriff. Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season.[10]
Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe "F.P." Jones II: Jughead's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents, a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale.[11][12] Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season.[13]

tag: ul

text: Recurring

text:
Martin Cummins as Tom Keller: The town's police sheriff and Kevin's father.[14]
Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy: the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy.[15]
Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's mother.
Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper: Polly and Betty's father, and Alice Cooper's husband.[16]
Colin Lawrence as Floyd Clayton: Chuck's father, and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team.
Peter James Bryant as Waldo Weatherbee: Riverdale High School's principal.
Sarah Habel as Geraldine Grundy: Riverdale High School's young music teacher, who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer. It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce, to escape from an abusive relationship. Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie.
Ross Butler (season 1) and Charles Melton (season 2) as Reginald "Reggie" Mantle: Archie's long-time friend and rival, a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster.[17] Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why; Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie in season 2.[18][19]
Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton: A football-star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player[11]
Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos: The youngest member of the Southside Serpents, who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom's murder.[20]
Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine: The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.
Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke "Moose" Mason: Archie's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin.[17]
Hayley Law as Valerie Brown: The songwriter, bassist, and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie's ex-girlfriend.
Emilija Baranac as Midge Klump: Moose's girlfriend and member of Riverdale's cheerleading squad.
Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs: A victim of Chuck Clayton's slut-shaming who is also facing problems with her dad's condition due to Hiram Lodge.[21]
Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom: Cheryl's twin brother, whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale.
Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel: The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel, Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica. Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom's best friends.
Caitlin Mitchell-Markovitch as Ginger Lopez: One of Cheryl's best friends.
Major Curda as Dilton Doiley: The leader of the town's troop of Ranger Scouts. Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot.
Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper: Betty's older sister, and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper. She is pregnant with Jason Blossom's children.[22]
Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's father.
Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate: The owner of the local diner; Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe.[23]
Tom McBeath as Smithers: The Lodge family butler.[11]
Adain Bradley as Trev Brown: Valerie's younger brother.
Brit Morgan as Penny Peabody: A member of the Southside Serpents, who blackmails Jughead in season 2.
Vanessa Morgan as Toni Topaz: A bisexual member of the Southside Serpents, who befriends Jughead in season 2.
Graham Phillips as Nick St. Clair: A devious, trouble-making bad boy from Veronica's past, who comes to Riverdale looking to win her back in season 2.
Cameron McDonald as Joseph Svenson: The janitor at Riverdale High School in season 2 and notably the only survivor of the Conway family massacre forty years ago by the hands of the Riverdale Reaper.
Hart Denton as Chic Smith: Betty and Polly's long-lost older brother.[24]

text: Guest

text:
Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo: A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer-songwriter.[25]
Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews: Archie's mother, who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams, but returns to Riverdale in her family's hour of need. She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband, Fred, but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice.[26]

text: Episodes

text: Series overview

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions inc. DVR)

1
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
154
1.69[27]

2
22[28]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
TBA
TBA
TBA

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
T15.10136
1.38[29]

During an eventful summer, including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July, Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music. He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper, the sweet girl-next-door who harbors her own secret—her feelings for Archie. Meanwhile, Veronica Lodge, the daughter of Hermione and Hiram, a millionaire facing embezzlement charges, arrives in town, instantly capturing Archie's attention. Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing, Betty and Veronica become fast friends, united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad, Cheryl Blossom, who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother's death. Archie's former best friend, Jughead Jones, begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer, including what happened between him and Archie. Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason's body, which has a gunshot wound to the head, by the lake.

2
2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
T13.20302
1.15[30]

Veronica's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls, while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair. Kevin, disturbed by the discovery of Jason's body, refuses to acknowledge Moose's affections for him. Jughead, after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands, deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff, Kevin's father. Archie asks his father, Fred, for advice and decides to come clean. Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty, but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty's sister, Polly, for Jason's death. At a pep rally in his honor, Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field; in the locker room, where Veronica has followed to comfort her, Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to "come back." Against the wishes of her mother, Alice, Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica, while Archie also reconciles with Jughead. The next day, during science class, Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason's autopsy, which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July.

3
3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
Lee Toland Krieger
Yolonda E. Lawrence
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
T13.20303
1.20[31]

Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents, Clifford and Penelope, that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning. Betty, upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press, restarts the school newspaper, The Blue and Gold, and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died. Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton, whom she had one date with, has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and, when he refuses to stop, she, Betty, and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends, including Jason, to the shaming. Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop's Scoutmaster, Dilton Doiley, during a training exercise. Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean. Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice, Chuck is kicked off the football team, and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together. Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie's secret is at risk.

