document_title: Pride of the Marines

question_text: cast of the movie pride of the marines

question_tokens: cast of the movie pride of the marines

text: Pride of the Marines

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film is divided in three parts. The first takes place prior to the war where cocky Philadelphia steel worker and "Man's man" Al Schmid (John Garfield) despises the idea of marriage and losing his independence until he meets his match in Ruth Hartley (Eleanor Parker). Ruth takes no nonsense from him and impresses Schmid by enjoying a hunting trip he takes her on.

text: In part two, at the Battle of the Tenaru River on Guadalcanal, Schmid is in the crew of a M1917 Browning machine gun with his buddies Lee Diamond (Dane Clark) and Johnny Rivers (Anthony Caruso) of "H" Company 2nd Battalion First Marines. While the three wait for an enemy attack, they practice gun emplacement procedures– establishing fields of fire, practicing with the range card to estimate firing distances, and determining the optimal traversal and elevation settings for each anticipated line of attack. The subsequent onslaught by the enemy is particularly heavy. Rivers is killed by a bullet through the head, Diamond wounded by three machine gun bullets in his right arm, and Schmid is blinded by a Japanese soldier dropping a hand grenade at the front of the gun pit. In spite of the heavy attack, Schmid is able to fire his weapon by following Diamond's instructions. Together, they kill 200 of the enemy.

text: The third part is Schmid's humbling rehabilitation, in which he resents being dependent upon others. He hopes that an operation will restore his sight, but the medical procedure wasn't successful. He doesn't want Ruth to know that he is nearly completely blind, and he attempts to break up with her. Schmid learns responsibility through Diamond, hospital rehabilitation officer Virginia Pfeiffer (Rosemary DeCamp) and the other wounded veterans. He is to be awarded the Navy Cross, but is dismayed that the ceremony will take place in his home town. He initially feels anger and discomfort when he becomes dependent upon family and friends, primarily because he doesn't want to be a burden to anyone. In spite of his resentment, Ruth stays by his side and helps him overcome his bitterness, and convinces him that he must learn to live with his new situation.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Garfield as Al Schmid
Eleanor Parker as Ruth Hartley
Dane Clark as Lee Diamond
John Ridgely as Jim Merchant
Rosemary DeCamp as Virginia Pfeiffer
Ann Doran as Ella May Merchant
Ann E. Todd as Loretta Merchant
Anthony Caruso as Johnny Rivers

text: Ann E. Todd is the last surviving cast member.

text: Production[edit]

text: During the Battle of Guadalcanal, two enlisted Marines, Mitchell Paige and John Basilone were awarded the Medal of Honor for their use of the M1917 Browning machine gun against massed Japanese charges. In Jim Proser's book I'm Staying With My Boys: The Heroic Life of Sgt. John Basilone USMC[2] Proser tells of Basilone's friendship with John Garfield and Eddie Bracken when they toured the United States selling war bonds.

text: Screenwriters A. I. Bezzerides and Alvah Bessie developed a 26-page treatment of Roger Butterfield's book Al Schmid Marine.[3] Martin Borowsky also did an adaptation of Butterfield's book that was rewritten by Albert Maltz who Garfield has spoken to about Butterfield's story. Prior to filming, Garfield visited American soldiers in hospitals in Italy.[4]

text: Garfield met Schmid during his rehabilitation before a movie was ever planned.[5] Once the film was planned, Garfield lived with the Schmids for several weeks, becoming friends with the couple.[6]

text: Both Bessie and Maltz were later blacklisted over their "un-American" political opinions.

text: Film locations include the 6500 block of Tulip Street in Philadelphia.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Bosley Crowther of The New York Times called the film "a splendid documentation of a dramatic crisis in a hero's life," with performances that were "all unqualifiedly excellent ... To say that this picture is entertaining to a truly surprising degree is an inadequate recommendation. It is inspiring and eloquent of a quality of human courage that millions must try to generate today."[8] Variety called it "a two-hour celluloid saga which should inspire much pride for many. As an entertainment film with a forceful theme, so punchy that its 'message' aspects are negligible, it is a credit to all concerned ... [Garfield] gives a vividly histrionic performance that will not be easily forgotten."[9] Harrison's Reports called the film "sensitive and at times forceful" and called Garfield "very good," but found the discourses by hospitalized servicemen "so long drawn out that they interrupt the flow of the story."[10] Wolcott Gibbs of The New Yorker wrote: "In spite of the fact that most of this has a somewhat familiar and mechanical air, the picture has its effective moments, mostly owing to Mr. Garfield's honest and very intelligent performance."[11]

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[12]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Pride of the Marines was adapted as a radio play on the January 31, 1945 episode of Lux Radio Theater and the June 15, 1946 episode of Academy Award Theater, both with John Garfield reprising his role.


document_title: How Do You Do It?

question_text: who wrote how do you do it by gerry and the pacemakers

root

text: How Do You Do It?

text: History[edit]

text: The song was written by Mitch Murray,[2] who offered it to Adam Faith and Brian Poole but was turned down.[4] George Martin of EMI decided to pick it up for the new group he was producing, the Beatles, as the A-side of their first record.[4] The Beatles recorded the song but opposed releasing it, feeling that it did not fit their sound, but worked out changes from Murray's demo-disc version. These included a new introduction, vocal harmony, an instrumental interlude, small lyric changes and removal of the half-step modulation for the last verse.[4] They recorded the song in September, 1962; although Murray disliked their changes, the decision not to release the Beatles' version was primarily a business one.[5] "Love Me Do" was their first single instead. The recording was officially released in November 1995 on the Beatles retrospective Anthology 1 album.

tag: p

text: Gerry and the Pacemakers' version, also produced by Martin, became a number-one hit in the UK until it was replaced by "From Me to You" (the Beatles' third single).[6] It was the title song of a seven-inch EP record also featuring "Away From You", "I Like It" and "It's Happened to Me" (Columbia SEG8257, released July 1963). The single entered the US charts on 5 July 1964, eventually reaching number nine.[7]

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Dick and Dee Dee released a version of the song on their 1966 album, Songs We've Sung on Shindig.[8]
The Supremes version appears on the album, "The Supremes - A Bit Of Liverpool" on Motown 1964 (Motown Record Corp. #623)

tag: ul


document_title: Reaper

question_text: when was the reaper invented by cyrus mccormick

text: Reaper

text: Hand reaping[edit]

text: Hand reaping is done by various means, including plucking the ears of grains directly by hand, cutting the grain stalks with a sickle, cutting them with a scythe, or a scythe fitted with a grain cradle. Reaping is usually distinguished from mowing, which uses similar implements, but is the traditional term for cutting grass for hay, rather than reaping cereals. The stiffer, dryer straw of the cereal plants and the greener grasses for hay usually demand different blades on the machines.

text: The reaped grain stalks are gathered into sheaves (bunches), tied with string or with a twist of straw. Several sheaves are then leant against each other with the ears off the ground to dry out, forming a stook. After drying, the sheaves are gathered from the field and stacked, being placed with the ears inwards, then covered with thatch or a tarpaulin; this is called a stack or rick. In the British Isles a rick of sheaves is traditionally called a corn rick, to distinguish it from a hay rick ("corn" in British English retains its older sense of "grain" generally, not "maize"). Ricks are made in an area inaccessible to livestock, called a rick-yard or stack-yard. The corn-rick is later broken down and the sheaves threshed to separate the grain from the straw.

text: Collecting spilt grain from the field after reaping is called gleaning, and is traditionally done either by hand, or by penning animals such as chickens or pigs onto the field.

text: Hand reaping is now rarely done in industrialized countries, but is still the normal method where machines are unavailable or where access for them is limited (such as on narrow terraces).

text: The more or less skeletal figure of a reaper with a scythe – known as the "Grim Reaper" – is a common personification of death in many Western traditions and cultures. In this metaphor, death harvests the living, like a farmer harvests the crops.

text: Mechanical reaping[edit]

text: A mechanical reaper or reaping machine is a mechanical, semi-automated device that harvests crops. Mechanical reapers and their descendant machines have been an important part of mechanised agriculture and a main feature of agricultural productivity.

text: Mechanical reapers in the U.S.[edit]

text: The 19th century saw several inventors in the United States claim innovation in mechanical reapers.The various designs competed with each other, and were the subject of several lawsuits.[3]

text: Obed Hussey in Ohio patented a reaper in 1833, the Hussey Reaper.[4] Made in Baltimore, Maryland, Hussey's design was a major improvement in reaping efficiency. The new reaper only required two horses working in a non-strenuous manner, a man to work the machine, and another person to drive. In addition, the Hussey Reaper left an even and clean surface after its use.[5]

text: The McCormick Reaper was designed by Robert McCormick in Walnut Grove, Virginia. However, Robert became frustrated when he was unable to perfect his new device. His son Cyrus asked for permission to try to complete his father's project. With permission granted,[6] the McCormick Reaper was patented[7] by his son Cyrus McCormick in 1837 as a horse-drawn farm implement to cut small grain crops.[8] This McCormick reaper machine had several special elements:

text:
a main wheel frame
projected to the side a platform containing a cutter bar having fingers through which reciprocated a knife driven by a crank
upon the outer end of the platform was a divider projecting ahead of the platform to separate the grain to be cut from that to be left standing
a reel was positioned above the platform to hold the grain against the reciprocating knife to throw it back upon the platform
the machine was drawn by a team walking at the side of the grain.[9]

text: Cyrus McCormick claimed that his reaper was actually invented in 1834, giving him the true claim to the general design of the machine. Over the next few decades the Hussey and McCormick reapers would compete with each other in the marketplace, despite being quite similar.

