document_title: Super Bowl ring

question_text: what nfl player has the most nfl rings

question_tokens: what nfl player has the most nfl rings

text: Super Bowl ring

text: Details[edit]

text: These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team; any additional costs are borne by the team.[1] Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens. In 2015, the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each, making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced.[2]

text: The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called "B" and "C" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds.

text: Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football. Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo. Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won. Also, the rings are customized with the player's name and uniform number.

text: The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring[6] contained more than 100 diamonds. The Packer logo, in the center of the ring, made up 13 diamonds, one for each title the team has won, dating back to 1929. In a break from tradition, this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum, not gold.[citation needed]

text: The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds, to commemorate their comeback from being down 28-3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter.[7]

text: Value and resale[edit]

text: Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles, along with genuine rings. Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay. Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008.[8] Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia.[9] Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury.[10]

text: In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction. Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000.

text: Most Super Bowl rings[edit]

text:
Seven: two people.

Bill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots
Neal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco 49ers (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver Broncos (general manager)

Six: six people.

Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers
Chuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers
Bill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers[13][14]
"Mean Joe" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]
Conditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots

Five: twenty people.

Charles Haley, five (two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys)
Tom Brady, five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots; he has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2017–18 season), he is the only player to win five playing for one team, and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history.
Robert Kraft, five as owner of New England Patriots
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco 49ers
Keith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers
Bobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Ray Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers
Bill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers
Dick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers
Romeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots
George Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers
Dwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco 49ers
Pepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots
Monsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers
Markus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants[16]
Tim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)
Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.
Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.
Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director
Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach

Four: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff.

The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.
Twenty-two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.
Tom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)
Joe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.
Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts
Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers
Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders
Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos
Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots
Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland Raiders, one with Los Angeles Raiders, one with San Francisco 49ers, and one with Washington Redskins (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)
Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers
Willie Davis[17] Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers: two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants
Ken Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks
Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants
Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos
Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them
Brian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos

Three: many players, coaches and staff

Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg, Herb Adderley, Tom Coughlin, LeGarrette Blount, and Matt Cavanaugh.
Twenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri (who later added a fourth ring with the Colts), the aforementioned Tom Brady (who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots), and the aforementioned Larry Izzo (who won a fourth with the Giants).

text: Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings[edit]

text: As of 2017, ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
O. J. Brigance (linebacker) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL’s Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens. He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city.
Brandon Browner (cornerback) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks, although he did not play in that game due to a suspension. He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year's Super Bowl, when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots.
Terry Greer (wide receiver) was the first person to win both championships; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983, and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989.
Harald Hasselbach (defensive end) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos.
Bobby Singh (guard) is the only player to win a Super Bowl (1999 with the St. Louis Rams), and a Grey Cup (2006 with the BC Lions), and the XFL Championship (2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme).
Alvin Walton (safety) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL's Washington Redskins (1987 and 1991 seasons, but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995.
Barry Wilburn (cornerback) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions.
Tyrone Williams (wide receiver) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993, although he did not participate in either game. He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996.
Andre Rison (wide receiver) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996, and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004.
Josh Miller (punter) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995, and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004.


document_title: Army–Navy Game

question_text: where is this years army navy game played

root

text: Army–Navy Game

text: Series history[edit]

text: Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29, 1890. They played 30 times between that date and November 26, 1927. The series has been renewed annually since 1930. The game has been held at several locations throughout its history, including Baltimore and New York City, but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia, roughly equidistant from the two academies. Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving (a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons), the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular-season game played in Division I FBS football. With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006, several conference championship games joined the Army–Navy Game on its then-current date of the first weekend of December. In 2009, the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football.[5]

tag: p

text: This game has inter-service "bragging rights" at stake. For much of the first half of the 20th century, both Army and Navy were often national powers, and the game occasionally had national championship implications. However, as the level of play in college football improved nationally, and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League (NFL), the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the five-year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies. Since 1963, only the 1996, 2010, 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records. Nonetheless, the game is considered a college football institution. It has aired nationally on radio since 1930, and has been nationally televised every year since 1945. The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day.

text: Arguably, one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game. Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and, by the time this ends, many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again. Nevertheless, some participants in the Army–Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers. Quarterback Roger Staubach (Navy, 1965) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI. Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey (Navy, 1979) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI. Running back Napoleon McCallum (Navy, 1985) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then-Los Angeles Raiders in 1986. After satisfying his Navy commitment, he joined the Raiders full-time.

text: The game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen" by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play (though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game). During wartime the game is even more emotional, as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate. Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day.

text: At the end of the game, both teams' almae matres are played and sung. The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy's students; then the losing team accompanies the winning team, facing their students.[6] This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity. Since the winning team's alma mater is always played last, the phrase "to sing second" has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game.

text: The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point, while friendly, is intense. The cadets live and breathe the phrase "Beat Navy!" while for midshipmen the opposite phrase, "Beat Army!" is ingrained. They have become a symbol of competitiveness, not just in the Army–Navy Game, but in the service of their country, and are often used at the close of (informal) letters by graduates of both academies. A long-standing tradition at the Army-Navy football game is to conduct a formal "prisoner exchange" as part of the pre-game activities. The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy. After the exchange, students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades.[7]

text: The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander-in-Chief's Trophy series, awarded to each season's winner of the triangular series between Army, Navy, and Air Force since 1972. In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army–Navy Game (1972, 1977, 1978, 1996, 2005, 2012 and 2017) the Army-Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy. In years when Air Force has split its two games, the Army-Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game.

text: The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army–Navy rivalry, primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA, established in 1954, and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools. The Army–Air Force and Navy–Air Force games are usually played at the academies' regular home fields, although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field.

text: Navy won 14 Army-Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015, the longest winning streak in the history of the series.[8] On December 10, 2016, Army snapped its 14-game losing streak against Navy with a 21–17 victory.

text: Venues[edit]

text: Though the game has been played 118 times, only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy. Neither team has ever played at an on-campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game, as well as the media and dignitaries. Army's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people, while Navy's Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000. The game's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899, it was played at a neutral site, the Franklin Field in Philadelphia. Except for the 1942 and 1943 games, which were played on-campus due to World War II travel restrictions, it has been played at a neutral site every year since.

