document_title: List of people on the postage stamps of the United States

question_text: who was the first baseball player to be featured on a postage stamp

question_tokens: who was the first baseball player to be featured on a postage stamp

root

text: List of people on the postage stamps of the United States

text: This article lists people who have been featured on United States postage stamps, listed by their name, the year they were first featured on a stamp, and a very short description of their notability. Since the United States Post Office issued its first stamp in 1847, over 4,000 stamps have been issued and over 800 people featured. Many of these people (especially the earlier Presidents) have been featured on multiple stamps.

tag: p

text: For the purpose of this list, "featured" may mean:

text:
The likeness of a person,
The name of a person, or
People who have neither their likeness nor name on a stamp, but are documented by the United States Postal Service as being the subject of a stamp (see Reference).

tag: ol

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
V
W
X
Y
Z

tag: ul

text:
See also
References

text: A[edit]

text:
Edwin Austin Abbey (2001) Illustrator[1]
Bud Abbott (1991) Comedian
Edward R. Abrams (2008) Actor
Dean Acheson (1993) Secretary of State
Roy Acuff (2003) Country singer, musician, and songwriter[2]
Abigail Adams (1985) First Lady
Ansel Adams (2002) Photographer[3]
John Adams (1938) 2nd President

text:
John Quincy Adams (1938) 6th President
Samuel Adams (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Jane Addams (1940) Social Worker
Alvin Ailey (2004) Choreographer[4]
Josef Albers (1980) Artist
Louisa May Alcott (1940) Author
Buzz Aldrin (1994) Astronaut, engineer[5]
Horatio Alger, Jr. (1982) Author
Dante Alighieri (1965) Poet

text:
Ethan Allen (1955) Green Mountain Boys leader
Gracie Allen (2009) Comedian[6]
Richard Allen (2016) African-American bishop, founder of AME Church[7]
Steve Allen (2009) Comedian[6]
Fran Allison (2009) Actress[6]
C. Alfred "Chief" Anderson (2014) Aviator [8]
Gilbert M. Anderson (Broncho Billy Anderson) (1998) Actor
Marian Anderson (2005) Contralto[9]
Susan B. Anthony (1936) Suffragist, feminist, and abolitionist
Antonello da Messina (1990) Painter
Maya Angelou (2015) African American writer
Virginia Apgar (1994) Physician

text:
Johnny Appleseed (1966) Conservationist
Harold Arlen (1996) Composer

text:
Edwin Armstrong (1983) FM radio inventor
Louis Armstrong (1995) Jazz singer, musician, and songwriter
Neil Armstrong (1969) Astronaut[10]
Desi Arnaz (1999) Actor, producer and singer
Henry Harley "Hap" Arnold (1988) Air Force General
Chester A. Arthur (1938) 21st President
Arthur Ashe (2005) Tennis player[9]

text: John James Audubon (1940) Naturalist, painter[3][11]

text:
Stephen F. Austin (1936) Texas colonizer
Gene Autry (2010) Actor[12][13]

text: B[edit]

text:
Mildred Bailey (1994) Jazz singer
Ella Baker (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
Josephine Baker (2008) Singer[14]
George Balanchine (2004) Choreographer[4]
Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1913) Explorer
Abraham Baldwin (1985) Statesman
James Baldwin (2004) Author[4]
Lucille Ball (2001) Actress[1][6]
Benjamin Banneker (1980) Surveyor, astronomer, mathematician and almanac author
Theda Bara (1994) Actress
Francis Barbé-Marbois (1953) Louisiana Purchase negotiator
Samuel Barber (1997) Composer[15]
John Bardeen (2008) Physicist[14]
John Barry (1745–1803) (1936) Naval officer
Ethel Barrymore (1982) Actress
John Barrymore (1982) Actor

text:
Lionel Barrymore (1982) Actor
Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi (1985) Statue of Liberty sculptor
Josiah Bartlett (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Clara Barton (1948) American Red Cross founder
John Bartram (1999) Botanist[16]
William Bartram (1999) Botanist[16]
Count Basie (1996) Jazz musician, bandleader, and composer
John Basilone (2005) Marine, Medal of Honor recipient[9]
Daisy Bates (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
James Beard (2014) Chef, TV personality, cookbook author[17]
Romare Bearden (2011) Artist[18][19]
The Beatles (1999) Rock music band[16]
Jim Beckwourth (1994) Explorer
Norman Bel Geddes (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
Alexander Graham Bell (1940) Scientist, engineer, and telephone inventor

text:
Giovanni Bellini (1992) Painter
Ruth Benedict (1995) Anthropologist
Stephen Vincent Benét (1998) Author[21]
Jack Benny (1991) Comedian
Thomas Hart Benton (1971) Painter
Edgar Bergen (1991) Ventriloquist
Milton Berle (2009) Comedian[6]
Irving Berlin (2002) Composer[3]

text:
Leonard Bernstein (2001) Conductor, composer[1]
Mary McLeod Bethune (1985) Civil Rights advocate
Albert Bierstadt (1998) Painter[14]
Hiram Bingham IV (2006) Diplomat[22]
George Caleb Bingham (1998) Painter

Simón Bolívar on a 1958 stamp

Elizabeth Bishop (2012) Poet[19][20]
Emily Bissell (1980) Social Worker
Hugo L. Black (1986) Supreme Court Justice
Elizabeth Blackwell (1974) 1st U.S. female physician

text:
Montgomery Blair (1963) Lawyer, politician, postmaster general
Eubie Blake (1995) Jazz musician and songwriter
Harlon Block (1945) Iwo Jima
Nellie Bly (2002) Journalist[3]
Humphrey Bogart (1997) Actor[15]
Charles E. Bohlen (2006) Diplomat[22]
Simón Bolívar (1958) South American revolutionary[23][24]
Daniel Boone (1942) Frontiersman
Sandro Botticelli (1981) Painter[14]
Clara Bow (1994) Actress
William Boyd (2009) Actor[6]
Elizabeth Boyer (2008) Actress
John Bradley (1945) Iwo Jima
Omar N. Bradley (2000) World War II Army General[25]
Louis Brandeis (2009) Supreme Court justice[6]
Mary Breckinridge (1998) Frontier Nursing Services founder[21]
William Brennan Jr. (2009) Supreme Court justice[6]
Fanny Brice (1991) Comedian
Jim Bridger (1994) Western pioneer
Joseph Brodsky (2012) Poet[19][20]
Gwendolyn Brooks (2012) Poet[19][20]
William Jennings Bryan (1986) Lawyer, politician
Paul "Bear" Bryant (1997) Football coach[15]
James Buchanan (1938) 15th President
Pearl S. Buck (1983) Author
Charles Bulfinch (1979) Architect
Ralph Bunche (1982) Diplomat, Nobel Laureate
Luther Burbank (1940) Horticulturist
Julia de Burgos (2010) Poet[13]
Arleigh Albert Burke (2010) Admiral[13]

text:
John Burgoyne (1927) Revolutionary War General
George Burns (2009) Comedian[6]
Raymond Burr (2009) Actor[6]
Edgar Rice Burroughs (2012) Author[19][20][26]
Richard E. Byrd (1988) Antarctic explorer

text: C[edit]

text: Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (1992) Explorer

text:
Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac (1951) Explorer
James Cagney (1999) Actor[16]
Alexander Calder (1998) Sculptor[21]
Melvin Calvin (2011) Chemist[18][19][20]
Walter Camp (2003) Football coach[2]
Roy Campanella (2006) Baseball player[22]
Zachary Canter (2000) Child stamp design contest winner
Frank Capra (2012) Motion picture director[19][20][27]
Hattie Caraway (2001) 1st female senator[1]
Chester Carlson (1988) Xerox inventor
Hoagy Carmichael (1996) Musician, composer, and actor

text:
Andrew Carnegie (1960) Philanthropist
Art Carney (2009) Actor[6]
Ludovico Carracci (1989) Painter
Charles Carroll of Carrollton (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Kit Carson (1994) Frontiersman
Rachel Carson (1981) Environmentalist

text:
Alvin Pleasant Delaney Carter (1993) Country musician
Maybelle Carter (1993) Country singer and musician
Sara Carter (1993) Country singer and musician
Philip Carteret (1964) Explorer
Enrico Caruso (1987) Tenor
George Washington Carver (1948) Botanist[21]
Johnny Cash (2013) Singer[20][28][29]
Nellie Cashman (1994) Prospector

text:
Mary Cassatt (1966) Painter[2]
John Cassavetes (2003) Motion picture director

text:
Willa Sibert Cather (1973) Author
George Catlin (1998) Painter[30]
Wilt Chamberlain (2014) Basketball player[17]
Carrie Chapman Catt (1948) Suffragist[30]
Ignacio Chacón (2006) Painter[22]
Samuel de Champlain (2006) Explorer[22]
Lon Chaney, Jr. (1997) Actor[15]
Lon Chaney, Sr. (1994) Actor
Octave Chanute (1979) Aviation pioneer
Charlie Chaplin (1994) Actor[21]
Dave Chapman (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (1974) Painter
Ray Charles (2013) Musician[20][29]
Samuel Chase (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Martha Chase (1997) Doll designer
César Chávez (2003) Labor rights leader[2]
Dennis Chavez (1991) Senator
Joyce Chen (2014) Chef, TV personality, cookbook author[17]
Claire Chennault (1990) Aviator
Mary Chesnut (1995) Civil War diarist
Charles W. Chesnutt (2008) Writer[14]
Julia Child (2014) Chef, TV personality, cookbook author[17]
Shirley Chisholm (2014) Congresswoman[31]
Frederic Edwin Church (1998) Painter

text:
Winston Churchill (1965) British Prime Minister
Giovanni Battista Cima (1993) Painter
Abraham Clark (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
George Rogers Clark (1929) Revolutionary War officer
Grenville Clark (1985) Author
William Clark (1954) Explorer[4]

text:
Henry Clay (1870, 1902) Statesman
Samuel L. Clemens (1940) Author
Roberto Clemente (1984 & 2000) Baseball player[25]

