document_title: List of Formula One driver records

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text: List of Formula One driver records

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Formula One

Current season[show]

2018 FIA Formula One World Championship

Related articles[show]

History of Formula One
Formula One racing
Formula One regulations
Formula One cars
Formula One engines
Formula One tyres

Lists[show]

Drivers

(GP winners
Polesitters
Fastest laps

Champions
Numbers)

Constructors

(GP winners
Champions)

Seasons
Grands Prix
Circuits

Race Promoters' Trophy winners
Points scoring systems

National colours
Sponsorship liveries

Racing flags
Red-flagged races

Female drivers
TV broadcasters

Fatalities
Video games

Records[hide]

Drivers
Constructors
Engines
Tyres
Races

Organisations[show]

FIA
FIA World Motor Sport Council
Formula One Group
Formula One Constructors' Association
Formula One Teams Association
Grand Prix Drivers' Association

v
t
e

text: This is a list of driver records in the FIA World Championships, since 1950. Drivers who have competed in the 2018 FIA Formula One World Championship are highlighted in bold. Although the Indianapolis 500 was not run to Formula 1 rules and the 1952 and 1953 Grands Prix were run to Formula 2 rules, these races are included as they were qualifying races for the World Drivers' Championship. Formula 1 races that were not qualification rounds for the World Championship have been ignored.

tag: p

text: This page is accurate as of the 2018 Chinese Grand Prix.

text:
Table of contents

Driver records

Races entered and started

Total entries / starts ·  Youngest to start a race ·  Oldest to enter / start a race · Consecutive  · Same constructor  · Same engine manufacturer

Wins

Total · Percentage · In one season · Highest percentage in one season · Consecutive · In first season · Youngest · Oldest · Fewest races before first · Most races before first · Most races without a win · From farthest back on the starting grid · Most at the same GP · Most consecutive at the same GP · Most by drivers who have not won a World Championship  · Most consecutive seasons with

Pole positions

Total · Percentage · Consecutive · Most at the same GP · In one season · Highest percentage in one season · Seasons with most pole positions · Youngest · Oldest  · Most races without

Fastest laps

Total · Percentage · In one season · Highest percentage in one season · Youngest · Oldest · Most at the same GP

Podium finishes

Total · Percentage · In one season · Consecutive · Consecutive from first race of season · Youngest · Oldest · Most career starts without a podium · Most career podiums without a win · Most career podiums without a World Championship · Most races before scoring a podium finish

Points

Career points · Total races finished in the points · Consecutive races finished in the points · Highest average points per race started · Highest percentage of races finished in the points · Most in one season · Youngest · Oldest · Most points without a win · Most without being World Champion · World Champions with fewest career points · Most races before scoring points · Most races without scoring points

Race leaders

Every lap, total · For at least one lap, total · Youngest · Most laps · Longest distance · Most laps without a win · Most consecutive laps in the lead

Multiple driver records

Pole and win in same race · Most wins from pole position in a season · Pole, win and fastest lap in same race · Pole, win, fastest lap, and led every lap · Youngest · Oldest

Drivers' Championships

Total · Fewest seasons before first title · Most seasons before first title · Youngest first-time champion · Youngest double champion · Youngest triple champion · Youngest champion

Other driver records

Other Formula One records

Constructor records · Engines records · Tyres records · Race records

Notes · References · See also

text: Races entered and started[edit]

text: Drivers are considered to be entered into a race if they attempt to compete in at least one official practice session with the intent of entering the race. These drivers are noted on the entry list for that race. A driver is considered to have started a race if they line up on the grid or at the pitlane exit for the start of a race. If a race is stopped and restarted, participation in any portion of the race is counted, but only if that portion was in any way counted towards the final classification (e.g., most races stopped before the end of the leader's 2nd lap had the first part declared null and void in the 1990s and early 2000s, but the first part did count if it was run for more than 1 complete lap before the race was stopped).

text: Total entries[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries

1
 Rubens Barrichello
1993–2011
326

2
 Jenson Button
2000–2017
309

3
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
308

4
 Fernando Alonso
2001, 2003–2018
296

5
 Kimi Räikkönen
2001–2009, 2012–2018
276

6
 Felipe Massa
2002, 2004–2017
272

7
 Riccardo Patrese
1977–1993
257

8
 Jarno Trulli
1997–2011
256

9
 David Coulthard
1994–2008
247

10
 Giancarlo Fisichella
1996–2009
231

Source:[1]

text: Total starts[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Starts

1
 Rubens Barrichello
1993–2011
322

2
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
306

 Jenson Button
2000–2017

4
 Fernando Alonso
2001, 2003–2018
294

5
 Kimi Räikkönen
2001–2009, 2012–2018
274

6
 Felipe Massa
2002, 2004–2017
269

7
 Riccardo Patrese
1977–1993
256

8
 Jarno Trulli
1997–2011
252

9
 David Coulthard
1994–2008
246

10
 Giancarlo Fisichella
1996–2009
229

Source:[2]

text: Youngest drivers to start a race[edit]

text:
Driver
Age
Place
Race

1
 Max Verstappen
17 years, 166 days
Ret
2015 Australian Grand Prix

2
 Lance Stroll
18 years, 148 days
Ret
2017 Australian Grand Prix

3
 Jaime Alguersuari
19 years, 125 days
15th
2009 Hungarian Grand Prix

4
 Mike Thackwell
19 years, 182 days
Ret
1980 Canadian Grand Prix

5
 Ricardo Rodríguez
19 years, 208 days
Ret
1961 Italian Grand Prix

6
 Fernando Alonso
19 years, 218 days
12th
2001 Australian Grand Prix

7
 Esteban Tuero
19 years, 320 days
Ret
1998 Australian Grand Prix

8
 Chris Amon
19 years, 324 days
Ret
1963 Belgian Grand Prix

 Daniil Kvyat
9th
2014 Australian Grand Prix

10
 Esteban Ocon
19 years, 345 days
16th
2016 Belgian Grand Prix

Sources:[3][4]

text: Oldest driver to enter a race[edit]

text:
Driver
Age
Place
Race

1
 Louis Chiron
58 years, 288 days
DNQ
1958 Monaco Grand Prix

2
 Luigi Platé
56 years, 0 days
DNA
1950 Italian Grand Prix

3
 Philippe Étancelin
55 years, 191 days
8th
1952 French Grand Prix

4
 Arthur Legat
54 years, 232 days
Ret
1953 Belgian Grand Prix

5
 Kurt Kuhnke
53 years, 96 days
DNQ
1963 German Grand Prix

6
 Luigi Fagioli
53 years, 22 days
1st
1951 French Grand Prix

7
 Piero Dusio
52 years, 330 days
DNQ
1952 Italian Grand Prix

8
 Adolf Brudes
52 years, 293 days
Ret
1952 German Grand Prix

9
 Hans Stuck
52 years, 260 days
14th
1953 Italian Grand Prix

10
 Jack Ensley
52 years, 225 days
DNQ
1959 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

Sources:[3][4]

text: Oldest drivers to start a race[edit]

text:
Driver
Age
Place
Race

1
 Louis Chiron
55 years, 292 days
6th
1955 Monaco Grand Prix

2
 Philippe Étancelin
55 years, 191 days
8th
1952 French Grand Prix

3
 Arthur Legat
54 years, 232 days
Ret
1953 Belgian Grand Prix

4
 Luigi Fagioli
53 years, 22 days
1st
1951 French Grand Prix

5
 Adolf Brudes
52 years, 293 days
Ret
1952 German Grand Prix

6
 Hans Stuck
52 years, 260 days
14th
1953 Italian Grand Prix

7
 Bill Aston
52 years, 127 days
Ret
1952 German Grand Prix

8
 Clemente Biondetti
52 years, 16 days
Ret
1950 Italian Grand Prix

9
 Louis Rosier
50 years, 274 days
5th
1956 German Grand Prix

10
 Rudolf Schoeller
50 years, 98 days
Ret
1952 German Grand Prix

Source:[3][4]

text: Most consecutive race starts[edit]

text: Most consecutive races that the driver entered and actually started.

text:
Driver
Consecutive starts
Races

1
 Lewis Hamilton
211
2007 Australian–2018 Chinese (ongoing)

2
 Nico Rosberg
206
2006 Bahrain–2016 Abu Dhabi

3
 Riccardo Patrese
187
1982 Belgian–1993 Australian

4
 Jenson Button
179
2005 French–2015 Chinese

5
 Fernando Alonso
176
2005 French–2014 Abu Dhabi

6
 David Coulthard
175
1995 Brazilian–2005 Canadian

7
 Rubens Barrichello
167
2002 German–2011 Brazilian

8
 Alain Prost
160
1981 USA West–1991 Brazilian

9
 Sebastian Vettel
159
2007 Hungarian–2016 Australian

10
 Mark Webber
157
2005 French–2013 Brazilian

Source:[5]

text: Most races with a single constructor[edit]

text:
Driver
Constructor
Seasons
Entries
Starts

1
 Michael Schumacher
 Ferrari
1996–2006
181
179

2
 David Coulthard
 McLaren
1996–2004
150
150

3
 Felipe Massa
 Ferrari
2006–2013
140
139

4
 Jenson Button
 McLaren
2010–2017
137
136

5
 Nico Rosberg
 Mercedes
2010–2016
136

6
 Kimi Räikkönen
 Ferrari
2007–2009, 2014–2018
134
133

7
 Mika Häkkinen
 McLaren
1993–2001
133
131

8
 Jacques Laffite
 Ligier
1976–1982, 1985–1986
132
132

9
 Mark Webber
 Red Bull
2007–2013
129
129

10
 Sebastian Vettel
 Red Bull
2009–2014
113
113

Source:[6]

text: Most races with a single engine manufacturer[edit]

text:
Driver
Engine
Seasons
Entries
Starts

1
 Lewis Hamilton
 Mercedes
2007–2018
211
211

2
 Felipe Massa
 Ferrari[N 2]
2002, 2004–2013
193
191

3
 Michael Schumacher
 Ferrari
1996–2006
181
179

4
 Kimi Räikkönen
 Ferrari[N 2]
2001, 2007–2009, 2014–2018
151
150

5
 David Coulthard
 Mercedes
1996–2004
150

6
 Emerson Fittipaldi
 Ford Cosworth
1970–1980
148
143

7
 Jenson Button
 Honda[N 3]
2003–2008, 2015–2017
145
142

8
 Jean-Pierre Jarier
 Ford Cosworth
1971, 1973–1983
138
129

9
 Nico Rosberg
 Mercedes
2010–2016
136
136

10
 Mark Webber
 Renault
2007–2013
129
129

Source:[7]

text: Wins[edit]

text: Total wins[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries
Wins
Percentage

1
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
308
91
7001295500000000000♠29.55%

2
 Lewis Hamilton
2007–2018
211
62
7001293800000000000♠29.38%

3
 Alain Prost
1980–1991, 1993
202
51
7001252500000000000♠25.25%

4
 Sebastian Vettel
2007–2018
202
49
7001242600000000000♠24.26%

5
 Ayrton Senna
1984–1994
162
41
7001253100000000000♠25.31%

6
 Fernando Alonso
2001, 2003–2018
296
32
7001108100000000000♠10.81%

7
 Nigel Mansell
1980–1992, 1994–1995
191
31
7001162300000000000♠16.23%

8
 Jackie Stewart
1965–1973
100
27
7001270000000000000♠27.00%

9
 Jim Clark
1960–1968
73
25
7001342500000000000♠34.25%

 Niki Lauda
1971–1979, 1982–1985
177
7001141200000000000♠14.12%

Sources:[8][9]

text: Percentage wins[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries
Wins
Percentage

1
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1950–1951, 1953–1958
52[N 4]
24
7001461500000000000♠46.15%

2
 Alberto Ascari
1950–1955
33[N 5]
13
7001393900000000000♠39.39%

3
 Jim Clark
1960–1968
73
25
7001342500000000000♠34.25%

4
 Lee Wallard[N 1]
1950–1951, 1954
3
1
7001333300000000000♠33.33%

 Bill Vukovich[N 1]
1950–1955
6
2

6
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
308
91
7001295500000000000♠29.55%

7
 Lewis Hamilton
2007–2018
211
62
7001293800000000000♠29.38%

8
 Jackie Stewart
1965–1973
100
27
7001270000000000000♠27.00%

9
 Ayrton Senna
1984–1994
162
41
7001253100000000000♠25.31%

10
 Alain Prost
1980–1991, 1993
202
51
7001252500000000000♠25.25%

Sources:[8][9]

text: Most wins in a season[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Wins
Entries
Percentage

1
 Michael Schumacher
2004
13
18
7001722200000000000♠72.22%

 Sebastian Vettel
2013
19
7001684200000000000♠68.42%

3
 Michael Schumacher
2002
11
17
7001647099999999999♠64.71%

 Sebastian Vettel
2011
19
7001578900000000000♠57.89%

 Lewis Hamilton
2014

6
 Lewis Hamilton
2015
10
19
7001526300000000000♠52.63%

2016
21
7001476200000000000♠47.62%

8
 Nigel Mansell
1992
9
16
7001562500000000000♠56.25%

 Michael Schumacher
1995
17
7001529400000000000♠52.94%

2000

2001

 Nico Rosberg
2016
21
7001428600000000000♠42.86%

 Lewis Hamilton
2017
20
7001450000000000000♠45.00%

Sources:[10][11]

text: Highest percentage of wins in a season[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Percentage
Races
Wins

