document_title: Stephen Curry

question_text: when did stephen curry won the mvp award

root

text: Stephen Curry

text: Early life

text: Stephen Curry is the son of Sonya (Adams) and Dell Curry. He was born in Akron, Ohio while his father was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers.[2][3] He grew up in Charlotte, North Carolina, where his father spent most of his NBA career with the Charlotte Hornets.[4] Dell often took Curry and his younger brother Seth to his games, where they would shoot with the Hornets during warm-ups.[5] The family briefly relocated to Toronto, where Dell finished out his career as a member of the Raptors.[4] During this time, Curry played for the Queensway Christian College boys' basketball team, leading them to an undefeated season.[6][7] He was also a member of Toronto 5–0, a club team that plays across Ontario,[8][9] pitting him against fellow future NBA players Cory Joseph and Kelly Olynyk.[9] Curry led the team to a 33–4 record, en route to winning the provincial championship.[10]

tag: p

text: Following Dell's retirement, the family moved back to Charlotte and Curry enrolled at Charlotte Christian School, where he was named all-conference, all-state, and led his team to three conference titles and three state playoff appearances. Because of his father's storied career at Virginia Tech, Curry wanted to play college basketball for the Hokies, but was only offered a walk-on spot due in part to his slender 160-pound frame.[11] He ultimately chose to attend Davidson College, who had aggressively recruited him from the tenth grade.[12]

text:
US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes

Name
Hometown
High school / college
Height
Weight
Commit date

Stephen Curry
PG
Charlotte, North Carolina
Charlotte Christian
6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
163 lb (74 kg)
Sep 18, 2005

Recruiting star ratings: Scout:   Rivals:   247Sports: N/A

Overall recruiting rankings: Scout: 36 (PG)

Note: In many cases, Scout, Rivals, 247Sports, and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight.
In these cases, the average was taken. ESPN grades are on a 100-point scale.

Sources:

"2006 Davidson Basketball Commitment List". Rivals.com. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
"2006 Davidson College Basketball Team Recruiting Prospects". Scout.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.

"Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings". Scout.com. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
"2006 Team Ranking". Rivals.com. Retrieved August 21, 2013.

tag: table

text: College career

text: Freshman season

text: Before Curry even played in his first game for the Wildcats, head coach Bob McKillop praised him at a Davidson alumni event, "Wait 'til you see Steph Curry. He is something special."[13] In his first collegiate game, against Eastern Michigan, Curry finished with 15 points but committed 13 turnovers. In the next game, against Michigan, he scored 32 points, dished out 4 assists, and grabbed 9 rebounds. Curry finished the season leading the Southern Conference in scoring with 21.5 points per game. He was second in the nation among freshmen in scoring, behind only Kevin Durant of Texas. Curry's scoring ability helped the Wildcats to a 29–5 overall record and a Southern Conference regular season title. On March 2, 2007, in the Southern Conference tournament semi-finals against Furman, Curry made his 113th three-pointer of the year, breaking Keydren Clark's NCAA freshman season record for 3-point field goals.[14]

text: Curry eclipsed the school freshman scoring record with his 502nd point against Chattanooga on February 6, 2007.[15] On March 15, 2007, Davidson marched into the NCAA tournament as a 13 seed set to play Maryland; despite Curry's game-high 30 points, Davidson lost 82–70.[16] At the end of his freshman season, Curry was named Southern Conference Freshman of the Year, SoCon Tournament MVP, and selected to the SoCon All-tournament team, All-freshman team, and first team All-SoCon. He was also honorable mention in Sports Illustrated's All-Mid-Major. After the season ended, he was selected for the USA team to appear at the 2007 FIBA U19 World Championships in which he averaged 9.4 points, 3.8 rebounds, and 2.2 assists in 19.4 minutes, helping team USA to a silver medal finish.

text: Sophomore season

text: In his sophomore season in 2007–08, Curry had grown to his adult height of 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) and again led the Southern Conference in scoring, averaging 25.5 points per game while adding 4.7 rebounds per game and 2.8 assists per game. He led the Wildcats to a 26–6 regular season record, and a 20–0 conference record. As a result of Curry's exceptional play, Davidson earned its third straight NCAA Tournament bid.

text: On March 21, 2008, Davidson matched up with seventh-seeded Gonzaga. Gonzaga led by 11 points early in the second half but Curry went on to score 30 points in the half[17] to push Davidson to their first NCAA Tournament win since 1969, 82–76. Curry ended the game with 40 points while also going 8-for-10 from 3-point range.[18] On March 23, Davidson played second seeded Georgetown in the second round of the NCAA Tournament. Georgetown, ranked eighth nationally, entered the game as a heavy favorite after an appearance in the Final Four in 2007. Curry managed just five points in the first half of the game as Davidson trailed by as many as 17 points, but his 25 second-half points led Davidson to a 74–70 comeback victory.[17]

text: On March 28, 2008, Curry led Davidson to another win, against third-seeded Wisconsin. Curry scored 33 points as Davidson won 73–56 to advance to the Elite 8.[19] Curry joined Clyde Lovellette, Jerry Chambers, and Glenn Robinson as the only college players to score over 30 points in their first four career NCAA tournament games.[19] Curry also tied Darrin Fitzgerald of Butler for the single-season record for most three-pointers with 158.[20][21] On March 30, 2008, he set the record, against the top-seeded Kansas Jayhawks, with his 159th three-pointer of the season. Curry scored 25 points in the game but Davidson lost 57–59, and the Jayhawks went on to win the championship.[22]

text: Curry finished the season averaging 25.9 points, 2.9 assists, and 2.1 steals per game. He was named to the Associated Press' All-America Second Team on March 31, 2008.[23] He also was named the Most Outstanding Player of the Midwest Region of the 2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship Tournament, becoming the first player from a team not making the Final Four to do so since Juwan Howard of Michigan in 1994.[24] Curry was nominated for an ESPY in the Breakthrough Player of the Year category.[25]

text: Junior season

text: After Davidson's loss against Kansas in the NCAA Regional Finals, Curry announced that he would return for his junior year.[20] He stated that he wanted to develop as a point guard, his likely position in the NBA. On November 18, 2008, Curry scored a career-high 44 points in Davidson's 82–78 loss to Oklahoma.[26] He extended a career-long streak by scoring at least 25 points for the seventh straight game.[26] On November 21, Curry registered a career-high 13 assists, to go along with 30 points, in Davidson's 97–70 win over Winthrop.[27] On November 25, against Loyola, Curry was held scoreless as Loyola constantly double-teamed him. It was Curry's only scoreless collegiate game and just his second without double-digit points. He finished 0-for-3 from the field as Davidson won the game 78–48.[28] In Davidson's next game (11 days later), Curry matched his career-high of 44 in a 72–67 win over North Carolina State.

text: Curry surpassed the 2000-point mark for his career on January 3, 2009, as he scored 21 points against Samford.[29] On February 14, 2009, Curry rolled his ankle in the second half of a win over Furman. The injury caused Curry to miss the February 18 game against The Citadel, the first and only game he missed in his college career.[30] On February 28, 2009, Curry became Davidson's all-time leading scorer with 34 points in a 99–56 win against Georgia Southern. That gave Curry 2,488 points for his career, surpassing previous school leader John Gerdy.[31] Davidson won the 2008–09 Southern Conference regular season championship for the south division, finishing 18–2 in the conference.[32][33]

text: In the 2009 Southern Conference Tournament, Davidson played Appalachian State in the quarterfinals and won 84–68. Curry scored 43 points, which is the third most points in Southern Conference tournament history.[34] In the semifinals, against the College of Charleston, Curry had 20 points but Davidson lost 52–59. Despite lobbying from Davidson head coach Bob McKillop and Charleston coach Bobby Cremins,[35] the Wildcats failed to get an NCAA tournament bid. Instead, they received the sixth seed in the 2009 NIT. Davidson played the third seed, South Carolina, on the road in the first round. Curry scored 32 points as the Wildcats beat the Gamecocks 70–63.[36][37] Davidson then fell 68–80 to the Saint Mary's Gaels in the second round. Curry registered 26 points, 9 rebounds, and 5 assists in what was his final game for the Wildcats.[38]

text: In his final season at Davidson, Curry averaged 28.6 points, 5.6 assists, and 2.5 steals. He was the NCAA scoring leader and was named a consensus first team All-American.[39] Curry opted out of his senior year at Davidson, but he stated that he still planned to earn his degree.[40]

text: College statistics

text:
Regular Season Averages

Season
Team
G
PTS
REB
AST
STL
BLK
FG%
3P%
FT%
MIN
TO

2006–07
Davidson Wildcats
34
21.5
4.6
2.8
1.8
0.2
.463
.408
.855
30.9
2.8

2007–08
Davidson Wildcats
36
25.9
4.6
2.9
2.1
0.4
.483
.439
.894
33.1
2.6

2008–09
Davidson Wildcats
34
28.6
4.4
5.6
2.5
0.2
.454
.387
.876
33.7
3.7

Career
104
25.3
4.5
3.7
2.1
0.3
.467
.412
.876
32.6
3.0

text: Professional career

text: Golden State Warriors (2009–present)

text: Early seasons (2009–11)

text: Curry was selected with the seventh overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors.[41] His rookie contract was worth $12.7 million over four years.[42] In his first career game, he scored 14 points and distributed 7 assists.[43] With final season averages of 17.5 points, 5.9 assists, and 1.9 steals per game,[41] he finished second in NBA Rookie of the Year voting to the Sacramento Kings' Tyreke Evans, and was named to the NBA All-Rookie First Team.[44]

text: At the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, Curry won the NBA All-Star Weekend Skills Challenge.[45] He finished the season with averages of 18.6 points, 5.8 assists, and 1.5 steals per game and shot a franchise- and league-best 93.4 percent from the free throw line.[41][46] He was also the recipient of the NBA Sportsmanship Award.[47]

text: Injury-riddled year (2011–12)

text: In May 2011, Curry had surgery on his right ankle to repair torn ligaments that were caused by multiple sprains from the previous season.[50] The ankle healed in time for the start of the 2011–12 campaign, but he sprained it again during the preseason and on January 4 in a game against the San Antonio Spurs.[51][52][53] On February 22, he strained a tendon in his right foot in a game against the Phoenix Suns.[54] In April, he had another surgery.[55] In total, Curry appeared in only 26 regular season games and his scoring average dipped to 14.7 points per game.[41]

text: Getting back on track (2012–14)

