document_title: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

question_text: who led the soldiers in ending the raid on the harper's ferry arsenal

question_tokens: who led the soldiers in ending the raid on the harper 's ferry arsenal

text: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry

text: Brown's preparation[edit]

text: John Brown rented the Kennedy Farmhouse, with a small cabin nearby, 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Harpers Ferry near the community of Dargan in Washington County, Maryland,[5] and took up residence under the name Isaac Smith. Brown came with a small group of men minimally trained for military action. His group included 18 men besides himself (13 white men, 5 black men). Northern abolitionist groups sent 198 breech-loading .52 caliber Sharps carbines ("Beecher's Bibles") and 950 pikes (obtained in late September from Charles Blair of Collinsville Axe Co., Collinsville, CT), in preparation for the raid. The United States Armory was a huge complex of buildings that manufactured small arms for the U.S. Army (1801–1861), with an Arsenal (storehouse) that was thought to contain 100,000 muskets and rifles at the time.[6]

text: Brown attempted to attract more black recruits. He tried recruiting Frederick Douglass as a liaison officer to the slaves in a meeting held in a quarry at Chambersburg, Pa. It was at this meeting that ex-slave "Emperor" Shields Green consented to join with John Brown on his attack on the United States Armory, Green stating to Douglass "I believe I will go with the old man". Douglass declined, indicating to Brown that he believed the raid was a suicide mission. The plan was "an attack on the federal government" that "would array the whole country against us ... You will never get out alive", he warned.[7]

text: The Kennedy Farmhouse served as "barracks, arsenal, supply depot, mess hall, debate club, and home". It was very crowded and life there was tedious. Brown was worried about arousing neighbors' suspicions. As a result, the raiders had to stay indoors during the daytime, without much to do but study, drill, argue politics, discuss religion, and play cards and checkers. Brown's daughter-in-law Martha served as cook and housekeeper. His daughter Annie served as lookout. Brown wanted women at the farm, to prevent suspicions of a large all-male group. The raiders went outside at night to drill and get fresh air. Thunderstorms were welcome since they concealed noise from Brown's neighbors.[8]

text: Brown did not plan to have a sudden raid and escape to the mountains. Rather, he intended to use those rifles and pikes he captured at the arsenal, in addition to those he brought along, to arm rebellious slaves with the aim of striking terror in the slaveholders in Virginia. He believed that on the first night of action, 200-500 black slaves would join his line. He ridiculed the militia and regular army that might oppose him. He planned to send agents to nearby plantations, rallying the slaves. He planned to hold Harpers Ferry for a short time, expecting that as many volunteers, white and black, would join him as would form against him. He would move rapidly southward, sending out armed bands along the way. They would free more slaves, obtain food, horses and hostages, and destroy slaveholders' morale. Brown planned to follow the Appalachian Mountains south into Tennessee and even Alabama, the heart of the South, making forays into the plains on either side.[9]

text: Advance knowledge of raid[edit]

text: Brown paid Hugh Forbes $600 to be his drillmaster. Forbes was an English mercenary who served Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy. Forbes' Manual for the Patriotic Volunteer was found in Brown's papers after the raid. Brown and Forbes argued over strategy and money. Forbes wanted more money so that his family in Europe could join him.[10] Forbes sent threatening letters to Brown's backers in an attempt to get money. Failing in this effort, Forbes traveled to Washington, DC, and met with U.S. Senators William H. Seward and Henry Wilson. He denounced Brown to Seward as a "vicious man" who needed to be restrained, but did not disclose any plans for the raid. Forbes partially exposed the plan to Senator Wilson and others. Wilson wrote to Samuel Gridley Howe, a Brown backer, advising him to get Brown's backers to retrieve the weapons intended for use in Kansas. Brown's backers told him that the weapons should not be used "for other purposes, as rumor says they may be."[11] In response to warnings, Brown had to return to Kansas to shore up support and discredit Forbes. Some historians believe that this trip cost Brown valuable time and momentum.[12]

text: Estimates are that at least eighty people knew about Brown's planned raid in advance. Many others had reasons to believe that Brown was contemplating a move against the South. One of those who knew was David J. Gue of Springdale, Iowa. Gue was a Quaker who believed that Brown and his men would be killed. Gue, his brother, and another man decided to warn the government "to protect Brown from the consequences of his own rashness." Gue sent an anonymous letter dated August 20, 1859 to Secretary of War John B. Floyd. The letter said that "old John Brown,' late of Kansas," was planning to organize a slave uprising in the South. It said that Brown had a secret agent "in an armory" in Maryland. The letter said that Brown was stockpiling weapons at a secret location in Maryland. Gue warned that Brown planned to leave Maryland and enter Virginia at Harpers Ferry. Gue acknowledged that he was afraid to disclose his identity but asked Floyd not to ignore his warning "on that account." He was hoping that Floyd would send soldiers to Harpers Ferry. He hoped that the extra security would motivate Brown to call off his plans.[13]

text: Even though President Buchanan offered a $250 reward for Brown, Floyd did not connect the John Brown of Gue's letter to the John Brown of Pottawatomie, Kansas fame. He knew that Maryland did not have an armory (Harpers Ferry is just across the river from Maryland). Floyd figured that the letter writer was a crank and forgot about it. He later said that "a scheme of such wickedness and outrage could not be entertained by any citizen of the United States."[14]

text: The raid[edit]

text: October 16[edit]