text: In 1861, the United States Patent and Trademark Office issued a ruling on the invention of the polarizing reaper design. It was determined that the money made from reapers was in large part due to Obed Hussey. S.T. Shugert, the acting commissioner of patents, declared that Hussey's improvements were the foundation of their success. It was ruled that the heirs of Obed Hussey would be monetarily compensated for his hard work and innovation by those who had made money from the reaper. It was also ruled that McCormick's reaper patent would be renewed for another 7 years.[4]

text: Although the McCormick reaper was a revolutionary innovation for the harvesting of crops, it did not experience mainstream success and acceptance until at least 20 years after it was patented by Cyrus McCormick. This was because the McCormick reaper lacked a quality unique to Obed Hussey's reaper. Hussey's reaper used a sawlike cutter bar that cut stalks far more effectively than McCormick's. Only once Cyrus McCormick was able to acquire the rights to Hussey's cutter-bar mechanism (around 1850) did a truly revolutionary machine emerge.[10] Other factors in the gradual uptake of mechanized reaping included natural cultural conservatism among farmers (proven tradition versus new and unknown machinery); the poor state of many new farm fields, which were often littered with rocks, stumps, and areas of uneven soil, making the lifespan and operability of a reaping machine questionable; and some amount of fearful Luddism among farmers that the machine would take away jobs, most especially among hired manual labourers.[11]

text: Another strong competitor in the industry was the Manny Reaper by John Henry Manny and the companies that succeeded him. Even though McCormick has sometimes been simplistically credited as the [sole] "inventor" of the mechanical reaper, a more accurate statement is that he independently reinvented aspects of it, created a crucial original integration of enough aspects to make a successful whole, and benefited from the influence of more than two decades of work by his father, as well as the aid of Jo Anderson, a slave held by his family.[12]

text: Reapers in the late 19th and 20th century[edit]

text: After the first reapers were developed and patented, other slightly different reapers were distributed by several manufacturers throughout the world. The Champion (Combined) Reapers and Mowers, produced by the Champion Interest group (Champion Machine Company, later Warder, Bushnell & Glessner, absorbed in IHC 1902) in Springfield, Ohio in the second half of the 19th century, were highly successful in the 1880s in the United States.[13] Springfield is still known as "The Champion City".

text: Generally, reapers developed into the 1872 invented reaper-binder, which reaped the crop and bound it into sheaves. By 1896, 400,000 reaper-binders were estimated to be harvesting grain.[clarification needed (number for the US only?)] This was in turn replaced by the swather and eventually the combine harvester, which reaps and threshes in one operation.

text: In Central European agriculture reapers were – together with reaper-binders – common machines until the mid-20th century.


document_title: This Is Us (season 2)

question_text: season 2 this is us number of episodes

question_tokens: season 2 this is us number of episodes

text: This Is Us (season 2)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson[1]
Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson[1]
Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson[1]

Niles Fitch as teenage Randall Pearson[2]
Lonnie Chavis as young Randall Pearson[2]

Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson[1]

Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate Pearson[2]
Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate Pearson[2]

Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson[1]

Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin Pearson[2]
Parker Bates as young Kevin Pearson[2]

Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson[1]
Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon[1]
Ron Cephas Jones as William H. "Shakespeare" Hill[1][3]
Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas[1]
Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie[1]
Eris Baker as Tess Pearson[2]
Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson[2]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Lyric Ross as Deja, Randall and Beth's foster child.[4]
Jermel Nakia as young adult William H. "Shakespeare" Hill[5][3]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Sylvester Stallone as himself, actor in Kevin's movie.[6]
Debra Jo Rupp as Linda, social worker who works with Randall and Beth when they foster Deja.[7]
Sam Anderson as Walter Crowder, judge in young adult William Hill's case.[5]
Delroy Lindo as Ernest Bradley, judge in Randall's adoption case.[5]
Joy Brunson as Shauna, Deja's mother.[8]
Kate Burton as Barbara, a psychologist at Kevin's rehab who facilitates his meeting with the family.[9]
Garrett Morris as Lloyd, a resident living in William's old apartment building.[10]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

19
1
"A Father's Advice"
Ken Olin
Dan Fogelman
September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)
2AZC01
12.94[11]

On the Big Three's 37th birthday, Randall wants to adopt a baby, but Beth convinces him they can honor William's legacy by adopting an older child. Kate auditions as a band's lead singer after initially leaving, because all the other women auditioning are thin. She is rejected because of her inexperience, not her weight; Kate is confident she can work her way up. Toby tells Kevin that he, not Kevin, needs to be Kate's "person." Kevin explains that Kate informed him of their father's death, and being Kate's brother is the only thing he is really good at. In the past, Rebecca takes the Big Three to a movie after her argument with Jack. Rebecca urges Jack to come home; Jack admits his drinking is out of control. Later, the family house has burned and Rebecca, in the car with Jack's possessions in a bag, screams and cries.

20
2
"A Manny-Splendored Thing"
John Fortenberry
Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
2AZC02
11.06[12]

Kevin is invited back for the 100th "The Manny" episode. The producers try to embarrass him for how he left the show, but Sophie helps him do it anyway. Randall, Beth, their girls, Rebecca, and Miguel travel across the country to see the live episode. Randall and Beth take a walk during the taping to discuss Randall's worries about fostering an older child who could have major issues. Also during the taping, Kate gets a call for her first gig; however, she does not want her mother to criticize her performance, so Kate asks both Rebecca and Toby not to follow her, but they do anyway. Later, Kate confronts Rebecca about how she has always treated her. Rebecca seeks support from Toby, but he clearly sides with Kate, which wins Rebecca's approval. After the episode taping, Beth learns from Kevin that Randall only risked failure once: in asking her out. Beth reassures Randall they can go through with their plan. In flashbacks, Jack confesses to teenage Kate that he has an alcoholism problem. Jack (when on the wagon before) vented his anger on a punching bag; this time, he lets Rebecca take him to an AA meeting.

21
3
"Déjà Vu"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
2AZC03
11.02[13]

On Kevin's movie set, Kate—excited that Sylvester Stallone is his co-star—bonds with "Sly" and tells him what his films meant to her father, and about his death. After talking with Stallone, Kevin's memories of his dad surface, affecting his performance in a scene. Randall learns that a young girl, Deja, is being brought to his home. Later, when Deja yells at Beth for "stealing" her mom's cigarettes, Randall defends his wife, and Deja shrinks to defend herself from apparent aggression. Randall talks to Deja about the joy he found in having Jack and Rebecca, as well as William. Kevin takes pain medication after injuring his knee—his old football injury—from a scene explosion during filming. In flashbacks, when the kids are teenagers, Jack talks about his efforts to rehabilitate from alcoholism; Randall tries to find his birth parents through an ad, and is comforted by Kate and Kevin after a woman claims to be his birth mother for his family's money.

22
4
"Still There"
Ken Olin
Vera Herbert
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
2AZC04
10.65[14]

Randall takes his daughters and Deja bowling, which does not go as expected. Beth offers to help Deja take care of her hair, and the two bond. Randall admits to Deja that he has had problems with nervous breakdowns and has taken up running to deal with his anxiety; he invites her to come with him. Kevin undergoes surgery on his injured knee, and continues to overuse his pain medication. Kate visits a gynaecologist for an ultrasound, revealing that she is pregnant. In flashbacks, Kate and Kevin contract the chicken pox, and their doctor urges Randall to do his best to catch them as well so it would not occur later for him. Rebecca's mother pops in intent on staying for a while, and her overbearing attitude and the fact that she treats Randall differently than Kate and Kevin leads to Rebecca confronting her about it all and calling her a racist, which Randall overhears. Rebecca's mother takes her words to heart and reaches out to Randall, recognizing for the first time how special he is.

23
5
"Brothers"
John Requa & Glenn Ficarra
Tyler Bensinger
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
2AZC05
10.60[15]

Kate and Toby share news of her pregnancy. Kevin, set to be auctioned off by Sophie for a large-scale charity event she is hosting, gets drunk while trying to get a pain medication prescription; he misses the auction, embarrassing Sophie. Randall earns Deja's trust. In the past, when Jack takes 10-year-old Kevin and Randall camping, Rebecca learns that Jack's father is dying. She calls Jack, but he had issues with his father, and he is trying to have Kevin get along with Randall, so Jack says that he will not return. Rebecca reassures Jack's father (who sees his granddaughter, Kate) that Jack is a great father and husband. Kevin finds a notebook where Randall wrote notes of how to keep peace between them, motivating him to be nice to Randall. Later, Jack looks at a picture of him and his brother in the army. During Jack's childhood, he and his never-before-seen brother await their father's return to the car as he gets drunk at a bar.