text: Prior to the start of the 2012–13 season, Curry agreed to a four-year, $44 million rookie scale contract extension with the Warriors.[56] At the time, many basketball writers considered the move risky for Golden State because of Curry's injury history.[57] Over the course of the year, Curry and backcourt teammate Klay Thompson gained a reputation for their perimeter scoring, earning them the nickname "The Splash Brothers".[58] On February 27, Curry scored a career-high 54 points in a game against the New York Knicks, setting a franchise record for three-pointers made in a game with 11 and falling just one shy of tying the NBA record.[59][60] In the final game of the season, he set a new league record for three-pointers made in a single season.[61] His final averages were 22.9 points and 6.9 assists per game.[41] The Warriors finished the year with 47 wins, earning them the sixth seed in the Western Conference and a matchup with the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs.[62] Golden State defeated the Nuggets in six games to advance to the second round, where Curry scored 44 points in a Game 1 loss to the Spurs.[63] The Warriors eventually lost the series in six games.[64]

text: In December of the 2013–14 season, Curry eclipsed Jason Richardson as the franchise's leader in career three-pointers.[65] In February, he made his first All-Star appearance, starting for the West.[66] Behind averages of 24 points and 8.5 assists per game, he was selected to his first All-NBA Team.[41] Seeded sixth for the second consecutive year, the Warriors drew the Los Angeles Clippers to begin the postseason.[67] In Game 4, Curry scored 33 points, including a then playoff career-high seven three-pointers, in a winning effort.[68] Golden State went on to lose the series in seven games.[67]

text: NBA Championship and MVP (2014–15)

text: Prior to the start of the 2014–15 season, the Warriors hired former NBA player and general manager Steve Kerr as their new head coach.[70] Kerr implemented significant changes to Golden State's schemes, including playing at a faster pace and giving Curry more freedom to shoot, helping the team evolve into a title contender.[71] On February 4, Curry scored a season-high 51 points in a win over the Dallas Mavericks.[72] He was the leading vote-getter for the All-Star Game and won the Three-Point Contest on All-Star Saturday night.[73][74] On April 9, he broke his own league record for three-pointers made in a season during a game against the Portland Trail Blazers.[75] The Warriors finished the year with 67 wins and Curry was voted the NBA Most Valuable Player after posting averages of 23.8 points, 7.7 assists and 2 steals per game.[41] Over the course of the season, he sat out 17 fourth quarters due to Golden State's wide margins of victory.[76]

text: In Game 5 of the Conference Semifinals against the Memphis Grizzlies, Curry became the first player in league history to register six three-pointers and six steals in a game.[77] In Game 6, he made a playoff career-high eight three-pointers en route to a series-clinching victory.[78] In Game 3 of the Conference Finals against the Houston Rockets, he broke the NBA record for most three-pointers made in a single postseason.[79][80] The Warriors went on to defeat the Rockets to earn a Finals matchup with the Cleveland Cavaliers, where Curry struggled to start the series, converting on only 22 percent of his field goals in Game 2.[81] In Game 5, he scored 37 points,[82] and in Game 6, Golden State closed out the series to win their first championship in 40 years.[83] For the Finals, Curry averaged 26 points and 6.3 assists per game.[82]

text: Unanimous MVP (2015–16)

text: On October 27, 2015, Curry scored 40 points (including a career-high 24 points in the first quarter) in the Warriors' season opening win over the New Orleans Pelicans, the most points scored by a reigning MVP in an opener since 1972 when Kareem Abdul-Jabbar scored 41 for the Milwaukee Bucks.[84] In addition, Curry started his seventh straight season opener, joining Jeff Mullins, and Chris Mullin as the only Warriors' players since 1962 to do so.[84] Two games later on October 31, also against the Pelicans, Curry scored 53 points on 17-of-27 shooting to lead the Warriors to a 134–120 win. Curry became the first player since Michael Jordan in 1989–90 to score 118 points in the first three games of a season.[85] On November 24, he scored 24 points in a win over the Los Angeles Lakers, as the Warriors set the record for best start in NBA history at 16–0.[86] The Warriors improved to 24–0 on December 11 with a double overtime win over the Boston Celtics, before finally having their streak broken the following day against the Milwaukee Bucks.[87]

text: On December 28, Curry recorded his sixth career triple-double with 23 points, a career-high 14 rebounds and 10 assists in a 122–103 win over the Sacramento Kings. During the game against the Kings, Curry was guarded by his brother Seth for the first time in their NBA careers.[88] On January 22, he recorded his second triple-double of the season and seventh of his career with 39 points, 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 122–110 win over the Indiana Pacers. He made eight three-pointers in the game to reach 200 for the season, becoming the first player in NBA history to make 200 three-pointers in four straight seasons.[89] On February 3, he made 11 three-pointers (including seven in the first quarter) and scored 51 points (including a career-high 36 points in the first half) to lead the Warriors past the Washington Wizards 134–121. His 51 points tied Gilbert Arenas and Michael Jordan for the Verizon Center record.[90] During the 2016 NBA All-Star Weekend, Curry competed in his third straight All-Star game for the West, and competed in the Three-Point Shootout, where he lost in the final round to teammate Klay Thompson. At 48–4, the Warriors entered the All-Star break with the best record through 52 games in NBA history, one win better than the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls and 1966–67 Philadelphia 76ers.[91]

text: On February 25, Curry made 10 three-pointers and scored 51 points to lead the Warriors past the Orlando Magic 130–114. Curry topped 50 points for the third time in 2015–16, the first player to do it that many times since LeBron James and Dwyane Wade did so in 2008–09. Curry also surpassed Kyle Korver's mark of 127 straight games with a three-pointer.[92] In the following game two days later, the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder in overtime thanks to a Curry three-pointer with 0.6 seconds remaining. Curry finished with 46 points as his winning shot was his 12th three-pointer, tying the NBA single-game record (with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall).[93] He also broke his own NBA record for threes in a season, leaving the new mark at 288.[94] On March 7, in a win over the Orlando Magic, Curry scored 41 points and became the first player in NBA history to make 300 three-pointers in a season.[95] On April 1, Curry missed a three-pointer to tie the game against the Boston Celtics with 5.3 seconds left, as the Warriors suffered their first home defeat since January 27, 2015, losing 109–106 to the Celtics to snap an NBA-record 54-game winning streak in the regular season at Oracle Arena.[96] On April 7, Curry scored 27 points to help the Warriors become the second team in NBA history to win 70 games in a season with a 112–101 win over the San Antonio Spurs.[97] In the Warriors' regular season finale on April 13 against the Memphis Grizzlies, Curry achieved another shooting milestone, becoming the first player to make 400 three-pointers in a season by knocking down 10 from long range on his way to 46 points and 402 total three-pointers. With a 125–104 win over the Grizzlies, the Warriors became the first 73-win team in NBA history, surpassing the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls' 72–10 record to finish the 2015–16 season with just nine losses.[98] With the conclusion of the regular season, Curry became the seventh player in NBA history to join the 50–40–90 club, representing the shooting percentages from the field (.504), beyond the arc (.454), and the free-throw line (.908).[99]

text: As the No. 1 seed in the Western Conference, the Warriors faced the eighth-seeded Rockets in the first round of the playoffs. In a Game 1 win, Curry scored 24 first-half points before an ankle injury ruled him out for the rest of the game.[100] He subsequently missed Games 2 and 3 of the series, which the Warriors split for a 2–1 lead.[101] Curry returned in Game 4, but sprained his right knee on the final play of the second quarter. He did not play in the second half, but the Warriors won 121–94.[102] He was diagnosed with a sprained right medial collateral ligament (MCL) and was ruled out for two weeks.[103] Without Curry, the Warriors defeated the Rockets in Game 5 to move on to the second round, where they faced the Portland Trail Blazers. Curry missed the first three games of the series, as the Warriors led 2–1 after Game 3. Curry returned to action in Game 4, coming off the bench to record 40 points, 9 rebounds and 8 assists in a 132–125 overtime win.[104] Seventeen of those points came in the extra period, an NBA record for points scored by an individual in overtime.[105] A day after returning from injury, Curry was named the league's first ever unanimous MVP, becoming the 11th player in NBA history to win the award in consecutive seasons and the first guard to do so since Steve Nash in 2004–05 and 2005–06.[106] Curry led the Warriors to a 4–1 victory over the Trail Blazers, as they moved on to the Western Conference Finals to face the Oklahoma City Thunder. After going down 3–1, he helped the Warriors rally to win the series 4–3 and advance to their second straight NBA Finals.[107] In the Finals, Curry's play relative to his regular season performance remained inconsistent, as it had been since he returned from injury against Portland.[108] Still, he broke Danny Green's record of 27 three-pointers made in a Finals.[109] However, the Warriors, despite being up 3–1 in the series, were defeated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in seven games and became the first team in NBA Finals history to lose a series after leading 3–1. In the Game 7 loss, Curry scored 17 points on 6-of-19 shooting.[110]

text: Second NBA Championship (2016–17)

text: After dropping their season opener at home to the San Antonio Spurs on October 25, the Warriors levelled their record at 1–1 with a 122–114 win over the New Orleans Pelicans three days later. Curry hit four three-pointers against the Pelicans to reach 1,600 for his career, becoming the 19th player to do so, as well as the fastest to reach the mark.[111] On November 4, 2016, Curry's NBA-record streak of 157 straight games with at least one made three-pointer was snapped during the Warriors' 117–97 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers after he went 0-of-10 from three-point range. He had hit a three-pointer in every regular-season game since November 11, 2014.[112] Three days later, he hit 13 three-pointers against New Orleans, setting an NBA record for most three-pointers made in a regular-season game. Curry shot 16-of-26 overall against the Pelicans for his first 40-point game of the season, finishing with 46 in a 116–106 win.[113] On December 11, Curry hit two three-pointers against the Minnesota Timberwolves to pass Steve Nash for 17th on the NBA's career three-pointers list.[114] With 14 points against the Dallas Mavericks on December 30, Curry (11,903) passed Purvis Short (11,894) for seventh place on the Warriors' all-time scoring list.[115] In a loss to the Memphis Grizzlies on January 6, 2017, Curry had his second 40-point game of the season and reached the 12,000-point threshold, becoming the seventh player in Warriors history to score 12,000 career points.[116] Three days later, Curry was named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday, January 2 through Sunday, January 8.[117] It marked his eighth career Player of the Week honor, more than any other player in franchise history.[116] On January 19, Curry was named a starter on the Western Conference All-Star team for the 2017 NBA All-Star Game.[118] On January 28, he scored 25 of his 43 points in the third quarter of the Warriors' 144–98 win over the Los Angeles Clippers. He also had nine three-pointers against the Clippers.[119] On February 1, he hit 11 three-pointers and scored 39 points in a 126–111 win over the Charlotte Hornets.[120] The following day, he was named Co-Western Conference Player of the Month for January alongside teammate Kevin Durant[121] and hit his 200th three-pointer of the season in the Warriors' 133–120 win over the Clippers, making him the first player in NBA history to have 200 or more three-pointers in five consecutive seasons.[122] On March 5, he scored 31 points and moved into the top 10 on the NBA's career three-point list in a 112–105 win over the New York Knicks. Curry hit five three-pointers, passing Chauncey Billups for 10th place, and added eight rebounds and six assists.[123] On April 2, Curry hit nine three-pointers and scored 42 points in a 139–115 win over the Washington Wizards.[124] Three days later, he had another 42-point effort in a 120–111 win over the Phoenix Suns, helping the Warriors clinch the best record in the Western Conference for the third straight season.[125]

