document_title: The House of the Rising Sun

question_text: oldest recording of house of the rising sun

text: The House of the Rising Sun

text: Origin and early versions[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: Like many classic folk ballads, "The House of the Rising Sun" is of uncertain authorship. Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads, and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th-century ballad The Unfortunate Rake.[4] According to Alan Lomax, "Rising Sun" was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs, and it was also a name for English pubs.[5] He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th-century folk song, "Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave", also known as "Matty Groves",[6][7] but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs.[8] Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers.[5] However, Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin, the "rising sun" referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV, which was brought to North America by French immigrants.[8]

text: "House of Rising Sun" was said to have been known by miners in 1905.[6] The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925, in a column "Old Songs That Men Have Sung" in Adventure Magazine.[9] The lyrics of that version begin:[9][10]

text: There is a house in New Orleans, it's called the Rising Sun

text: It's been the ruin of many a poor girl

text: The oldest known recording of the song, under the title "Rising Sun Blues", is by Appalachian artists Clarence "Tom" Ashley and Gwen Foster, who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6, 1933.[6][11] Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather, Enoch Ashley. Roy Acuff, an "early-day friend and apprentice" of Ashley's, learned it from him and recorded it as "Rising Sun" on November 3, 1938.[6][11] Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated, for example, "Rising Sun Blues" by Ivy Smith (1927) and "The Risin' Sun" by Texas Alexander (1928).[5]

text: The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax, who, along with his father, was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress. On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky, Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro, Kentucky, in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle. In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner, the 16-year-old daughter of a local miner. He called it The Rising Sun Blues.[11] Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson, both eastern Kentucky singers. In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country, Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner,[11] with reference to Martin's version.

text: Early folk and blues releases[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1941, Woody Guthrie recorded a version. A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White (who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists) was released by Mercury Records in 1950. White learned the song from a "white hillbilly singer", who might have been Ashley, in North Carolina in 1923–1924.[6] Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song, in February 1944 and in October 1948, called "In New Orleans" and "The House of the Rising Sun", respectively; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly's Last Sessions (1994, Smithsonian Folkways).

text: In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records. The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s. Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958, which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009.[11] Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs. In 1960 Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album.

text: Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self-titled debut album; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career. Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962. Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin, recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967.[12] The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin' the Blues, released on Vault records (1970).

text: Van Ronk arrangement[edit]

text: In late 1961, Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album, released in March 1962. That release had no songwriting credit, but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk. In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home, Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version. Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk.

text: I had learned it sometime in the 1950s, from a recording by Hally Wood, the Texas singer and collector, who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner. I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps—a common enough progression in jazz, but unusual among folksingers. By the early 1960s, the song had become one of my signature pieces, and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it.[13]

text: The Animals' version[edit]

text:
"The House of the Rising Sun"

Artwork for US release

Single by The Animals

from the album The Animals

B-side
"Talkin' 'bout You"

Released
June 19, 1964 (1964-06-19) (UK)
August 1964 (USA)

Format
7-inch single

Recorded
May 18, 1964

Genre
Folk rock

Length
2:59, 4:29

Label
Columbia Graphophone

Songwriter(s)
Traditional, arranged by Alan Price

Producer(s)
Mickie Most

The Animals singles chronology

"Baby Let Me Take You Home"
(1964)
"The House of the Rising Sun"
(1964)
"I'm Crying"
(1964)

"Baby Let Me Take You Home"
(1964)
"House of the Rising Sun"
(1964)
"I'm Crying"
(1964)

text: An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle, England, where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle. The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing.[14]

text: The Animals' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard, rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions.

text: The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of "House of the Rising Sun" during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry, using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers.[15] It got a tremendous reaction from the audience, convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential,[15] and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London[15] to capture it.

text: Recording and releases[edit]

text: The song was recorded in just one take on May 18, 1964,[16] and it starts with a now-famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine.[1][3] According to Valentine, he simply took Dylan's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio.[17] The performance takes off with Burdon's lead vocal, which has been variously described as "howling,"[2] "soulful,"[18] and as "...deep and gravelly as the north-east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him."[1] Finally, Alan Price's pulsating organ part (played on a Vox Continental) completes the sound. Burdon later said, "We were looking for a song that would grab people's attention."[19]

text: As recorded, "House of the Rising Sun" ran four and a half minutes, regarded as far too long for a pop single at the time.[16] Producer Most, who initially did not really want to record the song at all,[17] said that on this occasion: "Everything was in the right place ... It only took 15 minutes to make so I can't take much credit for the production"[20]. He was nonetheless now a believer and declared it a single at its full length, saying "We're in a microgroove world now, we will release it."[20]

text: In the United States however, the original single (MGM 13264) was a 2:58 version. The MGM Golden Circle reissue (KGC 179) featured the unedited 4:29 version, although the record label gives the edited playing time of 2:58. The edited version was included on the group's 1964 U.S. debut album The Animals, while the full version was later included on their best-selling 1966 U.S. greatest hits album, The Best of the Animals. However, the very first American release of the full-length version was on a 1965 album of various groups entitled Mickie Most Presents British Go-Go (MGM SE-4306), the cover of which, under the listing of "House of the Rising Sun", described it as the "Original uncut version". Americans could also hear the complete version in the movie Go Go Mania in the spring of 1965.

text: "House of the Rising Sun" was not included on any of the group's British albums, but it was reissued as a single twice in subsequent decades, charting both times, reaching number 25 in 1972 and number 11 in 1982, using the famous Wittlesbach organ.

text: The Animals version was played in 6/8 meter, unlike the 4/4 of most earlier versions. Arranging credit went only to Alan Price. According to Burdon, this was simply because there was insufficient room to name all five band members on the record label, and Alan Price's first name was first alphabetically. However, this meant that only Price received songwriter's royalties for the hit, a fact that has caused bitterness ever since, especially with Valentine.[3][21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: "House of the Rising Sun" was a trans-Atlantic hit: after reaching the top of the UK pop singles chart in July 1964, it topped the U.S. pop singles chart two months later, on September 5, 1964, where it stayed for three weeks,[22] and became the first British Invasion number one unconnected with the Beatles.[23] It was the group's breakthrough hit in both countries and became their signature song.[24] The song was also a hit in a number of other countries, including Ireland, where it reached No. 10 and dropped off the charts one week later.

text: According to John Steel, Bob Dylan told him that when he first heard The Animals' version on his car radio, he stopped to listen, "jumped out of his car" and "banged on the bonnet", inspiring him to go electric.[25] But he stopped playing the song after the Animals' recording became a hit because fans accused him of plagiarism.[citation needed] Dave Van Ronk said that The Animals' version—like Dylan's version before it—was based on his arrangement of the song.[26]

text: Dave Marsh described the Animals' take on "The House of the Rising Sun" as "...the first folk-rock hit," sounding "...as if they'd connected the ancient tune to a live wire."[2] Writer Ralph McLean of the BBC agreed that "It was arguably the first folk rock tune," calling it "a revolutionary single", after which "the face of modern music was changed forever."[3]

text: The Animals' rendition of the song is recognized as one of the classics of British pop music. Writer Lester Bangs labeled it "a brilliant rearrangement" and "a new standard rendition of an old standard composition."[27] It ranked number 122 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of "500 Greatest Songs of All Time". It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". The RIAA ranked it number 240 on their list of "Songs of the Century". In 1999 it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award. It has long since become a staple of oldies and classic rock radio formats. A 2005 Channel Five poll ranked it as Britain's fourth-favourite number one song.[16]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1964)
Peak
position

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[28]
5

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[29]
1

Germany (Official German Charts)[30]
9

Ireland (IRMA)[31]
10

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[32]
5

New Zealand (Listener)[33]
2

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34]
1

US Billboard Hot 100[35]
1

Chart (1972)
Peak
position

Ireland (IRMA)[31]
5

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34]
25

Chart (1982)
Peak
position

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[34]
11

text:
Preceded by
"Where Did Our Love Go" by The Supremes
Billboard Hot 100 number-one single
September 5, 1964 – September 19, 1964
Succeeded by
"Oh, Pretty Woman" by Roy Orbison

Preceded by
"It's Over" by Roy Orbison
UK Singles Chart number-one single
July 9, 1964 – July 15, 1964
Succeeded by
"It's All Over Now" by The Rolling Stones

text: Frijid Pink version[edit]

text:
"House of the Rising Sun"

Artwork for Danish, French and German releases (French pressing pictured)

Single by Frijid Pink

from the album Frijid Pink

B-side
"Drivin' Blues"

Released
March 1970 (1970-03)

Format
7-inch single

Genre
Psychedelic rock

Length
4:44 (album)
3:23 (single)

Label
Parrot Records

Songwriter(s)
Traditional, arranged by Alan Price

Producer(s)
Michael Valvano

Frijid Pink singles chronology

"House of the Rising Sun"
(1970)
"Sing a Song for Freedom"
(1970)