4
4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
Mark Piznarski
Michael Grassi
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
T13.20304
1.14[32]

Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive-in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem. At the diner, Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship. Under the guise of an interview, Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life, while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened. Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago. They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name "Jennifer Gibson." Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape. At the drive-in's final night, Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before. Alice exposes Archie's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial, but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town. Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason's murder has been stolen. Jughead vandalizes the projectionist's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader, who turns out to be his father.

5
5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
Jesse Warn
Ross Maxwell
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
T13.20305
0.98[33]

Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away, Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason's memorial, but Cheryl does so anyway, ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left. Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain. Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor, who ultimately decides not to teach him. Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs. Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner. He and Betty encounter Jason's grandmother, Rose, who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged. While cleaning the diner, Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it, a warning from the Serpents. Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great-grandfather Cooper decades before. Archie is named captain, but turns it down to focus on his music. Jughead and Betty deduce that her father, Hal, is responsible for stealing the sheriff's evidence.

6
6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
Steven A. Adelson
Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
T13.20306
1.09[34]

With Riverdale High's annual variety show approaching, Valerie's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie. Meanwhile, Betty and Jughead's investigation into Jason's murder brings them face-to-face with Betty's sister Polly, who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth, unaware of Jason's death and seven months pregnant. As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother, she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes. At the same time, Hermione's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred. Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show. Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason's death to no avail, but grows closer to Jughead, eventually kissing him. After, they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason's belongings. However, an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive, around the same time that Polly escapes from the home.

7
7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
Allison Anders
Aaron Allen
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
T13.20307
1.03[35]

Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her, which fails. As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers, Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house. Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly. F.P., after being offered a job by Fred, reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together, but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail. Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice. Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason's murder, but Fred provides Keller with an alibi. Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly, so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead. F.P. is revealed to have Jason's jacket in his trailer.

8
8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
David Katzenberg
Julia Cohen
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
T13.20308
0.99[36]

Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for "some biker gang", implied to be the Southside Serpents, in exchange for money before both of them ran away. Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly. Fred's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford. Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project, but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop. After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents' bar, Archie realizes Jughead's father is a Serpent. At the baby shower, Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live. Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion, and when he refuses to let her come back, Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household. F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred's construction site. Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms.

9
9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
Lee Rose
James DeWille
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
T13.20309
0.91[37]

As the Blossom family's annual maple tree-tapping ceremony approaches, Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort. When he refuses, Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor. Veronica grows close to Ethel but, when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram's investors, she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship. Alice prepares to publish a full-blown exposé on the Blossoms, but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house. Betty gets a call from Archie, learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason's death. She and Jughead decide to write the tell-all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them. Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him, Archie attempts to reconcile with Val, but she breaks up with him.

10
10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
Dawn Wilkinson
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
T13.20310
0.87[38]

Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce, leaving Archie alone. Betty learns that Jughead's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party. She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house. Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf. The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl, who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends. F.P. also shows up after Betty's insistence. Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave, but Cheryl forces him to stay for a "game" in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets. Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over. He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice, implying she was once a member of the Serpents. Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss. Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram's behalf. To Archie's surprise, his father returns home with his mother, Mary.

11
11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
Kevin Sullivan
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
T13.20311
0.89[39]

While Archie and his mother reconnect, Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison. F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead's novel, urging him to consider moving on. To learn the truth about Hiram, Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason's murder. The Blossoms, increasingly suspicious of Polly, forbid her from entering their master bedroom. Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together. Polly and Cheryl discover the former's engagement ring in Penelope's jewelry collection, which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford. At a contentious dinner, Alice tries to question F.P., but he shuts her down. Afterwards, he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family. While Archie and Veronica perform "Kids in America" at homecoming, the police execute a search warrant on F.P.'s trailer, find a gun, and arrest him for murder. Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason's death.

12
12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
Rob Seidenglanz
Michael Grassi
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
T13.20312
0.98[40]

Jughead calls his mother, but she refuses to let him move in with her. F.P. confesses to everything, including Jason's murder. Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret: the Coopers are, in fact, Blossoms by blood, making Jason and Polly's relationship technically incest. The Coopers take Polly back to their home. Mary, posing as F.P.'s lawyer, advises Jughead to visit his father, who tells him never to come see him again. With Joaquin's help, the group tracks down one of F.P.'s associates, but finds him dead of an apparent overdose. The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione's initials on it. With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects, Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason's varsity jacket. Inside one of the pockets, they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason, which they tell Cheryl. Nevertheless, Jughead learns that his father's other charges will not be dropped. Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago. When the police go to arrest Clifford, they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery.