text: Traditionally, the game is played in Philadelphia, due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis. Additionally, Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds. Philadelphia's John F. Kennedy Stadium (JFK) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 (except for three years in World War II) – more than any other venue in the history of the series. It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium, which finally became the game's host in 1980. The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game-day service to all Army–Navy games (except several during World War II) at John F. Kennedy Stadium, using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad's nearby Greenwich freight yard. The service, with 40-odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees, was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country.[9][10]

text: Franklin Field, on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania, hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK. New York's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia. The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well, even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis.

text: The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army–Navy game; it did so in 1983. The city of Pasadena, California, paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies – 9,437 in all.[11] A substitute, however, for Bill XXII – the Navy mascot – and four rented Army mules were brought in.[11] The attendance was 81,000.[12][13] The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women, along with many retired military personnel, on the West Coast.[11] The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue, at Chicago's Soldier Field, which played host to the 1926 game. In October 1984, the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a "Golden Fleece Award" from United States Senator William Proxmire, a Democrat from Wisconsin.[14]

text: Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia, the home of the Philadelphia Eagles. Since the 1980s, the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia. In addition to the Rose Bowl, these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium, which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021), M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover, Maryland. These are still considered neutral-site games, but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other.

text: Future venues[edit]

text: All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia. MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey will host the 2021 game. The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022. Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded.[15]

text: Total games by venue and geography[edit]

text:
Venue
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)
41
16
22
3
1936
1979

Franklin Field
18
11
7
0
1899
1935

Veterans Stadium
17
11
5
1
1980
2001

Lincoln Financial Field
11
1
10
0
2003
2017

Polo Grounds
9
5
3
1
1913
1927

Giants Stadium
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

M&T Bank Stadium
4
1
3
0
2000
2016

The Plain
2
0
2
0
1890
1892

Worden Field
2
1
1
0
1891
1893

Municipal Stadium (Baltimore)
2
2
0
0
1924
1944

Yankee Stadium
2
2
0
0
1930
1931

Osborne Field
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Soldier Field
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Thompson Stadium
1
0
1
0
1942
1942

Michie Stadium
1
0
1
0
1943
1943

Rose Bowl
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

FedExField
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

tag: table

text:
City
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York City
11
7
3
1
1913
1931

Baltimore
6
3
3
0
1924
2016

East Rutherford, New Jersey
4
1
3
0
1989
2002

West Point, New York
3
0
3
0
1890
1943

Annapolis, Maryland
3
1
2
0
1891
1942

Princeton, New Jersey
1
0
0
1
1905
1905

Chicago
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Pasadena, California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

Landover, Maryland
1
0
1
0
2011
2011

text:
State
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Pennsylvania
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York
14
7
6
1
1890
1943

Maryland
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

New Jersey
5
1
3
1
1905
2002

Illinois
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

California
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text:
CSA
Games
Army victories
Navy victories
Tie games
First game
Most recent game

Philadelphia–Reading–Camden, PA–NJ–DE–MD
87
39
44
4
1899
2017

New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA
19
8
9
2
1890
2002

Washington–Baltimore–Arlington, DC–MD–VA–WV–PA
10
4
6
0
1891
2016

Chicago–Naperville, IL–IN–WI
1
0
0
1
1926
1926

Los Angeles–Long Beach, CA
1
0
1
0
1983
1983

text: Game results[edit]

text:
Army victories
Navy victories
Ties

text:
Year
Winner
Score
Location
City
Series

1890
Navy
24–0
"The Plain" USMA
West Point, New York
Navy 1–0

1891
Army
32–16
Worden Field USNA
Annapolis, Maryland
Tied 1–1

1892
Navy
12–4
"The Plain"
West Point, New York
Navy 2–1

1893
Navy
6–4
Worden Field
Annapolis, Maryland
Navy 3–1

1899
Army
17–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 3–2

1900
Navy
11–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–2

1901
Army
11–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 4–3

1902
Army
22–8
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 4–4

1903
Army
40–5
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 5–4

1904
Army
11–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–4

1905
Tie
6–6
Osborne Field
Princeton, New Jersey
Army 6–4–1

1906
Navy
10–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 6–5–1

1907
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 6–6–1

1908
Army
6–4
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 7–6–1

1910
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 7–7–1

1911
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 8–7–1

1912
Navy
6–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Navy 9–7–1

1913
Army
22–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 9–8–1

1914
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 9–9–1

1915
Army
14–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 10–9–1

1916
Army
15–7
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–9–1

1919
Navy
6–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 11–10–1

1920
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 11–11–1

1921
Navy
7–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Navy 12–11–1

1922
Army
17–14
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Tied 12–12–1

1923
Tie
0–0
Polo Grounds
New York
Tied 12–12–2

1924
Army
12–0
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 13–12–2

1925
Army
10–3
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 14–12–2

1926
Tie
21–21
Soldier Field
Chicago
Army 14–12–3

1927
Army
14–9
Polo Grounds
New York
Army 15–12–3

1930
Army
6–0
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 16–12–3

1931
Army
17–7
Yankee Stadium
Bronx, New York
Army 17–12–3

1932
Army
20–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 18–12–3

1933
Army
12–7
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–12–3

1934
Navy
3–0
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 19–13–3

1935
Army
28–6
Franklin Field
Philadelphia
Army 20–13–3

1936
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 20–14–3

1937
Army
6–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 21–14–3

1938
Army
14–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–14–3

1939
Navy
10–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–15–3

1940
Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–16–3

1941
#11 Navy
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 22–17–3

1942
Navy
14–0
Thompson Stadium
Annapolis, Maryland
Army 22–18–3

1943
#6 Navy
13–0
Michie Stadium
West Point, New York
Army 22–19–3

1944
#1 Army
23–7
Municipal Stadium
Baltimore
Army 23–19–3

1945
#1 Army
32–13
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 24–19–3

1946
#1 Army
21–18
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 25–19–3

1947
#12 Army
21–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–3

1948
Tie
21–21
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 26–19–4

1949
#4 Army
38–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–19–4

1950
Navy
14–2
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–20–4

1951
Navy
42–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–21–4

1952
Navy
7–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 27–22–4

1953
#18 Army
20–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–22–4

1954
#6 Navy
27–20
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 28–23–4

1955
Army
14–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–4

1956
Tie
7–7
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–23–5

1957
#8 Navy
14–0
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 29–24–5

1958
#5 Army
22–6
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–24–5

1959
Navy
43–12
Municipal Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–25–5

1960
#7 Navy
17–12
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–26–5

1961
Navy
13–7
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–27–5

1962
Navy
34–14
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–28–5

1963
#2 Navy
21–15
Philadelphia Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 30–29–5

