document_title: How now brown cow

question_text: where did the phrase how now brown cow come from

text: How now brown cow

text: "How now brown cow" (/ˈhaʊ ˈnaʊ ˈbraʊn ˈkaʊ/) is a phrase used in elocution teaching to demonstrate rounded vowel sounds.[1] Each "ow" sound in the phrase represents the diphthong /aʊ/. Although orthographies for each of the four words in this utterance is represented by the English spelling "ow", the articulation required to create this same diphthong represented by the International Phonetic Association's phonetic alphabet as /aʊ/ is also represented by the spelling "ou". Some examples of these homophonic /aʊ/'s are the English words "house", "blouse", "noun", and "cloud". The use of the phrase "how now brown cow" in teaching elocution can be dated back to at least 1926.[2] Although not in use today, the phrase "how now" is a greeting, short for "how say you now", and can be found in archaic literature, such as the plays of William Shakespeare.


document_title: Spain national football team records and statistics

question_text: all time highest goal scorer in spain national team

root

text: Records[edit]

text: Worldwide[edit]

text: Nationwide[edit]

text: Top goalscorers[edit]

text: As of 12 November 2017, the ten highest scorers for Spain are:

tag: p

text:
#
Player
Career
Goals
Caps
Average

1
David Villa
2005–
59
98
0.608

2
Raúl
1996–2006
44
102
0.431

3
Fernando Torres
2003–2014
38
110
0.345

4
David Silva
2006–
35
117
0.299

5
Fernando Hierro
1989–2002
29
89
0.326

6
Fernando Morientes
1998–2007
27
47
0.574

7
Emilio Butragueño
1984–1992
26
69
0.377

8
Alfredo Di Stéfano
1957–1961
23
31
0.742

9
Julio Salinas
1986–1996
22
56
0.411

10
Míchel
1985–1992
21
66
0.318

tag: table

text: Bold denotes players still playing international football.

tag: ul

text: Top assists[edit]

text: As of 12 November 2017, the highest assists for Spain are:

text:
#
Player
Career
Assists
Caps

1
Cesc Fàbregas
2006–2016
31
110

2
Xavi
2000–2014
27
133

3
David Silva
2006–
27
117

4
Andrés Iniesta
2006–
24
122

text: Most capped Spain players[edit]

text: As of 12 November 2017, the players with the most caps for Spain are:

text:
#
Name
Career
Caps
Goals

1
Iker Casillas
2000–2016
167
0

2
Sergio Ramos
2005–
150
11

3
Xavi
2000–2014
133
12

4
Andoni Zubizarreta
1985–1998
126
0

5
Andrés Iniesta
2006–
122
14

6
David Silva
2006–
117
35

7
Xabi Alonso
2003–2014
114
16

8
Cesc Fàbregas
2006–
110
14

=
Fernando Torres
2003–2014
110
38

10
Raúl
1996–2006
102
44

11
Sergio Busquets
2008–
101
2

12
Carles Puyol
2000–2013
100
3

13
David Villa
2005–
98
59

14
Gerard Piqué
2009–
93
5

15
Fernando Hierro
1989–2002
89
29

16
José Antonio Camacho
1975–1988
81
0

17
Santi Cazorla
2008–2015
77
14

18
Rafael Gordillo
1978–1988
75
3

19
Emilio Butragueño
1984–1992
69
26

=
Carlos Marchena
2002–2011
69
2

21
Luis Arconada
1976–1986
68
0

22
Míchel
1985–1992
66
21

23
Pedro
2010–
65
17

24
Luis Enrique
1991–2002
62
12

=
Miguel Angel Nadal
1991–2002
62
3

26
Joan Capdevila
2002–2011
60
4

=
Víctor Muñoz
1981–1988
60
3

28
Jordi Alba
2011–
57
7

29
Álvaro Arbeloa
2008–2013
56
0

=
Julio Salinas
1986–1996
56
22

=
Santillana
1975–1985
56
15

=
Sergi
1994–2002
56
1

33
Abelardo
1991–2001
54
3

=
Rafael Alkorta
1990–1998
54
0

35
Joseba Etxeberria
1997–2004
53
12

=
Míchel Salgado
1998–2006
53
0

37
Raúl Albiol
2007–2015
51
0

=
Joaquín
2002–2007
51
4

=
David Albelda
2001–2008
51
0

40
José Ángel Iribar
1964–1976
49
0

41
Manolo Sanchís
1986–1992
48
1

42
Pep Guardiola
1992–2000
47
5

=
Iván Helguera
1998–2004
47
3

=
Fernando Morientes
1998–2007
47
27

45
Santiago Cañizares
1993–2006
46
0

=
Juan Carlos Valerón
1998–2005
46
5

=
Ricardo Zamora
1920–1936
46
0

48
Rubén Baraja
2000–2005
43
7

=
Francisco Gento
1955–1969
43
5

50
Amancio Amaro
1962–1974
42
11

=
Ricardo Gallego
1982–1988
42
2

52
Juan Mata
2009–
41
10

=
Juan Manuel Asensi
1969–1980
41
7

=
Julen Guerrero
1993–2000
41
13

=
Pirri
1966–1978
41
16

=
Juan Antonio Señor
1982–1988
41
6

57
Gaizka Mendieta
1999–2002
40
8

58
Andoni Goikoetxea Olaskoaga
1983–1988
39
4

59
Alfonso
1992–2000
38
11

=
Rafael Martín Vázquez
1987–1992
38
1

=
Vicente
2001–2005
38
3

62
Guillermo Amor
1990–1998
37
4

63
Albert Ferrer
1991–1999
36
0

=
Pepe Reina
2005–
36
0

=
Koke
2013–
36
0

=
Gallego
1966–1973
36
0

=
Ion Andoni Goikoetxea
1990–1996
36
4

=
Antonio Maceda
1981–1986
36
8

69
Francisco Carrasco
1979–1988
35
5

=
Jesús Navas
2009–
35
3

=
Quini
1970–1982
35
8

=
Antoni Ramallets
1950–1961
35
0

73
José Ramón Alexanko
1978–1982
34
4

=
Juanito
1976–1982
34
8

=
Julio Alberto Moreno
1984–1988
34
0

76
Agustín Gaínza
1945–1955
33
10

77
Migueli
1974–1980
32
1

=
Jesús María Satrústegui
1975–1982
32
8

=
Luis Suárez
1957–1972
32
14

80
Alfredo Di Stéfano
1957–1961
31
23

81
José Mari Bakero
1987–1994
30
7

=
Jesús María Zamora
1978–1982
30
3

text: Top penalty scorers[edit]

text: As of June 11, 2017.

text:
Penalties
Player

9
Fernando Hierro

Míchel

7
David Villa

6
Xabi Alonso

5
Fernando Torres

4
Dani

3
Emilio Butragueño

Agustín Gaínza

Pep Guardiola

Pirri

Raúl

2
Francisco Carrasco

César

Ion Andoni Goikoetxea

Juanito

László Kubala

Gaizka Mendieta

David Silva

1
Txiki Begiristain

Santi Cazorla

Enrique Collar

Donato

Andrés Iniesta

José Iraragorri

Isidro Lángara

Manolo

Toni Muñoz

Félix Quesada

Quini

Sergio Ramos

Gaspar Rubio

Jesús María Satrústegui

Luis Suárez

Roberto López Ufarte

Vicente

text: Hat-tricks[edit]

text: As of June 14, 2014.

text:
Player
Competition
Against
Home/Away
Result
Date

Villa, DavidDavid Villa
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
 Tahiti
Home
10–0
000000002013-06-20-000020 June 2013

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres 4
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
 Tahiti
Home
10–0
000000002013-06-20-000020 June 2013

Pedro, Pedro
2014 World Cup qualification
 Belarus
Away
0–4
000000002012-10-12-000012 October 2012

Soldado, RobertoRoberto Soldado
International Friendly
 Venezuela
Home
5–0
000000002012-02-29-000029 February 2012

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
2009 FIFA Confederations Cup
 New Zealand
Away
0–5
000000002009-06-14-000014 June 2009

Villa, DavidDavid Villa
International Friendly
 Azerbaijan
Away
0–6
000000002009-06-09-00009 June 2009

Villa, DavidDavid Villa
UEFA Euro 2008
 Russia
Home
4–1
000000002008-06-10-000010 June 2008

García, LuisLuis García
2006 World Cup qualification
 Slovakia
Home
5–1
000000002005-11-12-000012 November 2005

Torres, FernandoFernando Torres
2006 World Cup qualification
 San Marino
Away
0–5
000000002005-10-12-000012 October 2005

Morientes, FernandoFernando Morientes
International Friendly
 Ecuador
Home
4–0
000000002003-04-30-000030 April 2003

Urzaiz, IsmaelIsmael Urzaiz
Euro 2000 qualifying
 Cyprus
Home
8–0
000000001999-09-08-00008 September 1999

Guerrero, JulenJulen Guerrero
Euro 2000 qualifying
 Cyprus
Home
8–0
000000001999-09-08-00008 September 1999

Luis Enrique, Luis Enrique
Euro 2000 qualifying
 San Marino
Home
9–0
000000001999-06-05-00005 June 1999

Raul Raúl 4
Euro 2000 qualifying
 San Marino
Away
9–0
000000001999-03-31-000031 March 1999

Raul Raúl 4
Euro 2000 qualifying
 Austria
Home
9–0
000000001999-03-27-000027 March 1999

Guerrero, JulenJulen Guerrero
1998 World Cup qualification
 Malta
Away
0–3
000000001996-12-18-000018 December 1996

Alfonso, Alfonso
1998 World Cup qualification
 Faroe Islands
Away
2–6
000000001996-09-04-00004 September 1996

Salinas, JulioJulio Salinas
1994 World Cup qualification
 Albania
Away
1–5
000000001993-09-22-000022 September 1993

Butragueño, EmilioEmilio Butragueño 4
Euro 1992 qualifying
 Albania
Home
9–0
000000001990-12-19-000019 December 1990

Michel Míchel
1990 FIFA World Cup
 South Korea
Away
1–3
000000001990-06-17-000017 June 1990

Bakero, José MaríaJosé María Bakero
Euro 1988 qualifying
 Albania
Home
5–0
000000001987-11-18-000018 November 1987

Butragueño, EmilioEmilio Butragueño 4
1986 FIFA World Cup
 Denmark
Away
1–5
000000001986-06-18-000018 June 1986

Santillana, Santillana 4
Euro 1984 qualifying
 Malta
Home
12–1
000000001983-12-21-000021 December 1983

Rincon, HipolitoHipólito Rincón 4
Euro 1984 qualifying
 Malta
Home
12–1
000000001983-12-21-000021 December 1983

Pereda, Jesús MaríaJesús María Pereda
1966 World Cup qualification
 Republic of Ireland
Home
4–1
000000001965-10-27-000027 October 1965

Guillot, VicenteVicente Guillot
1964 European Nations' Cup qualifying
 Romania
Home
6–0
000000001962-11-01-00001 November 1962

Tejada, JustoJusto Tejada 4
International Friendly
 Northern Ireland
Home
6–2
000000001958-10-15-000015 October 1958

Kubala, LászlóLászló Kubala
International Friendly
 Turkey
Home
3–0
000000001957-11-16-000016 November 1957

Di Stéfano, AlfredoAlfredo Di Stéfano
International Friendly
 Netherlands
Home
5–1
000000001957-01-30-000030 January 1957

Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra 4
International Friendly
 Switzerland
Home
6–3
000000001951-02-18-000018 February 1951

Basora, EstanislauEstanislau Basora
International Friendly
 France
Away
1–5
000000001949-06-19-000019 June 1949

Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara 5
1934 World Cup qualification
 Portugal
Home
9–0
000000001934-03-11-000011 March 1934

Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara 4
International Friendly
 France
Home
8–1
000000001929-04-14-000014 April 1929