"House of the Rising Sun"
(1970)
"Sing a Song for Freedom"
(1970)

text: In 1969, the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of "House of the Rising Sun", which became an international hit in 1970. Their version is in 4/4 time (like Van Ronk's and most earlier versions, rather than the 6/8 used by the Animals) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah-wah effects, set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers.[36]

text: According to Stevers, the Frijid Pink recording of "House of the Rising Sun" was done impromptu when there was time left over at a recording session booked for the group at the Tera Shirma Recording Studios. Stevers later played snippets from that session's tracks for Paul Cannon, the music director of Detroit's premier rock radio station, WKNR; the two knew each other, as Cannon was the father of Stevers's girlfriend. Stevers recalled, "we went through the whole thing and [and Cannon] didn't say much. Then 'House [of the Rising Sun]' started up and I immediately turned it off because it wasn't anything I really wanted him to hear." However, Cannon was intrigued and had Stevers play the complete track for him, then advising Stevers, "Tell Parrot [Frijid Pink's label] to drop God Gave Me You [the group's current single] and go with this one."[37]

text: Frijid Pink's "House of the Rising Sun" debuted at #29 on the WKNR hit parade dated January 6, 1970 and broke nationally after some seven weeks—during which the track was re-serviced to radio three times—with a number 73 debut on the Hot 100 in Billboard dated February 27, 1970 (number 97 Canada 1970/01/31) with a subsequent three-week ascent to the Top 30 en route to a Hot 100 peak of number 7 on April 4, 1970. The certification of the Frijid Pink single "House of the Rising Sun" as a gold record for domestic sales of one million units was reported in the issue of Billboard dated May 30, 1970.

text: The Frijid Pink single of "House of the Rising Sun" would give the song its most widespread international success, with Top Ten status reached in Austria (number 3), Belgium (Flemish region, number 6), Canada (number 3), Denmark (number 3), Germany (two weeks at number 1), Greece, Ireland (number 7), Israel (number 4), the Netherlands (number 3), Norway (seven weeks at number 1), Poland (number 2), Sweden (number 6), Switzerland (number 2), and the UK (number 4). The single also charted in Australia (number 14), France (number 36), and Italy (number 54).

text: Sales and certifications[edit]

text:
Region
Certification
Certified units/Sales

United States (RIAA)[38]
Gold
1,000,000^

text: Billboard Country Chart[edit]

text: The song has twice been a hit record on Billboard's country chart.

text: Jody Miller version[edit]

text: In 1973, Jody Miller's version reached number 29 on the country charts and number 41 on the adult contemporary chart.

text: Geordie version[edit]

text: Recorded by Brian Johnson's band 'Geordie' for their 1974 album "Don't Be Fooled By The Name", Johnson went on to become vocalist for AC/DC.

text: Thin Lizzy instrumental version[edit]

text: The song was recorded as an electric but fairly mellow instrumental on the Deep Purple tribute album recorded by Thin Lizzy circa 1972, Funky Junction Play a Tribute to Deep Purple. Here it was simply called Rising Sun, and credited to Leo Muller (producer), the German businessman and label-owner.

text: Dolly Parton version[edit]

text:
"The House of the Rising Sun"

Artwork for German release

Single by Dolly Parton

from the album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs

B-side
"Workin' Girl"

Released
September 1981 (1981-09)

Format
7-inch single

Recorded
November 1980

Genre
Country pop

Length
4:02

Label
RCA

Songwriter(s)
Traditional

Producer(s)
Mike Post

Dolly Parton singles chronology

"But You Know I Love You"
(1981)
"The House of the Rising Sun"
(1981)
"Single Women"
(1982)

"But You Know I Love You"
(1981)
"House of the Rising Sun"
(1981)
"Single Women"
(1982)

text: In September 1981, Dolly Parton released a cover of the song as the third single from her album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs. Like Miller's earlier country hit, Parton's remake returns the song to its original lyric of being about a fallen woman. The Parton version makes it quite blunt, with a few new lyric lines that were written by Parton. Parton's remake reached number 14 on the U.S. country singles chart and crossed over to the pop charts, where it reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100; it also reached number 30 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart. Parton has occasionally performed the song live, including on her 1987–88 television show, in an episode taped in New Orleans.

text: Five Finger Death Punch version[edit]

text:
"House of the Rising Sun"

Single by Five Finger Death Punch

from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 2

Released
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)

Recorded
November 2013

Genre
Folk metal

Length
4:07

Label
Prospect Park

Songwriter(s)
Traditional

Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology

"Battle Born"
(2013)
"House of the Rising Sun"
(2014)
"Mama Said Knock You Out"
(2014)

"Battle Born"
(2013)
"House of the Rising Sun"
(2014)
"Mama Said Knock You Out"
(2014)

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch released a cover of "House of the Rising Sun" on their fifth studio album, The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell, Volume 2, which was later released as the album's second single and the band's third single of the Wrong Side era. The references to New Orleans have been changed to Sin City, a reference to the negative effects of gambling in Las Vegas. The song was a top ten hit on mainstream rock radio in the United States. It also in the video game Guitar Hero Live.

text: Johnny Hallyday version (in French)[edit]

text:
"Le Pénitencier"

Single by Johnny Hallyday

from the album 'Le Pénitencier'

Released
October 1964 (1964-10) (France)

Format
7-inch single, 25-cm LP

Recorded
September 1964

Label
Philips

Songwriter(s)
Hugues Aufray / Vline Buggy, Alan Price

Producer(s)
Lee Hallyday

Johnny Hallyday singles chronology

"Les Mauvais garçons"
(1964)
"Le Pénitencier"
(1964)
"Un ami ça n'a pas de prix"
(1965)

"Les Mauvais garçons"
(1964)
"Le Pénitencier"
(1964)
"Un ami ça n'a pas de prix"
(1965)

Music video

"Le Pénitencier" (Live on French TV, 1966)
"Le Pénitencier" (Live at the Théâtre de Paris, 2013)
on YouTube

text: The song was covered in French by Johnny Hallyday. His version (titled "Le Pénitencier") was released in October 1964 and spent one week at no. 1 on the singles sales chart in France (from October 17 to 23).[39] In Wallonia (French Belgium) his single spent 28 weeks on the chart, also peaking at number 1.[40]

text: He performed the song during his 2014 USA tour.[41]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1964)
Peak
position

Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[42]
1

France (singles sales)[39]
1

text: Possible real locations[edit]

text: Various places in New Orleans have been proposed as the inspiration for the song, with varying plausibility. The phrase "House of the Rising Sun" is often understood as a euphemism for a brothel, but it is not known whether or not the house described in the lyrics was an actual or a fictitious place. One theory is that the song is about a woman who killed her father, an alcoholic gambler who had beaten his wife. Therefore, the House of the Rising Sun may be a jailhouse, from which one would be the first person to see the sun rise (an idea supported by the lyric mentioning "a ball and chain," though that phrase has been slang for marital relationships for at least as long as the song has been in print). Because women often sang the song, another theory is that the House of the Rising Sun was where prostitutes were detained while treated for syphilis. Since cures with mercury were ineffective, going back was very unlikely.[7][14]

text: Only three candidates that use the name Rising Sun have historical evidence—from old city directories and newspapers. The first was a small, short-lived hotel on Conti Street in the French Quarter in the 1820s. It burned down in 1822. An excavation and document search in early 2005 found evidence that supported this claim, including an advertisement with language that may have euphemistically indicated prostitution. Archaeologists found an unusually large number of pots of rouge and cosmetics at the site.[43][44]

text: The second possibility was a "Rising Sun Hall" listed in late 19th-century city directories on what is now Cherokee Street, at the riverfront in the uptown Carrollton neighborhood, which seems to have been a building owned and used for meetings of a Social Aid and Pleasure Club, commonly rented out for dances and functions. It also is no longer extant. Definite links to gambling or prostitution (if any) are undocumented for either of these buildings.

text: A third was "The Rising Sun", which advertised in several local newspapers in the 1860s, located on what is now the lake side of the 100 block of Decatur Street.[45] In various advertisements it is described as a "Restaurant," a "Lager Beer Salon," and a "Coffee House." At the time, New Orleans businesses listed as coffee houses often also sold alcoholic beverages.