1964
Army
11–8
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–5

1965
Tie
7–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 31–29–6

1966
Army
20–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–29–6

1967
Navy
19–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 32–30–6

1968
Army
21–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 33–30–6

1969
Army
27–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–30–6

1970
Navy
11–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 34–31–6

1971
Army
24–23
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 35–31–6

1972
Army
23–15
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–31–6

1973
Navy
51–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–32–6

1974
Navy
19–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–33–6

1975
Navy
30–6
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–34–6

1976
Navy
38–10
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 36–35–6

1977
Army
17–14
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–35–6

1978
Navy
28–0
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 37–36–6

1979
Navy
31–7
John F. Kennedy Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 37–37–6

1980
Navy
33–6
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–6

1981
Tie
3–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 38–37–7

1982
Navy
24–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 39–37–7

1983
Navy
42–13
Rose Bowl
Pasadena, California
Navy 40–37–7

1984
Army
28–11
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 40–38–7

1985
Navy
17–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–38–7

1986
Army
27–7
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–39–7

1987
Army
17–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 41–40–7

1988
Army
20–15
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 41–41–7

1989
Navy
19–17
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Navy 42–41–7

1990
Army
30–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 42–42–7

1991
Navy
24–3
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Navy 43–42–7

1992
Army
25–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Tied 43–43–7

1993
Army
16–14
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 44–43–7

1994
Army
22–20
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 45–43–7

1995
Army
14–13
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 46–43–7

1996
#23 Army
28–24
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 47–43–7

1997
Navy
39–7
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 47–44–7

1998
Army
34–30
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–44–7

1999
Navy
19–9
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 48–45–7

2000
Navy
30–28
PSINet Stadium
Baltimore
Army 48–46–7

2001
Army
26–17
Veterans Stadium
Philadelphia
Army 49–46–7

2002
Navy
58–12
Giants Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Army 49–47–7

2003
Navy
34–6
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Army 49–48–7

2004
Navy
42–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Tied 49–49–7

2005
Navy
42–23
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 50–49–7

2006
Navy
26–14
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 51–49–7

2007
Navy
38–3
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 52–49–7

2008
Navy
34–0
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 53–49–7

2009
Navy
17–3
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 54–49–7

2010
Navy
31–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 55–49–7

2011
Navy
27–21
FedExField
Landover, Maryland
Navy 56–49–7

2012
Navy
17–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 57–49–7

2013
Navy
34–7
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 58–49–7

2014
Navy
17–10
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 59–49–7

2015
#21 Navy
21–17
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–49–7

2016
Army
21–17
M&T Bank Stadium
Baltimore
Navy 60–50–7

2017
Army
14–13
Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia
Navy 60–51–7

2018

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2019

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2020

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

2021

MetLife Stadium
East Rutherford, New Jersey

2022

Lincoln Financial Field
Philadelphia

text: Notable games[edit]

text: Navy Midshipman (and later Admiral) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army–Navy Game. He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death, so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather.[16]

text: On November 27, 1926, the Army–Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated, while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame, so the game would decide the National Championship. Played before a crowd of over 100,000, the teams fought to a 21–21 tie, but Navy was awarded the national championship.[17]

text: In both the 1944 and 1945 contests, Army and Navy entered the game ranked #1 and #2 respectively.[18] The 1945 game was labeled the "game of the century" before it was played. Army defeated a 7–0–1 Navy team 32–13. Navy's lone tie was against Notre Dame.[19]

text: In 1963, shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation. Originally scheduled for November 30, 1963, the game was played on December 7, 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day.[20] In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia's Municipal Stadium, later named John F. Kennedy Stadium, junior (second class Midshipman) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1, 1964. Army was led by junior (second class Cadet) quarterback Rollie Stichweh. Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television. Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion, Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line. On 4th down and no timeouts, crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21–15 final score. Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination. Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh's Army would defeat Staubach's Navy. Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys. Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade. Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012.[21][22]

text: On December 10, 2016, Army beat Navy 21–17, snapping Navy's 14-year winning streak. This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson, a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11, 2016.[23] Army players wore Jackson's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate.[24]


document_title: Government-granted monopoly

question_text: what is an example of a government monopoly in the united states

text: Government-granted monopoly

text: History[edit]

text: Under mercantilist economic systems, European governments with colonial interests often granted large and extremely lucrative monopolies to companies trading in particular regions, such as the Dutch East India Company.[citation needed]

text: Today, government-granted monopolies may be found in public utility services such as public roads, mail, water supply, and electric power, as well as certain specialized and highly regulated fields such as education and gambling. In many countries lucrative natural resources industries, especially the petroleum industry, are controlled by government-granted monopolies. Franchises granted by governments to operate public transit through public roads are another example.

text: Patent[edit]

text: A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state or national government to an inventor or his/her assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention.

text: The procedure for granting patents, the requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new, inventive, and useful or industrially applicable. In many countries, certain subject areas are excluded from patents, such as business methods and mental acts. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the patented invention without permission.[1]

text: Copyright[edit]

text: Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time. The exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves

text: Trademark[edit]

text: A trademark or trade mark[2] is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities.

text: Trademarks can act as a form of consumer protection that lowers the transaction costs between a buyer and seller who are not personally acquainted.[3]

text: Directly mandated[edit]

text: Governments have granted monopolies to forms of copy prevention. In the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, for example, the proprietary Macrovision copy prevention technology is required for analog video recorders. Though other forms of copy prevention aren't prohibited, requiring Macrovision effectively gives it a monopoly and prevents more effective copy prevention methods from being developed.[citation needed]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Opponents of government-granted monopoly often point out that such a firm is able to set its pricing and production policies without fear of breeding potential competition. They argue that this causes inefficiencies in the market place, such as unnecessarily high prices to consumers for the good or service being supplied. It has been argued that government-imposed price caps might avert this problem.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
State Bar of Arizona
Saudi Aramco
British East India Company
French East India Company
Brewers Retail
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
K–12 education
Interest rates
West Virginia American Water

tag: ul


document_title: Speaker of the Lok Sabha

question_text: mention any two function of the speaker of the lok sabha

text: Speaker of the Lok Sabha

text: Powers and functions of the Speaker[edit]

text: The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them. They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President. Further, all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker. The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament. The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman, who is the Vice President of India. In the warrant of precedence, the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India. Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India

text: Removal of the Speaker[edit]

text: Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96.