text:
North American slave revolts

Toussaint Louverture

1526 San Miguel de Guadalupe
(Spanish Florida, Victorious)
c. 1570 Gaspar Yanga's Revolt
(Veracruz, New Spain, Victorious)
1712 New York Slave Revolt
(British Province of New York, Suppressed)
1730 First Maroon War
(British Jamaica, Victorious)
1733 St. John Slave Revolt
(Danish Saint John, Suppressed)
1739 Stono Rebellion
(British Province of South Carolina, Suppressed)
1741 New York Conspiracy
(Province of New York, Suppressed)
1760 Tacky's War
(British Jamaica, Suppressed)
1787 Abaco Slave Revolt
(British Bahamas, Suppressed)
1791 Mina Conspiracy
(Louisiana (New Spain), Suppressed)
1795 Pointe Coupée Conspiracy
(Louisiana (New Spain), Suppressed)
1791–1804 Haitian Revolution
(French Saint-Domingue, Victorious)
1800 Gabriel's Rebellion
(Virginia, Suppressed)
1803 Igbo Landing
(St. Simons Island, Georgia, Suppressed)
1805 Chatham Manor
(Virginia, Suppressed)
1811 German Coast Uprising
(Territory of Orleans, Suppressed)
1815 George Boxley
(Virginia, Suppressed)
1816 Bussa's Rebellion
(British Barbados, Suppressed)
1822 Denmark Vesey
(South Carolina, Suppressed)
1831 Nat Turner's rebellion
(Virginia, Suppressed)
1831–1832 Baptist War
(British Jamaica, Suppressed)
1839 Amistad, ship rebellion
(Off the Cuban coast, Victorious)
1841 Creole case, ship rebellion
(Off the Southern U.S. coast, Victorious)
1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation
(Indian Territory, Suppressed)
1859 John Brown's Raid
(Virginia, Suppressed)

This box:

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text: On Sunday night, October 16, 1859, Brown left four of his men behind as a rear-guard: his son, Owen Brown, Barclay Coppock, and Frank Meriam; he led the rest into the town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown detached a party under John Cook Jr. to capture Colonel Lewis Washington, great-grandnephew of George Washington, at his nearby Beall-Air estate, some of his slaves, and two relics of George Washington: a sword allegedly presented to Washington by Frederick the Great and two pistols given by Marquis de Lafayette, which Brown considered talismans.[15] The party carried out its mission and returned via the Allstadt House, where they took more hostages.[16] Brown's main party captured several watchmen and townspeople in Harpers Ferry.

text: Brown's men needed to capture the weapons and escape before word could be sent to Washington. The raid was going well for Brown's men. They cut the telegraph wire and seized a Baltimore & Ohio train passing through. A free black man was the first casualty of the raid. Hayward Shepherd, an African-American baggage handler on the train, confronted the raiders; they shot and killed him.[17] For some reason, Brown let the train continue, and the conductor alerted the authorities down the line. Brown had been sure that he would win the support of local slaves in joining the rebellion, but a massive uprising did not occur, because word had not been spread about the uprising, so the slaves nearby did not know about it. Although the white townspeople soon began to fight back against the raiders, Brown's men succeeded in capturing the armory that evening.

text: October 17[edit]

text: Army workers discovered Brown's men early on the morning of October 17. Local militia, farmers and shopkeepers surrounded the armory. When a company of militia captured the bridge across the Potomac River, any route of escape for the raiders was cut off. During the day, four townspeople were killed, including the mayor. Realizing his escape was cut, Brown took nine of his captives and moved into the smaller engine house, which would come to be known as John Brown's Fort. The raiders blocked entry of the windows and doors and traded sporadic gunfire with surrounding forces. At one point Brown sent out his son, Watson, and Aaron Dwight Stevens with a white flag, but Watson was mortally wounded and Stevens was shot and captured. The raid was rapidly failing. One of Brown's men, William H. Leeman, panicked and made an attempt to flee by swimming across the Potomac River, but he was shot and fatally injured while doing so. During the intermittent shooting, Brown's other son, Oliver, was also hit; he died after a brief period.[18]

text: At around 3:00 p.m. a militia company led by Captain E.G. Alburtis arrived by train from Martinsburg, Virginia. Most of the militia members were Baltimore & Ohio Railroad employees. The militia forced the raiders inside the engine house. They broke into the guardroom and freed over two dozen prisoners. Eight militiamen were wounded. Alburtis said that he could have ended the raid with help from other citizens.[19]

text: By 3:30 that afternoon, President James Buchanan ordered a company of U.S. Marines (the only government troops in the immediate area) to march on Harpers Ferry under the command of Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee, lieutenant colonel of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment. Lee had been on leave from his regiment, stationed in Texas, when he was hastily called to lead the detachment and had to command it while wearing his civilian clothes.[20]

text: October 18[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Lee first offered the role of attacking the engine house to the local militia units on the spot. Both militia commanders declined, and Lee turned to the Marines. On the morning of October 18, Colonel Lee sent Lt. J. E. B. Stuart, serving as a volunteer aide-de-camp, under a white flag of truce to negotiate a surrender of John Brown and his followers. Colonel Lee informed Lt. Israel Greene that if Brown did not surrender, he was to direct the Marines in attacking the engine house. Stuart walked towards the front of the engine house where he told Brown that his men would be spared if they surrendered. Brown refused and as Stuart walked away, he signaled a "thumbs down" to Lt. Greene and his men standing nearby.

text: Soon after, Greene led a detachment of Marines to attack the engine house. Marines equipped with sledgehammers tried to break through the door, but their efforts were unsuccessful. Greene found a wooden ladder, and he and about 10 Marines used it as a battering ram to force the front doors open. Greene was the first through the door and with the assistance of Lewis Washington, identified and singled out John Brown. Greene later recounted what events occurred next:

text: Quicker than thought I brought my saber down with all my strength upon [Brown's] head. He was moving as the blow fell, and I suppose I did not strike him where I intended, for he received a deep saber cut in the back of the neck. He fell senseless on his side, then rolled over on his back. He had in his hand a short Sharpe's cavalry carbine. I think he had just fired as I reached Colonel Washington, for the Marine who followed me into the aperture made by the ladder received a bullet in the abdomen, from which he died in a few minutes. The shot might have been fired by someone else in the insurgent party, but I think it was from Brown. Instinctively as Brown fell I gave him a saber thrust in the left breast. The sword I carried was a light uniform weapon, and, either not having a point or striking something hard in Brown's accouterments, did not penetrate. The blade bent double.[21]

text: In three minutes, all of the raiders still alive were taken prisoner and the action was over.