Rubio, GasparGaspar Rubio
International Friendly
 Portugal
Home
5–0
000000001929-03-17-000017 March 1929

text:
4 Player scored 4 goals
5 Player scored 5 goals

text: Biggest wins[edit]

text: Scores from 4–0 and up

text:
Best Results by Spain

Date
Opponent
Round
Result
Difference

1
21 May 1933
 Bulgaria
Friendly
13 – 0
+13

2
21 December 1983
 Malta
 1984 EURO qualification
12 – 1
+11

3
20 June 2013
 Tahiti
 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup
10 – 0
+10

4
11 March 1934
 Portugal
 1934 World Cup qualification
9 – 0
+9

19 December 1990
 Albania
 1992 EURO qualification

27 March 1999
 Austria
 2000 EURO qualification

5 June 1999
 San Marino
 2000 EURO qualification

8
8 September 1999
 Cyprus
 2000 EURO qualification
8 – 0
+8

5 September 2016
 Liechtenstein
 2018 World Cup qualification

5 September 2017
 Liechtenstein
 2018 World Cup qualification

11
14 April 1929
 France
Friendly
8 – 1
+7

24 November 1971
 Cyprus
 1972 EURO qualification
7 – 0

13
30 May 1928
 Mexico
1928 S.O. 1/8
7 – 1
+6

1 June 1952
 Republic of Ireland
Friendly
6 – 0

1 November 1952
 Romania
1964 European Nations' Cup Q
6 – 0

15 October 1969
 Finland
1970 FIFA World Cup qualification Q
6 – 0

6 September 1995
 Cyprus
UEFA Euro 1996 qualifying Q
6 – 0

31 March 1999
 San Marino
UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Q
6 – 0

12 October 2005
 San Marino
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 7 Q
6 – 0

9 June 2009
 Azerbaijan
Friendly
6 – 0

8 June 2010
 Poland
Friendly
6 – 0

6 September 2011
 Liechtenstein
UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group I
6 – 0

text: Heaviest defeats[edit]

text: Scores from 4–0 and up

text:
Worst Results by Spain

Date
Opponent
Round
Venue
Result
Difference

1
4 June 1928
 Italy
 1928 S. Olympics quarter-final replay
  A
1 – 7
–6

9 December 1931
 England
Friendly
  A

2
13 July 1950
 Brazil
 1950 FIFA World Cup final round
  A
1 – 6
−5

3
13 June 1963
 Scotland
Friendly
  H
2 – 6
–4

13 June 2014
 Netherlands
 2014 FIFA World Cup Group Stage
  A
1 – 5

19 April 1942
 Italy
Friendly
  A
0 – 4

17 November 2010
 Portugal
Friendly
  A

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: Small Steps (novel)

question_text: where did the book small steps take place

text: Small Steps (novel)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Two years after his release from Camp Green Lake, Theodore "Armpit" Johnson is living in Austin, Texas trying to build a stable lifestyle by digging deep holes and caring for his neighbor Ginny McDonald, a ten-year-old girl with cerebral palsy. While working at the mayor's home, he is approached by Rex "X-Ray" Washburn, one of his friends from Camp Green Lake, who wants Armpit to loan him money for a ticket scalping scheme for an upcoming concert by teen pop star Kaira Deleon. Armpit agrees, and at first the scheme seems to go as planned.

text: He asks X-Ray to give him the last two tickets to the concert, so he can take Tatiana, the girl he admires in his summer class, on a date. At first X-Ray is unwilling because he already has a buyer for the tickets, but eventually he agrees to give them to Armpit.

text: Later, Tatiana says she would be unable to come to the concert because a couple of her friends had said bad things about him although she did not mention this to his face, so Armpit decides to take Ginny instead. When the remaining tickets are discovered to be counterfeit, Armpit is beaten and handcuffed by the police while Ginny has a seizure. Luckily, the mayor of the city—who remembers Armpit from the landscaping work he did for her—intervenes; and singer Kaira DeLeon, upon discovering the situation, invites Armpit and Ginny to watch her from backstage. After the concert, they join her to share ice cream. A couple days later Kaira and Armpit meet up for breakfast in the four seasons hotel. They go outside and Kaira tries to guess what Armpit's nickname is. He said that if he told her she would have to touch that body part that was his nickname. He tells her and then she touches his armpit.

text: The next day, X-Ray reveals that he had made the counterfeit tickets, selling the genuine ones to the buyer. He gives Armpit the money gained by selling the missing genuine tickets. After a few days, Armpit receives a love letter from Kaira DeLeon.

text: Some time afterward, Detective Debbie Newberg of the Austin Police Department questions Armpit about the counterfeit tickets; where upon Armpit invents a culprit to avert suspicion from himself and X-Ray.

text: Later still, Armpit is invited to San Francisco by Kaira; but is accosted by ticket sellers Felix and Moses, who beat X-Ray and threaten to expose both of them to the police unless Armpit gives them the letter that Kaira sent earlier. Having agreed to do so, Armpit meets Kaira in San Francisco. In a coffee shop on the Italian part of San Francisco called North Beach, he tries to explain the counterfeit tickets and how he has to sell her love letter. He asks her if she will write another love letter, so he can sell it. Kaira believes Armpit is after her money and does not care about her as a person. This results in an argument which ends by Kaira throwing coffee all over Armpit, then storming away.

text: Meanwhile, Kaira's business manager and stepfather, Jerome "El Genius" Paisley, plots to kill Kaira and frame Armpit for the murder. Jerome is jealous and angry because Kaira plans to fire him when she turns eighteen, in two months. Jerome enters Kaira's room and attacks her with a metal bat, which was the same one that he showed Armpit earlier. Although she ends up unconscious and seriously hurt, Kaira survives, after Armpit and Fred (her bodyguard) stop Jerome. Jerome goes to jail. Kaira later recovers, though is told she may not be able to sing again. Also, it is discovered that Aileen, Kaira's mother's best friend, had stolen almost all of the money in Kaira's trust account. Aileen is put in jail, but Kaira's money is never recovered, leaving Kaira broke.

text: Armpit arrives home and is visited one last time by Detective Newberg. She reveals that she knows Armpit bought the tickets from X-Ray, but that she is closing the case. Later on, Armpit hears Kaira on the radio singing about her and Armpit's relationship, accompanied only by a piano. Armpit is touched by this. He accepts his life can't revolve around Kaira DeLeon, and decides to continue with his plan of taking small steps towards making a better life for himself.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In a review for Holes, Josh Lacey commented Small Steps "has a lot to recommend it - funny dialogue, a fast-moving story, some emotive scenes, an interesting central character - but does inevitably suffer by comparison with Sachar's last novel."[2] During his review for the New York Times, A.O. Scott praised the novel's prose as being "clear and relaxed, and funny in a low-key, observant way," and observed that unlike Holes, in Small Steps "the realism is more conventional, and the book sticks more closely to the genre of young-adult problem literature."[3]

text: Publishing history[edit]

text:
Sachar, Louis. Small Steps. New York: Delacorte, 2006. Print.
Sachar, Louis. Small Steps, Holes Series, New York: Delacorte, 2006. Press.


document_title: 2017 Korea Open Super Series

question_text: who has won 2017 women's singles korean open series badminton championship

question_tokens: who has won 2017 women 's singles korean open series badminton championship

text: 2017 Korea Open Super Series

text: Men's singles[edit]

text: Seeds[edit]

text:
Son Wan-ho (Semifinals)
 Lee Chong Wei (Withdrew)
 Viktor Axelsen (Withdrew)
 Chou Tien-chen (First Round)
 Srikanth Kidambi (Withdrew)
 Ng Ka Long (Second Round)
 Wang Tzu-wei (Semifinals)
 Tanongsak Saensomboonsuk (First Round)

tag: ol

text: Top Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

1
 Son W-h
21
21

 Huang YX
18
16

1
 Son W-h
21
17
21

 Hsu J-h
13
16

Q1
 K Parupalli
16
21
16

Q1
 K Parupalli
21
21

1
 Son W-h
20
21
21

8
 T Saensomboonsuk
13
23
9

 S Verma
22
10
13

 S Verma
21
21
21

 S Verma
21
21

 Wong W K
22
21

 Wong W K
19
13

 T Sugiarto
20
13

1
 Son W-h
21
18
13

4
 Chou T-c
21
14

 A S Ginting
16
21
21

 B Leverdez
23
21

 B Leverdez
19
13

 S Verma
21
13
19

Q2
 K Nishimoto
21
21

Q2
 K Nishimoto
18
21
21

Q2
 K Nishimoto
19
13

6
 Ng K L
21
21
21

 A S Ginting
21
21

 H. S. Prannoy
17
23
14

6
 Ng K L
18
18

Q3
 Lee D-k
8
21
11

 A S Ginting
21
21

 A S Ginting
21
16
21

text: Bottom Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

 B. S Praneeth
21
21

 Hu Y
15
10

 B. S Praneeth
13
24

 Jeon H-j
14
25
12

7
 Wang T-w
21
26

7
 Wang T-w
21
23
21

7
 Wang T-w
21
19
21

PFQ
 Chong W F
21
11
15

 H-K Vittinghus
11
21
14

 H-K Vittinghus
17
21
21

 H-K Vittinghus
16
21
22

Q4
 P Thongnuam
6
21
21

Q4
 P Thongnuam
21
16
20

PFQ
 Wei N
21
12
11

7
 Wang T-w
13
17

 Lee H-i
16
23
12

 J Christie
21
21

 J Christie
21
21
21

 J Christie
21
21

PFQ
 E Holst
21
15
15

PFQ
 Y Coelho
16
14

PFQ
 Y Coelho
15
21
21

 J Christie
21
16
21

 K Tsuneyama
13
21
18

PFQ
 K Sakai
13
21
19

 A Antonsen
21
15
21

 A Antonsen
21
16
6

 Qiao B
17
21
13

PFQ
 K Sakai
9
21
21

PFQ
 K Sakai
21
18
21

text: Finals[edit]

text:
Semifinals

Final

1
 Son Wan-ho
21
18
13

 Anthony Sinisuka Ginting
16
21
21

 Anthony Sinisuka Ginting
21
19
22

 Jonatan Christie
13
21
20

7
 Wang Tzu-wei
13
17

 Jonatan Christie
21
21

text: Women's singles[edit]

text: Seeds[edit]

text:
Tai Tzu-ying (Second Round)
 Akane Yamaguchi (Semifinals)
 Sung Ji-hyun (Quarterfinals)
 Carolina Marín (Withdrew)
 P. V. Sindhu (Champion)
 He Bingjiao (Semifinals)
 Ratchanok Intanon (Quarterfinals)
 Nozomi Okuhara (Final)

text: Top Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

1
 Tai T-y
21
21

 S Kawakami
19
16

1
 Tai T-y
21
21
18

 K Gilmour
15
20

 M Mitani
23
14
21

 M Mitani
21
22

 M Mitani
19
21
10

5
 P. V. Sindhu
21
21

5
 P. V. Sindhu
21
16
21

 Cheung N Y
13
8

5
 P. V. Sindhu
22
21

 Chiang M-h
6
14

 N Jindapol
20
17

 N Jindapol
21
21

5
 P. V. Sindhu
21
17
21

3
 Sung J-h
21
21

6
 He BJ
10
21
16

 Lee C-h
9
12

3
 Sung J-h
21
21

PFQ
 Kim H-m
21
23

PFQ
 Kim H-m
7
13

 L Kjaersfeldt
12
21

3
 Sung J-h
19
21
19

6
 He BJ
22
21

6
 He BJ
21
16
21

Q4
 Chen S-y
20
12

6
 He BJ
21
21

 Lee J-m
21
21

 Lee J-m
17
16

 Sonia Cheah S Y
17
18

text: Bottom Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

 Fitriani
11
7

 S Sato
21
21

 S Sato
16
13

 B Zhang
19
17

8
 N Okuhara
21
21

8
 N Okuhara
21
21

8
 N Okuhara
21
21

Q1
 G M Tunjung
13
21
21

PFQ
 Yip P Y
15
10

 B Ongbamrungphan
21
9
15

Q1
 G M Tunjung
16
14

Q3
 Jeon J-i
21
11
17

PFQ
 Yip P Y
21
21

PFQ
 Yip P Y
15
21
21

8
 N Okuhara
21
21

Q2
 M Li
21
21

2
 A Yamaguchi
17
18

 P Chochuwong
10
11

Q2
 M Li
6
16

PFQ
 N K Rohde
14
20

7
 R Intanon
21
21

7
 R Intanon
21
22

7
 R Intanon
12
16

 Chen XX
21
21

2
 A Yamaguchi
21
21

 A Ohori
13
14

 Chen XX
23
21
18

PFQ
 E Kosetskaya
18
15

2
 A Yamaguchi
25
11
21

2
 A Yamaguchi
21
21

text: Finals[edit]