text: Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act, 1951.[3] This would arise out of speaker's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution.[4] When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill, it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act, 1951. However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122[5]

text: Protem Speaker[edit]

text: After a general election and the formation of a new government, a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs, who selects a protem speaker. The appointment has to be approved by the president.[6]

text: The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker. In absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority.

text: Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha

text: 1) He or She must be a citizen of India.

text: 2) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age.

text: 3) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India,or the Government of any other state.

text: List of Speakers[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Portrait
Term
Party

From
To
Length
Lok Sabha[7]

1
Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar

15 May 1952
27 February 1956
7003138300000000000♠3 years, 288 days
1st
Indian National Congress

2
M. A. Ayyangar

8 March 1956
10 May 1957
7002428000000000000♠1 year, 63 days

11 May 1957
16 April 1962
7003180100000000000♠4 years, 340 days
2nd

3
Sardar Hukam Singh

17 April 1962
16 March 1967
7003179400000000000♠4 years, 333 days
3rd

4
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

17 March 1967
19 July 1969
7002855000000000000♠2 years, 124 days
4th

5
Gurdial Singh Dhillon
—
8 August 1969
19 March 1971
7002586000000000000♠1 year, 221 days

22 March 1971
1 December 1975
7003171500000000000♠4 years, 254 days
5th

6
Bali Ram Bhagat
—
15 January 1976
25 March 1977
7002435000000000000♠1 year, 69 days

(4)
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy

26 March 1977
13 July 1977
7002109000000000000♠109 days
6th
Janata Party

7
K. S. Hegde

21 July 1977
21 January 1980
7002914000000000000♠2 years, 184 days

8
Balram Jakhar

22 January 1980
27 oct 1984
7003145400000000000♠3 years, 358 days
7th
Indian National Congress

16 January 1985
18 December 1989
7003179700000000000♠4 years, 336 days
8th

9
Rabi Ray
—
19 December 1989
9 July 1991
7002567000000000000♠1 year, 202 days
9th
Janata Dal

10
Shivraj Patil

10 July 1991
22 May 1996
7003177800000000000♠4 years, 317 days
10th
Indian National Congress

11
P. A. Sangma

23 May 1996
23 March 1998
7002669000000000000♠1 year, 304 days
11th

12
G. M. C. Balayogi
—
24 March 1998
19 October 1999
7002574000000000000♠1 year, 209 days
12th
Telugu Desam Party

22 October 1999
3 March 2002
7002863000000000000♠2 years, 132 days
13th

13
Manohar Joshi

10 May 2002
2 June 2004
7002754000000000000♠2 years, 23 days
Shiv Sena

14
Somnath Chatterjee

4 June 2004
31 May 2009
7003182200000000000♠4 years, 361 days
14th
Communist Party of India (Marxist)

15
Meira Kumar

4 June 2009
4 June 2014
7003182600000000000♠5 years, 0 days
15th
Indian National Congress

16
Sumitra Mahajan

5 June 2014
Incumbent
7003132900000000000♠3 years, 233 days
16th
Bharatiya Janata Party


document_title: A Wrinkle in Time

question_text: where does a wrinkle in time take place

question_tokens: where does a wrinkle in time take place

text: A Wrinkle in Time

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The book was written between 1959 and 1960.[4] L'Engle wrote repeatedly about the writing of the story and the long struggle to get it published. In A Circle of Quiet (1972),[5] she explains that the book was conceived "during a time of transition." After years of living in rural Goshen, Connecticut, and running a general store, L'Engle's family, the Franklins, moved back to New York City, first taking a ten-week camping trip across the country and back again. L'Engle writes that "we drove through a world of deserts and buttes and leafless mountains, wholly new and alien to me. And suddenly into my mind came the names, Mrs Whatsit. Mrs Who. Mrs Which."[6] This was in the spring of 1959. L'Engle was reading about quantum physics at the time, which also made its way into the story.[7] When she completed the book in early 1960, however, it was rejected by at least 26 publishers, because it was, in L'Engle's words, "too different," and "because it deals overtly with the problem of evil, and it was really difficult for children, and was it a children's or an adults' book, anyhow?"[2][6]

text: In "A Special Message from Madeleine L'Engle" on the Random House website, L'Engle explains another possible reason for the rejections: "A Wrinkle in Time had a female protagonist in a science fiction book," which at the time was uncommon. After trying "forty-odd" publishers (L'Engle later said "twenty-six rejections"), L'Engle's agent returned the manuscript to her. Then at Christmas, L'Engle threw a tea party for her mother. One of the guests happened to know John C. Farrar of Farrar, Straus and Giroux, and insisted that L'Engle should meet with him. Although the publisher did not, at the time, publish a line of children's books, Farrar met L'Engle, liked the novel, and ultimately published it.[8]

text: The book has been continuously in print since its first publication. The hardback edition is still published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux. The original blue dust jacket by Ellen Raskin was replaced with new art by Leo and Diane Dillon, with the publication of A Swiftly Tilting Planet in 1978. The book has also been published in a 25th anniversary collectors' edition (limited to 500 signed and numbered copies), at least two book club editions (one hardback, one Scholastic Book Services paperback), as a trade paperback under the Dell Yearling imprint, and as a mass market paperback under the Dell Laurel-Leaf imprint. The cover art on the paperback editions has changed several times since first publication.

text: The book was reissued by Square Fish in trade and mass market paperback formats in May 2007, along with the rest of the Time Quintet. This new edition includes a previously unpublished interview with L'Engle as well as the text of her Newbery Medal acceptance speech.[9]

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Thirteen-year-old Meg Murry's classmates and teachers see her as a troublesome and stubborn student. Her family knows that she is emotionally immature but also sees her capable of doing great things. The family includes her scientist mother Katherine, her missing scientist father Alexander, the twins Sandy and Dennys, and her five-year-old brother Charles Wallace Murry, a child genius who can sometimes read Meg's mind.

text: The book begins with the line "It was a dark and stormy night," an allusion to the opening words in Edward Bulwer-Lytton's 1830 novel Paul Clifford. Unable to sleep during a thunderstorm, Meg descends from her attic room to find Charles Wallace sitting at the table drinking milk and eating bread and jam. They are then joined by their mother, and are visited by their new eccentric neighbor, Mrs Whatsit. In the course of conversation, Mrs Whatsit casually mentions there is such a thing as a tesseract, which causes Katherine to almost faint.