text: On April 24, Curry scored 37 points in Game 4 to help the Warriors sweep their first-round playoff series against the Portland Trail Blazers and advance to the conference semifinals.[126] On May 8, he scored 30 points in Game 4 to help the Warriors sweep their second-round playoff series against the Utah Jazz and advance to the Western Conference Finals.[127] In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Spurs on May 14, Curry scored 40 points and hit a tying 3-pointer with 1:48 remaining to help the Warriors rally from a 25-point deficit to win 113–111; the Warriors overcame their largest halftime deficit ever in the postseason at 20 points.[128] In a 120–108 Game 3 win, Curry scored 21 points and became the franchise leader in postseason points, passing Rick Barry. They went up 3–0 in the series, becoming the third team in NBA history to win their first 11 playoff games.[129] His 36 points in Game 4 led to a 129–115 victory that saw the Warriors advance to the NBA Finals for a third straight year while becoming the first team in league history to start the playoffs 12–0.[130] In Game 2 of the 2017 NBA Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers, Curry recorded his first career postseason triple-double with 32 points, 11 assists and 10 rebounds to help the Warriors go up 2–0 in the series with a 132–113 win.[131] Curry helped the Warriors clinch the series and the championship in Game 5 with 34 points, 10 assists and six rebounds, as Golden State claimed its second title in three years.[132]

text: 2017–18 season

text: On July 1, 2017, Curry agreed to a five-year, $201 million extension with the Warriors, becoming the first NBA player to sign a supermax contract worth over $200 million.[133] He officially signed the contract on July 25.[134] On October 21, in the Warriors' third game of the season, Curry was ejected after throwing his mouthpiece in the direction of a referee.[135] The Warriors lost the game 111–101 to the Memphis Grizzlies, and Curry received a $50,000 fine, the maximum amount the NBA can fine players for.[136] On November 19, he had season highs with 39 points and 11 rebounds in a 118–111 win over the Brooklyn Nets. He also had seven assists, committed seven turnovers, and fouled out of the game with three minutes to go in the fourth quarter.[137] On December 1, he scored 23 points and passed Jason Kidd for eighth place on the career three-pointers made list in a 133–112 win over the Orlando Magic.[138] On December 4, in a 125–115 win over the New Orleans Pelicans, Curry hit five three-pointers to become the fastest NBA player to achieve the milestone of 2,000 career three-pointers, achieving that mark in just 597 games, 227 less than the previous fastest player to achieve that mark, Ray Allen.[139][140] In that same game, Curry twisted his right ankle, the same ankle that had previously been surgically repaired, and was forced to exit the game early. Though x-rays of the injury turned out negative, and an MRI found no structural damage, Curry was ruled out for at least two weeks.[141] He returned to action on December 30 after missing 11 games, scoring 38 points with a season-high 10 3-pointers in a 141–128 win over the Memphis Grizzlies. Curry shot 13 for 17 and 10 of 13 from deep in 26 minutes for his ninth 30-point game of the season. It also marked Curry's ninth career game with 10 or more 3s, the most by any player in NBA history.[142] On January 6, in a 121–105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers, Curry scored a season-high 45 points without playing the fourth quarter.[143]

text: National team career

text: Curry's first experience with the United States national team came at the 2007 FIBA Under-19 World Championship, where he helped Team USA capture the silver medal.[144] In 2010, he was selected to the senior squad, playing limited minutes at the 2010 FIBA World Championship (known later as FIBA Basketball World Cup) as the United States won the gold medal in an undefeated tournament.[145] In 2014, he took on a larger role with the team, helping them to another undefeated tournament at the 2014 World Cup and scoring 10 points in the final game.[146] On June 6, 2016, Curry withdrew from consideration for the 2016 Olympics in Brazil, citing ankle and knee ailments as the major reason behind the decision.[147]

text: Player profile

text: Standing at 6 feet 3 inches tall (1.91 m) and weighing 190 pounds (86 kg), Curry plays almost exclusively at the point guard position and has career averages of 22.9 points, 6.8 assists, 4.4 rebounds, and 1.8 steals per game. He has been selected to four All-NBA Teams and voted league MVP twice.[41]

text: Curry is considered to be an important leader within the Warriors organization; he is known for his humility and work ethic.[148][149] Curry is said to have played a significant role in the recruitment of former MVP Kevin Durant to the Warriors.[150]

text: Curry is known for his elite shooting ability; he is able to score in great volume from underneath the rim all the way to near half-court.[151] He is considered by many to be among the greatest scorers in NBA history.[152][153][154] [154][155] Using an unorthodox jump shot, he is able to get the ball out of his hands in under half a second by releasing it on the way up, adding extra arc to his shot and making it difficult to block.[156] In addition to his quick release, he puts extra pressure on defenses with his long range, leading the NBA in field goals made from beyond 28 feet in 2016.[157] As of December 2017, he ranks fourth in NBA history in career three-point field goal percentage and holds four of the top five seasons in terms of total three-pointers made.[158][159][160] He is also the fastest player in league history to make 2,000 career three-pointers, doing so in 227 fewer games than the previous record-holder.[139] In an article for FiveThirtyEight, Benjamin Morris emphasized Curry's importance in the NBA's increasing use of the three-point shot, writing, "Curry is perhaps the figurehead in the NBA's Three-Point Revolution."[161]

text: Some experts have commented that Curry's elite scoring ability creates a "gravity" effect, forcing opposing defenders to double-team him even when he doesn't have the ball, which creates mismatches that his teammates are able to exploit.[162][163]

text: Curry is also known as a clutch scorer, often shooting at his best in high-pressure moments, and taking game-winning shots.[164][165]

text: Curry is an exceptional free throw shooter, with a career free throw average of over 90% through December 2017, the third highest in NBA history.[166][167] He is currently the Warriors' all-time free-throw leader, and led the NBA in free throw shooting average in the 2014–15 and 2015–16 seasons.[168]

text: Though capable stealing the ball, having led the league in steals for the 2015–16 season, Curry is not considered to be an elite defender, and his teammates frequently take the more difficult defensive assignments.[162]

text: Personal life

text: On July 30, 2011, Curry married longtime girlfriend and Toronto native Ayesha Alexander in Charlotte.[7][8][169][170] Together, they have two daughters, Riley (b. 2012) and Ryan (b. 2015).[171][172] They currently reside in Alamo, California.[173] Curry's younger brother, Seth, is also a professional basketball player,[174] and his younger sister, Sydel, plays volleyball at Elon University.[175]

text: Curry has been outspoken about his Christian faith.[176][177] Curry spoke about his faith during his MVP speech by saying, "People should know who I represent and why I am who I am, and that's because of my Lord and Savior." He also said the reason that he pounds his chest and points up is that he has a "heart for God" and as a reminder that he plays for God.[178] On some of his "Curry One" basketball shoes, there is a lace loop scripted "4:13".[179] It is a reference to the Bible verse Philippians 4:13, which reads "I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me".[180][181] Curry has a tattoo of First Corinthians, 13:8 in Hebrew on his wrist ("Love never fails...").[182] Curry is also an investor in Active Faith, a Christian sports apparel brand.[183][184]

text: During the 1992 All-Star Weekend, Curry's father entrusted him to Biserka Petrović, mother of future Hall of Fame player Dražen Petrović, while Dell competed in the Three-Point Contest. Following the 2015 NBA Finals, Curry gave Biserka one of his Finals-worn jerseys, which will reportedly be added to the collection of the Dražen Petrović Memorial Center, a museum to the late player in the Croatian capital of Zagreb.[185]

text: On September 22, 2017, Curry tweeted that he did not want to visit the White House. The next day, President Donald Trump tweeted that since Curry was "hesitating" he was no longer welcome at the White House.[186]

text: Charity

text: In 2012, Curry started donating three insecticide-treated mosquito nets for every three-pointer he made to the United Nations Foundation's Nothing But Nets campaign to combat malaria. He was first introduced to the malaria cause by Davidson teammate Bryant Barr when they were both in school. Curry visited the White House in 2015 and delivered a five-minute speech to dignitaries as part of President Barack Obama's launch of his President's Malaria Initiative strategy for 2015–2020.[187][188]

text: In 2015, Curry wore sneakers that had Deah Shaddy Barakat's name on them (one of the victims of the 2015 Chapel Hill shooting). According to his sister Suzanne, Deah Barakat was known for his "love for basketball and anything Steph Curry."[189] Deah's number for his intramural basketball team at North Carolina State University was Curry's No. 30 and he posed for a photo that was similar to one that Curry did for GQ.[189] Curry said that Barakat's family "did a great job of reaching out to me and making me aware of the details of his life and personality [...] It was really kind of a cool deal to be able to use the platform yesterday to honor Deah and his family [...] I'm going to send them the shoes I wore yesterday. And hopefully they know that I've been thinking about them."[190][191][192] Also in 2015, after winning the MVP award following his impressive season, Curry donated his prize vehicle—a 2016 Kia Sorento—to the East Oakland Youth Development Center, a local non-profit organization located in the backyard of Oracle Arena.[193]

text: Public image

text: Curry is currently one of the most successful players in the NBA, and he has also become an international celebrity, on par with four-time MVP LeBron James.[194][195] His flashy play and penchant for coming up big in the clutch have made him a fan favorite, and his smaller physique is said to have made his success seem more attainable for younger fans of the NBA.[196][197] Curry's jersey was the top seller in the NBA for the 2015–16 and 2016–17 NBA seasons.[198] ESPN has ranked Curry among the most famous international athletes, while Forbes has ranked him among the world's highest-paid celebrities for his endorsements.[199][200]

text: Business interests

text: Curry is widely known for his partnership with Under Armour, where he is considered to be the "face of their footwear line".[201] Originally signed to Nike, Curry joined with Under Armour in the 2013 offseason.[202] As Curry became MVP and one of the most popular athletes in the world, sales of his shoes have become a major factor for the brand, with stock prices rising and falling based on the success of the Curry shoe line.[203][204]

text: On September 20, 2017, it was announced that Curry had signed an exclusive autograph contract with Steiner Sports Memorabilia. The full product line will include: hand-signed official basketballs and jerseys, autographed photographs of epic moments, flashy framed signs and wall-art, game-used memorabilia, and limited-edition pieces.[205]

text: Golf

text: Curry is an avid golfer; he played golf in high school, and frequently plays golf with teammate Andre Iguodala.[206][207] A 5-handicap golfer, Curry participates in celebrity golf tournaments, and has played golf alongside Barack Obama.[208][209][210] In August 2017, Curry competed in the Ellie Mae Classic on an unrestricted sponsor exemption.[211] Though he missed the first cut, he scored 4-over-74 for both days he participated, surpassing most expectations for an amateur competing in the pro event.[212]

text: NBA career statistics

text:
Legend

  GP
Games played
  GS
Games started
 MPG
Minutes per game

 FG%
Field goal percentage
 3P%
3-point field goal percentage
 FT%
Free throw percentage