text: Dave Van Ronk claimed in his biography "The Mayor of MacDougal Street" that at one time when he was in New Orleans someone approached him with a number of old photos of the city from the turn of the century. Among them "was a picture of a forbidding stone doorway with a carving on the lintel of a stylized rising sun... It was the Orleans Parish women's prison."[46]

text: Bizarre New Orleans, a guidebook on New Orleans, asserts that the real house was at 1614 Esplanade Avenue between 1862 and 1874 and was said to have been named after its madam, Marianne LeSoleil Levant, whose surname means "the rising sun" in French.[14]

text: Another guidebook, Offbeat New Orleans, asserts that the real House of the Rising Sun was at 826–830 St. Louis St. between 1862 and 1874, also purportedly named for Marianne LeSoleil Levant. The building still stands, and Eric Burdon, after visiting at the behest of the owner, said, "The house was talking to me." [47]

text: There is a contemporary B&B called the House of the Rising Sun, decorated in brothel style. The owners are fans of the song, but there is no connection with the original place.[47][48]

text: Not everyone believes that the house actually existed. Pamela D. Arceneaux, a research librarian at the Williams Research Center in New Orleans, is quoted as saying:

text: I have made a study of the history of prostitution in New Orleans and have often confronted the perennial question, "Where is the House of the Rising Sun?" without finding a satisfactory answer. Although it is generally assumed that the singer is referring to a brothel, there is actually nothing in the lyrics that indicate that the "house" is a brothel. Many knowledgeable persons have conjectured that a better case can be made for either a gambling hall or a prison; however, to paraphrase Freud: sometimes lyrics are just lyrics.[7]


document_title: Filipino American History Month

question_text: what ethnic group celebrates its contribution to america in october

root

text: Filipino American History Month

text:
Filipino American History Month

Official name
Filipino American History Month

Observed by
United States

Type
Secular, heritage, cultural, ethnic

Significance
Celebration of Filipino American history

Begins
1 October

Ends
31 October

Frequency
annual

Related to
Filipino-American Friendship Day
Asian Pacific American Heritage Month

tag: table

text: Filipino American History Month (also known as FAHM) is celebrated in the United States during the month of October. The Filipino American National Historical Society established Filipino American History Month in the year 1988.[1][2] In California and Hawaii, where a large number of Filipino Americans reside,[3] Filipino American History Month is widely celebrated.[4] Many Filipino American organizations in these states often initiate their own independent celebrations.

tag: p

text: October was chosen to celebrate month to commemorate the arrival of the first Filipinos who landed in what is now Morro Bay, California on October 18, 1587.[5] It is also the birth month of Filipino American labor leader Larry Itliong. [6]

text: This month is also officially recognized by the California Department of Education.[7] 2006 was a pivotal year as it marked the centennial celebration of Filipino migration to the United States.[8][9]

text: While some used the term Filipino American Heritage Month[10] interchangeably with Filipino American History Month, the Filipino American National Historical Society cites that the month should be properly focused on "history" instead of "heritage". Whereas history includes the events, experiences, and lives of people and their impact on society, "heritage" is solely about cultural traditions handed down from the past.[11]

text: California[edit]

text: In California, Filipino American History Month was first recognized statewide in 2006, when the California Department of Education placed it on its celebrations calendar.[12] In 2009, California State Senator Leland Yee introduced a resolution, which was passed, that recognizes October as Filipino American History Month.[13] It passed the California State Assembly and was submitted to the California Secretary of State.[14][15]

text: Nationally[edit]

text: In the 103rd Congress, a resolution to nationally recognize Filipino American History Month was introduced.[16] The House of the 111th Congress introduced a House Resolution 155 (H. RES. 155) to officially recognize this month for Filipinos.[17] In October 2009, the Senate of the 111th Congress passed a resolution recognizing Filipino American History Month.[18] In November 2009, Congress passed the resolution (H. RES. 780),[19] officially recognizing October as Filipino American History Month.[20]


document_title: Make It or Break It

question_text: make it or break it who goes to the olympics

text: Make It or Break It

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the season one premiere, Payson Keeler (Ayla Kell), Kaylie Cruz (Josie Loren), and Lauren Tanner (Cassie Scerbo) are elite-level gymnasts. They train at one of the best gyms in the country, the fictional "Rocky Mountain Gymnastics Training Center" (or "The Rock") in Boulder, Colorado, in hopes of winning gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics. The girls have been best friends and teammates for years. They are joined by newcomer Emily Kmetko (Chelsea Hobbs), an untrained gymnastics phenomenon plucked from obscurity. It is revealed that Emily's family is struggling for money, and she has to work at Pizza Shack to keep them afloat, and receives scholarship money to do gymnastics. The Rock's Athletes compete for places on the club's team for nationals. Emily ranks third ahead of Lauren, despite Lauren's attempt to sabotage her vault.

text: The girls' futures are thrown into turmoil when their head coach, Marty Walsh (Erik Palladino), is blackmailed out of his job at The Rock by Lauren's father Steve, who is angry that his daughter was beaten by Emily. Marty is forced to move to The Rock's rival gym in Denver, taking Lauren and other gymnasts with him. It is revealed later that Kaylie's mother (Rosa Blasi) and Marty were having an affair, and he left to keep the secret from being exposed. After a visit from an angry Payson (who is joined by Kaylie, Emily and her sister Becca), Marty tells Steve he is in charge from now on and will do things his way. Steve then goes in search of Sasha Belov, the only gymnast to have beaten Marty Walsh to an Olympic gold medal. Belov tells Tanner he isn't interested because Steve split up what could have been the greatest team in US history when he took Lauren to Denver. Steve and Lauren then return to the rock accompanied by Sasha.

text: While Payson appreciates Sasha's experience and drive, the other girls chafe at his demanding style. Kaylie and Emily decide to go to a party before Sasha's new regime is put in place. Payson agrees to go as a chaperone. At the party Emily meets Razor, a coworker from the pizza shack, and a drunk Kaylie is seen by her secret boyfriend Carter having told him she couldn't go out because her Dad wouldn't let her. Meanwhile, Lauren abandons her birthday meal with her father, after he brings his executive assistant (and girlfriend) Summer. She goes to the party and comforts Carter. The two sleep together, but it clearly doesn't mean as much to Carter as it does to Lauren. Throughout the season, Emily tries to hide the fact she has to work to support her family, fearing this news could jeopardize her scholarship. However, she is forced to confess this to the other girls while they are cleaning mats as punishment for going to the party. They help her climb out the window to get to work in time to avoid being fired. Kaylie hides her relationship with Carter Anderson, another gymnast at The Rock. Lauren is hiding the fact that she has lost her virginity to Carter from Kaylie, while trying to get him to go out with her instead and struggling to fight the feeling that Summer is trying to replace her mother or is after her father's money. Payson has back problems and tries to conceal this from her parents and Sasha because she is desperate not to lose her chance to become National Champion and beat her rival, Kelly Parker (Nicole Gale Anderson) in a pre-nationals club meet between The Denver Elite and The Rock. While Payson manages to beat Kelly, Emily attempts a more difficult dismount on bars than the one Sasha told her to do and falls. She is banned from competing at nationals and suspended from the rock. Damon, a friend of Razors who is covering his shifts at the Pizza Shack helps Emily break into the gym at night to perfect the move and prove herself to Sasha. However, she isn't allowed back until she get over her trust issues and lets Sasha help her. Lauren warms up to Summer who convinces Steve to give Lauren her mother's contact details so she can come to watch her at nationals. Lauren goes to the bus stop but her mother Leslie never arrives. Later at nationals Summer realizes that Steve threatened Leslie into not coming and their argument results in a break-up. Before nationals, Carter confesses to Kaylie that he cheated. She disappears, but Emily, Lauren and Payson find her at gymnastics camp. Lauren reveals it was her who slept with Carter, but eventually all the girls put aside their differences and return to Boulder in time to leave for nationals. Payson is favorite to win but after a fall on the uneven bars, she fractures her spine and is told she can never do gymnastics again. Kaylie receives the title of National Champion, beating Kelly Parker. Lauren places fifth and Emily places twelfth, meaning that all three receive spots on the National Team.

text: As season one resumes, Payson deals with what seems to be the end of her gymnastics career and dreams. Summer and Sasha begin a relationship, and Emily and Payson get closer. Payson undergoes cutting-edge surgery to fix her spine. Although the operation is successful, she does not want to return to gymnastics, fearing she will re-injure herself. Meanwhile, the three Rock girls find an enemy in the head of the National Gymnastics Committee, Ellen Beals (Michelle Clunie), who prizes obedience to her authority and feels threatened by The Rock girls' independence. Emily wrestles with her desire to be an Olympic gymnast and her love for Damon, a co-worker at The Pizza Shack where she works. Carter is allowed back in The Rock and finds support from Lauren after she learns he is living in his car, having been kicked out of the home by his father, who does not support his gymnastics career. Payson's father is laid off from his job and has to accept another one far from Boulder.

text: Payson's mother, Kim (Peri Gilpin) takes over managing The Rock, as the girls are shut out of the National Team. Kaylie and Emily are kept back from a USA vs. China meet. To get The Rock girls recognized as being international standard, The Rock holds a private meet between them and the Chinese National Team. Ellen Beals pressures Kaylie not to compete, telling her she might lose and damage her profile. Ellen also blackmails Emily, telling her if she competes she will have her scholarship revoked after Ellen finds out about Emily's job at the Pizza Shack. Working together, the girls get five medals, more than the U.S. National Team got in Beijing.

