document_title: List of stock market crashes and bear markets

question_text: when was the last time stock market crashed

text: Table[edit]

tag: p

text:
Name
Date
Country
Causes
Ref

Kipper und Wipper
000000001623-01-01-00001623

A financial crisis caused by debased (fraudulent) foreign coins minted in the Holy Roman Empire from 1621–1623, done to raise funds at the start of the Thirty Years' War
[1]

Tulip mania Bubble
000000001637-01-01-00001637

A bubble (1633–37) in the Netherlands during which contracts for bulbs of tulips reached extraordinarily high prices, and suddenly collapsed
[2]

The Mississippi Bubble
000000001720-01-01-00001720

Banque Royale by John Law stopped payments of its note in exchange for specie and as result caused economic collapse in France.

South Sea Bubble of 1720
000000001720-01-01-00001720

Affected early European stock markets, during early days of chartered joint stock companies

Bengal Bubble of 1769
000000001769-01-01-00001769

Primarily caused by the British East India Company, whose shares fell from £276 in December 1768 to £122 in 1784

Credit crisis of 1772
000000001772-01-01-00001772

Financial Crisis of 1791–92
000000001791-01-01-00001791

Shares of First bank of US boom and bust in Aug and Sept 1791. Groundwork of Alexander Hamilton's cooperation with the Bank of New York to end this event would be crucial in ending the Panic of 1792 next year.

Panic of 1796–97
000000001796-01-01-00001796

A series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets led to broader commercial downturns in Great Britain and the United States.

Panic of 1819
000000001819-01-01-00001819

Panic of 1825
000000001825-01-01-00001825

Panic of 1837
000000001837-05-10-000010 May 1837

Panic of 1847
000000001847-01-01-00001847

Panic of 1857
000000001857-01-01-00001857

Panic of 1866
000000001866-01-01-00001866

Black Friday
000000001869-09-24-000024 Sep 1869

Panic of 1873
000000001873-05-09-00009 May 1873

Initiated the Long Depression in the United States and much of Europe

Paris Bourse crash of 1882
000000001882-01-19-000019 Jan 1882

Panic of 1884
000000001884-01-01-00001884

Encilhamento
000000001890-01-01-00001890

Lasting 3 years, 1890–1893, a boom and bust process that boomed in late 1880s and burst on early 1890s, causing a collapse in the Brazilian economy and aggravating an already unstable political situation.
[3] [4] [5] [6]

Panic of 1893
000000001893-01-01-00001893

Panic of 1896
000000001896-01-01-00001896

Panic of 1901
000000001901-05-17-000017 May 1901

Lasting 3 years, the market was spooked by the assassination of President McKinley in 1901, coupled with a severe drought later the same year.

Panic of 1907
000000001907-10-01-0000Oct 1907

Lasting over a year, markets took fright after U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt had threatened to rein in the monopolies that flourished in various industrial sectors, notably railways.

Wall Street Crash of 1929
000000001929-10-24-000024 Oct 1929

Lasting over 4 years, the bursting of the speculative bubble in shares led to further selling as people who had borrowed money to buy shares had to cash them in, when their loans were called in. Also called the Great Crash or the Wall Street Crash, leading to the Great Depression.

Recession of 1937–38
000000001937-01-01-00001937

Lasting around a year, this share price fall was triggered by an economic recession within the Great Depression and doubts about the effectiveness of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policy.

Kennedy Slide of 1962
000000001962-05-28-000028 May 1962

Also known as the 'Flash Crash of 1962'
[7]

Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971
000000001971-07-01-0000July 1971

Lasting through the 1970s and early-1980s, this was the end of a boom that started in 1969, compounded by the 1970s energy crisis coupled with early 1980s Latin American debt crisis.
[8] [9] [10]

1973–74 stock market crash
000000001973-01-01-0000Jan 1973

Lasting 23 months, dramatic rise in oil prices, the miners' strike and the downfall of the Heath government.

Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash
000000001982-08-01-0000Aug 1982

Black Monday
000000001987-10-19-000019 Oct 1987

Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash
000000001989-06-01-0000June 1989

Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash, due to its weak internal controls and absence of credit discipline, that led to its collapse, and of which it never recovered
[11] [12] [13]

Friday the 13th mini-crash
000000001989-10-13-000013 Oct 1989

Failed leveraged buyout of United Airlines causes crash

Early 1990s recession
000000001990-07-01-0000July 1990

Iraq invaded Kuwait in July 1990, causing oil prices to increase. The Dow dropped 18% in three months, from 2,911.63 on July 3 to 2,381.99 on October 16,1990. This recession lasted approximately 8 months.

Japanese asset price bubble
000000001991-01-01-00001991

Lasting approximately twenty years, through at least the end of 2011, share and property price bubble bursts and turns into a long deflationary recession. Some of the key economic events during the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble include the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the Dot-com bubble. In addition, more recent economic events, such as the late-2000s financial crisis and August 2011 stock markets fall have prolonged this period.

Black Wednesday
000000001992-09-16-000016 Sep 1992

The Conservative government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after they were unable to keep sterling above its agreed lower limit.

1997 Asian financial crisis
000000001997-07-02-00002 July 1997

Investors deserted emerging Asian shares, including an overheated Hong Kong stock market. Crashes occur in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Philippines, and elsewhere, reaching a climax in the October 27, 1997 mini-crash.

October 27, 1997, mini-crash
000000001997-10-27-000027 Oct 1997

Global stock market crash that was caused by an economic crisis in Asia.

1998 Russian financial crisis
000000001998-08-17-000017 Aug 1998

The Russian government devalues the ruble, defaults on domestic debt, and declares a moratorium on payment to foreign creditors.

Dot-com bubble
000000002000-03-10-000010 March 2000

Collapse of a technology bubble.

Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks
000000002001-09-11-000011 Sep 2001

The September 11 attacks caused global stock markets to drop sharply. The attacks themselves caused approximately $40 billion in insurance losses, making it one of the largest insured events ever. See world economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks.

Stock market downturn of 2002
000000002002-10-09-00009 Oct 2002

Downturn in stock prices during 2002 in stock exchanges across the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. After recovering from lows reached following the September 11 attacks, indices slid steadily starting in March 2002, with dramatic declines in July and September leading to lows last reached in 1997 and 1998. See stock market downturn of 2002.

Chinese stock bubble of 2007
000000002007-02-27-000027 Feb 2007

The SSE Composite Index of the Shanghai Stock Exchange tumbles 9% from unexpected selloffs, the largest drop in 10 years, triggering major drops in worldwide stock markets.
[14] [15] [16]

United States bear market of 2007–09
000000002007-10-11-000011 Oct 2007

Till June 2009, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Nasdaq Composite and S&P 500 all experienced declines of greater than 20% from their peaks in late 2007.
[17] [18]

Financial crisis of 2007–08
000000002008-09-16-000016 Sep 2008

On September 16, 2008, failures of large financial institutions in the United States, due primarily to exposure of securities of packaged subprime loans and credit default swaps issued to insure these loans and their issuers, rapidly devolved into a global crisis resulting in a number of bank failures in Europe and sharp reductions in the value of equities (stock) and commodities worldwide. The failure of banks in Iceland resulted in a devaluation of the Icelandic króna and threatened the government with bankruptcy. Iceland was able to secure an emergency loan from the IMF in November. Later on, U.S. President George W. Bush signs the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to purchase failing bank assets. Had disastrous effects on the world economy along with world trade.
[19] [20]

2009 Dubai debt standstill
000000002009-11-27-000027 Nov 2009

Dubai requests a debt deferment following its massive renovation and development projects, as well as the Great Recession. The announcement causes global stock markets to drop.
[21]

European sovereign debt crisis
000000002010-04-27-000027 April 2010

Standard & Poor's downgrades Greece's sovereign credit rating to junk four days after the activation of a €45-billion EU–IMF bailout, triggering the decline of stock markets worldwide and of the Euro's value, and furthering a European sovereign debt crisis.
[22] [23] [24]

2010 Flash Crash
000000002010-05-06-00006 May 2010

The Dow Jones Industrial Average suffers its worst intra-day point loss, dropping nearly 1,000 points before partially recovering.
[25]

August 2011 stock markets fall
000000002011-08-01-00001 Aug 2011

S&P 500 entered a short-lived bear market between 02nd May 2011 (intraday high: 1,370.58) and 04th October 2011 (intraday low: 1,074.77), a decline of 21.58%. The stock market rebounded thereafter and ended the year flat.

2015–16 Chinese stock market crash
000000002015-06-12-000012 June 2015

China stock market crash starts in June and continues into July and August. In January 2016, Chinese stock market experiences a steep sell-off which sets off a global rout.
[26] [27] [28] [29] [30]

2015–16 stock market selloff
000000002015-08-18-000018 August 2015

The Dow Jones fell 588 points during a two-day period, 1,300 points from August 18–21. On Monday, August 24, world stock markets were down substantially, wiping out all gains made in 2015, with interlinked drops in commodities such as oil, which hit a six-year price low, copper, and most of Asian currencies, but the Japanese yen, losing value against the United States dollar. With this plunge, an estimated ten trillion dollars had been wiped off the books on global markets since June 3.
[31] [32] [33]


document_title: Fiddler on the Roof

question_text: who sings far from the home i love in fiddler on the roof

root

text: Fiddler on the Roof

text: Background[edit]

text: Fiddler on the Roof is based on Tevye and his Daughters (or Tevye the Dairyman), a series of stories by Sholem Aleichem that he wrote in Yiddish between 1894 and 1914 about Jewish life in a village in the Pale of Settlement of Imperial Russia at the turn of the 20th century. It is also influenced by Life Is with People, by Mark Zborowski and Elizabeth Herzog.[2] Aleichem wrote a dramatic adaptation of the stories that he left unfinished at his death, but which was produced in Yiddish in 1919 by the Yiddish Art Theater and made into a film in the 1930s. In the late 1950s, a musical based on the stories, called Tevye and his Daughters, was produced Off-Broadway by Arnold Perl.[3] Rodgers and Hammerstein and then Mike Todd briefly considered bringing this musical to Broadway but dropped the idea.[4]

text: Investors and some in the media worried that Fiddler on the Roof might be considered "too Jewish" to attract mainstream audiences. Other critics considered that it was too culturally sanitized, "middlebrow" and superficial; Philip Roth, writing in The New Yorker, called it shtetl kitsch. For example, it portrays the local Russian officer as sympathetic, instead of brutal and cruel, as Sholom Aleichem had described him. Aleichem's stories ended with Tevye alone, his wife dead and his daughters scattered; at the end of Fiddler, the family members are alive, and most are emigrating together to America.[3][4] The show found the right balance for its time, even if not entirely authentic, to become "one of the first popular post-Holocaust depictions of the vanished world of Eastern European Jewry".[3] Harold Prince replaced the original producer Fred Coe and brought in director/choreographer Jerome Robbins.[5] The writers and Robbins considered naming the musical Tevye, before landing on a title suggested by various paintings by Marc Chagall that also inspired the original set design. Contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting".[6] During rehearsals, one of the stars, Jewish actor Zero Mostel, feuded with Robbins, whom he held in contempt because Robbins had testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee and hid his Jewish heritage from the public. Other cast members also had run-ins with Robbins, who reportedly "abused the cast, drove the designers crazy [and] strained the good nature of Hal Prince".[4]