1
 Alberto Ascari
1952
7001750000000000000♠75.00%
8
6

2
 Michael Schumacher
2004
7001722200000000000♠72.22%
18
13

3
 Jim Clark
1963
7001700000000000000♠70.00%
10
7

4
 Sebastian Vettel
2013
7001684200000000000♠68.42%
19
13

5
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1954
7001666700000000000♠66.67%
9
6

6
 Michael Schumacher
2002
7001647099999999999♠64.71%
17
11

7
 Jim Clark
1965
7001600000000000000♠60.00%
10
6

8
 Sebastian Vettel
2011
7001578900000000000♠57.89%
19
11

 Lewis Hamilton
2014

10
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1955
7001571400000000000♠57.14%
7
4

Sources:[10][11]

text: Most consecutive wins[edit]

text:
Driver
Season(s)
Wins
Consecutive races won

1
 Sebastian Vettel
2013
9
Belgium, Italy, Singapore, Korea, Japan, India, Abu Dhabi, United States, Brazil

2
 Alberto Ascari
1952–1953
7
Belgium, France, Britain, Germany, Holland, Italy, 1953 Argentina[N 6]

 Michael Schumacher
2004
Europe, Canada, United States, France, Britain, Germany, Hungary

 Nico Rosberg
2015–2016
Mexico, Brazil, Abu Dhabi, 2016 Australia, Bahrain, China, Russia

5
 Michael Schumacher
2000–2001
6
Italy, United States, Japan, Malaysia, 2001 Australia, Malaysia

6
 Jack Brabham
1960
5
Holland, Belgium, France, Britain, Portugal

 Jim Clark
1965
Belgium, France, Britain, Holland, Germany

 Nigel Mansell
1992
South Africa, Mexico, Brazil, Spain, San Marino

 Michael Schumacher
2004
Australia, Malaysia, Bahrain, San Marino, Spain

 Lewis Hamilton
2014
Italy, Singapore, Japan, Russia, United States

Source:[10]

text: Most wins in first championship season[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Wins
Races won

1
 Jacques Villeneuve
1996
4
European, British, Hungarian, Portuguese

 Lewis Hamilton
2007
Canadian, United States, Hungarian, Japanese

3
 Juan Manuel Fangio[N 7]
1950
3
Monaco, Belgian, French

 Nino Farina[N 8]
1950
British, Swiss, Italian

5
 Johnnie Parsons[N 1]
1950
1
Indianapolis 500

 Giancarlo Baghetti
1961
French

 Jackie Stewart
1965
Italian

 Emerson Fittipaldi
1970
United States

 Clay Regazzoni
1970
Italian

 Juan Pablo Montoya
2001
Italian

Source:[11]

text: Youngest winners[edit]

text: (only the first win for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Race

1
 Max Verstappen
18 years, 228 days
2016 Spanish Grand Prix

2
 Sebastian Vettel
21 years, 73 days
2008 Italian Grand Prix

3
 Fernando Alonso
22 years, 26 days
2003 Hungarian Grand Prix

4
 Troy Ruttman[N 1]
22 years, 80 days
1952 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

5
 Bruce McLaren
22 years, 104 days
1959 United States Grand Prix

6
 Lewis Hamilton
22 years, 154 days
2007 Canadian Grand Prix

7
 Kimi Räikkönen
23 years, 157 days
2003 Malaysian Grand Prix

8
 Robert Kubica
23 years, 184 days
2008 Canadian Grand Prix

9
 Jacky Ickx
23 years, 188 days
1968 French Grand Prix

10
 Michael Schumacher
23 years, 240 days
1992 Belgian Grand Prix

Source:[12]

text: Oldest winners[edit]

text: (only the last win for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Race

1
 Luigi Fagioli
53 years, 22 days
1951 French Grand Prix

2
 Nino Farina
46 years, 276 days
1953 German Grand Prix

3
 Juan Manuel Fangio
46 years, 41 days
1957 German Grand Prix

4
 Piero Taruffi
45 years, 219 days
1952 Swiss Grand Prix

5
 Jack Brabham
43 years, 339 days
1970 South African Grand Prix

6
 Sam Hanks[N 1]
42 years, 321 days
1957 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

7
 Nigel Mansell
41 years, 97 days
1994 Australian Grand Prix

8
 Lee Wallard[N 1]
40 years, 264 days
1951 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

9
 Maurice Trintignant
40 years, 200 days
1958 Monaco Grand Prix

10
 Graham Hill
40 years, 92 days
1969 Monaco Grand Prix

Source:[3]

text: Fewest races before first win[edit]

text:
Entry
Driver
Race

1
1st race
 Nino Farina
1950 British Grand Prix

 Johnnie Parsons[N 1]
1950 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

 Giancarlo Baghetti
1961 French Grand Prix

4
2nd race
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1950 Monaco Grand Prix

 Lee Wallard[N 1]
1951 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

6
3rd race
 Troy Ruttman[N 1]
1952 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

 Bill Vukovich[N 1]
1953 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

 Tony Brooks[N 9]
1957 British Grand Prix

9
4th race
 Bob Sweikert[N 1]
1955 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

 Jacques Villeneuve
1996 European Grand Prix

Source:[11]

text: Most races before first win[edit]

text:
Start
Driver
Race

1
130th race
 Mark Webber
2009 German Grand Prix

2
123rd race
 Rubens Barrichello
2000 German Grand Prix

3
119th race
 Jarno Trulli
2004 Monaco Grand Prix

4
113th race
 Jenson Button
2006 Hungarian Grand Prix

5
111th race
 Nico Rosberg
2012 Chinese Grand Prix

6
110th race
 Giancarlo Fisichella
2003 Brazilian Grand Prix

7
96th race
 Mika Häkkinen
1997 European Grand Prix

8
95th race
 Thierry Boutsen
1989 Canadian Grand Prix

9
91st race
 Jean Alesi
1995 Canadian Grand Prix

10
82nd race
 Eddie Irvine
1999 Australian Grand Prix

 Valtteri Bottas
2017 Russian Grand Prix

Sources:[13][14]

text: Most races without a win[edit]

text:
Driver
Entries
Starts
Best result

1
 Andrea de Cesaris
214
208
2nd

2
 Nick Heidfeld
185
183
2nd

3
 Martin Brundle
165
158
2nd

4
 Derek Warwick
162
147
2nd

5
 Jean-Pierre Jarier
143
134
3rd

 Eddie Cheever
132
2nd

7
 Nico Hülkenberg
140
138
4th

 Sergio Pérez
137
2nd

9
 Adrian Sutil
128
128
4th

10
 Romain Grosjean
127
125
2nd

Source:[15]

text: Wins from farthest back on the starting grid[edit]

text:
Driver
Race
Start pos.

1
 John Watson
1983 United States Grand Prix West
22nd

2
 Bill Vukovich
1954 Indianapolis 500
19th

3
 Rubens Barrichello
2000 German Grand Prix
18th

4
 John Watson
1982 Detroit Grand Prix
17th

 Kimi Räikkönen
2005 Japanese Grand Prix

6
 Jackie Stewart
1973 South African Grand Prix
16th

 Michael Schumacher
1995 Belgian Grand Prix

8
 Fernando Alonso
2008 Singapore Grand Prix[N 10]
15th

9
 Bob Sweikert
1955 Indianapolis 500
14th

 Alan Jones
1977 Austrian Grand Prix

 Olivier Panis
1996 Monaco Grand Prix

 Johnny Herbert
1999 European Grand Prix

 Jenson Button
2006 Hungarian Grand Prix

Source:[16]

text: Most wins at the same Grand Prix[edit]

text:
Driver
Wins
Grand Prix
Seasons

1
 Michael Schumacher
8
French Grand Prix
1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006

2
 Michael Schumacher
7
Canadian Grand Prix
1994, 1997, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004

San Marino Grand Prix
1994, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2006

4
 Alain Prost
6
Brazilian Grand Prix
1982, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990

French Grand Prix
1981, 1983, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993

 Ayrton Senna
Monaco Grand Prix
1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993

 Michael Schumacher
Belgian Grand Prix
1992, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002

Spanish Grand Prix
1995, 1996, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004

Japanese Grand Prix
1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004

European Grand Prix
1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2006

 Lewis Hamilton
Canadian Grand Prix
2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017

United States Grand Prix
2007, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Source:[17]

text: Most Grand Prix wins by drivers that have not won a World Championship[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries
Wins

1
 Stirling Moss
1951–1961
67
16

2
 David Coulthard
1994–2008
247
13

3
 Carlos Reutemann
1972–1982
146
12

4
 Felipe Massa
2002–2017
272
11

 Rubens Barrichello
1993–2011
326

6
 Ronnie Peterson
1970–1978
123
10

 Gerhard Berger
1984–1997
210

8
 Mark Webber
2002–2013
217
9

9
 Jacky Ickx
1967–1979
122
8

10
 Juan Pablo Montoya
2001–2006
95
7

 René Arnoux
1978–1989
165

Source:[18]

text: Most consecutive seasons with a Grand Prix win[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Total

1
 Michael Schumacher
1992–2006
15

2
 Lewis Hamilton
2007–2017
11

3
 Alain Prost
1981–1990
10

4
 Ayrton Senna
1985–1993
9

5
 Nelson Piquet
1980–1987
8

6
 Stirling Moss
1955–1961
7

 Jim Clark
1962–1968

 David Coulthard
1997–2003

9
 Jackie Stewart
1968–1973
6

 Sebastian Vettel
2008–2013

Sources:[11][19]

text: Pole positions[edit]

text: Total pole positions[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries
Poles
Percentage

1
 Lewis Hamilton
2007–2018
211
73
7001346000000000000♠34.60%

2
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
308
68
7001220800000099999♠22.08%

3
 Ayrton Senna
1984–1994
162
65
7001401209999900000♠40.12%

4
 Sebastian Vettel
2007–2018
202
52
7001257400000099999♠25.74%

5
 Jim Clark
1960–1968
73
33
7001452100000000000♠45.21%

 Alain Prost
1980–1991, 1993
202
7001163400000000000♠16.34%

7
 Nigel Mansell
1980–1992, 1994–1995
191
32
7001167500000000000♠16.75%

8
 Nico Rosberg
2006–2016
206
30
7001145600000000000♠14.56%

9
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1950–1951, 1953–1958
52
29
7001557700000000000♠55.77%

10
 Mika Häkkinen
1991–2001
165
26
7001157600000000000♠15.76%

Sources:[20][21]

text: Percentage pole positions[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries
Poles
Percentage

1
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1950–1951, 1953–1958
52
29
7001557700000000000♠55.77%

2
 Jim Clark
1960–1968
73
33
7001452100000000000♠45.21%

3
 Alberto Ascari
1950–1955
33
14
7001424200000000000♠42.42%

4
 Ayrton Senna
1984–1994
162
65
7001401209999900000♠40.12%

5
 Lewis Hamilton
2007–2018
211
73
7001346000000000000♠34.60%

6
 Sebastian Vettel
2007–2018
202
52
7001257400000099999♠25.74%

7
 Stirling Moss
1951–1961
67
16
7001238800000000000♠23.88%

8
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
308
68
7001220800000099999♠22.08%

9
 Jerry Hoyt
1950–1951, 1953–1955
5
1
7001200000000000000♠20.00%

 Duke Nalon
1950–1954
5
1

Source:[21][22]

text: Most consecutive pole positions[edit]

text:
Driver
Poles
Races

1
 Ayrton Senna
8
1988 Spanish–1989 United States

2
 Ayrton Senna
7
1990 Spanish–1991 Monaco

 Alain Prost
1993 South African–1993 Canadian

 Michael Schumacher
2000 Italian–2001 Brazilian

 Lewis Hamilton
2015 Monaco–2015 Italian

6
 Niki Lauda
6
1974 Dutch–1974 Italian

 Ayrton Senna
1988 Brazilian–1988 Detroit

1989 Belgian–1989 Australian

 Nigel Mansell
1992 South African–1992 Monaco

 Mika Häkkinen
1999 British–1999 Italian

 Nico Rosberg
2015 Japanese–2015 Abu Dhabi

 Lewis Hamilton
2016 United States–2017 Chinese

Source:[23]

text: Most pole positions at the same Grand Prix[edit]

text:
Driver
Poles
Grand Prix
Seasons

1
 Ayrton Senna
8
San Marino Grand Prix
1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994

 Michael Schumacher
Japanese Grand Prix
1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004

3
 Michael Schumacher
7
Spanish Grand Prix
1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004

Hungarian Grand Prix
1994, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005

 Lewis Hamilton
Australian Grand Prix
2008, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018

6
 Ayrton Senna
6
Australian Grand Prix
1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993

Brazilian Grand Prix
1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1994

 Michael Schumacher
Canadian Grand Prix
1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001

 Lewis Hamilton
Chinese Grand Prix
2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017

Canadian Grand Prix
2007, 2008, 2010, 2015, 2016, 2017

Italian Grand Prix
2009, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017

Sources:[21][24]

text: Most pole positions in a season[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Entries
Poles
WDC

1
 Sebastian Vettel
2011
19
15
1st

2
 Nigel Mansell
1992
16
14
1st

3
 Ayrton Senna
1988
16
13
1st

1989
16
2nd

 Alain Prost
1993
16
1st

6
 Lewis Hamilton
2016
21
12
2nd

7
 Mika Häkkinen
1999
16
11
1st

 Michael Schumacher
2001
17
1st

 Nico Rosberg
2014
19
2nd

 Lewis Hamilton
2015
19
1st

2017
20
1st

Sources:[25][26]

text: Highest percentage of pole positions in a season[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Races
Poles
Percentage