text:
Semifinals

Final

5
 P. V. Sindhu
21
17
21

6
 He Bingjiao
10
21
16

5
 P. V. Sindhu
22
11
21

8
 Nozomi Okuhara
20
21
18

8
 Nozomi Okuhara
21
21

2
 Akane Yamaguchi
17
18

text: Men's doubles[edit]

text: Seeds[edit]

text:
Mathias Boe / Carsten Mogensen (Champion)
 Marcus Fernaldi Gideon / Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo (Final)
 Takeshi Kamura / Keigo Sonoda (Semifinals)
 Goh V Shem / Tan Wee Kiong (Withdrew)
 Mads Conrad-Petersen / Mads Pieler Kolding (Quarterfinals)
 Liu Cheng / Zhang Nan (Quarterfinals)
 Lee Jhe-huei / Lee Yang (Second Round)
 Chen Hung-ling / Wang Chi-lin (Second Round)

text: Top Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

1
 M Boe
 C Mogensen
21
21

 B Angriawan
 Hardianto
17
17

1
 M Boe
 C Mogensen
21
21

 J R Jansen
 J Zurwonne
21
21

 J R Jansen
 J Zurwonne
16
14

Q3
 Choi H-g
 Park K-h
17
14

1
 M Boe
 C Mogensen
21
22

5
 M Conrad-Petersen
 M P Kolding
21
21

5
 M Conrad-Petersen
 M P Kolding
19
20

Q1
 Lee S-m
 Na S-s
9
12

5
 M Conrad-Petersen
 M P Kolding
21
17
21

Q2
 Chung E-s
 Kim D-y
21
21

Q2
 Chung E-s
 Kim D-y
15
21
17

 M Attri
 B. S Reddy
11
10

1
 M Boe
 C Mogensen
17
21
21

PFQ
 Liao M-c
 Su C-h
21
22
21

 T Hoki
 Y Kobayashi
21
16
17

 F Alfian
 M R Ardianto
19
24
15

PFQ
 Liao M-c
 Su C-h
21
6
22

Q4
 Han CK
 Zhou HD
12
19

 H Setiawan
 Tan B H
19
21
20

 H Setiawan
 Tan B H
21
21

PFQ
 Liao M-c
 Su C-h
18
21
13

8
 Chen H-l
 Wang C-l
21
21

 T Hoki
 Y Kobayashi
21
19
21

 Law C H
 Lee C H
15
15

8
 Chen H-l
 Wang C-l
15
16

 T Hoki
 Y Kobayashi
20
21
22

 T Hoki
 Y Kobayashi
21
21

 Lim K W
 Yoo Y-s
22
13
20

text: Bottom Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

PFQ
 S Rankireddy
 C Shetty
21
22
21

PFQ
 Lee S-m
 Lin C-y
9
24
12

PFQ
 S Rankireddy
 C Shetty
23
16
21

 T Inoue
 Y Kaneko
21
21
17

7
 Lee J-h
 Lee Y
21
21
8

7
 Lee J-h
 Lee Y
23
18
21

PFQ
 S Rankireddy
 C Shetty
14
21
15

PFQ
 M Lamsfuss
 M E Seidel
11
21
13

3
 T Kamura
 K Sonoda
21
17
21

 K Astrup
 A S Rasmussen
21
19
21

 K Astrup
 A S Rasmussen
21
19
13

 B Isara
 N Phuangphuapet
14
17

3
 T Kamura
 K Sonoda
14
21
21

3
 T Kamura
 K Sonoda
21
21

3
 T Kamura
 K Sonoda
18
21
16

 Lu C-y
 Yang P-h
11
24
21

2
 M F Gideon
 K S Sukamuljo
21
17
21

 V Ivanov
 I Sozonov
21
22
14

 Lu C-y
 Yang P-h
13
11

 K Kedren
 D Puavaranukroh
14
19

6
 Liu C
 Zhang N
21
21

6
 Liu C
 Zhang N
21
21

6
 Liu C
 Zhang N
16
26

 M Ellis
 C Langridge
14
20

2
 M F Gideon
 K S Sukamuljo
21
28

 Ong Y S
 Teo E Y
21
22

 Ong Y S
 Teo E Y
16
20

 Or C C
 Tang C M
9
21
11

2
 M F Gideon
 K S Sukamuljo
21
22

2
 M F Gideon
 K S Sukamuljo
21
17
21

text: Finals[edit]

text:
Semifinals

Final

1
 Mathias Boe
 Carsten Mogensen
17
21
21

 Takuro Hoki
 Yugo Kobayashi
21
16
17

1
 Mathias Boe
 Carsten Mogensen
21
19
21

2
 Marcus Fernaldi Gideon
 Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo
19
21
15

3
 Takeshi Kamura
 Keigo Sonoda
18
21
16

2
 Marcus Fernaldi Gideon
 Kevin Sanjaya Sukamuljo
21
17
21

text: Women's doubles[edit]

text: Seeds[edit]

text:
Misaki Matsutomo / Ayaka Takahashi (Semifinals)
 Kamilla Rytter Juhl / Christinna Pedersen (Semifinals)
 Chang Ye-na / Lee So-hee (Final)
 Jung Kyung-eun / Shin Seung-chan (Second Round)
 Huang Dongping / Li Yinhui (Withdrew)
 Shiho Tanaka / Koharu Yonemoto (Second Round)
 Yuki Fukushima / Sayaka Hirota (Second Round)
 Puttita Supajirakul / Sapsiree Taerattanachai (Withdrew)

text: Top Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

1
 M Matsutomo
 A Takahashi
21
21

 G Stoeva
 S Stoeva
11
10

1
 M Matsutomo
 A Takahashi
21
21

 C Chaladchalam
 P Muenwong
19
21
18

PFQ
 Baek H-n
 Lee Y-r
14
15

PFQ
 Baek H-n
 Lee Y-r
21
12
21

1
 M Matsutomo
 A Takahashi
21
21

7
 Y Fukushima
 S Hirota
21
21

 G Polii
 A Rahayu
15
13

 Cheng Y-c
 Hu L-f
13
15

7
 Y Fukushima
 S Hirota
21
17
13

 J Kititharakul
 R Prajongjai
15
22

 G Polii
 A Rahayu
14
21
21

 G Polii
 A Rahayu
21
24

1
 M Matsutomo
 A Takahashi
19
12

4
 Jung K-e
 Shin S-c
21
21

 Huang YQ
 Yu XH
21
21

PFQ
 L Efler
 E Janssens
9
10

4
 Jung K-e
 Shin S-c
21
20
14

 Chiang K-h
 Hung S-h
13
12

 M Matsumoto
 W Nagahara
14
22
21

 M Matsumoto
 W Nagahara
21
21

 M Matsumoto
 W Nagahara
17
24
15

PFQ
 Soong F C
 Tee J Y
19
21
21

 Huang YQ
 Yu XH
21
22
21

 A Ponnappa
 N. S Reddy
21
13
17

PFQ
 Soong F C
 Tee J Y
7
17

 Huang YQ
 Yu XH
21
21

 Huang YQ
 Yu XH
21
21

 M Fruergaard
 S Thygesen
12
17

text: Bottom Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

 Hsu Y-c
 Wu T-j
12
13

 Kim H-r
 Yoo H-w
21
21

 Kim H-r
 Yoo H-w
24
22

 Lin X-m
 Wu F-c
17
16

6
 S Tanaka
 K Yonemoto
22
20

6
 S Tanaka
 K Yonemoto
21
21

 Kim H-r
 Yoo H-w
21
19
15

Q2
 Kim M-j
 Seong A-y
21
21

3
 Chang Y-n
 Lee S-h
15
21
21

Q3
 Jeong N-e
 Park G-e
19
17

Q2
 Kim M-j
 Seong A-y
17
12

 J Finne-Ipsen
 R Søby
16
12

3
 Chang Y-n
 Lee S-h
21
21

3
 Chang Y-n
 Lee S-h
21
21

3
 Chang Y-n
 Lee S-h
17
21
21

 Du Y
 Xu Y
21
21

2
 K Rytter Juhl
 C Pedersen
21
18
14

Q4
 Lee Y-n
 Sim Y-j
18
14

 Du Y
 Xu Y
21
21

Q1
 Kim H-n
 Kong H-y
21
21
21

Q1
 Kim H-n
 Kong H-y
17
17

PFQ
 I Herttrich
 O Konon
23
16
8

 Du Y
 Xu Y
11
12

PFQ
 Chang C-h
 Yang C-t
10
14

2
 K Rytter Juhl
 C Pedersen
21
21

 Chae Y-j
 Kim S-y
21
21

 Chae Y-j
 Kim S-y
17
21
19

 Poon L Y
 Tse Y S
11
21
16

2
 K Rytter Juhl
 C Pedersen
21
10
21

2
 K Rytter Juhl
 C Pedersen
21
19
21

text: Finals[edit]

text:
Semifinals

Final

1
 Misaki Matsutomo
 Ayaka Takahashi
19
12

 Huang Yaqiong
 Yu Xiaohan
21
21

 Huang Yaqiong
 Yu Xiaohan
21
21

3
 Chang Ye-na
 Lee So-hee
11
15

3
 Chang Ye-na
 Lee So-hee
17
21
21

2
 Kamilla Rytter Juhl
 Christinna Pedersen
21
18
14

text: Mixed doubles[edit]

text: Seeds[edit]

text:
Zheng Siwei / Chen Qingchen (Withdrew)
 Chris Adcock / Gabrielle Adcock (Second Round)
 Joachim Fischer Nielsen / Christinna Pedersen (Withdrew)
 Praveen Jordan / Debby Susanto (Champion)
 Dechapol Puavaranukroh / Sapsiree Taerattanachai (Withdrew)
 Tan Kian Meng / Lai Pei Jing (Second Round)
 Choi Sol-gyu / Chae Yoo-jung (First Round)
 Lee Chun Hei / Chau Hoi Wah (First Round)

text: Top Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

PFQ
 M E Seidel
 L Efler
22
22

 Kim J-h
 Lee S-h
20
20

PFQ
 M E Seidel
 L Efler
21
21

 Tseng M-h
 Hu L-f
21
9

 K Kazuno
 A Kurihara
19
17

 K Kazuno
 A Kurihara
23
21

PFQ
 M E Seidel
 L Efler
18
21
21

6
 Tan K M
 Lai P J
21
21

 Goh S H
 S J Lai
21
13
18

 N Phuangphuapet
 J Kititharakul
13
19

6
 Tan K M
 Lai P J
26
18
18

 Goh S H
 S J Lai
17
21
21

 Goh S H
 S J Lai
24
21
21

 Lee Y
 Hsu Y-c
21
19
17

PFQ
 M E Seidel
 L Efler
18
12

4
 P Jordan
 D Susanto
13
21
21

4
 P Jordan
 D Susanto
21
21

 P J Chopra
 N. S Reddy
21
19
15

4
 P Jordan
 D Susanto
21
21

 Lu C-y
 Chiang K-h
13
16

 B Isara
 S Amitrapai
16
10

 B Isara
 S Amitrapai
21
21

4
 P Jordan
 D Susanto
21
21

7
 Choi S-g
 Chae Y-j

Q4
 T Hoki
 S Hirota
17
17

 Wang C-l
 Lee C-h
w
/
o

 Wang C-l
 Lee C-h
21
18
19

Q4
 T Hoki
 S Hirota
21
21

Q4
 T Hoki
 S Hirota
15
21
21

 A S Rasmussen
 L Kjaersfeldt
17
14

text: Bottom Half[edit]