24
6
"The 20's"
Regina King
Don Roos
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
2AZC06
8.43[16]

In flashbacks, with the 10-year-old Big Three, Rebecca takes Randall trick-or-treating, while Jack takes Kate and Kevin to a haunted house. Randall learns about Kyle's death from the neighbors; Rebecca then tells him the facts of his adoption. In other flashbacks, with the Big Three being in their twenties, Kate finds out she is involved with a married man. Kevin, desperate for work as an actor, attempts to steal a role from his roommate and best friend. Meanwhile, Randall and Beth prepare for the arrival of their first daughter. Beth unexpectedly goes into labor after agreeing to help Rebecca get a Facebook account. With no time to get to the hospital, Randall helps Beth through a home delivery. Kate and Kevin commiserate about their deadbeat lives and decide to live together. When Rebecca posts a photo of her granddaughter on Facebook, she gets a message from Miguel, asking how she has been the last 8 years. (Jack's death was sometime before Miguel last saw Rebecca.)

25
7
"The Most Disappointed Man"
Chris Koch
Kay Oyegun
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2AZC07
9.89[17]

Jack and Rebecca prepare to finalize Randall's adoption when Randall is a year old. Their case worker gives a glowing recommendation, but their judge is against interracial adoption. After Rebecca's letter about being Randall's mother, the judge recuses himself; the new judge grants the adoption. Concurrently, William pleads guilty to a drug charge. Although the judge is disappointed because William had a clean record, William claims to be more disappointed, due to the loss of his loved ones and son. The judge visits William in jail, offering to reduce the sentence and get him help, if he stays sober. William keeps this promise for at least 30 years, until hearing his cancer is terminal. As he is about to use, Randall introduces himself as William's biological son. In the present, Randall takes Deja to visit her mother Shauna in prison, but Shauna declines the visit. Randall later talks to Shauna, who intends to take Deja back after her release. He lets Shauna call Deja collect. Kevin's relationship with Sophie deteriorates as he continues abusing pain medication and alcohol. Kate and Toby announce their pregnancy to Kevin, plan to get married at city hall, but then consider a big wedding.

26
8
"Number One"
Ken Olin
K.J. Steinberg
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2AZC08
10.05[18]

Kevin's addiction to pain medication and alcohol is wearing him down. He attends the Alumni Honors Ceremony at his old high school, receives the Distinguished Alum Award, but says he does not deserve it. He pretends to play football on the field, doing play-by-play commentary on his ruined opportunities. Charlotte, an alumna, invites him to her house; when she is not looking, he searches her house for medication, and finds and steals a prescription form. He goes to a pharmacy with a fake prescription, sees police officers, notices his pendant missing, and leaves. In flashbacks, Randall starts a Harvard application, but is interested in Howard University. Kevin and his family meet a college football recruiting coach; afterwards, Jack is angry with Kevin for his attitude; Jack later apologizes. Kevin's football aspirations end one game when his knee is injured. Jack comforts Kevin and gives him the pendant he received in Vietnam for protection. In the present, Kevin goes to Charlotte's house to find the pendant, but she will not let him in. Kevin is desperate, needing help; he goes to Randall's house to tell him something, but Randall assumes it is about Kate losing her baby.

27
9
"Number Two"
Ken Olin
K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
2AZC09
9.34[19]

Kate miscarries. She and Toby struggle in their relationship after Kate said the miscarriage happened to her, not Toby. Kate tries to keep her singing gig, but then has to leave early. She goes to a buffet restaurant, but does not eat the food she piled on her plate. Rebecca comforts Kate, relating her struggles after baby Kyle was stillborn. Toby eventually comes through for Kate. In flashbacks, Jack and Randall leave for a college visit. Kate and Rebecca, at Kevin's football game, are distracted when discussing the music college Kate wants to attend, as Kevin gets injured; when they notice, Rebecca has Kate page Jack.

28
10
"Number Three"
Ken Olin
Shukree Hassan Tilghman
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
2AZC10
10.94[20]

Deja's mother Shauna appears unannounced at Randall's home after the charges against her have been dropped. Deja convinces her to leave and wait for them to be reunited via official channels. Randall and Beth are opposed to Shauna resuming custody of Deja, and plan to fight it, but eventually relent. In flashbacks, Jack takes teenage Randall to Howard University in DC; Jack takes the official tour while Randall is shown around by a friend. Jack then shows Randall the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, and talks about being drafted and how the war affected him. In more recent times, William tells adult Randall about the two times he saw Randall's mother, how he followed Rebecca to her home, but ultimately decided not to see Randall. In the present, Randall learns of Kate's miscarriage. Randall and Beth plan to try fostering again after a while. Kevin appears at Randall's house, and Randall notices Kevin drinking vodka early in the day. Later, Kevin speeds down the road, unaware at first that Tess has hidden in the back seat. Kevin is pulled over and arrested for DUI, and Randall and Beth are angry at Kevin for endangering Tess.

29
11
"The Fifth Wheel"
Chris Koch
Vera Herbert
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
2AZC11
9.65[21]

Toby finds junk-food trash. Randall and Beth check on Tess; she said she was sad when Deja went home. The family visits Kevin at rehab; Barbara, the facilitator, wants only immediate family at Kevin's first session. Kevin apologizes to the family, but Barbara has him discuss family issues. Kevin says they are a family of addicts. Kevin felt like an outcast ("fifth wheel"): Kate had Jack's support; Rebecca loved Randall more than Kevin. Randall scolds Kevin; Rebecca, crying, says why Randall was easier to love. Toby, Beth, and Miguel talk at a bar about being outsiders, Miguel being the only one who knew Jack. After the session, the Big Three reconcile; Rebecca tells Kevin why she never worried about him, but they had their moments. Kate admits to Toby about hiding junk food since miscarrying. When the kids are 10, Jack takes the family to a cabin vacation, getting Kevin after football camp. Randall's new glasses are missing. Rebecca notices Kate's food obsession; Jack has her exercise, but later takes her for ice cream. During a thunderstorm, Kevin brings Randall's glasses to their parents' room—Kate and Randall are sleeping with them. He sleeps on the floor; Rebecca joins him.

30
12
"Clooney"
Zetna Fuentes
Bekah Brunstetter
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
2AZC12
9.82[22]

William’s stray cat “Clooney” wanders. After rehab, Kevin stays with Rebecca—whom Miguel is protecting since Kevin upset her by getting arrested and criticizing her at rehab. Miguel later tells Kevin that Jack and Rebecca were a unified couple, not separate individuals; thus, he did not love Rebecca while Jack was alive, but does now and is staying. Kate befriends Madison from support group; they go wedding dress shopping, where Kate discovers Madison’s bulimia; Madison later faints and calls Kate for help. Kate says losing weight as a teenager did not make her happy. Randall visits Beth at work; she says working again would help him. Randall gets William’s box from storage, searches for a lady about whom William wrote and drew, and discovers from a picture it was Billie Holiday. Randall tells Beth he wants to buy and manage the run-down building with her. When the kids are teenagers, Jack and Rebecca take them shopping for suits and dresses for the winter formal and Jack's job. Though the kids are almost starting college, Jack again wants to start "Big Three Homes" (which he put aside to support his family). Randall asks a redhead out. Someone forgets smoke detector batteries.

31
13
"That'll Be the Day"
Uta Briesewitz
Kay Oyegun & Don Roos
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
2AZC13
9.37[23]

An elderly couple, circa 1980, looks through their junk, including a jukebox which would play "That'll Be the Day". When the house gets a buyer, the man gives his neighbor, Jack, a crockpot. Present-day Randall and Beth buy William’s old building. Kevin helps Randall do repairs; they soon find themselves overwhelmed—and bugs, so the building is vacated when an exterminator is called. Since Toby looks online for a dog, Kate—with mixed feelings—adopts a dog. Kevin tries to make amends to Sophie (who says goodbye), receives his missing pendant in the mail—and knows he cannot make amends to his dad. In flashbacks, Jack and Rebecca watch the Super Bowl alone as the teenagers are otherwise occupied—Kevin is with Sophie, Randall is on a date—Kate is making an audition tape (which Jack videotapes, to Kate’s initial disapproval) for the music college. The old crockpot's faulty switch causes the house fire.