text: October 19[edit]

text: Robert E. Lee made a synopsis of the events that took place at Harpers Ferry. According to Lee's notes, Lee believed John Brown was a madman, "...the plan [raiding the Harpers Ferry Arsenal] was the attempt of a fanatic or madman." Lee also believed that the blacks in the raid were forced by Brown. "The blacks, whom he [John Brown] forced from their homes in this neighborhood, as far as I could learn, gave him no voluntary assistance." Lee attributed John Brown's "temporary success" by creating panic and confusion and by "magnifying" the number of participants involved in the raid.[22]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Colonel Lee and John Stuart searched the surrounding country for fugitives who had participated in the attack. Few of Brown's associates escaped, and among those who did, some were sheltered by abolitionists in the north, including William Still.[23] Brown was taken to the court house in nearby Charles Town for trial. He was found guilty of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and was hanged on December 2. (This execution was witnessed by the actor John Wilkes Booth, who would later assassinate President Abraham Lincoln.) On the day of his execution, Brown wrote his last testament, which said,

text: 'I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty, land: will never be purged away; but with Blood. I had as I now think: vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed; it might be done.'[24]

text: Four other raiders were executed on December 16 and two more on March 16, 1860. In his last speech, at his trial, he said to the court:

text: '...had I so interfered in behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called great, or in behalf of any of their friends, either father, mother, brother, sister, wife, or children, or any of that class, and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference, it would have been all right; and every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment.'[25]

text: Southerners had a mixed attitude towards their slaves. Many southern whites lived in fear of a slave insurrection. Paradoxically, whites claimed that slaves were well treated and content in bondage. After the raid southerners initially lived in fear of slave uprisings and invasion by armed abolitionists. The South's reaction entered the second phase at around the time of Brown's execution. Southerners were relieved that no slaves had volunteered to help Brown. Southerners felt vindicated in their claims that slaves were content. After Northerners had expressed admiration for Brown's motives, with some treating him as a martyr, Southern opinion evolved into what James M. McPherson called "unreasoning fury."[26]

text: The first Northern reaction among antislavery advocates to Brown's Raid was one of baffled reproach. William Lloyd Garrison called the raid "misguided, wild, and apparently insane." But through the trial and his execution, Brown was transformed into a martyr. Henry David Thoreau, in A Plea for Captain John Brown, said, "I think that for once the Sharp's rifles and the revolvers were employed in a righteous cause. The tools were in the hands of one who could use them," and said of Brown, "He has a spark of divinity in him."[27] Though "Harper's Ferry was insane," wrote the religious weekly the Independent, "the controlling motive of his demonstration was sublime." To the South, Brown was a murderer who wanted to deprive them of their property. The North "has sanctioned and applauded theft, murder, and treason," said De Bow's Review.[28][29]

text: Casualties[edit]

text: John Brown's raiders[edit]

text:
Events leading to
the American Civil War

Slavery
Northwest Ordinance
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Battle of Negro Fort
Missouri Compromise
Tariff of 1828
Nat Turner's slave rebellion
Nullification Crisis
The Amistad
Prigg v. Pennsylvania
Texas annexation
Mexican–American War
Wilmot Proviso
Manifest destiny
Underground Railroad
Nashville Convention
Compromise of 1850
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Ostend Manifesto
Bleeding Kansas
Caning of Charles Sumner
Dred Scott v. Sandford
The Impending Crisis of the South
Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1860 presidential election
Crittenden Compromise
Secession of Southern States
Star of the West
Corwin Amendment
Battle of Fort Sumter

v
t
e

text: Killed

text:
John Henry Kagi (Shot and killed while crossing a river. First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
Jeremiah G. Anderson (At age 26, was mortally wounded and killed by a Marine's bayonet during the final assault on the engine house. Body claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver; last resting place unknown.)
William Thompson (First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
Dauphin Thompson (Killed in the storming of the engine house. First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
Oliver Brown (At age 21, the youngest of John Brown’s three sons to participate in the action, he was mortally wounded on the 17th inside the engine house and died the next day. He was first buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry; and reburied in 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
Watson Brown (At age 24, was mortally wounded outside the engine house while carrying a white flag to negotiate with the opposing militia; he died two days later. As his body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver, Union troops burned the college in an attack during the Civil War. Brown was reburied in 1882 in a grave near his father's in North Elba, New York.)
Stewart Taylor. Uxbridge, Ontario, Canada (First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
William Leeman (Shot while trying to escape across the Potomac River. First buried in common grave at Harpers Ferry; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)
Lewis Sheridan Leary (A 24-year-old free black, he was mortally wounded while trying to escape across the Shenandoah River. He was stationed in the rifle factory with Kagi. Alleged to be buried at John Brown gravesite at North Elba, New York. Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.)
Dangerfield Newby (At about 35, he was born into slavery, with a white father who was not his master. He was given permission to move to Ohio along with his mother and siblings, but when he tried to gain freedom for his wife and children, their master refused. This inspired Newby to join Brown’s raid. He was the first raider killed. (His body was mutilated; for example, his ears were cut off by someone in the crowd as souvenirs.) First he was buried at Harpers Ferry; reburied in 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)

text: Captured

text:
John Brown (also wounded) Tried, convicted and executed by hanging December 2, 1859, in nearby Charles Town.
Aaron Dwight Stevens (shot and captured October 18. Hanged March 16, 1860 in Charles Town. First buried at Eagleswood Mansion New Jersey; reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.[30])
Edwin Coppock (At age 24, he shot and killed the mayor of Harpers Ferry, Fontaine Beckham, during the raid. He was later executed at Charles Town on December 16, 1859 and was buried in Salem, Ohio.)
John Anthony Copeland, Jr. (A 25-year-old free black, he joined the raiders along with his uncle Lewis Leary. He was captured during the raid and executed on December 16, 1859, in Charles Town. The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver. The last resting place is unknown. Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.)
Shields Green (At about age 23, Green was an escaped slave from South Carolina; captured in the engine house on October 18, 1859 and hanged December 16, 1859 in Charles Town. The body was claimed by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver. The last resting place is unknown. Cenotaph memorial in Oberlin, Ohio.)
John Edwin Cook (Escaped into Pennsylvania but soon captured. Hanged December 16, 1859 in Charles Town. Body sent to New York.)
Albert E. Hazlett (Escaped into Pennsylvania but soon captured. Hanged March 16, 1860. Buried at Eagleswood Mansion in Perth Amboy, New Jersey;[30] reburied 1899 in a common grave near John Brown at North Elba, New York.)