text:
First Round

Second Round

Quarterfinals

Semifinals

 M Lamsfuss
 I Herttrich
17
15

 Wang YL
 Huang DP
21
21

 Wang YL
 Huang DP
21
21

Q2
 M A Abdul Latif
 R A Riodingin
22
21

Q2
 M A Abdul Latif
 R A Riodingin
9
11

PFQ
 Park K-h
 Baek H-n
20
16

 Wang YL
 Huang DP
17
27
21

 M Christiansen
 S Thygesen
18
21
21

Q1
 Y Kaneko
 K Yonemoto
21
25
19

PFQ
 Chung E-s
 Yoo H-w
21
11
19

 M Christiansen
 S Thygesen
21
17
16

Q1
 Y Kaneko
 K Yonemoto
21
21

Q1
 Y Kaneko
 K Yonemoto
19
21
21

PFQ
 Kim W-h
 Shin S-c
16
15

 Wang YL
 Huang DP
21
21

Q3
 S Rankireddy
 A Ponnappa
18
19

 Chan P S
 Cheah Y S
15
9

 Tang C M
 Tse Y S
21
21

 Tang C M
 Tse Y S
21
18
22

 Seo S-j
 Kim H-n
21
17
21

 Seo S-j
 Kim H-n
12
21
24

8
 Lee C H
 Chau H W
18
21
11

 Seo S-j
 Kim H-n
21
10
18

 Y Kobayashi
 M Matsutomo
18
9

 Chan P S
 Cheah Y S
13
21
21

 Chan P S
 Cheah Y S
21
21

 Chan P S
 Cheah Y S
16
21
21

PFQ
 Kim D-y
 Kim H-r
21
14
18

2
 C Adcock
 G Adcock
21
18
16

2
 C Adcock
 G Adcock
18
21
21

text: Finals[edit]

text:
Semifinals

Final

PFQ
 Marvin Emil Seidel
 Linda Efler
18
12

4
 Praveen Jordan
 Debby Susanto
21
21

4
 Praveen Jordan
 Debby Susanto
21
21

 Wang Yilu
 Huang Dongping
17
18

 Wang Yilu
 Huang Dongping
21
21

 Chan Peng Soon
 Cheah Yee See
15
9


document_title: List of cities proper by population

question_text: three largest cities in the world by population

text: List of cities proper by population

text: Cities proper by population[edit]

text:
Rank
City
Image
Population
Definition
Total
area (km²)
Population
density (/km²)
Country

1
Shanghai

7007242568000000000♠24,256,800[6]
Municipality
7003634050000000000♠6,340.5[7]
3,826
 China

2
Beijing

7007215160000000000♠21,516,000[8]
Municipality
7004164105400000000♠16,410.54[9]
1,311
 China

3
Delhi

7007167879410000000♠16,787,941[10]
Union territory
7003148400000000000♠1,484
11,313
 India

4
Lagos

7007160603030000000♠16,060,303[a]
Metropolitan City
7003117128000000000♠1,171.28[12]
13,712
 Nigeria

5
Tianjin

7007152000000000000♠15,200,000[13]
Municipality
7004117600000000000♠11,760[14]
1,293
 China

6
Karachi

7007149103520000000♠14,910,352[15]
Metropolitan Corporation[16]
7003352700000000000♠3,527
4,572
 Pakistan

7
Chengdu

7007144275000000000♠14,427,500[17]
Sub-provincial City
7004143120000000000♠14,312[18]
11,263
 China

8
Istanbul

7007141604670000000♠14,160,467[19]
Metropolitan Municipality[20]
7003546100000000000♠5,461[21]
2,593
 Turkey

9
Tokyo

7007135137340000000♠13,513,734[22]
Metropolis
7003219100000000000♠2,191[22]
6,168
 Japan

10
Guangzhou

7007130805000000000♠13,080,500[23]
Sub-provincial City
7003743440000000000♠7,434.4[24]
1,759
 China

11
Mumbai

7007124423730000000♠12,442,373[25]
Municipal Corporation[26]
7002603400000000000♠603.4
20,680
 India

12
Moscow

7007123806640000000♠12,380,664[27]
Federal City[28][29]
7003251012000000000♠2,510.12[30]
4,859
 Russia

13
São Paulo

7007120381750000000♠12,038,175[31]
Municipality City[32]
7003152111000000000♠1,521.11
7,914
 Brazil

14
Lahore

7007111262850000000♠11,126,285[33]
City District
7003177200000000000♠1,772[34]
5,673
 Pakistan

15
Shenzhen

7007104674000000000♠10,467,400[35]
Sub-provincial City
7003199164000000000♠1,991.64[36]
5,256
 China

16
Jakarta

7007100753100000000♠10,075,310[37]
DKI Jakarta[38]
7002664120000000000♠664.12
15,171
 Indonesia

17
Seoul

7006999578400000000♠9,995,784[39]
Special City
7002605210000000000♠605.21[40]
17,134
 South Korea

18
Wuhan

7006978539200000000♠9,785,392[41]
Sub-provincial City[42]
7003132761000099999♠1,327.61[43]
5,187
 China

19
Kinshasa

7006973500000000000♠9,735,000[44][45][full citation needed]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province[46]
7003111762000099999♠1,117.62[47]
8,710
 Democratic Republic of the Congo

20
Cairo

7006927844100000000♠9,278,441[48]
Governorate[49]
7003308510000000000♠3,085.1[50]
3,008
 Egypt

21
Dhaka

7006890603900000000♠8,906,039[51]
City Corporation; 41 thanas of Dhaka city not including 5 upazilas of Dhaka district
7002300000000000000♠300[52]
29,687
 Bangladesh

22
Mexico City

7006887472400000000♠8,874,724[53]
Federal District
7003148549000000000♠1,485.49[54]
5,974
 Mexico

23
London

7006878789200000000♠8,787,892[55]
Greater London Authority[56]
7003157215000000000♠1,572.15
5,590
 United Kingdom

24
Xi'an

7006870560000000000♠8,705,600[57]
Sub-provincial City[58]
7002832170000000000♠832.17
5,369
 China

25
Tehran

7006869370600000000♠8,693,706[59]
City Municipality[60]
7002450930000000000♠450.93[61]
18,083
 Iran

26
Lima

7006869338700000000♠8,693,387[62]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province[63]
7003267230000000000♠2,672.3
3,253
 Peru

27
New York City

7006853767300000000♠8,537,673[64]
City[65]
7002783840000000000♠783.84
10,892
 United States

28
Bengaluru

7006844367500000000♠8,443,675[66]
Municipal Corporation
7002741000000000000♠741.00
11,876
 India

29
Bangkok

7006828092500000000♠8,280,925[67]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province[68]
7003156874000000000♠1,568.74
5,279
 Thailand

30
Ho Chi Minh City

7006822440000000000♠8,224,400[69]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province
7003209550000000000♠2,095.5[69]
3,925
 Vietnam

31
Dongguan

7006822020700000000♠8,220,207[70]
Prefecture-level City
7003246940000000000♠2,469.4
3,329
 China

32
Chongqing

7006818980000000000♠8,189,800[b]
Central Chongqing[c]
Municipality
7003547300000000000♠5,473[d]
1,496
 China

33
Nanjing

7006818782800000000♠8,187,828[75]
Sub-provincial City
7003471385000000000♠4,713.85
1,737
 China

34
Shenyang

7006810617100000000♠8,106,171[76]
Sub-provincial City
7004129420000000000♠12,942
626
 China

35
Bogotá

7006777684500000000♠7,776,845[77]
Capital District[78]
7002859110000000000♠859.11[79][80]
9,052
 Colombia

36
Ningbo

7006760568900000000♠7,605,689[81]
Sub-provincial city
7003981623000000000♠9,816.23
775
 China

37
Hong Kong

7006729860000000000♠7,298,600[82]
Special Administrative Region[83]
7003110443000000000♠1,104.43[84]
6,608
 China

38
Hanoi

7006723270000000000♠7,232,700[69]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province
7003332450000000000♠3,324.5[69]
2,176
 Vietnam

39
Baghdad

7006718088900000000♠7,180,889[85]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province[86]
7003455500000000000♠4,555[87]
1,576
 Iraq

40
Changsha

7006704411800000000♠7,044,118[88]
Prefecture-level City[89]
7004118190000000000♠11,819
596
 China

41
Hyderabad

7006673179000000000♠6,731,790[90]
Municipal Corporation
7002621480000000000♠621.48[91]
10,832
 India

42
Chennai

7006672700000000000♠6,727,000[92]
Municipal Corporation[93]
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15,772
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43
Rio de Janeiro

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Municipality City
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5,414
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44
Foshan

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Prefecture-level City
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Santiago

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Metropolitan Municipality-Province[101]
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4,595
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Riyadh

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Municipality City[103]
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4,600
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Ahmedabad

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Municipal Corporation
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11,728
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Singapore

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City State
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49
Shantou

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Prefecture-level City
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50
Saint Petersburg

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Federal City
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3,608
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51
Yangon

7006521400000000000♠5,214,000[109]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province[110]
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8,708
 Myanmar

52
Abidjan

7006476500000000000♠4,765,000[44]
Department/City District
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2,249
 Ivory Coast

53
Alexandria

7006461662500000000♠4,616,625[113]
Governorate
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2,007
 Egypt

54
Kolkata

7006449669400000000♠4,496,694[116]
Municipal Corporation
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24,306
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Ankara

7006447080000000000♠4,470,800[117]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province[118]
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2,340
 Turkey

56
Surat

7006446200200000000♠4,462,002[25]
Municipal Corporation
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13,666
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57
Johannesburg

7006443482700000000♠4,434,827[122]
Municipality City
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2,696
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58
Dar es Salaam

7006436454100000000♠4,364,541[123]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province[124]
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2,676
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59
Suzhou

7006432706600000000♠4,327,066[126]
Prefecture-level City[127]
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2,623
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60
Harbin

7006428070100000000♠4,280,701[129][130]
Sub-provincial City
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2,491
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61
Giza

7006423998800000000♠4,239,988[132]
Governorate[133]
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14,667
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62
Zhengzhou

7006412208700000000♠4,122,087[134]
Sub-provincial City[135]
7003101566000000000♠1,015.66
4,059
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63
Los Angeles

7006397632200000000♠3,976,322[64]
Municipality City[136]
7003121385000099999♠1,213.85
3,276
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64
New Taipei City

7006395492900000000♠3,954,929[137]
Special Municipality
7003205257000000000♠2,052.57[138]
1,927
 Taiwan

65
Cape Town

7006374002600000000♠3,740,026[122]
Municipality City
7003244497000099999♠2,444.97
1,530
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66
Yokohama

7006372616700000000♠3,726,167[22]
Designated City
7002437490000000000♠437.49
8,517
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67
Berlin

7006367100000000000♠3,671,000[139]
City State
7002891750000000000♠891.75
4,117
 Germany

68
Busan

7006359010100000000♠3,590,101[140]
Metropolitan City
7002766120000000000♠766.12[140]
4,686
 South Korea

69
Hangzhou

7006356039100000000♠3,560,391[141]
Sub-provincial City
7002728190000000000♠728.19[141]
4,889
 China

70
Xiamen

7006353134700000000♠3,531,347[142]
Sub-provincial City
7003169900000000000♠1,699
2,078
 China

71
Quanzhou

7006352084600000000♠3,520,846[143]
Prefecture-level City
7003106200000000000♠1,062
3,315
 China

72
Jeddah

7006345625900000000♠3,456,259[144]
Municipality City
7003176500000000000♠1,765[145]
1,958
 Saudi Arabia

73
Durban

7006344236100000000♠3,442,361[122]
Municipality City
7003229131000000000♠2,291.31
1,502
 South Africa

74
Kabul

7006341410000000000♠3,414,100[146]
Municipality City
7002275000000000000♠275
12,415
 Afghanistan

75
Casablanca

7006335981800000000♠3,359,818[147]
Prefecture
7002387000000000000♠387
8,682
 Morocco

76
Hefei

7006335207600000000♠3,352,076[148]
Prefecture-level City[149]
7002838520000000000♠838.52
3,998
 China

77
Pyongyang

7006325538800000000♠3,255,388[150]
Direct-controlled Municipality
7003211300000000000♠2,113[151]
1,541
 North Korea