text: In the second season, the girls are joined at The Rock by superstar male gymnast Austin Tucker (Zane Holtz). Payson refuses to accept her body has changed since her injury and is encouraged to petition to the National Team by Ellen Beals against the advice of Sasha, who thinks she is not ready. Her petition is denied, and she is heartbroken until Sasha convinces her to return, hoping to revitalize her career by transitioning her into being an artistic gymnast. Payson, whose previous style emphasized power over grace, is skeptical but comes around and finds herself romantically attracted to Sasha. She impulsively kisses him, but he pushes her away. The Kmetko family struggles financially with the loss of Emily's scholarship, until Steve Tanner secretly organizes a private scholarship to fund her training, after beginning a relationship with Chloe. When Emily finds out where the money is coming from, she refuses to accept the charity. Chloe secretly begins work as a bartender in a strip club. Emily's brother begins to have seizures because his prescription has not been refilled. Discovering problems with their insurance and not having money to pay for the medication, Emily steals the medication and is arrested.

text: Lauren finds the tape of Sasha and Payson's kiss in the practice camera. In an effort to get rid of Sasha and have Summer get back with her father, she leaks the first part (showing only the kiss) to Ellen Beals and deletes the later part (showing Sasha pushing Payson away). This results in Sasha being dismissed and Steve Tanner becoming president of The Rock. Summer is behind Sasha and does not believe he would act inappropriately. Sasha and Summer break up because though Sasha respects Summer's values, he does not share them. Newly minted national champion Kaylie struggles with the demands of her position and develops an eating disorder. Her parents refuse to believe it, but Austin tries to convince Kaylie that she needs help. In the midseason finale, the girls compete at trials for the World Championships. Payson confronts the gymnastics committee, asking them to accept her as an artistic gymnast. Police arrive to take Emily away, as she has missed her court hearing. Kaylie collapses while competing and is rushed to the hospital. All four girls make the Worlds team.

text: When Season Two returns, the girls cope with the loss of Sasha Belov. After breaking down, Kaylie admits to having an eating disorder and seeks treatment. Austin supports her, and they begin a relationship. Emily is forced to wear an ankle monitor due to her probation after being caught stealing. The other girls train for the World Gymnastics Competition, a task made harder by the presence of their arch enemy, Kelly Parker, at The Rock. Sasha returns after the girls track him down in Romania, and Lauren starts to like him better as he begins coaching her directly. While in recovery, Kaylie offers her mother's old recording studio to Emily's boyfriend Damon, who has been struggling to make an album in order to impress his new record label.

text: After Emily witnesses Kaylie and Damon singing together at the Pizza Shack, she imagines Damon is unfaithful and breaks up with him. Emily learns that she is pregnant, and Damon is the father. After members of the NGO try to persuade her to have an abortion, she insists that they have controlled her life for too long. She ignores their suggestion, and she keeps the baby. After informing Damon of the baby, she insists that being teen parents together will be perfect. Emily returns immediately to pack but is interrupted by Kaylie. Kaylie tells her that after Damon and Emily broke up, Damon kissed Kaylie. Feeling betrayed, Emily leaves to live with her godmother in Las Vegas without telling Damon. Eventually, Damon finds Emily and decides to be there for her.

text: Summer and Steve Tanner become engaged. A new gymnast, Max (Josh Bowman), comes to The Rock, attracting the attention of Lauren and Payson. Though Max seems more interested in Payson, she is more focused on her dream. Lauren pursues him past the point of ridiculousness. She assures Payson that Max is her new boyfriend; Max denies this. Max, Austin, and Payson help Kaylie train in secret, as they try to convince Sasha that Kaylie is ready to compete at Worlds. In the wake of Emily's departure, Kelly Parker becomes closer to Kaylie, despite the scheming of her stage mother, Sheila (Kathy Najimy). Kaylie offers her comfort as Kelly's mom is only supportive of Kelly's fame and fortune. Kelly steals Kaylie's journal and is instructed by her mother to give it to Ellen Beals. The night before Worlds, Kelly returns the journal and admits to stealing it. This causes Kaylie's new trust in Kelly to falter. At a party before the team is about to head off to Worlds, Steve announces that Summer and he are planning to get married in Rio, where worlds is hosted. However, later, Summer finds out that Lauren sent in the kiss cam video and calls off the wedding, as she wants nothing to do with Lauren or Steve Tanner. At the same party, Lauren tries to convince Max to have sex with her while Payson admits to Max that she thinks she might be in love with him. Max gets drunk sitting on a couch and later Austin finds him. Max explains his situation with the two girls under the influence of alcohol and Austins helps him up. Max kisses Austin drunkly and when questioned about his sexuality by Austin, Max admits that he is bisexual. He goes on a drive with Lauren, and they get into a car accident. Lauren is fine, but Max breaks his collarbone. Payson wants to go professional so she can earn money to help support her family, as they are struggling with debt after Payson's medical bills and training, but her parents do not want her to forfeit her eligibility for a college scholarship. Payson tells Max she loves him and begs him to forget she said anything when his feelings are not confessed to her. In the season two finale, the four girls lead the team to the World Competition in Rio de Janeiro, where they win team gold.

text: Season Three opens with Payson, Lauren, and Kaylie heading to the American Olympic Training Center as they prepare for the 2012 London Olympics. They deal with a new coach and teammates, including upcoming gymnasts. Max and Payson have a relationship through letters; on the first day Payson receives a letter in which Max breaks up with her because he's confused. Later Payson, Lauren, Kaylie, and Austin are having a conversation based around the breakup and Austin admits to the group that Max was bisexual and that they shared a kiss on the night of the party which leaves all three girls stunned. An uninvited gymnast, Jordan Randall, convinces Coach MacIntire to let her train with the group, causing tension. Coach Mac pairs up the girls, forcing Kaylie to live and work with Kelly Parker and Lauren to work with Payson. They eventually become close friends. Kelly is not good enough for the Olympics and leaves gymnastics. Payson has a new romance with Rigo (Tom Maden). Payson finds out that Lauren has an irregular heart beat, but Lauren has heart surgery. Austin does not make the Olympic Team and blames Kaylie. Jordan reveals that a former coach, Coach Keagan, molested her when she was young. Desperate to ensure her spot on the team, Wendy drugs Kaylie with a cold medicine containing a banned substance. After Austin and Kaylie reunite, then Lauren, Payson, and Jordan tell the NGO that they are boycotting Olympic tryouts unless Kaylie is allowed to perform. Lauren discovers the secret Wendy has been hiding and exposes her, getting Wendy kicked out. The season three finale culminates with the five girls, Payson, Lauren, Kaylie, plus Jordan, and finally Colleen, being chosen to represent the U.S. in the Olympics.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast and characters[edit]

text:
Character
Cast member
Notes

Kaylie Cruz
Josie Loren
Seasons 1–3

Payson Keeler
Ayla Kell
Seasons 1–3

Lauren Tanner
Cassie Scerbo
Seasons 1–3

Emily Kmetko
Chelsea Hobbs
Seasons 1–2

Summer van Horne
Candace Cameron Bure
Seasons 1–2; recurring Season 3

Sasha Belov
Neil Jackson
Seasons 1–2; recurring Season 3

Steve Tanner
Anthony Starke
Seasons 1–2; recurring Season 3

Kim Keeler
Peri Gilpin
Seasons 1–2

Chloe Kmetko
Susan Ward
Seasons 1–2

Damon Young
Johnny Pacar
Seasons 1–2

Coach McIntire (Mac)
Dondre Whitfield
Season 3

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text:
Character
Cast member
Notes

Ronnie Cruz
Rosa Blasi
Seasons 1–3

Alex Cruz
Jason Manuel Olazabal
Seasons 1–3

Mark Keeler
Brett Cullen
Seasons 1–3

Kelly Parker
Nicole Gale Anderson
Seasons 1–3

Carter Anderson
Zachary Burr Abel
Seasons 1–2

Razor
Nico Tortorella
Seasons 1–2

Ellen Beals
Michelle Clunie
Seasons 1–2

Becca Keeler
Mia Rose Frampton
Seasons 1–2

Leo Cruz
Marcus Coloma
Season 1

Nicky Russo
Cody Longo
Season 1

Marty Walsh
Erik Palladino
Seasons 1–2

MJ Martin
Marsha Thomason
Season 1

Brian Kmetko
Wyatt Smith
Seasons 1–2

Darby Conrad
Meagan Holder
Season 2

Max Spencer
Joshua Bowman
Season 2

Marcus
Sean Maher
Season 2

Sheila Baboyon
Kathy Najimy
Seasons 2–3

Austin Tucker
Zane Holtz
Seasons 2–3

Jordan Randall
Chelsea Tavares
Season 3

Wendy Capshaw
Amanda Leighton
Season 3

Rigo
Tom Maden
Season 3

Jake
Russell Pitts
Season 3

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text: The following is a table with the average estimated number of viewers per episode, each season of Make It or Break It on ABC Family.