1
 Nigel Mansell
1992
16
14
7001880000000000000♠88%

2
 Ayrton Senna
1988
16
13
7001810000000000000♠81%

1989

 Alain Prost
1993

5
 Sebastian Vettel
2011
19
15
7001790000000000000♠79%

6
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1956
8
6
7001750000000000000♠75%

7
 Jim Clark
1963
10
7
7001700000000000000♠70%

8
 Mika Häkkinen
1999
16
11
7001690000000000000♠69%

9
 Jim Clark
1962
9
6
7001670000000000000♠67%

 Alberto Ascari
1953

Source:[25]

text: Youngest polesitters[edit]

text: (only the first pole position for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Race

1
 Sebastian Vettel
21 years, 72 days
2008 Italian Grand Prix

2
 Fernando Alonso
21 years, 236 days
2003 Malaysian Grand Prix

3
 Rubens Barrichello
22 years, 97 days
1994 Belgian Grand Prix

4
 Lewis Hamilton
22 years, 153 days
2007 Canadian Grand Prix

5
 Andrea de Cesaris
22 years, 308 days
1982 United States Grand Prix West

6
 Nico Hülkenberg
23 years, 79 days
2010 Brazilian Grand Prix

7
 Robert Kubica
23 years, 120 days
2008 Bahrain Grand Prix

8
 Jacky Ickx
23 years, 216 days
1968 German Grand Prix

9
 Kimi Räikkönen
23 years, 255 days
2003 European Grand Prix

10
 David Coulthard
24 years, 13 days
1995 Argentine Grand Prix

Source:[12]

text: Oldest polesitters[edit]

text:
Driver
Age
Race

1
 Nino Farina
47 years, 79 days
1954 Argentine Grand Prix

2
 Juan Manuel Fangio
46 years, 209 days
1958 Argentine Grand Prix

3
 Jack Brabham
44 years, 17 days
1970 Spanish Grand Prix

4
 Mario Andretti
42 years, 196 days
1982 Italian Grand Prix

5
 Nigel Mansell
41 years, 97 days
1994 Australian Grand Prix

6
 Carlos Reutemann
39 years, 188 days
1981 Caesars Palace Grand Prix

7
 Graham Hill
39 years, 156 days
1968 British Grand Prix

8
 Fred Agabashian[N 1]
38 years, 283 days
1952 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

9
 Alain Prost
38 years, 241 days
1993 Japanese Grand Prix

10
 Riccardo Patrese
38 years, 121 days
1992 Hungarian Grand Prix

Source:[27]

text: Note: Michael Schumacher was aged 43 years, 144 days when he set the fastest time in qualifying for the 2012 Monaco Grand Prix but due to a 5 place grid penalty from the previous race he did not start the race from pole position.

text: Most races without a pole position[edit]

text:
Driver
Entries
Starts
Best grid position

1
 Johnny Herbert
165
161
4th

 Martin Brundle
158
3rd

3
 Derek Warwick
162
147
3rd

4
 Olivier Panis
158
157
3rd

5
 Eddie Irvine
148
147
2nd

6
 Eddie Cheever
143
132
2nd

7
 Sergio Pérez
140
137
4th

8
 Adrian Sutil
128
128
2nd

9
 Romain Grosjean
127
125
2nd

10
 Pierluigi Martini
124
119
2nd

Source:[28]

text: Fastest laps[edit]

text: Total fastest laps[edit]

text:
Driver
Fastest laps
Starts
Percentage

1
 Michael Schumacher
77
306
7001251600000000000♠25.16%

2
 Kimi Räikkönen
45
274
7001164200000000000♠16.42%

3
 Alain Prost
41
199
7001206000000000000♠20.60%

4
 Lewis Hamilton
38
211
7001180100000000000♠18.01%

5
 Sebastian Vettel
33
201
7001164200000000000♠16.42%

6
 Nigel Mansell
30
187
7001160400000000000♠16.04%

7
 Jim Clark
28
72
7001388900000000000♠38.89%

8
 Mika Häkkinen
25
161
7001155300000000000♠15.53%

9
 Niki Lauda
24
171
7001140400000099999♠14.04%

10
 Juan Manuel Fangio
23
51
7001451000000000000♠45.10%

 Nelson Piquet
204
7001112700000000000♠11.27%

 Fernando Alonso
294
7000782000000000000♠7.82%

Source:[14]

text: Percentage fastest laps[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Starts
Fastest laps
Percentage

1
 Bill Vukovich
1951–1955
5[N 1]
3
7001600000000000000♠60.00%

2
 Lee Wallard
1950–1951
2[N 1]
1
7001500000000000000♠50.00%

3
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1950–1951, 1953–1958
51[N 4]
23
7001451000000000000♠45.10%

4
 Jim Clark
1960–1968
72
28
7001388900000000000♠38.89%

5
 Alberto Ascari
1950–1955
32[N 5]
12
7001375000000000000♠37.50%

6
 Stirling Moss
1951–1961
66
19
7001287900000000000♠28.79%

7
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
306
77
7001251600000000000♠25.16%

8
 Jose Froilan Gonzalez
1950–1957, 1960
26
6
7001230800000099999♠23.08%

9
 Alain Prost
1980–1991, 1993
199
41
7001206000000000000♠20.60%

10
 Jim Rathmann
1950, 1952–1960
10[N 1]
2
7001200000000000000♠20.00%

Source needed

text: Most fastest laps in a season[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Entries
Fastest laps
Percentage
WDC

1
 Michael Schumacher
2004
18
10
7001555600000000000♠55.56%
1st

 Kimi Räikkönen
2008
3rd

2005
19
7001526300000000000♠52.63%
2nd

4
 Mika Häkkinen
2000
17
9
7001529400000000000♠52.94%
2nd

5
 Nigel Mansell
1992
16
8
7001500000000000000♠50.00%
1st

 Michael Schumacher
1994
1st

1995
17
7001470600000000000♠47.06%
1st

 Lewis Hamilton
2015
19
7001421100000000000♠42.11%
1st

9
 Nelson Piquet
1986
16
7
7001437500000000000♠43.75%
3rd

 Alain Prost
1988
2nd

 Michael Schumacher
2002
17
7001411800000000000♠41.18%
1st

2006
18
7001388900000000000♠38.89%
2nd

 Mark Webber
2011
19
7001368400000000000♠36.84%
3rd

 Sebastian Vettel
2013
1st

 Lewis Hamilton
2014
1st

2017
20
7001350000000000000♠35.00%
1st

Source needed

text: Highest percentage of fastest laps in a season[edit]

text:
Driver
Fastest laps
Races
Season
Percentage

1
 Alberto Ascari
6
8
1952
7001750000000000000♠75.00%

2
 Juan Manuel Fangio
5
8
1951
7001625000000000000♠62.50%

3
 Jim Clark
6
10
1963
7001600000000000000♠60.00%

1965

5
 Jim Clark
5
9
1962
7001555600000000000♠55.56%

 Michael Schumacher
10
18
2004

 Kimi Räikkönen
2008

8
 Mika Häkkinen
9
17
2000
7001529400000000000♠52.94%

9
 Kimi Räikkönen
10
19
2005
7001526300000000000♠52.63%

10
 Juan Manuel Fangio
4
8
1956
7001500000000000000♠50.00%

 Nigel Mansell
8
16
1992

 Michael Schumacher
1994

Source needed

text: Youngest drivers to set fastest lap[edit]

text: (only the first fastest lap for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Race

1
 Max Verstappen
19 years, 44 days
2016 Brazilian Grand Prix

2
 Nico Rosberg
20 years, 258 days
2006 Bahrain Grand Prix

3
 Esteban Gutiérrez
21 years, 280 days
2013 Spanish Grand Prix

4
 Fernando Alonso
21 years, 321 days
2003 Canadian Grand Prix

5
 Bruce McLaren
21 years, 322 days
1959 British Grand Prix

6
 Sebastian Vettel
21 years, 353 days
2009 British Grand Prix

7
 Daniil Kvyat
22 years, 19 days
2016 Spanish Grand Prix

8
 Lewis Hamilton
22 years, 91 days
2007 Malaysian Grand Prix

9
 Sergio Pérez
22 years, 125 days
2012 Monaco Grand Prix

10
 Kimi Räikkönen
22 years, 137 days
2002 Australian Grand Prix

Source:[29]

text: Oldest drivers to set fastest lap[edit]

text: (only the last fastest lap for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Race

1
 Juan Manuel Fangio
46 years, 209 days
1958 Argentine Grand Prix

2
 Piero Taruffi
45 years, 219 days
1952 Swiss Grand Prix

3
 Nino Farina
44 years, 321 days
1951 Italian Grand Prix

4
 Jack Brabham
44 years, 107 days
1970 British Grand Prix

5
 Luigi Villoresi
44 years, 22 days
1953 Dutch Grand Prix

6
 Karl Kling
43 years, 319 days
1954 German Grand Prix

7
 Michael Schumacher
43 years, 201 days
2012 German Grand Prix

8
 Paul Russo
42 years, 50 days
1956 Indianapolis 500

9
 Maurice Trintignant
42 years, 43 days
1959 United States Grand Prix

10
 Jacques Laffite
41 years, 319 days
1985 European Grand Prix

Source:[29]

text: Podium finishes[edit]

text: Total podium finishes[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries
Podiums
Percentage

1
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
308
155
7001503200000000000♠50.32%

2
 Lewis Hamilton
2007–2018
211
119
7001564000000000000♠56.40%

3
 Alain Prost
1980–1991, 1993
202
106
7001524800000099999♠52.48%

4
 Sebastian Vettel
2007–2018
202
101
7001500000000000000♠50.00%

5
 Fernando Alonso
2001, 2003–2018
296
97
7001327700000000000♠32.77%

6
 Kimi Räikkönen
2001–2009, 2012–2018
276
93
7001337000000000000♠33.70%

7
 Ayrton Senna
1984–1994
162
80
7001493800000000000♠49.38%

8
 Rubens Barrichello
1993–2011
326
68
7001208600000000000♠20.86%

9
 David Coulthard
1994–2008
247
62
7001251000000000000♠25.10%

10
 Nelson Piquet
1978–1991
207
60
7001289900000000000♠28.99%

Source:[30]

text: Percentage podium finishes[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries
Podiums
Percentage

1
 Dorino Serafini
1950
1
1
7002100000000000000♠100.00%

2
 Luigi Fagioli
1950–1951
7
6
7001857109999999999♠85.71%

3
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1950–1951, 1953–1958
52[N 4]
35
7001673100000000000♠67.31%

4
 Nino Farina
1950–1955
34
20[N 11]
7001588200000000000♠58.82%

5
 Lewis Hamilton
2007–2018
211
119
7001564000000000000♠56.40%

6
 José Froilán González
1950–1957, 1960
27
15
7001555600000000000♠55.56%

7
 Alain Prost
1980–1991, 1993
202
106
7001524800000099999♠52.48%

8
 Alberto Ascari
1950–1955
33[N 5]
17
7001515200000000000♠51.52%

9
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
308
155
7001503200000000000♠50.32%

10
 Lee Wallard
1950–1951
2
1
7001500000000000000♠50.00%

 Bill Holland
1950–1953
2
1

 Mauri Rose
1950–1951
2
1

 Sam Hanks
1950–1957
8
4

 Sebastian Vettel
2007–2018
202
101

Source:[30]

text: Percentage podium finishes (minimum 15 entries)[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries
Podiums
Percentage

1
 Juan Manuel Fangio
1950–1951, 1953–1958
52[N 4]
35
7001673100000000000♠67.31%

2
 Nino Farina
1950–1955
34
20[N 11]
7001588200000000000♠58.82%

3
 Lewis Hamilton
2007–2018
211
119
7001564000000000000♠56.40%

4
 Jose Froilan Gonzalez
1950–1957, 1960
27
15
7001555600000000000♠55.56%

5
 Alain Prost
1980–1991, 1993
202
106
7001524800000099999♠52.48%

6
 Alberto Ascari
1950–1955
33[N 5]
17
7001515200000000000♠51.52%

7
 Michael Schumacher
1991–2006, 2010–2012
308
155
7001503200000000000♠50.32%

8
 Sebastian Vettel
2007–2018
202
101
7001500000000000000♠50.00%

9
 Ayrton Senna
1984–1994
162
80
7001493800000000000♠49.38%

10
 Jim Clark
1960–1968
73
32
7001438400000000000♠43.84%

Source:[30]

text: Most podium finishes in a season[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Entries
Podiums

1
 Michael Schumacher
2002
17
17

 Sebastian Vettel
2011
19

 Lewis Hamilton
2015

2016
21

5
 Sebastian Vettel
2013
19
16

 Lewis Hamilton
2014

 Nico Rosberg
2016
21

8
 Michael Schumacher
2004
18
15

 Fernando Alonso
2005
19

 Nico Rosberg
2014

2015

Source needed

text: Most consecutive podium finishes[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Consecutive podium finishes
Podiums

1
 Michael Schumacher
2001–2002
2001 United States–2002 Japanese
19

2
 Lewis Hamilton
2014–2015
2014 Italian–2015 British
16

3
 Fernando Alonso
2005–2006
2005 Turkish–2006 Canadian
15

4
 Sebastian Vettel
2010–2011
2010 Brazilian–2011 British
11

2013
2013 German–2013 Brazilian

6
 Jim Clark
1963
1963 Belgian–1963 South African
9

 Niki Lauda
1975–1976
1975 Italian–1976 Swedish

 Nelson Piquet
1987
1987 Monaco–1987 Portuguese

 Michael Schumacher
2000–2001
2000 Hungarian–2001 Brazilian

2004
2004 European–2004 Italian

 Lewis Hamilton
2007
2007 Australian–2007 British

 Nico Rosberg
2015
2015 Australian–2015 British

2016
2016 Belgian–2016 Abu Dhabi

Source:[31]

text: Most consecutive podium finishes from first race of season[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Consecutive podium finishes
Podiums