78
Madrid

7006320724700000000♠3,207,247[152]
Municipality City
7002605770000000000♠605.77
5,294
 Spain

79
Faisalabad

7006320384600000000♠3,203,846[153]
City District
7002214000000000000♠214
14,971
 Pakistan

80
Ekurhuleni

7006317847000000000♠3,178,470[122]
Municipality City
7003197531000000000♠1,975.31
1,609
 South Africa

81
Nairobi

7006313836900000000♠3,138,369[154]
Capital District
7002694900000000000♠694.9
4,829
 Kenya

82
Zhongshan

7006312127500000000♠3,121,275[155]
Prefecture-level City
7003178367000000000♠1,783.67
1,750
 China

83
Pune

7006311543100000000♠3,115,431[105]
Municipal Corporation
7002450690000000000♠450.69
6,913
 India

84
Addis Ababa

7006310367300000000♠3,103,673[156]
Metropolitan Municipality-Province[157]
7002526990000000000♠526.99
5,889
 Ethiopia

85
Jaipur

7006307335000000000♠3,073,350[105]
Municipal Corporation
7002485000000000000♠485
6,337
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86
Buenos Aires

7006305430000000000♠3,054,300[158]
Federal District
7002203000000000000♠203
15,046
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87
Wenzhou

7006303943900000000♠3,039,439[159]
Prefecture-level City[160]
7003118788000000000♠1,187.88
2,559
 China

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Metropolitan Lagos consists 16 out of Lagos State's 20 LGA, which excludes: Badagry, Epe, Ibeju-Lekki and Ikorodu.[11]
Jump up ^ Sum of the 2014 population estimates for the "urban-function core district" and "urban-function extended district" of Chongqing, which were 3,677,600 and 4,512,200 respectively.[71] See also the next note.
Jump up ^ The nine districts of Yuzhong, Jiangbei, Shapingba, Jiulongpo, Nan'an, Dadukou, Banan, Yubei and Beibei together comprise the area commonly referred to as Central Chongqing (重庆主城区). The first six districts make up the "urban-function core district" (都市功能核心区) and the last three comprise the "urban-function extended district" (都市功能拓展区) defined by the Chongqing municipal government.[72][73][74]
Jump up ^ Sum of the areas of the "urban-function core district" and "urban-function extended district" of Chongqing.[72] See also the previous note.


document_title: South Pole

question_text: where is south pole located on a map

question_tokens: where is south pole located on a map

text: South Pole

text: Geography[edit]

text: For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface (the other being the Geographic North Pole). However, the Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small "wobbles" (polar motion), so this definition is not adequate for very precise work.

text: The geographic coordinates of the South Pole are usually given simply as 90°S, since its longitude is geometrically undefined and irrelevant. When a longitude is desired, it may be given as 0°. At the South Pole, all directions face north. For this reason, directions at the Pole are given relative to "grid north", which points northwards along the prime meridian.[1] Along tight latitude circles, clockwise is east, and counterclockwise is west, opposite to the North Pole.

text: The Geographic South Pole is located on the continent of Antarctica (although this has not been the case for all of Earth's history because of continental drift). It sits atop a featureless, barren, windswept and icy plateau at an altitude of 2,835 metres (9,301 ft) above sea level, and is located about 1,300 km (800 mi) from the nearest open sea at Bay of Whales. The ice is estimated to be about 2,700 metres (9,000 ft) thick at the Pole, so the land surface under the ice sheet is actually near sea level.[2]

text: The polar ice sheet is moving at a rate of roughly 10 metres per year in a direction between 37° and 40° west of grid north,[3] down towards the Weddell Sea. Therefore, the position of the station and other artificial features relative to the geographic pole gradually shift over time.

text: The Geographic South Pole is marked by a stake in the ice alongside a small sign; these are repositioned each year in a ceremony on New Year's Day to compensate for the movement of the ice.[4] The sign records the respective dates that Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the Pole, followed by a short quotation from each man, and gives the elevation as "9,301 FT.".[5][6] A new marker stake is designed and fabricated each year by staff at the site.[4]

text: Ceremonial South Pole[edit]

text: The Ceremonial South Pole is an area set aside for photo opportunities at the South Pole Station. It is located some meters from the Geographic South Pole, and consists of a metallic sphere on a short bamboo pole, surrounded by the flags of the original Antarctic Treaty signatory states.[citation needed]

text: Historic monuments[edit]

text: Amundsen's Tent: The tent was erected by the Norwegian expedition led by Roald Amundsen on its arrival on 14 December 1911. It is currently buried beneath the snow and ice in the vicinity of the Pole. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 80), following a proposal by Norway to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[7] The precise location of the tent is unknown, but based on calculations of the rate of movement of the ice and the accumulation of snow, it is believed, as of 2010, to lie between 1.8 and 2.5 km (1.1 and 1.6 miles) from the Pole at a depth of 17 m (56 ft) below the present surface.[8]

text: Argentine Flagpole: A flagpole erected at the South Geographical Pole in December 1965 by the First Argentine Overland Polar Expedition has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 1) following a proposal by Argentina to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.[9]

text: Exploration[edit]

text: In 1820, several expeditions claimed to have been the first to have sighted Antarctica, with the very first[clarification needed] being the Russian expedition led by Faddey Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.[10] The first landing was probably just over a year later when American Captain John Davis, a sealer, set foot on the ice.[11]

text: The basic geography of the Antarctic coastline was not understood until the mid-to-late 19th century. American naval officer Charles Wilkes claimed (correctly) that Antarctica was a new continent, basing the claim on his exploration in 1839–40,[12] while James Clark Ross, in his expedition of 1839–43, hoped that he might be able to sail all the way to the South Pole. (He was unsuccessful.)[13]

text: British explorer Robert Falcon Scott on the Discovery Expedition of 1901–04 was the first to attempt to find a route from the Antarctic coastline to the South Pole. Scott, accompanied by Ernest Shackleton and Edward Wilson, set out with the aim of travelling as far south as possible, and on 31 December 1902, reached 82°16′ S.[14] Shackleton later returned to Antarctica as leader of the British Antarctic Expedition (Nimrod Expedition) in a bid to reach the Pole. On 9 January 1909, with three companions, he reached 88°23' S – 112 miles (180 km) from the Pole – before being forced to turn back.[15]

text: The first men to reach the Geographic South Pole were the Norwegian Roald Amundsen and his party on December 14, 1911. Amundsen named his camp Polheim and the entire plateau surrounding the Pole King Haakon VII Vidde in honour of King Haakon VII of Norway. Robert Falcon Scott returned to Antarctica with his second expedition, the Terra Nova Expedition, initially unaware of Amundsen's secretive expedition. Scott and four other men reached the South Pole on January 17, 1912, thirty-four days after Amundsen. On the return trip, Scott and his four companions all died of starvation and extreme cold.

text: In 1914 Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition set out with the goal of crossing Antarctica via the South Pole, but his ship, the Endurance, was frozen in pack ice and sank 11 months later. The overland journey was never made.

text: US Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd, with the assistance of his first pilot Bernt Balchen, became the first person to fly over the South Pole on November 29, 1929.

text: It was not until 31 October 1956 that humans once again set foot at the South Pole, when a party led by Admiral George J. Dufek of the US Navy landed there in an R4D-5L Skytrain (C-47 Skytrain) aircraft. The US Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was established by air over 1956–1957 for the International Geophysical Year and has been continuously staffed since then by research and support personnel.[2]

text: After Amundsen and Scott, the next people to reach the South Pole overland (albeit with some air support) were Edmund Hillary (January 4, 1958) and Vivian Fuchs (January 19, 1958) and their respective parties, during the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. There have been many subsequent expeditions to arrive at the South Pole by surface transportation, including those by Havola, Crary and Fiennes. First group of women to reach the pole were Pam Young, Jean Pearson, Lois Jones, Eileen McSaveney, Kay Lindsay and Terry Tickhill in 1969.[16] In 1978 Michele Eileen Raney becomes the first woman to winter at the South Pole.[17]

text: Subsequent to the establishment, in 1987, of the logistic support base at Patriot Hills Base Camp, the South Pole became more accessible to non-government expeditions.

text: On December 30, 1989, Arved Fuchs and Reinhold Messner were the first to traverse Antarctica via the South Pole without animal or motorized help, using only skis and the help of wind.[18][19] Two women, Victoria E. Murden and Shirley Metz reached the pole by land on January 17, 1989.[20]

text: The fastest unsupported journey to the Geographic South Pole from the ocean is 24 days and one hour from Hercules Inlet and was set in 2011 by Norwegian adventurer Christian Eide,[21] who beat the previous solo record set in 2009 by American Todd Carmichael of 39 days and seven hours, and the previous group record also set in 2009 of 33 days and 23 hours.[22]

text: The fastest solo (female), unsupported and unassisted trek to the south pole was performed by Hannah McKeand from the UK in 2006. She made the journey in 39 days 9hrs 33mins. She started on the 19th November 2006 and finished on the 28 December 2006.[23]

text: In the 2011/12 summer, separate expeditions by Norwegian Aleksander Gamme and Australians James Castrission and Justin Jones jointly claimed the first unsupported trek without dogs or kites from the Antarctic coast to the South Pole and back. The two expeditions started from Hercules Inlet a day apart, with Gamme starting first, but completing according to plan the last few kilometres together. As Gamme traveled alone he thus simultaneously became the first to complete the task solo.[24][25][26]

text: Climate and day and night[edit]

text: During the southern winter (March–September), the South Pole receives no sunlight at all, and from May 11 to August 1, between extended periods of twilight, it is completely dark (apart from moonlight). In the summer (September–March), the sun is continuously above the horizon and appears to move in a counter-clockwise circle. However, it is always low in the sky, reaching a maximum of 23.5° in December. Much of the sunlight that does reach the surface is reflected by the white snow. This lack of warmth from the sun, combined with the high altitude (about 2,800 metres (9,200 ft)), means that the South Pole has one of the coldest climates on Earth (though it is not quite the coldest; that record goes to the region in the vicinity of the Vostok Station, also in Antarctica, which lies at a higher elevation).[27] Temperatures at the South Pole are much lower than at the North Pole, primarily because the South Pole is located at altitude in the middle of a continental land mass, while the North Pole is at sea level in the middle of an ocean, which acts as a reservoir of heat.

text: The South Pole is at an altitude of 9,300 feet (2,800 m) but feels like 11,000 feet (3,400 m).[28]. Centrifugal force from the spin of the planet pulls the atmosphere toward the equator. The South Pole is colder than the North Pole because of the elevation difference.[29] The North Pole is a few feet from sea level.

text: In midsummer, as the sun reaches its maximum elevation of about 23.5 degrees, high temperatures at the South Pole in January average at −25.9 °C (−15 °F). As the six-month "day" wears on and the sun gets lower, temperatures drop as well: they reach −45 °C (−49 °F) around sunset (late March) and sunrise (late September). In midwinter, the average temperature remains steady at around −58 °C (−72 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was −12.3 °C (9.9 °F) on Christmas Day, 2011,[30] and the lowest was −82.8 °C (−117.0 °F) on June 23, 1982[31][32][33] (for comparison, the lowest temperature directly recorded anywhere on earth was −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) at Vostok Station on July 21, 1983, though −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) was measured indirectly by satellite in East Antarctica between Dome A and Dome F in August 2010[34]).

text: The South Pole has a desert climate, receiving very little precipitation. Air humidity is near zero. However, high winds can cause the blowing of snowfall, and the accumulation of snow amounts to about 20 cm (8 in) per year.[35] The former dome seen in pictures of the Amundsen–Scott station is partially buried due to snow storms, and the entrance to the dome had to be regularly bulldozed to uncover it. More recent buildings are raised on stilts so that the snow does not build up against the sides of them.

text:
[hide]Climate data for The South Pole

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
−14.4
(6.1)
−20.6
(−5.1)
−26.7
(−16.1)
−27.8
(−18)
−25.1
(−13.2)
−28.8
(−19.8)
−33.9
(−29)
−32.8
(−27)
−29.3
(−20.7)
−25.1
(−13.2)
−18.9
(−2)
−12.3
(9.9)
−12.3
(9.9)