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET/PT)
# Ep.
Premiered
Ended
TV Season
Viewers
(in millions)

Date
Premiere
Viewers
(in millions)
Date
Finale
Viewers
(in millions)

Season 1

Monday 9:00 pm (2009–2010)
Monday 10:00 pm (2010)
Tuesday 9:00 pm (2010)
Monday 9:00 pm (2011–2012)

20

June 22, 2009

2.50[16]

March 8, 2010

2.50[17]
2009-2010
2.24

Season 2
20

June 28, 2010

1.83[18]

May 23, 2011

1.49[19]
2010-2011
1.68

Season 3
08

March 26, 2012

1.57[20]

May 14, 2012[21]

1.29[22]
2012
1.19

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the first ten episodes in a set entitled Make It or Break It – Volume 1: Extended Edition. Bonus material includes deleted scenes, the never-before-seen extended finale, and the featurette, "Making It", which shows how the stars manage the acting with the difficult stunts they do.[23][24]

text:
DVD release dates for Make It or Break It

Name
Release dates
Ep #
Additional information

Season 1, Volume 1: Extended Edition
January 12, 2010[24][25]
10
Deleted scenes, the never-before-seen extended finale, and the featurette "Making It".[23][24]

Season 1, Volume 2
January 4, 2011[26]
10
Deleted scenes

Season 2, Volume 3
May 3, 2011[27]
10
Deleted scenes

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Awards and nominations for Make It or Break It

Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

2009
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer TV Show
Make It or Break It
Nominated

2010
Gracie Allen Awards
Outstanding Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama Series
Peri Gilpin
Won

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Summer TV Show
Make It or Break It
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star Male
Zachary Burr Abel
Nominated

Choice Summer TV Star Female
Josie Loren
Nominated

2011
Choice TV Drama
Make It or Break It
Nominated

Choice TV Star Female Drama
Josie Loren
Nominated


document_title: Error (baseball)

question_text: does reaching base on an error count as an at bat

text: Error (baseball)

text: Relationship to other statistical categories[edit]

text: An error does not count as a hit but still counts as an at bat for the batter unless, in the scorer's judgment, the batter would have reached first base safely but one or more of the additional base(s) reached was the result of the fielder's mistake. In that case, the play will be scored both as a hit (for the number of bases the fielders should have limited the batter to) and an error. However, if a batter is judged to have reached base solely because of a fielder's mistake, it is scored as a "hit on error," and treated the same as if the batter had been put out, hence lowering his batting average.

text: Similarly, a batter does not receive credit for a run batted in (RBI) when runs score on an error, unless the scorer rules that a run would have scored even if the fielder had not made a mistake. For example, if a batter hits a ball to the outfield for what should be a sacrifice fly and the outfielder drops the ball for an error, the batter will still receive credit for the sacrifice fly and the run batted in.

text: If a play should have resulted in a fielder's choice with a runner being put out and the batter reaching base safely but the runner is safe due to an error, the play will be scored as a fielder's choice, with no hit being awarded to the batter and an error charged against the fielder.

text: Passed balls and wild pitches are separate statistical categories and are not scored as errors.

text: If a batted ball were hit on the fly into foul territory, with the batting team having no runner(s) on base, and a fielder misplayed such ball for an error, it is possible for a team on the winning side of a perfect game to commit at least one error, yet still qualify as a perfect game.

text: There is a curious loophole in the rules on errors for catchers. If a catcher makes a "wild throw" in an attempt to prevent a stolen base and the runner is safe, the catcher is not charged with an error even if it could be argued that the runner would have been put out with "ordinary effort." There is therefore a "no fault" condition for the catcher attempting to prevent a steal. However, when considering that the majority of stolen base attempts are successful (around 2 successes per failure), this "no fault rule" is understandable due to the difficulty of throwing out runners. If the runner takes an additional base due to the wild throw, an error is charged for that advance. However, if the catcher's glove is hit by the bat, it is counted as a catcher's interference and the catcher is given an error unless the batter gets a hit off the play.

text: If a run scores by the end of the inning that would not have scored in the absence of the error, the run is categorized as unearned, meaning that it is not treated in the statistics as having been the responsibility of the pitcher.

text: Statistical significance[edit]

text: Traditionally, the number of errors was a statistic used to quantify the skill of a fielder. Research has shown that the error rate is higher when the quality of fielding is suspect, e.g., the performance of an expansion team in its first year, or the fielding done by replacement players during World War II, and is lower when playing conditions are better, e.g. on artificial turf and during night games.[1]

text: However, fans and analysts have questioned the usefulness and significance of errors as a metric for fielding skill. Notably, mental misjudgments, such as failure to cover a base or attempting a force out when such a play is not available, are not considered errors.

text: A more subtle, though more significant objection to the error, as sabermetricians have noted, is more conceptual. In order for a fielder to be charged with an error, he must have done something right by being in the correct place to be able to attempt the play. A poor fielder may "avoid" many errors simply by being unable to reach batted or thrown balls that a better fielder could successfully reach. Thus, it is possible that a poor fielder will have fewer errors than any fielder with higher expectancies.[2]

text: In recent times, official scorers have made some attempt to take a fielder's supposed "extraordinary" effort or positioning into account when judging whether the play should have been successful given ordinary effort. However, this still leaves statistics, such as fielding percentage, that are based on errors as a way to compare the defensive abilities of players.

text: Errors also hold significance in calculating the earned run average (ERA) of a pitcher. Runs scored due to an error are unearned, and do not count toward a pitcher's ERA.

text: Statistical records for errors[edit]

text: In Major League Baseball, Herman Long holds the Major League records with 1096 errors in his career between 1889 and 1904. Bill Dahlen, Deacon White and Germany Smith are the only other players to make 1,000 errors during their MLB careers. All of these players played at least one season before 1900. The 20th century record is held by Rabbit Maranville with 711 errors. Among active players, Adrián Beltré leads with 275 errors over 2475 career games as of June 14, 2015.[3]

text: Pitchers[edit]

text: The major league record for errors by a pitcher in a career is held by Hippo Vaughn, with 64 errors. That also is the National League record. The American career mark is held by Ed Walsh. The most errors made by a pitcher in a season is 28 by Jim Whitney, which also is the National League record. The American League record of 15 is held by three pitchers, Jack Chesbro, Rube Waddell, and Ed Walsh. The record for most errors made by a pitcher in one inning is three, first set by Cy Seymour in 1898. The record was tied by Tommy John in 1988, Jaime Navarro in 1996 and Mike Sirotka in 1999.[4]

text: Catchers[edit]

text: Ivey Wingo holds the major league and National League records for most errors made by a catcher, with 234. He made 59 errors while playing for the Cardinals and 175 for the Reds. The American League record is held by Wally Schang, who made 218 errors playing for five teams.[5]

text: First Basemen[edit]

text: The major league and National League records for errors by a first baseman is held by Cap Anson, who made 568 errors. Hal Chase holds the American League record with 285, 240 for the New York Highlanders and 40 for the Chicago White Sox. Anson also holds the single season record for most errors by a first baseman 58 while Steve Garvey holds the record for fewest in season, with zero.[6]

text: Second Basemen[edit]

text: Fred Pfeffer holds the major league and National League records for most errors made by a second baseman, with 857 and 781, respectively. The American League record is 435, held by Hall of Famer Eddie Collins.[7]

text: Third Basemen[edit]

text: Jerry Denny holds the Major League and National League records for most errors by third basemen in a career with 533. Jimmy Austin holds the American League record with 359.[8]

text: Shortstops[edit]

text: Bill Dahlen holds both the major league and National League record for shortstops, with 975 in 20 seasons. He made 443 errors with the Chicago Cubs, 260 with the Brooklyn Dodgers, 200 with the New York Giants and 72 with the Boston Braves. (He also made 89 errors as a third baseman, eight errors at second base, and eight errors as an outfielder, for a total of 1,080 errors in his career.[9])

text: Donie Bush holds the American League record, with 689, with all but the seven he recorded with the Washington Senators being made with the Detroit Tigers.[10]

text: Outfielders[edit]

text: Nineteenth-century player Tom Brown established the major league record with 490 errors committed as an outfielder. He racked up 222 errors in the American Association, 238 in the National League, and 30 in the Player's League. (Brown also made six errors as a pitcher, for a total of 496 errors in his career.) By contrast, the National League record is held by nineteenth-century player George Gore with 346 errors and the American League record by Ty Cobb with 271.[11]


document_title: Green Revolution

question_text: what was the primary goal of the first green revolution

text: Green Revolution

text: History[edit]

text: In Mexico[edit]

text: It has been argued that "during the twentieth century two 'revolutions' transformed rural Mexico: the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920) and the Green Revolution (1950–1970)".[6] With the support of the Mexican government, the U.S. government, the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the Rockefeller Foundation, Mexico made a concerted effort to transform agricultural productivity, particularly with irrigated rather than dry-land cultivation in its northwest, to solve its problem of lack of food self-sufficiency.[7] In the center and south of Mexico, where large-scale production faced challenges, agricultural production languished.[8] Increased production meant food self-sufficiency in Mexico to feed its growing and urbanizing population, with the number of calories consumed per Mexican increasing.[9] Technology was seen as a valuable way to feed the poor, and would relieve some pressure of the land redistribution process.[10]

text: Mexico was not merely the recipient of Green Revolution knowledge and technology, but was an active participant with financial support from the government for agriculture as well as Mexican agronomists. Although the Mexican Revolution had broken the back of the hacienda system and land reform in Mexico had by 1940 distributed a large expanse of land in central and southern Mexico, agricultural productivity had fallen. During the administration of Manuel Avila Camacho (1940–46), the government put resources into developing new breeds of plants and partnered with the Rockefeller Foundation.[11] In 1943, the Mexican government founded the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), which became a base for international agricultural research.