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Act I[edit]

text: Tevye, a poor Jewish milkman with five daughters, explains the customs of the Jews in the Russian shtetl of Anatevka in 1905, where their lives are as precarious as the perch of a fiddler on a roof ("Tradition"). At Tevye's home, everyone is busy preparing for the Sabbath meal. His sharp-tongued wife, Golde, orders their daughters, Tzeitel, Hodel, Chava, Shprintze and Bielke, about their tasks. Yente, the village matchmaker, arrives to tell Golde that Lazar Wolf, the wealthy butcher, a widower older than Tevye, wants to wed Tzeitel, the eldest daughter. The next two daughters, Hodel and Chava, are excited about Yente's visit, but Tzeitel is unenthusiastic ("Matchmaker, Matchmaker"). A girl from a poor family must take whatever husband Yente brings, but Tzeitel wants to marry her childhood friend, Motel the tailor.

text: Tevye is delivering milk, pulling the cart himself, as his horse is lame. He asks God: Whom would it hurt "If I Were a Rich Man"? Avram, the bookseller, has news from the outside world about pogroms and expulsions. A stranger, Perchik, hears their conversation and scolds them for doing nothing more than talk. The men dismiss Perchik as a radical, but Tevye invites him home for the Sabbath meal and offers him food and a room in exchange for tutoring his two youngest daughters. Golde tells Tevye to meet Lazar after the Sabbath but does not tell him why, knowing that Tevye does not like Lazar. Tzeitel is afraid that Yente will find her a husband before Motel asks Tevye for her hand. But Motel resists: he is afraid of Tevye's temper, and tradition says that a matchmaker arranges marriages. Motel is also very poor and is saving up to buy a sewing machine before he approaches Tevye, to show that he can support a wife. The family gathers for the "Sabbath Prayer."

text: After the Sabbath, Tevye meets Lazar at Mordcha's inn, assuming mistakenly that Lazar wants to buy his cow. Once the misunderstanding is cleared up, Tevye agrees to let Lazar marry Tzeitel – with a rich butcher, his daughter will never want for anything. All join in the celebration of Lazar's good fortune; even the Russian youths at the inn join in the celebration and show off their dancing skills ("To Life"). Outside the inn, Tevye happens upon the Russian Constable, who has jurisdiction over the Jews in the town. The Constable warns him that there is going to be a "little unofficial demonstration" in the coming weeks (a euphemism for a minor pogrom). The Constable has sympathy for the Jewish community but is powerless to prevent the violence.

text: The next morning, after Perchik's lessons with her young sisters, Tevye's second daughter Hodel mocks Perchik's Marxist interpretation of a Bible story. He, in turn, criticizes her for hanging on to the old traditions of Judaism, noting that the world is changing. To illustrate this, he dances with her, defying the prohibition against opposite sexes dancing together. The two begin to fall in love. Later, a hungover Tevye announces that he has agreed that Tzeitel will marry Lazar Wolf. Golde is overjoyed, but Tzeitel is devastated and begs Tevye not to force her. Motel arrives and tells Tevye that he is the perfect match for Tzeitel and that he and Tzeitel gave each other a pledge to marry. He promises that Tzeitel will not starve as his wife. Tevye is stunned and outraged at this breach of tradition, but impressed at the timid tailor's display of backbone. After some soul-searching ("Tevye's Monologue"), Tevye agrees to let them marry, but he worries about how to break the news to Golde. An overjoyed Motel celebrates with Tzeitel ("Miracle of Miracles").

text: In bed with Golde, Tevye pretends to be waking from a nightmare. Golde offers to interpret his dream, and Tevye "describes" it ("Tevye's Dream"). Golde's grandmother Tzeitel returns from the grave to bless the marriage of her namesake, but to Motel, not to Lazar Wolf. Lazar's formidable late wife, Fruma-Sarah, rises from her grave to warn, in graphic terms, of severe retribution if Tzeitel marries Lazar. The superstitious Golde is terrified, and she quickly counsels that Tzeitel must marry Motel. While returning from town, Tevye's third daughter, the bookish Chava, is teased and intimidated by some gentile youths. One, Fyedka, protects her, dismissing the others. He offers Chava the loan of a book, and a secret relationship begins.

text: The wedding day of Tzeitel and Motel arrives, and all the Jews join the ceremony ("Sunrise, Sunset") and the celebration ("The Wedding Dance"). Lazar gives a fine gift, but an argument arises with Tevye over the broken agreement. Perchik ends the tiff by breaking another tradition: he crosses the barrier between the men and women to dance with Tevye's daughter Hodel. The celebration ends abruptly when a group of Russians rides into the village to perform the "demonstration". They disrupt the party, damaging the wedding gifts and wounding Perchik, who attempts to fight back, and wreak more destruction in the village. Tevye instructs his family to clean up the mess.

text: Act II[edit]

text: Months later, Perchik tells Hodel he must return to Kiev to work for the revolution. He proposes marriage, admitting that he loves her, and says that he will send for her. She agrees ("Now I Have Everything"). They tell Tevye that they are engaged, and he is appalled that they are flouting tradition by making their own match, especially as Perchik is leaving. When he forbids the marriage, Perchik and Hodel inform him that they do not seek his permission, only his blessing. After more soul searching, Tevye relents – the world is changing, and he must change with it ("Tevye's Rebuttal"). He informs the young couple that he gives them his blessing and his permission.

text: Tevye explains these events to an astonished Golde. "Love," he says, "it's the new style." Tevye asks Golde, despite their own arranged marriage, "Do You Love Me?" After dismissing Tevye's question as foolish, she eventually admits that, after 25 years of living and struggling together and raising five daughters, she does. Meanwhile, Yente tells Tzeitel that she saw Chava with Fyedka. News spreads quickly in Anatevka that Perchik has been arrested and exiled to Siberia ("The Rumor/I Just Heard"), and Hodel is determined to join him there. At the railway station, she explains to her father that her home is with her beloved, wherever he may be, although she will always love her family ("Far From the Home I Love").

text: Time passes. Motel has purchased a used sewing machine, and he and Tzeitel have had a baby. Chava finally gathers the courage to ask Tevye to allow her marriage to Fyedka. Again Tevye reaches deep into his soul, but marriage outside the Jewish faith is a line he will not cross. He forbids Chava to speak to Fyedka again. When Golde brings news that Chava has eloped with Fyedka, Tevye wonders where he went wrong ("Chavaleh Sequence"). Chava returns and tries to reason with him, but he refuses to speak to her and tells the rest of the family to consider her dead. Meanwhile, rumors are spreading of the Russians expelling Jews from their villages. While the villagers are gathered, the Constable arrives to tell everyone that they have three days to pack up and leave the town. In shock, they reminisce about "Anatevka" and how hard it will be to leave what has been their home for so long.

text: As the Jews leave Anatevka, Chava and Fyedka stop to tell her family that they are also leaving for Kraków, unwilling to remain among the people who could do such things to others. Tevye still will not talk to her, but when Tzeitel says goodbye to Chava, Tevye prompts her to add "God be with you." Motel and Tzeitel go to Poland as well but will join the rest of the family when they have saved up enough money. As Tevye, Golde and their two youngest daughters leave the village for America, the fiddler begins to play. Tevye beckons with a nod, and the fiddler follows them out of the village.

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
Act I

"Prologue: Tradition" – Tevye and the Company
"Matchmaker, Matchmaker" – Tzeitel, Hodel and Chava
"If I Were a Rich Man" – Tevye
"Sabbath Prayer" – Tevye, Golde and the Company
"To Life" – Tevye, Lazar Wolf and the Company
"Tevye's Monologue" – Tevye
"Miracle of Miracles" – Motel
"Tevye's Dream" – Tevye, Golde, Grandma Tzeitel, Fruma-Sarah
and the Company
"Sunrise, Sunset" – Tevye, Golde, Perchik, Hodel and the Company
"The Bottle Dance" – Instrumental

Act II

"Entr'acte" – Orchestra
"Now I Have Everything" – Perchik and Hodel
"Tevye's Rebuttal" – Tevye
"Do You Love Me?" – Tevye and Golde
"The Rumor/I Just Heard" – Yente and villagers§
"Far From the Home I Love" – Hodel
"Chavaleh (Little Bird)" – Tevye
"Anatevka" – The Company

tag: table

text: § The 2004 revival featured a song for Yente and some women of the village (Rivka and Mirala) titled "Topsy Turvy", discussing the disappearing role of the matchmaker in society. The number replaced "The Rumor/I Just Heard".

text: Principal characters[edit]

text: All of the characters are Jewish, except as noted:

text:
Tevye, a poor milkman with five daughters. A firm supporter of the traditions of his faith, he finds many of his convictions tested by the actions of his three oldest daughters.
Golde, Tevye's sharp-tongued wife.
Tzeitel, their oldest daughter, about nineteen. She loves her childhood friend Motel and marries him, even though he's poor, begging her father not to force her to marry Lazar Wolf.
Hodel, their daughter, about seventeen. Intelligent and spirited, she falls in love with Perchik and later joins him in Siberia.
Chava, their daughter, about fifteen. A shy book lover, who falls in love with Fyedka.
Shprintze, their daughter, about twelve.
Bielke, their youngest daughter, about nine.
Motel Kamzoil, a poor but hardworking tailor who loves, and later marries, Tzeitel.
Perchik, a scholar and Bolshevik revolutionary who comes to Anatevka and falls in love with Hodel. He leaves for Kiev and is exiled to Siberia.
Fyedka, a young Christian man. He shares Chava's passion for reading and is outraged by the Russians' treatment of the Jews.
Lazar Wolf, the wealthy village butcher. Widower of Fruma-Sarah. Attempts to arrange a marriage for himself to Tzeitel.
Yente, the gossipy village matchmaker who matches Tzeitel and Lazar.
Fruma-Sarah, Lazar Wolf's dead wife, who rises from the grave in Tevye's "nightmare".
Grandma Tzeitel, Golde's dead grandmother, also featured in the "nightmare".
Mordcha, the innkeeper.
Rabbi, the wise village rabbi.
Constable, a Christian man; the head of the local Russian police.