text:
Grover Cleveland (1923) 22nd & 24th President
J. R. Clifford (2009) Attorney[6]
Patsy Cline (1993) Country singer and musician
George Clinton (1976) Continental Congressman
George Clymer (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
David Cobb (1976) Congressional Representative, 3rd U.S. Congress
Ty Cobb (2000) Baseball player[25]
Alvin Langdon Coburn (2002) Photographer[3]
Jacqueline Cochran (1996) Aviator[32]
Mickey Cochrane (2000) Baseball player[25]
Victoria Codona (2014) Circus performer[33]
Buffalo Bill Cody (1988) Wild West showman
George M. Cohan (1978) Actor, playwright
Claudette Colbert (2012) Actress
Nat King Cole (1994) Singer, musician, and songwriter
Bessie Coleman (1995) 1st African American female pilot
Eddie Collins (2000) Baseball player[25]
John Coltrane (1995) Jazz musician and composer
Christopher Columbus (1893) Explorer
Henry Comstock (1959) Prospector
James Cook (1978) Explorer[34]

text:
Calvin Coolidge (1938) 30th President[30]
Anna Julia Cooper (2009) Civil rights leader[6][18]
Gary Cooper (1990, 2009) Actor[6]
James Fenimore Cooper (1940) Author

text:
Nicolaus Copernicus (1973) Astronomer
Elizabeth Clarke Copley (1965) Portrait subject on a stamp honoring John Singleton Copley
John Singleton Copley (1965) Painter
Gerty Cori (2008) Biochemist[14]
Charles Cornwallis (1930) Revolutionary War General
Dean Cornwell (2001) Illustrator[1]
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (1940) Explorer
Lorenzo Costa (2001) Painter[1]
Lou Costello (1991) Comedian
Crazy Horse (1982) Oglala Sioux warrior
Gustaf Philip Creutz (1983) Swedish statesman, poet and diplomat
Davy Crockett (1967) Alamo defender

text:
Bing Crosby (1994) Singer, actor
Percy Crosby (1997) Cartoonist
Jim Crowley (1998) Football player
Celia Cruz (2011) Musician[18][19]
E. E. Cummings (2012) Poet[19][20]
Imogen Cunningham (2002) Photographer[3]
Nathaniel Currier (1976) Lithographer
Glenn Curtiss (1980) Aviation pioneer
Harvey Cushing (1988) Neurosurgeon
Manasseh Cutler (1937) Northwest Territory pioneer[30]

text: D[edit]

text:
Daniel Daly (2005) Marine; Medal of Honor recipient[9]
Virginia Dare (1937) First white child born in the English American colonies
Gerard David (1979) Painter
Alexander Jackson Davis (1980) Architect

text:
Allison Davis (1994) Educator, anthropologist
Benjamin Oliver Davis, Sr. (1997) Army General[15]
Bette Davis (2008) Actress[14]
Jefferson Davis (1970) Confederate President[30]
Miles Davis (2012) Jazz musician[19][20][26]
Stuart Davis (2013) Modern artist[20][35]
Julia de Burgos (2010) Puerto Rican writer and poet[18]
Agnes de Mille (2004) Choreographer[4]
Dizzy Dean (2000) Baseball player[25]
James Dean (1996) Actor
Stephen Decatur (1936) Naval officer
Lee De Forest (1973) Vacuum Tube Inventor
Willem de Kooning (2010) Abstract expressionist artist[13][36][37]
Andrea della Robbia (1978) Sculptor

text:
Luca della Robbia (1985) Sculptor
Cecil B. DeMille (2003) Motion picture producer
Jack Dempsey (1998) Boxer[21]
Charles Demuth (2013) Modern artist[20][35]
Donald Deskey (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]

text:
George Dewey (1936) Navy Admiral
John Dewey (1968) Educator
Emily Dickinson (1971) Poet
John Dickinson (1976) American lawyer and Governor of Delaware and Pennsylvania
William Dickson (1996) Motion picture camera inventor
Everett Dirksen (1981) Senator
Joe DiMaggio (2012) Baseball player[19][20]
Walt Disney (1968) Motion picture producer, animator
Dorothea Dix (1983) Mental health advocate
Larry Doby (2012) Baseball player[19][20]
Jimmy Dorsey (1996) Jazz musician and bandleader
Tommy Dorsey (1996) Jazz musician and bandleader
Aaron Douglas (2013) Modern artist[20][35]
Stephen A. Douglas (1958) Politician
Frederick Douglass (1967) Abolitionist
Arthur Dove (2013) Modern artist[20][35]
Charles R. Drew (1981) Surgeon
Henry Dreyfuss (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
W. E. B. Du Bois (1992) Civil Rights advocate[21]
Marcel Duchamp (2013) Modern Artist[20][35]
John Foster Dulles (1960) Secretary of State
Paul Laurence Dunbar (1975) Poet[14]

text:
Isadora Duncan (2012) Dancer[19][20]
Katherine Dunham (2012) Choreographer[19][20]
Harvey Dunn (2001) Illustrator[1]
Asher B. Durand (1998) Painter

text: E[edit]

text:
Eddie Eagan (1990) Boxer, bobsledder
Thomas Eakins (1967) Painter, sculptor

text:
Charles and Ray Eames (2008) Industrial design, furniture design[14]
Amelia Earhart (1963) Aviator
Wyatt Earp (1994) Gunfighter

text:
George Eastman (1954) Roll film inventor
Thomas Alva Edison (1947) Inventor
Albert Einstein (1966) Physicist

text:
Billy Eisengrein (2002) Ground Zero firefighter
Dwight D. Eisenhower (1969) 34th President[30][38]
Charles W. Eliot (1940) Educator
Thomas Stearns Eliot (1986) Poet

text:
William Ellery (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (1986) Jazz musician and composer[14]
Ralph Ellison (2014) Author and literary critic[39]
Lincoln Ellsworth (1988) Antarctic explorer

text:
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1940) Author
John Ericsson (1926) Inventor
Leif Ericson (1968) Explorer
Jaime Escalante (2016) Educator[7]
Walker Evans (2002) Photographer[3]
Medgar Evers (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
Ray Ewry (1990) Track & field athlete
Jan van Eyck (1968) Painter

text: F[edit]

text:
Douglas Fairbanks (1984) Actor
Cal Farley (1996) Boys Ranch founder
Philo T. Farnsworth (1983) TV camera inventor
David G. Farragut (1903) 1st Navy Admiral
William Cuthbert Faulkner (1987) Author

text:
Robert Fawcett (2001) Illustrator[1]
Edna Ferber (2002) Author[2][3][16][30]
Perry Ferguson (2003) Motion picture art director

text:
Enrico Fermi (2001) Physicist[1]
José Ferrer (2012) Actor[26]
Richard Feynman (2005) Physicist[9]
Arthur Fiedler (1997) Conductor[15]
Dorothy Fields (1996) Lyricist
W. C. Fields (1980) Actor, comedian
Millard Fillmore (1938) 13th President

text:
Ella Fitzgerald (2007) Jazz singer[40]
F. Scott Fitzgerald (1996) Author
James Montgomery Flagg (2001) Illustrator[1]

text:
Father Edward J. Flanagan (1986) Orphan advocate
William Floyd (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Henry Fonda (2005) Actor[9]
Lynn Fontanne (1999) Actress[16][30]
Gerald R. Ford (2007) President of the United States[38][40]
John Ford (2012) Motion picture director[19][20][27]
Henry Ford (1968) Industrialist
Bob Fosse (2012) Choreographer[19][20]
John Foster (1998) Printer
Rube Foster (2010) Baseball player[13][18][19][41]
Stephen Collins Foster (1940) Composer
Four Chaplains (1948) Died during the Dorchester sinking
George L. Fox, Chaplain (1st Lt.), U.S. Army (1948)[42]
Jimmie Foxx (2000) Baseball player[25]
Saint Francis of Assisi (1982) Franciscan Order founder
Peter Francisco (1975) Revolutionary War soldier
Felix Frankfurter (2009) Supreme Court justice[6]
Benjamin Franklin (1847) 1st Postmaster, statesman, scientist[22][43]

text:
Elizabeth Freake (1998) Portrait subject
Mary Freake (1998) Portrait subject
John C. Fremont (1898) and (1994) Explorer, Senator
Daniel Chester French (1940) Sculptor
Arthur Burdett Frost (2001) Illustrator[1]
Robert Frost (1974) Poet
Buckminster Fuller (2004) Inventor[4]

text:
Robert Fulton (1909) Steamboat inventor
Frank Furness (1980) Architect

text: G[edit]

text:
Clark Gable (1990) Actor
Rene Gagnon (1945) Iwo Jima
Thomas Gainsborough (1974) Painter
Albert Gallatin (1967) Secretary of the Treasury
Thomas H. Gallaudet (1983) Educator[44]
Bernardo de Galvez (1980) Revolutionary War General
Mohandas Gandhi (1961) Indian patriot[24]
Greta Garbo (2005) Actress[9]
Carlos Gardel (2011) Singer[18][19]

text:
James A. Garfield (1882) 20th President
Giuseppe Garibaldi (1960) Italian patriot[23][24]
Judy Garland (1990) Actress[22]
Erroll Garner (1995) Jazz musician and composer
Lou Gehrig (1989) Baseball player[25]
Theodor Seuss Geisel (1999) Author & illustrator
Martha Gellhorn (2008) Journalist[14]
Walter F. George (1960) Senator
Geronimo (1994) Apache leader
Elbridge Gerry (1976) Declaration of Independence signer

text:
George Gershwin (1973) Composer and musician
Ira Gershwin (1999) Lyricist
Domenico Ghirlandaio (1975) Painter
Amadeo P. Giannini (1973) Bank of America founder
Josiah Willard Gibbs (2005) Thermodynamicist[9]
Josh Gibson (2000) Baseball player[25]
Althea Gibson (2013) Tennis player[20][45][46][47]
John Gilbert (1994) Actor
Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1984) Industrial engineer
Giorgio Barbarelli Giorgione (1971) Painter
Giotto di Bondone (1995) Painter
Jackie Gleason (2009) Comedian[6]

text:
Robert H. Goddard (1964) Rocket scientist
Maria Goeppert-Mayer (2011) Physicist[19][20]
George W. Goethals (1939) Panama Canal engineer
Rube Goldberg (1995) Cartoonist
Samuel Gompers (1950) Labor union leader