text: Agriculture in Mexico had been a sociopolitical issue, a key factor in some regions' participation in the Mexican Revolution. It was also a technical issue, which the development of a cohort trained agronomists, who were to advise peasants how to increase productivity.[12] In the post-World War II era, the government sought development in agriculture that bettered technological aspects of agriculture in regions that were not dominated by small-scale peasant cultivators. This drive for transforming agriculture would have the benefit of keeping Mexico self-sufficient in food and in the political sphere with the Cold War, potentially stem unrest and the appeal of Communism.[11] Technical aid can be seen as also serving political ends in the international sphere. In Mexico, it also served political ends, separating peasant agriculture based on the ejido and considered one of the victories of the Mexican Revolution, from agribusiness that requires large-scale land ownership, irrigation, specialized seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, machinery, and a low-wage paid labor force.

text: The government created the Mexican Agricultural Program (MAP) to be the lead organization in raising productivity. One of their successes was wheat production, with varieties the agency's scientists helped create dominating wheat production as early as 1951 (70%), 1965 (80%), and 1968 (90%).[13] Mexico became the showcase for extending the Green Revolution to other areas of Latin America and beyond, into Africa and Asia. New breeds of maize, beans, along with wheat produced bumper crops with proper inputs (such as fertilizer and pesticides) and careful cultivation. Many Mexican farmers who had been dubious about the scientists or hostile to them (often a mutual relationship of discord) came to see the scientific approach to agriculture worth adopting.[14]

text: In rice: IR8 and the Philippines[edit]

text: In 1960, the Government of the Republic of the Philippines with the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation established IRRI (International Rice Research Institute). A rice crossing between Dee-Geo-woo-gen and Peta was done at IRRI in 1962. In 1966, one of the breeding lines became a new cultivar, IR8.[15] IR8 required the use of fertilizers and pesticides, but produced substantially higher yields than the traditional cultivars. Annual rice production in the Philippines increased from 3.7 to 7.7 million tons in two decades.[16] The switch to IR8 rice made the Philippines a rice exporter for the first time in the 20th century.[17]

text: Start in India[edit]

text: In 1961, India was on the brink of mass famine.[additional citation(s) needed][18] Norman Borlaug was invited to India by the adviser to the Indian minister of agriculture C. Subramaniam. Despite bureaucratic hurdles imposed by India's grain monopolies, the Ford Foundation and Indian government collaborated to import wheat seed from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). Punjab was selected by the Indian government to be the first site to try the new crops because of its reliable water supply and a history of agricultural success. India began its own Green Revolution program of plant breeding, irrigation development, and financing of agrochemicals.[19]

text: India soon adopted IR8 – a semi-dwarf rice variety developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) that could produce more grains of rice per plant when grown with certain fertilizers and irrigation.[20] In 1968, Indian agronomist S.K. De Datta published his findings that IR8 rice yielded about 5 tons per hectare with no fertilizer, and almost 10 tons per hectare under optimal conditions. This was 10 times the yield of traditional rice.[21] IR8 was a success throughout Asia, and dubbed the "Miracle Rice". IR8 was also developed into Semi-dwarf IR36.

text: In the 1960s, rice yields in India were about two tons per hectare; by the mid-1990s, they had risen to six tons per hectare. In the 1970s, rice cost about $550 a ton; in 2001, it cost under $200 a ton.[22] India became one of the world's most successful rice producers, and is now a major rice exporter, shipping nearly 4.5 million tons in 2006.

text: Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research – CGIAR[edit]

text: In 1970, foundation officials proposed a worldwide network of agricultural research centers under a permanent secretariat. This was further supported and developed by the World Bank; on 19 May 1971, the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) was established. co-sponsored by the FAO, IFAD and UNDP. CGIAR has added many research centers throughout the world.

text: CGIAR has responded, at least in part, to criticisms of Green Revolution methodologies. This began in the 1980s, and mainly was a result of pressure from donor organizations.[23] Methods like Agroecosystem Analysis and Farming System Research have been adopted to gain a more holistic view of agriculture.

text: Brazil's agricultural revolution[edit]

text: Brazil's vast inland cerrado region was regarded as unfit for farming before the 1960s because the soil was too acidic and poor in nutrients, according to Norman Borlaug. However, from the 1960s, vast quantities of lime (pulverised chalk or limestone) were poured on the soil to reduce acidity. The effort went on for decades; by the late 1990s, between 14 million and 16 million tonnes of lime were being spread on Brazilian fields each year. The quantity rose to 25 million tonnes in 2003 and 2004, equalling around five tonnes of lime per hectare. As a result, Brazil has become the world's second biggest soybean exporter. Soybeans are also widely used in animal feed, and the large volume of soy produced in Brazil has contributed to Brazil's rise to become the biggest exporter of beef and poultry in the world.[24] Several parallels can also be found in Argentina's boom in soybean production as well.[25]

text: Problems in Africa[edit]

text: There have been numerous attempts to introduce the successful concepts from the Mexican and Indian projects into Africa.[26] These programs have generally been less successful. Reasons cited include widespread corruption, insecurity, a lack of infrastructure, and a general lack of will on the part of the governments. Yet environmental factors, such as the availability of water for irrigation, the high diversity in slope and soil types in one given area are also reasons why the Green Revolution is not so successful in Africa.[27]

text: A recent program in western Africa is attempting to introduce a new high-yielding 'family' of rice varieties known as "New Rice for Africa" (NERICA). NERICA varieties yield about 30% more rice under normal conditions, and can double yields with small amounts of fertilizer and very basic irrigation. However, the program has been beset by problems getting the rice into the hands of farmers, and to date the only success has been in Guinea, where it currently accounts for 16% of rice cultivation.[28]

text: After a famine in 2001 and years of chronic hunger and poverty, in 2005 the small African country of Malawi launched the "Agricultural Input Subsidy Program" by which vouchers are given to smallholder farmers to buy subsidized nitrogen fertilizer and maize seeds.[29] Within its first year, the program was reported to have had extreme success, producing the largest maize harvest of the country's history, enough to feed the country with tons of maize left over. The program has advanced yearly ever since. Various sources claim that the program has been an unusual success, hailing it as a "miracle".[30]

text: Agricultural production and food security[edit]

text: Technologies[edit]

text: The Green Revolution spread technologies that already existed, but had not been widely implemented outside industrialized nations. Two kinds of technologies were used in the Green Revolution and aim at cultivation and breeding area respectively. The technologies in cultivation are targeted at providing excellent growing conditions, which included modern irrigation projects, pesticides, synthetic nitrogen fertilizer. The breeding technologies aimed at improving crop varieties developed through the conventional, science-based methods available at the time. These technologies included hybrids, combining modern genetics with selections.[31]

text: High-Yielding Varieties[edit]

text: The novel technological development of the Green Revolution was the production of novel wheat cultivars. Agronomists bred cultivars of maize, wheat, and rice that are generally referred to as HYVs or "high-yielding varieties". HYVs have higher nitrogen-absorbing potential than other varieties. Since cereals that absorbed extra nitrogen would typically lodge, or fall over before harvest, semi-dwarfing genes were bred into their genomes. A Japanese dwarf wheat cultivar Norin 10 developed by a Japanese agronomist Gonjiro Inazuka, which was sent to Orville Vogel at Washington State University by Cecil Salmon, was instrumental in developing Green Revolution wheat cultivars. IR8, the first widely implemented HYV rice to be developed by IRRI, was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named "Peta" and a Chinese variety named "Dee-geo-woo-gen".[32] In the 1960s, when a food crisis happened in Asia, the spread of HYV rice was aggravated intensely.[33]

text: Dr. Norman Borlaug, who is usually recognized as the "Father of the Green Revolution", bred rust-resistant cultivars which have strong and firm stems, preventing them falling over under extreme weather at high levels of fertilization. CIMMYT(Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo—International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement) conducted these breeding programs and helped spread high-yielding varieties in Mexico and countries in Asia like India and Pakistan. These programs successfully led the harvest double in these countries.[31]

text: Plant scientists figured out several parameters related to the high yield and identified the related genes which control the plant height and tiller number.[34] With advances in molecular genetics, the mutant genes responsible for Arabidopsis thaliana genes (GA 20-oxidase,[35] ga1,[36] ga1-3[37]), wheat reduced-height genes (Rht)[38] and a rice semidwarf gene (sd1)[39] were cloned. These were identified as gibberellin biosynthesis genes or cellular signaling component genes. Stem growth in the mutant background is significantly reduced leading to the dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield.

