document_title: List of U.S. states and territories by area

question_text: what is the 3rd largest state in usa

question_tokens: what is the 3rd largest state in usa

text: Area by state/territory[edit]

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

State/territory
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % land
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % water

 Alaska
7000100000000000000♠1
665,384.04
1,723,337
7000100000000000000♠1
570,640.95
1,477,953
7001857600000000000♠85.76%
7000100000000000000♠1
94,743.10
245,384
7001142400000000000♠14.24%

 Texas
7000200000000000000♠2
268,596.46
695,662
7000200000000000000♠2
261,231.71
676,587
7001972600000000000♠97.26%
7000800000000000000♠8
7,364.75
19,075
7000274000000000000♠2.74%

 California
7000300000000000000♠3
163,694.74
423,967
7000300000000000000♠3
155,779.22
403,466
7001951600000000000♠95.16%
7000600000000000000♠6
7,915.52
20,501
7000484000000000000♠4.84%

 Montana
7000400000000000000♠4
147,039.71
380,831
7000400000000000000♠4
145,545.80
376,962
7001989800000000000♠98.98%
7001260000000000000♠26
1,493.91
3,869
7000102000000000000♠1.02%

 New Mexico
7000500000000000000♠5
121,590.30
314,917
7000500000000000000♠5
121,298.15
314,161
7001997600000000000♠99.76%
7001490000000000000♠49
292.15
757
6999240000000000000♠0.24%

 Arizona
7000600000000000000♠6
113,990.30
295,234
7000600000000000000♠6
113,594.08
294,207
7001996500000000000♠99.65%
7001480000000000000♠48
396.22
1,026
6999350000000000000♠0.35%

 Nevada
7000700000000000000♠7
110,571.82
286,380
7000700000000000000♠7
109,781.18
284,332
7001992800000000000♠99.28%
7001360000000000000♠36
790.65
2,048
6999720000000000000♠0.72%

 Colorado
7000800000000000000♠8
104,093.67
269,601
7000800000000000000♠8
103,641.89
268,431
7001995700000099999♠99.57%
7001440000000000000♠44
451.78
1,170
6999430000000000000♠0.43%

 Oregon
7000900000000000000♠9
98,378.54
254,799
7001100000000000000♠10
95,988.01
248,608
7001975700000099999♠97.57%
7001200000000000000♠20
2,390.53
6,191
7000243000000000000♠2.43%

 Wyoming
7001100000000000000♠10
97,813.01
253,335
7000900000000000000♠9
97,093.14
251,470
7001992600000000000♠99.26%
7001370000000000000♠37
719.87
1,864
6999740000000000000♠0.74%

 Michigan
7001110000000000000♠11
96,713.51
250,487
7001220000000000000♠22
56,538.90
146,435
7001584600000000000♠58.46%
7000200000000000000♠2
40,174.61
104,052
7001415400000000000♠41.54%

 Minnesota
7001120000000000000♠12
86,935.83
225,163
7001140000000000000♠14
79,626.74
206,232
7001915900000000000♠91.59%
7000900000000000000♠9
7,309.09
18,930
7000841000000000000♠8.41%

 Utah
7001130000000000000♠13
84,896.88
219,882
7001120000000000000♠12
82,169.62
212,818
7001967900000000000♠96.79%
7001170000000000000♠17
2,727.26
7,064
7000321000000000000♠3.21%

 Idaho
7001140000000000000♠14
83,568.95
216,443
7001110000000000000♠11
82,643.12
214,045
7001988900000000000♠98.89%
7001330000000000000♠33
925.83
2,398
7000111000000000000♠1.11%

 Kansas
7001150000000000000♠15
82,278.36
213,100
7001130000000000000♠13
81,758.72
211,754
7001993700000000000♠99.37%
7001420000000000000♠42
519.64
1,346
6999630000000000000♠0.63%

 Nebraska
7001160000000000000♠16
77,347.81
200,330
7001150000000000000♠15
76,824.17
198,974
7001993200000099999♠99.32%
7001410000000000000♠41
523.64
1,356
6999680000000000000♠0.68%

 South Dakota
7001170000000000000♠17
77,115.68
199,729
7001160000000000000♠16
75,811.00
196,350
7001983100000000000♠98.31%
7001290000000000000♠29
1,304.68
3,379
7000169000000000000♠1.69%

 Washington
7001180000000000000♠18
71,297.95
184,661
7001200000000000000♠20
66,455.52
172,119
7001932100000099999♠93.21%
7001110000000000000♠11
4,842.43
12,542
7000679000000000000♠6.79%