Average high °C (°F)
−26.0
(−14.8)
−37.9
(−36.2)
−49.6
(−57.3)
−53.0
(−63.4)
−53.6
(−64.5)
−54.5
(−66.1)
−55.2
(−67.4)
−54.9
(−66.8)
−54.4
(−65.9)
−48.4
(−55.1)
−36.2
(−33.2)
−26.3
(−15.3)
−45.8
(−50.4)

Daily mean °C (°F)
−28.4
(−19.1)
−40.9
(−41.6)
−53.7
(−64.7)
−57.8
(−72)
−58.0
(−72.4)
−58.9
(−74)
−59.8
(−75.6)
−59.7
(−75.5)
−59.1
(−74.4)
−51.6
(−60.9)
−38.2
(−36.8)
−28.0
(−18.4)
−49.5
(−57.1)

Average low °C (°F)
−29.6
(−21.3)
−43.1
(−45.6)
−56.8
(−70.2)
−60.9
(−77.6)
−61.5
(−78.7)
−62.8
(−81)
−63.4
(−82.1)
−63.2
(−81.8)
−61.7
(−79.1)
−54.3
(−65.7)
−40.1
(−40.2)
−29.1
(−20.4)
−52.2
(−62)

Record low °C (°F)
−41.1
(−42)
−58.9
(−74)
−71.1
(−96)
−75.0
(−103)
−78.3
(−108.9)
−82.8
(−117)
−80.6
(−113.1)
−79.3
(−110.7)
−79.4
(−110.9)
−72.0
(−97.6)
−55.0
(−67)
−41.1
(−42)
−82.8
(−117)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
0.3
(0.012)
0.6
(0.024)
0.2
(0.008)
0.1
(0.004)
0.2
(0.008)
0.1
(0.004)
Trace
Trace
0.1
(0.004)
0.1
(0.004)
0.1
(0.004)
0.3
(0.012)
2.3
(0.091)

Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
1.6

Average snowy days
22.0
19.6
13.6
11.4
17.2
17.3
18.2
17.5
11.7
16.7
16.9
20.6
203.0

Mean monthly sunshine hours
406.1
497.2
195.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
34.1
390.6
558.0
616.9
2,698.2

Mean daily sunshine hours
13.1
17.6
6.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
12.6
18.6
19.9
7.4

Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net (temperatures, 1981–2010, extremes 1957–present)[36]

Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (precipitation 1957–1988 and sun 1978–1993),[37] NOAA (snowy days data, 1961–1988)[38]

text: Time[edit]

text: In most places on Earth, local time is determined by longitude, such that the time of day is more-or-less synchronised to the position of the sun in the sky (for example, at midday the sun is roughly at its highest). This line of reasoning fails at the South Pole, where the sun rises and sets only once per year, and all lines of longitude, and hence all time zones, converge. There is no a priori reason for placing the South Pole in any particular time zone, but as a matter of practical convenience the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station keeps New Zealand Time (UTC+12). This is because the US flies its resupply missions ("Operation Deep Freeze") out of McMurdo Station, which is supplied from Christchurch, New Zealand.

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: Due to its exceptionally harsh climate, there are no native resident plants or animals at the South Pole. Remarkably, though, off-course south polar skuas and snow petrels are occasionally seen there.[39]

text: In 2000 it was reported that microbes had been detected living in the South Pole ice.[40]


document_title: History of Vietnam since 1945

question_text: prior to 1948 north and south vietnam were a part of

text: History of Vietnam since 1945

text: Birth of the republic (1945)[edit]

text: The Japanese occupied Vietnam during World War II but allowed the French to remain and exert some influence. At the war's end in August 1945, a power vacuum was created in Vietnam. Capitalizing on this, the Việt Minh launched the "August Revolution" across the country to seize government offices. Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated on August 25, 1945, ending the Nguyễn dynasty. On September 2, 1945, at Duc Anh Ba Đình Square, Ho Chi Minh, leader of the Viet Minh organization, declared Vietnam's independence under the new name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRVN) in a speech that invoked the United States Declaration of Independence and the French Revolution's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Ho sent several letters to the US government asking to be recognised as the government of Vietnam and offering friendship to America, but none were ever answered.[2][3]

text: Communist North and capitalist South (1945–75)[edit]

text: Indochina War (1945–54)[edit]

text: The British commander in Southeast Asia, Lord Louis Mountbatten, sent 20,000 troops of the 20th Indian division to occupy Saigon under General Douglas Gracey who landed in southern Vietnam on 6 September 1945, disarming the Japanese and restoring order. They had to re-arm Japanese prisoners of war known as Gremlin force to keep order until more troops arrived. The British began to withdraw in December 1945, but this was not completed until June of the following year. The last British soldiers were killed in Vietnam in June 1946. Altogether 40 British and Indian troops were killed and over a hundred were wounded. Vietnamese casualties were 600. They were followed by French troops trying to re-establish their rule. In the north, Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang army entered Vietnam from China, also to disarm the Japanese, followed by the forces of the non-Communist Vietnamese parties, such as Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng and Việt Nam Cách Mạng Đồng Minh Hội. In January 1946, Vietnam had its first National Assembly election (won by the Viet Minh in central and northern Vietnam[4]), which drafted the first constitution, but the situation was still precarious: the French tried to regain power by force; some Cochinchinese politicians formed a seceding government of the Republic of Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ Quốc) while the non-Communist and Communist forces were engaging each other in sporadic battles. Stalinists purged Trotskyists. Religious sects, like the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo, and resistance groups formed their own militias. Under the terms of the Accord between France and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 6 March 1946:

text: The seat of the conference was held at either Hanoi, Saigon or Paris.[clarification needed]

text: In 1947 full-scale war broke out between the Viet Minh and France. Realizing that colonialism was coming to an end worldwide, France fashioned a semi-independent State of Vietnam, within the French Union, with Bảo Đại as Head of State. Meanwhile, as the Communists under Mao Zedong took over China, the Viet Minh began to receive military aid from China. Beside supplying materials, Chinese cadres also pressured the Vietnamese Communist Party, then under First Secretary Trường Chinh, to emulate their brand of revolution, unleashing a purge of "bourgeois and feudal" elements from the Viet Minh ranks, carrying out a ruthless and bloody land reform campaign (Cải Cách Ruộng Đất), and denouncing "bourgeois and feudal" tendencies in arts and literature. Many true patriots and devoted Communist revolutionaries in the Viet Minh suffered mistreatment or were even executed during these movements. Many others became disenchanted and left the Viet Minh. The United States became strongly opposed to Hồ Chí Minh. In the 1950s the government of Bảo Đại gained recognition by the United States and the United Kingdom.

text: The Việt Minh force grew significantly with China's assistance and in 1954, under the command of General Võ Nguyên Giáp, launched a major siege against French bases in Điện Biên Phủ. The Việt Minh force surprised Western military experts with their use of primitive means to move artillery pieces and supplies up the mountains surrounding Điện Biên Phủ, giving them a decisive advantage. On May 7, 1954, French troops at Điện Biên Phủ, under Christian de Castries, surrendered to the Viet Minh and in July 1954, the Geneva Accord was signed between France and the Viet-Minh, paving the way for the French to leave Vietnam.

text: Vietnam War (1954–75) - the South[edit]

text: The Geneva Conference of 1954 ended France's colonial presence in Vietnam and partitioned the country into two states at the 17th parallel pending unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections. Ngô Đình Diệm, a former mandarin with a strong Catholic and Confucian background, was selected as Premier of the State of Vietnam by Bảo Đại. While Diệm was trying to settle the differences between the various armed militias in the South, Bảo Đại was persuaded to reduce his power. Diệm created a referendum in 1955 to depose Bảo Đại and declared himself President of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The Republic of Vietnam (RVN) was proclaimed in Saigon on October 26, 1955. The United States began to provide military and economic aid to the RVN, training RVN personnel, and sending U.S. advisors to assist in building the infrastructure for the new government.

text: Also in 1954, Viet Minh forces took over North Vietnam according to the Geneva Accord. One million North Vietnamese civilians emigrated to South Vietnam to avoid persecution from the imminent Communist regime. At the same time, Viet Minh armed forces from South Vietnam were also moving to North Vietnam, as dictated by the Geneva Accord. However, some high-ranking Viet Minh cadres secretly remained in the South to follow the local situation closely, and created a communist insurgency against the Southern government if necessary. The most important figure among those was Lê Duẩn.

text: The Geneva Accord had promised elections to determine the government for a unified Vietnam. Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng,[5] who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions".[6] The United States countered with what became known as the "American Plan", with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom.[7] It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation.[7]

text: Diệm took strong measures to secure South Vietnam from perceived internal threats, especially from the Viet Cong. He eliminated all private militias from the Bình Xuyên Party and the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo religious sects. In October 1955, he deposed Bảo Đại and proclaimed himself President of the newly established the Republic of Vietnam, after rigging a referendum.[8][9] He repressed political opposition, arresting the famous writer Nguyễn Tường Tam, who committed suicide while awaiting trial in jail.[10] Diệm also acted aggressively to remove Communist agents still remaining in the South. He formed the Cần Lao Nhân Vị Party, mixing Individualist philosophy with republican and capitalist elements, as well as being anti-Communist and pro-Catholic. Another controversial policy was the Strategic Hamlet Program, which aimed to build fortified villages to remove and lock out Communists. However, it was in some ways ineffective as many covert communists were already part of the population and visually indistinguishable. It became unpopular as it limited the villagers' freedom and altered their traditional way of life.

text: Although Ngô Đình Diệm personally was respected for his nationalism, political stability and policies triggering rapid economic growth, he ran a nepotistic and authoritarian government. Elections were routinely rigged and Diệm favored of minority Roman Catholics on many issues, believing that Catholics were "more trustworthy", more anti-communist and more impermeable to Viet Cong infiltration. His religious policies sparked protests from the Buddhist community after demonstrators were killed on Vesak, Buddha's birthday, in 1963 when they were protesting a ban on the Buddhist flag. This incident sparked mass protests calling for religious equality. The most famous case was of Venerable Thích Quảng Đức, who burned himself to death to protest. The images of this event made worldwide headlines and brought extreme embarrassment for Diệm. The tension was not resolved, and on August 21, the ARVN Special Forces loyal to his brother and chief adviser Ngô Đình Nhu and commanded by Lê Quang Tung raided Buddhist pagodas across the country, leaving a death toll estimated to range into the hundreds. In the United States, the Kennedy administration became worried that the problems of Diệm's government were undermining the US's anti-Communist effort in Southeast Asia, and of Diệm's increasing resistance and non-cooperation with the American government. On November 1, 1963, with the planning and backing of the CIA and the Kennedy administration,[11] South Vietnamese generals led by Dương Văn Minh engineered a coup d'état and overthrew Ngô Đình Diệm, killing both him and his brother Nhu. (see also Ngô Đình Cẩn)

text: Between 1963 and 1965, South Vietnam was extremely unstable as no government could keep power for long. There were more coups, often more than one every year. The Communist-run Viet Cong expanded their operation and scored some significant military victories during this period. In 1965, US President Lyndon Johnson sent troops to South Vietnam to secure the country and started to bomb North Vietnam, assuming that if South Vietnam fell to the Communists, other countries in the Southeast Asia would follow, in accordance with the domino theory. Other US allies, such as Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, and Taiwan also sent troops to South Vietnam. Although the American-led troops succeeded in containing the advance of Communist forces, the presence of foreign troops, the widespread bombing over all of Vietnam, and the social vices that mushroomed around US bases upset the sense of national pride among many Vietnamese, North and South, causing some to become sympathetic to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong. In 1965, Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu took power in a coup, and presided over a stable junta, and promised to hold elections under US pressure. In 1967, South Vietnam managed to conduct a National Assembly and Presidential election with Lt. General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu being elected to the Presidency, bringing the government to some level of stability.