text:
Alexander D. Goode, Ph.D. (1948) Chaplain (1st Lt.), U.S. Army (1948)[42]
Benny Goodman (1996) Jazz musician and bandleader
Charles Goodnight (1994) Cattle rancher
Arshile Gorky (2010) Abstract expressionist artist[13][36][37]

text:
Jan Gossaert (2002) Painter[3][48]
Adolph Gottlieb (2010) Abstract expressionist artist[13][36][37]
Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1997) Composer[15]
Francisco Goya (1974) Painter
Martha Graham (2004) Choreographer[4]
Red Grange (2003) Football player[2]
Cary Grant (2002) Actor[3]
Ulysses S. Grant (1890) 18th President
François Joseph Paul Grasse (1931) Revolutionary War Admiral
Asa Gray (2011) Botanist[19][20]
Horace Greeley (1961) Journalist
Adolphus W. Greely (1986) Arctic explorer

text:
Hank Greenberg (2006) Baseball player[22]
Nathanael Greene (1936) Revolutionary War General
Ludwig Greiner (1997) Doll designer
David Wark Griffith (1975) Motion picture producer
Ferde Grofé (1997) Composer[15]
Walter Gropius (1982) Architect
Thomas Grosvenor (1968) Revolutionary War soldier
Lefty Grove (2000) Baseball player[25]
Johnny Gruelle (1997) Doll designer
Johann Gutenberg (1952) Printing press inventor
Woody Guthrie (1998) Folk singer, songwriter, and musician

text: H[edit]

text:
Philip Habib (2006) Diplomat[22]
George Halas (1997) Football coach[15]

text:
Nathan Hale (1925) Revolutionary War officer
Bill Haley (1993) Rock and roll singer, musician, and songwriter
Fannie Lou Hamer (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
Alexander Hamilton (1870) Statesman

text:
Alice Hamilton (1995) Physician
Dag Hammarskjöld (1962) United Nations Secretary General
Oscar Hammerstein II (1999) Musical theater writer
John Hancock (1976) Declaration of Independence signatory
Winfield Hancock (1995) Civil War General
William Christopher Handy (1969) Blues musician and composer
John Hanson (1981) President of Continental Congress
Yip Harburg (2005) Lyricist[9]

text:
Warren G. Harding (1923) 29th President
Oliver Hardy (1991) Comedian
William Harnett (1969) Painter

text:
Joel Chandler Harris (1948) Journalist
Patricia Roberts Harris (2000) Presidential Cabinet member, ambassador[25]
Benjamin Harrison (1902) 23rd President
Benjamin Harrison V (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
William Henry Harrison (1938) 9th President
Ray Harroun (2011) Racecar driver
Lorenz Hart (1999) Lyricist

text:
Moss Hart (2004) Playwright[4]
William S. Hart (2010) Actor[12][13]
Bret Harte (1987) Author
David Hartley (1983) Treaty of Paris signatory
Marsden Hartley (2013) Modern artist[20][35]
John Harvard (1986) Harvard College benefactor
Josiah Johnson Hawes (2002) Photographer[3]
Coleman Hawkins (1995) Jazz musician
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1983) Author
Robert Hayden (2012) Poet[19][20]
Helen Hayes (2011) Actress[18][49]
Ira Hayes (1945) Iwo Jima

text:
Mary Ludwig Hays (Molly Pitcher) (1928) Battlefield volunteer
Rutherford B. Hayes (1922) 19th President
Edith Head (2003) Costume designer
Martin Johnson Heade (2004) Painter[4]

text: John Held, Jr. (2001) Illustrator[1]

text:
Ernest Hemingway (1989) Author
Jimi Hendrix (2014) Musician[50]
O. Henry (2012) Author[19][20][26][51]
Patrick Henry (1955) American Revolution orator
Jim Henson (2005) Muppets creator[9]
Matthew Alexander Henson (1986) Arctic explorer

text:
Audrey Hepburn (2003) Actress[2][18]
Katharine Hepburn (2010) Actress[13]
Victor Herbert (1940) Composer
Nicholas Herkimer (1977) Revolutionary War General
Bernard Herrmann (1999) Composer
John Hersey (2008) Journalist[14]
Milton S. Hershey (1995) Confectioner
Charlton Heston (2014) Actor[52]
Joseph Hewes (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Thomas Heyward, Jr. (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Wild Bill Hickok (1994) Gunfighter
Marguerite Higgins (2002) Journalist[3]
Morgan Hill (2000) Child stamp design contest winner
Lewis Hine (2002) Photographer[3][47]
John L. Hines (2000) World War I General[25]
Alfred Hitchcock (1998) Motion picture director[6][21]
James Hoban (1981) White House architect
Oveta Culp Hobby (2011) Women's Army Corps officer[18][49]
Hans Hofmann (2010) Abstract expressionist painter[13][36][37]
Katsushika Hokusai (1974) Painter
Billie Holiday (1994) Jazz singer
Hollow Horn Bear (1923) Brulé Sioux leader
Buddy Holly (1993) Rock and roll singer, musician, and songwriter
Oliver Wendell Holmes (1968) Supreme Court Justice
Winslow Homer (1962) Painter[13]
William Hooper (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Herbert Hoover (1965) 31st President[30]
Bob Hope (2009) Comedian[6]
Johns Hopkins (1989) Philanthropist
Mark Hopkins (1940) Educator
Stephen Hopkins (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Francis Hopkinson (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Edward Hopper (1970) Painter[18]
Rogers Hornsby (2000) Baseball player[25]
Harry Houdini (2002) Magician[3][30]
Charles Hamilton Houston (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
Sam Houston (1963) Texas Governor
Elias Howe (1940) Inventor
Julia Ward Howe (1987) Abolitionist
Chester "Howlin' Wolf" Burnett (1994) Blues singer, musician, and songwriter
Edwin Hubble (2000) Astronomer[14][25]
Henry Hudson (1909) Explorer
Charles Evans Hughes (1962) Chief Justice

text: Langston Hughes (2002) Author[3]

text:
Cordell Hull (1963) Secretary of State
Hubert Humphrey (1991) Vice President
Richard Morris Hunt (1981) Architect
Samuel Huntington (1976) Declaration of Independence signatory
Ruby Hurley (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
Zora Neale Hurston (2003) Author[2]
John Huston (2012) Motion picture director[19][20][27]

text: I[edit]

text:
Washington Irving (1940) Author
Isabella I of Castile (1893) Queen of Spain, funded Christopher Columbus's voyage
Charles Ives (1997) Composer[15]
Frederic E. Ives (1996) Halftone printing inventor
James Ives (1974) Lithographer

text: J[edit]

text: Andrew Jackson (1861) 7th President

text:
Mahalia Jackson (1998) Gospel singer
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson (1937) Confederate Army General

text:
Henry James (2016) Writer[7]
John Jay (1958) New York Governor, statesman, Chief Justice of Supreme Court
Robinson Jeffers (1973) Poet
Thomas Jefferson (1861) 3rd President
Jesus (1966) Christianity founder

text:
Andrew Johnson (1938) 17th President
Eastman Johnson (1976) Painter
George Johnson (2002) Ground Zero firefighter
James P. Johnson (1995) Composer
James Weldon Johnson (1988) Author
John H. Johnson (2012) Publisher[18][19][26][53]
Joshua Johnson (1998) Painter
Lady Bird Johnson (2012) First Lady[19][20][38][54]
Lyndon B. Johnson (1973) 36th President
Robert Johnson (1994) Blues singer, musician, and songwriter
Walter Johnson (2000) Baseball player[25]
William Johnson (artist) (2012) Artist[19][26]
Joseph E. Johnston (1995) Confederate Army General
Louis Jolliet (1968) Explorer
Al Jolson (1994) Singer and actor
Casey Jones (1950) Railroad engineer
John Paul Jones (1936) Revolutionary War Naval Captain[25]
Bobby Jones (1981) Golfer[21]
Scott Joplin (1983) Ragtime musician and composer
Barbara Jordan (2011) Congresswoman[18][19][49]
Louis Jordan (2008) Musician/singer[14]
Chief Joseph (1968) Nez Perce warrior
Percy Lavon Julian (1993) Chemist
Ernest E. Just (1996) Biologist

text: K[edit]

text:
Duke Kahanamoku (2002) Surfer, swimmer[3]
Frida Kahlo (2001) Painter[1]

text:
Kamehameha I of Hawaii (1937) Hawaiian King
Elisha Kent Kane (1986) Arctic explorer
Boris Karloff (1997) Actor[15]
Theodore von Kármán (1992) Aerospace scientist
Gertrude Käsebier (2002) Photographer[3]

text:
Stephen Watts Kearny (1946) Mexican American War officer
Buster Keaton (1994) Actor
Helen Keller (1980) Author, disability advocate
Grace Kelly (1993) Actress and Princess of Monaco
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1964) 35th President
Robert F. Kennedy (1979) Attorney General
Rockwell Kent (2001) Illustrator[1]
Jerome Kern (1985) Composer
André Kertész (2002) Hungarian photographer[3]
Francis Scott Key (1948) Star-Spangled Banner composer
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1979) Civil Rights advocate[16]
Franz Kline (1998) Painter
Henry Knox (1985) Revolutionary War General
Erich Korngold (1999) Composer
Tadeusz Kościuszko (1933) Polish-Lithuanian patriot
Lajos Kossuth (1958) Hungarian patriot[24]

text: L[edit]

text:
Marquis de Lafayette (1952) Revolutionary War General
Fiorello H. La Guardia (1972) New York City Mayor

text:
Dorothea Lange (2002) Photographer[3]
Samuel Pierpont Langley (1988) Aviation pioneer
Sidney Lanier (1972) Poet
Mary Lasker (2009) Philanthropist[6][18]

text:
Benjamin Latrobe (1979) Architect
Frank C. Laubach (1984) Educator
Stan Laurel (1991) Comedian

text:
John Laurens (1976) Revolutionary War soldier
Elmer Layden (1998) Football coach
Huddie Ledbetter (1998) Blues singer, musician, and songwriter
Jason Lee (1948) Oregon Territory missionary