32
14
TBA
TBA
TBA
February 4, 2018 (2018-02-04)[24]
2AZC14
TBD

33
15
"Across the Border"[25]
TBA
TBA
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
2AZC15
TBD

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: On January 18, 2017, NBC renewed the series for a second and third season of 18 episodes each, for a total of 36 additional episodes.[26] Dan Fogelman, Isaac Aptaker, and Elizabeth Berger serve as the season's showrunners.[27]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Main cast members Milo Ventimiglia, Mandy Moore, Sterling K. Brown, Chrissy Metz, Justin Hartley, Susan Kelechi Watson, Chris Sullivan, and Ron Cephas Jones return from the first season as Jack Pearson, Rebecca Pearson, Randall Pearson, Kate Pearson, Kevin Pearson, Beth Pearson, Toby Damon, and William H. Hill, respectively.[1] Jon Huertas and Alexandra Breckenridge, who recurred as Miguel and Sophie, respectively, throughout the first season, were subsequently promoted to the principal cast in the second season.[1] Also promoted to series regulars are young actors Hannah Zeile as teenage Kate, Niles Fitch as teenage Randall, Logan Shroyer as teenage Kevin, Mackenzie Hancsicsak as young Kate, Parker Bates as young Kevin, Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson, and Eris Baker as Tess Pearson. Lonnie Chavis will continue to recur as young Randall.[2]

text: In August 2017, Sylvester Stallone and Debra Jo Rupp were cast in a guest starring roles.[6][7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The show was awarded over $9.9 million in tax incentives by the California Film Commission for its second season.[28] Production on the season began on July 11, 2017, in Los Angeles.[29]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The second season was originally set to move to a Thursday timeslot, to anchor a new Must See TV lineup, alongside Will & Grace, Great News and Law & Order True Crime: The Menendez Murders, with NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt explaining, "While this is a bit risky, there is a bigger case to be made about redoing Thursday night. If there is one show we could move, it would be this one."[30] However, on May 30, 2017, NBC decided to keep the series on Tuesdays at 9 pm EST,[31] allowing it a run of 10 uninterrupted original episodes in the fall.[32]

text: The season began airing on September 26, 2017, on NBC in the United States,[33] and on CTV in Canada.[34] This Is Us will serve as the lead-out program for Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018.[24]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 95% approval rating with an average rating of 8.12/10 based on 19 reviews.[35]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"A Father's Advice"
September 26, 2017
3.9/13
12.94[11]
2.6
6.93
6.5
19.87[36]

2
"A Manny-Splendored Thing"
October 3, 2017
3.1/11
11.06[12]
2.4
6.15
5.5
17.21[37]

3
"Déjà Vu"
October 10, 2017
2.8/10
11.02[13]
2.2
6.11
5.0
17.13[38]

4
"Still There"
October 17, 2017
2.9/10
10.65[14]
2.3
6.32
5.2
16.97[39]

5
"Brothers"
October 24, 2017
2.8/10
10.60[15]
2.2
6.09
5.0
16.69[40]

6
"The 20's"
October 31, 2017
2.0/7
8.43[16]
2.4
6.50
4.4
14.94[41]

7
"The Most Disappointed Man"
November 7, 2017
2.5/9
9.89[17]
2.3
6.28
4.8
16.17[42]

8
"Number One"
November 14, 2017
2.6/9
10.05[18]
2.2
6.10
4.8
16.15[43]

9
"Number Two"
November 21, 2017
2.5/9
9.34[19]
2.0
5.71
4.5
15.05[44]

10
"Number Three"
November 28, 2017
2.8/10
10.94[20]
2.0
5.65
4.8
16.60[45]

11
"The Fifth Wheel"
January 9, 2018
2.7/9
9.65[21]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"Clooney"
January 16, 2018
2.5/9
9.82[22]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13
"That'll Be the Day"
January 23, 2018
2.5/9
9.37[23]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Drama Series
This Is Us
Nominated
[46]

Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series
Sterling K. Brown
Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series
Susan Kelechi Watson
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series
Vera Herbert for "Still Here"
Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Youth
Lonnie Chavis
Nominated


document_title: Data Protection Act 1998

question_text: the data protection act regulates the collection storage and processing of personal data relating to

text: Data Protection Act 1998

text: Background[edit]

text: The 1998 Act replaced the Data Protection Act 1984 and the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 and implemented the EU Data Protection Directive 1995.

text: The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003 altered the consent requirement for most electronic marketing to "positive consent" such as an opt in box. Exemptions remain for the marketing of "similar products and services" to existing customers and enquirers, which can still be given permission on an opt out basis.

text: The Jersey data protection law was modelled on the UK law.[2]

text: Contents[edit]

text: Scope of protection[edit]

text: Section 1 defines "personal data" as any data that can be used to identify a living individual. Anonymised or aggregated data is less regulated by the Act, providing the anonymisation or aggregation has not been done in a reversible way. Individuals can be identified by various means including their name and address, telephone number or email address. The Act applies only to data which is held, or intended to be held, on computers ('equipment operating automatically in response to instructions given for that purpose'), or held in a 'relevant filing system'.[3]

text: In some cases paper records may be classified as a 'relevant filing system', such as an address book or a salesperson's diary used to support commercial activities.[4]

text: The Freedom of Information Act 2000 modified the act for public bodies and authorities, and the Durant case modified the interpretation of the act by providing case law and precedent.[5]

text: A person who has their data processed has the following rights:[6][7]

text:
under section 7, to view the data an organisation holds on them for a reasonable fee: the maximum fee is £2 for requests to credit reference agencies, £50 for health and educational request, and £10 per individual otherwise,[8]
under section 14, request that incorrect information be corrected. If the company ignores the request, a court can order the data to be corrected or destroyed, and in some cases compensation can be awarded.[9]
under section 10, require that data is not used in any way that may potentially cause damage or distress.[10]
under section 11, require that their data is not used for direct marketing.[11]

text: Data protection principles[edit]

text: Schedule 1 lists eight "data protection principles".

text:
Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and, in particular, shall not be processed unless:

at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met, and
in the case of sensitive personal data, at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met.

Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes.
Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed.
Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date.
Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes.
About the rights of individuals e.g.[12] personal data shall be processed in accordance with the rights of data subjects (individuals).
Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful processing of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data.
Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data.

tag: ol

text: Personal data should only be processed fairly and lawfully. In order for data to be classed as 'fairly processed', at least one of these six conditions must be applicable to that data (Schedule 2).

text:
The data subject (the person whose data is stored) has consented ("given their permission") to the processing;
Processing is necessary for the performance of, or commencing, a contract;
Processing is required under a legal obligation (other than one stated in the contract);
Processing is necessary to protect the vital interests of the data subject;
Processing is necessary to carry out any public functions;
Processing is necessary in order to pursue the legitimate interests of the "data controller" or "third parties" (unless it could unjustifiably prejudice the interests of the data subject).[13]

text: Except under the below mentioned exceptions, the individual needs to consent to the collection of their personal information and its use in the purpose(s) in question. The European Data Protection Directive defines consent as “…any freely given specific and informed indication of his wishes by which the data subject signifies his agreement to personal data relating to him being processed”, meaning the individual may signify agreement other than in writing. However, non-communication should not be interpreted as consent.

text: Additionally, consent should be appropriate to the age and capacity of the individual and other circumstances of the case. E.g., if an organisation "intends to continue to hold or use personal data after the relationship with the individual ends, then the consent should cover this." And even when consent is given, it shouldn't be assumed to last forever. Although in most cases consent lasts for as long as the personal data needs to be processed, individuals may be able to withdraw their consent, depending on the nature of the consent and the circumstances in which the personal information is being collected and used.[14]

text: The Data Protection Act also specifies that sensitive personal data must be processed according to a stricter set of conditions, in particular any consent must be explicit.[14]

text: Exceptions[edit]

text: The Act is structured such that all processing of personal data is covered by the act, while providing a number of exceptions in Part IV.[1] Notable exceptions are:

text:
Section 28 – National security. Any processing for the purpose of safeguarding national security is exempt from all the data protection principles, as well as Part II (subject access rights), Part III (notification), Part V (enforcement), and Section 55 (Unlawful obtaining of personal data).
Section 29 – Crime and taxation. Data processed for the prevention or detection of crime, the apprehension or prosecution of offenders, or the assessment or collection of taxes are exempt from the first data protection principle.
Section 36 – Domestic purposes. Processing by an individual only for the purposes of that individual's personal, family or household affairs is exempt from all the data protection principles, as well as Part II (subject access rights) and Part III (notification).

text: Police and court powers[edit]

text: The Act grants or acknowledges various police and court powers.

text:
Section 29 – Consent of the Data Subject is not required when processing Personal Data to prevent or detect crime, apprehend or prosecute offenders, the assessment and collection of taxes and duties and to discharge a statutory function.[15]
Section 35 – Disclosures required by law or made in connection with legal proceedings. This includes obeying court orders, other laws and are part of legal proceedings.[16]

text: Offences[edit]

text: The Act details a number of civil and criminal offences for which data controllers may be liable if a data controller has failed to gain appropriate consent from a data subject. However, 'consent' is not specifically defined in the Act and so is a common law matter.

text:
Section 21(1) makes it an offence to process personal information without registration.[17]
Section 21(2) makes it an offence to fail to comply with the notification regulations made by the Secretary of State[17] (proposed by the Information Commissioner under section 25 of the Act).[18]
Section 55 makes unlawful obtaining of personal data. This section makes it an offence for people (Other Parties), such as hackers and impersonators, outside the organisation to obtain unauthorised access to the personal data.[19]
Section 56 makes it a criminal offence to require an individual to make a Subject Access Request relating to cautions or convictions for the purposes of recruitment, continued employment, or the provision of services.[20] This section came into force on 10 March 2015.[21]

text: Complexity[edit]

text: The UK Data Protection Act is a large Act that has a reputation for complexity.[22] While the basic principles are honoured for protecting privacy, interpreting the act is not always simple. Many companies, organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims, content and principles of the Act. Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic, publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction.[23] The Act also impacts on the way in which organisations conduct business in terms of who can be contacted for marketing purposes, not only by telephone and direct mail but also electronically and has led to the development of permission based marketing strategies.