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
T13.20313
0.96[41]

It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out. Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business. F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder, but remains in police custody. Alice reveals to Betty that, in high school, she found out she was pregnant, but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child, a baby boy, for adoption. Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High. Devastated by her father's secrets and suicide, Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River, but Archie, along with Veronica, Betty, and Jughead, saves her. Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion, much to Penelope's dismay. The next day, Archie meets Fred at Pop's, where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money. He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint. When Archie tries to intervene, the gunman shoots Fred.

text: Season 2 (2017–18)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
Rob Seidenglanz
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
T13.20801
2.34[42]

After being shot, Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie, who is soon joined by his friends. Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup, but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter. When Veronica searches Fred's belongings, Archie sees that his wallet is missing. Betty and Jughead visit Pop's to look for the wallet but find nothing; instead, they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register, meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred. Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting, but to no avail. Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred, but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth. Meanwhile, Cheryl intimidates Penelope—who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized—into lying that it was an accident. Fred survives his shooting. Hiram returns to Riverdale, further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family. In the nearby town of Greendale, Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred's shooter.

15
2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
Allison Anders
Michael Grassi
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
T13.20802
1.76[43]

After learning of Ms. Grundy's murder, an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred's shooting, which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley. Following the shooting, business at Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined, leading Pop to consider selling the diner, but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business. Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody, a Serpent lawyer, who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P.'s behalf. Cheryl initially refuses, but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason's murder. With Cheryl's testimony, the judge decides to revisit F.P's sentence. Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop, but tells Veronica he made a "charitable donation". In the woods, Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle (a new drug to Riverdale), and as they do so, they are shot by Fred's shooter.

16
3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
Kevin Sullivan
Ross Maxwell
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
T13.20803
1.62[44]

Kevin, who was in the forest, hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying. Moose, who shielded Midge from the gunfire, is hospitalized and survives. Following the incident, Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle, to protect Riverdale High students. The Coopers receive a letter from "the Black Hood", taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy, and detailing his intentions to target sinners. Polly leaves town, fearing for her babies. Meanwhile, Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High, befriends Toni Topaz, a Serpent, and refounds the school newspaper, the Red and Black, under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips. Kevin keeps going out late at night, which concerns Betty. Betty follows him on one of his runs, which leads to him lashing out at her. Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood's main weapons for the Red Circle. Inspired by this, the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood.

17
4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
Allison Anders
Amanda Lasher
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
T13.20804
1.51[45]

Archie's viral video results in negative repercussions, as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle. Though Archie refuses, the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble, in which Dilton is injured. Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun. Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood, revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve. Mayor Sierra McCoy (Josie's mother) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood, in which Alice blames the Serpents, but Fred argues against letting fear rule them. Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated, before showing the letter to her parents, Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy. Later, Betty receives a call from the Black Hood.

18
5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
Ellen Pressman
Aaron Allen
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
T13.20805
1.47[46]

The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice, which she does. Hiram invites the St. Clair's, friends of the Lodges from New York. On the Southside, Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening. The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood. At the Lodge's open house event, Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her, but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats. Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer, where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over; they kiss. Back at Betty's house, the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a "sinner" to kill, to which Betty names Nick St. Clair.

19
6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
Maggie Kiley
Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
T13.20806
1.43[47]

The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman, who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale. Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick, whom the Black Hood did not attack, but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair's. Archie goes to Southside High, where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller. Tall Boy, F.P.'s right hand man, reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies, the dealers of jingle jangle. Jughead and Archie visit F.P., who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race. During the race, Archie pulls the brake on Jughead's car, and reveals he called Sheriff Keller, who arrests the Ghoulies leader. Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair's, while Cheryl does the same with Penelope. Later, the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair's have been run off the road, but will recover in months. Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips; Cheryl later tells Betty, who exposes him in the Blue and Gold. Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail.