1
 Michael Schumacher
2002
Australian–Japanese
17

2
 Fernando Alonso
2006
Bahrain–Canadian
9

 Lewis Hamilton
2007
Australian–British

2015
Australian–British

 Sebastian Vettel
2011
Australian–British

 Nico Rosberg
2015
Australian–British

7
 Nico Rosberg
2014
Australian–Austrian
8

8
 Niki Lauda
1976
Brazilian–Swedish
7

 Alain Prost
1988
Brazilian–French

 Michael Schumacher
1994
Brazilian–French

 Jenson Button
2009
Australian–Turkish

Source needed

text: Youngest drivers to score a podium finish[edit]

text: (only the first podium finish for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Place
Race

1
 Max Verstappen
18 years, 228 days
1st
2016 Spanish Grand Prix

2
 Lance Stroll
18 years, 239 days
3rd
2017 Azerbaijan Grand Prix

3
 Sebastian Vettel
21 years, 73 days
1st
2008 Italian Grand Prix

4
 Daniil Kvyat
21 years, 91 days
2nd
2015 Hungarian Grand Prix

5
 Kevin Magnussen
21 years, 162 days
2nd
2014 Australian Grand Prix

6
 Fernando Alonso
21 years, 237 days
3rd
2003 Malaysian Grand Prix

7
 Robert Kubica
21 years, 278 days
3rd
2006 Italian Grand Prix

8
 Ralf Schumacher
21 years, 287 days
3rd
1997 Argentine Grand Prix

9
 Elio de Angelis
21 years, 307 days
2nd
1980 Brazilian Grand Prix

10
 Bruce McLaren
21 years, 322 days
3rd
1959 British Grand Prix

Source:[3]

text: Oldest drivers to score a podium finish[edit]

text: (only the last podium finish for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Place
Race

1
 Luigi Fagioli
53 years, 22 days
1st
1951 French Grand Prix

2
 Louis Chiron
50 years, 291 days
3rd
1950 Monaco Grand Prix

3
 Felice Bonetto
49 years, 363 days
3rd
1953 Dutch Grand Prix

4
 Piero Taruffi
48 years, 334 days
2nd
1955 Italian Grand Prix

5
 Nino Farina
48 years, 218 days
3rd
1955 Belgian Grand Prix

6
 Juan Manuel Fangio
46 years, 76 days
2nd
1957 Italian Grand Prix

7
 Karl Kling
44 years, 303 days
3rd
1955 British Grand Prix

8
 Louis Rosier
44 years, 225 days
3rd
1950 Belgian Grand Prix

9
 Luigi Villoresi
44 years, 120 days
3rd
1953 Italian Grand Prix

10
 Jack Brabham
44 years, 107 days
2nd
1970 British Grand Prix

Source:[3]

text: Most career starts without a podium[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Entries
Starts
Best result

1
 Nico Hülkenberg
2010, 2012–2018
140
138
4th

2
 Adrian Sutil
2007–2011, 2013–2014
128
128
4th

3
 Pierluigi Martini
1984–1985, 1988–1995
124
119
4th

4
 Philippe Alliot
1984–1990, 1993–1994
116
109
5th

5
 Pedro Diniz
1995–2000
99
98
5th

6
 Ukyo Katayama
1992–1997
97
95
5th

7
 Jonathan Palmer
1983–1989
88
83
4th

8
 Marc Surer
1979–1986
82
4th

9
 Vitantonio Liuzzi
2005–2007, 2009–2011
81
80
6th

10
 Marcus Ericsson
2014–2018
79
79
8th

Source:[32]

text: Most career podiums without a win[edit]

text:
Driver
Entries
Starts
Podiums

1
 Nick Heidfeld
185
183
13

2
 Stefan Johansson
103
79
12

3
 Chris Amon
108
97
11

4
 Romain Grosjean
127
125
10

5
 Martin Brundle
165
158
9

 Eddie Cheever
143
132

 Jean Behra
53
52

8
 Luigi Villoresi
34
31
8

9
 Sergio Pérez
140
137
7

10
 Andrea de Cesaris
214
208
5

Source:[33]

text: Most career podiums without a World Championship[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons
Starts
Wins
Podiums

1
 Rubens Barrichello
1993–2011
326
11
68

2
 David Coulthard
1994–2008
247
13
62

3
 Gerhard Berger
1984–1997
210
10
48

4
 Carlos Reutemann
1972–1982
146
12
45

5
 Mark Webber
2002–2013
215
9
42

6
 Felipe Massa
2002, 2004–2017
269
11
41

7
 Riccardo Patrese
1977–1993
256
6
37

8
 Jacques Laffite
1974–1986
176
6
32

 Jean Alesi
1989–2001
201
1

10
 Juan Pablo Montoya
2001–2006
94
7
30

Source:[34]

text: Most races before scoring a podium finish[edit]

text:
Entry
Driver
Race

1
91st race
 Martin Brundle
1992 French Grand Prix

2
73rd race
 Mika Salo
1999 German Grand Prix

3
68th race
 Jenson Button
2004 Malaysian Grand Prix

4
67th race
 Johnny Herbert
1995 Spanish Grand Prix

 Pedro de la Rosa
2006 Hungarian Grand Prix

6
60th race
 Gianni Morbidelli
1995 Australian Grand Prix

7
57th race
 Felipe Massa
2006 European Grand Prix

8
56th race
 Mark Webber
2005 Monaco Grand Prix

9
55th race
 Kamui Kobayashi
2012 Japanese Grand Prix

 Daniel Ricciardo
2014 Spanish Grand Prix

Source:[35]

text: Points[edit]

text: Throughout the history of the World Championship, the points-scoring positions and the number of points awarded to each position have varied – see the List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems for details.

text: Career points[edit]

text:
Driver
Points

1
 Lewis Hamilton
2655

2
 Sebastian Vettel
2479

3
 Fernando Alonso
1871

4
 Kimi Räikkönen
1595

5
 Nico Rosberg
1594.5

6
 Michael Schumacher
1566

7
 Jenson Button
1235

8
 Felipe Massa
1167

9
 Mark Webber
1047.5

10
 Daniel Ricciardo
853

Sources:[36][37]

text: Total races finished in the points[edit]

text:
Driver
Points finishes

1
 Michael Schumacher
221

2
 Fernando Alonso
196

3
 Kimi Räikkönen
189

4
 Lewis Hamilton
175

5
 Felipe Massa
165

6
 Jenson Button
162

 Sebastian Vettel

8
 Rubens Barrichello
140

9
 Nico Rosberg
133

10
 Alain Prost
128

Source:[38]

text: Most consecutive points finishes[edit]

text:
Driver
Points finishes
Races

1
 Lewis Hamilton
28
2016 Japanese Grand Prix–2018 Chinese Grand Prix (ongoing)

2
 Kimi Räikkönen
27
2012 Bahrain Grand Prix–2013 Hungarian Grand Prix

3
 Michael Schumacher
24
2001 Hungarian Grand Prix–2003 Malaysian Grand Prix

4
 Fernando Alonso
23
2011 European Grand Prix–2012 Hungarian Grand Prix

5
 Sebastian Vettel
21
2014 British Grand Prix–2015 Hungarian Grand Prix

6
 Sebastian Vettel
19
2010 Brazilian Grand Prix–2011 Indian Grand Prix

 Lewis Hamilton
2014 Italian Grand Prix–2015 Italian Grand Prix

8
 Michael Schumacher
18
2003 San Marino Grand Prix–2004 Spanish Grand Prix

 Fernando Alonso
2005 Turkish Grand Prix–2006 German Grand Prix

 Sebastian Vettel
2016 Japanese Grand Prix–2017 Italian Grand Prix

 Valtteri Bottas
2017 Monaco Grand Prix–2018 Chinese Grand Prix (ongoing)

Source:[39]

text: Highest average points per race started[edit]

text:
Driver
Starts
Points
Average points
per race started

1
 Lewis Hamilton
211
2655
12.58

2
 Sebastian Vettel
201
2479
12.33

3
 Nico Rosberg
206
1594.5
7.74

4
 Valtteri Bottas
100
756
7.56

5
 Max Verstappen
63
439
6.97

6
 Daniel Ricciardo
132
853
6.46

7
 Fernando Alonso
294
1871
6.36

8
 George Amick
1
6
6.00

9
 Kimi Räikkönen
274
1595
5.82

10
 Juan Manuel Fangio
51
277.64
5.44

Source:[40]

text: Highest percentage of races finished in the points (at least 15 entries)[edit]

text:
Driver
Entries
Points finishes
Percentage

1
 Lewis Hamilton
211
175
7001829400000000000♠82.94%

2
 Juan Manuel Fangio
52
43
7001826900000000000♠82.69%

3
 Sebastian Vettel
202
162
7001802000000000000♠80.20%

4
 Nino Farina
34
25
7001735300000000000♠73.53%

5
 José Froilán González
26
19[N 12][41]
7001730800000000000♠73.08%

6
 Michael Schumacher
308
221
7001717500000000000♠71.75%

7
 Alberto Ascari
33
23[N 13][42]
7001697000000000000♠69.70%

8
 Kimi Räikkönen
276
189
7001684800000000000♠68.48%

9
 Valtteri Bottas
101
68
7001673300000000000♠67.33%

10
 Max Verstappen
63
42
7001666700000000000♠66.67%

Source:[11]

text: Most championship points in a season[edit]

text:
Driver
Points
Season
WDC
Races
% of max
points possible

1
 Sebastian Vettel
397
2013
1st
19
7001835800000000000♠83.58%

2
 Sebastian Vettel
392
2011
1st
19
7001825300000000000♠82.53%

3
 Nico Rosberg
385
2016
1st
21
7001733300000000000♠73.33%

4
 Lewis Hamilton
384
2014
1st
19
7001768000000000000♠76.80%

5
 Lewis Hamilton
381
2015
1st
19
7001802109999999999♠80.21%

6
 Lewis Hamilton
380
2016
2nd
21
7001723800000000000♠72.38%

7
 Lewis Hamilton
363
2017
1st
20
7001690000000000000♠69.00%

8
 Nico Rosberg
322
2015
2nd
19
7001677900000000000♠67.79%

9
 Nico Rosberg
317
2014
2nd
19
7001634000000000000♠63.40%

10
 Sebastian Vettel
317
2017
2nd
20
7001667409999900000♠66.74%

Source:[5]

text: Double points awarded in last race

text: Youngest drivers to score points[edit]

text: (only the first points finish for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Place
Race
Career race number

1
 Max Verstappen
17 years, 180 days
7th
2015 Malaysian Grand Prix
2nd race

2
 Lance Stroll
18 years, 225 days
9th
2017 Canadian Grand Prix
7th race

3
 Daniil Kvyat
19 years, 324 days
9th
2014 Australian Grand Prix
1st race

4
 Sebastian Vettel
19 years, 349 days
8th
2007 United States Grand Prix
1st race

5
 Jaime Alguersuari
20 years, 12 days
9th
2010 Malaysian Grand Prix
11th race

6
 Jenson Button
20 years, 67 days
6th
2000 Brazilian Grand Prix
2nd race

7
 Ricardo Rodríguez
20 years, 123 days
4th
1962 Belgian Grand Prix
3rd race

8
 Sébastien Buemi
20 years, 149 days
7th
2009 Australian Grand Prix
1st race

9
 Esteban Ocon
20 years, 190 days
10th
2017 Australian Grand Prix
10th race

10
 Carlos Sainz Jr.
20 years, 195 days
9th
2015 Australian Grand Prix
1st race

Source:[3]

text: Oldest drivers to score points[edit]

text: (only the last points finish for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Place
Race

1
 Philippe Étancelin
53 years, 249 days
5th
1950 Italian Grand Prix

2
 Luigi Fagioli
53 years, 22 days
1st
1951 French Grand Prix

3
 Louis Chiron
50 years, 291 days
3rd
1950 Monaco Grand Prix

4
 Louis Rosier
50 years, 274 days
5th
1956 German Grand Prix

5
 Felice Bonetto
50 years, 75 days
4th
1953 Swiss Grand Prix

6
 Piero Taruffi
48 years, 334 days
2nd
1955 Italian Grand Prix

7
 Nino Farina
48 years, 218 days
3rd
1955 Belgian Grand Prix

8
 Chico Landi
48 years, 191 days
4th
1956 Argentine Grand Prix

9
 Luigi Villoresi
47 years, 18 days
5th
1956 Belgian Grand Prix

10
 Juan Manuel Fangio
47 years, 12 days
4th
1958 French Grand Prix

Source:[3]

text: Most points without a win[edit]

text:
Driver
Entries
Starts
Points

1
 Sergio Pérez
140
137
467†

2
 Nico Hülkenberg
138
427†

3
 Romain Grosjean
127
125
344†

4
 Nick Heidfeld
185
183
259†

5
 Daniil Kvyat
74
72
133†

6
 Kamui Kobayashi
76
75
125†

7
 Adrian Sutil
128
128
124†

8
 Paul di Resta
59
59
121†

 Carlos Sainz Jr.
63
63

10
 Martin Brundle
165
158
98

Source:[43]

text: † Includes points with the current points system.