text: Four raiders escaped and were captured about six months later.

text: Escaped and never captured

text:
Barclay Coppock (Died during US Civil War.)
Charles Plummer Tidd (Died during US Civil War.)
Osborne Perry Anderson (Served as a soldier in Union Army, and wrote a memoir about the raid. Died 1870)
Owen Brown (Served as an officer in Union Army. Died January 8, 1889. Pasadena, California (Brown's Mountain))
Francis Jackson Meriam (Served in the army as a captain in the 3rd South Carolina Colored Infantry.)

text: Others[edit]

text: Civilians

text:
Shepherd Heyward (Free African-American B&O baggage master; killed. Buried in African-American Cemetery on Rt. 11 in Winchester, Va., grave is unmarked)[31]
Thomas Boerly (Townsperson; killed.)
George W. Turner (Townsperson; killed.)
Fontaine Beckham (Town mayor; killed.)
A slave belonging to Col. Washington was killed.
A slave belonging to hostage John Allstad was killed.

text: (Some claim the two slaves voluntarily joined Brown's raiders, others say Brown forced them to fight. Regardless, one was killed trying to escape across the Potomac River, the other was wounded and later died in the Charles Town jail.)

text: 9 other civilians were wounded.

text: Marines

text:
Private Luke Quinn (Killed during the storming of the engine house.) Buried in Harpers Ferry Catholic Cemetery on Rte. 340.
Private Matthew Ruppert (Shot in the face during the storming of the engine house; survived.)

text: Liberated slaves[edit]

text: Mayor Beckham's Will Book called for the liberation of Isaac Gilbert, his wife, and three children upon his death. When Edwin Coppock killed Beckham the five slaves were free.[32]


document_title: Disney's Art of Animation Resort

question_text: when did disney art of animation resort open

root

text: Disney's Art of Animation Resort

text:
Disney's Art of Animation Resort

Location
ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area

Resort type
Value resort

Opened
May 31, 2012

Theme
Walt Disney characters

Areas
Cars
Finding Nemo
The Lion King
The Little Mermaid

Rooms
984

Suites
1,120

Green lodge
yes

tag: table

text: Disney's Art of Animation Resort is a resort within Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. It is located where construction on the unfinished half of Disney's Pop Century Resort was started but later abandoned after the September 11 attacks.

tag: p

text: The resort is the first to be built in the complex in over seven years and the fifth to be placed in the value-priced category, along with Disney's All-Star Sports Resort, the All-Star Music Resort, the All-Star Movies Resort, and Disney's Pop Century Resort. Family suites opened on May 31, 2012, and standard rooms opened on September 15, 2012.[1]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Originally, the land the Art of Animation Resort occupies was planned to be part of Disney's Pop Century Resort as part of the "Legendary Years" section. Several buildings were constructed for these plans, some even to the point of adding decorative details. While one-half of Pop Century (the "Classic Years") opened in 2003, the other half was left abandoned following the tourism halt after the September 11 attacks on the United States.[2]

text: Disney started to prepare the land for the resort in January 2010, and construction began in the summer of that year.[3] At the time of this announcement on May 12, 2010, Disney did not say how much construction is expecting to cost, but it was mentioned that approximately 800 jobs would be produced.[2]

text: When the "Legendary Years" buildings were first being made, a bridge named the Generation Gap Bridge was constructed to connect both parts of Pop Century and made them accessible to each other. The bridge connects Pop Century to the Finding Nemo section of the Art of Animation Resort.

text: Theming[edit]

text: The resort is designed "with families in mind." It features four of Disney's popular character themes: Cars, Finding Nemo, The Lion King, and The Little Mermaid. Much like the other Disney Value Resorts, giant versions of various items are built around the hotel on each of the ten wings, such as a 35-foot (11 m) model of King Triton. In total, there are 1,984 rooms. of which 1,120 are family suites capable of housing up to six people, featuring living rooms and bedrooms. The remaining 864 sport the standard value layout.[3][4] The resort has a total of ten buildings, as well as three themed pools.

text:
Finding Nemo: The Finding Nemo section of the resort is themed with the ocean setting featured in the film, with underwater plant and animal decorations throughout the buildings. This is the first area of the resort, which opened on May 31, 2012.
Cars: The Cars section of the resort is themed like the Cozy Cone Motel that has featured in the film. Resort buildings are themed with the movie's characters, including Lightning McQueen, Sally, Mater, and Luigi and Guido. The second section of the resort opened on June 18, 2012.
The Lion King: The Lion King section of the resort features a "natural" setting, such as that found in the wild. The third section of the resort opened its doors on August 10, 2012.
The Little Mermaid: The Little Mermaid section of the resort is themed with 600 cutout objects on resort balconies."Under the Sea" decorations are incorporated throughout the section.[5] This section of the resort has exterior walkways, where the other sections have enclosed interior walkways between the rooms. (This section uses a couple of buildings that were originally built for Pop Century's "Legendary Years" section before construction halted, which left them unfinished for years.) It opened on September 15, 2012, as the fourth and final section of the resort.

tag: ul

text: Dining and shopping[edit]

text:
Landscape of Flavors - a food court selling American cuisine and deli style market items. The Landscape of Flavors Food Court serves omelets, pancakes, French toast, pizza, pasta, sandwiches, salads, burgers, burritos, ice cream and bakery items. The food court seats 606 people.
Pizza Delivery - pizza, sandwiches, salad, dessert and beverages are available in the evening for delivery to guest rooms.
Ink & Paint Shop - gift shop that offers a range of items from Disney souvenirs to Disney's Art of Animation themed clothing. The store also has grocery section that sells items including snacks, liquor, drinks, and sundries.

text: Gallery[edit]

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disney's Art of Animation Resort.

text:
Sign at the entrance to the Art of Animation Resort

Exterior of Animation Hall, central hall of the resort

Swimming pool within the Finding Nemo section of the resort


document_title: Ossification center

question_text: when do primary ossification centers appear in an embryo

text: Ossification center

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Ossification center

X-ray of ossification centers in a child.