tag: ul

text: Productions[edit]

text: Original productions[edit]

text: Following its tryout at Detroit's Fisher Theatre in July and August 1964,[7] then Washington in August to September,[8] the original Broadway production opened on September 22, 1964, at the Imperial Theatre, transferred in 1967 to the Majestic Theatre and in 1970 to The Broadway Theatre, and ran for a record-setting total of 3,242 performances.[9] The production was directed and choreographed by Robbins – his last original Broadway staging.[10] The set, designed in the style of Marc Chagall's paintings, was by Boris Aronson.[11] A colorful logo for the production, also inspired by Chagall's work, was designed by Tom Morrow. Chagall reportedly did not like the musical.[4]

text: The cast included Zero Mostel as Tevye the milkman, Maria Karnilova as his wife Golde (each of whom won a Tony for their performances), Beatrice Arthur as Yente the matchmaker, Austin Pendleton as Motel, Bert Convy as Perchik the student revolutionary, Gino Conforti as the fiddler, and Julia Migenes as Hodel. Mostel ad-libbed increasingly as the run went on, "which drove the authors up the wall."[9] Joanna Merlin originated the role of Tzeitel, which was later assumed by Bette Midler during the original run. Carol Sawyer was Fruma Sarah, Adrienne Barbeau took a turn as Hodel, and Pia Zadora played the youngest daughter, Bielke. Both Peg Murray and Dolores Wilson made extended appearances as Golde, while other stage actors who have played Tevye include Herschel Bernardi, Theodore Bikel and Harry Goz (in the original Broadway run), and Leonard Nimoy. Mostel's understudy in the original production, Paul Lipson, went on to appear as Tevye in more performances than any other actor (until Chaim Topol), clocking over 2,000 performances in the role in the original run and several revivals.[12] Florence Stanley took over the role of Yente nine months into the run.[13] The production earned $1,574 for every dollar invested in it.[14] It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, book, direction and choreography, and acting awards for Mostel and Karnilova.[9]

text: The original London West End production opened on February 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre and played for 2,030 performances.[15] It starred Topol as Tevye, a role he had previously played in Tel Aviv, and Miriam Karlin as Golde. Alfie Bass, Lex Goudsmit and Barry Martin eventually took over as Tevye.[citation needed] Topol later played Tevye in the 1971 film adaptation, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award, and in several revivals over the next four decades.[16] The show was revived in London for short seasons in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre and in 1994 at the London Palladium.[citation needed]

text: Broadway revivals[edit]

text: The first Broadway revival opened on December 28, 1976, and ran for 176 performances at the Winter Garden Theatre. Zero Mostel starred as Tevye. Robbins directed and choreographed. A second Broadway revival opened on July 9, 1981, and played for a limited run (53 performances) at Lincoln Center's New York State Theater. It starred Herschel Bernardi as Tevye and Karnilova as Golde. Other cast members included Liz Larsen, Fyvush Finkel, Lawrence Leritz and Paul Lipson. Robbins directed and choreographed. The third Broadway revival opened on November 18, 1990, and ran for 241 performances at the George Gershwin Theatre. Topol starred as Tevye, and Marcia Lewis was Golde. Robbins' production was reproduced by Ruth Mitchell and choreographer Sammy Dallas Bayes. The production won the Tony Award for Best Revival.

text: A fourth Broadway revival opened on February 26, 2004, and ran for 36 previews and 781 performances at the Minskoff Theatre. Alfred Molina, and later Harvey Fierstein, starred as Tevye, and Randy Graff, and later Andrea Martin and Rosie O'Donnell, was Golde. Barbara Barrie and later Nancy Opel played Yente, Laura Michelle Kelly played Hodel and Lea Michele played Sprintze.[17] It was directed by David Leveaux. This production replaced Yente's song "The Rumor" with a song for Yente and two other women called "Topsy-Turvy". The production was nominated for six Tonys but did not win any. In June 2014, to celebrate the show's 50th anniversary, a gala celebration and reunion was held at The Town Hall in New York City to benefit The National Yiddish Theatre – Folksbiene, with appearances by many of the cast members of the various Broadway productions and the 1971 film.[8]

text: The fifth Broadway revival began previews on November 20 and opened on December 20, 2015 at the Broadway Theatre, with concept and choreography based on the original by Jerome Robbins. Bartlett Sher directed, and Hofesh Shechter choreographed. The cast starred Danny Burstein as Tevye, with Jessica Hecht as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Tzeitel, Adam Kantor as Motel, Ben Rappaport as Perchik, Samantha Massell as Hodel and Melanie Moore as Chava. Judy Kuhn replaced Hecht as Golde on November 22, 2016, for the last five weeks of the run.[18] Designers include Michael Yeargan (sets), Catherine Zuber (costumes) and Donald Holder (lighting).[19] Initial reviews were mostly positive, finding Burstein and the show touching.[20] The production was nominated for three Tony Awards but won none. It closed on December 31, 2016 after 463 performances.[21]

text: London revivals[edit]

text: Fiddler was first revived in London in 1983 at the Apollo Victoria Theatre (a four-month season starring Topol) and again in 1994 at the London Palladium for two months and then on tour, again starring Topol, and directed and choreographed by Sammy Dallas Bayes, recreating the Robbins production.[22]

text: After a two-month tryout at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England, a London revival opened on May 19, 2007, at the Savoy Theatre starring Henry Goodman as Tevye, Beverley Klein as Golde, Alexandra Silber as Hodel, Damian Humbley as Perchik and Victor McGuire as Lazar Wolf. The production was directed by Lindsay Posner. Robbins' choreography was recreated by Sammy Dallas Bayes (who did the same for the 1990 Broadway revival), with additional choreography by Kate Flatt.[23]

text: UK tours[edit]

text: A 2003 national tour played for seven months, with a radical design, directed by Julian Woolford and choreographed by Chris Hocking. The production's minimalist set and costumes were monochromatic, and Fruma-Sarah was represented by a 12-foot puppet. This production was revived in 2008 starring Joe McGann.[24]

text: The show toured the UK again in 2013 and 2014 starring Paul Michael Glaser as Tevye with direction and choreography by Craig Revel Horwood.[25]

text: Australian productions[edit]

text: The original Australian production opened on June 16, 1967, at Her Majesty's Theatre in Sydney. It starred Hayes Gordon as Tevye and Brigid Lenihan as Golde.[26] The production ran for two years.[27] The first professional revival tour was staged by the Australian Opera in 1984 with Gordon again playing Tevye. A young Anthony Warlow played Fyedka.[28]

text: For two years, beginning in 2005, Topol recreated his role as Tevye in an Australian production, with seasons in Sydney,[29] Brisbane,[30] Melbourne,[31] Perth, Wellington and Auckland.[32] The musical was revived in Melbourne in December 2015 with Anthony Warlow as Tevye, Sigrid Thornton as Golde and Lior as Motel. The production is scheduled to move to Sydney in March 2016.[33]

text: US tours[edit]

text: Topol in 'Fiddler on the Roof': The Farewell Tour opened on January 20, 2009, in Wilmington, Delaware. Topol left the tour in November 2009 due to torn muscles in his arms. He was replaced by Harvey Fierstein.[34]

text: International and amateur productions[edit]

text: The musical was an international hit, with early productions playing throughout Europe, in South America, Africa and Australia; 100 different productions were mounted in the former West Germany in the first three decades after the musical's premiere, and within five years after the collapse of the Berlin Wall, 23 productions were staged in the former East Germany; and it was the longest-running musical ever seen in Tokyo.[35]

text: A Hebrew language staging was produced in Tel Aviv by the Israeli impresario Giora Godik in the 1960s.[36] This version was so successful that Godik soon produced a Yiddish version translated by Shraga Friedman.[37] A 2008 Hebrew language production ran at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv for more than six years. It was directed by Moshe Kepten, choreographed by Dennis Courtney and starred Natan Datner.[38][39]

text: Un violon sur le toît was produced in French at Paris's théâtre Marigny from November 1969 to May 1970, resuming from September to January 1971 (a total of 292 performances) with Ivan Rebroff as Tevye and Maria Murano as Golde. Another adaptation was produced in 2005 at the théâtre Comédia in Paris with Franck Vincent as Tevye and Isabelle Ferron as Golde.[40] The Stratford Shakespeare Festival produced the musical from April to October 2013 at the Festival Theatre directed and choreographed by Donna Feore. It starred Scott Wentworth as Tevye.[41]

text: The musical receives about 500 amateur productions a year in the US alone.[42]

text: Film adaptation and recordings[edit]

text: The film version was released in 1971, directed and produced by Norman Jewison, and Stein adapted his own book for the screenplay. The casting of Chaim Topol over Zero Mostel for the role of Tevye caused controversy at first.[citation needed] The film received mostly positive reviews from film critics[43] and became the highest-grossing film of 1971.[44] Fiddler received eight Oscar nominations, including Best Picture, Best Director for Jewison, Best Actor in a Leading Role for Topol, and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Leonard Frey (as Motel; in the original Broadway production, Frey was the rabbi's son). It won three, including best score/adaptation for arranger-conductor John Williams.[45]

text: In the film version, the character of Yente is reduced, and Perchik's song to Hodel "Now I Have Everything" is cut and replaced by a scene in Kiev. The "Chagall color palette" of the original Broadway production was exchanged for a grittier, more realistic depiction of the village of Anatevka.[46][47]

text: Theatre writer John Kenrick writes that the original Broadway cast album released by RCA Victor in 1964, "shimmers – an essential recording in any show lover's collection", praising the cast. The remastered CD includes two recordings not on the original album, the bottle dance from the wedding scene and "Rumor" performed by Beatrice Arthur. Kenrick writes that while the original Broadway cast version is the clear first choice among recordings of this musical, he also likes the Columbia Records studio cast album with Bernardi as Tevye; the film soundtrack, although he feels that the pace drags a bit; and some of the numerous foreign versions, including the Israeli, German and Japanese casts.[48]

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text: The musical's popularity has led to numerous references in popular media and elsewhere.[49] The show or its songs have been parodied and covered widely:

text: Parodies[edit]

text: Parodies relating to the show have included Antenna on the Roof (Mad Magazine #156, January 1973), which speculated about the lives of Tevye's descendants living in an assimilated 1970s suburban America.[49] The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society published a musical theatre and album parody of Fiddler on the Roof called A Shoggoth on the Roof, which incorporates the works of H. P. Lovecraft.[50] In the film Mrs. Doubtfire (1993), Robin Williams parodies "Matchmaker".[51]

text: References to the musical on television have included a 2005 episode of Gilmore Girls titled "Jews and Chinese Food", involving a production of the musical.[52] A skit by The Electric Company about a village fiddler with a fear of heights, so he is deemed "Fiddler on the Chair". In the Family Guy episode "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" (2003), William Shatner is depicted as playing Tevye in a scene from Fiddler.[53] The second episode of Muppets Tonight, in 1996, featured Garth Brooks doing a piece of "If I were a Rich Man" in which he kicks several chickens off the roof. "The Rosie Show", a 1996 episode of The Nanny, parodied the dream scene, when Mr. Sheffield fakes a dream to convince Fran not to be a regular on a TV show. A 2011 episode of NBC's Community, entitled "Competitive Wine Tasting", included a parody of Fiddler titled, "Fiddler, Please!", with an all-black cast dressed in Fiddler on the Roof costumes singing "It's Hard to Be Jewish in Russia, Yo". Chabad.org kicked off their 2008 "To Life" Telethon with a pastiche of the fiddle solo and bottle dance from the musical.[54]

text: Broadway references have included Spamalot, where a "Grail dance" sends up the "bottle dance" in Fiddler's wedding scene.[55] The Producers (2001) includes a musical number in the style of Jerry Bock that features an actual fiddler on a roof. Also in 2001, Chicago's Improv Olympic produced a well-received parody, "The Roof Is on Fiddler", that used most of the original book of the musical but replaced the songs with 1980's pop songs.[56] The original Broadway cast of the musical Avenue Q and the Broadway 2004 revival cast of Fiddler on the Roof collaborated for a Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS benefit and produced an approximately 10-minute-long show, "Avenue Jew", that incorporated characters from both shows, including puppets.