text: The next morning, Meg discovers that the term refers to a scientific concept her father was working on before his mysterious disappearance. The following afternoon, Meg and Charles Wallace encounter Meg's schoolmate, Calvin O'Keefe, a high-school junior who, although he is a "big man on campus", considers himself a misfit as well. They then go to visit an old haunted house near town which Charles Wallace already knows is the home of Mrs Whatsit. There they encounter two companions of Mrs Whatsit's, the equally strange Mrs Who and the unseen voice of Mrs Which. She promises that she and her friends will help Meg find and rescue her father. A budding love interest develops between Meg and Calvin. In the evening, Charles Wallace declares it is time for them to go on their mission to save their father. This is accompanied by the appearance of the third member of the "Mrs Ws", Mrs Which, who appears to materialize out of nothing.

text: Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which turn out to be supernatural beings who transport Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin O'Keefe through the universe by means of tesseract, a fifth-dimensional phenomenon explained as being similar to folding the fabric of space and time. Their first stop is the planet Uriel, a Utopian world filled with Centaur-like beings who live in a state of light and love. Mrs Whatsit herself shows that she, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which are all these centaur-like creatures in disguise as humans. There the "Mrs Ws" reveal to the children that the universe is under attack from an evil being who appears as a large dark cloud called The Black Thing, which is essentially the personification of evil. The children are then taken elsewhere to visit a woman who is a medium (the "Happy Medium") with a crystal ball. In it, they see that Earth is partially covered by the darkness, although great religious figures, philosophers, and artists have been fighting against it. Mrs Whatsit is revealed to be a former star who exploded in an act of self-sacrifice to fight the darkness.

text: The children then travel to the dark planet of Camazotz, which has "given in" to the Black Thing. Meg's father is trapped there. They find that all the inhabitants behave in a mechanistic way and seem to be under the control of a single mind. At the planet's central headquarters (described as CENTRAL Central Intelligence), they discover a red-eyed man with telepathic abilities who can cast a hypnotic spell over their minds. He claims to know the whereabouts of their father. Charles Wallace deliberately looks into the red eyes of the man, allowing himself to be taken over by the mind controlling planet in order to find their father. Under its influence, he takes Meg and Calvin to the place where Alexander is being held prisoner because he would not succumb to the group mind.

text: The planet turns out to be controlled by an evil disembodied brain with powerful abilities, which the inhabitants of Camazotz call "IT." Charles Wallace takes them to the place where IT is held. In such proximity to IT, the children are threatened by a possible telepathic takeover of their minds. With special powers from Mrs Who's glasses, Alexander is able to "tesser" Calvin, Meg and himself away from Camazotz, but Charles Wallace is left behind, still under the influence of IT. Dr. Murry, inexperienced at tessering, does not know how to protect Meg from the Black Thing which surrounds the planet as they tesser through it, nearly killing her. When they arrive on the neighboring planet of Ixchel, Meg is nearly frozen, and paralyzed. Calvin and the Murrys are discovered by the planet's inhabitants - large, eyeless "beasts" with featureless faces, tentacles and four arms, who prove both wise and gentle. Meg's paralysis is cured under the care of one inhabitant, whom Meg nicknames "Aunt Beast." Meg overcomes her anger at her father for leaving Charles Wallace on Camazotz, realizing that parents can't fix everything, and sometimes children can solve problems themselves.

text: Then the trio of Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which arrive. They charge Meg with rescuing Charles Wallace from IT, because only Meg has a strong enough bond with him. Their father had last seen Charles Wallace when he was a baby and Calvin had only just met him. They each give her a gift. Mrs Whatsit gives Meg her love. Mrs Who quotes to Meg a passage from the Bible about God choosing the foolish of the world to confound the wise, and the weak to defeat the strong (1 Corinthians 1:27-29). Mrs Which tells Meg that she has one thing that IT does not have but doesn't specify what it is. Upon arriving at the building where IT is housed, Charles Wallace is still there under IT's influence. Meg realizes that the one thing she has that IT does not is love. She focuses all her love at Charles Wallace and is able to free him from IT's control. Mrs Who, Mrs Which and Mrs Whatsit tesser the Murrys and Calvin back to Earth. In the vegetable garden they are all reunited with Katherine and the twins. Mrs Whatsit says that although she and the others like the spectacle of the family reuniting, they have to go somewhere. Before Mrs Whatsit finishes her sentence, she and the others disappear.

text: Major themes[edit]

text: Madeleine L'Engle's fantasy works are in part highly expressive of her Christian viewpoint in a manner somewhat similar to that of Christian fantasy writer C. S. Lewis. She was herself the official writer-in-residence at New York City's Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine, which is known for its prominent position in the liberal wing of the Episcopal Church.[10] L'Engle's liberal Christianity has been the target of criticism from more conservative Christians, especially with respect to certain elements of A Wrinkle in Time.[11]

text: The theme of picturing the fight of good against evil as a battle of light and darkness is a recurring one. Its manner is reminiscent of the prologue to the Gospel of John, which is quoted within the book. When the "Mrs Ws" reveal their secret roles in the cosmic fight against "the darkness" they ask the children to name some figures on Earth (a partially dark planet) who fight the darkness. They name Jesus, and later in the discussion Buddha is named as well, along with various creative artists and philanthropists. The three women are described as ancient star-beings who act as guardian angels.[12]

text: Further, the themes of "conformity" and the "status quo" are present. It is a generic theme that is within every society there is a powerful dominant group that challenges the minority group. Very few of the powerless members of this group are resilient. In this case, IT is the powerful dominant group that manipulates the planet of Camazotz into conformity (i.e., they all have the same rhythm). Even Charles Wallace falls prey (due to flattery) and is hence persuaded to conform. It is thanks to Meg that she and her family are able to break from conformity.[13] According to the author's granddaughter Charlotte Jones Voiklis, the story wasn't a simple allegory of communism; in a three-page passage that was cut before publication, the process of domination is said to be an outcome of dictatorship under totalitarian regimes, and by an excessive desire of security under democratic countries.[14][15]