20
7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
Dawn Wilkinson
James DeWille
November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
T13.20807
1.45[48]

After killing Phillips, the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning, or he will kill again. Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help, which he does with Archie. She says this is a one-time thing, but Jughead later finds she was lying. Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer, implied to be Cheryl, including a box with a pig's heart. Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late, revealing she has received death threats. Betty, realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff's office, believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood. She investigates, but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood. However, Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy. Archie, Jughead, Betty, Veronica, Josie, and Cheryl all gather at Pop's. After Jughead leaves to visit F.P., the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge, and Pop grimly announces that "The reckoning is upon us".

21
8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
Kevin Sullivan
Yolonda Lawrence
December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
T13.20808
1.48[49]

F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop's, intending to quit the Serpents. Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a "retirement" party at the Whyte Worm, so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work. While Jughead reconnects with his dad, Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party. There, she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead. Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper, who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob. Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family, which they discover to be the school's janitor, Joseph Svenson. Archie and Veronica confront Svenson, but decide he isn't the Black Hood. At the party, F.P., who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody, decides to stay with the Serpents. Outside, Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love. Jughead, not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents' business, also ends their relationship.

22
9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
Rob Seidenglanz
Shepard Boucher
December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
T13.20809
1.43[50]

Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000. Failing to convince her parents to help Fred, Veronica sneaks into Hiram's study and finds out that he bought Pop's. She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred. Jughead rallies the younger Serpents, who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo. Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood, containing Svenson's finger. They then receive a call from the Black Hood, who challenges them to find Svenson. They are able to find Svenson's location, but instead find an empty coffin. The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive, but flees when the police arrive. After a chase, Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape. The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself. Later, with the Black Hood dead, Veronica and Archie get back together, while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson, but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier.

23
10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"
Tim Hunter
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
T13.20810
1.44[51]

The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High, causing Jughead, Toni, Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High, putting them at odds with other students. Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams, who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram's criminal dealings. Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred. Archie investigates Nick, who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash, which broke both of his legs. Despite Hal's objections, Betty and Alice track down Alice's son she gave up for adoption, Chic. Chic initially refuses to come with them, but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault, bringing him to the Cooper household. Jughead, following advice from FP, gets his fellow Serpents to lay low. Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood. That night, Chic lurks in Betty's room while she sleeps.

24
11
"Chapter Twenty-Four: The Wrestler"
Gregg Araki
Greg Murray & Devon Turner
January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
T13.20811
TBD

Pickens' Day, a day in remembrance of Riverdale's founder, nears. Adams tells Archie to get close to Hiram. With Veronica's urging, he tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram, a former wrestler. This, however, causes tension between the two to rise. Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model, and attempts to reach out to him, talking about her 'dark side'. Mayor McCoy organizes the Pickens' Day festival, which the Lodges attempt to spin as a festival with North/Southside unity, with the Serpents as security. Jughead interviews Toni's grandfather for a school project, learning that Toni's grandfather was a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens. Jughead publishes this story as an article, escalting tensions with the two sides. Tensions arise between Veronica and Josie, with McCoy driving a wedge between the two. At the Pickens Day fest, the Serpents protest the event, but Hiram spins their words positively. That night, Archie meets with Hiram, who offers Archie his business tutelage, which Archie accepts. The next morning, McCoy, Sheriff Keller, and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens, which has been decapitated. They decide to blame the desecration on the Serpents.

25
12
"Chapter Twenty-Five: The Wicked and the Divine"[52]
Rachel Talalay
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
T13.20812
TBD

26
13
"Chapter Twenty-Six: The Tell-Tale Heart"[53]
Julie Plec
Michael Grassi
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
TBA
TBD

27
14
"Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Hills Have Eyes"[54]
David Katzenberg
Ross Maxwell
TBA
TBA
TBD

28
15
"Chapter Twenty-Eight: There Will Be Blood"[55]
Mark Piznarski
Aaron Allen
TBA
TBA
TBD

29
16
"Chapter Twenty-Nine: Primary Colors"[56]
Sherwin Shilati
James DeWille
TBA
TBA
TBD

30
17
"Chapter Thirty: The Noose Tightens"[57]
Alexis Ostrander
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
TBA
TBA
TBD

31
18
"Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember"[59]
Jason Stone
Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)[58]
TBA
TBD