text: Definition of personal data[edit]

text: The definition of personal data is data relating to a living individual who can be identified

text:
from that data or
from that data and other information in the possession of, or is likely to come into the possession of, the data controller

text: Sensitive personal data concerns the subject's race, ethnicity, politics, religion, trade union status, health, sex life or criminal record.[24]

text: Subject Access Requests[edit]

text: The Information Commissioner's Office website states[25]:

text:
You have the right to get a copy of the information that is held about you. This is known as a subject access request.
This right of subject access means that you can make a request under the Data Protection Act to any organisation processing your personal data. The Act calls these organisations ‘data controllers’.
You can ask the organisation you think is holding, using or sharing the personal information you want, to supply you with copies of both paper and computer records and related information.

tag: div

text: Organisations may charge a fee for responding to a subject access request of up to[25]:

text:
£2 if it is a request to a credit reference agency for information about your financial standing
£50 for health records that are not available in electronic form or only partially available in electronic form
£10 in all other circumstances

text: Information Commissioner[edit]

text: Compliance with the Act is regulated and enforced by an independent authority, the Information Commissioner's Office, which maintains guidance relating to the Act.[26][27]

text: EU’s Article 29 Working Party[edit]

text: In January 2017 the Information Commissioner's Office invited public comments on the EU’s Article 29 Working Party's proposed changes to data protection law and the anticipated introduction of extensions to the interpretation of the Act, the Guide to the General Data Protection Regulation.[28]


document_title: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

question_text: when did teenage mutant ninja turtles come out

text: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover, New Hampshire. The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming and bad television with Laird.[3] Using money from a tax refund, together with a loan from Eastman’s uncle, the young artists self-published a single-issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s: Marvel Comics’ Daredevil and New Mutants, Dave Sim’s Cerebus, and Frank Miller’s Ronin.[4] The TMNT comic book series has been published in various incarnations by various comic book companies since 1984.

text: The Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent, Mark Freedman, sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise. In 1986, Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15-mm (approximately 0.6 inch) lead figurines. In January 1987, Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys, a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action-figure market. Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals: Jerry Sachs, advertising agent of Sachs-Finley Agency, brought together the animators at Murakami-Wolf-Swenson headed by Fred Wolf. Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew, headed by Karl Aaronian, vice president (VP) of sales Richard Sallis, and VP of Playmates Bill Carlson.[5]

text: Aaronian brought on several designers and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte, and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show.[5] Sachs called the high concept pitch "Green Against Brick". The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the Murakami-Wolf-Swenson animation firm's writers. Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell-in the toy action figures. Phrases like "Heroes in a half shell" and many of the comical catch phrases and battle cries ("Turtle power!") came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team. As the series developed, veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter. David Wise, Michael Charles Hill, and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts.

text: The miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience.[clarification needed] Once the product started selling, the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W, which funded the next round of animation. The show then went network, on CBS. Accompanied by the popular Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 1987 TV series, and the subsequent action figure line, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles became a mainstream success. At the height of the frenzy, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Turtles' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children's merchandise, from Pez dispensers to skateboards, breakfast cereal, video games, school supplies, linens, towels, cameras, and toy shaving kits.

text: While the animated TV series, which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996, was more light-hearted, the comic-book series continued in a much darker and grittier tone. In 1990, a live-action feature film was released, with the Turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The film became one of the most successful independent films and spawned two sequels, as well as inspiring a three-dimensional animated film set in the same continuity, which was released in 2007 under the title TMNT. After the end of the cartoon series, a live-action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in conjunction with Saban Entertainment. The series was called Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation and introduced a fifth, female turtle called Venus de Milo. However, the series was largely unsuccessful and was canceled after one season.

text: The property lay dormant until 2003, when a new animated TV series also entitled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles began to air on Fox Box (4Kids TV). The series storyline stuck much closer to the original Mirage comic book series, but was still less violent. It lasted for seven seasons and 156 episodes, ending in February 2009.

text: On October 21, 2009, it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon (a subsidiary of Viacom) had purchased all of Mirage's rights to the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles property. Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year, though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown.[6] Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI-animated TMNT television series and partnered with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters. The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29, 2012.[7] The live-action film, produced by Platinum Dunes, Nickelodeon Movies, and Paramount Pictures, directed by Jonathan Liebesman, and produced by Michael Bay, was released on August 8, 2014.[8]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Leonardo (Leo) – The tactical, courageous leader and devoted student of his sensei, Leonardo wears a blue mask and wields two katana. As the most conscientious of the four, he often bears the burden of responsibility for his brothers, which commonly leads to conflict with Raphael. Leonardo was named after the Italian polymath, painter, engineer, inventor, writer, anatomist, and sculptor, Leonardo da Vinci.
Michelangelo (Mikey) –  The most stereotypical teenager of the team, Michelangelo is a free-spirited, relaxed, and often goofy jokester, and known for his love of pizza. Michelangelo wears an orange mask and wields a pair of nunchucks. He provides the comic relief, though he still has an adventurous side. The least mature of the four Turtles, he shows characteristics of a "surfer" type and is often depicted with a Southern Californian accent. He is named after the Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer, Michelangelo. His name was originally misspelled "Michaelangelo" by Peter Laird and Kevin Eastman.[9]
Donatello (Donnie or Don) – The scientist, inventor, engineer, and technological genius, Donatello wears a purple mask and wields a bo staff. Donatello is perhaps the least violent turtle, preferring to use his knowledge to solve conflicts, but never hesitates to defend his brothers. He is named after the early Renaissance Italian artist and sculptor from Florence, Donatello.
Raphael (Raph) – The team's bad boy, Raphael wears a red mask and wields a pair of sai. He has an aggressive nature, and seldom hesitates to throw the first punch. He is often depicted with a very pronounced New York accent. His personality can be fierce and sarcastic, and oftentimes delivers deadpan humor. He is intensely loyal to his brothers and sensei. He is named after the Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance, Raphael.[9]
Splinter – The Turtles' sensei and adoptive father, Splinter is a Japanese mutant rat that learned the ways of ninjutsu from his owner and master, Hamato Yoshi. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, and the 2012 TV series, Splinter was Hamato Yoshi mutated into a humanoid rat. In the 2003 TV series, he was Hamato Yoshi's pet rat. He was mutated from a mysterious ooze from the TCRI building. In the IDW comics, he is Hamato Yoshi reincarnated as a mutated rat.
April O'Neil – A former lab assistant to the mad scientist Baxter Stockman, April is the plucky human companion of the Turtles. April first met the Turtles when they saved her from Baxter's Mouser robots. She embarks on many of the Turtles' adventures and aids them by doing the work in public that the Turtles cannot. In the 1987 TV series, Archie Comics series, the subsequent three films, and the 2014 film reboot, April was a television news reporter. In the 2007 CGI film (following the continuity from the original three films), Casey Jones and she work for a shipping firm. In the 2012 series, April is a teenager who is rescued by the TMNTs and later given some "crash courses" in being a ninja by Splinter.
Casey Jones – A vigilante who wears a hockey mask to protect his identity, Casey Jones has become one of the Turtles' closest allies, as well as a love interest to April. Casey first encountered the Turtles after having a fight with Raphael. He fights crime with an assortment of sporting goods he carries in a golf bag, such as baseball bats, golf clubs, and hockey sticks.
The Shredder – A villainous ninjutsu master called Oroku Saki, he is the leader of the Foot Clan, an evil ninja clan. In every incarnation of the TMNT franchise, he has been the archenemy of Splinter and the Turtles. The Shredder prefers to use his armor instead of weapons in some versions.
Foot Soldiers/Ninjas – The ninjas of the Foot Clan, working for the Shredder.
Karai – A female high-rank member of the Foot Clan, she has appeared in several different TMNT comics, cartoons, and films, as well as in multiple video games. In some incarnations of the character, she is closely related to Shredder as his adopted daughter or biological granddaughter. In most works, she shares an ambiguous rivalry with Leonardo, which occasionally even borders on romantic interest.

text: Comics[edit]

text: Mirage[edit]

text: Eastman and Laird's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles premiered in May 1984, at a comic book convention held at a local Sheraton Hotel in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It was published by Mirage Studios in an oversized magazine-style format using black and white artwork on cheap newsprint, limited to a print run of only 3,250 copies.[10] Through a clever media kit that included a press release in Comic Buyer's Guide #542 and a full-page ad placed in Comic Buyer's Guide #547, the public's interest was piqued and thus began the Turtle phenomenon. The small print runs made these early comics and trade magazines instant collector items, and within months, they were trading for over 50 times their cover price. The name "Mirage Studios" was chosen because of Eastman and Laird's lack of a professional art studio at the start of their career, before their creation made them both multimillionaires.