text: Vietnam War (1954–75) - the North[edit]

text: Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including "rent reduction" and "land reform", which resulted in significant political oppression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time.[12][13][14][15] However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500.[16] A Northern democratic literary movement called Nhân văn-Giai phẩm (from the names of the two magazines which started the movement, based in Hanoi) developed, which attempted to encourage the democratization of the North and the free expression of thought. Intellectuals were thus lured into criticizing the leadership so they could be arrested later, and many were sent to hard labor camps (Gulags), following the model of Mao Tse-tung's Hundred Flowers campaign in China[citation needed]. Freedom of speech, freedom of assembly and other basic civilian freedoms were soon revoked after the government's attempt of destroying the literary movement. A puritan personality cult was also established around Ho Chi Minh, later extended nationwide after the Communist reunification of the Vietnam.

text: During this period, North Vietnam was a Communist state with a centralized command economy, an extensive security apparatus to carry out dictatorship of the proletariat, a powerful propaganda machine that effectively rallied the people for the Party's causes, a superb intelligence system that infiltrated South Vietnam (spies such as Phạm Ngọc Thảo climbed to high military government positions), and a severe suppression of political opposition. Even some decorated veterans and famed Communist cadres, such as Trần Đức Thảo, Nguyễn Hữu Đang, Trần Dần, Hoàng Minh Chính, were persecuted during the late 1950s Nhân Văn Giai Phẩm events and the 1960s Trial Against the Anti-Party Revisionists (Vụ Án Xét Lại Chống Đảng) for speaking their opinions. Nevertheless, this iron grip, together with consistent support from the Soviet Union and China, gave North Vietnam a militaristic advantage over South Vietnam. North Vietnamese leadership also had a steely determination to fight, even when facing massive casualties and destruction at their end. The young North Vietnamese were idealistically and innocently patriotic, ready to give the ultimate sacrifice for the "liberation of the South" and the "unification of the motherland".

text: In 1960, at the Third Party Congress of the Vietnamese Communist Party, renamed the Labor Party since 1951, Lê Duẩn arrived from the South and strongly advocated the use of revolutionary warfare to topple Diệm's government, unifying the country, and establish communism nationwide. Despite some elements in the Party opposing the use of force, Lê Duẩn won the seat of First Secretary of the Party. As Hồ Chí Minh was aging, Lê Duẩn virtually took the helm of war from him. The first step of his war plan was coordinating a rural uprising in the South (Đồng Khởi) and forming the Viet Cong or National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) toward the end of 1960. The figurehead leader of the Viet Cong was Nguyễn Hữu Thọ, a South Vietnamese lawyer, but the true leadership was the Communist Party hierarchy in South Vietnam. Arms, supplies, and troops came from North Vietnam into South Vietnam via a system of trails, named the Ho Chi Minh trail, that branched into Laos and Cambodia before entering South Vietnam. At first, most foreign aid for North Vietnam came from China, as Lê Duẩn distanced Vietnam from the "revisionist" policy of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev. However, under Leonid Brezhnev, the Soviet Union picked up the pace of aid and provided North Vietnam with heavy weapons, such as T-54 tanks, artillery, MIG fighter planes, surface-to-air missiles etc.

text: The Tet Offensive and the end of the war[edit]

text: In 1968, the Viet Cong launched a massive and surprise Tết Offensive (known in South Vietnam as "Biến Cố Tết Mậu Thân" or in the North as "Cuộc Tổng Tấn Công và Nổi Dậy Tết Mậu Thân"), attacking almost all major cities in South Vietnam over the Vietnamese New Year (Tết). The Viet Cong and North Vietnamese captured the city of Huế, after which many mass graves were found. Many of the executed victims had relations with the South Vietnamese government or the US, or part of social groups that were considered enemies to the Viet Cong, like Catholics, business owners and intellectuals (Thảm Sát Tết Mậu Thân). Over the course of the year the Viet Cong forces were pushed out of all cities in South Vietnam and nearly decimated. In subsequent major offensives in later years, North Vietnamese regulars with artillery and tanks took over the fighting. In the months following the Tet Offensive, an American unit massacred civilian villagers, suspected to be sheltering Viet Cong guerillas, in the hamlet of My Lai in Central Vietnam, causing an uproar in protest around the world.

text: In 1969, Hồ Chí Minh died, leaving wishes that his body be cremated. However, the Communist Party embalmed his body for public display and built the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum on Ba Đình Square in Hà Nội, in the style of Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow.

text: Although the Tết Offensive was a catastrophic military defeat for the Việt Cộng, it was a stunning political victory as it led many Americans to view the war as unwinnable. U.S. President Richard Nixon entered office with a pledge to end the war "with honor." He normalized US relations with China in 1972 and entered into détente with the USSR. Nixon thus forged a new strategy to deal with the Communist Bloc, taking advantage of the rift between China and the Soviet Union. A costly war in Vietnam begun to appear less effective for the cause of Communist containment. Nixon proposed "Vietnamization" of the war, with South Vietnamese troops taking charge of the fighting, yet still receiving American aid and, if necessary, air and naval support. The new strategy started to show some effects: in 1970, troops from the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) successfully conducted raids against North Vietnamese bases in Cambodia (Cambodian Campaign); in 1971, the ARVN made an incursion into Southern Laos to cut off the Ho Chi Minh trail in Operation Lam Son 719, but the operation failed as most high positions captured by ARVN forces were recaptured by North Vietnamese artillery; in 1972, the ARVN successfully held the town of An Lộc against massive attacks from North Vietnamese regulars and recaptured the town of Quảng Trị near the demilitarised zone (DMZ) in the center of the country during the Easter Offensive.

text: At the same time, Nixon was pressing both Hanoi and Saigon to sign the Paris Peace Agreement of 1973, for American military forces to withdraw from Vietnam. The pressure on Hanoi materialized with the Christmas Bombings in 1972. In South Vietnam, Nguyễn Văn Thiệu vocally opposed any accord with the Communists, but was threatened with withdrawal of American aid.

text: Despite the peace treaty, the North violated the treaty and continued the war as had been envisioned by Lê Duẩn and the South still tried to recapture lost territories. In the U.S., Nixon resigned after the Watergate scandal. South Vietnam was seen as losing a strong backer. Under U.S. President Gerald Ford, the Democratic-controlled Congress became less willing to provide military support to South Vietnam.

text: In 1974, South Vietnam also fought and lost the Battle of Hoàng Sa, in defending the islands against the invading Chinese over the control of the Paracel Islands in the South China Sea. Neither North Vietnam nor the U.S. were involved.

text: In early 1975, North Vietnamese military led by General Văn Tiến Dũng launched a massive attack against the Central Highland province of Buôn Mê Thuột. South Vietnamese troops had anticipated attack against the neighboring province of Pleiku, and were caught off guard. President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu ordered the moving of all troops from the Central Highland to the coastal areas, as with shrinking American aid, South Vietnamese forces could not afford to spread too thin. However, due to lack of experience and logistics for such a large troop movement in such a short time, the whole South Vietnamese 2nd Corps got bogged down on narrow mountain roads, flooded with thousands of civilian refugees, and was decimated by ambushes along the way. The South Vietnamese First Corps near the DMZ was cut off, received conflicting orders from Saigon on whether to fight or to retreat, and eventually collapsed. Many civilians tried to flee to Saigon via land, air, and sea routes, suffering massive casualties along the way. In early April 1975, South Vietnam set up a last-ditch defense line at Xuân Lộc, under commander Lê Minh Đảo. North Vietnamese troops failed to penetrate the line and had to make a detour, which the South Vietnamese failed to stop due to lack of troops. President Nguyễn văn Thiệu resigned. Power fell to Dương Văn Minh.

text: Dương Văn Minh had led the coup against Diệm in 1963. By the mid-1970s, he had leaned toward the "Third Party" (Thành Phần Thứ Ba), South Vietnamese elites who favored dialogues and cooperation with the North. Communist infiltrators in the South tried to work out political deals to let Dương Văn Minh ascend to the Presidency, with the hope that he would prevent a last stand, a destructive battle for Saigon. Although many South Vietnamese units were ready to defend Saigon, and the ARVN 4th Corps was still intact in the Mekong Delta, Dương Văn Minh ordered a surrender on April 30, 1975, sparing Saigon from destruction. Nevertheless, the reputation of the North Vietnamese army towards perceived traitors preceded them, and hundreds of thousands of South Vietnamese fled the country by all means: airplanes, helicopters, ships, fishing boats, and barges. Most were picked up by the U.S. Seventh Fleet in the South China Sea or landed in Thailand. The seaborne refugees came to be known as "boat people". In a famous case, a South Vietnamese pilot, with his wife and children aboard a small Cessna plane, landed safely without a tailhook on the aircraft carrier USS Midway. This mass exodus of (mostly South) Vietnamese political refugees continued into the 1980s as refugees fled from persecution, political oppression and economic collapse caused by the new Communist regime.

text: Socialist Republic (1976–1991)[edit]

text: In 1976, Vietnam was officially unified and renamed Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRVN), with its capital in Hà Nội. The Vietnamese Communist Party dropped its front name "Labor Party" and changed the title of First Secretary, a term used by China, to General Secretary, used by the Soviet Union, with Lê Duẩn as General Secretary. The Viet Cong was dissolved. The Party emphasized development of heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture. Over the next few years, private enterprises were seized by the government and their owners were often sent to the New Economic Zones—a communist euphemism for a thick jungle—to clear land. The farmers were coerced into state-controlled cooperatives. Transportation of food and goods between provinces was deemed illegal except by the government. Within a short period of time, Vietnam was hit with severe shortages of food and basic necessities. The Mekong Delta, once a world-class rice-producing area, was threatened with famine. During the mid-1980s, inflation reached triple figures.

text: In foreign relations, the SRVN became increasingly aligned with the Soviet Union by both joining the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (Comecon), and signing a Friendship Pact, which was in fact a military alliance. Tension between Vietnam and China mounted together with China's rivalry with the Soviet Union and conflict erupted with Cambodia, China's ally. Vietnam was also subject to trade embargoes by the U.S. and its allies.

text: The SRVN government implemented a Stalinist dictatorship of the proletariat in the South as they had done in the North. The security apparatus network (Công An: literally "Public Security", a communist term for the security apparatus) controlled every aspect of people's lives. Censorship was strict and ultra-conservative, with most pre-1975 works in the fields of music, art, and literature being banned. All religions had to be re-organized into state-controlled churches. Any negative comments toward the Party, the government, Uncle Ho, or anything related to Communism might earn the person the tag of Phản Động (Reactionary), with consequences ranging from being harassed by police, expelled from school or workplace, to being sent to prison. Nevertheless, the Communist authorities failed to suppress the black market, where food, consumer goods, and banned literature could be bought at high prices. The security apparatus also failed to stop a nationwide clandestine network of people trying to escape the country. In many cases, the security officers of entire districts were bribed and even got involved in organizing the escape schemes.

text: Refugees[edit]

text: These living conditions resulted in the exodus of over a million Vietnamese people secretly escaping the country either by sea or overland through Cambodia. For the people fleeing by sea, their wooden boats were often not seaworthy, were packed with people like sardines, and lacked sufficient food and water. Many were caught or shot at by the Vietnamese coast guards, and many perished at sea due to boats sinking, capsizing in storms, starvation and thirst. Another major threat was the pirates in the Gulf of Thailand, who viciously robbed, raped, and murdered the boat people. In many cases, they massacred the whole boat. Sometimes the women were raped for days before being sold into prostitution. The people who crossed Cambodia facd equal dangers with mine fields, and the Khmer Rouge and Khmer Serei guerillas, who also robbed, raped, and killed the refugees. Some were successful in fleeing the region and landed in numbers in Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Hong Kong, only to wind up in United Nations refugee camps. Some famous camps were Bidong in Malaysia, Galang in Indonesia, Bataan in the Philippines and Songkla in Thailand. Some managed to travel as far as northern Australia in crowded, open boats. All foreign missionaries were expelled from Vietnam, including the most famous Salesian priest, Servant of God Andrej Majcen (1907–1999) from Yugoslavia (now Slovenia).