This episode will be a musical event covering songs from Carrie: The Musical.[58]

text: Production

text: Development

text: Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013, after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition.[60] The duo brought the project to Warner Bros., where a VP recommended a more high-concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals, suggesting Louis C. K. to portray an older Archie.[61] Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project, which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series.[60] Riverdale was originally in development at Fox, with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty.[62] However, Fox did not go forward with the project. In 2015, the show's development was moved to The CW,[63] which officially ordered a pilot on January 29, 2016.[64] On March 7, 2017, The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.[65]

text: Casting

text: Casting Archie was a difficult process, with Aguirre-Sacasa stating "I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way."[66] The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network, which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation.[66]

text: In April 2017, it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge's father, Hiram Lodge.[67] The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1, 2017.[68] The next month, it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why.[19] It was also announced that Casey Cott, who played Kevin Keller, was promoted to a series regular.[69] In July 2017, it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody, an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run-ins with the law.[70] In August 2017, it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair, Veronica's ex-boyfriend from New York.[71][72]

text: Filming

text: Filming of the pilot began on March 14, 2016, and ended on April 1 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[73][74] Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7, 2016, in Vancouver.[75] Sets include Pop Tate's Chock'lit Shoppe, a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18-wheeler there, believing that it was open.[76] Season two will also be filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley.[77] Principal photography began on June 22, 2017.[citation needed] The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars, Gilmore Girls, and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie.[78]

text: Homages to other films and TV series

text: Several reviewers had noted that the series' episode titles, are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films.[79][80] For example, De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale's pilot episode was named "River's Edge" after the 1986 film of the same name, and the season finale also takes its name from 1997's The Sweet Hereafter.[81] Executive producer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice, in order to hint at what will happen in that episode.[81]

text: Additionally, Katie-Kouise Smith, of Popbuzz, notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series, and are intended as an homage to that series' creator, David Lynch.[78]

text: Release

text: Broadcast

text: Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale,[82] making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast.[83]

text: Marketing

text: In July 2016, members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic-Con to promote the upcoming series, where they premiered the first episode "Chapter One: The River's Edge".[84] The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016, while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017.[85][86] The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos, where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe.[87][88][89]

text: Comic-book adaptation

text: Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017, Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale, featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series' own continuity. The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa himself, along with various other writers from the show. Alongside a one-shot pilot issue, illustrated by Alitha Martinez, released in March 2017,[90] the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017.[91]

text: In addition to the adaptation, Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale. This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line, introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it. Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines. The first volume was released in March 2017.[91]

text: Music

text: Musical performances are featured throughout the series,a blend of cover versions and originals. Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12, 2017.[92]

text: An album of Blake Neely's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La-La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18, 2017.[93]

text: Season 1

text:
[show]Riverdale: Season 1 (Original Television Soundtrack)[94]

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"The Song That Everyone Sings"
KJ Apa
3:46

2.
"Fear Nothing"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

3.
"All Through The Night"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

4.
"Dance Dance Dance"
KJ Apa
1:00

5.
"Candy Girl (Sugar Sugar)" (Cover of the Inner Circle version feat. Flo Rida; full-length version, Petsch is not heard on the aired version.)
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch
2:19

6.
"I Feel Love"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:11

7.
"I'll Try"
KJ Apa
3:15

8.
"I Got You"
KJ Apa and Hayley Law
3:32

9.
"Kids in America"
KJ Apa and Camila Mendes
2:55

10.
"Our Fair Riverdale"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law
1:19

11.
"Astronaut"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:28

12.
"These Are the Moments I Remember"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law, Camila Mendes and KJ Apa
2:58

text:
[show]Riverdale: Season 1 (Original Television Score)[95]

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Riverdale"
Blake Neely
2:58

2.
"If You Love Me"
Blake Neely
2:06

3.
"Viral Gossip in Town"
Blake Neely
3:08

4.
"Everyone a Suspect"
Blake Neely
2:33

5.
"Receiving the Jersey"
Blake Neely
1:56

6.
"Doubts and Accusations"
Blake Neely
2:24

7.
"All is OK With Milkshakes"
Blake Neely
2:48

8.
"Long Reach"
Blake Neely
3:47

9.
"Ended Up Drowning"
Blake Neely
4:11

10.
"Irreconcilable"
Blake Neely
3:25

11.
"So Many Questions"
Blake Neely
2:42

12.
"A Gift / Forced to Leave"
Blake Neely
3:23

13.
"Not Making the Play"
Blake Neely
3:25

14.
"Overwhelming Evidence"
Blake Neely
3:53

15.
"Realizations"
Blake Neely
2:02

16.
"Do You Feel Guilty?"
Blake Neely
2:38

17.
"Into the Woods"
Blake Neely
3:21

18.
"Name of the Game"
Blake Neely
3:38

19.
"Angry and Vulnerable Girls"
Blake Neely
2:52

20.
"Results of the Father"
Blake Neely
4:39

21.
"Your Father Was Arrested"
Blake Neely
2:44

22.
"The Recording"
Blake Neely
4:12

23.
"Oh, Mommy!"
Blake Neely
3:51

24.
"What Floats Beneath"
Blake Neely
3:29

25.
"Never Safe"
Blake Neely
1:59

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
88% (54 reviews)
68 (36 reviews)