Details

Identifiers

Latin
centrum ossificationis

Dorlands
/Elsevier
12227335

TA
A02.0.00.043

FMA
75436

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

text: The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells, at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center, enlarge and arrange themselves in rows.[1]

text: The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity, so that the cells become further separated from each other.

text: A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix, between the rows of cells, so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix, presenting a granular and opaque appearance.

text: Here and there the matrix between two cells of the same row also becomes calcified, and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another.

text: Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities, the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells; the cells, in consequence, atrophy, leaving spaces called the primary areolæ.

text: Types of ossification centers[edit]

text: There are two types of ossification centers – primary and secondary.

text: A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone. In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone. Most bones have only one primary center (e.g. all long bones) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa (hip) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers.

text: A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared – most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years. Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center. In long bones, the secondary centres appear in the epiphyses.


document_title: NFL win–loss records

question_text: who is the most losing team in nfl history

text: NFL win–loss records

text: Regular season[edit]

text: The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their regular season win–loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of the 2016 NFL regular season.[1] For teams that previously played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC), their AAFC win-loss records are not included as the NFL does not officially count AAFC statistics despite the 1950 NFL–AAFC merger.[2][a] However, for teams that played in the American Football League (AFL), their AFL win-loss records are included and officially counted by the NFL. Ties are registered as a half win and a half loss when calculating the win-loss record.

text: Best win–loss record in division

text:
Rank
Team
Won
Lost
Tied
Pct.
First NFL Season
Total Games
Division

1
Dallas Cowboys
493
367
6
.573
1960
866
NFC East

2
Green Bay Packers
730
553
37
.567
1921
1,320
NFC North

3
Chicago Bears
744
568
42
.565
1920
1,354
NFC North

4
Miami Dolphins
439
341
4
.563
1966
784
AFC East

5
New England Patriots[b]
476
383
9
.554
1960
868
AFC East

6
New York Giants
684
572
33
.543
1925
1,289
NFC East

7
Denver Broncos
465
393
10
.541
1960
868
AFC West

8
Minnesota Vikings
457
387
10
.541
1961
854
NFC North

9
Baltimore Ravens
181
154
1
.540
1996
336
AFC North

10
San Francisco 49ers
522
450
14
.537
1950
986
NFC West

11
Indianapolis Colts[c]
502
441
7
.532
1953
950
AFC South

12
Oakland Raiders
456
401
11
.532
1960
868
AFC West

13
Pittsburgh Steelers
601
535
20
.529
1933
1,156
AFC North

14
Kansas City Chiefs
447
409
12
.522
1960
868
AFC West

15
Washington Redskins
586
572
28
.506
1932
1,186
NFC East

16
Seattle Seahawks
325
318
1
.505
1976
644
NFC West

17
Cleveland Browns
462
466
10
.498
1950
938
AFC North

18
Los Angeles Chargers
426
431
11
.497
1960
868
AFC West

19
Los Angeles Rams
544
554
21
.496
1937
1,119
NFC West

20
Carolina Panthers
172
179
1
.490
1995
352
NFC South

21
Philadelphia Eagles
555
591
26
.485
1933
1,172
NFC East

22
Tennessee Titans
413
449
6
.479
1960
868
AFC South

23
Buffalo Bills
400
460
8
.465
1960
868
AFC East

24
Detroit Lions
544
641
32
.460
1930
1,217
NFC North

25
Cincinnati Bengals
344
408
4
.458
1968
756
AFC North

26
New York Jets
392
468
8
.456
1960
868
AFC East

27
New Orleans Saints
338
427
5
.442
1967
770
NFC South

28
Houston Texans
106
134
0
.442
2002
240
AFC South

29
Jacksonville Jaguars
155
197
0
.440
1995
352
AFC South

30
Atlanta Falcons
341
437
6
.439
1966
784
NFC South

31
Arizona Cardinals
542
732
40
.428
1920
1,314
NFC West

32
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
250
393
1
.389
1976
644
NFC South

text: Playoffs[edit]

text: The following is a listing of all 32 current National Football League (NFL) teams ranked by their playoff win-loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of Super Bowl LI.