text: HYVs significantly outperform traditional varieties in the presence of adequate irrigation, pesticides, and fertilizers. In the absence of these inputs, traditional varieties may outperform HYVs. Therefore, several authors have challenged the apparent superiority of HYVs not only compared to the traditional varieties alone, but by contrasting the monocultural system associated with HYVs with the polycultural system associated with traditional ones.[40]

text: Disease-Resistant Varieties[edit]

text: In order to prevent crops from the threat of diseases, plants pathologists bred and cultivated DRVs or "Disease-Resistant Varieties". DRVs have special genes which can produce related molecules. When the parasites ate DRVs, the molecules could hamper the functions of parasite enzymes and toxins successfully realizing.[41] DRVs breeding technologies can be divided into traditional methods, cellular-level methods and molecular-level methods. Traditional DRVs breeding technologies refer to cultivating mixtures within and between species to protect crops against stresses. In the 18th century, the mixtures of wheat and oats were found less infected by rust fungi by Tozzetti and his record of this fact was usually seemed as the earliest record of the valuable result of crop heterogeneity for disease control.[42]

text: Cellular-level breeding technologies include using phytotoxins as tools to breed and select DRVs. Scientists found out that there was a correlation between toxin tolerance and resistance to pathogens. According to this find, phytotoxins were used as tools for the in vitro selection of novel resistant genotypes. Using phytotoxins as possible selective factors was first tested by Carlson in 1973, with the haploid cell lines of Nicotiana tabacum.[43]

text: Molecular-level methods refer to genetic engineering, in which recombinant DNA technology is a common tool.Genetic engineering doesn't limit the source of transferred gene in plant anymore. The specific gene from totally unrelated species can be transferred to plant's cell. Accordingly, after gene transformation, the plant is called transgenic plant. Scientists identified and isolated the gene of a valuable trait and then selected a proper vector as a tool to transport. For example, Ti plasmid is a small circular strand of DNA in bacterial cells, which usually appears in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a bacterium that can cause the crown gall disease in plants. After inserting the desired gene into Ti plasmid, when the plant was attacked by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the desired gene can be transported to the nucleus of the plant cells. Crop with Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) gene was an example of the transgenic plant which can produce the protein with insecticidal properties. Bt gene has been transferred into more than 50 crop plants including corn, cotton, and potato. This technology not only brought the economic benefits that it saved 50% to 70% cost of pesticides but also protected the environment that it lessened the pollution of using pesticides.[31]

text: Production increases[edit]

text: Cereal production more than doubled in developing nations between the years 1961–1985.[44] Yields of rice, maize, and wheat increased steadily during that period.[44] The production increases can be attributed roughly equally to irrigation, fertilizer, and seed development, at least in the case of Asian rice.[44]

text: While agricultural output increased as a result of the Green Revolution, the energy input to produce a crop has increased faster,[45] so that the ratio of crops produced to energy input has decreased over time. Green Revolution techniques also heavily rely on chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides and rely on machines, which as of 2014 rely on or are derived from crude oil, making agriculture increasingly reliant on crude oil extraction.[46] Proponents of the Peak Oil theory fear that a future decline in oil and gas production would lead to a decline in food production or even a Malthusian catastrophe.[47]

text: Effects on food security[edit]

text: The effects of the Green Revolution on global food security are difficult to assess because of the complexities involved in food systems.

text: The world population has grown by about five billion[48] since the beginning of the Green Revolution and many believe that, without the Revolution, there would have been greater famine and malnutrition. India saw annual wheat production rise from 10 million tons in the 1960s to 73 million in 2006.[49] The average person in the developing world consumes roughly 25% more calories per day now than before the Green Revolution.[44] Between 1950 and 1984, as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the globe, world grain production increased by about 160%.[50]

text: The production increases fostered by the Green Revolution are often credited with having helped to avoid widespread famine, and for feeding billions of people.[51]

text: There are also claims that the Green Revolution has decreased food security for a large number of people. One claim involves the shift of subsistence-oriented cropland to cropland oriented towards production of grain for export or animal feed. For example, the Green Revolution replaced much of the land used for pulses that fed Indian peasants for wheat, which did not make up a large portion of the peasant diet.[52]

text: Food security[edit]

text: Malthusian criticism[edit]

text: Some criticisms generally involve some variation of the Malthusian principle of population. Such concerns often revolve around the idea that the Green Revolution is unsustainable,[53] and argue that humanity is now in a state of overpopulation or overshoot with regards to the sustainable carrying capacity and ecological demands on the Earth.

text: Although 36 million people die each year as a direct or indirect result of hunger and poor nutrition,[54] Malthus's more extreme predictions have frequently failed to materialize. In 1798 Thomas Malthus made his prediction of impending famine.[55] The world's population had doubled by 1923 and doubled again by 1973 without fulfilling Malthus's prediction. Malthusian Paul R. Ehrlich, in his 1968 book The Population Bomb, said that "India couldn't possibly feed two hundred million more people by 1980" and "Hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs."[55] Ehrlich's warnings failed to materialize when India became self-sustaining in cereal production in 1974 (six years later) as a result of the introduction of Norman Borlaug's dwarf wheat varieties.[55]

text: However, Borlaug was well aware of the implications of population growth. In his Nobel lecture he repeatedly presented improvements in food production within a sober understanding of the context of population. "The green revolution has won a temporary success in man's war against hunger and deprivation; it has given man a breathing space. If fully implemented, the revolution can provide sufficient food for sustenance during the next three decades. But the frightening power of human reproduction must also be curbed; otherwise the success of the green revolution will be ephemeral only. Most people still fail to comprehend the magnitude and menace of the "Population Monster"...Since man is potentially a rational being, however, I am confident that within the next two decades he will recognize the self-destructive course he steers along the road of irresponsible population growth..."

text: Famine[edit]

text: To some modern Western sociologists and writers, increasing food production is not synonymous with increasing food security, and is only part of a larger equation. For example, Harvard professor Amartya Sen claimed large historic famines were not caused by decreases in food supply, but by socioeconomic dynamics and a failure of public action.[57] However, economist Peter Bowbrick disputes Sen's theory, arguing that Sen relies on inconsistent arguments and contradicts available information, including sources that Sen himself cited.[58] Bowbrick further argues that Sen's views coincide with that of the Bengal government at the time of the Bengal famine of 1943, and the policies Sen advocates failed to relieve the famine.[58]

text: Quality of diet[edit]

text: Some have challenged the value of the increased food production of Green Revolution agriculture. Miguel A. Altieri, (a pioneer of agroecology and peasant-advocate), writes that the comparison between traditional systems of agriculture and Green Revolution agriculture has been unfair, because Green Revolution agriculture produces monocultures of cereal grains, while traditional agriculture usually incorporates polycultures.[citation needed]

text: These monoculture crops are often used for export, feed for animals, or conversion into biofuel. According to Emile Frison of Bioversity International, the Green Revolution has also led to a change in dietary habits, as fewer people are affected by hunger and die from starvation, but many are affected by malnutrition such as iron or vitamin-A deficiencies.[27] Frison further asserts that almost 60% of yearly deaths of children under age five in developing countries are related to malnutrition.[27]

text: The strategies developed by the Green Revolution focused on fend off starvation and was very successful in raising overall yields of cereal grains, but did not give sufficient relevance to nutritional quality.[59] High yield-cereal crops have low quality proteins, with essential amino acid deficiencies, are high in carbohydrates, and lack balanced essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and other quality factors.[59]

text: High-yield rice (HYR), introduced since 1964 to poverty-ridden Asian countries, such as the Philippines, was found to have inferior flavor and be more glutinous and less savory than their native varieties.[citation needed] This caused its price to be lower than the average market value.[60]

text: In the Philippines the introduction of heavy pesticides to rice production, in the early part of the Green Revolution, poisoned and killed off fish and weedy green vegetables that traditionally coexisted in rice paddies. These were nutritious food sources for many poor Filipino farmers prior to the introduction of pesticides, further impacting the diets of locals.[61]

text: Political impact[edit]

text: A major critic[62] of the Green Revolution, U.S. investigative journalist Mark Dowie, writes:[63]

text: The primary objective of the program was geopolitical: to provide food for the populace in undeveloped countries and so bring social stability and weaken the fomenting of communist insurgency.