text: Covers[edit]

text: Songs from the musical have been covered by notable artists. For example, in 1964, jazz saxophonist Cannonball Adderley recorded the album Fiddler on the Roof, which featured jazz arrangements of eight songs from the musical. AllMusic awarded the album 4 stars and states "Cannonball plays near his peak; this is certainly the finest album by this particular sextet".[57] That same year, Eydie Gormé released a single of "Matchmaker".[58] In 1999, Knitting Factory Records released Knitting on the Roof, a compilation CD featuring covers of Fiddler songs by alternative bands such as The Residents, Negativland, and The Magnetic Fields.[59][60] Indie rock band Bright Eyes recorded an adaptation of "Sunrise, Sunset" on their 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors. Allmusic gave the album a favorable review,[61] and the online music magazine Pitchfork Media ranked it at number 170 on their list of top 200 albums of the 2000s.[62] In 2005, Melbourne punk band Yidcore released a reworking of the entire show called Fiddling on Ya Roof.[63]

text: Gwen Stefani and Eve covered "If I Were a Rich Man" as "Rich Girl" for Stefani's 2004 debut solo album Love. Angel. Music. Baby. in 2004. The song was inspired by the 1993 British Louchie Lou & Michie One ragga version of the same name.[64] Stefani's version reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it remained for over six months.[65] It was certified gold by the RIAA[66] and nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration.[67] It was also covered in 2008 and 2009 by the Capitol Steps, poking fun at Illinois politics, especially then-Governor Rod Blagojevich.[68] The Santa Clara Vanguard Drum and Bugle Corps performs the "Bottle Dance" from Fiddler as a "recurring trademark", including at the Drum Corps International World Championships.[69]

text: Other song versions[edit]

text: The song "Sunrise, Sunset" is often played at weddings,[citation needed] and in 2011 Sheldon Harnick wrote two versions of the song, suitable for same-sex weddings, with minor word changes. For example, for male couples, changes include "When did they grow to be so handsome".[70]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Fiddler's original Broadway production in 1964 was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning nine, including Best Musical, score, and book, and Robbins won for best direction and choreography. Mostel and Karnilova won as best leading actor and best featured actress. In 1972, the show won a special Tony on becoming the longest-running musical in Broadway history.

text: Its revivals have also been honored. At the 1981 Tony Awards, Bernardi was nominated as best actor. Ten years later, the 1991 revival won for best revival, and Topol was nominated as best actor. The 2004 revival was nominated for six Tony Awards and three Drama Desk Awards but won none. The 2007 West End revival was nominated for Olivier Awards for best revival, and Goodman was nominated as best actor.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ TIME magazine reported in its May 26, 2008, issue, p. 51, that this musical ranked as the seventh most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007.
Jump up ^ Joselit, Jenna Weissman. "Fiddler on the Roof Distorted Sholem Aleichem", The New Republic, June 7, 2014, accessed November 3, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Solomon, Alisa. "How Fiddler Became Folklore", The Jewish Daily Forward, September 1, 2006, accessed January 29, 2015
^ Jump up to: a b c d Brustein, Robert. "Fiddle Shtick", The New York Review of Books, December 18, 2014, vol. 61, No. 20, pp. 82–83
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof. Additional Facts, MTI, accessed May 6, 2010
Jump up ^ Wecker, Menachem. "Marc Chagall: The French painter who inspired the title Fiddler on the Roof", The Washington Post, October 24, 2014
Jump up ^ "Show Archive" Archived 2014-01-16 at the Wayback Machine., Broadway in Detroit, accessed January 15, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Henneberger, Melinda. "50th anniversary of Fiddler on the Roof reunites Tevye's many daughters", The Washington Post, June 14, 2014
^ Jump up to: a b c Hernandez, Ernio. "Fiddler on the Roof – 1964" Archived 2004-06-03 at the Wayback Machine., Playbill, February 26, 2004, accessed June 17, 2015
Jump up ^ He staged Jerome Robbins' Broadway, a "greatest hits" collection of some of his most famous stagings, at the Imperial Theatre on February 26, 1989, which ran for 633 performances.
Jump up ^ Rich, p. 172
Jump up ^ Gussow, Mel. "Paul Lipson, 82, Who Appeared As Tevye Over 2,000 Times". The New York Times, January 5, 1996, accessed October 19, 2015
Jump up ^ "Florence Stanley", PlaybillValult.com, accessed July 29, 2015
Jump up ^ Kantor, p. 302: "The 1960s was the decade that nurtured long-running blockbusters in unprecedented quantities: ten musicals passed the rarefied 1,000 performance mark, three of them passed the 2,000 mark (Hello, Dolly!, a Merrick smash, grossed $27 million on Broadway), and one, Fiddler on the Roof, passed the 3,000 mark, earning back $1,574 for every dollar put into it."
Jump up ^ Fiddler On The Roof, Guide to Musical Theatre, accessed July 24, 2016.
Jump up ^ Heller, Aron. "Iconic Israeli Actor Chaim Topol Reflects Upon His Long Career", Haaretz, April 21, 2015, accessed August 4, 2016; and Propst, Andy. "Harvey Fierstein Replaces Topol in Fiddler on the Roof Tour", TheaterMania.com, November 11, 2009, accessed July 24, 2016
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof (2004), IBDB database, accessed July 22, 2012
Jump up ^ Gans. Andrew. "Broadway's Fiddler on the Roof Welcomes Judy Kuhn Tonight", Playbill, November 22, 2016
Jump up ^ Simoes, Monica. "To Life! Watch Danny Burstein, Alexandra Silber and Company Give a Spirited Sneak Peek at Fiddler on the Roof", Playbill, October 15, 2015
Jump up ^ "Review Roundup: L'Chaim! Danny Burstein Leads Fiddler on the Roof Revival", broadwayworld.com, December 20, 2015
Jump up ^ Gans, Andrew. "Fiddler on the Roof Ends Broadway Run December 31", playbill.com, December 31, 2016
Jump up ^ Information on the 1994 production Archived 2007-10-14 at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Information about the 2007 London production of Fiddler on the Roof
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof Archived December 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine., Thisistheatre.com, April 27, 2015
Jump up ^ "Fiddler on the Roof official UK tour page", Music & Lyrics, accessed December 16, 2014
Jump up ^ "Hayes Gordon OBE AO 1920-1999", Live Performance Australia (2007), accessed January 1, 2016
Jump up ^ "Contrasts for opening of Australian Opera season". The Canberra Times. 58, (17,792). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 15 June 1984. p. 13. Retrieved 25 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ "'Fiddler' received with enthusiasm". The Canberra Times. 58, (17,799). Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 22 June 1984. p. 13. Retrieved 25 January 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ Nye, Monica (24 August 2005). "Topol's Model Role". The Age. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Munro-Wallis, Nigel (7 April 2006). "Fiddler on the Roof". ABC Radio Brisbane. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Chaim Topol". AusStage. 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Manning, Selwyn (10 May 2007). "Topol – Auckland Has In Its Midst A Champion". Scoop News. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
Jump up ^ Bennet, Sally. "Anthony Warlow returns to Australian stage for Fiddler on the Roof", Herald-Sun, September 12, 2015
Jump up ^ Jones, Kenneth. "Harvey Fierstein to Replace Topol in Touring Fiddler on the Roof", playbill.com, November 11, 2009
Jump up ^ Whitfield, pp. 107–108
Jump up ^ Nahshon, Edna. "Israeli Theater: The revival of the Hebrew Language" Archived 2014-11-04 at the Wayback Machine., All About Jewish Theatre, accessed January 14, 2011
Jump up ^ Almagor, Dan (translated to English by Jay Shir). "Musical Plays on the Hebrew Stage"]. All About Jewish Theater, Ariel 103 (1996), pp. 19–25
Jump up ^ "Cameri Theatre Repertoire: Fiddler on the Roof" Archived 2015-07-24 at the Wayback Machine., www.cameri.co.il, accessed July 26, 2015
Jump up ^ Kae, Helen. "Theatre Review: Fiddler On The Roof", Jerusalem Post, 2008, accessed July 26, 2015; Izso, Lauren. "L'Chaim! Fiddler on the Roof to return to Broadway", Jerusalem Post, March 10, 2014, accessed July 26, 2015
Jump up ^ Un violon sur le toît, Opérette – Théâtre Musical, accessed September 17, 2016 (in French)
Jump up ^ "Fiddler on the Roof at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival" Archived 2013-07-14 at the Wayback Machine., accessed August 30, 2013
Jump up ^ Whitfield, p. 107
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof (1971), Rottentomatoes.com, accessed August 2, 2015
Jump up ^ Tino Balio, United Artists: The Company That Changed the Film Industry, University of Wisconsin Press (1987), p. 194
Jump up ^ "The 44th Academy Awards (1972) Nominees and Winners", Oscars.org, accessed August 27, 2011
Jump up ^ Huttner, Jan Lisa. "Fiddler: Stage versus Screen", JUF.org, November 14, 2011, accessed September 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Fiddler on the Roof, AFI.com, accessed September 7, 2015
Jump up ^ Kenrick, John. "Comparative Cast CD Reviews II: Fiddler on the Roof", Musicals101.com, accessed June 5, 2016
^ Jump up to: a b Solomon, Alisa. "Tevye, Today and Beyond", Part 2 of 2, The Jewish Daily Forward, September 8, 2006, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ A Shoggoth on the Roof Archived 2012-04-15 at the Wayback Machine., H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society, March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Willistein, Paul. "Mrs. Doubtfire Offers Williams At His Best", The Morning Call, November 25, 1993, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "Episode Recap: Gilmore Girls: 'Jews and Chinese Food'", TV.com, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "When You Wish Upon a Weinstein" Archived 2014-08-09 at the Wayback Machine., San Francisco Jewish Film Festival, 2009, accessed April 3, 2012
Jump up ^ "The Amazing Bottle Dancers Kick Off the 2008 Chabad Telethon!", Bottledancers.com, 2008, accessed October 19, 2015
Jump up ^ Demers, Ben. "Monty Python’s Spamalot", DCTheatreScene.com, March 15, 2012
Jump up ^ Jones, Chris. "Parody hits the Roof", Chicago Tribune, June 28, 2001, accessed January 25, 2012
Jump up ^ Yanow, S. "Cannonball Adderley's Fiddler on the Roof", Allmusic, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Sobel, Robert. "For Eydie and Steve, It's Fun and Songs – Marriage Style", Billboard magazine, October 15, 1966, p. 18, accessed October 28, 2016
Jump up ^ Kim, Wook. "Music Review: Knitting on the Roof", Entertainment Weekly, January 7, 2000, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Layne, Joslyn. "Review: Knitting on the Roof", Allmusic, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Fevers and Mirrors, Allmusic, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ "The Top 200 Albums of the 2000s: 200–151", Pitchfork Media, September 28, 2009, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Shand, John. "Yidcore: Eighth Day Slice/Fiddlin' on Ya Roof", Sydney Morning Herald, October 20, 2005, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Ives, Brian and C. Bottomley. "Gwen Stefani: The Solo Express", VH1, MTV Networks, January 5, 2005, accessed May 22, 2007
Jump up ^ "Rich Girl – Gwen Stefani". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Retrieved October 21, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Gold & Platinum", Recording Industry Association of America, March 29, 2005, accessed
Jump up ^ "Complete list of 2006 Grammy winners", The Baltimore Sun, Tribune Company, February 9, 2006, accessed March 14, 2007
Jump up ^ Lariviere, John. "The Capitol Steps", Talkin' Broadway, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Boo, Michael. "Fanfare: Five great DCI color guard moments", Drum Corps International News, April 6, 2011, accessed March 30, 2012
Jump up ^ Jones, Arnold Wayne. "'Sunrise, Sunset' gets gay lyric", Dallas Voice, October 6, 2011, accessed August 5, 2013