text: Scholar Jean Fulton writes, "L'Engle's fiction for young readers is considered important partly because she was among the first to focus directly on the deep, delicate issues that young people must face, such as death, social conformity, and truth. L'Engle's work always is uplifting because she is able to look at the surface values of life from a perspective of wholeness, both joy and pain, transcending each to uncover the absolute nature of human experience that they share."[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: At the time of the book's publication, Kirkus Reviews said, "Readers who relish symbolic reference may find this trip through time and space an exhilarating experience; the rest will be forced to ponder the double entendres."[16]

text: A Wrinkle in Time is on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000 at number 23.[17] Reasons given include the book's references to witches and crystal balls,[18] the claim that it "challenges religious beliefs",[19] and the listing of Jesus "with the names of great artists, philosophers, scientists, and religious leaders".[20]

text: A 2004 study found that it was a common read-aloud book for sixth-graders in schools in San Diego County, California.[21] Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[22] It was one of the "Top 100 Chapter Books" of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal.[23]

text: In 2016, the novel saw a spike in sales after Chelsea Clinton mentioned it as influential in her childhood in a speech at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.[24]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Margaret "Meg" Murry[edit]

text: Meg is the outcast of the family and also the oldest child of scientists Alex and Kate Murry. Mathematically brilliant but less than adept at other subjects in school, Meg is "awkward", unpopular, and defensive around authority figures as well as her peers. Although she has the brains to accomplish difficult tasks, she rarely puts her strengths to use. She adores her mother and three brothers especially her youngest brother, Charles Wallace, and weeps much for her missing father. Like many adolescent girls, Meg is unhappy with her physical appearance, particularly her mouse-brown, unruly hair, braces and glasses, and considers herself a "monster" in comparison with her mother. But then she meets Calvin. She is about thirteen years old, and is a couple of grades below Calvin, who is fourteen years old but in eleventh grade. Introduced on the first page of the book, she is the story's main protagonist.

text: Charles Wallace Murry[edit]

text: Charles Wallace is the youngest Murry child, being five years old. He is very smart and is the most extraordinary and the most vulnerable of the novel's human characters, and the youngest to journey to Camazotz. Charles Wallace did not talk at all until he was nearly four years old, at which time he began to speak in complete sentences. Now five years old, Charles Wallace speaks only to his family, but can empathically or telepathically "read" certain people's thoughts and feelings, and above that has an extraordinary vocabulary. A biological "sport," he is intellectually curious, loving, and unfazed by extraordinary people and events. He was the first to meet the Mrs Ws and brought Meg to see them. Initially able to block IT out of his mind, he opens his mind to the Man with Red Eyes and thus falls under IT's control.

text: Calvin O'Keefe[edit]

text: Calvin is the third oldest of Paddy and Branwen O'Keefe's eleven children, a tall, thin, red-haired 14-year-old high school junior who is not the best in math but has to study to play on the school basketball team, and is one of the popular boys in high school. His mother is a very cranky, tired woman with too many children. Neglected by his own family, Calvin enters the lives of the Murry family, starting in Chapter Two. He also loves Meg Murry. He shows some signs of being able to communicate telepathically, the same power Charles Wallace seems to have, a technique referred to in later books as kything. He also feels as if he has been hiding his true self all his life, and likes the Murry family much more than his own, which is characterized by abuse and dysfunctional dynamics.

text: Primary immortal characters[edit]

text: The three characters of Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which are beings who have the ability to travel at will across large stretches of time and space by dematerializing and rematerializing. They are capable of changing form, but spend most of their time on Earth as elderly women. All three are billions of years old, having once been stars that had each sacrificed themselves as a nova or supernova to destroy the parts of the Black Thing nearest them.

text: Mrs Whatsit[edit]

text: Mrs Whatsit is first described as a very old woman wrapped in layers of clothes with a jacket and first appears in chapter one. Charles Wallace finds her in a 'haunted house' in the woods, where she has been living with her two friends, Mrs Who and Mrs Which. Mrs Whatsit is the youngest of the Mrs Ws (despite being 2,379,152,497 years, 8 months, and 3 days old), and the best of the three at interacting with the children.

text: In Chapter Four, the group (Charles Wallace, Calvin, and Meg) witnesses the physical transformation of Mrs. Whatsit into a centaur-like winged being on the planet Uriel. After explaining the self-sacrificial stars to the children, Mrs Whatsit admits to Meg that she had once been one of them, and to Mrs Which that it hadn't been very long (from their perspective) since it happened.

text: Mrs Who[edit]

text: Mrs Who is described as a plump woman with spectacles. She communicates in Latin, Spanish, Italian, German, French, Portuguese and Greek, notably quoting William Shakespeare, Pascal, Dante Alighieri, Seneca, A. Perez, Horace, Miguel de Cervantes, Delille, Euripides, the Bible and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Mrs Whatsit explains that Mrs Who finds it "difficult to verbalize" in her own words.

text: Mrs Which[edit]

text: Mrs Which's physical appearance is not set; she appears as a shimmering light most of the time. However, she does once take on the appearance of a traditional witch, complete with black hat and broom. She does not stay long in this form, though, as corporeal appearance is quite difficult for her to maintain. She first appears at the end of Chapter 3. She is the clear leader of the three women and the wisest, and upon appearing, immediately demonstrates her vast knowledge of understanding in tesseract travel. Her distinguishing quirk is her long, drawn-out method of speech, symbolized by doubled and tripled consonants in her words (as in; "Nnoww, cchilldrenn, yyou musstt nott bee frrightennedd att whatt iss ggoingg tto hhappenn,"). She is the one who usually provides the group, most especially Meg, with the clues the children need to solve the problems encountered during their travels.

text: The Man with Red Eyes[edit]

text: The Man with Red Eyes is a being whom Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin encounter on their quest to rescue Meg and Charles Wallace's father on the planet Camazotz. He is the Prime Coordinator on Camazotz. He and IT control Camazotz together and are the main antagonists. He entices Charles Wallace to look into his glowing red eyes in order to find his father. When Charles Wallace does so, he too becomes possessed by the mind of IT, after which the Man with Red Eyes drops out of the story.