text: Most career points without being World Champion[edit]

text:
Driver
Points
Best WDC finish

1
 Felipe Massa
1167
2nd in 2008

2
 Mark Webber
1047.5
3rd in 2010, 2011 and 2013

3
 Daniel Ricciardo
853
3rd in 2014 and 2016

4
 Valtteri Bottas
756
3rd in 2017

5
 Rubens Barrichello
658
2nd in 2002 and 2004

6
 David Coulthard
535
2nd in 2001

7
 Sergio Pérez
467
7th in 2016 and 2017

8
 Max Verstappen
439
5th in 2016

9
 Nico Hülkenberg
427
9th in 2014 and 2016

10
 Gerhard Berger
385
3rd in 1988 and 1994

Source needed

text: World Champions with fewest career points[edit]

text:
Driver
Points
World Champion year(s)

1
 Phil Hill
98
1961

2
 Jochen Rindt
109
1970

3
 Nino Farina
127.33
1950

4
 Mike Hawthorn
127.64
1958

5
 Alberto Ascari
140.14
1952 and 1953

6
 Keke Rosberg
159.5
1982

7
 James Hunt
179
1976

8
 Mario Andretti
180
1978

 John Surtees
1964

10
 Alan Jones
206
1980

Source needed

text: Most races before scoring points[edit]

text:
Entry
Driver
Race

1
44th race
 Nicola Larini
1994 San Marino Grand Prix

2
42nd race
 Jonathan Palmer
1987 Monaco Grand Prix

3
32nd race
 Philippe Alliot
1986 Mexican Grand Prix

 Alessandro Nannini
1988 San Marino Grand Prix

5
31st race
 Alex Caffi
1989 Monaco Grand Prix

 Ukyo Katayama
1994 Brazilian Grand Prix

7
26th race
 Harry Schell
1956 Belgian Grand Prix

8
25th race
 Jan Magnussen
1998 Canadian Grand Prix

 Jules Bianchi
2014 Monaco Grand Prix

10
24th race
 Pedro Diniz
1996 Spanish Grand Prix

Source:[44]

text: Most races without scoring points[edit]

text:
Driver
Entries
Starts

1
 Luca Badoer
58
50

2
 Charles Pic
39
39

3
 Max Chilton
35
35

4
 Brett Lunger
43
34

5
 Toranosuke Takagi
32
32

6
 Mike Beuttler
29
28

 Enrique Bernoldi
29
28

8
 Scott Speed
28
28

9
 Ricardo Rosset
33
26

10
 Rupert Keegan
37
25

 Huub Rothengatter
30
25

Source:[45]

text: Race leaders[edit]

text: Every lap, total[edit]

text:
Driver
Races

1
 Ayrton Senna
19

2
 Jim Clark
13

 Sebastian Vettel

 Lewis Hamilton

5
 Michael Schumacher
11

 Jackie Stewart

7
 Nigel Mansell
9

8
 Alberto Ascari
7

 Alain Prost

 Nico Rosberg

Source:[46]

text: For at least one lap, total[edit]

text:
Driver
Races

1
 Michael Schumacher
142

2
 Lewis Hamilton
116

3
 Sebastian Vettel
91

4
 Ayrton Senna
86

5
 Alain Prost
84

 Fernando Alonso

7
 Kimi Räikkönen
77

8
 David Coulthard
62

9
 Nelson Piquet
58

10
 Nigel Mansell
55

 Nico Rosberg

Source:[47]

text: For at least one lap, youngest leaders[edit]

text: (only the first race led for each driver is listed)

text:
Driver
Age
Race

1
 Max Verstappen
18 years, 228 days
2016 Spanish Grand Prix

2
 Sebastian Vettel
20 years, 89 days
2007 Japanese Grand Prix

3
 Sébastien Buemi
21 years, 225 days
2010 Canadian Grand Prix

4
 Fernando Alonso
21 years, 237 days
2003 Malaysian Grand Prix

5
 Robert Kubica
21 years, 278 days
2006 Italian Grand Prix

6
 Esteban Gutiérrez
21 years, 280 days
2013 Spanish Grand Prix

7
 Jimmy Davies[N 1]
21 years, 285 days
1951 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

8
 Sergio Pérez
22 years, 60 days
2012 Malaysian Grand Prix

9
 Lewis Hamilton
22 years, 70 days
2007 Australian Grand Prix

10
 Troy Ruttman[N 1]
22 years, 80 days
1952 Indianapolis 500[N 1]

Source:[48]

text: Most laps led, total[edit]

text:
Driver
Laps

1
 Michael Schumacher
5,111

2
 Lewis Hamilton
3,540

3
 Sebastian Vettel
3,099

4
 Ayrton Senna
2,931

5
 Alain Prost
2,683

6
 Nigel Mansell
2,091

7
 Jim Clark
1,943

8
 Jackie Stewart
1,919

9
 Fernando Alonso
1,767

10
 Nelson Piquet
1,600

Source:[49]

text: Longest distance led, total[edit]

text:
Driver
Distance (km)

1
 Michael Schumacher
24,148

2
 Lewis Hamilton
17,991

3
 Sebastian Vettel
16,096

4
 Ayrton Senna
13,430

5
 Alain Prost
12,474

6
 Jim Clark
10,125

7
 Nigel Mansell
9,649

8
 Juan Manuel Fangio
9,316

9
 Jackie Stewart
9,183

10
 Fernando Alonso
8,643

Source:[50]

text: Most laps led without a win[edit]

text:
Driver
Laps

1
 Chris Amon
183

2
 Jean Behra
107

3
 Jean-Pierre Jarier
79

4
 Jack McGrath
70

5
 Johnny Thomson
55

6
 Pat O'Connor
46

7
 Ivan Capelli
46

8
 Nico Hülkenberg
43

9
 Romain Grosjean
40

10
 Carlos Menditeguy
39

Source:[16]

text: Most consecutive laps in the lead[edit]

text:
Driver
Laps in the lead
Races

1
 Alberto Ascari[51]
304
1952 Belgian Grand Prix–1952 Dutch Grand Prix

2
 Ayrton Senna
264
1988 British Grand Prix–1988 Italian Grand Prix

3
 Ayrton Senna
237
1989 San Marino Grand Prix–1989 United States Grand Prix

4
 Nigel Mansell
235
1992 Brazilian Grand Prix–1992 Monaco Grand Prix

5
 Sebastian Vettel
205
2012 Singapore Grand Prix–2012 Indian Grand Prix

6
 Jim Clark
186
1963 Mexican Grand Prix–1964 Monaco Grand Prix

7
 Jim Clark
165
1963 Belgian Grand Prix–1963 French Grand Prix

8
 Kimi Räikkönen
162
2005 Spanish Grand Prix–2005 European Grand Prix

9
 Mark Webber
159
2010 Spanish Grand Prix–2010 Turkish Grand Prix

10
 Alain Prost
156
1988 Portuguese Grand Prix–1988 Japanese Grand Prix

Source:[52]

text: Multiple driver records[edit]

text: Pole and win in same race[edit]

text:
Driver
Races

1
 Michael Schumacher
40

 Lewis Hamilton

3
 Sebastian Vettel
30

4
 Ayrton Senna
29

5
 Alain Prost
18

6
 Nigel Mansell
17

7
 Jim Clark
15

 Juan Manuel Fangio

 Nico Rosberg

10
 Fernando Alonso
14

Sources:[5][53]

text: Most wins from pole position in a season[edit]

text:
Driver
Season
Entries
Wins from pole

1
 Nigel Mansell
1992
16
9

 Sebastian Vettel
2011
19

3
 Michael Schumacher
2004
18
8

 Sebastian Vettel
2013
19

 Lewis Hamilton
2017
20

6
 Ayrton Senna
1988
16
7

1991

 Lewis Hamilton
2015
19

2016
21

10
 Ayrton Senna
1989
16
6

 Alain Prost
1993
16

 Michael Schumacher
2001
17

 Lewis Hamilton
2014
19

 Nico Rosberg
2016
21

Source:[5]

text: Pole, win and fastest lap in same race[edit]

text: This is sometimes referred to as a "hat-trick".

text:
Driver
Races

1
 Michael Schumacher
22

2
 Lewis Hamilton
14

3
 Jim Clark
11

4
 Juan Manuel Fangio
9

5
 Alain Prost
8

 Sebastian Vettel

7
 Alberto Ascari
7

 Ayrton Senna

9
 Nigel Mansell
5

 Damon Hill

 Mika Häkkinen

 Fernando Alonso

Source:[54]

text: Pole, win, fastest lap, and led every lap[edit]

text: This is sometimes referred to as a "grand slam" or (in French) "grand chelem".[55]

text:
Driver
Total
Races

1
 Jim Clark
8
1962 British Grand Prix, 1963 Dutch Grand Prix, 1963 French Grand Prix, 1963 Mexican Grand Prix, 1964 British Grand Prix, 1965 South African Grand Prix, 1965 French Grand Prix, 1965 German Grand Prix

2
 Alberto Ascari
5
1952 French Grand Prix, 1952 German Grand Prix, 1952 Dutch Grand Prix, 1953 Argentine Grand Prix, 1953 British Grand Prix

 Michael Schumacher
1994 Monaco Grand Prix, 1994 Canadian Grand Prix, 2002 Spanish Grand Prix, 2004 Australian Grand Prix, 2004 Hungarian Grand Prix

 Lewis Hamilton
2014 Malaysian Grand Prix, 2015 Italian Grand Prix, 2017 Chinese Grand Prix, 2017 Canadian Grand Prix, 2017 British Grand Prix

5
 Jackie Stewart
4
1969 French Grand Prix, 1971 Monaco Grand Prix, 1971 French Grand Prix, 1972 United States Grand Prix

 Ayrton Senna
1985 Portuguese Grand Prix, 1989 Spanish Grand Prix, 1990 Monaco Grand Prix, 1990 Italian Grand Prix

 Nigel Mansell
1991 British Grand Prix, 1992 South African Grand Prix, 1992 Spanish Grand Prix, 1992 British Grand Prix

 Sebastian Vettel
2011 Indian Grand Prix, 2012 Japanese Grand Prix, 2013 Singapore Grand Prix, 2013 Korean Grand Prix

9
 Nelson Piquet
3
1980 United States Grand Prix West, 1981 Argentine Grand Prix, 1984 Canadian Grand Prix

10
 Juan Manuel Fangio
2
1950 Monaco Grand Prix, 1956 German Grand Prix

 Jack Brabham
1960 Belgian Grand Prix, 1966 British Grand Prix

 Mika Häkkinen
1998 Brazilian Grand Prix, 1998 Monaco Grand Prix

 Nico Rosberg
2016 Russian Grand Prix, 2016 European Grand Prix

Sources:[5][56]

text: Note: Only Ascari (Germany–Netherlands 1952), Clark (Netherlands–France 1963) and Vettel (Singapore–Korea 2013) have achieved the feat in consecutive races. Only Ascari (French, German, Dutch 1952), Clark (Dutch, French, Mexican 1963), Mansell (South Africa, Spain, Britain 1992) and Hamilton (China, Canada, Britain 2017) have achieved this feat three times in a single season.

text: Youngest[edit]

text:
Record
Driver
Age
Race

Pole and win
 Sebastian Vettel
21 years, 73 days
2008 Italian Grand Prix

Pole, win and fastest lap
 Sebastian Vettel
21 years, 353 days
2009 British Grand Prix

Pole, win, fastest lap, and led every lap
 Sebastian Vettel
24 years, 119 days
2011 Indian Grand Prix

Source needed

text: Oldest[edit]

text:
Record
Driver
Age
Race

Pole and win
 Juan Manuel Fangio
46 years, 41 days
1957 German Grand Prix

Pole, win and fastest lap
 Juan Manuel Fangio
46 years, 41 days
1957 German Grand Prix

Pole, win, fastest lap, and led every lap
 Juan Manuel Fangio
45 years, 42 days
1956 German Grand Prix

Source needed

text: Drivers' Championships[edit]

text: Total championships[edit]

text:
Driver
WDC
Seasons

1
 Michael Schumacher
7
1994, 1995, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004

2
 Juan Manuel Fangio
5
1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957

3
 Alain Prost
4
1985, 1986, 1989, 1993

 Sebastian Vettel
2010, 2011, 2012, 2013

 Lewis Hamilton
2008, 2014, 2015, 2017

6
 Jack Brabham
3
1959, 1960, 1966

 Jackie Stewart
1969, 1971, 1973

 Niki Lauda
1975, 1977, 1984

 Nelson Piquet
1981, 1983, 1987

 Ayrton Senna
1988, 1990, 1991

Source:[57]

text: Fewest World Championship seasons before first title[edit]

text: (excluding drivers that competed from the very first championship season of 1950; including winning season)

text:
Driver
Seasons[N 14]
First championship
Debut year

1
 Jacques Villeneuve
2
1997
1996

 Lewis Hamilton
2008
2007

3
 Denny Hulme
3
1967
1965

 Emerson Fittipaldi
1972
1970

5
 Phil Hill
4
1961
1958

 Jim Clark
1963
1960

 James Hunt
1976
1973

 Nelson Piquet
1981
1978

 Michael Schumacher
1994
1991

 Fernando Alonso
2005
2001[N 15]