tag: ol


document_title: List of The Jungle Book characters

question_text: who is mowgli's main enemy in the jungle book

question_tokens: who is mowgli 's main enemy in the jungle book

text: List of The Jungle Book characters

text: In the Mowgli stories[edit]

text:
Mowgli (मोगली Maogalī; feral child) - Also referred to as "Man Cub".
Jungle characters - The following characters reside in the jungle.

Seeonee Wolf Pack

Akela (अकेला Akēlā, "alone"; Indian wolf) - The leader of the wolf pack.
Raksha (रक्षा Rakṣā, "protection"; Indian wolf) - Also called Mother Wolf, she is Mowgli's adoptive mother

Baloo (भालू Bhālū, "bear"; Himalayan brown bear) - Mowgli's best friend. In Kipling's book, he is described as a sleepy old brown bear, who teaches Mowgli the law of the jungle.
Bagheera (बघीरा Baghīrā; بگیڑہ Bagīrah, "black panther"; black panther variety of Indian leopard) - Mowgli's mentor.
Bandar-log (बन्दर-लोग Bandar-lōg, "monkey-folks"; grey langurs) - A group of monkeys who are treated as pariahs for their scatterbrained anarchy. They kidnap the very young Mowgli, who is rescued by Bagheera, Baloo, and Kaa.
Kaa (का Kā; Indian rock python) - Mowgli's wise mentor and friend, though also feared throughout the jungle for his mesmerising "hunger dance".
Hathi (हाथी Hāthī, "Elephant"; Indian elephant) - The leader of the jungle's elephants and the individual called "The True Master of The Jungle".
Tabaqui (तंबाकूवी Taṃbākūvī; "Dish-Licking Dog"; golden jackal) - He feeds on scraps from either Shere Khan or the wolves of the Seeonee Pack. In some adaptations, he is a hyena. Tabaqui is the only friend of Shere Khan as well as Shere Khan's spy and messenger. He is killed by Grey Brother after the Grey Brother interrogates him into admitting both what Shere Khan plans to do and where and then crushes the jackal's back in "Tiger! Tiger!".
Shere Khan (शेर खान شیر خان (Śēr Khān, "Tiger King" ("Khan" is a common title of Indian Muslim lordship and royalty); Bengal tiger),[1] - A man-eating Royal Bengal Tiger who is the main villain and the archenemy of Mowgli. He is often known as "a chief among tigers" and in multiple adaptations as the one called "The King of Tigers". Despite being born with a withered leg and derisively nicknamed "Lungri" ("The Lame One") by his own mother, Shere Khan is aggressive, arrogant, self-centered, and sees himself as the rightful lord of the jungle. Tabaqui is his only friend. He has a very serious anger issue.
Chil (चील Cīl, "kite"; brahminy kite), in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, "battle") - A kite that serves as a messenger.

Human characters - The following characters are known humans.

Messua - The wife of the richest man of the human village, who decides to adopt the wild Mowgli, believing that he is their long-lost son Nathoo.
Messua's husband - An unnamed man who is the richest man of the village.
Nathoo (नत्थू Natthū) - The long-lost son of Messua and her husband, who has been snatched by a tiger.

text: Other stories[edit]

text:
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"

Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (mongoose)
Nag and Nagaina (cobras) - "Nag" is the Hindi word for "cobra."
Darzee (tailorbird) - "Darzee" means tailor in Hindi.
Chuchundra (Asian house shrew) - Called a muskrat in the story.
Karait (common krait)
The Coppersmith (coppersmith barbet)

"The White Seal"

Kotick (albino seal)
Sea Catch (northern fur seal)
Matkah (northern fur seal)
Sea Vitch (walrus)
Sea Cow (Steller's sea cow)
Burgomaster Gull (species) (same as Glaucous gull)
Limmershin, the Winter Wren

"Toomai of the Elephants"

Toomai
Kala Nag (elephant)

"Her Majesty's Servants"

Two-Tails (elephant)
Billy (battery-mule)
Vixen (a small dog)

"The Undertakers"

The Jackal (Golden jackal)
The Adjutant (Lesser adjutant stork, erroneously referred to as a crane)
Mugger of Mugger-Ghaut (Mugger crocodile)
The Gavial (Gharial) - The Mugger's cousin.

text: Disney adaptations[edit]

text: The following characters appear in the Disney adaptions:

text:
King Louie - The orangutan who leads the Bandar-log. In the 2016 film, he is a Gigantopithecus. He is voiced by Louis Prima in the first movie, Jim Cummings in TaleSpin, Jason Marsden in Season One of Jungle Cubs, Cree Summer in Season Two of Jungle Cubs, and Christopher Walken in the 2016 film.
Winifred - Colonel Hathi's wife and the mother of Hathi Jr. who serves as Hathi's second-in-command of the Jungle Patrol. She is voiced by Verna Felton in the first movie and by Kath Soucie in "Jungle Cubs."
Hathi Jr. - The baby elephant who is the son of Hathi and Winifred and is a good friend of Mowgli. He is voiced by Clint Howard in the first movie and by Jimmy Bennett in The Jungle Book 2.
Flunkey - King Louie's monkey servant and right hand-man. He is voiced by Leo De Lyon in the first film and by Jim Cummings in The Jungle Book 2.
Buzzie, Dizzy, Flaps, and Ziggy the Vultures - They are four vultures who closely resemble the Beatles because of their shaggy moptop haircuts and Liverpool accents. Buzzie resembles Ringo Starr, Dizzy resembles George Harrison, Flaps resembles Paul McCartney, and Ziggy resembles John Lennon. Their song "That's What Friends Are For" was sung in the style of a barbershop quartet instead of a Beatles song. Disney was originally going to have The Beatles voice them, but John Lennon refused the offer. Buzzie was voiced by J. Pat O'Malley in the first film and by Jim Cummings in The Jungle Book 2. Dizzy is voiced by Lord Tim Hudson in the first film and by Baron Davis in The Jungle Book 2. Flaps is voiced by Chad Stuart in the first film and by Jeff Bennett in The Jungle Book 2. Ziggy is voiced by Digby Wolfe in the first film and by Jess Harnell in The Jungle Book 2.
Shanti (named only in The Jungle Book 2) - The girl whose song "My Own Home" lured Mowgli into the Man Village in the 1967 film. Shanti later serves as his closest human friend/love interest in the sequel. Shanti is voiced by Darleen Carr in the first film and by Mae Whitman in The Jungle Book 2.
Ranjan (The Jungle Book 2) - Mowgli's adopted younger brother. He is depicted as the son of Messua and her husband. Ranjan is voiced by Connor Funk.
Lucky (The Jungle Book 2) - The vultures' friend who loves teasing Shere Kahn as seen in The Jungle Book 2. He is voiced by Phil Collins.
Rocky the Rhino - Rocky is an Indian rhinoceros. In the earlier production of the first film, Rocky was to appear in the same scene as the Vultures where he would've been voiced by Frank Fontaine. Unfortunately, his part got scrapped.[2] Rocky did appear in the 2016 film voiced by Russell Peters where he was among the animals observing the Water Truce. After telling Mowgli to watch himself after being backed into him upon being accidentally pricked by Ikki's quills, Rocky tells Raquel that Mowgli is a man-cub.
Raquel the Rhino (2016 film) - The daughter of Rocky the Rhino. She is voiced by Madeleine Favreau.
Fred the Pygmy Hog (2016 film) - A pygmy hog who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo. He was voiced by Jon Favreau.
Giant Squirrel (2016 film) - An Indian giant squirrel who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo. The Giant Squirrel was the one who supported Baloo's claim to Mowgli that the honey works to soothe the bee stings. He was voiced by Sam Raimi.
Pangolin (2016 film) - An Indian pangolin who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo. No voice actor was credited for this role.


document_title: The Theory of Everything (2014 film)

question_text: where did they film the theory of everything

text: The Theory of Everything (2014 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: At the University of Cambridge, astrophysics student Stephen Hawking begins a romantic relationship with literature student Jane Wilde. Although Stephen excels at mathematics and physics, his friends and professors are concerned over his lack of a thesis topic. After Stephen and his professor Dennis Sciama attend a lecture on black holes, Stephen speculates that black holes may have been part of the creation of the universe, and decides to write his thesis on time.

text: While pursuing his research, Stephen's muscles begin to fail, eventually causing him to fall and hit his head. He learns he has motor neurone disease; he will be unable to talk, swallow, breathe, or move most of his body; and has approximately two years to live. Stephen asks what will happen to his brain. The doctor tells Stephen that the disease will not affect it or his thoughts, but that eventually, no one will know what they are. As Stephen becomes reclusive, focusing on his work, Jane confesses she loves him. She tells Stephen's father she intends to stay with Stephen even as his condition worsens. They marry and have a son.