text:
Richard Henry Lee (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Robert E. Lee (1937) Confederate Army General
Vivien Leigh (1990) Actress
Lillian Leitzel (2014) Circus gymnast[33]
John A. Lejeune (2005) Marine Corps Commandant[9]
Ponce de León (1982) Explorer
Alan Jay Lerner (1999) Lyricist
Emanuel Leutze (1976) Painter
Denise Levertov (2012) Poet[19][20]
Edna Lewis (2014) Chef, cookbook author[17]
Francis Lewis (1976) Declaration of Independence signatory

text:
Meriwether Lewis (1954) Explorer[4]
Sinclair Lewis (1985) Author
Joseph Christian Leyendecker (2001) Illustrator[1]
José Limón (2012) Choreographer[19][20]
Abraham Lincoln (1866, 1954) 16th President[6][30][39]
Benjamin Lincoln (1976) Revolutionary War General
Tad Lincoln (1984) son of Abraham Lincoln
Charles Lindbergh (1927) Aviator[21]
Jean-Étienne Liotard (1974) Painter
Fra Filippo Lippi (1984) Painter
Walter Lippmann (1985) Journalist
Sarah Lipsey (2000) Child stamp design contest winner
Philip Livingston (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Robert R. Livingston (1904) Declaration of Independence drafter
Harold Lloyd (1994) Actor
Belva Ann Lockwood (1986) Lawyer, feminist
Frank Loesser (1999) Composer
Frederick Loewe (1999) Composer
Raymond Loewy (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
Vince Lombardi (1997) Football coach[15][30]
Jack London (1986) Author
Crawford W. Long (1940) Physician[55]
Hillary Long (2014) Circus performer[33]
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1940) Poet[40]
Lorenzo Lotto (1970) Painter
Joe Louis (1993) Boxer
Louis XVI of France (1978) King of France, Revolutionary War supporter
Juliette Gordon Low (1948) Girl Scouts of the USA founder
James Russell Lowell (1940) Poet
Henry R. Luce (1998) Publisher[21]
Sybil Ludington (1975) Revolutionary War heroine
Bela Lugosi (1997) Actor[15]
Bernardino Luini (2007) Painter[40]
Alfred Lunt (1999) Actor[16][30]
Martin Luther (1983) Protestant reformer
Thomas Lynch, Jr. (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Mary Lyon (1987) Educator

text: M[edit]

text:
Clara Maass (1976) Nurse
Douglas MacArthur (1971) Army general[30]
Thomas Macdonough (1937) Naval officer
Edward MacDowell (1940) Composer
Dolley Madison (1980) First Lady
Helene Madison (1990) Swimmer
James Madison (1894, 1938) 4th President[1][30]
Ramon Magsaysay (1957) Philippine President[23][24]
Henry Mancini (2004) Composer[4]
Horace Mann (1940) Educator

text:
C.G.E. Mannerheim (1960) Finnish President[23][24]
Mickey Mantle (2006) Baseball player[22]
Rocky Marciano (1999) Boxer[16]
John Marin (2013) Modern artist[20][35]
Roger Maris (1999) Baseball player[16]
Jacques Marquette (1898, 1968) Explorer[30]
George Catlett Marshall (1965) Secretary of State, Army general

text:
John Marshall (1894) Chief Justice
Thurgood Marshall (2003) Supreme Court Justice[2]
Roberta Martin (1998) Gospel singer, musician, and songwriter

text:
Mary (The Madonna) (1966) Central figure in Christianity
Groucho Marx (2009) Comedian[6]
Tomáš Masaryk (1960) President of Czechoslovakia[23][24]
George Mason (1958) Statesman
Edgar Lee Masters (1970) Poet
Bat Masterson (1994) U.S. marshal
Richard Mather (1998) Painter
Christy Mathewson (2000) Baseball player[25]
Paolo de Matteis (1996) Painter
Jan Earnst Matzeliger (1991) Lasting machine inventor
Bill Mauldin (2010) Cartoonist[13][36]
Bernard Maybeck (1981) Architect
Charles Horace Mayo (1964) Surgeon
William James Mayo (1964) Surgeon
Philip Mazzei (1980) Revolutionary War supporter

text:
Barbara McClintock (2005) Geneticist[9]
John McCloy (2010) Navy sailor[13]
John McCormack (1984) Tenor
Cyrus Hall McCormick (1940) Mechanical reaper inventor
Hattie McDaniel (2006) Actress[22]
Ephraim McDowell (1959) Surgeon
Thomas McKean (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
William McKinley (1904) 25th President
John McLoughlin (1948) Oregon Territory settler

text:
Brien McMahon (1962) Atomic Energy Act author
Neysa McMein (2001) Illustrator[1]

text:
Clyde McPhatter (1993) R&B singer
Dan McWilliams (2002) Ground Zero firefighter
Margaret Mead (1998) Anthropologist[21]
George Meany (1994) Labor union leader
Andrew W. Mellon (1955) Financier
Herman Melville (1984) Author
Hans Memling (1966) Painter
Lydia Mendoza (2013) Guitarist and singer[20][29][56][57]
Johnny Mercer (1996) Composer and singer
Ottmar Mergenthaler (1996) Linotype inventor
Ethel Merman (1994) Singer, actress
Moina Michael (1948) Memorial Poppy founder
Oscar Micheaux (2010) Motion picture director[13]
James Michener (2008) Writer[14]
Arthur Middleton (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Harvey Milk (2014) Politician[58]
Edna St. Vincent Millay (1981) Poet
Don Miller (1998) Football player
Doris Miller (2010) Navy veteran[13]
Glenn Miller (1996) Jazz musician, arranger, and composer
Robert Millikan (1982) Physicist
Charlie Mingus (1995) Jazz musician and composer
Carmen Miranda (2011) Singer[18][19]
Billy Mitchell (1999) Air Force general[16][30]
Joan Mitchell (2010) Abstract expressionist artist[13][36][37]
Margaret Mitchell (1986) Author
Tom Mix (2010) Actor[12][13]
Lorenzo Monaco (2004) Painter[4]
Thelonious Monk (1995) Jazz musician and composer
James Monroe (1904) 5th President
Marilyn Monroe (1995) Actress
John Bassett Moore (1965) Jurist

text:
Clayton Moore (2009) Actor[6]
Marianne Craig Moore (1990) Poet
Thomas Moran (1998) Painter
Giovanni Battista Moroni (1987) Painter
Justin S. Morrill (1999) Senator[16]
Lewis Morris (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Robert Morris (financier) (1952) Declaration of Independence signatory
Samuel F. B. Morse (1940) Telegraph inventor
Jelly Roll Morton (originally Ferdinand J. La Menthe) (1995) Jazz musician and composer
Julius Sterling Morton (1932) Arbor Day founder
Anna Mary Robertson Moses "Grandma Moses" (1969) Painter

text:
Horace A. Moses (1984) Junior Achievement founder
Robert Motherwell (2010) Abstract expressionist artist[13][36][37]
Lucretia Mott (1948) Civil Rights advocate[30]

text:
John Muir (1964) Conservationist[21][30]
Peter Müller-Munk (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
Luis Muñoz Marín (1980) First democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico
Audie L. Murphy (2000) World War II soldier, actor[16][25]
Gerald Murphy (2013) Modern artist[20][35]
Robert Daniel Murphy (2006) Diplomat[22]
Edward R. Murrow (1994) Journalist
Eadweard Muybridge (1996) Photographer
Myron of Eleutherae (1932) Sculptor

text: N[edit]

text:
Bronco Nagurski (2003) Football player[2]
James Naismith (1961) Basketball inventor
Ogden Nash (2002) Poet[3]
Harriet Nelson (2009) Actress[6]
Ozzie Nelson (2009) Actor[6]
Thomas Nelson, Jr. (1976) Declaration of Independence signatory
Louise Nevelson (2000) Sculptor[25]
Ernie Nevers (2003) Football player[2]

text:
Ethelbert Nevin (1940) Composer
Alfred Newman (1999) Composer
Barnett Newman (2010) Abstract expressionist artist[13][36][37]
Paul Newman (2015) Actor[59]
Jean Nicolet (1934) Explorer
Chester W. Nimitz (1985) World War II Admiral
Richard Nixon (1995) 37th President
Alfred Nobel (2001) Philanthropist
Isamu Noguchi (2004) Sculptor[4]
George W. Norris (1961) Senator
Eliot Noyes (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]

text: O[edit]

text: Annie Oakley (1994) Sharpshooter

text:
Adolph S. Ochs (1976) New York Times publisher
Severo Ochoa (2011) Biochemist[18][19][20]
Flannery O'Connor (2015) Writer[59]
William Butler Ogden (1944) Railroad tycoon, first Mayor of Chicago[60]
James Edward Oglethorpe (1933) Georgia founder
Georgia O'Keeffe (1996, 2013) Painter[20][30][35]
Frederick Law Olmsted (1999) Landscape architect[16]
Eugene O'Neill (1973) Playwright

text:
Rose O'Neill (2001) Illustrator[1]
Eugene Ormandy (1997) Conductor[15]
Timothy O'Sullivan (2002) Photographer[3]
Mel Ott (2006) Baseball player[22]
Francis Ouimet (1988) Golfer
Mary White Ovington (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
Jesse Owens (1990) Track & field athlete[21]

text: P[edit]

text:
William Paca (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1960) Polish Prime Minister[23][24]
Satchel Paige (2000) Baseball player[25]
Robert Treat Paine (1976) Declaration of Independence signer

text:
Thomas Paine (1965) Journalist
Nathaniel Palmer (1988) Antarctic explorer
George Papanicolaou (1978) Cytologist
Al Parker (2001) Illustrator[1]
Charlie Parker (1995) Jazz musician and composer

text:
Dorothy Parker (1992) Author
Francis Parkman (1965) Historian
Rosa Parks (2013) Civil rights activist[20]
Maxfield Parrish (2001) Illustrator[1]