 Sebastian Vettel
2010
2007

Source:[58]

text: Most World Championship seasons before first title[edit]

text:
Driver
Seasons[N 16]
First championship
Debut year

1
 Nigel Mansell
13
1992
1980

2
 Nico Rosberg
11
2016
2006

3
 Mario Andretti
10
1978
1968[N 17]

 Jenson Button
2009
2000

5
 Jody Scheckter
8
1979
1972

 Mika Häkkinen
1998
1991

7
 Mike Hawthorn
7
1958
1952

 Jochen Rindt
1970
1964

 Kimi Räikkönen
2007
2001

10
 Alan Jones
6
1980
1975

 Alain Prost
1985
1980

Source:[58]

text: Youngest World Drivers' Championship first-time winners[edit]

text: (at the moment they clinched their first title)

text:
Driver
Age
Year

1
 Sebastian Vettel
23 years, 134 days
2010

2
 Lewis Hamilton
23 years, 300 days
2008

3
 Fernando Alonso
24 years, 59 days
2005

4
 Emerson Fittipaldi
25 years, 303 days
1972

5
 Michael Schumacher
25 years, 314 days
1994

6
 Niki Lauda
26 years, 197 days
1975

7
 Jacques Villeneuve
26 years, 200 days
1997

8
 Jim Clark
27 years, 174 days
1963

9
 Kimi Räikkönen
28 years, 4 days
2007

10
 Jochen Rindt
28 years, 169 days[N 18]
1970

Sources:[3][59]

text: Youngest double World Drivers' Championship winners[edit]

text: (at the moment they clinched their second title)

text:
Driver
Age
Year

1
 Sebastian Vettel
24 years, 99 days
2011

2
 Fernando Alonso
25 years, 85 days
2006

3
 Michael Schumacher
26 years, 293 days
1995

4
 Emerson Fittipaldi
27 years, 299 days
1974

5
 Niki Lauda
28 years, 202 days
1977

6
 Jim Clark
29 years, 137 days
1965

7
 Lewis Hamilton
29 years, 321 days
2014

8
 Ayrton Senna
30 years, 215 days
1990

9
 Mika Häkkinen
31 years, 33 days
1999

10
 Nelson Piquet
31 years, 60 days
1983

Source:[59][60][61]

text: Youngest triple World Drivers' Championship winners[edit]

text: (at the moment they clinched their third title)

text:
Driver
Age
Year

1
 Sebastian Vettel
25 years, 146 days
2012

2
 Lewis Hamilton
30 years, 292 days
2015

3
 Ayrton Senna
31 years, 214 days
1991

4
 Michael Schumacher
31 years, 280 days
2000

5
 Jackie Stewart
34 years, 91 days
1973

6
 Alain Prost
34 years, 241 days
1989

7
 Nelson Piquet
35 years, 63 days
1987

8
 Niki Lauda
35 years, 243 days
1984

9
 Jack Brabham
40 years, 128 days
1966

10
 Juan Manuel Fangio
44 years, 23 days
1955

Source:[59][60][62]

text: Youngest World Drivers' Championship winners[edit]

text: (at the moment they clinched the title)

text:
Driver
Age
Year

1
 Sebastian Vettel
23 years, 134 days
2010

2
 Lewis Hamilton
23 years, 300 days
2008

3
 Fernando Alonso
24 years, 59 days
2005

4
 Sebastian Vettel
24 years, 99 days
2011

5
 Fernando Alonso
25 years, 85 days
2006

6
 Sebastian Vettel
25 years, 146 days
2012

7
 Emerson Fittipaldi
25 years, 303 days
1972

8
 Michael Schumacher
25 years, 314 days
1994

9
 Sebastian Vettel
26 years, 117 days
2013

10
 Niki Lauda
26 years, 197 days
1975

Source:[59][63]

text: Other driver records[edit]

text:
Description
Record
Details
Ref.

Championships

Most races left in the season when becoming World Champion
6
 Michael Schumacher (2002 in round 11 of 17)

Most consecutive races as championship leader
37
 Michael Schumacher (2000 United States Grand Prix–2002 Japanese Grand Prix)

Most races as championship leader
121
 Michael Schumacher
[64]

Most points between first and second in the World Championship
155
between  Sebastian Vettel (397 pts.) and  Fernando Alonso (242 pts.) in 2013
(In 2003–2009 scoring format: 60 (160 vs. 100); in 1991–2002 scoring format: 79 (150 vs. 71)
Record holder before 2010: 67 points between  Michael Schumacher (144 pts.) and  Rubens Barrichello (77 pts.) in 2002 (157 points in 2010–present (excluding 2014) scoring format)
[65][66][67][68]

Highest percentage points difference between first and second in the World Championship
48.15
between  Nigel Mansell (108 pts.) and  Riccardo Patrese (56 pts.) in 1992

Fewest points between first and second in the World Championship
0.5
between  Niki Lauda (72 pts.) and  Alain Prost (71.5 pts.) in 1984
[65]

Longest time between successive World Championship titles
7 years
 Niki Lauda (between 1977 and 1984)

Youngest World Championship leader
22 years, 126 days
 Lewis Hamilton (at 2007 Spanish Grand Prix)

Oldest World Champion
46 years, 41 days
 Juan Manuel Fangio (1957)
[3]

Highest finishing position in a World Championship for a rookie (not including 1950)
2nd
 Jacques Villeneuve (1996)
 Lewis Hamilton (2007)

Drivers' Championships won with most constructors
4
 Juan Manuel Fangio (Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Mercedes, Ferrari)

Most leader changes in a Drivers' Championship in a season
10 times
2010 ( Fernando Alonso,  Felipe Massa,  Jenson Button,  Mark Webber,  Lewis Hamilton,  Mark Webber,  Lewis Hamilton,  Mark Webber,  Fernando Alonso,  Sebastian Vettel)

Most World Champions competing in a season
6
2012 ( Sebastian Vettel,  Jenson Button,  Lewis Hamilton,  Kimi Räikkönen,  Fernando Alonso,  Michael Schumacher)

Most World Championship seasons as runner-up
4
 Stirling Moss,  Alain Prost

Wins

Most different Grands Prix won
22
 Michael Schumacher
[69]

Wins at most different circuits
24
 Lewis Hamilton
[70]

Most wins with the same team
72
 Michael Schumacher ( Ferrari)
[71]

Wins with most different constructors
5
 Stirling Moss ( Mercedes,  Maserati,  Vanwall,  Cooper,  Lotus)
[72]

Longest time between first and last wins
5,145 days
 Michael Schumacher (1992 Belgian Grand Prix–2006 Chinese Grand Prix)

Longest time between successive wins
2,402 days
 Riccardo Patrese (1983 South African Grand Prix–1990 San Marino Grand Prix)

Most race winners in one year
11 (1982)
 Alain Prost,  Niki Lauda,  Didier Pironi,  John Watson,  Riccardo Patrese,  Nelson Piquet,  René Arnoux,  Patrick Tambay,  Elio de Angelis,  Keke Rosberg,  Michele Alboreto

Most different race winners in consecutive races
9
(1961–1962)
(1982)

 Giancarlo Baghetti (1961 French Grand Prix),  Wolfgang von Trips (1961 British Grand Prix),  Stirling Moss (1961 German Grand Prix),  Phil Hill (1961 Italian Grand Prix),  Innes Ireland (1961 United States Grand Prix),  Graham Hill (1962 Dutch Grand Prix),  Bruce McLaren (1962 Monaco Grand Prix),  Jim Clark (1962 Belgian Grand Prix),  Dan Gurney (1962 French Grand Prix)
 Riccardo Patrese (1982 Monaco Grand Prix),  John Watson (1982 Detroit Grand Prix),  Nelson Piquet (1982 Canadian Grand Prix),  Didier Pironi (1982 Dutch Grand Prix),  Niki Lauda (1982 British Grand Prix),  René Arnoux (1982 French Grand Prix),  Patrick Tambay (1982 German Grand Prix),  Elio de Angelis (1982 Austrian Grand Prix),  Keke Rosberg (1982 Swiss Grand Prix)

Most different race winners in consecutive races (starting from first race of the season)
7
(2012)

 Jenson Button (2012 Australian Grand Prix),  Fernando Alonso (2012 Malaysian Grand Prix),  Nico Rosberg (2012 Chinese Grand Prix),  Sebastian Vettel (2012 Bahrain Grand Prix),  Pastor Maldonado (2012 Spanish Grand Prix),  Mark Webber (2012 Monaco Grand Prix),  Lewis Hamilton (2012 Canadian Grand Prix)

Fewest race wins in World Championship winning year
1

 Mike Hawthorn (1958)
 Keke Rosberg (1982)

[73]

World Champion with fewest career wins
3

 Mike Hawthorn,  Phil Hill

[74][75]

Most race wins in one season without becoming World Champion
10

 Lewis Hamilton (2016)

[76]

Podiums

Highest percentage of podium finishes in one season
100
 Michael Schumacher, 17 podium finishes out of 17 races in 2002

Most podiums for the same team
116
 Michael Schumacher ( Ferrari)
[71]

Longest time between successive podium finishes
2,870 days
 Alexander Wurz (1997 British Grand Prix–2005 San Marino Grand Prix)

Most consecutive podium finishes (starting from debut)
9
 Lewis Hamilton (2007 Australian Grand Prix–2007 British Grand Prix)

Most podium finishes before a victory
15
 Jean Alesi,  Mika Häkkinen,  Eddie Irvine and  Patrick Depailler

Most races before first podium
91
 Martin Brundle
[77]

Most second places
43
 Michael Schumacher
[78]

Most third places
39
 Kimi Räikkönen
[79]

Pole position

Most pole positions in a debut season
6
 Lewis Hamilton (2007)
[80]

Fewest pole positions scored in a Championship-winning season
0
 Denny Hulme (1967)[N 19]
 Niki Lauda (1984)

Pole positions at most different Grands Prix
23
 Lewis Hamilton
[81]

Pole positions at most different circuits
26
 Lewis Hamilton

Longest time between successive pole positions
3,262 days
 Kimi Räikkönen (2008 French Grand Prix–2017 Monaco Grand Prix)
[82]

Most races before first pole position
131
 Mark Webber

Most pole positions without a victory
5
 Chris Amon

Laps in the lead

Most laps led in a season
739
 Sebastian Vettel (2011)

Highest percentage of laps led in a season
71.47
 Jim Clark (1963)

Most consecutive races with at least one lap in the lead
18
 Lewis Hamilton (2014 Hungarian Grand Prix–2015 British Grand Prix)
[83]

Most races without leading
165
 Martin Brundle

Race starts (entries)

Longest time between first and last starts
7,763 days
 Michael Schumacher (1991 Belgian Grand Prix–2012 Brazilian Grand Prix)

Longest time between successive starts
3,767 days
 Jan Lammers (1982 Dutch Grand Prix–1992 Japanese Grand Prix)

Entries with most constructors
13
 Chris Amon ( Lola,  Lotus,  Brabham,  Cooper,  Ferrari,  March,  Matra,  Tecno,  Tyrrell,  Amon,  BRM,  Ensign,  Williams)

Most entries without starting
14
 Claudio Langes (1990 United States Grand Prix–1990 Spanish Grand Prix)

Most failed attempts to pre-qualify
25
 Gabriele Tarquini

Most races without scoring points
58 (50 starts)
 Luca Badoer

Most consecutive race starts without scoring points
62
 Heikki Kovalainen

Most races before scoring first points
69 (43 starts)
 Nicola Larini

Shortest Formula One career (having qualified for at least one race)
2 meters (6 1/2 feet)
 Ernst Loof (1953 German Grand Prix)[N 20]

Most seasons with at least one start
19
 Rubens Barrichello (1993–2011)
 Michael Schumacher (1991–2006, 2010–2012)

Youngest driver to drive at a Grand Prix meeting
17 years, 3 days
 Max Verstappen (2014 Japanese Grand Prix)

Finishes

Most classified finishes
244
 Jenson Button
[84]

Most race finishes
235
 Michael Schumacher

Most consecutive classified finishes
41
 Nick Heidfeld (2007 French Grand Prix–2009 Italian Grand Prix)

Most consecutive race finishes
33
 Nick Heidfeld (2007 Chinese Grand Prix–2009 Italian Grand Prix)
[N 21]

Most consecutive finishes from start of career
27
 Esteban Ocon (2016 Belgian Grand Prix–2017 Mexican Grand Prix)

Most retirements
148
 Andrea de Cesaris
[85]

Most consecutive retirements
22 (18 DNF)
 Andrea de Cesaris
[86][87]

Most retirements in a season
16 (14 DNF)
 Andrea de Cesaris (from 16 races in 1987)
[87][88]

Longest time between first and last points finishes
7,749 days
 Michael Schumacher (1991 Italian Grand Prix–2012 Brazilian Grand Prix)

Longest time between successive points finishes
2,898 days
 Lucien Bianchi (1960 Belgian Grand Prix–1968 Monaco Grand Prix)

Other

Most pit stops by a driver in a single race
7
 Alain Prost in the 1993 European Grand Prix
[89]

Most pit stops by a winning driver in a single race
6 (including 1 penalty)
 Jenson Button in the 2011 Canadian Grand Prix
[89]

Most (driving) penalties in a season
10
 Pastor Maldonado (2014)

Shortest time elapsed before earning a penalty
9 seconds
 Sebastian Vettel (2006 Turkish Grand Prix; recorded speeding in pit lane nine seconds into his career as a Formula One driver)
[90]

Driver who was passed more than any other in a season
70 times
 Charles Pic (2012)
[91]

Most races as teammates
104
 Michael Schumacher and  Rubens Barrichello (Ferrari, 2000–2005)