text: Stephen presents his thesis to the examination board, arguing that a black hole created the universe in a Big Bang, that it will emit heat, and that it will end in a Big Crunch. While celebrating with Jane and his friends, Stephen realises he cannot walk, and begins using a wheelchair.

text: After having a second child, a daughter, Stephen develops a theory about the visibility of black holes, and becomes a world-renowned physicist. Jane, focusing on the children and on Stephen's health and increasing fame, is unable to work on her own thesis and becomes frustrated. Stephen tells her he will understand if she needs help. She joins the church choir, where she meets widower Jonathan and they become close friends. She employs him as a piano teacher for her son and Jonathan befriends the entire family, helping Stephen with his illness, supporting Jane, and playing with the children.

text: When Jane gives birth to another son, Stephen's mother asks Jane if the baby is Jonathan's, which she denies. Jane sees that Jonathan overheard the conversation, and is appalled, but when they are alone, they admit their feelings for one another. Jonathan stays away from the family, but Stephen visits him, saying that Jane needs him.

text: While Jane and Jonathan take the children camping, Stephen is invited to attend an opera performance in Bordeaux, and contracts pneumonia. While in the hospital, the doctors tell Jane that Stephen needs a tracheotomy, which will leave him unable to speak. She agrees to the surgery.

text: Stephen learns to use a spelling board, and uses it to communicate with Elaine, his new nurse. He receives a computer with a built-in voice synthesiser, and uses it to write a book, A Brief History of Time, which becomes an international best-seller.

text: Stephen tells Jane that he has been invited to America to accept an award, and will be taking Elaine with him. Jane faces the realisation that her and Stephen's marriage has not been working, telling him she "did her best". Jane and Stephen agree to divorce. Stephen goes to the lecture with Elaine, the two having fallen in love, and Jane and Jonathan reunite. At the lecture, Stephen sees a student drop a pen; he imagines getting up to return it, almost crying at the reminder of how his disease has affected him. He goes on to give an inspiring speech, saying, "There should be no boundaries to human endeavour. We are all different. However bad life may seem, there is always something you can do, and succeed at. While there's life, there is hope".

text: Stephen invites Jane to meet Queen Elizabeth II with him to receive his Order of the Companions of Honour; they share a happy day together with their children, with Stephen saying "Look what we made".

text: An extended closing series comprises select moments from the film; shown in reverse, back to the moment Stephen first saw Jane. A final title sequence brings the lives of the lead characters up to date. Jane and Jonathan are happily married, and she has completed her PhD. She and Stephen remain close friends. Stephen declines a knighthood from the Queen and continues his research, with no plans to retire.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eddie Redmayne[2] as Stephen Hawking[7]
Felicity Jones[2] as Jane Hawking[7]
Charlie Cox as Jonathan Jones[7]
David Thewlis as Dennis Sciama[7]
Simon McBurney as Frank Hawking, Stephen's father[7]
Emily Watson as Beryl Wilde, Jane's mother[7]
Maxine Peake as Elaine Mason, Stephen's second wife[7]
Harry Lloyd as Brian, Hawking’s room-mate[8]
Guy Oliver-Watts as George Wilde, Jane's father
Abigail Cruttenden as Isobel Hawking, Stephen's mother
Charlotte Hope as Phillipa Hawking, Stephen's sister[7]
Lucy Chappell as Mary Hawking, Stephen's sister
Christian McKay as Roger Penrose[7]
Enzo Cilenti as Kip Thorne[7]
Georg Nikoloff as Isaak Markovich Khalatnikov
Alice Orr-Ewing as Diana King, sister of Basil King, Stephen's friend
Stephen Hawking provides his own, Equaliser-computerised voice
Frank Leboeuf as Swiss doctor[7]
Michael Marcus as Ellis, Hawking's friend

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"That's really the essence of the story, it's a very unusual love story in a very strange environment, a very strange sort of landscape, and that is I think the abiding theme of the film. It is how these two characters, these two real people transcend all the complications and curveballs that life throws at them."

—James Marsh, speaking of the film's nature[9]

tag: div

text: The title "The Theory of Everything" had been used before, inter alia, the title of a fictitious book mentioned in Andy Hamilton's 1995-2012 BBC radio series, "Old Harry's Game", a 2006 TV film, and a 2008 episode of "CSI: Crime Scene Investigation". Screenwriter Anthony McCarten had been interested in Hawking since reading his seminal book A Brief History of Time in 1988. In 2004, McCarten read Jane Hawking's memoir Travelling to Infinity: My Life with Stephen, and subsequently began writing a screenplay adaptation of the book, with no guarantees in place. He met numerous times with Jane at her home to discuss the project. After multiple drafts, he was introduced in 2009 to producer Lisa Bruce via their mutual ICM agent, Craig Bernstein.[10]

text: Bruce spent three years with McCarten, further convincing Jane Hawking to agree to a film adaptation of her book, with Bruce stating, "It was a lot of conversation, many glasses of sherry, and many pots of tea".[11] On 18 April 2013, James Marsh was confirmed to direct the film, with the shooting being based in Cambridge, and at other locations in the United Kingdom,[citation needed] with Eddie Redmayne courted to fill the male lead of the piece.[12] On 23 June 2013, it was revealed that Felicity Jones was confirmed to play the film's female lead role opposite Redmayne.[13][14] On 8 October 2013, it was confirmed that Emily Watson and David Thewlis had joined the cast, Christina Applegate, Kate del Castillo, Catherine Tate, and Amanda Peet were considered for the part,[15] and that Working Title's Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lisa Bruce, and Anthony McCarten would be producing the piece.[16]

text: Filmmaker Marsh had studied archival images to give the film its authenticity, stating, "When we had photographs and documentary footage of Stephen that related to our story, we tried to reproduce them as best we could".[17] Redmayne met with Hawking himself, commenting, "Even now, when he's unable to move, you can still see such effervescence in his eyes". And described portraying Hawking on-screen as a "hefty" challenge, adding that, "The real problem with making a film is of course you don't shoot chronologically. So it was about having to really try and chart his physical deterioration [so] you can jump into it day-to-day, whilst at the same time keeping this spark and wit and humour that he has".[17]

text: Redmayne spent six months researching Hawking's life, watching every piece of interview footage he could find of him.[18] He studied Hawking's accent and speech patterns under dialect coach Julia Wilson-Dickson to prepare for the role.[19] Marsh stated that what Redmayne had to do was not easy. "He had to take on enormous amounts of difficult preparation, as well as embracing the difficult physicality of the role. It's not just doing a disability. It's actually charting the course of an illness that erodes the body, and the mind has to project out from that erosion", he said. He added that Hawking gave him his blessing, and also revealed that, "[Hawking's] response was very positive, so much so that he offered to lend his voice, the real voice that he uses. The voice you hear in the latter part of the story is in fact Stephen's actual electronic voice as he uses it", he said.[9] It was revealed to the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) audience that as the lights came up at a recent screening, a nurse had wiped a tear from Hawking's cheek.[18]

text: Jane Hawking, speaking on BBC Radio 4's Woman's Hour, talked of meeting Jones several times while the latter prepared for the role.[20] When Hawking saw the finished film, she was amazed to see that Jones had incorporated her mannerisms and speech patterns into her performance.[20]

text: Filming[edit]

text: By 8 October 2013, principal photography had begun, with the shooting being done at Cambridge University, and at other locations in Cambridgeshire and across the United Kingdom.[21] Prior to the start of principal photography, Working Title had begun shooting on the lawn in front of the New Court building from 23 September 2013 to 27 September 2013; they filmed the Cambridge May Ball scene, set in 1963.[22] On 24 September 2013, scenes were filmed at St John's College, The Backs in Queen's Road, and Queen's Green.[23] The New Court lawn and Kitchen Bridge were included features in the filming location of the piece. The May Ball scene was the last of the outside shoots, with filming in a lecture theatre the following day, and the remaining filming completed in the studio over the final five weeks of production.[24]

text: The pyrotechnic specialists Titanium Fireworks, who developed the displays for the London 2012 Olympic Games, provided three identical firework displays for the Trinity College, Cambridge May Ball scene.[24][25]

text: Music[edit]

text: Composer Jóhann Jóhannsson scored The Theory of Everything. His score in the film has been described as including "[Jóhannsson's] signature blend of acoustic instruments and electronics". Jóhannsson commented that "it always involves the layers of live recordings, whether it's orchestra or a band or solo instrument, with electronics and more 'soundscapey' elements which can come from various sources".[26] The soundtrack was recorded at Abbey Road Studios.[27]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: During editing, filmmakers tried to remake Hawking's synthesised voice, but it did not turn out as they wanted. Hawking enjoyed the film enough that he granted them permission to use his own synthesised voice, which is heard in the final film.[28]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: The film takes various dramatic liberties with the history it portrays. Writing for the film blog of UK daily newspaper The Guardian, Michelle Dean noted: "The Theory of Everything's marketing materials will tell you it is based on Jane Hawking's memoir of her marriage, a book published in the UK as Music to Move the Stars, and then re-issued as Travelling to Infinity. But the screenwriters rearranged the facts to suit certain dramatic conventions. And while that always happens in these based-on-a-true-story films, the scale of the departure in The Theory of Everything is unusually wide. The film becomes almost dishonest – in a way that feels unfair to both parties, and oddly, particularly Jane Hawking herself".[29] In Slate, L.V. Anderson wrote that "the Stephen played by Eddie Redmayne is far gentler and more sensitive" than suggested in Travelling to Infinity.[30] The Slate article further noted that the character Brian, Hawking's closest friend at Cambridge in the film, is not based on a real individual, but rather a composite of several of his real-life friends.[30]

text: The film alters some of the details surrounding the beginning of Stephen and Jane's relationship, including how they met, as well as the fact that Jane knew about Stephen's disease before they started dating.[29] Slate also comments that the film underplays Hawking's stubbornness and refusal to accept outside assistance for his disorder.[30]

text: For The Guardian, Dean concluded by saying:

text: "The movie presents the demise of their relationship as a beautiful, tear-soaked, mutually respectful conversation. Of course that didn't actually happen either. Jane's book describes a protracted breakup that comes to a head in a screaming fight on vacation. She also described devastation when Hawking announced by letter he was leaving her for his second wife, Elaine Mason. He ended up married to Mason for 10 years before that fell apart, and then he and Jane mended fences. Which, as it happens, the movie fudges too. It tries to present the rapprochement as coming when Hawking was made a Companion of Honour in 1989, but that actually happened before the couple separated".[29]

text: Physicist Adrian Melott, a former student of Dennis Sciama, Hawking's doctoral supervisor portrayed in the film, strongly criticised the portrayal of Sciama in the film.[31]

text: Release[edit]

text: On 8 October 2013, Universal Pictures International had acquired the rights to distribute the film internationally.[16]

text: On 10 April 2014, Focus Features acquired the distribution rights to The Theory of Everything in the United States, with the plan of a 2014 limited theatrical release.[32] publisher after, Entertainment One Films picked up the Canadian distribution rights.[33] The first trailer of the film was released on 7 August 2014.[34][35]