 RPG
Rebounds per game
 APG
Assists per game
 SPG
Steals per game

 BPG
Blocks per game
 PPG
Points per game
 Bold
Career high

text:
†
Denotes seasons in which Curry won an NBA championship

*
Led the league

text: Regular season

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2009–10
Golden State
80
77
36.2
.462
.437
.885
4.5
5.9
1.9
.2
17.5

2010–11
Golden State
74
74
33.6
.480
.442
.934*
3.9
5.8
1.5
.3
18.6

2011–12
Golden State
26
23
28.2
.490
.455
.809
3.4
5.3
1.5
.3
14.7

2012–13
Golden State
78
78
38.2
.451
.453
.900
4.0
6.9
1.6
.2
22.9

2013–14
Golden State
78
78
36.5
.471
.424
.885
4.3
8.5
1.6
.2
24.0

2014–15†
Golden State
80
80
32.7
.487
.443
.914*
4.3
7.7
2.0
.2
23.8

2015–16
Golden State
79
79
34.2
.504
.454
.908*
5.4
6.7
2.1*
.2
30.1*

2016–17†
Golden State
79
79
33.4
.468
.411
.898
4.5
6.6
1.8
.2
25.3

Career
574
568
34.7
.476
.438
.901
4.4
6.8
1.8
.2
22.8

All-Star
4
4
27.2
.437
.355
1.000
5.2
7.0
1.7
.0
16.0

text: Playoffs

text:
Year
Team
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3P%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

2013
Golden State
12
12
41.4
.434
.396
.921
3.8
8.1
1.7
.2
23.4

2014
Golden State
7
7
42.3
.440
.386
.881
3.6
8.4
1.7
.1
23.0

2015†
Golden State
21
21
39.3
.456
.422
.835
5.0
6.4
1.9
.1
28.3

2016
Golden State
18
17
34.3
.438
.404
.916
5.5
5.2
1.4
.3
25.1

2017†
Golden State
17
17
35.3
.484
.419
.904
6.2
6.7
2.0
.2
28.1

Career
75
74
37.8
.453
.410
.885
5.1
6.6
1.7
.2
26.2

text: Awards and honors

text: NBA

text:
2× NBA champion: 2015, 2017
2× NBA Most Valuable Player: 2015, 2016
5× NBA All-Star: 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
2× All-NBA First Team: 2015, 2016
2× All-NBA Second Team: 2014, 2017
NBA scoring leader: 2016[a]
5× NBA three-point field goals leader: 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
3× NBA free-throw percentage leader: 2011, 2015, 2016
NBA steals leader: 2016
NBA Skills Challenge champion: 2011
NBA regular season record for made three-pointers (402)[214]
NBA record for most consecutive regular season games with a made three-pointer (157)[112]
NBA record for most consecutive playoff games with a made three-pointer (75)
NBA record for most three-pointers made in a single playoffs (98 – tied with Klay Thompson)[215]
NBA record for most three-pointers made in a game (13)
NBA record for most points scored in an overtime period (17)
Warriors franchise leader in three-point field goals made

tag: ul

text: College

text:
2× SoCon Player of the Year (2008–2009)
Consensus first-team All-American (2009)
Consensus second-team All-American (2008)
2× First-team All-SoCon (2008–2009)
2× SoCon Conference Tournament Most Outstanding Player (2007–2008)
3× SoCon first-team All-Tournament (2007–2009)
SoCon Freshman of the Year (2007)
SoCon All-Freshmen Team (2007)

text: NCAA records

text:
NCAA Division I scoring leader (2009)
Single-season NCAA 3-point field goals (162, 2007–08)
Single-season NCAA freshman 3-point field goals (122, 2006–07)

text: Davidson College records

text:
All-time leading scorer in Davidson College history (2,635)
All-time Davidson College leader in 3-point field-goals made (414)
All-time Davidson College leader in 30-point games (30)
All-time Davidson College leader in 40-point games (6)
Single-season Davidson College points (974, 2008–09)
Single-season Davidson College steals (86, 2008–09)
Single-season Davidson College freshman points (730, 2006–07)

text: Other

text:
Jefferson Award for Outstanding Public Service in Professional Sports (2011)[216]
ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete and Best NBA Player (2015)[217]
BET Award for Sportsman of the Year (2015)[218]
AP Male Athlete of the Year (2015)[219]
2016 ESPY Award Nominee for Best Record-Breaking Performance[220]


document_title: 40-yard dash

question_text: who ran the fastest 40 yard dash in the nfl

text: 40-yard dash

text: Timing method and track comparisons[edit]

text: In terms of judging a person's speed, the best method of timing is through lasers which start and stop the times when passed through. A laser start (from a stationary position) is more accurate for measuring pure speed as it does not register a runner's reaction time. However, the method of timing a 40-yard dash can affect the accuracy by as much 0.5 seconds (with the manual stopwatch method). The National Football League (NFL) did not begin using partial electronic timing (started by hand, stopped electronically) at the NFL Scouting Combine until 1999.[2] [3] For purposes of measurement at the Combine, the run is made along the lower sideline from the 40 yard-line to the end zone, which has built-in rundown space.

text: In track and field races, the runner must react to the starting gun, which takes approximately 0.24 seconds, based on FAT timing. A runner with a reaction time less than .100 is subject to disqualification as that is deemed too fast of a reaction time. For electronically timed 40-yard dashes, the runner is allowed to start when he wishes, and a timer hand-starts the clock. This aspect means that comparisons with track times are impossible given that a reaction time is not factored in. Furthermore, the use of hand-timing in the 40-yard dash can considerably alter a runner's time; the methods are not comparable to the rigorous electronic timing used in track and field.

text: Jacoby Ford, who ran a 4.28 s in the 2010 NFL Combine, had a collegiate best of 6.51 s in the 60-meter dash (outside the top-40 of the all-time lists).[4] This highlights the difficulties in comparing track running times to football 40-yard times due to the different timing methods.[5]

text: Records[edit]

text: Auburn's Bo Jackson claims to have run a 40-yard dash with a time of 4.13 s.[6][7] A time of 4.18 run by Jackson within the same week added some support to the legitimacy of the times.[8][9] Texas Tech's Jakeem Grant was hand-timed by a New Orleans Saints scout as running a 4.10 in 2016, potentially beating Jackson's record.[10] Deion Sanders ran a 4.27-second 40-yard dash in 1989.[11]

text: In 2013, Carlin Isles recorded a time of 4.22 at a Detroit Lions facility during a workout.[12]

text: In 2017 Olympic sprinter Christian Coleman ran a time of 4.12 seconds on turf in response to claims that NFL players are as fast as Usain Bolt.[13]

text: Records at the NFL Scouting Combine[edit]

text: This is a list of the official 40-yard dash results of 4.30 seconds or better recorded at the NFL Scouting combine since 1999, the first year electronic timing was implemented at the NFL Scouting Combine.[14][15]

text:
Time
Name
Height
Weight
Position
College
Year
Draft

4.22[16]
John Ross
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
190 lb (86 kg)
Wide receiver
Washington
2017
No. 9 overall by Cincinnati Bengals

4.24
Rondel Menendez
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
192 lb (87 kg)
Wide receiver
Eastern Kentucky
1999
No. 247 overall by Atlanta Falcons

4.24
Chris Johnson
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
192 lb (87 kg)
Running back
East Carolina
2008
No. 24 overall by Tennessee Titans

4.26
Jerome Mathis
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
184 lb (83 kg)
Wide receiver
Hampton
2005
No. 114 overall by Houston Texans

4.26
Dri Archer
5 ft 8 in (173 cm)
173 lb (78 kg)
Running back
Kent State
2014
No. 97 overall by Pittsburgh Steelers

4.27
Stanford Routt
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
193 lb (88 kg)
Cornerback
Houston
2005
No. 38 overall by Oakland Raiders

4.27
Marquise Goodwin
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
181 lb (82 kg)
Wide receiver
Texas
2013
No. 78 overall by Buffalo Bills

4.28
Champ Bailey
6 ft 0 in (183 cm)
192 lb (87 kg)
Cornerback
Georgia
1999
No. 7 overall by Washington Redskins

4.28
Jacoby Ford
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
190 lb (86 kg)
Wide receiver
Clemson
2010
No. 108 overall by Oakland Raiders

4.28[17]
Jalen Myrick
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
200 lb (91 kg)
Cornerback
Minnesota
2017
No. 222 overall by Jacksonville Jaguars

4.28[18]
J. J. Nelson
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
156 lb (71 kg)
Wide receiver
UAB
2015
No. 159 overall by Arizona Cardinals

4.28
DeMarcus Van Dyke
6 ft 1 in (185 cm)
187 lb (85 kg)
Cornerback
Miami
2011
No. 81 overall by Oakland Raiders

4.29
Fabian Washington
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
188 lb (85 kg)
Cornerback
Nebraska
2005
No. 23 overall by Oakland Raiders

4.29
Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
184 lb (83 kg)
Cornerback
Tennessee State
2008
No. 16 overall by the Arizona Cardinals

4.29
Josh Robinson
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
199 lb (90 kg)
Cornerback
UCF
2012
No. 66 overall by Minnesota Vikings