text: Mirage also published a bimonthly companion book entitled Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, featuring art by Ryan Brown and Jim Lawson, which was designed to fill in the gaps of continuity in the TMNT universe. This put the original series and Tales in the same mainstream continuity, and the two are thus canon to each other. The title's first volume was from 1987–1989, released in alternating months with the regular Eastman and Laird book. All seven issues of volume one have been collected in trade paperback form twice, and 25 issues of volume two have been collected in trades of five issues each.

text: As the TMNT phenomenon proliferated to other media, Eastman and Laird found themselves administrating an international merchandising juggernaut. However, this prevented the two creators from participating in the day-to-day work of writing and illustrating a monthly comic book. So, many guest artists were invited to showcase their unique talents in the TMNT universe. The breadth of diversity found in the various short stories gave the series a disjointed, anthology-like feel. Fans stuck with the series, and what was originally intended as a one-shot became a continuing series that lasted for 129 issues, spanning four separate volumes (having 62, 13, 23, and 32 issues in the four distinct volumes).

text: In June 1996, Image Comics took over publishing the title in what is considered "volume 3" of the series. It was a slightly more action-oriented TMNT series and although notable for inflicting major physical changes on the main characters, Peter Laird, co-creator of the TMNT, has said this volume is no longer in canon as he began publishing volume 4 at Mirage Publishing. As an explanation, he offered in the pages of the volume 4 (issue #8) letter column: "It just didn't feel right." [11]

text: After taking back the series from Image Comics, Mirage Studios resumed publication of a fourth volume in December 2001, under the simple title TMNT. After the publication of issue number 28, writer Peter Laird placed the series on an eight-month hiatus to devote himself to production of the 2007 TMNT movie. However, after that eight months had passed, Mirage's official website went on to list the series as in "indefinite hiatus". In January 2008, Mirage had finally confirmed that the series would return in May 2008. Issues 29 and 30 had a limited printing of 1,000 copies each, and were available through the official TMNT website. Although the purchase agreement with Nickelodeon allows Laird to produce up to 18 comics a year set in the original Mirage continuity, no new material was released in the next few years. The latest issue of TMNT volume 4 was issue #32 which came out in print May 4, 2014, and online on May 9, 2014, almost 4 years after issue #31 was last released.

text: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures[edit]

text: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures was a comic-book series published from August 1988 to October 1995 by Archie Comics. The initial storylines were close adaptations of the 1987 TV series, but with the fifth issue, Eastman and Laird decided to hand the series over to Mirage Studios employees Ryan Brown and Stephen Murphy, who immediately abandoned the animated series adaptations and took the title in a decidedly different direction with all-new original adventures, including the uniting of several of the series' recurring characters as a separate team, the Mighty Mutanimals.

text: Dreamwave[edit]

text: A monthly comic inspired by the 2003 TV series was published by Dreamwave Productions from June to December 2003. It was written by Peter David and illustrated by LeSean Thomas. In the first four issues, which were the only ones directly adapted from the TV series, the story was told from the perspectives of April, Baxter, Casey, and a pair of New York City police officers.

text: IDW[edit]

text: In April 2011, IDW Publishing announced that they had acquired the license to publish new collections of Mirage storylines and a new ongoing series.[12] The first issue of the new series was released on August 24, 2011. Turtles co-creator Kevin Eastman and Tom Waltz write, with Eastman and Dan Duncan handling art chores.

text: Manga[edit]

text: The Turtles have appeared in several manga series.

text:
Mutant Turtles (ミュータント・タートルズ, Myūtanto Tātoruzu) is a 15-issue series by Tsutomu Oyamada, Zuki mora, and Yoshimi Hamada that simply adapted episodes of the original American animated series.
Super Turtles (スーパータートルズ Sūpā Tātoruzu) is a three-issue miniseries by Hidemasa Idemitsu, Tetsurō Kawade, and Toshio Kudō that featured the "TMNT Supermutants" Turtle toys that were on sale at the time. The first volume of the anime miniseries followed this storyline.
Mutant Turtles Gaiden (ミュータント・タートルズ外伝, Myūtanto Tātoruzu Gaiden) by Hiroshi Kanno is a reinterpretation of the Turtles story with no connection to the previous manga.
Mutant Turtles III (ミュータント・タートルズ３, Myūtanto Tātoruzu Tsuri) is Yasuhiko Hachino's adaptation of the third feature film.
Mutant Turtles '95 (ミュータント・タートルズ９５, Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūgo) is a 1995 series by Ogata Nobu which ran in Comic BomBom.
Mutant Turtles '96 (ミュータント・タートルズ９６, Myūtanto Tātoruzu Kyūjūroku) is a continuation of the 1995 series when it continued to run through 1996.

text: Comic strip[edit]

text: A daily comic strip written and illustrated by Dan Berger began in 1990. It featured an adventure story Monday through Friday and activity puzzles on weekends (with fan art appearing later). The comic strip was published in syndication until its cancellation in December 1996. At its highest point in popularity, it was published in over 250 newspapers.

text: Television series[edit]

text: First animated series (1987–1996)[edit]

text: When little-known Playmates Toys, Inc. was approached about producing a TMNTs action figure line, they were cautious of the risk and requested that a television deal be acquired first.[13][14] On December 28, 1987, the TMNT's first cartoon series began, starting as a five-part miniseries and becoming a regular Saturday-morning syndicated series on October 1, 1988, with 13 more episodes. The series was produced by Murakami-Wolf-Swenson Film Productions, Inc. (later Fred Wolf Films). Mirage Studios does not own the rights to this cartoon series. The show places a much stronger emphasis on humor than the comics do. Here, the Ninja Turtles are portrayed as four wise-cracking, pizza-obsessed superheroes that fight the forces of evil from their sewer hideout, and they make their first appearance in masks color-coded to each turtle, where previously they had all worn red.[15]

text: The cast included new and different characters, such as Bebop and Rocksteady and the Neutrinos. Original characters such as Splinter, Shredder, and the Foot Soldiers stayed true to the comics in appearance and alignment only. Instead of being Hamato Yoshi's mutated pet rat, Splinter was a mutated Hamato himself. The Foot Soldiers changed from human ninjas to an endless supply of robotic grunts, allowing large numbers of them to be destroyed without anyone dying (this was a very important decision in terms of the show's child audience; excessive violence would have alienated parents of children, the show's target demographic). Krang, one of the series' most memorable villains, was inspired by the design of the Utrom, a benign alien race from the Mirage comics. The animated Krang, however, was instead an evil warlord from Dimension X. Baxter Stockman, whose race was changed from black to white either due to apprehension toward depicting a villainous African American character in a children's cartoon or that for Shredder to boss around a black Stockman would be perceived as racist. Either way, Stockman was rewritten as a shy and meek lackey to Shredder, later mutating into an anthropomorphic housefly. During the final two seasons of the show, to combat the rising popularity of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, the lead villain switched to Lord Dregg, an evil alien overlord bent on world conquest by trying to distract the public into believing that the Turtles were the enemy instead of himself.

text: Starting on September 25, 1989, the series was expanded to weekdays and it had 47 more episodes for the new season. There were 28 new syndicated episodes for season 4 and only 13 of those episodes aired in 1990. The "European Vacation" episodes were not seen in the United States until USA Network started showing reruns in late 1993 and the "Awesome Easter" episodes were not seen until 1991. These episodes were delayed because of animation or scheduling problems.[16] The turtles are also well known for their use of idiomatic expressions characteristic of the surfer lingo of the time, especially by Michelangelo. Words and phrases included "bummer", "dude", "bogus", "radical", "far-out", "tubuloso", "bodacious", and possibly the most recognized, "cowabunga".[17] On April 21, 1990, a drug-prevention television special was broadcast on ABC, NBC, and CBS named Cartoon All-Stars to the Rescue that featured some of the most popular cartoons at the time; representing TMNT was Michelangelo, voiced by Townsend Coleman.

text: Starting on September 8, 1990 (with a different opening sequence), the show began its run on CBS. The CBS weekend edition ran for a full hour until 1994, initially airing a few Saturday-exclusive episodes back-to-back. Also, a brief "Turtle Tips" segment aired between the two episodes, which served as public-service announcement about the environment or other issues. After 1994, the show was reduced to just a half-hour and only eight episodes per season were produced, grouped into a "CBS Action Zone" block that also featured WildC.A.T.s. and Skeleton Warriors, both of which were canceled after one season; though TMNTs retained their "Action Zone" introduction. The two shows in the block were also produced by Fred Wolf Films. The series ran until November 2, 1996, when it aired its final episode. Its enormous popularity gave rise to its numerous imitators, including the Battletoads, Cheetahmen, Wild West C.O.W.-Boys of Moo Mesa, Road Rovers, Street Sharks, Extreme Dinosaurs, and Biker Mice from Mars. Currently, all 193 episodes are available on DVD and VHS.