text:
Alden Partridge (1985) Educator
George S. Patton, Jr. (1953) World War II Army General
Alice Paul (1995) Suffragist and feminist
Linus Pauling (2008) Chemist[14]
Ethel L. Payne (2002) Journalist[3]
Charles Willson Peale (1955) Painter
Rembrandt Peale (1998) Painter
Rubens Peale (1998) Painter
Robert Edwin Peary (1959) Arctic explorer
Gregory Peck, (2011) Actor[18][49]
Phoebe Pember (1995) Confederate nurse
William Penn (1932) Pennsylvania founder
Claude Pepper (2000) Senator[25]

text:
Frances Perkins (1980) Secretary of Labor
Matthew Perry (1953) Navy Commodore
Oliver Hazard Perry (1870) Naval officer
John J. Pershing (1961) World War I General
Perugino (1986) Painter
John Frederick Peto (1974) Painter
Ammi Phillips (1998) Painter
Coles Phillips (2001) Illustrator[1]
Édith Piaf (2012) Singer[19][20][26]
Ben Pickett (1994) brother of Bill Pickett, accidentally placed on stamp when his brother Bill was meant to appear; stamp recalled and replaced
Bill Pickett (1994) Wild West performer
Franklin Pierce (1938) 14th President

text:
Sano di Pietro (1997) Painter
William T. Piper (1990) Aviation pioneer
ZaSu Pitts (1994) Actress
Sylvia Plath (2012) Poet[19][20]
Pocahontas (1907) Algonquian princess
Edgar Allan Poe (1949) Author[6][19]
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable (1987) Chicago settler
Clark V. Poling (1948) One of the Four Chaplains
George Polk (2008) Journalist[14]
James K. Polk (1938) 11th President[30]
Jackson Pollock (1999) Painter[13][36][37]
Lily Pons (1997) Soprano[15]
Rosa Ponselle (1997) Soprano[15]
Salem Poor (1975) Revolutionary War soldier
Cole Porter (1991) Composer and songwriter
David D. Porter (1937) Civil War naval officer
Katherine Anne Porter (2006) Author[22]
Emily Post (1998) Author[21]
Wiley Post (1979) Aviator
John Wesley Powell (1969) Geologist
Albert Préjean (2008) Actor[14]
Elvis Presley (1993, 2015) Rock and roll singer and musician[61]
Joseph Priestley (1983) Chemist
Tito Puente (2011) Drummer[18][19]
Kazimierz Pułaski (1931) Revolutionary War soldier (spelled Casimir Pulaski on the stamp)
Joseph Pulitzer (1947) Journalist
Lewis B. "Chesty" Puller (2005) Marine Corps General[9]
Rufus Putnam (1937) Northwest Territory settler[30]
Ernest Taylor Pyle (1971) Journalist

text: Howard Pyle (1964) Illustrator[1]

text: Q[edit]

text: Harriet Quimby (1991) Pilot

text: R[edit]

text:
Gertrude "Ma" Rainey (1994) Blues singer
Ayn Rand (1999) Author[16]
Asa Philip Randolph (1989) Labor & Civil Rights advocate
Raphael (1973) Painter[18]
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (2008) Author[14]
Man Ray (2002, 2013) Photographer[3][20][35]
Sam Rayburn (1962) Legislator

text:
George Read (1976), lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Ronald Reagan (2005, 2011) 40th President[9][18][20][22][38][49][62]
Red Cloud (1987) Oglala Sioux Chief
Otis Redding (1993) Soul singer and songwriter
Walter Reed (1940) Army surgeon[55]
Frederic Remington (1940) Sculptor, painter[1]
James Renwick, Jr. (1980) Architect
Ernst Reuter (1959) Berlin Mayor[23][24]

text:
Bernard Revel (1986) Educator
Paul Revere (1958) Revolutionary War patriot
Frederick Hurten Rhead (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
Gilbert Rohde (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
Henry Hobson Richardson (1980) Architect
Eddie Rickenbacker (1995) World War I fighter pilot
James Whitcomb Riley (1940) Poet

text:
Paul Robeson (2004) Actor, singer, civil Rights advocate[4]
Edward G. Robinson (2000) Actor[25]
Jackie Robinson (1982) Baseball player[16][25]

text:
Sugar Ray Robinson (2006) Boxer[22]
Comte de Rochambeau (1931) Revolutionary War General
Knute Rockne (1988) Football coach
Norman Rockwell (1972) Painter[1]
Jimmie Rodgers (1978) Country singer, musician, and songwriter
Richard Rodgers (1999) Composer
Theodore Roethke (2012) Poet[19][20]
Roy Rogers (2010) Singer, Actor[12][13]
Will Rogers (1948) Humorist
Felipe Rojas-Lombardi (2014) Chef, cookbook author[17]
Antoniazzo Romano (1991) Painter

text:
Eleanor Roosevelt (1963) First Lady[21]
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1945) 32nd President[21][38]
Theodore Roosevelt (1922, 1938) 26th President[21][30]
Betsy Ross (1952) American flag creator
George Ross (1952) Relative of Betsy Ross
Mark Rothko (1998) Painter[13][36][37]
Edward Rutledge (1976) Painter
Wilma Rudolph (2004) Track & field athlete[4]
Benjamin Rush (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Jimmy Rushing (1994) Blues singer

text:
A.J. Russell (1944) Photographer[63]
Charles M. Russell (1961) Painter
Richard Russell, Jr. (1984) Statesman
George Herman "Babe" Ruth (1983) Baseball player[21][25]

text: S[edit]

text:
Eero Saarinen (1982) Architect
Albert Sabin (2006) Virologist[22]
Sacagawea (1994) Shoshone guide
Augustus Saint-Gaudens (1940) Sculptor
Rubén Salazar (2008) Journalist[14]
Peter Salem (1968) Revolutionary War soldier
Jonas Salk (2006) Medical scientist[22]
Haym Salomon (1975) Revolutionary War financier

text:
William T. Sampson (1937) Navy Admiral
José de San Martín (1959) South American liberator[23][24]
Carl Sandburg (1978) Poet
Henry Sandham (1925) Painter
Winthrop Sargent (1948) Mississippi Territory Governor
William Saroyan (1991) Author
Sassoferrato (2009) Painer[6]
Winfield S. Schley (1937) Navy Admiral
Albert Schoenhut (1997) Doll designer
Carl Schurz (1983) Journalist[30]
Blanche Stuart Scott (1980) Aviator
Winfield Scott (1870) Army General
Selena (2011) Singer[18][19]
David O. Selznick (2003) Motion picture producer
Raphael Semmes (1995) Naval officer
Sequoyah (1980) Cherokee linguist
Rod Serling (2009) Writer[6]
Junipero Serra (1985) Franciscan mission founder
John Sevier (1946) Tennessee Governor
William H. Seward (1873) Secretary of State
Eric Sevareid (2008) Journalist[14]
Chief Shadoo (1930) Kiowa Chief

text:
William Shakespeare (1964) Playwright
Charles Sheeler (1998, 2013) Painter[20][35]
Alan Shepard (2011) Astronaut[18][19][49]
Philip Henry Sheridan (1937) Civil War General

text:
Roger Sherman (1976) Declaration of Independence signatory
William Tecumseh Sherman (1893) Civil War General
Dinah Shore (2009) Singer[6]
Igor Sikorsky (1988) Aircraft engineer
Phil Silvers (2009) Comedian[6]
William S. Sims (2010) Admiral[13]
Frank Sinatra (2008) Singer/actor[14]
Elisabetta Sirani (1994) Painter
George Sisler (2000) Baseball player[25]
Sitting Bull (1989) Hunkpapa Sioux warrior
Red Skelton (2009) Comedian[6]

text:
John French Sloan (1971) Painter
Alfred E. Smith (1945) New York Governor
Bessie Smith (1994) Blues singer
Jessie Willcox Smith (2001) Illustrator[1]
John Smith (1907) Jamestown settler
Kate Smith (2010) Singer[13]
Margaret Chase Smith (2007) U.S. senator[40]
W. Eugene Smith (2002) Photographer[3]
John Philip Sousa (1940) Composer
Franklin Sousley (1945) Iwo Jima
Albert Southworth (2002) Photographer[3]

text:
Tris Speaker (2000) Baseball player[25]
Elmer Sperry (1985) Aviation pioneer Note: the wrong photograph was used as the basis for the stamp, which actually pictures Elmer Sperry's father.
Lawrence Sperry (1985) Aviation pioneer
Joel Elias Spingarn (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
Leland Stanford (1944) Railroad tycoon, politician, & philanthropist[64]
Edwin M. Stanton (1871) Secretary of War
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1948) Suffragist, feminist, and abolitionist[30]
Willie Stargell (2012) Baseball player[19][20]
Vilhjalmur Stefansson (1986) Arctic explorer
Edward Steichen (2002) Photographer[3]
John Steinbeck (1979) Author
Max Steiner (1999) Composer
Charles Steinmetz (1983) Electrical inventor
Joseph Stella (2013) Modern artist[20][35]

text:
Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben (1930) Revolutionary War general
Wallace Stevens (2012) Poet[19][20]
Adlai Stevenson (1965) UN Ambassador and presidential candidate
James Stewart (2007) Actor[40]
Walter Stewart (1976) Revolutionary War soldier
Alfred Stieglitz (2002) Photographer[3]
Clyfford Still (2010) Abstract expressionist artist[13][36][37]
Joseph W. Stilwell (2000) Army General[16][25]
Richard Stockton (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Leopold Stokowski (1997) Conductor[15]
Harlan Fiske Stone (1948) Chief Justice

text:
Lucy Stone (1965) Suffragist and feminist
Joseph Story (2009) Supreme Court justice[6]
Harriet Beecher Stowe (2007) Author[40]
Paul Strand (2002) Photographer[3]
Michael Strank (1945) Iwo Jima
Igor Stravinsky (1982) Composer
William Strickland (1979) Architect
Gilbert Charles Stuart (1940) Painter
Harry Stuhldreher (1998) Football player
Peter Stuyvesant (1948) New Amsterdam Governor
Anne Sullivan (1980) Educator
Ed Sullivan (2009) TV variety show host[6]
John Sullivan (1929) Revolutionary War general
Louis Sullivan (1981) Architect
George Szell (1997) Conductor, composer[15]

text: T[edit]