4.30
Darrent Williams
5 ft 9 in (175 cm)
176 lb (80 kg)
Cornerback
Oklahoma State
2005
No. 56 overall by Denver Broncos

4.30
Tye Hill
5 ft 10 in (178 cm)
185 lb (84 kg)
Cornerback
Clemson
2006
No. 15 overall by St. Louis Rams

4.30
Yamon Figurs
5 ft 11 in (180 cm)
174 lb (79 kg)
Wide receiver
Kansas State
2007
No. 74 overall by Baltimore Ravens

4.30
Darrius Heyward-Bey[19]
6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
210 lb (95 kg)
Wide receiver
Maryland
2009
No. 7 overall by Oakland Raiders

text: Average time by position[edit]

text: According to a five-year NFL combine report, wide receivers and cornerbacks had the fastest average times at 4.55, followed by running backs at 4.59. The following average times were measured between 2008 and 2012 at the NFL combine.[20]

text:
Position
Time

Wide receiver
4.55

Cornerback
4.55

Running back
4.59

Safety
4.62

Outside linebacker
4.74

Tight end
4.77

Fullback
4.80

Inside linebacker
4.80

Quarterback
4.87

Defensive end
4.88

Defensive tackle
5.13

Center
5.30

Offensive tackle
5.32

Offensive guard
5.36


document_title: Row (database)

question_text: in a microsoft access table what does a row of information represent

text: Row (database)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In the context of a relational database, a row—also called a record or tuple—represents a single, implicitly structured data item in a table. In simple terms, a database table can be thought of as consisting of rows and columns or fields.[1] Each row in a table represents a set of related data, and every row in the table has the same structure.

text: For example, in a table that represents companies, each row would represent a single company. Columns might represent things like company name, company street address, whether the company is publicly held, its VAT number, etc.. In a table that represents the association of employees with departments, each row would associate one employee with one department.

text: In a less formal usage, e.g. for a database which is not formally relational, a record is equivalent to a row as described above, but is not usually referred to as a row.

text: The implicit structure of a row, and the meaning of the data values in a row, requires that the row be understood as providing a succession of data values, one in each column of the table. The row is then interpreted as a relvar composed of a set of tuples, with each tuple consisting of the two items: the name of the relevant column and the value this row provides for that column.

text: Each column expects a data value of a particular type. For example, one column might require a unique identifier, another might require text representing a person's name, another might require an integer representing hourly pay in cents.

text:
Does not appear
Column 1
Column 2

Row (Record) 1
Row 1, Column (Field)1
Row 1, Column 2

Row 2
Row 2, Column 1
Row 2, Column 2

Row 3
Row 3, Column 1
Row 3, Column 2


document_title: Tomato purée

question_text: whats the difference between tomato paste and tomato puree

text: Tomato purée

text: Tomato purée is a thick liquid made by cooking and straining tomatoes.[1] The difference between tomato paste, tomato purée, and tomato sauce is consistency; tomato puree has a thicker consistency and a deeper flavour than sauce.[2][3]

text: The definitions of tomato purée vary from country to country. In the U.S., tomato purée is a processed food product, usually consisting of only tomatoes, but can also be found in the seasoned form. It differs from tomato sauce or tomato paste in consistency and content; tomato purée generally lacks the additives common to a complete tomato sauce and does not have the thickness of paste.[4]

text: To prepare tomato purée, ripe tomatoes are washed and the leaves and stem are removed. Some processors remove the skin of the tomato as well. The fruit flesh is then mashed or mechanically chopped to the desired consistency.

text: Tomato purée can be used in soups, stews, sauces, or any other dish where the tomato flavor is desired, but not the texture. It is less often used by professional chefs, who find it to have an overly cooked flavor compared to other forms of canned tomatoes. This is sometimes a non-issue, as in long-cooked dishes, but in quick sauces such as a marinara sauce it is undesirable.

text: Tomato purée has approx 16% solids content. Lower solids content is due to filtering, higher content is due to concentration of the product.

text: A related product, passata di pomodoro, is a tomato purée that is sieved and not cooked. In this form, it is generally sold in bottles or aseptic packaging, and is most common in Europe.


document_title: 8 Mile (film)

question_text: who plays jimmy's mom in 8 mile

question_tokens: who plays jimmy 's mom in 8 mile

text: 8 Mile (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1995 in Detroit, Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith Jr. is a blue-collar worker from a poor family. He has moved back north of 8 Mile Road to the run-down trailer home in Warren, Michigan of his alcoholic mother Stephanie, his little sister Lily, and Stephanie's abusive live-in boyfriend Greg. Although encouraged by his friends, Jimmy worries about his potential as a rapper. He falters during a rap battle one night at a local venue, the Shelter, and he leaves the stage humiliated.

text: Jimmy works at a car factory. When he asks for extra shifts, his supervisor laughs and dismisses his request on account of his habitual lateness. Jimmy befriends a woman named Alex. Over time, Jimmy begins to take more responsibility for the direction of his life. When he exhibits an improved attitude and performance at work, his supervisor grants him the extra shifts he requested.

text: Stephanie receives a notice evicting her and the family as she cannot pay rent. Despite Stephanie's best attempts to keep the eviction notice a secret, Greg finds out about it. A fight ensues between him and Jimmy, and Greg leaves Stephanie for good. Jimmy's friendship with Wink, a radio DJ with ties to a record label promoter, becomes strained after he discovers that Wink does promotional work for Jimmy's rivals, a rap group known as the "Leaders of the Free World." At one point, Jimmy and his friends get into a violent brawl with the Leaders, which is disrupted when Jimmy's friend Cheddar Bob pulls out a gun and accidentally shoots himself in the leg; he survives but is confined to crutches.

text: At work one day when on lunch break, Jimmy witnesses a rap battle in which an employee insults a gay co-worker, Paul. Jimmy joins the battle and defends Paul. Alex is impressed by Jimmy's actions; they have sex in the factory. Wink arranges for Jimmy to meet with producers at a recording studio, but Jimmy finds Wink and Alex engaging in intercourse. Enraged, Jimmy attacks Wink as Alex tries to break up their altercation. In retaliation, Wink and the Leaders of the Free World assault Jimmy outside his mother's trailer. The leader of the gang, Papa Doc, holds Jimmy at gunpoint, threatening to kill him before being dissuaded by Wink.

text: Jimmy's best friend and battle host, Future, pushes him to get revenge by competing against the Leaders of the Free World at the next rap battle. However, Jimmy's late-night shift conflicts with the timing of the next battle tournament. A goodbye visit from Alex, who is moving to New York, changes his mind about competing, and Paul agrees to cover his shift at work as a favor while Jimmy goes to the battle.

text: In all rounds of the rap battle, Jimmy has to compete against one member of "the Leaders." After winning the first two rounds, he has to challenge Papa Doc. He wins by exposing his opponent's weaknesses as well as his own. With nothing to say in rebuttal, Papa Doc hands the microphone back to Future, embarrassed. After being congratulated by Alex and his friends, Jimmy is offered a position by Future, hosting battles at The Shelter. Jimmy declines, saying he has to get back to work and to find success his own way.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eminem as Jimmy "B-Rabbit" Smith, Jr.
Mekhi Phifer as Future, Jimmy's closest friend and the rap battle host
Brittany Murphy as Alex Latourno, Jimmy's love interest
Kim Basinger as Stephanie, Jimmy and Lily's mother
Anthony Mackie as Papa Doc
Michael Shannon as Greg Buehl, Stephanie's boyfriend
Eugene Byrd as Wink
Evan Jones as Cheddar Bob, Jimmy's friend
Omar Benson Miller as Sol George, Jimmy's friend and Iz's brother
De'Angelo Wilson as DJ Iz, Jimmy's friend and Sol's brother
Taryn Manning as Janeane, Jimmy's ex-girlfriend
Proof as Lil' Tic
Xzibit as Mike (Male Lunch Truck Rapper)
Craig Chandler as Paul
Obie Trice as Male parking lot rapper
Chloe Greenfield as Lily, Jimmy's sister
John Singleton as Bouncer
Miz Korona as Vanessa (Female Lunch Truck Rapper)
Brandon T. Jackson (uncredited) as a Chin Tiki club-foe

text: Music[edit]

text: Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile is the soundtrack to 8 Mile. Eminem features on five tracks from the album. It was released under the Shady/Interscope label and spawned Eminem's first number 1 US single[3] "Lose Yourself". The album debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 Albums Chart that year with over 702,000 copies sold and 507,000 sold in the second week also finishing the year as the fifth best-selling album of 2002 with US sales of 3.2 million, despite only two months of release. It also reached #1 on the UK Compilations Chart and the Australian ARIAnet Albums Chart. It also spawned a follow up soundtrack, More Music from 8 Mile, consisting of songs that appear in 8 Mile that were current singles during the film's time setting of 1995. The album was also made in a clean edition removing most of the strong profanity and violent content.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: 8 Mile opened at #1 with $51,240,555 in its opening weekend, the then second highest opening for an R-rated movie in the U.S.[4] The film would go on to gross $116,750,901 domestically, and $126,124,177 overseas for a total of $242,875,078 worldwide.[2] The film's final domestic gross would hold the film at #3 in Box Office Mojo's "Pop Star Debuts" list, behind Austin Powers in Goldmember (Beyoncé) and The Bodyguard (Whitney Houston).

text: The 8 Mile DVD, which was released on March 18, 2003, generated $75 million in sales and rentals in its first week, making it the biggest DVD debut ever for an R-rated movie and putting it in the all-time Top 10 for first week home video sales for a movie. A VHS version was also released on the same date.[5][6]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: 8 Mile received positive reviews, with critics praising the music and Eminem's performance. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports the film is "Certified Fresh", with 76% of 206 professional critics giving the film a positive review and a rating average of 7.0 out of 10. The site's consensus is that "Even though the story is overly familiar, there's enough here for an engaging ride."[7] On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics, the film has rating score of 77 based on 38 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews".[8] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave 8 Mile was B+ on an A+ to F scale, with the core under-21 demographics giving it an A.[9]