text: Original video animation[edit]

text: In addition to the American series, a Japan-exclusive two-episode anime original video animation (OVA) series was made in 1996, titled Mutant Turtles: Choujin Densetsu-hen. The OVA is similar in tone to the 1987 TV series and uses the same voices from TV Tokyo's Japanese dub of the 1987 TV series. The first episode was made to advertise the TMNT Supermutants toys. It featured the Turtles as superheroes, that gained costumes and superpowers with the use of Mutastones, while Shredder, Bebop and Rocksteady gained supervillain powers with the use of a Dark Mutastone. As with the Super Sentai and Power Rangers franchises, the four Turtles could combine to form the giant Turtle Saint. The second episode was created to advertise the Metal Mutants toys in which the characters gain Saint Seiya-esque mystical metal armor that can transform into beasts.

text: Live-action series (1997–1998)[edit]

text: In 1997–1998, the Turtles starred in a live-action television series called Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation that directly follows the events of the first three movies. A fifth turtle was introduced, a female named Venus de Milo, who was skilled in the mystical arts of the shinobi.[15] The series was intended as a loose continuation of the movie franchise, as Shredder had been defeated and the Ninja Turtles encountered new villains. Other connections to the feature films include the fact that Splinter's ear was cut, the Foot Soldiers were humans, and the Turtles lived in the abandoned subway station seen in the second and third movies. The Next Mutation Turtles made a guest appearance on Power Rangers in Space.[18] It was canceled after one season of 26 episodes.

text: Second animated series (2003–2009)[edit]

text: In 2003, a new TMNT series produced by 4Kids Entertainment began airing on the "FoxBox" (later renamed "4Kids TV") programming block. It later moved to "The CW4Kids" block. The series was co-produced by Mirage Studios,[19] and Mirage owned one-third of the rights to the series. Mirage's significant stake in creative control resulted in a cartoon that hews more closely to the original comics, creating a darker and edgier feel than the 1987 cartoon, but still remains lighthearted enough to be considered appropriate for children.

text: This series lasted until 2009, ending with a feature-length television movie titled Turtles Forever, which was produced in conjunction with the 25th anniversary of the TMNTs franchise and featured the Turtles of the 2003 series teaming up with their counterparts from the 1987 series. 4Kidstv.com featured all the episodes of the series, until September 2010, when Nickelodeon brought the series and air the series occasionally on Nicktoons and Nickelodeon normally during TMNTs marathons.

text: Third animated series (2012–2017)[edit]

text: Nickelodeon acquired the global rights to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles from the Mirage Group and 4Kids Entertainment, Inc. and announced a new CGI-animated TMNT television series.[20][21][22] The 2012 version is characterized by anime-like iconography and emphasis on mutagen continuing to wreak havoc on the everyday lives of the Turtles and their enemies. The series ran for five seasons.

text: Fourth animated series (2018)[edit]

text: Nickelodeon announced a new 2D animated series based on the franchise, which will debut in September 2018.[23][24]

text: Feature films[edit]

text: The Turtles have appeared in six feature films. The first three are live-action features produced in the early 1990s: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze (1991), and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III (1993). The Turtles were played by various actors in costumes featuring animatronic heads, initially produced by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The fourth film is a CGI-animated film titled simply TMNT and released in 2007.

text: A reboot, titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles produced by Platinum Dunes, Nickelodeon Movies, and Paramount Pictures, directed by Jonathan Liebesman, and produced by Michael Bay, was released on August 8, 2014.[8] A sequel, Out of the Shadows was released on June 3, 2016.[25]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Among the first licensed products to feature the TMNT was a tabletop role-playing game titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness, published by Palladium Books in 1985, and featuring original comics and illustrations by Eastman and Laird. The game features a large list of animals, including elephants and sparrows, that are available as mutant player characters. Several more titles were in this genre, including Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures, Truckin' Turtles, Turtles Go Hollywood, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guide to the Universe, and Transdimensional Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.

text: In 1986, Dark Horse Miniatures in Boise, Idaho, produced an attendant set of lead figurines; unlike later incarnations, the bandannas on the store's display set were painted all black before the multicolored versions were released to help younger readers distinguish between the four characters other than their weaponry. Palladium allowed the license to lapse in 2000, in part due to declining sales stemming from the "kiddification" of the animated and live-action incarnations to that point. However, Palladium's publisher, Kevin Siembieda, has indicated a potential willingness to revisit the license given the franchise's recent moves closer to its roots.[26]

text: Toys[edit]

text: During the run of the 1987 TV series, Playmates Toys produced hundreds of TMNT action figures, along with vehicles, playsets, and accessories, becoming one of the top collectibles for children.[27] Staff artists at Northampton, Massachusetts-based Mirage Studios provided conceptual designs for many of the figures, vehicles, and playsets and creator credit can be found in the legal text printed on the back of the toy packaging. In addition, Playmates produced a series of TMNTs/Star Trek crossover figures, due to Playmates holding the Star Trek action-figure license at the time. Playmates employed many design groups to develop looks and styles for the toy line, including Bloom Design, White Design, Pangea, Robinson-Clarke, and McHale Design. The marketing vice president of Playmates, Karl Aaronian, was largely responsible for assembling the talented team of designers and writers, which in turn, helped germinate continued interest in the toy line.

text: Never before in toy history did an action-figure line have such an impact for over two decades, generating billions of dollars in licensing revenue. The series was highly popular in the UK, where in the run-up to Christmas, the Army & Navy Store in London's Lewisham devoted its entire basement to everything Turtle, including games, videos, costumes, and other items. Playmates continue to produce TMNT action figures based on the 2003 animated series. The 2007 film TMNT also gave Playmates a new source from which to make figures, while National Entertainment Collectibles Association produced a series of high-quality action figures based on character designs from the original Mirage comics. In 2012, a new toy line and a new classic toy line from Playmates were announced to be released.[28]

text: Video games[edit]

text: The first console video game based on the franchise, titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) by Konami under their "Ultra Games" label in 1989 and later ported to home computers and eventually for the Wii on the Virtual Console. Also released by Konami in 1989 was an arcade game, also titled simply Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, later ported to the NES as Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game, leading to an NES-only sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: The Manhattan Project, which used the look of the arcade game, as opposed to the first NES game. The next Turtles game, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time, was released in 1991 as an arcade game, and was later ported to the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Super NES) in 1992. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Hyperstone Heist was also created for the Sega Genesis in the same year, and used many of the art assets from TMNT IV. There was also a trilogy of TMNT video games for the original Game Boy system made by Konami, consisting of: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Fall of the Foot Clan, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: Back from the Sewers, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III: Radical Rescue. As the video game series progressed, and the Ninja Turtles' popularity began to decline in the mid-1990s, the video games changed direction. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Tournament Fighters was released as a set of one-on-one fighting game similar to the Street Fighter series; versions were released for the NES, SNES, and Genesis, each a distinct game.

text: Konami also acquired the license to adapt the 2003 TV series into a video game franchise, resulting in a new series of games with 3D gameplay inspired by the old TMNT beat 'em up games, consisting of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 video game), Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2: Battle Nexus, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 3: Mutant Nightmare.

text: In 2006, Ubisoft acquired the rights for TMNT games, beginning with a game based on the 2007 animated feature film, along with a distinct game for the Game Boy Advance similar in style to the Konami arcade games.[29][30] A beat 'em up game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Arcade Attack was released for the Nintendo DS in 2009, to coincide with the series' 25th anniversary.[31] In 2013, Activision released the downloadable game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, based on the 2012 TV series and developed by Red Fly Studio for the Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network and Steam.[32]

text: On January 25, 2016, Activision and PlatinumGames announced Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutants in Manhattan for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox One, Xbox 360, and PC. The game is described as a third-person, team-based brawler. The campaign will be playable either single-player or co-op and will have an original story written by Tom Waltz, IDW comic writer and editor. The art style is based on long time TMNT comic artist Mateus Santolouco.[33]

text: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Legends, a Free to play Role-playing video game has been released by Ludia in summer 2016 for iPhone, iPad, Android, and Kindle Fire. It is based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series).

text: The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles appear as playable characters in the DC Comics fighting game Injustice 2 as a part of the "Fighter Pack 3" downloadable content.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Tabletop role playing game[edit]

text: In 1985, Palladium Books published Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness.[34] This was a stand-alone game, as well as acting as an expansion for their game Rifts. The game used many key mechanics from the Palladium system. The game itself is limited to which martial arts are available, but a separate book, Ninjas and Superspies,[35] increased the amount available to a choice of 41 martial arts styles. Examples of animals created are included in the appendices as potential antagonists, including the Terror Bears, Caesers Weasels, and Sparrow Eagles, as well as including stats for the Turtles and other characters.