text:
Robert A. Taft (1960) Senator
William Howard Taft (1930) 27th President, 10th Chief Justice of the United States
William Talman (2009) Actor[6]
Henry Ossawa Tanner (1973) Painter

text:
Ida Tarbell (2002) Author, journalist[3]
Robert Robinson Taylor (2015) African American architect
Zachary Taylor (1875) 12th President[30]
Walter Dorwin Teague (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
Shirley Temple (2016) Actress and diplomat[7]
Mother Teresa (2010) Humanitarian[13][18]
Gerard Terborch (1974) Painter
Mary Church Terrell (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
Sonny Terry (1998) Blues musician

text:
Nikola Tesla (1983) Induction motor inventor
Rosetta Tharpe (1998) Gospel singer, musician, and songwriter
Sylvanus Thayer (1985) Educator
Danny Thomas (2012) Entertainer[18][19][26][65]
Charles Thomson (1976) Continental Congress Secretary
Henry David Thoreau (1967) Author
Jim Thorpe (1984) Football player[21][66]
James Thurber (1994) Author, illustrator, humorist
Lawrence Tibbett (1997) Opera singer[15]
Giambattista Tiepolo (1982) Painter
Lewis Comfort Tiffany (2007) Designer[40]
Bill Tilghman (1994) Southwest lawman
Dimitri Tiomkin (1999) Composer
Arturo Toscanini (1989) Conductor
Pie Traynor (2000) Baseball player[25]
William B. T. Trego (1976) Painter
Edward Trudeau (2008) Phthisiologist[14]
Harry S. Truman (1973) 33rd President[16][38]
John Trumbull (1927) Painter
Sojourner Truth (1986) Abolitionist
Harriet Tubman (1978) Abolitionist
Richard Tucker (1997) Tenor[15]
Mark Twain (1940) Author[18][19][49]
John Tyler (1938) 10th President

text: V[edit]

text:
Ritchie Valens (1993) Rock and roll musician
Rudolph Valentino (1994) Actor
Martin Van Buren (1938) 8th President
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1982) Architect
James Van Der Zee (2002) Photographer[3]
Vivian Vance (2009) Actress[6]
Félix Varela (1997) Social reformer[15]
Sarah Vaughan (2016) Jazz singer[7]
Alfred V. Verville (1985) Aviation pioneer[67]
King Vidor (2008) Film director, producer and screenwriter[14]
Oswald Garrison Villard (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
Bartolomeo Vivarini (1999) Painter
Greta von Nessen (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
John von Neumann (2005) Mathematician[9]

text: W[edit]

text:
Honus Wagner (2000) Baseball player[25]
Madam C.J. Walker (1998) Philanthropist[21]
Mary Edwards Walker (1982) Army surgeon

text:
DeWitt Wallace (1998) Publisher[21]
Lila Wallace (1998) Publisher[21]
Raoul Wallenberg (1997) Humanitarian[15]
George Walton (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Clara Ward (1998) Gospel singer and songwriter
Andy Warhol (2002) Painter[3]

text:
"Pop" Warner (1997) Football coach[15]
Earl Warren (1992) Chief Justice
Robert Penn Warren (2005) Author and poet[9]

text:
Booker T. Washington (1940) Educator
Dinah Washington (1993) Blues singer
Fredi Washington (2008) Actress[14]

text:
George Washington (1847) 1st President[18]
John P. Washington (1948) Chaplain (1st Lt.), U.S. Army[42]
Martha Washington (1902) First Lady
Ethel Waters (1994) Blues singer and actress
Muddy Waters (1994) Blues singer, musician, and songwriter
Stand Watie (1995) Confederate General
Carleton Watkins (2002) Photographer[3]
Franz Waxman (1999) Composer
Anthony Wayne (1929) Revolutionary War General
John Wayne (1990) Actor[4]
Jack Webb (2009) Actor[6]

text:
Daniel Webster (1870) Statesman
Noah Webster (1958) Author
Orson Welles (1999) Actor/film director[30]

text:
Ida B. Wells (1990) Civil Rights advocate, feminist
Benjamin West (1956) Painter
Joseph West (1930) Charleston Governor
Edward Weston (2002) Photographer[3]
Clifton R. Wharton, Sr. (2006) Diplomat[22]
Edith Wharton (1980) Author
Joseph Wharton (1981) Wharton School of Business founder
William Whipple (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
James McNeill Whistler (1934) Painter
Jon Whitcomb (2001) Illustrator[1]
Josh White (1998) Folk singer, musician, songwriter, and actor
Minor White (2002) Photographer[3]
Paul Dudley White (1986) Cardiologist
Walter Francis White (2009) Civil rights leader[6]
William Allen White (1948) Newspaper editor
Wabokieshiek (White Cloud) (1998) Iowa Chief
Walt Whitman (1940) Poet
Eli Whitney (1940) Cotton gin inventor
John Greenleaf Whittier (1940) Poet
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (1990) Tennis player
Billy Wilder (2012) Motion picture director[19][20][27]
Thornton Wilder (1997) Playwright[15][30]
Harvey W. Wiley (1956) Chemist
Charles Wilkes (1988) Antarctic explorer
Roy Wilkins (2001) Civil Rights advocate[1]
Frances E. Willard (1940) Educator[30]
Hank Williams (1993) Country singer, musician, and songwriter
Roger Williams (1936) Rhode Island co-founder
Ted Williams (2012) Baseball player[19][20]
Tennessee Williams (1995) Playwright
William Williams (Continental Congress) (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
William Carlos Williams (2012) Poet[19][20]
William Haliday Williams (1912) Rural mail carrier and Civil War Medal of Honor recipient[68]
Thomas Willing (1976) Continental Congressman
Frances E. Willis (2006) Diplomat[22]
Wendell Willkie (1992) Statesman
Bob Wills (1993) Country musician and songwriter
Meredith Willson (1999) Composer, playwright
James Wilson (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Woodrow Wilson (1925) 28th President[21]
Garry Winogrand (2002) Photographer[3]
John Witherspoon (1976) Declaration of Independence signatory
Oliver Wolcott (1976) Declaration of Independence signer
Thomas Wolfe (2000) Author[25]
Grant Wood (1996) Painter
Carter G. Woodson (1984) Historian
Frank Lloyd Wright (1965) Architect[30]
Orville Wright (1928) Aviation pioneer
Richard Wright (2009) Writer[6]
Russel Wright (2011) Industrial designer[18][19][20]
Wilbur Wright (1928) Aviation pioneer
Newell Convers Wyeth (2001) Illustrator[1]
George Wythe (1976) Declaration of Independence signer

text: X[edit]

text: Malcolm X (1999) Civil rights advocate[16]

text: Y[edit]

text:
Sun Yat-sen (1942, 1961) Chinese revolutionary leader
Alvin C. York (2000) World War I soldier, Medal of Honor recipient[25]
Ashley Young (2000) Child stamp design contest winner
Cy Young (2000) Baseball player[25]
Whitney Moore Young (1981) Civil Rights advocate

text: Z[edit]

text: Babe Zaharias (1981) Track & field athlete


document_title: Color motion picture film

question_text: when did movies start coming out in color

text: Color motion picture film

text: Overview[edit]

text: The first motion pictures were photographed using a simple homogeneous photographic emulsion that yielded a black-and-white image—that is, an image in shades of gray, ranging from black to white, corresponding to the luminous intensity of each point on the photographed subject. Light, shade, form and movement were captured, but not color.

text: With color motion picture film, information about the color of the light at each image point is also captured. This is done by analyzing the visible spectrum of color into several regions (normally three, commonly referred to by their dominant colors: red, green and blue) and recording each region separately.

text: Current color films do this with three layers of differently color-sensitive photographic emulsion coated on one strip of film base. Early processes used color filters to photograph the color components as completely separate images (e.g., three-strip Technicolor) or adjacent microscopic image fragments (e.g., Dufaycolor) in a one-layer black-and-white emulsion.

text: Each photographed color component, initially just a colorless record of the luminous intensities in the part of the spectrum that it captured, is processed to produce a transparent dye image in the color complementary to the color of the light that it recorded. The superimposed dye images combine to synthesize the original colors by the subtractive color method. In some early color processes (e.g., Kinemacolor), the component images remained in black-and-white form and were projected through color filters to synthesize the original colors by the additive color method.

text: Tinting and hand coloring[edit]

text: The earliest motion picture stocks were orthochromatic, and recorded blue and green light, but not red. Recording all three spectral regions required making film stock panchromatic to some degree. Since orthochromatic film stock hindered color photography in its beginnings, the first films with color in them used aniline dyes to create artificial color. Hand-colored films appeared in 1895 with Thomas Edison's hand-painted Annabelle's Dance for his Kinetoscope viewers.

text: Many early filmmakers from the first ten years of film also used this method to some degree. George Méliès offered hand-painted prints of his own films at an additional cost over the black-and-white versions, including the visual-effects pioneering A Trip to the Moon (1902). The film had various parts of the film painted frame-by-frame by twenty-one women in Montreuil[3] in a production-line method.[4]

text: The first commercially successful stencil color process was introduced in 1905 by Pathé Frères. Pathé Color, renamed Pathéchrome in 1929, became one of the most accurate and reliable stencil coloring systems. It incorporated an original print of a film with sections cut by pantograph in the appropriate areas for up to six colors[3] by a coloring machine with dye-soaked, velvet rollers.[5] After a stencil had been made for the whole film, it was placed into contact with the print to be colored and run at high speed (60 feet per minute) through the coloring (staining) machine. The process was repeated for each set of stencils corresponding to a different color. By 1910, Pathé had over 400 women employed as stencilers in their Vincennes factory. Pathéchrome continued production through the 1930s.[3]

text: A more common technique emerged in the early 1910s known as film tinting, a process in which either the emulsion or the film base is dyed, giving the image a uniform monochromatic color. This process was popular during the silent era, with specific colors employed for certain narrative effects (red for scenes with fire or firelight, blue for night, etc.).[4]

text: A complementary process, called toning, replaces the silver particles in the film with metallic salts or mordanted dyes. This creates a color effect in which the dark parts of the image are replaced with a color (e.g., blue and white rather than black and white). Tinting and toning were sometimes applied together.[4]

text: In the United States, St. Louis engraver Max Handschiegl and cinematographer Alvin Wyckoff created the Handschiegl Color Process, a dye-transfer equivalent of the stencil process, first used in Joan the Woman (1917) directed by Cecil B. DeMille, and used in special effects sequences for films such as The Phantom of the Opera (1925).[3]

text: Eastman Kodak introduced its own system of pre-tinted black-and-white film stocks called Sonochrome in 1929. The Sonochrome line featured films tinted in seventeen different colors including Peachblow, Inferno, Candle Flame, Sunshine, Purple Haze, Firelight, Azure, Nocturne, Verdante, Aquagreen,[6] Caprice, Fleur de Lis, Rose Doree, and the neutral-density Argent, which kept the screen from becoming excessively bright when switching to a black-and-white scene.[3]

text: Tinting and toning continued to be used well into the sound era. In the 1930s and 1940s, some western films were processed in a sepia-toning solution to evoke the feeling of old photographs of the day. Tinting was used as late as 1951 for Sam Newfield's sci-fi film Lost Continent for the green lost-world sequences. Alfred Hitchcock used a form of hand-coloring for the orange-red gun-blast at the audience in Spellbound (1945).[3] Kodak's Sonochrome and similar pre-tinted stocks were still in production until the 1970s and were used commonly for custom theatrical trailers and snipes.