text: Citing internal Foundation documents, Dowie states that the Ford Foundation had a greater concern than Rockefeller in this area.[64]

text: There is significant evidence that the Green Revolution weakened socialist movements in many nations. In countries such as India, Mexico, and the Philippines, technological solutions were sought as an alternative to expanding agrarian reform initiatives, the latter of which were often linked to socialist politics.[65][66]

text: Socioeconomic impacts[edit]

text: The transition from traditional agriculture, in which inputs were generated on-farm, to Green Revolution agriculture, which required the purchase of inputs, led to the widespread establishment of rural credit institutions. Smaller farmers often went into debt, which in many cases results in a loss of their farmland.[23][67] The increased level of mechanization on larger farms made possible by the Green Revolution removed a large source of employment from the rural economy.[23] Because wealthier farmers had better access to credit and land, the Green Revolution increased class disparities, with the rich–poor gap widening as a result. Because some regions were able to adopt Green Revolution agriculture more readily than others (for political or geographical reasons), interregional economic disparities increased as well. Many small farmers are hurt by the dropping prices resulting from increased production overall.[citation needed] However, large-scale farming companies only account for less than 10% of the total farming capacity. This is a criticism held by many small producers in the food sovereignty movement.

text: The new economic difficulties of small holder farmers and landless farm workers led to increased rural-urban migration. The increase in food production led to a cheaper food for urban dwellers, and the increase in urban population increased the potential for industrialization.[citation needed]

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: Biodiversity[edit]

text: The spread of Green Revolution agriculture affected both agricultural biodiversity (or agrodiversity) and wild biodiversity.[61] There is little disagreement that the Green Revolution acted to reduce agricultural biodiversity, as it relied on just a few high-yield varieties of each crop.

text: This has led to concerns about the susceptibility of a food supply to pathogens that cannot be controlled by agrochemicals, as well as the permanent loss of many valuable genetic traits bred into traditional varieties over thousands of years. To address these concerns, massive seed banks such as Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research’s (CGIAR) International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (now Bioversity International) have been established (see Svalbard Global Seed Vault).

text: There are varying opinions about the effect of the Green Revolution on wild biodiversity. One hypothesis speculates that by increasing production per unit of land area, agriculture will not need to expand into new, uncultivated areas to feed a growing human population.[68] However, land degradation and soil nutrients depletion have forced farmers to clear up formerly forested areas in order to keep up with production.[69] A counter-hypothesis speculates that biodiversity was sacrificed because traditional systems of agriculture that were displaced sometimes incorporated practices to preserve wild biodiversity, and because the Green Revolution expanded agricultural development into new areas where it was once unprofitable or too arid. For example, the development of wheat varieties tolerant to acid soil conditions with high aluminium content, permitted the introduction of agriculture in sensitive Brazilian ecosystems such as Cerrado semi-humid tropical savanna and Amazon rainforest in the geoeconomic macroregions of Centro-Sul and Amazônia.[68] Before the Green Revolution, other Brazilian ecosystems were also significantly damaged by human activity, such as the once 1st or 2nd main contributor to Brazilian megadiversity Atlantic Rainforest (above 85% of deforestation in the 1980s, about 95% after the 2010s) and the important xeric shrublands called Caatinga mainly in Northeastern Brazil (about 40% in the 1980s, about 50% after the 2010s — deforestation of the Caatinga biome is generally associated with greater risks of desertification). This also caused many animal species to suffer due to their damaged habitats.

text: Nevertheless, the world community has clearly acknowledged the negative aspects of agricultural expansion as the 1992 Rio Treaty, signed by 189 nations, has generated numerous national Biodiversity Action Plans which assign significant biodiversity loss to agriculture's expansion into new domains.

text: The Green Revolution has been criticized for an agricultural model which relied on a few staple and market profitable crops, and pursuing a model which limited the biodiversity of Mexico. One of the critics against these techniques and the Green Revolution as a whole was Carl O. Sauer, a geography professor at the University of California, Berkeley. According to Sauer these techniques of plant breeding would result in negative effects on the country's resources, and the culture:

text: "A good aggressive bunch of American agronomists and plant breeders could ruin the native resources for good and all by pushing their American commercial stocks… And Mexican agriculture cannot be pointed toward standardization on a few commercial types without upsetting native economy and culture hopelessly... Unless the Americans understand that, they'd better keep out of this country entirely. That must be approached from an appreciation of native economies as being basically sound".[70]

text: Greenhouse gas emissions[edit]

text: According to a study published in 2013 in PNAS, in the absence of the crop germplasm improvement associated with the Green Revolution, greenhouse gas emissions would have been 5.2-7.4 Gt higher than observed in 1965–2004.[71] High yield agriculture has dramatic effects on the amount of carbon cycling in the atmosphere. The way in which farms are grown, in tandem with the seasonal carbon cycling of various crops, could alter the impact carbon in the atmosphere has on global warming. Wheat, rice, and soybean crops account for a significant amount of the increase in carbon in the atmosphere over the last 50 years.[72]

text: Dependence on non-renewable resources[edit]

text: Most high intensity agricultural production is highly reliant on non-renewable resources. Agricultural machinery and transport, as well as the production of pesticides and nitrates all depend on fossil fuels.[73] Moreover, the essential mineral nutrient phosphorus is often a limiting factor in crop cultivation, while phosphorus mines are rapidly being depleted worldwide.[74] The failure to depart from these non-sustainable agricultural production methods could potentially lead to a large scale collapse of the current system of intensive food production within this century.

text: Health impact[edit]

text: The consumption of the pesticides used to kill pests by humans in some cases may be increasing the likelihood of cancer in some of the rural villages using them.[75] Poor farming practices including non-compliance to usage of masks and over-usage of the chemicals compound this situation.[75] In 1989, WHO and UNEP estimated that there were around 1 million human pesticide poisonings annually. Some 20,000 (mostly in developing countries) ended in death, as a result of poor labeling, loose safety standards etc.[76]

text: Pesticides and cancer[edit]

text: Contradictory epidemiologic studies in humans have linked phenoxy acid herbicides or contaminants in them with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and malignant lymphoma, organochlorine insecticides with STS, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), leukemia, and, less consistently, with cancers of the lung and breast, organophosphorous compounds with NHL and leukemia, and triazine herbicides with ovarian cancer.[77][78]

text: Punjab case[edit]

text: The Indian state of Punjab pioneered green revolution among the other states transforming India into a food-surplus country.[79] The state is witnessing serious consequences of intensive farming using chemicals and pesticides. A comprehensive study conducted by Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER) has underlined the direct relationship between indiscriminate use of these chemicals and increased incidence of cancer in this region.[80] An increase in the number of cancer cases has been reported in several villages including Jhariwala, Koharwala, Puckka, Bhimawali, and Khara.[80]

text: Environmental activist Vandana Shiva has written extensively about the social, political and economic impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab. She claims that the Green Revolution's reliance on heavy use of chemical inputs and monocultures has resulted in water scarcity, vulnerability to pests, and incidents of violent conflict and social marginalization.[81]

text: A Greenpeace Research Laboratories investigation of 50 villages in Muktsar, Bathinda and Ludhiana districts revealed that twenty percent of the sampled wells had nitrate levels above WHO limits for drinking water. The 2009 study linked the nitrate pollution with high use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.[82]

text: Norman Borlaug's response to criticism[edit]

text: Borlaug dismissed certain claims of critics, but also cautioned, "There are no miracles in agricultural production. Nor is there such a thing as a miracle variety of wheat, rice, or maize which can serve as an elixir to cure all ills of a stagnant, traditional agriculture."[83]

text: Of environmental lobbyists, he said:

text: "some of the environmental lobbyists of the Western nations are the salt of the earth, but many of them are elitists. They've never experienced the physical sensation of hunger. They do their lobbying from comfortable office suites in Washington or Brussels...If they lived just one month amid the misery of the developing world, as I have for fifty years, they'd be crying out for tractors and fertilizer and irrigation canals and be outraged that fashionable elitists back home were trying to deny them these things".[84]

text: The New Green Revolution[edit]

text: Although the Green Revolution has been able to improve agricultural output in some regions in the world, there was and is still room for improvement. As a result, many organizations continue to invent new ways to improve the techniques already used in the Green Revolution. Frequently quoted inventions are the System of Rice Intensification,[85] marker-assisted selection,[86] agroecology,[87] and applying existing technologies to agricultural problems of the developing world.[88]