text: Food tie-ins[edit]

text: During the height of their popularity, the Turtles had a number of food tie-ins.[36] Among the most notable of these products was Ninja Turtles Cereal, produced by Ralston-Purina as a kind of "Chex with TMNT-themed marshmallows" which also came with a small pouch of Pizza Crunchabungas, pizza-flavored corn snacks in the shape of pizzas (the commercial starred the Ninja Turtles as Will Vinton-created claymations); Hostess Ninja Turtles Pudding Pies, featuring a green sugar crust and vanilla pudding inside; and Royal OOZE Gelatin Desserts, distributed by Nabisco under "Royal Gelatin" in three different flavors: orange, strawberry, and lime. Shreddies used to give out TMNT toys in their boxes when the cereal advertising was still geared toward children. One example of a TMNT prize was rings featuring a character on the cartoon (1992). There was also green Ninja Turtle ice cream with different toppings according to which turtle flavor one ordered. Chef Boyardee also released a canned pasta with the pasta in the shapes of the four turtles.[37]

text: Concert tour[edit]

text: To capitalize on the Turtles' popularity, a concert tour was held in 1990, premiering at Radio City Music Hall on August 17.[38][39] The "Coming Out of Their Shells" tour featured live-action turtles playing music as a band (Donatello, keyboards; Leonardo, bass guitar; Raphael, drums and sax; Michelangelo, guitar) on stage around a familiar plotline: April O'Neil is kidnapped by the Shredder, and the turtles have to rescue her.[40] The story had a very Bill-n'-Ted-esque feel, with its theme of the power of rock n' roll literally defeating the enemy, in the form of the Shredder (who only rapped about how he hates music) trying to eliminate all music. A pay-per-view special highlighting the concert was shown, and a studio album was also released.[41] The track listing is as follows:

text:
"Coming Out of Our Shells!"
"Sing About It"
"Tubin'"
"Skipping Stones"
"Pizza Power"
"Walk Straight"
"No Treaties"
"Cowabunga"
"April Ballad"
"Count on Us"

text: Since the tour was sponsored by Pizza Hut in real life, many references are made to their pizza. Empty Pizza Hut boxes are seen onscreen in the "Behind the Shells" VHS. As part of a cross-marketing strategy, Pizza Hut restaurants gave away posters, audio cassettes of "Coming Out of Their Shells", and "Official Tour Guides" as premiums. The original show of the tour was released on video with a making of video also released. The song "Pizza Power" was later used by Konami for the second arcade game Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Turtles in Time.

text: At the Disney-MGM Studios theme park[edit]

text: On June 30, 1990, the TMNT appeared in the "New York Street" section of Disney-MGM Studios theme park in Orlando. Emerging from their Turtle Party Wagon, they would "ninja dance" across the stage while April performed the theme song to the show. After the main show was done, they posed for pictures and signed autographs. The Turtles also made appearances in Disney's Very Merry Christmas Parade to sing their own rendition of "Santa Claus is Coming to Town". They also appeared during the Easter parade dancing to their single "Pizza Power!" The Turtles' live shows and appearances ceased production in 1996.

text: Parodies[edit]

text: Although the TMNT had originated as something of a parody, the comic's explosive success led to a wave of small-press, black and white comic parodies of TMNT itself, including Adolescent Radioactive Black Belt Hamsters, Pre-Teen Dirty-Gene Kung Fu Kangaroos, and a host of others. Dark Horse Comics' Boris the Bear was launched in response to these TMNT clones; its first issue was titled "Boris the Bear Slaughters the Teenage Radioactive Black Belt Mutant Ninja Critters". Once the Turtles broke into the mainstream, parodies also proliferated in other media, such as in satire magazines Cracked and Mad magazine and numerous TV series of the period. The satirical British television series Spitting Image featured a recurring sketch "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turds".[42]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Departure from origins[edit]

text: The Turtles engaged in a greater amount of overt violence in the pages of the early Mirage comic book series by Eastman and Laird. As the TMNT were introduced into the mainstream, they were radically redesigned. In issue #19 of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the creators published an editorial addressing any possible concerns of readers as a result of this. It stated, in part: "We've allowed the wacky side to happen, and enjoy it very much. All the while, though, we've kept the originals very much ours – forty pages of what we enjoy and want to see in our books, whether it comes from our own hands or from those of the talented people we work with."[43] In the film Turtles Forever, the original Mirage Turtles refer to their descendants as "sell-outs", in reference to their colorful accessories (the originals are conveyed in black and white).

text: Teenage Mutant "Hero" Turtles [edit]

text: Upon TMNT's first arrival in the United Kingdom and Ireland the name was changed to "Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles" (or TMHT, for short), since local censorship policies deemed the word ninja to have excessively violent connotations for a children's program (in Ireland, however, the first season aired as "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" before the change to "Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles").[44] Consequently, everything related to the Turtles (comic books, video games, toys, etc.) had to be renamed before being released in these nations, as well as in the German-speaking countries.

text: The lyrics were also changed, such as changing "Splinter taught them to be ninja teens" to "Splinter taught them to be fighting teens". The policies also had other effects, such as editing out use of Michelangelo's nunchaku (which were at the time banned by James Ferman, chairman of the BBFC, from appearing in films and generally toning down the usage of all the turtles' weapons.[45] To head this problem off, the showrunners elected to remove Michelangelo's nunchaku entirely during season three, replacing them with a grappling hook called the "Turtle Line" that served as Mikey's signature weapon for the rest of the show's run.[3]

text: In Italy, Spain and Portugal, they kept Michelangelo's nunchaku but the "TMHT" logo could be seen in the intro, as it was not edited to reflect the title in each of those translations. In Spain the cartoon was originally aired in regional TV channels and thus had different dubs in addition to Castillian: Galician and Catalan;[citation needed] in the Galician version, the title As Tartarugas Mutantes ("The Mutant Turtles") was used. The Italian and European Portuguese dubs also had few edits.

text: However, when the live-action movie came out in 1990, the Ninja of the title was kept even in the UK. In time, nunchaku scenes were retained in previously-censored movies such as those of Bruce Lee. The same went for the PAL releases of the early video games, which had Michelangelo's weapon of choice fully visible and usable. By the time of the 2003 TV series, these censorship policies had been abolished, and no changes have occurred in the content of the show. The name "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" remained unchanged for the 2003 TV series. As a result, in the UK, the 1987 TV series is still called Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles and the 2003 TV series is called Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. In 2009, Lionsgate Home Entertainment released the 25th Anniversary Collectors Edition on Region 2 DVD in the UK. This 3-Disc set contains all the episodes of Seasons 1 and 2 and 4 episodes from the final season, as well as a 1-Disc DVD with the first few episodes of Season 1. This release features the original, unedited episodes under the "Ninja Turtles" title, and also marks the first time the show has been released and left uncensored in the UK.[citation needed]

text: Ownership rights[edit]

text: Due to various movie and television deals, the various TMNT films and television series have split between various companies, with Mirage Studios having retained copyright and trademark until October 19, 2009, at which point the rights for the entire TMNT franchise were sold by co-creator Peter Laird to Nickelodeon.[46]

text: Television[edit]

text: The original animated series (1987–1996) was produced by Fred Wolf Films Dublin (as Murakami Wolf Swenson (MWS) and Murakami Wolf Dublin (MWD) during earlier seasons), and syndicated by Group W. The series itself is owned by Wolf Films, with home entertainment rights residing with Lions Gate Entertainment, and until recently, syndication rights belonged to Nickelodeon's former corporate sibling CBS Television Distribution.[citation needed] The initial five-part miniseries (retroactively considered the first season) was copyrighted by Playmates Toys, although their rights to those episodes were bought out by Fred Wolf Films.

text: Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation was produced by Saban Entertainment, and as of September 2011, is owned and distributed by Saban Brands.[47][48][49]

text: The second animated series (2003–2009) was a co-production between Mirage Studios and 4Kids Entertainment. Nickelodeon's October 19, 2009 buyout of the TMNT franchise included an approximate $9.75 million payment to 4Kids to terminate its right to serve as the merchandise licensing agent prior to the scheduled expiration of the representation agreement in 2012.[7][50] Due to the buyout, all future TMNT film and television series rights are owned by Nickelodeon.[46] Nickelodeon also gained the rights to the 2003 series after terminating 4Kids' contract.

text: Films[edit]

text: The first three TMNT live-action films were produced by Golden Harvest, with New Line Cinema (now a sister company of Warner Bros. Entertainment) distributing the films in the United States, with 20th Century Fox distributing the second and third films in most other territories. The first two films were copyrighted by the UK-based Northshore Investments. The third film was copyrighted by Clearwater Holdings. The fourth film was produced by Imagi Animation Studios, and released by Warner Bros. Entertainment in association with the Weinstein Company.

text: Michael Bay produced a feature film directed by Jonathan Liebesman simply titled Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and was released on August 8, 2014. A sequel, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, was released on June 3, 2016, with Megan Fox and Will Arnett reprising their roles and debuting Stephen Amell as Casey Jones. Dave Green replaced Liebesman as the director.

text: Comic books[edit]

text: Initially, Mirage allowed employees and freelancers to retain the rights to characters they created for the TMNT Universe but had never licensed for media and merchandise outside comic books. Eventually, due to the difficulty of keeping track of everyone's rights, Mirage made TMNT character creators sign retroactive work-for-hire contracts. One creator who did not sign over the rights to his TMNT work was Swamp Thing veteran Rick Veitch.[51]