text: The Theory of Everything premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF)[2] on 7 September 2014,[36] where it opened in the official sidebar section, Special Presentations.[37][38]

text: The film had a limited release in the United States on 7 November 2014,[39] expanded in successive weeks to Taiwan, Austria, and Germany,[40] ahead of a United Kingdom release on 1 January 2015, before being released throughout Europe.[41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Theory of Everything earned US$122,873,310 worldwide, with its biggest markets coming from North America (US$35.9 million), and the United Kingdom (US$31.9 million).[4] The film had a North American limited release on 7 November 2014; it was released in five theatres, and earned US$207,000 on its opening weekend, for an average of US$41,400 per theatre. The film was then widely released on 26 November across 802 theatres, earning US$5 million, and debuting at No. 7 at the Box Office. During its five-day Thanksgiving week, the film earned US$6.4 million.[42]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 79% based on 236 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Part biopic, part love story, The Theory of Everything rises on James Marsh's polished direction and the strength of its two leads."[43] Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on 47 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[44]

text: Catherine Shoard of The Guardian wrote, "Redmayne towers: this is an astonishing, genuinely visceral performance which bears comparison with Daniel Day-Lewis in My Left Foot".[45] Lou Lumenick, in his review for The New York Post, called the film "tremendously moving and inspirational".[46] Justin Chang of Variety remarked, "A stirring and bittersweet love story, inflected with tasteful good humor...." He continued by praising the "superb performances" from Redmayne and Jones, as well commenting very positively about Jóhannsson's score, "whose arpeggio-like repetitions and progressions at times evoke the compositions of Philip Glass", whilst praising John Paul Kelly's production design, and Steven Noble's costumes.[47] Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter remarked, "A solid, duly moving account of their complicated relationship, spanning roughly 25 years, and made with impeccable professional polish", praising Delhomme's cinematography as having "lush, intricately lit compositions", and adding "a splendor that keeps the film consistently watchable", and Jóhannsson's score as "dainty precision with a ineffable scientific quality about it".[48] The Daily Telegraph's Tim Robey granted the film a positive review, stating that, "In its potted appraisal of Hawking's cosmology, The Theory of Everything bends over backwards to speak to the layman, and relies on plenty of second-hand inspiration. But it borrows from the right sources, this theory. And that's something", while praising Redmayne's performance, McCarten's script, and Delhomme's cinematography.[49] Deadline.com's Pete Hammond marked McCarten's script and Marsh's direction for praise, and of the film's Toronto reception, wrote: "To say the response here was rapturous would not be understating the enthusiasm I heard — not just from pundits, but also Academy voters with whom I spoke. One told me he came in with high expectations for a quality movie, and this one exceeded them".[50]

text: The film was not without its detractors. Some criticised Marsh's focus on Hawking's romantic life. Alonso Duralde of The Wrap stated that "Hawking's innovations and refusal to subscribe to outdated modes of thinking merely underscore the utter conventionality of his film biography".[51] Eric Kohn of Indiewire added that "James Marsh's biopic salutes the famous physicist's commitment, but falls short of exploring his brilliant ideas".[52] Dennis Overbye of the New York Times noted that "the movie doesn't deserve any prizes for its drive-by muddling of Dr. Hawking's scientific work, leaving viewers in the dark about exactly why he is so famous. Instead of showing how he undermined traditional notions of space and time, it panders to religious sensibilities about what his work does or does not say about the existence of God, which in fact is very little".[53] Writing for The Guardian's film blog, Michelle Dean argues that the film does a disservice to Jane Wilde Hawking, by "rearrang[ing] the facts to suit certain dramatic conventions... The Theory of Everything is hell-bent on preserving the cliche".[54]

text: The film's producers, writer, director Marsh, and actors Redmayne and Jones were widely favoured for award season success.[37][50][55][56]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The Theory of Everything received several awards and nominations following its release. At the 87th Academy Awards, it was nominated in the categories of Best Picture, Best Actor for Eddie Redmayne, Best Actress for Jones, Best Adapted Screenplay for McCarten, and Best Original Score for Jóhann Jóhannsson; with Eddie Redmayne winning the film's sole Academy Award for his performance. The film was nominated for ten British Academy Film Awards,[57] (winning for Best Adapted Screenplay, Best British Film, and Best Actor), five Critics' Choice Movie Awards,[58] and three Screen Actors Guild Awards.[59] At the 72nd Golden Globe Awards, Redmayne won Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, and Jóhannsson won Best Original Score. The film, and Jones were also nominated. Production designer John Paul Kelly earned a nomination for Excellence in Production Design for a Period Film from the Art Directors Guild,[60] while the producers were nominated for Best Theatrical Motion Picture by the Producers Guild of America.[61]


document_title: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

question_text: actor who played caesar in dawn of the planet of the apes

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ten years after the pandemic of the deadly ALZ-113 virus, later called Simian Flu, the worldwide human population was drastically reduced, with only about one in five hundred genetically immune to the virus. Meanwhile, the apes, under the chimpanzee Caesar, all bestowed with genetically enhanced intelligence by the virus, have long established a colony in the Muir Woods near San Francisco.

text: One day, a group of humans led by a man named Malcolm enter the apes' territory from San Francisco in search of a hydroelectric dam that would restore power to the city. An encounter by Caesar's son Blue Eyes and his friend Ash leads to the latter's injury by a man named Carver. Malcolm manages to prevent further escalation while Caesar orders the humans to leave. Prompted by Koba, a scarred bonobo who holds a grudge against humans for his mistreatment as a test subject, Caesar brings his army to the humans' community at an unfinished tower as a display of strength. Caesar announces his intent to fight the humans if forced to while demanding the humans to stay in their territory. Malcolm convinces his fellow leader Dreyfus to give him time to take a small team to the forest and reconcile with the apes so they can access the dam. He meets with Caesar, who allows them to work on the generator on the condition that they surrender their guns. As Malcolm, his wife Ellie, and son Alexander work, they bond with the apes. The fragile bonding is greatly helped when Ellie, a nurse, effectively treats Cornelia's illness.

text: Meanwhile, Dreyfus arms his community using the Fort Point armory. Koba discovers the armory and confronts Caesar of this, but accuses him of loving humans more than apes. Caesar beats Koba in response but refrains from killing him. Koba later returns to the armory and takes an assault rifle, killing two guards and then Carver as the humans succeed in repairing the generator and restoring power to the city. Koba takes advantage of their celebration to covertly set fire to the apes' home. He then shoots Caesar, who falls into the underbrush below, and frames the humans for Caesar's apparent death in order to wage war. Koba quickly takes command and leads the apes into San Francisco, where they plunder the armory and mount an assault on the tower. The apes breach the building and imprison the humans as Dreyfus flees underground. When Ash refuses Koba's orders to kill unarmed humans, citing Caesar's teachings, Koba throws the ape to his death and has any other ape loyal to Caesar imprisoned.

text: Malcolm's family finds Caesar barely alive and transports him to his former house in San Francisco. Caesar reveals that Koba shot him and confesses that apes can be as corrupt and violent as humans. When Malcolm sneaks into the settlement to find medical supplies for Caesar, he encounters Blue Eyes, who spares him before learning that his father is still alive and that it was Koba who shot him, not the humans. After reconciling with Caesar, Blue Eyes returns to the tower and frees the imprisoned humans and apes. Malcolm escorts the apes into the tower, and then finds Dreyfus. He learns that the return of electricity allowed Dreyfus' men to make radio contact with survivors at a military base, who are now coming to fight the apes. Caesar confronts Koba at the top of the tower; as they fight, Dreyfus detonates C-4 charges that destabilize the tower in a failed attempt to kill the apes, at the cost of his own life. Koba starts shooting at the apes, but Caesar tackles him off a ledge. While clinging on a metal girder, Koba is rejected as an ape by Caesar and dropped to his death.

text: Malcolm and Caesar acknowledge their friendship, with Malcolm warning of the approaching human military. Caesar responds that the humans will never forgive the apes for their attack and convinces Malcolm to leave with his family. He then stands before a kneeling mass of apes, preparing for war.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Apes[edit]

text:
Andy Serkis as Caesar, a common chimpanzee and the leader of the evolved ape tribe
Toby Kebbell as Koba, a scarred bonobo and Caesar's treacherous lieutenant; previously played by Christopher Gordon in Rise
Judy Greer as Cornelia, a common chimpanzee and Caesar's wife, mother of Blue Eyes and a newborn son; previously played by Devyn Dalton in Rise
Terry Notary as Rocket, a common chimpanzee and Caesar's former rival and enemy turned friend
Karin Konoval as Maurice, a Bornean orangutan and Caesar's friend and advisor
Nick Thurston as Blue Eyes, a common chimpanzee and Caesar and Cornelia's first son
Doc Shaw as Ash, a common chimpanzee, son of Rocket, also Blue Eyes' best friend
Lee Ross as Grey, a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba, who perishes during Koba's attack on the human city.
Richard King as Stone, a common chimpanzee and a follower of Koba, who after Koba's death, goes on to follow Caesar.

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Jason Clarke as Malcolm, the leader of the small group that forms a strong bond with Caesar and the other apes
Gary Oldman as Dreyfus, the leader of the remaining human survivors
Keri Russell as Ellie, a former nurse at the CDC, and Malcolm's wife
Kodi Smit-McPhee as Alexander, Malcolm's son from a previous marriage
Kirk Acevedo as Carver, a former San Francisco water worker and a member of Malcolm's group. He is killed by Koba as part of a plot to usurp Caesar's position.
Jocko Sims as Werner, the colony's radio operator
Enrique Murciano as Kemp, a member of Malcolm's group
Keir O'Donnell as Finney, an ally of Dreyfus
Lombardo Boyar as Terry, a guard at the colony's armory
Kevin Rankin as McVeigh, a guard at the colony's armory
Jon Eyez as Foster, a member of Malcolm's group
James Franco (uncredited) as Will Rodman from Rise of the Planet of the Apes, in a cameo via a video from Caesar's childhood