text:
Best win–loss record in division

Team active in playoffs

text:
Rank
Team
Games
Won
Lost
Pct.
Last playoff
appearance
Division

1
Baltimore Ravens
23
15
8
.652
2014
AFC North

2
New England Patriots
51
32
19
.627
2016
AFC East

3
Green Bay Packers
56
34
22
.607
2016
NFC North

4 (tie)
Pittsburgh Steelers
60
36
24
.600
2016
AFC North

4 (tie)
San Francisco 49ers
50
30
20
.600
2013
NFC West

6
Oakland Raiders
44
25
19
.568
2016
AFC West

7
Carolina Panthers
16
9
7
.563
2015
NFC South

8
Dallas Cowboys
61
34
27
.557
2016
NFC East

9 (tie)
Washington Redskins
42
23
19
.548
2015
NFC East

9 (tie)
Denver Broncos
42
23
19
.548
2015
AFC West

11
Seattle Seahawks
31
16
15
.516
2016
NFC West

12
New York Giants
49
24
25
.490
2016
NFC East

13
Indianapolis Colts
45
22
23
.489
2014
AFC South

14
Miami Dolphins
41
20
21
.488
2016
AFC East

15
Chicago Bears
35
17
18
.486
2010
NFC North

16
Buffalo Bills
29
14
15
.483
1999
AFC East

17
New York Jets
25
12
13
.480
2010
AFC East

18
Philadelphia Eagles
40
19
21
.475
2013
NFC East

19
Jacksonville Jaguars
11
5
6
.455
2007
AFC South

20
Los Angeles Rams
43
19
24
.442
2004
NFC West

21 (tie)
Arizona Cardinals
16
7
9
.438
2015
NFC West

21 (tie)
New Orleans Saints
16
7
9
.438
2013
NFC South

23
Houston Texans
7
3
4
.429
2016
AFC South

24
Tennessee Titans
33
14
19
.424
2008
AFC South

25
Atlanta Falcons
22
9
13
.409
2016
NFC South

26
Minnesota Vikings
47
19
28
.404
2015
NFC North

27
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
15
6
9
.400
2007
NFC South

28
Los Angeles Chargers
28
11
17
.393
2013
AFC West

29
Cleveland Browns
31
11
20
.355
2002
AFC North

30
Detroit Lions
20
7
13
.350
2016
NFC North

31
Kansas City Chiefs
26
9
17
.346
2016
AFC West

32
Cincinnati Bengals
19
5
14
.263
2015
AFC North

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ For example, the Browns' regular season win–loss record does not include a 47–4–3 record compiled in the All-America Football Conference from 1946 to 1949, nor does their playoff record include the 5–0 record compiled during the same period. Likewise, the 49ers' AAFC regular season win–loss record of 38–14–2, nor their 1-1 AAFC playoff record are officially counted
Jump up ^ The Patriots played as the "Boston Patriots" from 1960–1970, before adopting the "New England Patriots" name, which they have played under since the 1971 season.[3] The team was also briefly known as the "Bay State Patriots" prior to the 1971 season.[4]
Jump up ^ The Colts played under the "Baltimore Colts" name from 1953–1983, before relocating to Indianapolis and adpoting their current "Indianapolis Colts" name, which they have played under since the 1984 season.[5]

tag: ol


document_title: American wine

question_text: what are the top five wine producing states

text: American wine

text: History[edit]

text: The first Europeans to explore North America, a Viking expedition from Greenland, called it Vinland because of the profusion of grape vines they found. The earliest wine made in what is now the United States was produced between 1562 and 1564 by French Huguenot settlers from Scuppernong grapes at a settlement near Jacksonville, Florida.[2] In the early American colonies of Virginia and the Carolinas, wine making was an official goal laid out in the founding charters. However, settlers discovered that the wine made from the various native grapes had flavors which were unfamiliar and which they did not like.

text: This led to repeated efforts to grow the familiar European Vitis vinifera varieties, beginning with the Virginia Company exporting French vinifera vines with French vignerons to Virginia in 1619. These early plantings met with failure as native pest and vine disease ravaged the vineyards. In 1683, William Penn planted a vineyard of French vinifera in Pennsylvania; it may have interbred with a native Vitis labrusca vine to create the hybrid grape Alexander. One of the first commercial wineries in the United States was founded in 1787 by Pierre Legaux in Pennsylvania. A settler in Indiana in 1806 produced wine made from the Alexander grape. Today French-American hybrid grapes are the staples of wine production on the East Coast of the United States.[4]

text: The Kentucky General Assembly on November 21, 1799 passed a bill to establish a commercial vineyard and winery.[5] The vinedresser for the vineyard was John James Dufour, formerly of Vevey, Switzerland.[4] The vineyard was located overlooking the Kentucky River in Jessamine County in what is known as Blue Grass country of central Kentucky. Dufour named it First Vineyard on November 5, 1798.[6] The vineyard's current address in 5800 Sugar Creek Pike, Nicholasville, Kentucky. The first wine from First Vineyard was consumed by subscribers to the vineyard at John Postelthwaite's house on March 21, 1803.[7] Two 5-gallon oak casks of wine were taken to President Thomas Jefferson in Washington, D.C. in February 1805.[8] The vineyard continued until 1809, when a killing freeze in May destroyed the crop and many vines. The Dufour family abandoned Kentucky and migrated west to Vevay, Indiana, a center of a Swiss-immigrant community.[9]

text: In California, the first vineyard and winery was established in 1769 by the Franciscan missionary Junípero Serra near San Diego. Later missionaries carried vines northward; Sonoma's first vineyard was planted around 1805.[3] California has two native grape varieties, but they make very poor quality wine. The California Wild Grape (Vitis californicus) does not produce wine-quality fruit, although it sometimes is used as rootstock for wine grape varieties.[10] The missionaries used the Mission grape. (In South America, this grape is known as criolla or "colonialized European".) Although a Vitis vinifera variety, it is a grape of "very modest" quality. Jean-Louis Vignes was one of the early settlers to use a higher quality vinifera in his vineyard near Los Angeles.[3]

text: The first winery in the United States to become commercially successful was founded in Cincinnati, Ohio in the mid-1830s by Nicholas Longworth. He made a sparkling wine from Catawba grapes. By 1855 Ohio had 1500 acres in vineyards, according to travel writer Frederick Law Olmsted, who said it was more than in Missouri and Illinois, which each had 1100 acres in wine.[11] German immigrants from the late 1840s had been instrumental in building the wine industry in those states.