2
86% (11 reviews)
TBD

text: The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a fresh rating of 88% based on 54 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.69/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Riverdale offers an amusingly self-aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie, odd, daring, and above all addictive."[96] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[97] Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a "B+" saying that it turned, "out to be an artfully crafted, instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential."[98]

text: Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters. While reviewing the first season, Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared "the show marginalizes and ignores the [people of color] in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there."[99] In an article for Vulture, Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats (who are each played by African Americans), noting, "They're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message. Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past, even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting."[100] Monique Jones of Ebony noted, "Despite the show's multi-racial casting choices, it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town." She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown, but declared "Archie shouldn't be what makes Valerie interesting to us".[101]

text: Ratings

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 9:00 pm
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
1.38[29]
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
0.96[41]
2016–17
154
1.69
0.7/2[27]

2
Wednesday 8:00 pm
22[28]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
2.34[42]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
January 26, 2017
0.5/2
1.38[29]
0.4
1.01
0.9
2.38[104]

2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
February 2, 2017
0.4/2
1.15[30]
0.4
0.76
0.8
1.91[105]

3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
February 9, 2017
0.5/2
1.20[31]
N/A
0.71
N/A
1.90[106]

4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
February 16, 2017
0.4/1
1.14[32]
0.4
0.73
0.8
1.87[107]

5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
February 23, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[33]
0.4
0.71
0.7
1.69[108]

6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
March 2, 2017
0.4/1
1.09[34]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
March 9, 2017
0.4/1
1.03[35]
0.3
0.76
0.7
1.80[109]

8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
March 30, 2017
0.4/2
0.99[36]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.54[110]

9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
April 6, 2017
0.3/1
0.91[37]
N/A
0.63
N/A
1.54[111]

10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
April 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.87[38]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.48[112]

11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
April 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.89[39]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
May 4, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[40]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.56[113]

13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
May 11, 2017
0.4/2
0.96[41]
N/A
0.56
N/A
1.52[114]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
October 11, 2017
0.8/3
2.34[42]
0.6
1.40
1.4
3.74[115]

2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
October 18, 2017
0.6/2
1.76[43]
0.6
1.34
1.2
3.10[116]

3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
October 25, 2017
0.6/2
1.62[44]
0.6
1.32
1.2
2.94[117]

4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
November 1, 2017
0.6/2
1.51[45]
0.5
1.30
1.1
2.80[118]

5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
November 8, 2017
0.5/2
1.47[46]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.70[119]

6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
November 15, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[47]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.66[120]

7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
November 29, 2017
0.5/2
1.45[48]
0.5
1.19
1.0
2.64[121]

8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
December 6, 2017
0.5/2
1.48[49]
0.6
1.20
1.1
2.68[122]

9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
December 13, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[50]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"
January 17, 2018
0.5/2
1.44[51]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Action-Thriller Television Series
Riverdale
Won
[123]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
KJ Apa
Nominated

Breakthrough Performance
KJ Apa
Won
[124]

Leo Awards
Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series
Tyler Harron for "Pilot - Chapter 1"
Nominated
[125]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Breakout TV Show
Riverdale
Won
[126]

Choice Breakout TV Star
K.J. Apa
Nominated

Lili Reinhart
Won

Choice Drama TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Won

Choice Drama TV Show
Riverdale
Won

Choice Hissy Fit
Madelaine Petsch
Won

Choice Scene Stealer
Camila Mendes
Won

Choice TV Ship
Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse
Won

text: Spin-off

text: In September 2017, it was reported that a live-action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions, with a planned release in the 2018–2019 television season. Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot, which will be written by Aguirre-Sacasa. Both are executive producers along with Berlanti, Schechter, and Goldwater.[127] In December 2017, it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet-to-be-announced new title. Two seasons, comprising ten episodes each, have been ordered by the streaming service.[128] In January 2018, it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka,[129] and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that, "at the moment, there is no discussion about crossing over" with Riverdale.[130]