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars. He said that we "are hardly started in 8 Mile, and already we see that this movie stands aside from routine debut films by pop stars" and that it is "a faithful reflection of his myth". He said that Eminem, as an actor, is "convincing without being too electric" and "survives the X-ray truth-telling of the movie camera"[10] In the At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper review, both Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the film a thumbs up; Roeper said that Eminem has a "winning screen presence" and "raw magic" to him. He was happy with Rabbit's "tender side" presented through his relationship with the "adorable" Greenfield as his sister, but felt that Basinger was "really miscast". Roeper said: "8 Mile probably won't win converts to rap, but it should thrill Eminem fans."[11]

text: Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars. He said that 8 Mile "is a real movie, not a fast-buck package to exploit the fan base of a rap nonentity" that "qualifies as a cinematic event by tapping into the roots of Eminem and the fury and feeling that inform his rap." He praised Hanson's directing and the performances, and compared the final battle with Papa Doc to the fight between Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed in Rocky.[12]

text: Top lists[edit]

text: 8 Mile has been named in various year-end and all-time top lists:

text:
2nd – Billboard (Erika Ramirez): Top 10 Best Hip-Hop Movies Ever[13]
7th – The New York Observer (Andrew Sarris): The 10 Best English-Language Films of 2002[14]
9th – Time (Richard Schickel): Top 10 Movies of 2002[15]
10th – Rolling Stone (Peter Travers): The Best Movies of 2002[16]
N/A – The Daily Californian: Best Films of 2002[17]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: In 2003, Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 75th Academy Awards, for his single "Lose Yourself" from the soundtrack of 8 Mile.[18][19] Thus he became the first hip hop artist ever to win an Academy Award. He was not present at the ceremony, but musician Luis Resto accepted the award.[20] The film has been nominated for 32 awards, winning 11.[21]

text:
[show]List of awards and nominations

Year
Award
Category
Result
Recipient

2003
Academy Award
Best Original Song – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem, Luis Resto and Jeff Bass

Black Reel Awards
Best Original Soundtrack
Nominated
8 Mile

BMI
Film Award for Music
Won
Eminem

Most Performed Song from a Film – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
Critics Choice Award for Best Song – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem

CNOMA Awards
Best Make-Up Artist for a Feature Film
Nominated
Donald Mowat

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Most Promising Performer
Nominated
Eminem

European Film Awards
Screen International Award
Nominated
Curtis Hanson

Golden Globe Award[22]
Best Original Song – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

Golden Trailer Awards[23]
Best Music
Nominated
8 Mile

Best of Show
Nominated
8 Mile

Most Original
Nominated
8 Mile

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing in a Feature - Music - Musical
Nominated
Carlton Kaller

Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards
Best Contemporary Makeup - Feature
Nominated
Donald Mowat, Ronnie Specter, Matiki Anoff

MTV Movie Awards[24]
Best Movie
Nominated
8 Mile

Best Male Performance
Won
Eminem

Breakthrough Male Performance
Won
Eminem

Online Film Critics Society Awards
Best Breakthrough Performance
Nominated
Eminem

Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards
Best Original Song – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

Satellite Awards
Best Original Song – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Movie: Drama
Nominated
8 Mile

Choice Movie Actor: Drama
Won
Eminem

Choice Movie: Male Breakout Star
Won
Eminem

Choice Crossover Artist
Nominated
Eminem

Choice Movie: Liplock
Nominated
Eminem and Brittany Murphy

World Soundtrack Awards
Best Original Song Written for a Film – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

2004
ASCAP Awards
Most Performed Song from a Motion Picture – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem

Grammy Award[25]
Grammy Award for Record of the Year – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Eminem

Grammy Award for Song of the Year – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Jeff Bass, Eminem & Luis Resto

Grammy Award for Best Rap Song – Lose Yourself
Won
Jeff Bass, Eminem & Luis Resto

Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance – Lose Yourself
Won
Eminem

Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media – Lose Yourself
Nominated
Jeff Bass, Eminem & Luis Resto

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Lose Yourself" – #93[26]

2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[27]


document_title: Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)

question_text: who is the presiding officer of legislative council in india

text: State legislature[edit]

text: In states where there are 45769 houses there is a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly. In such a case, the Legislative Council is the Upper House, while Legislative Assembly is the Lower House of the State Legislature.

text: The Governor shall not be a member of the Legislature or Parliament, shall not hold any office of profit, and shall be entitled to emoluments and allowances. (Article 158 of Indian constitution).

text: The Legislative Assembly consists of not more than 500 members and not fewer than 60. The biggest state, Uttar Pradesh, has 403 members in its Assembly. States which have small populations and are small in size have a provision for having an even lesser number of members in the Legislative Assembly. Puducherry has 3032564 members. Mizoram and Goa have only 40 members each. Sikkim has 32. All members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult franchise, and one member is elected from one constituency. Just as the President has the power to nominate two Anglo Indians to the Lok Sabha, similarly, the Governor has the power to nominate one member[1] from the Anglo Indian community as he/she deems fit, if he/she is of the opinion that they are not adequately represented in the Assembly.

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The qualifications to become a member of the state Legislature are largely similar to the qualifications to be a member of Parliament. A person should be i) a citizen of India ii) not less than 25 years of age[2] to be a member of the Legislative Assembly and not less than 30 years as per Article 54 of Indian Constitution to be a member of the Legislative Council.

text: No person can become a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of any state, unless the individual is a voter from any constituency of the state. Those who cannot become members of Parliament also cannot become members of the state legislature.

text: The member is elected by the people of that particular constituency and represents those people in the legislative assembly and debates on issues related to his or her constituency. The MLA's position is like an MP, but the difference is only that MLA is in the state level and the MP is in the national level.

text: Term[edit]

text: The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years. However, it may be dissolved earlier than that by the Governor on the request of the Chief Minister. The term of the Legislative Assembly may be extended during an emergency, but not more than six months at a time. In the state of Jammu and Kashmir the tenure of the Legislative Assembly is six years.

text: The Legislative Council is the Upper House in the State. Just like the Rajya Sabha it is a permanent House. The members of the state's upper house are selected based on the strength of each party in the lower house and by state gubernatorial nomination. The term of each member is six years, and a third of the members of the House retire after every two years. The upper house of a state assembly, unlike the Upper house of the Parliament, can be abolished by the lower house, if it passes a specific law bill, which states to dissolve the upper house, and gets it attested in both houses of parliament and then signed by the president into law. Only Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh have their upper houses in existence. All other states have abolished the upper house by the above-mentioned method, as the upper house causes unnecessary problems and issues.

text: Powers[edit]

text: The most important function of the legislature is law making. The State Legislature has the power to make laws on all items on which Parliament cannot legislate. Some of these items are police, prisons, irrigation, agriculture, local governments, public health, pilgrimages, and burial grounds. Some topics on which both Parliament and states can make laws are education, marriage and divorce, forests, and the protection of wild animals and birds.

text: As regards money bills, the position is the same. Bills can originate only in the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Council can either pass the bill within 14 days of the date of the receipt of the Bill or suggest changes in it within 14 days. These changes may or may not be accepted by the Assembly.

text: The state legislature, besides making laws, has one electoral power, in electing the President of India. Elected members of the Legislative Assembly along with the elected members of Parliament are involved in this process.

text: Some parts of the Constitution can be amended by Parliament with the approval of half of state legislatures. Thus the state legislatures take part in the process of amendment of the Constitution.

text: MLA party memberships as of 2 September 2017[edit]

text:
State name
Total
INC
BJP
Leftists
Socialist
NDA
Others
Ind.
Vacant

Andhra Pradesh
175

4

TDP 103
YSRCP 66, Navodayam Party 1
1

Arunachal Pradesh
60
1
47

PPA 9

2
1

Assam
126
25
61

AGP 14, BPF 12
AIUDF 13
1

Bihar
243
27
53
CPI-ML 3
RJD 80
JDU 71, LJP 2, RLSP 2, HAM 1

4

Chhattisgarh
90
39
49

BSP 1
1

Goa
40
16
14

MGP 3, GFP 3
NCP 1
3

Gujarat
182
43
120

JDU 1
NCP 2
1
15

Haryana
90
17
47

INLD 19
SAD 1
BSP 1
5

Himachal Pradesh
68
36
27

5

Jammu & Kashmir
87
12
25
CPM 1

PDP 28, JKPC 2
NC 15, PDF 1
3

Jharkhand
81
7
43
CPI-ML 1, MCC 1
JMM 19, JBSP 1
AJSU 4
JVM(P) 2, BSP 1, JP 1, NSM 1

Karnataka
224
124
44

JDS 40

BSRC 3, KJP 2, KMP 1, SKP 1
9

Kerala
140
22
1
CPM 58, CPI 19, CMP(KSC) 1, RSP(L) 1, C(S) 1, NSC 1, KCB 1
JDS 3

IUML 18, KCM 6, KCJ 1, NCP 2,
5

Madhya Pradesh
230
56
165

BSP 4
3
2

Maharashtra
288
42
122
PWPI 3, CPM 1
SP 1
SS 63, RSP 1
NCP 41, BVA 3, AIMIM 2, BBM 1
7
1

Manipur
60
19
31

NPF 4 NPP 4, LJP 1

1

Meghalaya
60
30

UDP 8, HSPDP 4, NPP 2
NCP 2, NESDP 1
13

Mizoram
40
34

MNF 5
MPC 1

Nagaland
60

4

NPF 46, JDU 1
NCP 1
8

Odisha
147
16
10
CPM 1
BJD 117, SKD 1

2

Punjab
117
77
3

SAD 15
AAP 20, LIP 2

Rajasthan
200
24
161

NPP 4
BSP 2, NUZP 2
7

Sikkim
32

SDF 29
SKM 2
1

Tamil Nadu
234
8

AIADMK 135
DMK 89, IUML 1

1

Telangana
119
13
5
CPM 1

TDP 3
TRS 90, AIMIM 7

Tripura
60
3
6
CPM 50, CPI 1

Uttar Pradesh
403
7
311

SP 47, RLD 1,
ADS 9, SBSP 4
BSP 19, NISHAD 1
3
1

Uttarakhand
70
11
57

2

West Bengal
294
42
3
CPM 26, RSP 3, AIFB 2, CPI 1

GJM 3
AITC 211
1
2

Delhi
70

4

AAP 63
3

Puducherry
30
15

AINRC 8, AIADMK 4
DMK 2
1

Total
4120
766
1417
177
329
609
707
92
23

text: Presiding officers[edit]

text: Similar to the Presiding officers of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council also have Presiding Officers. The Legislative Assembly has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and the Legislative Council has a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman. They are elected from among the members of the House.


document_title: History of rail transport in Great Britain

question_text: when did the first train run in england

question_tokens: when did the first train run in england

text: Before 1830: The pioneers[edit]

text: A wagonway was used by German miners at Caldbeck, Cumbria, England, perhaps from the 1560s.[1] A wagonway was built at Prescot, near Liverpool, sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away.[2]

text: Another wagonway was Sir Francis Willoughby's Wollaton Wagonway in Nottinghamshire built between 1603 and 1604 to carry coal.[3]

text: As early as 1671 railed roads were in use in Durham to ease the conveyance of coal; the first of these was the Tanfield Wagonway.[4] Many of these tramroads or wagon ways were built in the 17th and 18th centuries. They used simply straight and parallel rails of timber on which carts with simple flanged iron wheels were drawn by horses, enabling several wagons to be moved simultaneously.