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: After the release of Rise of the Planet of the Apes, director Rupert Wyatt commented on possible sequels: "I think we're ending with certain questions, which is quite exciting. To me, I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film, but this is just the beginning."[8] Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise featured several clues as to future sequels: "I hope that we're building a platform for future films. We're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth."[9]

text: In an interview recorded after the release of Rise, Wyatt stated, "We want to grow and evolve, in the films that will [hopefully] come after this, to the '68 original."[10] Wyatt also stated that he wants it to take place eight years after Rise, as a whole new ape generation can be born, and explore the dynamics of Caesar and Koba's relationship.[11] According to screenwriter Rick Jaffa, a version of the spaceship from the 1968 Planet of the Apes under the name Icarus was in Rise as a deliberate hint to a possible sequel.[12]

text: In November 2011, Andy Serkis was the first to be announced as having closed a deal for a sequel to Rise. It was reported to be a "healthy seven-figure deal" for him to reprise his role as Caesar, the ape leader.[13] On May 15, 2012, it was announced Scott Z. Burns had been hired to do rewrites on the original screenplay by Rise writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver.[14] On May 31, 2012, 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.[15]

text: On September 17, 2012, there were reports that director Wyatt was considering leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to make the film properly.[16] On October 1, Cloverfield director Matt Reeves was confirmed as his replacement.[17] Reeves had been working on developing a new Twilight Zone film.[18] On October 18, Mark Bomback, writer of Live Free or Die Hard, was reported to be doing a re-write for Reeves.[19]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In December 2012, after the departure of director Wyatt, James Franco speculated that he would not be returning for the sequel, saying, "Now Rupert's not a part of it so I don't know. My guess is I won't be in it. Nobody's talked to me since Rupert left."[20] Later, Matt Reeves revealed that Franco would be seen in a cameo in the film.[21][22] Freida Pinto, who played primatologist Caroline Aranha in Rise, confirmed that she would not be returning for Dawn.[23] In April 2014, when asked by IGN about the fate of Franco and Pinto's characters, producer Dylan Clark said, "I mean, they’re the ones that died...They were ground zero of the virus."[24]

text: In February 2013, actors Gary Oldman, Jason Clarke, and Kodi Smit-McPhee were cast in lead roles for the sequel, set ten years after the events from the first film.[25][26] In March 2013, actress Keri Russell was cast in a role.[27] That same month, Judy Greer was cast as Cornelia, a female chimp and love interest for Caesar.[28] Toby Kebbell, Enrique Murciano and Kirk Acevedo joined the cast during filming.[citation needed] On May 15, 2013, Jocko Sims was cast in a supporting role of military operative Werner.[29]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming began in April 2013 around the town of Campbell River, British Columbia.[30] The location of Vancouver Island was chosen for its similarity to the locations depicted in the film, the forests, and the variety of landscapes.[31] Filming in New Orleans started in May 2013 and continued in July 2013 at various locations such as the former Six Flags park Six Flags New Orleans.[32]

text: Visual effects[edit]

text: Like Rise, visual effects for Dawn were done by Weta Digital. In addition to the apes, Weta created other digital animals, such as a herd of elk, a grizzly bear, and CG doubles of the live horses. The elk were created using key-frame animation and the digital crowd enhancement software MASSIVE, the bear through key-frame animation, and the horses with a mixture of key-frame animation and motion capture.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Dawn of the Planet of the ApesSoundtrack album by Michael GiacchinoReleased
August 12, 2014Recorded
2014Genre
Film scoreLength
77:21Label
Sony MasterworksMichael Giacchino film scores chronology

Star Trek Into Darkness(2013)

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes(2014)

This Is Where I Leave You(2014)

text: The film's score was composed by Michael Giacchino. The soundtrack was released by Sony Masterworks on July 8, 2014.[33]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All music composed by Michael Giacchino.

text:
No.TitleLength1."Level Plaguing Field"2:212."Look Who’s Stalking"2:353."The Great Ape Processional"4:344."Past Their Primates"1:575."Close Encounters of the Furred Kind"4:386."Monkey to the City"1:167."The Lost City of Chimpanzee"3:468."Along Simian Lines"5:049."Caesar No Evil, Hear No Evil"2:2710."Monkey See, Monkey Coup"5:1211."Gorilla Warfare"7:3712."The Apes of Wrath"4:2813."Gibbon Take"2:5514."Aped Crusaders"3:2615."How Bonobo Can You Go"5:4216."Enough Monkeying Around"3:3517."Primates for Life"5:4218."Planet of the End Credits"8:5619."Ain’t That a Stinger
(Written By Griffin Giacchino)"1:10

text: Release[edit]

text: On May 31, 2012, Fox announced that Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was scheduled for release on May 23, 2014.[15] It was announced on June 20, 2013 that the release date for Dawn was being pushed back two months to July 18, 2014.[34] On December 10, 2013, the film was pushed up one week to July 11, 2014.[35] The film premiered at the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco, California on June 26, 2014.[36] The film closed the 36th Moscow International Film Festival on June 28.[37]

text: In Hungary, the largest cinema chain called Cinema City could not agree with the film's distributor, InterCom, and as a result it opened on July 17, 2014 on 45 screens, significantly fewer than similar big-budget productions.[38] However, the film still managed to top the weekend box office chart of the country beating Transformers: Age of Extinction, which had been leading the chart for three weeks (on 105 screens distributed by UIP Duna).[39]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A viral marketing campaign for the film launched in July 2013 included a "simian flu" website[40] and mock PSA videos.[41] 20th Century Fox and Vice Media's Motherboard released three short films online in July 2014 which document the ten-year gap between the events of Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Dawn of the Planet of the Apes.[42] A novel titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes: Firestorm which is also set between the events of the first two films was published in May 2014 by Titan Books.[43] A partnership with 20th Century Fox and Ndemic Creations saw mobile/PC game Plague Inc. get a Dawn of the Planet of the Apes-themed update on July 10, 2014. It allows players to create and customize a simian flu virus to infect the world and eradicate humanity whilst helping apes survive.[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was a success at the box office with many critics calling it "the summer’s best popcorn film",[45] and Deadline.com commented saying it is "a franchise that will keep going and going, unless they screw it up".[46] The film grossed $208,545,589 in the USA & Canada, and $500,290,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $708,835,589.[6] Calculating in all expenses and revenues, Deadline.com estimated that the film made a net profit of $182.18 million.[47] It had a worldwide opening of $103.3 million which was the 11th-highest of 2014.[48] Worldwide it is the highest-grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise[49] and the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2014.[50]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film is the highest-grossing film in the Planet of the Apes franchise, unadjusted for inflation[49] and the eighth-highest-grossing film of 2014.[51] It opened on July 11, 2014 across 3,967 theaters and topped the box office on its opening day earning $27.7 million (including previews).[52] During its traditional three-opening, the film debuted at number one earning $72.6 million, which was 33% higher than its predecessor. Box Office Mojo pointed out that the film's good word of mouth as well as its predecessors', its darker tone, attachment of new characters and the  first film's way of ending were all  determining factors in the film's strong opening.[53] It remained at the summit for two consecutive weekends in North America despite facing competition with The Purge: Anarchy in its second week.[54][55]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes earned $31.3 million during its opening weekend internationally from 4,913 screens in 26 markets where it opened at No. 1 in 14 of those. International opening weekend tallies of more than $5 million were witnessed in the UK ($14.88 million), Mexico ($12.94 million), South Korea ($11.5 million), Russia ($9.99 million), Brazil with ($9.2 million) and Australia ($6.6 million).[56][57] The film topped the box office outside North America for two non-consecutive weekends.[57][58]

text: The film became a massive financial success in China where it opened with $47 million on its opening weekend there. The robust debut helped the film top the international charts for the first time dethroning Guardians of the Galaxy and aided the film in passing $400 million internationally and $600 million globally.[59] Fox reported that the sequel's debut in China was one of the best in history for a Western title, save for Iron Man 3, Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen and Transformers: Age of Extinction at that time.[60] After playing for a month in theaters, it passed $100 million on its fourth weekend and became the fourth Hollywood film of the year to achieve such a milestone.[61] In total, it went on to make $107.4 million there, of which the studio received $26.8 million profit.[46]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes received critical acclaim upon release.[62][63][64] On review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a score of 90% based on 287 reviews with a rating average of 7.9/10. The website's consensus reads: "With intelligence and emotional resonance to match its stunning special effects, Dawn of the Planet of the Apes expands on its predecessor with an exciting and ambitious burst of sci-fi achievement."[65] On review aggregator Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, the film has a "generally favorable" rating score of 79 out of 100 based on 48 reviews.[66]

text: Guy Lodge of Variety said, "An altogether smashing sequel to 2011's better-than-expected Rise of the Planet of the Apes, this vivid, violent extension of humanoid ape Caesar's troubled quest for independence bests its predecessor in nearly every technical and conceptual department, with incoming helmer Matt Reeves conducting the proceedings with more assertive genre elan than Rise journeyman Rupert Wyatt."[67] Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter stated that the film "manages to do at least three things exceptionally well that are hard enough to pull off individually: Maintain a simmering level of tension without let-up for two hours, seriously improve on a very good first entry in a franchise and produce a powerful humanistic statement using a significantly simian cast of characters. In the annals of sequels, Dawn is to Rise of the Planet of the Apes what The Empire Strikes Back was to Star Wars—it's that much better."[68] Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph said, "There's evident patience and intelligence to the filmmaking all over, as well as an engagement with genuine ideas about diplomacy, deterrence, law and leadership. However often it risks monkey-mad silliness, it's impressively un-stupid."[69] Drew McWeeny of HitFix awarded the film an "A+" grade and said "Dawn is not just a good genre movie or a good summer movie. It's a great science-fiction film, full-stop, and one of the year's very best movies so far."[70]

text: Ty Burr of the Boston Globe wrote that "in bearing, speech, and agonized expressiveness, Serkis's Caesar conveys the conflicts of a king with almost Shakespearean grandeur."[71] A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film for being able to balance out the action sequences and special effects with strong storytelling, writing that "Dawn is more than a bunch of occasionally thrilling action sequences, emotional gut punches and throwaway jokes arranged in predictable sequence. It is technically impressive and viscerally exciting, for sure, but it also gives you a lot to think, and even to care, about."[72]

text: Less favorable reviews included Andrew O'Hehir at Salon.com who wrote, "Here's a rule that has gradually become clear to me: Any film that begins with one of those fake-news montages, where snippets of genuine CNN footage are stitched together to concoct a feeling of semi-urgency around its hackneyed apocalypse, already sucks even before it gets started. This one makes a dutiful attempt to struggle back from that suckage, but it all ends in yelling."[73]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Dawn of the Planet of the Apes was released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray, and DVD on December 2, 2014.[74] According to Nielsen VideoScan, it subsequently became the best-selling home video release for the week.[75]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Third film[edit]

text: After seeing his cut of Dawn, 20th Century Fox and Chernin Entertainment signed Matt Reeves to return as director for a third installment of the reboot series. On January 6, 2014, Fox announced Reeves to direct as well as co-write along with Bomback, with a planned July 2016 release. Peter Chernin, Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver will produce.[76] In January 2015, Fox delayed the release to July 14, 2017.[77][78] On May 14, 2015, the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes.[79] In August 2015, Deadline reported that Gabriel Chavarria was cast as one of the humans in the film.[80] In September 2015, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Woody Harrelson had been cast as the film's antagonist, and that Chavarria's role was small.[81] In October 2015, The Wrap reported that Steve Zahn was cast as a new ape in the film, retitled as War for the Planet of the Apes.[82]