text: In the 1860s, vineyards in the Ohio River Valley were attacked by Black rot. This prompted several winemakers to move north to the Finger Lakes region of western New York. During this time, the Missouri wine industry, centered on the German colony in Hermann, was expanding rapidly along both shores of the Missouri River west of St. Louis. By the end of the century, the state was second to California in wine production.[4] In the late 19th century, the phylloxera epidemic in the West and Pierce's disease in the East ravaged the American wine industry.[3]

text: Prohibition in the United States began when the state of Maine became the first state to go completely dry in 1846. Nationally, Prohibition was implemented after ratification by the states of the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, which forbade the manufacturing, sale and transport of alcohol. Exceptions were made for sacramental wine used for religious purposes, and some wineries were able to maintain minimal production under those auspices, but most vineyards ceased operations. Others resorted to bootlegging. Home winemaking also became common, allowed through exemptions for sacramental wines and production for home use.[12]

text: Following the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, operators tried to revive the American wine making industry, which was nearly ended. Many talented winemakers had died, vineyards had been neglected or replanted with table grapes, and Prohibition had changed Americans' taste in wines. During the Great Depression, consumers demanded cheap "jug wine" (so-called dago red) and sweet, fortified (high alcohol) wine. Before Prohibition dry table wines outsold sweet wines by three to one, but afterward, the ratio of demand changed dramatically. As a result, by 1935, 81% of California's production was sweet wines. For decades, wine production was low and limited.

text: Leading the way to new methods of wine production was research conducted at the University of California, Davis and some of the state universities in New York. Faculty at the universities published reports on which varieties of grapes grew best in which regions, held seminars on winemaking techniques, consulted with grape growers and winemakers, offered academic degrees in viticulture, and promoted the production of quality wines. In the 1970s and 1980s, success by Californian winemakers in the northern part of the state helped to secure foreign investment from other winemaking regions, most notably the Champenois of France. Winemakers also cultivated vineyards in Oregon and Washington, on Long Island in New York, and numerous other new locales.

text: Americans became more educated about wines and increased their demand for high-quality wine. All 50 states now have some acreage in vineyard cultivation. By 2004, 668 million gallons (25.3 million hectoliters) of wine were consumed in the United States.[13] Today, the U.S. produces over 800 million gallons of wine a year, of which California produces more than 84%, followed by Washington, New York, Pennsylvania, and Oregon. In the second decade of the 21st century, the US wine industry faces the growing challenges of competition from international exports and managing domestic regulations on interstate sales and shipment of wine.

text: Wine regions[edit]

text: There are nearly 3,000 commercial vineyards in the United States, and at least one winery in each of the 50 states.[14]

text:
West Coast – More than 90% of the total American wine production occurs in the states of California, Washington and Oregon.
Rocky Mountain Region – Notably Idaho and Colorado
Southwestern United States – Notably Texas and New Mexico
Midwestern United States – Notably Missouri and Illinois
Great Lakes region – Notably Michigan, northern New York and Ohio
East Coast of the United States – Notably western New York State and eastern Long Island, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Carolina and Florida.

text: Production by state[edit]

text: Production of still wine per state in 2016 was as follows:[15]

text:
2016 production of still wine

State
Production (gal)
Production (%)

Alabama
34,966
0.004%

Arizona
190,008
0.024%

Arkansas
246,363
0.031%

California
680,272,512
84.354%

Colorado
556,994
0.069%

Connecticut
134,517
0.017%

Florida
1,634,103
0.203%

Georgia
276,144
0.034%

Idaho
497,007
0.062%

Illinois
391,805
0.049%

Indiana
1,411,540
0.175%

Iowa
335,522
0.042%

Kansas
104,129
0.013%

Kentucky
2,176,059
0.270%

Louisiana
38,232
0.005%

Maine
48,222
0.006%

Maryland
436,185
0.054%

Massachusetts
792,884
0.098%

Michigan
2,576,238
0.319%

Minnesota
331,946
0.041%

Missouri
993,831
0.123%

Montana
33,445
0.004%

Nebraska
120,366
0.015%

New Hampshire
159,316
0.020%

New Jersey
1,832,325
0.227%

New Mexico
749,818
0.093%

New York
27,969,308
3.468%

North Carolina
1,903,060
0.236%

Ohio
5,938,738
0.736%

Oklahoma
70,204
0.009%

Oregon
11,822,972
1.466%

Pennsylvania
12,405,181
1.538%

South Carolina
77,842
0.010%

South Dakota
139,738
0.017%

Tennessee
1,279,752
0.159%

Texas
1,907,299
0.237%

Vermont
2,172,526
0.269%

Virginia
2,157,395
0.268%

Washington
40,747,190
5.053%

West Virginia
40,733
0.005%

Wisconsin
1,129,405
0.140%

Others
312,051
0.039%

Sum
806,447,891
100%

text: Appellation system[edit]

text: The early American appellation system was based on the political boundaries of states and counties. In September 1978 the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (now Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau) developed regulations to establish American Viticultural Areas (AVA) based on distinct climate and geographical features. In June 1980, the Augusta AVA in Missouri was established as the first American Viticultural Area under the new appellation system.[16] For the sake of wine labeling purposes, all the states and county appellations were grandfathered in as appellations. There were 187 distinct AVAs designated under U.S. law as of April 2007.[17]

text: Appellation labeling laws[edit]

text: In order to have an AVA appear on a wine label, at least 85% of the grapes used to produce the wine must be grown in the AVA.

text: With the larger state and county appellations the laws vary depending on the area. For a County Appellation, 75% of the grapes used must be from that county. If grapes are from two or three contiguous counties, a label can have a multi-county designation so long as the percentages used from each county are clearly on the label. For the majority of U.S. States the State Appellation requires 75% of the grapes in the wine to be grown in the state. Texas requires 75%, but if an AVA is used like "Texas Hill Country" or "Texas High Plains," 85% Texas grapes must be used.[18] California and Oregon require 100%. If grapes are from two to three contiguous states a wine can be made under a multi-state designations following the same requirements as the multi-county appellation.