text: Although the idea of wooden-railed wagonways originated in Germany in the 16th century, the first use of steam locomotives was in Britain. Its earliest "railways" were straight and were constructed from parallel rails of timber on which ran horse-drawn carts. These were succeeded in 1793 when Benjamin Outram constructed a mile-long tramway with L-shaped cast iron rails. These rails became obsolete when William Jessop began to manufacture cast iron rails without guiding ledges - the wheels of the carts had flanges instead. Cast iron is brittle and so the rails tended to break easily. Consequently, in 1820, John Birkenshaw introduced a method of rolling wrought iron rails, which were used from then onwards.

text: The first passenger-carrying public railway was opened by the Swansea and Mumbles Railway at Oystermouth in 1807, using horse-drawn carriages on an existing tramline.

text: In 1804, Richard Trevithick designed and built the first (unnamed) steam locomotive to run on smooth rails.[5]

text: The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Salamanca, built in 1812 by John Blenkinsop and Matthew Murray for the 4 ft (1,219 mm) gauge Middleton Railway.[6] Salamanca was a rack and pinion locomotive, with cog wheels driven by two cylinders embedded into the top of the centre-flue boiler.

text: In 1813, William Hedley and Timothy Hackworth designed a locomotive (Puffing Billy) for use on the tramway between Stockton and Darlington.[7] Puffing Billy featured piston rods extending upwards to pivoting beams, connected in turn by rods to a crankshaft beneath the frames which, in turn, drove the gears attached to the wheels. This meant that the wheels were coupled, allowing better traction. A year later, George Stephenson improved on that design with his first locomotive Blücher,[8] which was the first locomotive to use single-flanged wheels.

text: That design persuaded the backers of the proposed Stockton and Darlington Railway to appoint Stephenson as Engineer for the line in 1821. While traffic was originally intended to be horse-drawn, Stephenson carried out a fresh survey of the route to allow steam haulage. The Act was subsequently amended to allow the usage of steam locomotives and also to allow passengers to be carried on the railway. The 25-mile (40 km) long route opened on 27 September 1825 and, with the aid of Stephenson's Locomotion No 1, was the first locomotive-hauled public railway in the world.

text: 1830 – 1922: Early development[edit]

text: In 1830 the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened. This set the pattern for modern railways. It was the world's first inter-city passenger railway and the first to have 'scheduled' services, terminal stations and services as we know them today. The railways carried freight and passengers with also the world's first goods terminal station at the Park Lane railway goods station at Liverpool's south docks, accessed by the 1.26 mile Wapping Tunnel. In 1836, at the Liverpool end the line was extended to Lime Street Station in Liverpool's city centre via a 1.1 mile long tunnel.

text: Many of the first public railways were built as local rail links operated by small private railway companies. With increasing rapidity, more and more lines were built, often with scant regard for their potential for traffic. The 1840s were by far the biggest decade for railway growth. In 1840, when the decade began, railway lines in Britain were few and scattered but, within ten years, a virtually complete network had been laid down and the vast majority of towns and villages had a rail connection[citation needed] and sometimes two or three. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, most of the pioneering independent railway companies amalgamated or were bought by competitors, until only a handful of larger companies remained (see Railway Mania).

text: The period also saw a steady increase in government involvement, especially in safety matters. The 1840 "Act for Regulating Railways"[9] empowered the Board of Trade to appoint railway inspectors. The Railway Inspectorate was established in 1840, to enquire into the causes of accidents and recommend ways of avoiding them.[10] As early as 1844, a bill had been put before Parliament suggesting the state purchase of the railways; this was not adopted. It did, however, lead to the introduction of minimum standards for the construction of carriages[11] and the compulsory provision of 3rd class accommodation for passengers - so-called "Parliamentary trains".

text: The entire network was brought under government control during the First World War and a number of advantages of amalgamation and planning were revealed. However, the Conservative members of the wartime coalition government resisted calls for the formal nationalisation of the railways (first proposed by William Ewart Gladstone as early as the 1840s) in 1921.

text: 1923 – 1947: The Big Four[edit]

text: On 1 January 1923, almost all the railway companies were grouped into the Big Four: the Great Western Railway, the London and North Eastern Railway, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway companies.[12] A number of other lines, already operating as joint railways, remained separate from the Big Four; these included the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway and the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway. The "Big Four" were joint-stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947.

text: The competition from road transport during the 1920s and 1930s greatly reduced the revenue available to the railways, even though the needs for maintenance on the network had never been higher, as investment had been deferred over the past decade. Rail companies accused the government of favouring road haulage through the construction of roads subsidised by the taxpayer, while restricting the rail industry's ability to use flexible pricing because it was held to nationally agreed rate cards. The government response was to commission several inconclusive reports; the Salter Report of 1933 finally recommended that road transport should be taxed directly to fund the roads and increased Vehicle Excise Duty and fuel duties were introduced. It also noted that many small lines would never be likely to compete with road haulage. Although these road pricing changes helped their survival, the railways entered a period of slow decline, owing to a lack of investment and changes in transport policy and lifestyles.

text: During the Second World War, the companies' managements joined together, effectively operating as one company. Assisting the country's 'war effort' put a severe strain on the railways' resources and a substantial maintenance backlog developed. After 1945, for both practical and ideological reasons, the government decided to bring the rail service into the public sector.

text: 1948 – 1994: British Rail[edit]

text: From the start of 1948, the railways were nationalised to form British Railways (latterly "British Rail") under the control of the British Transport Commission.[13] Though there were few initial changes to the service, usage increased and the network became profitable. Regeneration of track and stations was completed by 1954. Rail revenue fell and, in 1955, the network again ceased to be profitable. The mid-1950s saw the hasty introduction of diesel and electric rolling stock to replace steam in a modernisation plan costing many millions of pounds but the expected transfer back from road to rail did not occur and losses began to mount.[14] This failure to make the railways more profitable through investment led governments of all political persuasions to restrict rail investment to a drip feed and seek economies through cutbacks.

text: The desire for profitability led to a major reduction in the network during the mid-1960s. Dr. Richard Beeching was given the task by the government of re-organising the railways ("the Beeching Axe").[15][16] This policy resulted in many branch lines and secondary routes being closed because they were deemed uneconomic. The closure of stations serving rural communities removed much feeder traffic from main line passenger services. The closure of many freight depots that had been used by larger industries such as coal and iron led to much freight transferring to road haulage. The closures were extremely unpopular with the general public at that time and remain so today.[17]

text: Passenger levels decreased steadily from the late fifties to late seventies.[18] Passenger services then experienced a renaissance with the introduction of the high-speed Intercity 125 trains in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[19] The 1980s saw severe cuts in government funding and above-inflation increases in fares, but the service became more cost-effective. Following sectorisation of British Rail, InterCity became profitable. InterCity became one of Britain’s top 150 companies operating city centre to city centre travel across the nation from Aberdeen and Inverness in the north to Poole and Penzance in the south.[20]

text: Between 1994 and 1997, British Rail was privatised.[21] Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack, passenger operations were franchised to individual private sector operators (originally there were 25 franchises) and the freight services sold outright (six companies were set up, but five of these were sold to the same buyer).[22] The Conservative government under John Major said that privatisation would see an improvement in passenger services. Passenger levels have since increased strongly.[23]

text: 1995 onwards: Post-privatisation[edit]

text: Since privatisation, numbers of passengers have grown rapidly; by 2010 the railways were carrying more passengers than at any time since the 1920s.[25] and by 2014 passenger numbers had expanded to their highest level ever, more than doubling in the 20 years since privatisation. Train fares cost more than under British Rail.[26]

text: The railways have become significantly safer since privatisation and are now the safest in Europe.[27] However, the public image of rail travel was damaged by some prominent accidents shortly after privatisation. These included the Southall rail crash (where a train with faulty automatic train protection equipment went through a red light),[28] the Ladbroke Grove rail crash (also caused by a train going through a red light)[29][30] and the Hatfield accident (caused by a rail fragmenting due to the development of microscopic cracks).[31]

text: Following the Hatfield accident, the rail infrastructure company Railtrack imposed over 1,200 emergency speed restrictions across its network and instigated an extremely costly nationwide track replacement programme. The consequential severe operational disruption to the national network and the company's spiralling costs set in motion the series of events which resulted in the ultimate collapse of the company and its replacement with Network Rail, a state-owned, not-for-dividend company.[32]


document_title: British Empire in World War II

question_text: when did the united kingdom entered world war 2

text: British Empire in World War II

text: Pre-war plans for defence[edit]

text: From 1923, defence of British colonies and protectorates in East Asia was centred on the "Singapore strategy". This made the assumption that Britain could send a fleet to its naval base in Singapore within two or three days of a Japanese attack, while relying on France to provide assistance in Asia via its colony in Indochina and, in the event of war with Italy, to help defend British territories in the Mediterranean.[6] Pre-war planners did not anticipate the fall of France: Nazi occupation, the loss of control over the Channel, and the employment of French Atlantic ports as forward bases for U-boats directly threatened Britain itself, forcing a significant reassessment of naval defence priorities.

text: During the 1930s, a triple threat emerged for the British Commonwealth in the form of right-wing, militaristic governments in Germany, Italy and Japan.[7] Germany threatened Britain itself, while Italy and Japan's imperial ambitions looked set to clash with the British imperial presence in the Mediterranean and East Asia respectively. However, there were differences of opinion within the UK and the Dominions as to which posed the most serious threat, and whether any attack would come from more than one power at the same time.

text: Declaration of war against Germany[edit]

text: On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. Two days later, on 3 September, after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Britain's declaration of war automatically committed India, the Crown colonies, and the protectorates, but the 1931 Statute of Westminster had granted autonomy to the Dominions so each decided their course separately.