text: In the last half of the 20th century, Norman McLaren, who was one of the pioneers in animated movies, made several animated films in which he directly hand-painted the images, and in some cases, also the soundtrack, on each frame of the film. This approach was previously employed in the early years of movies, late 19th and early 20th century. One of the precursors in color hand painting frame by frame was the Aragonese Segundo de Chomon, that worked with Melies.

text: Tinting was gradually replaced by natural color techniques.

text: Physics of light and color[edit]

text: The principles on which color photography is based were first proposed by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855 and presented at the Royal Society in London in 1861.[3] By that time, it was known that light comprises a spectrum of different wavelengths that are perceived as different colors as they are absorbed and reflected by natural objects. Maxwell discovered that all natural colors in this spectrum as perceived by the human eye may be reproduced with additive combinations of three primary colors—red, green, and blue—which, when mixed equally, produce white light.[3]

text: Between 1900 and 1935, dozens of natural color systems were introduced, although only a few were successful.[6]

text: Additive color[edit]

text: The first color systems that appeared in motion pictures were additive color systems. Additive color was practical because no special color stock was necessary. Black-and-white film could be processed and used in both filming and projection. The various additive systems entailed the use of color filters on both the movie camera and projector. Additive color adds lights of the primary colors in various proportions to the projected image. Because of the limited amount of space to record images on film, and later because the lack of a camera that could record more than two strips of film at once, most early motion-picture color systems consisted of two colors, often red and green or red and blue.[4]

text: A pioneering three-color additive system was patented in England by Edward Raymond Turner in 1899.[7] It used a rotating set of red, green and blue filters to photograph the three color components one after the other on three successive frames of panchromatic black-and-white film. The finished film was projected through similar filters to reconstitute the color. In 1902, Turner shot test footage to demonstrate his system, but projecting it proved problematic because of the accurate registration (alignment) of the three separate color elements required for acceptable results. Turner died a year later without having satisfactorily projected the footage. In 2012, curators at the National Media Museum in Bradford, UK, had the original custom-format nitrate film copied to black-and-white 35 mm film, which was then scanned into a digital video format by telecine. Finally, digital image processing was used to align and combine each group of three frames into one color image.[8] The result is that the whole world can now view brief motion pictures from 1902 in full color.[9]

text: Practical color in the motion picture business began with Kinemacolor, first demonstrated in 1906.[5] This was a two-color system created in England by George Albert Smith, and promoted by film pioneer Charles Urban's The Charles Urban Trading Company in 1908. It was used for a series of films including the documentary With Our King and Queen Through India, depicting the Delhi Durbar (also known as The Durbar at Delhi, 1912), which was filmed in December 1911. The Kinemacolor process consisted of alternating frames of specially sensitized black-and-white film exposed at 32 frames per second through a rotating filter with alternating red and green areas. The printed film was projected through similar alternating red and green filters at the same speed. A perceived range of colors resulted from the blending of the separate red and green alternating images by the viewer's persistence of vision.[4][10]

text: William Friese-Greene invented another additive color system called Biocolour, which was developed by his son Claude Friese-Greene after William's death in 1921. William sued George Albert Smith, alleging that the Kinemacolor process infringed on the patents for his Bioschemes, Ltd.; as a result, Smith's patent was revoked in 1914.[3] Both Kinemacolor and Biocolour had problems with "fringing" or "haloing" of the image, due to the separate red and green images not fully matching up.[3]

text: By their nature, these additive systems were very wasteful of light. Absorption by the color filters involved meant that only a minor fraction of the projection light actually reached the screen, resulting in an image that was dimmer than a typical black-and-white image. The larger the screen, the dimmer the picture. For this and other case-by-case reasons, the use of additive processes for theatrical motion pictures had been almost completely abandoned by the early 1940s, though additive color methods are employed by all the color video and computer display systems in common use today.[4]

text: Subtractive color[edit]

text: The first practical subtractive color process was introduced by Kodak as "Kodachrome", a name recycled twenty years later for a very different and far better-known product. Filter-photographed red and blue-green records were printed onto the front and back of one strip of black-and-white duplitized film. After development, the resulting silver images were bleached away and replaced with color dyes, red on one side and cyan on the other. The pairs of superimposed dye images reproduced a useful but limited range of color. Kodak's first narrative film with the process was a short subject entitled Concerning $1000 (1916). Though their duplitized film provided the basis for several commercialized two-color printing processes, the image origination and color-toning methods constituting Kodak's own process were little-used.

text: The first truly successful subtractive color process was William van Doren Kelley's Prizma,[11] an early color process that was first introduced at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City on 8 February 1917.[12][13] Prizma began in 1916 as an additive system similar to Kinemacolor.

text: However, after 1917, Kelley reinvented the process as a subtractive one with several years of short films and travelogues, such as Everywhere With Prizma (1919) and A Prizma Color Visit to Catalina (1919) before releasing features such as the documentary Bali the Unknown (1921), The Glorious Adventure (1922), and Venus of the South Seas (1924). A Prizma promotional short filmed for Del Monte Foods titled Sunshine Gatherers (1921) is available on DVD in Treasures 5 The West 1898–1938 by the National Film Preservation Foundation.

text: The invention of Prizma led to a series of similarly printed color processes. This bipack color system used two strips of film running through the camera, one recording red, and one recording blue-green light. With the black-and-white negatives being printed onto duplitized film, the color images were then toned red and blue, effectively creating a subtractive color print.

text: Leon Forrest Douglass (1869–1940), a founder of Victor Records, developed a system he called Naturalcolor, and first showed a short test film made in the process on 15 May 1917 at his home in San Rafael, California. The only feature film known to have been made in this process, Cupid Angling (1918) — starring Ruth Roland and with cameo appearances by Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks — was filmed in the Lake Lagunitas area of Marin County, California.[14]

text: After experimenting with additive systems (including a camera with two apertures, one with a red filter, one with a green filter) from 1915 to 1921, Dr. Herbert Kalmus, Dr. Daniel Comstock, and mechanic W. Burton Wescott developed a subtractive color system for Technicolor. The system used a beam splitter in a specially modified camera to send red and green light to adjacent frames of one strip of black-and-white film. From this negative, skip-printing was used to print each color's frames contiguously onto film stock with half the normal base thickness. The two prints were chemically toned to roughly complementary hues of red and green,[5] then cemented together, back to back, into a single strip of film. The first film to use this process was The Toll of the Sea (1922) starring Anna May Wong. Perhaps the most ambitious film to use it was The Black Pirate (1926), starring and produced by Douglas Fairbanks.

text: The process was later refined through the incorporation of dye imbibition, which allowed for the transferring of dyes from both color matrices into a single print, avoiding several problems that had become evident with the cemented prints and allowing multiple prints to be created from a single pair of matrices.[4]

text: Technicolor's system was very popular for a number of years, but it was a very expensive process: shooting cost three times that of black-and-white photography and printing costs were no cheaper. By 1932, color photography in general had nearly been abandoned by major studios, until Technicolor developed a new advancement to record all three primary colors. Utilizing a special dichroic beam splitter equipped with two 45-degree prisms in the form of a cube, light from the lens was deflected by the prisms and split into two paths to expose each one of three black-and-white negatives (one each to record the densities for red, green, and blue).[15]

text: The three negatives were then printed to gelatin matrices, which also completely bleached the image, washing out the silver and leaving only the gelatin record of the image. A receiver print, consisting of a 50% density print of the black-and-white negative for the green record strip, and including the soundtrack, was struck and treated with dye mordants to aid in the imbibition process (this "black" layer was discontinued in the early 1940s). The matrices for each strip were coated with their complementary dye (yellow, cyan, or magenta), and then each successively brought into high-pressure contact with the receiver, which imbibed and held the dyes, which collectively rendered a wider spectrum of color than previous technologies.[16] The first animation film with the three-color (also called three-strip) system was Walt Disney's Flowers and Trees (1932), the first short live-action film was La Cucaracha (1934), and the first feature was Becky Sharp (1935).[5]

text: Gasparcolor, a single-strip 3-color system, was developed in 1933 by the Hungarian chemist Dr. Bela Gaspar.[17]

text: The real push for color films and the nearly immediate changeover from black-and-white production to nearly all color film were pushed forward by the prevalence of television in the early 1950s. In 1947, only 12 percent of American films were made in color. By 1954, that number rose to over 50 percent.[3] The rise in color films was also aided by the breakup of Technicolor's near monopoly on the medium.