text: IT[edit]

text: IT is the bodiless, telepathic brain that dominates the planet of Camazotz and the main antagonist. IT controls all the people in Camazotz and makes people often do the same things together in a mechanistic synchronism as if they were robots. IT speaks through The Man With Red Eyes and later through Charles Wallace, and is functionally part of the interstellar cloud of evil called the Black Thing. IT is described as a giant sized human brain. Housed in a dome near the "CENTRAL Central Intelligence" building, IT is said to pulse and quiver on its dais. IT's aim is to enforce absolute conformity on Camazotz, with the claimed benefit of eliminating war, unhappiness and inefficiency. However, IT is aware of cruelty, referring to "ITself" as "the Happiest Sadist". While IT usually speaks through one of its pawns, IT can speak directly to people through telepathy, but IT only does this once throughout the entire novel. IT's name is always used whenever IT is spoken of (rather than the pronoun "it"), so pervasively that even the word "itself" is rewritten as "ITself."

text: The Black Thing[edit]

text: A formless, shadowy being. According to the Mrs. Whatsit, the Black Thing is the source of all evil in the universe, and little more is described of it. It is unclear from where the Black Thing came or what its motivations are. It is even unclear what its relationship to IT is, although it's suggested that IT is a powerful servant of the Black Thing. The Black Thing has been fought by many people, all of whom have added to the peace of the world, including Mr. Murry.

text: Sub-characters[edit]

text: Alex Murry[edit]

text: Meg's father is a physicist, researching the mysteries of the space/time continuum, specifically five-dimensional means of travel between planets. He is also the father of Meg, Sandy, Dennys and Charles Wallace. He has been missing for some time as the novel opens. Not even his government colleagues know where he is. He is usually referred to as Mr. Murry. His first name is revealed in the fifth and last Time novel An Acceptable Time. In the television adaptation of A Wrinkle in Time, he is renamed Jack. He first appears in a flashback in Chapter One.

text: Dr. Katherine "Kate" Murry[edit]

text: Meg's mother is a microbiologist, wife of Dr. Alexander Murry, and mother of the four Murry children. She is considered beautiful by the Murry children and others, having "flaming red hair" and violet eyes. Her physical attractiveness, academic and scientific accomplishments give Meg a bit of an inferiority complex. She is introduced in Chapter One, and usually referred to as Mrs. Murry. As in her husband's case, her first name is given in the subsequently published An Acceptable Time. The television version of her character is renamed Dana.

text: Sandy Murry[edit]

text: Sandy and his twin brother Dennys are the middle children in the Murry family, older than Charles Wallace but younger than Meg. They are 10 years old at the time of this book. Sandy is named after his father, Dr. Alex Murry. Although they are certainly intelligent, Sandy and his twin are considered the "normal" children in the family: B students, good at sports, and well able to fit in with their peers. Of the twins, Sandy is generally the leader, and the more pragmatic of the two. He and Dennys first appear in Chapter One.

text: Dennys Murry[edit]

text: Dennys is the twin of Sandy Murry. Dennys and his twin are usually inseparable, with Dennys generally following Sandy's lead. However, Dennys is slightly less skeptical than his brother about the strange theories and even stranger adventures of Meg and Charles Wallace. (Note: The name Dennys is a shortened version of "Dionysus", which is the name of a Greek god, but is pronounced the same way as the more common spelling "Dennis.")

text: Mrs. Buncombe[edit]

text: The wife of the constable in Meg's hometown, who has twelve bed-sheets stolen from her at the beginning of the novel.[25]

text: Mr. Jenkins[edit]

text: Mr. Jenkins [25] is Meg's cold and unfeeling high-school principal who calls her "belligerent and uncooperative" and implies that her family is in denial about Mr. Murry's true whereabouts.

text: Supporting alien characters[edit]

text: The Happy Medium lives in a cavern on a planet in Orion's Belt. Human in appearance, she is described as wearing a satin gown and a silk turban, and uses a crystal ball to look at distant places and people. Her title comes from the character's jolly temperament, and her preference for looking at happy things. She helps Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace see The Black Thing through the crystal ball and understand what they are fighting against. She is introduced in chapter five. (The name "Happy Medium" is a pun alluding to the common expression for reaching an acceptable compromise: "to find a happy medium.")

text: Aunt Beast is a character who takes care of Meg and befriends her on the planet Ixchel after Meg is "frozen" by the Black Thing. Introduced in chapter ten, the character has four arms, no eyes, and numerous long, waving tentacles instead of fingers. Tall, gray in color, sightless and telepathic, Aunt Beast has a motherly, nurturing attitude toward Meg. The name Aunt Beast is one that Meg and the alien come up with together, based on the character's perusal of Meg's mind. The character's actual name, if any, is not given.

text: Locations[edit]

text: Early scenes in the novel take place in and around an unnamed village, later established in An Acceptable Time as being in Connecticut. The nearly 200-year-old Murry farmhouse has parallels in the Austin family series of books and in L'Engle's own Connecticut home, Crosswicks.[6]

text: When Meg, Calvin and Charles Wallace travel to other planets, the ones whose names are given include the following:

text:
Camazotz – A planet of extreme, enforced conformity, ruled by a disembodied brain called IT. Camazotz is similar to Earth, with familiar trees such as birches, pines, and maples, an ordinary hill on which the children arrive, and a town with smokestacks, which "might have been one of any number of familiar towns". The horror of the place arises from its ordinary appearance, endlessly duplicated. Thus, the houses are "all exactly alike, small square boxes painted gray"; this characterization has been compared with "the burgeoning American suburbia"[26] such as the post-war housing developments of Levittown, Pennsylvania. The people who live in the houses are similarly described, with "mother figures" who "all gave the appearance of being the same". Camazotz has also been compared with "an early sixties American image of life in a Communist state", a characterization partially dismissed as too glib.[27] The name Camazotz refers to a Mayan bat god, one of L'Engle's many mythological allusions in her nomenclature.[28] It is also stated that Camazotz is a planet that has "given in" to the Black Thing, implying that it was not always the dystopian place that it is at present..
Ixchel – A planet of muted colors, inhabited by tall, sightless creatures with tentacles. It orbits the same sun as Camazotz. The name Ixchel refers to a Mayan jaguar goddess of medicine.[28]
Uriel – A planet with extremely tall mountains, an allusion to the Archangel Uriel. It is inhabited by creatures that resemble winged centaurs. It is "the third planet of the Star Malak (meaning 'angel' in Hebrew) in the spiral nebula Messier 101", which would place it at roughly 25 million light-years from Earth. The site of Mrs Whatsit's temporary transformation into one of these winged creatures, it is the place where "the guardian angels" (i.e. the Mrs Ws, who are explicitly referred to as such by Calvin later in the book) "show the questers a vision of the universe that is obscured on earth."[12]