text: Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies immediately joined the British declaration on 3 September, believing that it applied to all subjects of the Empire and Commonwealth. New Zealand followed suit simultaneously, at 9.30 pm on 3 September (local time), after Peter Fraser consulted the Cabinet; although as Chamberlain's broadcast was drowned by static, the Cabinet (led by Fraser as Prime Minister Mickey Savage was terminally ill) delayed until the Admiralty announced to the fleet a state of war, then backdated the declaration to 9.30 pm. South Africa took three days to make its decision (on 6 September), as the Prime Minister General J. B. M. Hertzog favoured neutrality but was defeated by the pro-war vote in the Union Parliament, led by General Jan Smuts, who then replaced Hertzog. Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King declared support for Britain on the day of the British declaration, but also stated that it was for Parliament to make the formal declaration, which it did so one week later on 10 September. The Irish Free State, which had been a dominion until 1937, remained neutral[8]

text: Empire and Commonwealth contribution[edit]

text: While the war was initially intended to be limited, resources were mobilized quickly, and the first shots were fired almost immediately. Just hours after the Australian declaration of war, a gun at Fort Queenscliff fired across the bows of a ship as it attempted to leave Melbourne without required clearances.[9] On 10 October 1939, an aircraft of No. 10 Squadron RAAF based in England became the first Commonwealth air force unit to go into action when it undertook a mission to Tunisia.[10] The first Canadian convoy of 15 ships bearing war goods departed Halifax just six days after the nation declared war, with two destroyers HMCS St. Laurent and HMCS Saguenay.[11] A further 26 convoys of 527 ships sailed from Canada in the first four months of the war,[12] and by 1 January 1940 Canada had landed an entire division in Britain.[13] On 13 June 1940 Canadian troops deployed to France in an attempt to secure the southern flank of the British Expeditionary Force in Belgium. As the fall of France grew imminent, Britain looked to Canada to rapidly provide additional troops to strategic locations in North America, the Atlantic and Caribbean. Following the Canadian destroyer already on station from 1939, Canada provided troops from May 1940 to assist in the defence of the British Caribbean colonies, with several companies serving throughout the war in Bermuda, Jamaica, the Bahamas and British Guiana. Canadian troops were also sent to the defence of the colony of Newfoundland, on Canada's east coast, the closest point in North America to Germany. Fearing the loss of a land link[clarification needed] to the British Isles, Canada was also requested to also occupy Iceland, which it did from June 1940 to the spring of 1941, following the initial British invasion.[14]

text: From mid-June 1940, following the rapid German invasions and occupations of Poland, Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, the British Commonwealth was the main opponent of Germany and the Axis, until the entry into the war of the Soviet Union in June 1941. During this period Australia, India, New Zealand and South Africa provided dozens of ships and several divisions for the defence of the Mediterranean, Greece, Crete, Lebanon and Egypt, where British troops were outnumbered four to one by the Italian armies in Libya and Ethiopia.[15][16] Canada delivered a further 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, pilots for two air squadrons, and several warships to Britain to face a possible invasion from the continent.

text: In December 1941, Japan launched, in quick succession, attacks on British Malaya, the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and Hong Kong.

text: Substantial financial support was provided by Canada to the UK and Commonwealth dominions, in the form of over $4 billion in aid through the Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid and the War Appropriation Act. Over the course of the war over 1.6 million Canadians served in uniform (out of a prewar population of 11 million), in almost every theatre of the war, and by war's end the country had the third-largest navy and fourth-largest air force in the world. By the end of the war, almost a million Australians had served in the armed forces (out of a population of under 7 million), whose military units fought primarily in Europe, North Africa, and the South West Pacific.

text: The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan (also known as the "Empire Air Training Scheme") was established by the governments of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the UK resulting in:

text:
joint training at flight schools in Canada, Southern Rhodesia, Australia and New Zealand;[17]
formation of new squadrons of the Dominion air forces, known as "Article XV squadrons" for service as part of Royal Air Force operational commands, and;
in practice, the pooling of RAF and Dominion air force personnel, for posting to both RAF and Article XV squadrons.

text: Finances[edit]

text: Britain borrowed everywhere it could and made heavy purchases of munitions and supplies in India and Canada during the war, as well as other parts of the Empire and neutral countries. Canada also made gifts. Britain's sterling balances around the world amounted to ₤3.4 billion in 1945 or the equivalent of about $US 200 billion in 2016 dollars.[18] However, Britain treated this as a long-term loan with no interest and no specified repayment date. Just when the money would be made available by London was an issue, for the British treasury was nearly empty by 1945. [19]

text: Crisis in the Mediterranean[edit]

text: In June 1940, France surrendered to invading German forces, and Italy joined the war on the Axis side, causing a reversal of the Singapore strategy. Winston Churchill, who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister the previous month (see Norway debate), ordered that the Middle East and the Mediterranean were of a higher priority than the Far East to defend.[20] Australia and New Zealand were told by telegram that they should turn to the United States for help in defending their homeland should Japan attack:[21]

text: Without the assistance of France we should not have sufficient forces to meet the combined German and Italian navies in European waters and the Japanese fleet in the Far East. In the circumstances envisaged, it is most improbable that we could send adequate reinforcements to the Far East. We should therefore have to rely on the United States of America to safeguard our interests there.[22]

text: Commonwealth forces played a major role in North and East Africa following Italy's entry to the war, participating in the invasion of Italian Libya and Somaliland, but were forced to retreat after Churchill diverted resources to Greece and Crete.[23]

text: Fall of Singapore[edit]

text: The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold of Singapore. Singapore was the major British military base in South East Asia and nicknamed the "Gibraltar of the East". The fighting in Singapore lasted from 31 January 1942 to 15 February 1942.

text: It resulted in the fall of Singapore to the Japanese, and the largest surrender of British-led military personnel in history.[24] About 80,000 British, Australian and Indian troops became prisoners of war, joining 50,000 taken by the Japanese in the Malayan campaign. Britain's Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the ignominious fall of Singapore to the Japanese the "worst disaster" and "largest capitulation" in British history.[25]

text: India[edit]

text: Serious tension erupted over American support for independence for India, a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected.[26][27] For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain's disengagement from India. The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism.[28] The politically active Indian population was deeply divided.[29] One element was so insistent on the explosion of the British, that it sided with Germany and Japan, and formed the Indian National Army (INA) from Indian prisoners of war. It fought as part of the Japanese invasion of Burma and eastern India. There was a large pacifist element, which rallied to Gandhi's call for abstention from the war; he said that violence in every form was evil.[30] There was a high level of religious tension between the Hindu majority and the Muslims minority. For the first time the Muslim community became politically active, giving strong support for the British war effort. Over 2 million Indians volunteered for military service, including a large Muslim contingent. The British were sensitive to demands of the Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, since it needed Muslim soldiers in India and Muslim support all across the Middle East. London used the religious tensions in India as a justification to continue its rule, saying it was needed to prevent religious massacres of the sort that did happen in 1947. The imperialist element in Britain was strongly represented in the Conservative party; Churchill himself had long been its leading spokesman. On the other hand, Attlee and the Labour Party favoured independence and had close ties to the Congress Party. The British cabinet sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India with a specific peace plan offering India the promise of dominion status after the war. Congress demanded independence immediately and the Cripps mission failed. Roosevelt gave support to Congress, sending his representative Louis Johnson to help negotiate some sort of independence. Churchill was outraged, refused to cooperate with Roosevelt on the issue, and threatened to resign as prime minister of Roosevelt pushed too hard. Roosevelt pulled back. In 1942 when the Congress Party launched a Quit India Movement of non-violent civil disobedience, the Raj police immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists (including Gandhi, holding them for the duration. Meanwhile, wartime disruptions caused severe food shortages in eastern India; hundreds of thousands died of starvation. To this day a large Indian element blames Churchill for the Bengal famine of 1943.[31] In terms of the war effort, India became a major base for American supplies sent to India, and Lend Lease operations boosted the local economy. The 2 million Indian soldiers were a major factor in British success in the Middle East. Muslim support for the British war effort proved decisive in the British decision to partition the Raj, forming of the new state of Pakistan.[32]

text: Victory[edit]

text: On 8 May 1945, the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945. On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin, and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement, President of Germany Karl Dönitz. The act of military surrender was signed on 7 May in Reims, France, and ratified on 8 May in Berlin, Germany.

text: In the afternoon of 15 August 1945, the Surrender of Japan occurred, effectively ending World War II. On this day the initial announcement of Japan's surrender was made in Japan, and because of time zone differences it was announced in the United States, Western Europe, the Americas, the Pacific Islands, and Australia/New Zealand on 14 August 1945. The signing of the surrender document occurred on 2 September 1945.

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: By the end of the war in August 1945, British Commonwealth forces were responsible for the civil and/or military administration of a number of non-Commonwealth territories, occupied during the war, including Eritrea, Libya, Madagascar, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Italian Somaliland, Syria, Thailand and portions of Germany, Austria and Japan. Most of these military administrations were handed over to old European colonial authorities or to new local authorities soon after the end of the hostilities. Commonwealth forces administered occupation zones in Japan, Germany and Austria until 1955. World War II confirmed that Britain was no longer the great power it had once been, and that it had been surpassed by the United States on the world stage. Canada, Australia and New Zealand moved within the orbit of the United States. The image of imperial strength in Asia had been shattered by the Japanese attacks, and British prestige there was irreversibly damaged.[33] The price for India's entry to the war had been effectively a guarantee for independence, which came within two years of the end of the war, relieving Britain of its most populous and valuable colony. The deployment of 150,000 Africans overseas from British colonies, and the stationing of white troops in Africa itself led to revised perceptions of the Empire in Africa.[34]

text: Military histories of the British Empire, Colonies and Dominions[edit]

text: The contributions from individual colonies, protectorates and dominions to the war effort were extensive and global. Further information about their involvement can be found in the military histories of the individual colonies and dominions listed below.

text:
United Kingdom
 Aden
 Ascension
 Australia
 Barbados
 Basutoland
 Bechuanaland
 Bermuda
 British Cameroons
 British Guiana
 British Honduras
 British Leeward Islands
 British Malaya
 British Solomon Islands
 British Somaliland
 British Windward Islands
 Protectorate of Brunei
 Burma
 Canada
 Cayman Islands
 Ceylon
 Cyprus
 Dominica
 Egypt
 Falkland Islands
 Fiji
 Gambia
 Gibraltar
 Gilbert and Ellice Islands
 Gold Coast
 Grenada
 Guernsey
 Hong Kong
 India
 Jamaica
 Jersey
 Kenya
 Malta
 Mandatory Palestine
 Mauritius
 Nauru
 Nepal
 Newfoundland
 New Guinea
 New Hebrides
 New Zealand
 Nigeria
 Norfolk Island
 North Borneo
 Northern Rhodesia
 Nyasaland
 Papua
 St Helena
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent
 Sarawak
 Seychelles
 Sierra Leone
 Singapore
 South Africa
 South West Africa
 Southern Rhodesia
 Straits Settlements
 Sudan
 Tanganyika
 Tonga Protectorate
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Turks and Caicos
 Uganda Protectorate
 Western Samoa
 Zanzibar
British Military Administration (Borneo)
British Military Administration (Eritrea)
British Military Administration of Italian Somaliland
British Military Administration (Libya)
British Military Administration (Malaya)
British Military Administration (Somalia)