text: While most refugees were resettled to other countries within five years, others languished in these camps for over a decade. In the 1990s, refugees who could not find asylum were deported back to Vietnam. Communities of Vietnamese refugees arrived in the US, Canada, Australia, France, West Germany, and the UK. The refugees often sent relief packages packed with necessities, such as medicines and sanitary goods to their relatives in Vietnam to help them survive. Very few would send money as it would be exchanged far below market rates by the Vietnamese government.

text: Cambodia and conflict with China[edit]

text: Despite the defeat of South Vietnam, there was no serious demobilization of the Vietnamese People's Army, which remained one of Asia's largest militaries at over one million troops, or sign that warfare was coming to an end anytime soon. Not only were Vietnamese soldiers highly experienced from decades of fighting, but also had acquired a large cache of captured US and South Vietnamese armaments. Vietnam soon found itself drawn into conflict with Cambodia, which had been ruled by the communist Khmer Rouge since 1975. In addition to this, Sino-Vietnamese relations deteriorated quite rapidly following Mao Zedong's death in 1976 due to Hanoi's unremitting loyalty to the Soviet Union, which was at odds with China during the 1970s. By 1978, most trade and material assistance programs between the two countries had ceased and Vietnam forbade Chinese ships from docking at its ports. As the Khmer Rouge were allies of Beijing, this further aggravated tensions and following border skirmishes, the VPA launched a full-scale armed invasion of Cambodia during the first week of 1979. This had the effect however of causing conflict with China and during a visit to the US in February, Deng Xiaoping stated that "It may be necessary to teach Vietnam a lesson." A large Chinese force invaded the Vietnamese border area, but with China still suffering the effects of the Cultural Revolution, the People's Liberation Army was seriously deficient in training, equipment, and communications. Over 30,000 Chinese troops were killed or wounded in three weeks of battling Vietnamese border guards and militia (the VPA was then in Cambodia and had no involvement in the war). Shortly afterwards, they withdrew with Beijing proclaiming that the aforementioned "lesson" had been taught as in any case, the fighting caused extensive destruction to Vietnam's infrastructure along the border.

text: In Cambodia, The Vietnamese invasion had stopped the genocide of millions of Cambodians by the Khmer Rouge.[17] The pro-Vietnamese People's Republic of Kampuchea was created with Heng Samrin as Chairman in January 1979. Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge allied with non-Communist guerrilla forces led by Norodom Sihanouk and Son Sann to fight against the Vietnamese forces and the new Phnom Penh regime. Some high-ranking officials of the Heng Samrin regime in the early 1980s resisted Vietnamese control, resulting in a purge that removed Pen Sovan, Prime Minister and General Secretary of the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party. The war lasted until 1989 when Vietnam withdrew its troops and handed the administration of Cambodia to the United Nations.[18]

text: Government and economy 1975-1991[edit]

text: Vietnam's third Constitution, based on that of the USSR, was written in 1980. The Communist Party was stated by the Constitution to be the only party to represent the people and to lead the country. In 1980, cosmonaut Phạm Tuân became the first Vietnamese and the first Asian to go into space, traveling on the Soviet Soyuz 37 to service the Salyut 6 space station. During the early 1980s, a number of overseas Vietnamese organizations were created with the aim of overthrowing the Vietnamese Communist government through armed struggle. Most groups attempted to infiltrate Vietnam but eventually were eliminated by Vietnamese security and armed forces.

text: Overall, the first decade after reunification was not a happy time for the country. Nonstop warfare consumed large amounts of Vietnam's resources, both financially and by depleting the labor force of young men. The country remained internationally isolated, having little contact with nations outside COMECON members, and faced with a huge, hostile neighbor to the north. Despite repeated overtures to the United States, attempts to reestablish diplomatic relation were hampered by the question of missing US soldiers from the war and President Ronald Reagan's vocal hostility towards the country's principle benefactor in Moscow. In a 1981 interview with American journalist Stanley Karnow, Premier Phạm Văn Đồng remarked "Yes, we defeated the United States, but now we are a poor undeveloped nation and barely have enough to eat. Hence the saying that waging war is easy, but running a country is hard."

text: Compounding all this was the complete failure of the Five-Year Plan adopted in 1976, as Vietnam remained one of the world's poorest countries with a per-capita GDP of less than 300 USD and almost totally dependent on Soviet aid, which reached as much as 3 billion USD a year by 1982. Moscow faced mounting pressure from its Warsaw Pact allies to reduce outlays to Vietnam. Soviet-Vietnamese relations were also harmed by the former's wishes to have greater involvement in Vietnam's economic development and increased access to military facilities. In 1982, the VCP held its 5th National Congress in which General Secretary Lê Duẩn stated that "The Party wishes sternly to criticize itself." and "Our nation's manifold difficulties, while aggravated by outside circumstances that could not be helped, are nonetheless worsened by the various errors and shortcoming of officials." Le also expressed his dismay at the average age of the party leadership, noting that there was only one person on the Central Committee under 60.

text: That year, a general purge of the party ranks began to weed out elderly and inefficient cadres and replace them with younger men. Võ Văn Kiệt, aged 59, was promoted to head of the State Planning Commission, and 62-year-old Foreign Minister Nguyễn Cơ Thạch was elevated to Politburo membership. More surprising was the removal of General Võ Nguyên Giáp, considered a national hero, from the Politburo (it was later speculated that he was removed by political rivals) This rejuvenation campaign was nonetheless diminished by the fact that the country's three most powerful individuals, Lê Duẩn, Phạm Văn Đồng, and President Trường Chinh, showed no sign of stepping down any time soon despite their combined age of 226 and clearly failing health (all of them visited Moscow for medical treatment during 1982). Although they saw the need for reforms and fighting corruption, such change was beyond their ability by this point.

text: The Second Five Year Plan was adopted for 1981 and showed a clear move towards more market reforms and away from the rigid central planning of the 1976-80 scheme. Real change would not begin until the second half of the decade when Lê Duẩn died in July 1986, succeeded as General Secretary by Trường Chinh. However, Trường was expelled only five months later and replaced by Nguyễn Văn Linh, eight years his junior. Phạm Văn Đồng retired as Premier in 1987. Upon their accession, the country's new leadership denounced their geriatric predecessors for "utterly failing to improve the people's living standards, check corruption, or instill a more flexible, non-dogmatic outlook on life."

text: Contemporary Vietnam (since 1991)[edit]

text: During the late 80s, Vietnam began tentative market reforms along the model then being adopted by China. The basis for these experiments were in the south which had a stronger tradition of trade and commerce. The perestroika policies of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev were also a source of motivation. Although communist governments in Eastern Europe were collapsing in 1989, Vietnam was kept comparatively isolated from these events due to its poverty and geographical distance and a few small pro-democracy protests in Hanoi were quickly suppressed. The fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 caused a thaw in the long hostile Sino-Vietnamese relations as the two nations embraced each other as some of the only surviving communist states.

text: Soon after the Paris Agreement on Cambodia resolved the conflict in October 1991, however, Vietnam established or reestablished diplomatic and economic relations with most of Western Europe, and several Asian countries. In February 1994, the United States lifted its economic embargo against Vietnam, and in June 1995, the United States and Vietnam normalized relations. In June 2005, a high-level Vietnamese delegation, led by Prime Minister Phan Văn Khải, visited the United States and met with their U.S. counterparts, including President George W. Bush. This was the first such visit in 30 years. Although the visit mostly went well, a few embarrassing events occurred such as the White House's official website (www.whitehouse.gov) accidentally depicting the flag of South Vietnam in its official announcement of the visit. This provoked dismay and hostile comments from the Vietnamese government until the White House officially apologized and corrected the webpage. In addition, a crowd of hostile protesters gathered outside the White House during Phan's meeting with President Bush denouncing the Vietnamese Communist Party and waving South Vietnamese flags.

text: In late 2005, a three-person collective leadership was responsible for governing Vietnam. This triumvirate consisted of the VCP general secretary (Nông Đức Mạnh, 22 April 2001 – 19 January 2011), the prime minister (Phan Văn Khải, 25 September 1997 – 27 June 2006), and the president (Trần Đức Lương, 24 September 1997 – 26 June 2006). General Secretary Manh headed up not only the VCP but also the 15-member Politburo. President Luong was chief of state, and Prime Minister Khai was head of government. The leadership was promoting a "socialist-oriented market economy" and friendly relations with the European Union, Russia, and the United States. Although the leadership was presiding over a period of rapid economic growth, official corruption and a widening gap between urban wealth and rural poverty remained stubborn problems that were eroding the VCP's authority. In 2006, Vietnam hosted the APEC Annual Summit and became the 150th member state of WTO (World Trade Organization) on 11 January 2007, after concluding bilateral agreements with the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, and the Dominican Republic in order to qualify for membership.[19] In the summer of 2011, spontaneous mass demonstrations erupted in Hanoi and Saigon, where thousands of Vietnamese protested China's increasing military aggression and encroachment into Vietnamese waters and territories in the South China Sea.[20] The authorities moved in to break up the protests after an official complaint was lodged by the Chinese embassy in Hanoi, as the VCP's official policy since the 1990s has been one of good relations with Beijing and there was no desire on their part to disrupt the status quo.[21]

text: In 2013, a baby girl named Nguyen Thi Thuy Dung was born and was officially designated Vietnam's official 90 millionth citizen.[22]


document_title: Roger Dean Stadium

question_text: where do the florida marlins have spring training

text: Roger Dean Stadium

text:
Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium

Roger Dean Stadium pictured in 2009

Full name
Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium

Location
4751 Main Street
Jupiter, Florida 33458
(561) 775-1818

Coordinates
26°53′28″N 80°06′59″W / 26.89111°N 80.11639°W / 26.89111; -80.11639

Owner
Palm Beach County

Operator
Jupiter Stadium Limited[1]

Capacity
6,871[2]

Field size
Left Field: 335 ft
Left-Center: 380 ft
Center Field: 400 ft
Right-Center: 375 ft
Right Field: 325 ft

Surface
Grass

Construction

Broke ground
March 6, 1997[1]

Opened
February 28, 1998

Construction cost
US$28 million
($42 million in 2017 dollars[3])

Architect
Populous

Structural engineer
Bliss & Nyitray, Inc.

Services engineer
Bredson & Associates, Inc.[4]

General contractor
Case Contracting Company

Tenants

GCL Cardinals (GCL) (1998–present)
Jupiter Hammerheads (FSL) (1998–present)
Montreal Expos (MLB) (spring training) (1998–2002)
St. Louis Cardinals (MLB) (spring training) (1998–present)
Palm Beach Cardinals (FSL) (2003–present)
GCL Marlins (GCL) (2003–present)
Miami Marlins (MLB) (spring training) (2003–present)

text: Roger Dean Stadium (officially known as Roger Dean Chevrolet Stadium) is a baseball stadium located in the Abacoa community of the town of Jupiter, Florida. The stadium was built in 1998, holds 6,871 people,[2] and features luxury sky-box seating, two levels of permanent seating, parking and concessions. The Roger Dean Stadium Complex is the only stadium in the country to host four minor league teams: the Jupiter Hammerheads and Palm Beach Cardinals of the Class A-Advanced Baseball Florida State League, and the Gulf Coast Marlins and Gulf Coast Cardinals of the Rookie-level Gulf Coast League.

text: Roger Dean Stadium is one of only two stadiums in Florida to host two Major League Baseball teams annually for spring training: the Miami Marlins and St. Louis Cardinals (the other is The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches, which opened in 2017, hosting the Washington Nationals and Houston Astros). In both venues, the teams share the main stadium where the games are played. However, the teams have their own practice fields, outdoor batting cages, several pitching mounds, and state-of-the-art conditioning rooms.

text: History[edit]

text: Through 2002 the Montreal Expos shared the stadium with the Cardinals, until they swapped with the Marlins as part of the Marlins sale to Jeffrey Loria. The Expos, now known as the Washington Nationals, then moved to Space Coast Stadium in Viera, Florida.

text: Roger Dean Stadium was badly damaged in 2004 by hurricanes Frances and Jeanne.[5]

text: Cliff Politte threw the first pitch in the stadium's history in spring training, 1998.[6]

text: In September 2012, the stadium hosted a qualifying round for the 2013 World Baseball Classic. Spain, France, Israel, and South Africa took part in the qualifier.[7]