Most positions gained from starting position to finishing position
30
 Jim Rathmann (32nd to 2nd at the 1957 Indianapolis 500)
[92]

text: Not all De Cesaris's retirements were classified as 'DNF': he was classified as 3rd at the 1987 Belgian Grand Prix after running out of fuel and pushing his car over the line. For this reason, some sources list his 13 retirements and 1 DNQ in 1986 as the record for consecutive non-finishes in a season and 18 non-finishes starting the previous season.[87][93]


document_title: Earth's magnetic field

question_text: what is earth's magnetic field responsible for

question_tokens: what is earth 's magnetic field responsible for

text: Earth's magnetic field

text: Importance[edit]

text: The Earth's magnetic field serves to deflect most of the solar wind, whose charged particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer that protects the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.[4] One stripping mechanism is for gas to be caught in bubbles of magnetic field, which are ripped off by solar winds.[5] Calculations of the loss of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere of Mars, resulting from scavenging of ions by the solar wind, indicate that the dissipation of the magnetic field of Mars caused a near total loss of its atmosphere.[6][7]

text: The study of past magnetic field of the Earth is known as paleomagnetism.[8] The polarity of the Earth's magnetic field is recorded in igneous rocks, and reversals of the field are thus detectable as "stripes" centered on mid-ocean ridges where the sea floor is spreading, while the stability of the geomagnetic poles between reversals has allowed paleomagnetists to track the past motion of continents. Reversals also provide the basis for magnetostratigraphy, a way of dating rocks and sediments.[9] The field also magnetizes the crust, and magnetic anomalies can be used to search for deposits of metal ores.[10]

text: Humans have used compasses for direction finding since the 11th century A.D. and for navigation since the 12th century.[11] Although the magnetic declination does shift with time, this wandering is slow enough that a simple compass remains useful for navigation. Using magnetoception various other organisms, ranging from some types of bacteria to pigeons, use the Earth's magnetic field for orientation and navigation.

text: Main characteristics[edit]

text: Description[edit]

text: At any location, the Earth's magnetic field can be represented by a three-dimensional vector. A typical procedure for measuring its direction is to use a compass to determine the direction of magnetic North. Its angle relative to true North is the declination (D) or variation. Facing magnetic North, the angle the field makes with the horizontal is the inclination (I) or magnetic dip. The intensity (F) of the field is proportional to the force it exerts on a magnet. Another common representation is in X (North), Y (East) and Z (Down) coordinates.[12]

text: Intensity[edit]

text: The intensity of the field is often measured in gauss (G), but is generally reported in nanoteslas (nT), with 1 G = 100,000 nT. A nanotesla is also referred to as a gamma (γ).[13] The tesla is the SI unit of the magnetic field, B. The Earth's field ranges between approximately 25,000 and 65,000 nT (0.25–0.65 G). By comparison, a strong refrigerator magnet has a field of about 10,000,000 nanoteslas (100 G).[14]

text: A map of intensity contours is called an isodynamic chart. As the World Magnetic Model shows, the intensity tends to decrease from the poles to the equator. A minimum intensity occurs in the South Atlantic Anomaly over South America while there are maxima over northern Canada, Siberia, and the coast of Antarctica south of Australia.[15]

text: Inclination[edit]

text: The inclination is given by an angle that can assume values between -90° (up) to 90° (down). In the northern hemisphere, the field points downwards. It is straight down at the North Magnetic Pole and rotates upwards as the latitude decreases until it is horizontal (0°) at the magnetic equator. It continues to rotate upwards until it is straight up at the South Magnetic Pole. Inclination can be measured with a dip circle.

text: An isoclinic chart (map of inclination contours) for the Earth's magnetic field is shown below.

text: Declination[edit]

text: Declination is positive for an eastward deviation of the field relative to true north. It can be estimated by comparing the magnetic north/south heading on a compass with the direction of a celestial pole. Maps typically include information on the declination as an angle or a small diagram showing the relationship between magnetic north and true north. Information on declination for a region can be represented by a chart with isogonic lines (contour lines with each line representing a fixed declination).

text: Geographical variation[edit]

text: Components of the Earth's magnetic field at the surface from the World Magnetic Model for 2015.[15]

text:
Intensity

Inclination

Declination

tag: ul

text: Dipolar approximation[edit]

text: Near the surface of the Earth, its magnetic field can be closely approximated by the field of a magnetic dipole positioned at the center of the Earth and tilted at an angle of about 11° with respect to the rotational axis of the Earth.[13] The dipole is roughly equivalent to a powerful bar magnet, with its south pole pointing towards the geomagnetic North Pole.[16] This may seem surprising, but the north pole of a magnet is so defined because, if allowed to rotate freely, it points roughly northward (in the geographic sense). Since the north pole of a magnet attracts the south poles of other magnets and repels the north poles, it must be attracted to the south pole of Earth's magnet. The dipolar field accounts for 80–90% of the field in most locations.[12]

text: Magnetic poles[edit]

text: Historically, the north and south poles of a magnet were first defined by the Earth's magnetic field, not vice versa, since one of the first uses for a magnet was as a compass needle. Its North pole was defined as the pole that would be attracted by the Earth's North Magnetic Pole when the magnet was suspended so it could turn freely. Since opposite poles attract, the North Magnetic Pole of the Earth is really the south pole of its magnetic field (the place where the field is directed downward into the Earth).[17][18][19][20]

text: The positions of the magnetic poles can be defined in at least two ways: locally or globally.[21] The local definition is the point where the magnetic field is vertical.[22] This can be determined by measuring the inclination. The inclination of the Earth's field is 90° (downwards) at the North Magnetic Pole and -90° (upwards) at the South Magnetic Pole. The two poles wander independently of each other and are not directly opposite each other on the globe. They can migrate rapidly: movements of up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) per year have been observed for the North Magnetic Pole. Over the last 180 years, the North Magnetic Pole has been migrating northwestward, from Cape Adelaide in the Boothia Peninsula in 1831 to 600 kilometres (370 mi) from Resolute Bay in 2001.[23] The magnetic equator is the line where the inclination is zero (the magnetic field is horizontal).

text: The global definition of the Earth's field is based on a mathematical model. If a line is drawn through the center of the Earth, parallel to the moment of the best-fitting magnetic dipole, the two positions where it intersects the Earth's surface are called the North and South geomagnetic poles. If the Earth's magnetic field were perfectly dipolar, the geomagnetic poles and magnetic dip poles would coincide and compasses would point towards them. However, the Earth's field has a significant non-dipolar contribution, so the poles do not coincide and compasses do not generally point at either.

text: Magnetosphere[edit]

text: Earth's magnetic field, predominantly dipolar at its surface, is distorted further out by the solar wind. This is a stream of charged particles leaving the Sun's corona and accelerating to a speed of 200 to 1000 kilometres per second. They carry with them a magnetic field, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).[24]

text: The solar wind exerts a pressure, and if it could reach Earth's atmosphere it would erode it. However, it is kept away by the pressure of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetopause, the area where the pressures balance, is the boundary of the magnetosphere. Despite its name, the magnetosphere is asymmetric, with the sunward side being about 10 Earth radii out but the other side stretching out in a magnetotail that extends beyond 200 Earth radii.[25] Sunward of the magnetopause is the bow shock, the area where the solar wind slows abruptly.[24]

text: Inside the magnetosphere is the plasmasphere, a donut-shaped region containing low-energy charged particles, or plasma. This region begins at a height of 60 km, extends up to 3 or 4 Earth radii, and includes the ionosphere. This region rotates with the Earth.[25] There are also two concentric tire-shaped regions, called the Van Allen radiation belts, with high-energy ions (energies from 0.1 to 10 million electron volts (MeV)). The inner belt is 1–2 Earth radii out while the outer belt is at 4–7 Earth radii. The plasmasphere and Van Allen belts have partial overlap, with the extent of overlap varying greatly with solar activity.[26]

text: As well as deflecting the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field deflects cosmic rays, high-energy charged particles that are mostly from outside the Solar system. (Many cosmic rays are kept out of the Solar system by the Sun's magnetosphere, or heliosphere.[27]) By contrast, astronauts on the Moon risk exposure to radiation. Anyone who had been on the Moon's surface during a particularly violent solar eruption in 2005 would have received a lethal dose.[24]

text: Some of the charged particles do get into the magnetosphere. These spiral around field lines, bouncing back and forth between the poles several times per second. In addition, positive ions slowly drift westward and negative ions drift eastward, giving rise to a ring current. This current reduces the magnetic field at the Earth's surface.[24] Particles that penetrate the ionosphere and collide with the atoms there give rise to the lights of the aurorae and also emit X-rays.[25]

text: The varying conditions in the magnetosphere, known as space weather, are largely driven by solar activity. If the solar wind is weak, the magnetosphere expands; while if it is strong, it compresses the magnetosphere and more of it gets in. Periods of particularly intense activity, called geomagnetic storms, can occur when a coronal mass ejection erupts above the Sun and sends a shock wave through the Solar System. Such a wave can take just two days to reach the Earth. Geomagnetic storms can cause a lot of disruption; the "Halloween" storm of 2003 damaged more than a third of NASA's satellites. The largest documented storm occurred in 1859. It induced currents strong enough to short out telegraph lines, and aurorae were reported as far south as Hawaii.[24][28]

text: Time dependence[edit]

text: Short-term variations[edit]

text: The geomagnetic field changes on time scales from milliseconds to millions of years. Shorter time scales mostly arise from currents in the ionosphere (ionospheric dynamo region) and magnetosphere, and some changes can be traced to geomagnetic storms or daily variations in currents. Changes over time scales of a year or more mostly reflect changes in the Earth's interior, particularly the iron-rich core.[12]

text: Frequently, the Earth's magnetosphere is hit by solar flares causing geomagnetic storms, provoking displays of aurorae. The short-term instability of the magnetic field is measured with the K-index.[29]

text: Data from THEMIS show that the magnetic field, which interacts with the solar wind, is reduced when the magnetic orientation is aligned between Sun and Earth – opposite to the previous hypothesis. During forthcoming solar storms, this could result in blackouts and disruptions in artificial satellites.[30]

text: Secular variation[edit]

text: Changes in Earth's magnetic field on a time scale of a year or more are referred to as secular variation. Over hundreds of years, magnetic declination is observed to vary over tens of degrees.[12] A movie on the right shows how global declinations have changed over the last few centuries.[31]

text: The direction and intensity of the dipole change over time. Over the last two centuries the dipole strength has been decreasing at a rate of about 6.3% per century.[12] At this rate of decrease, the field would be negligible in about 1600 years.[32] However, this strength is about average for the last 7 thousand years, and the current rate of change is not unusual.[33]

text: A prominent feature in the non-dipolar part of the secular variation is a westward drift at a rate of about 0.2 degrees per year.[32] This drift is not the same everywhere and has varied over time. The globally averaged drift has been westward since about 1400 AD but eastward between about 1000 AD and 1400 AD.[34]

text: Changes that predate magnetic observatories are recorded in archaeological and geological materials. Such changes are referred to as paleomagnetic secular variation or paleosecular variation (PSV). The records typically include long periods of small change with occasional large changes reflecting geomagnetic excursions and reversals.[35]

text: Magnetic field reversals[edit]

text: Although generally Earth's field is approximately dipolar, with an axis that is nearly aligned with the rotational axis, occasionally the North and South geomagnetic poles trade places. Evidence for these geomagnetic reversals can be found in basalts, sediment cores taken from the ocean floors, and seafloor magnetic anomalies.[36] Reversals occur nearly randomly in time, with intervals between reversals ranging from less than 0.1 million years to as much as 50 million years. The most recent geomagnetic reversal, called the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred about 780,000 years ago.[23][37] A related phenomenon, a geomagnetic excursion, amounts to an incomplete reversal, with no change in polarity.[38][39] The Laschamp event is an example of an excursion, it having occurred during the last ice age (41,000 years ago).

text: The past magnetic field is recorded mostly by strongly magnetic minerals, particularly iron oxides such as magnetite, that can carry a permanent magnetic moment. This remanent magnetization, or remanence, can be acquired in more than one way. In lava flows, the direction of the field is "frozen" in small minerals as they cool, giving rise to a thermoremanent magnetization. In sediments, the orientation of magnetic particles acquires a slight bias towards the magnetic field as they are deposited on an ocean floor or lake bottom. This is called detrital remanent magnetization.[8]

text: Thermoremanent magnetization is the main source of the magnetic anomalies around mid-ocean ridges. As the seafloor spreads, magma wells up from the mantle, cools to form new basaltic crust on both sides of the ridge, and is carried away from it by seafloor spreading. As it cools, it records the direction of the Earth's field. When the Earth's field reverses, new basalt records the reversed direction. The result is a series of stripes that are symmetric about the ridge. A ship towing a magnetometer on the surface of the ocean can detect these stripes and infer the age of the ocean floor below. This provides information on the rate at which seafloor has spread in the past.[8]

text: Radiometric dating of lava flows has been used to establish a geomagnetic polarity time scale, part of which is shown in the image. This forms the basis of magnetostratigraphy, a geophysical correlation technique that can be used to date both sedimentary and volcanic sequences as well as the seafloor magnetic anomalies.[8]

text: Studies of lava flows on Steens Mountain, Oregon, indicate that the magnetic field could have shifted at a rate of up to 6 degrees per day at some time in Earth's history, which significantly challenges the popular understanding of how the Earth's magnetic field works.[40] This finding was later attributed to unusual rock magnetic properties of the lava flow under study, not rapid field change, by one of the original authors of the 1995 study.[41]

text: Temporary dipole tilt variations that take the dipole axis across the equator and then back to the original polarity are known as excursions.[39]

text: Earliest appearance[edit]

text: Paleomagnetic studies of Paleoarchean lava in Australia and conglomerate in South Africa have concluded that the magnetic field has been present since at least about 3,450 million years ago.[42][43][44]

text: Future[edit]

text: At present, the overall geomagnetic field is becoming weaker; the present strong deterioration corresponds to a 10–15% decline over the last 150 years and has accelerated in the past several years; geomagnetic intensity has declined almost continuously from a maximum 35% above the modern value achieved approximately 2,000 years ago. The rate of decrease and the current strength are within the normal range of variation, as shown by the record of past magnetic fields recorded in rocks.