text: They also stop briefly on an unnamed two-dimensional planet and on an unnamed planet in Orion's belt, the latter of which is the home of the Happy Medium.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Audio books[edit]

text: In 1994, Listening Library released an unabridged, 4-cassette audio edition read by the author.[29]

text: On January 10, 2012, Audible released a 50th anniversary edition recorded by Hope Davis.[30]

text: Film adaptations[edit]

text:
In 2003, a television adaptation of the novel was made by a collaboration of Canadian production companies, to be distributed in America by Disney. The movie was directed by John Kent Harrison, with a teleplay by Susan Shilliday. It cast Katie Stuart as Meg Murry, Alfre Woodard as Mrs.Whatsit, Alison Elliott as Mrs.Who, and Kate Nelligan as Mrs.Which. In an interview with Newsweek, when L'Engle was asked if the film "met her expectations", she said, "Yes, I expected it to be bad, and it is."[31]
A theatrical feature film adaptation of the novel by Walt Disney Pictures, was released in 2018. The film is directed by Ava DuVernay and stars Oprah Winfrey, Reese Witherspoon, Mindy Kaling, Chris Pine, Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Storm Reid, Michael Peña, and Zach Galifianakis.[32][33]

text: Play[edit]

text: An adaptation by James Sie premiered at the Lifeline Theatre in Chicago in 1990, and returned to the stage in 1998 and 2017.[34]

text: John Glore adapted the novel as a play that premiered in 2010. It was written for six actors playing 12 parts. One actor plays Mrs Whatsit, the Man with Red Eyes, and Camazotz Man. Dr. Kate Murry, Mrs Who, Camazotz Woman, and Aunt Beast also share one performer. The stage adaptation premiered in Costa Mesa, California, with productions in Bethesda, Maryland; Cincinnati; Philadelphia; Orlando; Portland, Oregon; and other cities.[35][36]

text: An adaptation by Tracy Young premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in April 2014, as well as at colleges and theaters around the U.S.[37]

text: Opera[edit]

text: In 1992, OperaDelaware (known for frequently adapting children's books) staged an opera based on A Wrinkle in Time written by Libby Larsen with a libretto by Walter Green. The review in Philly.com stated "The composer does not place arias and set pieces, but conversational ensembles with spoken dialogue that made the young daughter's climactic but concise song about familial love all the more imposing."[38][39]

text: Graphic novel[edit]

text: In 2010, Hope Larson announced that she was writing and illustrating the official graphic novel version of the book. This version was published by Farrar, Straus & Giroux in October 2012.[40][41]

text: References in popular culture[edit]

text: The television show Lost featured appearances of the book: it is one of the novels Sawyer reads on the Island, and it is seen on his dresser.[42]

text: Further reading[edit]

text: Other books in the series[edit]

text: L'Engle wrote four other books featuring this generation of the Murry family, collectively known as the Time Quintet.

text:
A Wind in the Door (1973) ISBN 0-374-38443-6
A Swiftly Tilting Planet (1978) ISBN 0-374-37362-0
Many Waters (1986) ISBN 0-374-34796-4
An Acceptable Time (1989) ISBN 0-374-30027-5

text: Jean C. Fulton remarks that the books are not "intended to be read consecutively, these books, though integrated, are independent." Although Many Waters was published approximately eight years after A Swiftly Tilting Planet, it takes place several years earlier, when Sandy and Dennys are in high school and Meg is in college.

text: Four further novels have been published that feature Meg and Calvin's children, especially Polly O'Keefe. The most recent of these, An Acceptable Time, features Meg's parents, and is marketed with the four Murry books as part of the Time Quintet; Sandy Murry appears prominently in A House Like a Lotus, which features Polly O'Keefe. Nearly every novel by Madeleine L'Engle connects to the Murry-O'Keefe series either directly or indirectly with appearances by recurring characters. See also: List of L'Engle's works and Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle for further detail.

text: Concerning A Wrinkle in Time[edit]

text:
Scholastic BookFiles: A Reading Guide to A Wrinkle in Time ISBN 0-439-46364-5
Chase, Carole F. Suncatcher: A Study of Madeleine L'Engle and Her Writing, p. 170. Innisfree Press, 1998, ISBN 1-880913-31-3


document_title: The dose makes the poison

question_text: who said the poison is in the dose

question_tokens: who said the poison is in the dose

text: The dose makes the poison

text:
Alle Dinge sind Gift, und nichts ist ohne Gift, allein die Dosis macht dass ein Ding kein Gift ist.
All things are poison, and nothing is without poison, the dosage alone makes it so a thing is not a poison.

—Paracelsus[1]

tag: div

text: "The dose makes the poison" (Latin: sola dosis facit venenum) is an adage intended to indicate a basic principle of toxicology. It is credited to Paracelsus who expressed the classic toxicology maxim "All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison." This is often condensed to: "The dose makes the poison" or in Latin, "Sola dosis facit venenum". It means that a substance can produce the harmful effect associated with its toxic properties only if it reaches a susceptible biological system within the body in a high enough concentration (i.e., dose).[2]

text: The principle relies on the finding that all chemicals—even water and oxygen—can be toxic if too much is eaten, drunk, or absorbed. "The toxicity of any particular chemical depends on many factors, including the extent to which it enters an individual’s body."[3] This finding provides also the basis for public health standards, which specify maximum acceptable concentrations of various contaminants in food, public drinking water, and the environment.[3]

text: However, there is no linear relationship and also more to chemical toxicity than the acute effects caused by short-term exposure. Relatively low doses of contaminants in water, food, and environment can already have significant chronic effects if there is a long-term exposure.[3] Many pollutants, drugs, and natural substances adhere to this principle by causing different effects at different levels, which can as a result lead to health standards that are either too strong or too weak.[4]

text: Generally the effects of different doses can be very different at different levels (not only bigger and smaller impacts depending on dose). Very low doses of some compounds can even induce stronger toxic responses than much higher doses as well as just different impacts.[3]

text: Toxic substances and the law[edit]

text: "Regulators must extrapolate results not only from animal toxicity studies, typically from mice and/or rats to humans, but also from the very high doses usually used in animal experiments to the very low doses that are characteristic of human exposure. These two types of extrapolation are steeped in uncertainty," wrote Edward J. Calabrese, Professor of Toxicology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst' School of Public Health in Amherst, MA.[5]