text: In 1947, the United States Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Technicolor for monopolization of color cinematography (even though rival processes such as Cinecolor and Trucolor were in general use). In 1950, a federal court ordered Technicolor to allot a number of its three-strip cameras for use by independent studios and filmmakers. Although this certainly affected Technicolor, its real undoing was the invention of Eastmancolor that same year.[3]

text: Monopack color film[edit]

text: In the field of motion pictures, the many-layered type of color film normally called an integral tripack in broader contexts has long been known by the less tongue-twisting term monopack. For many years, Monopack (capitalized) was a proprietary product of Technicolor Corp, whereas monopack (not capitalized) generically referred to any of several single-strip color film products, certainly including various Eastman Kodak products. It appears that Technicolor made no attempt to register Monopack as a trademark with the US Patent and Trademark Office, although it certainly asserted that term as if it were a registered trademark, and it had the force of a legal agreement between it and Eastman Kodak to back up that assertion. It was a solely-sourced product, too, as Eastman Kodak was legally prevented from marketing any color motion picture film products wider than 16mm, 35mm specifically, until the expiration of the so-called "Monopack Agreement" in 1950. This, notwithstanding the facts that Technicolor never had the capability to manufacture sensitized motion picture films of any kind, nor single-strip color films based upon its so-called "Troland Patent" (which patent Technicolor maintained covered all monopack-type films in general, but monopack-type motion picture films in particular, and which Eastman Kodak elected not to contest as Technicolor was then one of its largest customers, if not its largest customer). After 1950, Eastman Kodak was free to make and market color films of any kind, particularly including monopack color motion picture films in 65/70mm, 35mm, 16mm and 8mm. The "Monopack Agreement" had no effect on color still films.

text: Monopack color films are based on the subtractive color system, which filters colors from white light by using superimposed cyan, magenta and yellow dye images. Those images are created from records of the amounts of red, green and blue light present at each point of the image formed by the camera lens. A subtractive primary color (cyan, magenta, yellow) is what remains when one of the additive primary colors (red, green, blue) has been removed from the spectrum. Eastman Kodak's monopack color films incorporated three separate layers of differently color sensitive emulsion into one strip of film. Each layer recorded one of the additive primaries and was processed to produce a dye image in the complementary subtractive primary.

text: Kodachrome was the first commercially successful application of monopack multilayer film, introduced in 1935.[18] For professional motion picture photography, Kodachrome Commercial, on a 35mm BH-perforated base, was available exclusively from Technicolor, as its so-called "Technicolor Monopack" product. Similarly, for sub-professional motion picture photography, Kodachrome Commercial, on a 16mm base, was available exclusively from Eastman Kodak. In both cases, Eastman Kodak was the sole manufacturer and the sole processor. In the 35mm case, Technicolor dye-transfer printing was a "tie-in" product.[19] In the 16mm case, there were Eastman Kodak duplicating and printing stocks and associated chemistry, not the same as a "tie-in" product. In exceptional cases, Technicolor offered 16mm dye-transfer printing, but this necessitated the exceptionally wasteful process of printing on a 35mm base, only thereafter to be re-perforated and re-slit to 16mm, thereby discarding slightly more than one-half of the end product.

text: A late modification to the "Monopack Agreement", the "Imbibition Agreement", finally allowed Technicolor to economically manufacture 16mm dye-transfer prints as so-called "double-rank" 35/32mm prints (two 16mm prints on a 35mm base that was originally perforated at the 16mm specification for both halves, and was later re-slit into two 16mm wide prints without the need for re-perforation). This modification also facilitated the early experiments by Eastman Kodak with its negative-positive monopack film, which eventually became Eastmancolor. Essentially, the "Imbibition Agreement" lifted a portion of the "Monopack Agreement's" restrictions on Technicolor (which prevented it from making motion picture products less than 35mm wide) and somewhat related restrictions on Eastman Kodak (which prevented it from experimenting and developing monopack products greater than 16mm wide).

text: Eastmancolor, introduced in 1950,[20] was Kodak's first economical, single-strip 35 mm negative-positive process incorporated into one strip of film. This rendered Three-Strip color photography relatively obsolete, even though, for the first few years of Eastmancolor, Technicolor continued to offer Three-Strip origination combined with dye-transfer printing (150 titles produced in 1953, 100 titles produced in 1954 and 50 titles produced in 1955, the very last year for Three-Strip). The first commercial feature film to use Eastmancolor was the documentary Royal Journey, released in December 1951.[20] Hollywood studios waited until an improved version of Eastmancolor negative came out in 1952 before using it; This is Cinerama was an early film which employed three separate and interlocked strips of Eastmancolor negative. This is Cinerama was initially printed on Eastmancolor positive, but its significant success eventually resulted in it being reprinted by Technicolor, using dye-transfer.

text: By 1953, and especially with the introduction of anamorphic wide screen CinemaScope, Eastmancolor became a marketing imperative as CinemaScope was incompatible with Technicolor's Three-Strip camera and lenses. Indeed, Technicolor Corp became one of the best, if not the best, processor of Eastmancolor negative, especially for so-called "wide gauge" negatives (65mm, 8-perf 35mm, 6-perf 35mm), yet it far preferred its own 35mm dye-transfer printing process for Eastmancolor-originated films with a print run that exceeded 500 prints,[21] not withstanding the significant "loss of register" that occurred in such prints that were expanded by CinemaScope's 2X horizontal factor, and, to a lesser extent, with so-called "flat wide screen" (variously 1.66:1 or 1.85:1, but spherical and not anamorphic). This nearly fatal flaw was not corrected until 1955 and caused numerous features initially printed by Technicolor to be scrapped and reprinted by DeLuxe Labs. (These features are often billed as "Color by Technicolor-DeLuxe".) Indeed, some Eastmancolor-originated films billed as "Color by Technicolor" were never actually printed using the dye-transfer process, due in part to the throughput limitations of Technicolor's dye-transfer printing process, and competitor DeLuxe's superior throughput. Incredibly, DeLuxe once had a license to install a Technicolor-type dye-transfer printing line, but as the "loss of register" problems became apparent in Fox's CinemaScope features that were printed by Technicolor, after Fox had become an all-CinemaScope producer, Fox-owned DeLuxe Labs abandoned its plans for dye-transfer printing and became, and remained, an all-Eastmancolor shop, as Technicolor itself later became.

text: Technicolor continued to offer its proprietary imbibition dye-transfer printing process for projection prints until 1975, and even briefly revived it in 1998. As an archival format, Technicolor prints are one of the most stable color print processes yet created, and prints properly cared for are estimated to retain their color for centuries.[22] With the introduction of Eastmancolor low-fade positive print (LPP) films, properly stored (at 45 °F or 7 °C and 25 percent relative humidity) monopack color film is expected to last, with no fading, a comparative amount of time. Improperly stored monopack color film from before 1983 can incur a 30 percent image loss in as little as 25 years.[23]

text: How a color film works[edit]

text: A color film is made up of many different layers that work together to create the color image. Color negative films provide three main color layers: the blue record, green record, and red record; each made up of two separate layers containing silver halide crystals and dye-couplers. A cross-sectional representation of a piece of developed color negative film is shown in the figure at the right. Each layer of the film is so thin that the composite of all layers, in addition to the triacetate base and antihalation backing, is less than 0.0003" (8 µm) thick.[24]

text: The three color records are stacked as shown at right, with a UV filter on top to keep the non-visible ultraviolet radiation from exposing the silver-halide crystals, which are naturally sensitive to UV light. Next are the fast and slow blue-sensitive layers, which, when developed, form the latent image. When the exposed silver-halide crystal is developed, it is coupled with a dye grain of its complementary color. This forms a dye "cloud" (like a drop of water on a paper towel) and is limited in its growth by development-inhibitor-releasing (DIR) couplers, which also serve to refine the sharpness of the processed image by limiting the size of the dye clouds. The dye clouds formed in the blue layer are actually yellow (the opposite or complementary color to blue).[25] There are two layers to each color; a "fast" and a "slow." The fast layer features larger grains that are more sensitive to light than the slow layer, which has finer grain and is less sensitive to light. Silver-halide crystals are naturally sensitive to blue light, so the blue layers are on the top of the film and they are followed immediately by a yellow filter, which stops any more blue light from passing through to the green and red layers and biasing those crystals with extra blue exposure. Next are the red-sensitive record (which forms cyan dyes when developed); and, at the bottom, the green-sensitive record, which forms magenta dyes when developed. Each color is separated by a gelatin layer that prevents silver development in one record from causing unwanted dye formation in another. On the back of the film base is an anti-halation layer that absorbs light which would otherwise be weakly reflected back through the film by that surface and create halos of light around bright features in the image. In color film, this backing is "rem-jet", a black-pigmented, non-gelatin layer which is removed in the developing process.[24]

text: Eastman Kodak manufactures film in 54-inch (1,372 mm) wide rolls. These rolls are then slit into various sizes (70 mm, 65 mm, 35 mm, 16 mm) as needed.

text: Manufacturers of color film for motion picture use[edit]

text: Motion picture film, primarily because of the rem-jet backing, requires different processing than standard C-41 process color film. The process necessary is ECN-2, which has an initial step using an alkaline bath to remove the backing layer. There are also minor differences in the remainder of the process. If motion picture negative is run through a standard C-41 color film developer bath, the rem-jet backing partially dissolves and destroys the integrity of the developer and, potentially, ruins the film.

text: Kodak color motion picture films[edit]

text: In the late 1980s, Kodak introduced the T-Grain emulsion, a technological advancement in the shape and make-up of silver halide grains in their films. T-Grain is a tabular silver halide grain that allows for greater overall surface area, resulting in greater light sensitivity with a relatively small grain and a more uniform shape that results in a less overall graininess to the film. This made for sharper and more sensitive films. The T-Grain technology was first employed in Kodak's EXR line of motion picture color negative stocks.[26] This was further refined in 1996 with the Vision line of emulsions, followed by Vision2 in the early 2000s and Vision3 in 2007.

text: Fuji color motion picture films[edit]

text: Fuji films also integrate tabular grains in their SUFG (Super Unified Fine Grain) films. In their case, the SUFG grain is not only tabular, it is hexagonal and consistent in shape throughout the emulsion layers. Like the T-grain, it has a larger surface area in a smaller grain (about one-third the size of traditional grain) for the same light sensitivity. In 2005, Fuji unveiled their Eterna 500T stock, the first in a new line of advanced emulsions, with Super Nano-structure Σ Grain Technology.