text: The nature of Earth's magnetic field is one of heteroscedastic fluctuation. An instantaneous measurement of it, or several measurements of it across the span of decades or centuries, are not sufficient to extrapolate an overall trend in the field strength. It has gone up and down in the past for unknown reasons. Also, noting the local intensity of the dipole field (or its fluctuation) is insufficient to characterize Earth's magnetic field as a whole, as it is not strictly a dipole field. The dipole component of Earth's field can diminish even while the total magnetic field remains the same or increases.

text: The Earth's magnetic north pole is drifting from northern Canada towards Siberia with a presently accelerating rate—10 kilometres (6.2 mi) per year at the beginning of the 20th century, up to 40 kilometres (25 mi) per year in 2003,[23] and since then has only accelerated.[45]

text: Physical origin[edit]

text: The Earth's magnetic field is believed to be generated by electric currents in the conductive material of its core, created by convection currents due to heat escaping from the core. However the process is complex, and computer models that reproduce some of its features have only been developed in the last few decades.

text: Earth's core and the geodynamo[edit]

text: The Earth and most of the planets in the Solar System, as well as the Sun and other stars, all generate magnetic fields through the motion of electrically conducting fluids.[47] The Earth's field originates in its core. This is a region of iron alloys extending to about 3400 km (the radius of the Earth is 6370 km). It is divided into a solid inner core, with a radius of 1220 km, and a liquid outer core.[48] The motion of the liquid in the outer core is driven by heat flow from the inner core, which is about 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F), to the core-mantle boundary, which is about 3,800 K (3,530 °C; 6,380 °F).[49] The pattern of flow is organized by the rotation of the Earth and the presence of the solid inner core.[50]

text: The mechanism by which the Earth generates a magnetic field is known as a dynamo.[47] The magnetic field is generated by a feedback loop: current loops generate magnetic fields (Ampère's circuital law); a changing magnetic field generates an electric field (Faraday's law); and the electric and magnetic fields exert a force on the charges that are flowing in currents (the Lorentz force).[51] These effects can be combined in a partial differential equation for the magnetic field called the magnetic induction equation:

text: ...where u is the velocity of the fluid; B is the magnetic B-field; and η=1/σμ is the magnetic diffusivity, which is inversely proportional to the product of the electrical conductivity σ and the permeability μ .[52] The term ∂B/∂t is the time derivative of the field; ∇2 is the Laplace operator and ∇× is the curl operator.

text: The first term on the right hand side of the induction equation is a diffusion term. In a stationary fluid, the magnetic field declines and any concentrations of field spread out. If the Earth's dynamo shut off, the dipole part would disappear in a few tens of thousands of years.[52]

text:
In a perfect conductor (

σ
=
∞

{\displaystyle \sigma =\infty \;}

), there would be no diffusion. By Lenz's law, any change in the magnetic field would be immediately opposed by currents, so the flux through a given volume of fluid could not change. As the fluid moved, the magnetic field would go with it. The theorem describing this effect is called the frozen-in-field theorem. Even in a fluid with a finite conductivity, new field is generated by stretching field lines as the fluid moves in ways that deform it. This process could go on generating new field indefinitely, were it not that as the magnetic field increases in strength, it resists fluid motion.[52]

text: The motion of the fluid is sustained by convection, motion driven by buoyancy. The temperature increases towards the center of the Earth, and the higher temperature of the fluid lower down makes it buoyant. This buoyancy is enhanced by chemical separation: As the core cools, some of the molten iron solidifies and is plated to the inner core. In the process, lighter elements are left behind in the fluid, making it lighter. This is called compositional convection. A Coriolis effect, caused by the overall planetary rotation, tends to organize the flow into rolls aligned along the north-south polar axis.[50][52]

text: A dynamo can amplify a magnetic field, but it needs a "seed" field to get it started.[52] For the Earth, this could have been an external magnetic field. Early in its history the Sun went through a T-Tauri phase in which the solar wind would have had a magnetic field orders of magnitude larger than the present solar wind.[53] However, much of the field may have been screened out by the Earth's mantle. An alternative source is currents in the core-mantle boundary driven by chemical reactions or variations in thermal or electric conductivity. Such effects may still provide a small bias that are part of the boundary conditions for the geodynamo.[54]

text: The average magnetic field in the Earth's outer core was calculated to be 25 gausses, 50 times stronger than the field at the surface.[55]

text: Numerical models[edit]

text: Simulating the geodynamo requires numerically solving a set of nonlinear partial differential equations for the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) of the Earth's interior. Simulation of the MHD equations is performed on a 3D grid of points and the fineness of the grid, which in part determines the realism of the solutions, is limited mainly by computer power. For decades, theorists were confined to creating kinematic dynamo computer models in which the fluid motion is chosen in advance and the effect on the magnetic field calculated. Kinematic dynamo theory was mainly a matter of trying different flow geometries and testing whether such geometries could sustain a dynamo.[56]

text: The first self-consistent dynamo models, ones that determine both the fluid motions and the magnetic field, were developed by two groups in 1995, one in Japan[57] and one in the United States.[1][58] The latter received attention because it successfully reproduced some of the characteristics of the Earth's field, including geomagnetic reversals.[56]

text: Currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere[edit]

text: Electric currents induced in the ionosphere generate magnetic fields (ionospheric dynamo region). Such a field is always generated near where the atmosphere is closest to the Sun, causing daily alterations that can deflect surface magnetic fields by as much as one degree. Typical daily variations of field strength are about 25 nanoteslas (nT) (one part in 2000), with variations over a few seconds of typically around 1 nT (one part in 50,000).[59]

text: Measurement and analysis[edit]

text: Detection[edit]

text: The Earth's magnetic field strength was measured by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1832[60] and has been repeatedly measured since then, showing a relative decay of about 10% over the last 150 years.[61] The Magsat satellite and later satellites have used 3-axis vector magnetometers to probe the 3-D structure of the Earth's magnetic field. The later Ørsted satellite allowed a comparison indicating a dynamic geodynamo in action that appears to be giving rise to an alternate pole under the Atlantic Ocean west of S. Africa.[62]

text: Governments sometimes operate units that specialize in measurement of the Earth's magnetic field. These are geomagnetic observatories, typically part of a national Geological survey, for example the British Geological Survey's Eskdalemuir Observatory. Such observatories can measure and forecast magnetic conditions such as magnetic storms that sometimes affect communications, electric power, and other human activities.

text: The International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network, with over 100 interlinked geomagnetic observatories around the world has been recording the earths magnetic field since 1991.

text: The military determines local geomagnetic field characteristics, in order to detect anomalies in the natural background that might be caused by a significant metallic object such as a submerged submarine. Typically, these magnetic anomaly detectors are flown in aircraft like the UK's Nimrod or towed as an instrument or an array of instruments from surface ships.

text: Commercially, geophysical prospecting companies also use magnetic detectors to identify naturally occurring anomalies from ore bodies, such as the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly.

text: Crustal magnetic anomalies[edit]

text: Magnetometers detect minute deviations in the Earth's magnetic field caused by iron artifacts, kilns, some types of stone structures, and even ditches and middens in archaeological geophysics. Using magnetic instruments adapted from airborne magnetic anomaly detectors developed during World War II to detect submarines,[64] the magnetic variations across the ocean floor have been mapped. Basalt — the iron-rich, volcanic rock making up the ocean floor[65] — contains a strongly magnetic mineral (magnetite) and can locally distort compass readings. The distortion was recognized by Icelandic mariners as early as the late 18th century.[66] More important, because the presence of magnetite gives the basalt measurable magnetic properties, these magnetic variations have provided another means to study the deep ocean floor. When newly formed rock cools, such magnetic materials record the Earth's magnetic field.[66]

text: Statistical models[edit]

text: Each measurement of the magnetic field is at a particular place and time. If an accurate estimate of the field at some other place and time is needed, the measurements must be converted to a model and the model used to make predictions.

text: Spherical harmonics[edit]

text: The most common way of analyzing the global variations in the Earth's magnetic field is to fit the measurements to a set of spherical harmonics. This was first done by Carl Friedrich Gauss.[67] Spherical harmonics are functions that oscillate over the surface of a sphere. They are the product of two functions, one that depends on latitude and one on longitude. The function of longitude is zero along zero or more great circles passing through the North and South Poles; the number of such nodal lines is the absolute value of the order m. The function of latitude is zero along zero or more latitude circles; this plus the order is equal to the degree ℓ. Each harmonic is equivalent to a particular arrangement of magnetic charges at the center of the Earth. A monopole is an isolated magnetic charge, which has never been observed. A dipole is equivalent to two opposing charges brought close together and a quadrupole to two dipoles brought together. A quadrupole field is shown in the lower figure on the right.[12]

text: Spherical harmonics can represent any scalar field (function of position) that satisfies certain properties. A magnetic field is a vector field, but if it is expressed in Cartesian components X, Y, Z, each component is the derivative of the same scalar function called the magnetic potential. Analyses of the Earth's magnetic field use a modified version of the usual spherical harmonics that differ by a multiplicative factor. A least-squares fit to the magnetic field measurements gives the Earth's field as the sum of spherical harmonics, each multiplied by the best-fitting Gauss coefficient gmℓ or hmℓ.[12]

text: The lowest-degree Gauss coefficient, g00, gives the contribution of an isolated magnetic charge, so it is zero. The next three coefficients – g10, g11, and h11 – determine the direction and magnitude of the dipole contribution. The best fitting dipole is tilted at an angle of about 10° with respect to the rotational axis, as described earlier.[12]

text: Radial dependence[edit]

text: Spherical harmonic analysis can be used to distinguish internal from external sources if measurements are available at more than one height (for example, ground observatories and satellites). In that case, each term with coefficient gmℓ or hmℓ can be split into two terms: one that decreases with radius as 1/rℓ+1 and one that increases with radius as rℓ. The increasing terms fit the external sources (currents in the ionosphere and magnetosphere). However, averaged over a few years the external contributions average to zero.[12]

text: The remaining terms predict that the potential of a dipole source (ℓ=1) drops off as 1/r2. The magnetic field, being a derivative of the potential, drops off as 1/r3. Quadrupole terms drop off as 1/r4, and higher order terms drop off increasingly rapidly with the radius. The radius of the outer core is about half of the radius of the Earth. If the field at the core-mantle boundary is fit to spherical harmonics, the dipole part is smaller by a factor of about 8 at the surface, the quadrupole part by a factor of 16, and so on. Thus, only the components with large wavelengths can be noticeable at the surface. From a variety of arguments, it is usually assumed that only terms up to degree 14 or less have their origin in the core. These have wavelengths of about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) or less. Smaller features are attributed to crustal anomalies.[12]

text: Global models[edit]

text: The International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy maintains a standard global field model called the International Geomagnetic Reference Field. It is updated every 5 years. The 11th-generation model, IGRF11, was developed using data from satellites (Ørsted, CHAMP and SAC-C) and a world network of geomagnetic observatories.[68] The spherical harmonic expansion was truncated at degree 10, with 120 coefficients, until 2000. Subsequent models are truncated at degree 13 (195 coefficients).[69]

text: Another global field model, called the World Magnetic Model, is produced jointly by the United States National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly the National Geophysical Data Center) and the British Geological Survey. This model truncates at degree 12 (168 coefficients) with an approximate spatial resolution of 3,000 kilometers. It is the model used by the United States Department of Defense, the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom), the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the International Hydrographic Office as well as in many civilian navigation systems.[70]

text: A third model, produced by the Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA and GSFC) and the Danish Space Research Institute, uses a "comprehensive modeling" approach that attempts to reconcile data with greatly varying temporal and spatial resolution from ground and satellite sources.[71]

text: For users with higher accuracy needs, the United States National Centers for Environmental Information developed the Enhanced Magnetic Model (EMM), which extends to degree and order 720 and resolves magnetic anomalies down to a wavelength of 56 kilometers. It was compiled from satellite, marine, aeromagnetic and ground magnetic surveys. The latest version, EMM2015, includes data from The European Space Agency's Swarm satellite mission.[72]

text: Biomagnetism[edit]

text: Animals including birds and turtles can detect the Earth's magnetic field, and use the field to navigate during migration.[73] Some researchers have found that cows and wild deer tend to align their bodies north-south while relaxing, but not when the animals are under high-voltage power lines, suggesting that magnetism is responsible.[74][75] Other researchers reported in 2011 that they could not replicate those findings using different Google Earth images.[76]

text: Researchers found out that very weak electromagnetic fields disrupt the magnetic compass used by European robins and other songbirds to navigate using the Earth's magnetic field. Neither power lines nor cellphone signals are to blame for the electromagnetic field effect on the birds, according to the new study published in the 8 May 2014 edition of the journal Nature. Instead, the culprits consist of frequencies between 2 kHz and 5 MHz, such as AM radio signals and ordinary electronic equipment that might be found in businesses or private homes.[77]