text: American wine or United States is a rarely used appellation that classifies a wine made from anywhere in the United States, including Puerto Rico and Washington, D.C.. Wines with this designation are similar to the French wine vin de table and can not include a vintage year. By law this is the only appellation allowed for bulk wines exported to other counties.[19]

text: Semi-generic wines[edit]

text: Current U.S. laws allow American made wines to be labeled as "American Burgundy" or "California champagne", even though these names are restricted in Europe. U.S. laws only restrict usage to include the qualifying area of origin to go with these semi-generic names. Other semi-generic names in the United States include Claret, Chablis, Chianti, Madeira, Malaga, Marsala, Moselle, Port, Rhine wine, Sauternes (commonly spelled on U.S. wine labels as Sauterne or Haut Sauterne), Sherry and Tokay. European Union officials have been working with their U.S. counterparts through World Trade Organization negotiations to eliminate the use of these semi-generic names.[19]

text: Fighting varietals[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Fighting varietal is a term that originated in California during the late-1970s as a marketing response to combat overt pressure from European wine producers. The term was coined to separate traditional domestic jug wine, whimsical brands, and imports, from premium wine production in the U.S.[20]

text: The U.S. dollar in the early 1980s was trading with such historic strength, it was dominating world currency markets, eventually leading to the first coordinated agreement between Central Banks in 1985 to intervene and depreciate the Dollar in what is now termed the Plaza Accord. European wines with centuries of history supporting them found it easy to compete with wine production in the U.S. on quality since the U.S. had only decades in real development of its vineyards and wine production techniques. With better quality and lower price, European wines had a substantial advantage over domestic producers which potentially slowed the growth of U.S. wine producing regions.

text: While European consumers understood the types of grapes grown in their regions, U.S. wine consumers found European labeling standards confusing. California wineries saw that as the opportunity and coordinated together to sell varietals, named for the variety of grapes in the bottle, as a means of educating the consumer and making the product easier to understand.

text: The actual term was coined referencing the "fight" against imported wines in the U.S. market using "varietals" instead of brands or regions for content identification.

text: While many different people have been given credit for the origination of the term, it is unlikely a conclusive author will ever be confirmed.

text: Other U.S. labeling laws[edit]

text: In the United States, at least 95% of grapes must be from a particular vintage for that year to appear on the label. Prior to the early 1970s, all grapes had to be from the vintage year. All labels must list the alcohol content based on percentage by volume. For bottles labeled as varietals at least 75% of the grape must be of the variety. In Oregon, the requirement is 90%. American wine labels are also required to list if they contain sulfites and carry the Surgeon General's warning about alcohol consumption.[21]

text: Three-tier distribution[edit]

text: Following the repeal of Prohibition, the United States federal government allowed each state to regulate its own production and sale of alcohol. For the majority of states this led to the development of a three-tier distribution system between the producer, wholesaler and consumer. Depending on the state there are some exceptions, with wineries allowed to sell directly to consumers on site at the winery or to ship wine across state lines. Some states allow interstate sales through e-commerce. In the 2005 case of Granholm v. Heald, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down state laws banning interstate shipments but allowing in-state sales. This Supreme Court decision meant that states could decide to allow both out-of-state wine sales and in-state sales, or ban both together.[22]

text: Convenience stores and retail stores are large distributors of wine, with over 175,000 outlets that sell wine across the United States. In addition, there are around 332,000 other locations (bars, restaurants, etc.) that sell wine, contributing to the $30+ billion in annual sales over the past three years.[23] In 2010, the average monthly per-store sales of wine jumped to nearly $12,000 from $9,084 in 2009. The average gross margin dollars from wine increased to $3,324 from $2,616 in the year prior, with gross margin percentages up to an average 28.2 percent in 2010, versus 27 percent in 2009.[24]

text: Largest producers[edit]

text: As of 2005 The largest producers of American wine.[25]

text:
E & J Gallo Winery - Accounts for more than a quarter of all U.S. wine sales and is the second largest producer in the world.
Constellation Brands - With foreign wine holdings Constellation is the largest producer in the world and includes Robert Mondavi Winery and Columbia Winery in its portfolio
The Wine Group - San Francisco-based business which owns the Franzia box wine label, Concannon Vineyard and Mogen David kosher wine.
Bronco Wine Company - Owners of the Charles Shaw wine "Two Buck Chuck" line which accounts for nearly 5 million of Bronco's annual average 9 million cases per year.
Diageo - UK based company with American holdings in Sterling Vineyards, Beaulieu Vineyard and Chalone Vineyard
Brown-Forman Corporation - Owners of the Korbel Champagne Cellars brand
Beringer Blass - Australian based wine division of Foster's Group and owner of the Beringer wine and Stags' Leap Winery brands
Jackson Wine Estates - Owners of the Kendall-Jackson brand


question_text: who wrote there's a guy works down the chip shop lyrics

question_tokens: who wrote there 's a guy works down the chip shop lyrics

text: This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (March 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop, Swears He's Elvis"

Single by Kirsty MacColl

from the album Desperate Character

A-side
"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis"

B-side
"Hard To Believe
There's a Guy... (country version)"

Released
May 1981

Format
7" Vinyl

Genre
Country pop

Label
Polydor

Songwriter(s)
Kirsty MacColl/Philip Rambow[1]

Producer(s)
Barry Farmer

Kirsty MacColl singles chronology

"Keep Your Hands Off My Baby"
(1981)
"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop, Swears He's Elvis"
(1981)
"See That Girl"
(1981)

"Keep Your Hands Off My Baby"
(1981)
"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis"
(1981)
"See That Girl"
(1981)

text: "There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis" was Kirsty MacColl's first hit single, charting in the UK at #14 in 1981, and remaining in the charts for nine weeks.[2] It reached #9 in the Irish charts. A promotional version was released in the USA, which instead referenced a truck stop as opposed to the very British chip shop, but this was only available to DJs and did not get a full release.

text: Norwegian singer Elisabeth Andreasson covered the song on her 1981 country album Angel of the Morning, with lyrics in Swedish by Hasse Olsson as "Killen ner' på Konsum svär att han är Elvis" ("The guy down Konsum" swears he's Elvis).[3]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis" (K. MacColl / P. Rambow)
"Hard to Believe" (K. MacColl)
"There's a Guy Works Down the Chip Shop Swears He's Elvis (country version)" (K. MacColl / P. Rambow)