  North Dakota
7001190000000000000♠19
70,698.32
183,108
7001170000000000000♠17
69,000.80
178,711
7001976000000000000♠97.60%
7001240000000000000♠24
1,697.52
4,397
7000240000000000000♠2.40%

 Oklahoma
7001200000000000000♠20
69,898.87
181,037
7001190000000000000♠19
68,594.92
177,660
7001981300000000000♠98.13%
7001300000000000000♠30
1,303.95
3,377
7000187000000000000♠1.87%

 Missouri
7001210000000000000♠21
69,706.99
180,540
7001180000000000000♠18
68,741.52
178,040
7001986100000000000♠98.61%
7001320000000000000♠32
965.47
2,501
7000138990000099999♠1.39%

 Florida
7001220000000000000♠22
65,757.70
170,312
7001260000000000000♠26
53,624.76
138,887
7001815500000000000♠81.55%
7000300000000000000♠3
12,132.94
31,424
7001184500000000000♠18.45%

 Wisconsin
7001230000000000000♠23
65,496.38
169,635
7001250000000000000♠25
54,157.80
140,268
7001826900000000000♠82.69%
7000400000000000000♠4
11,338.57
29,367
7001173109999900000♠17.31%

 Georgia
7001240000000000000♠24
59,425.15
153,910
7001210000000000000♠21
57,513.49
148,959
7001967800000000000♠96.78%
7001220000000000000♠22
1,911.66
4,951
7000322000000000000♠3.22%

 Illinois
7001250000000000000♠25
57,913.55
149,995
7001240000000000000♠24
55,518.93
143,793
7001958700000000000♠95.87%
7001190000000000000♠19
2,394.62
6,202
7000413000000000000♠4.13%

 Iowa
7001260000000000000♠26
56,272.81
145,746
7001230000000000000♠23
55,857.13
144,669
7001992600000000000♠99.26%
7001450000000000000♠45
415.68
1,077
6999740000000000000♠0.74%

 New York
7001270000000000000♠27
54,554.98
141,297
7001300000000000000♠30
47,126.40
122,057
7001863800000000000♠86.38%
7000700000000000000♠7
7,428.58
19,240
7001136200000099999♠13.62%

 North Carolina
7001280000000000000♠28
53,819.16
139,391
7001290000000000000♠29
48,617.91
125,920
7001903400000000000♠90.34%
7001100000000000000♠10
5,201.25
13,471
7000966000000000000♠9.66%

 Arkansas
7001290000000000000♠29
53,178.55
137,732
7001270000000000000♠27
52,035.48
134,771
7001978500000000000♠97.85%
7001310000000000000♠31
1,143.07
2,961
7000215000000000000♠2.15%

 Alabama
7001300000000000000♠30
52,420.07
135,767
7001280000000000000♠28
50,645.33
131,171
7001966100000000000♠96.61%
7001230000000000000♠23
1,774.74
4,597
7000339000000000000♠3.39%

 Louisiana
7001310000000000000♠31
52,378.13
135,659
7001330000000000000♠33
43,203.90
111,898
7001824800000000000♠82.48%
7000500000000000000♠5
9,174.23
23,761
7001175200000000000♠17.52%

 Mississippi
7001320000000000000♠32
48,431.78
125,438
7001310000000000000♠31
46,923.27
121,531
7001968900000000000♠96.89%
7001250000000000000♠25
1,508.51
3,907
7000311000000000000♠3.11%

 Pennsylvania
7001330000000000000♠33
46,054.35
119,280
7001320000000000000♠32
44,742.70
115,883
7001971500000000000♠97.15%
7001280000000000000♠28
1,311.64
3,397
7000285000000000000♠2.85%

 Ohio
7001340000000000000♠34
44,825.58
116,098
7001350000000000000♠35
40,860.69
105,829
7001911500000000000♠91.15%
7001140000000000000♠14
3,964.89
10,269
7000885000000000000♠8.85%

 Virginia
7001350000000000000♠35
42,774.93
110,787
7001360000000000000♠36
39,490.09
102,279
7001923200000099999♠92.32%
7001150000000000000♠15
3,284.84
8,508
7000768000000000000♠7.68%

 Tennessee
7001360000000000000♠36
42,144.25
109,153
7001340000000000000♠34
41,234.90
106,798
7001978400000000000♠97.84%
7001350000000000000♠35
909.36
2,355
7000216000000000000♠2.16%

 Kentucky
7001370000000000000♠37
40,407.80
104,656
7001370000000000000♠37
39,486.34
102,269
7001977200000000000♠97.72%
7001340000000000000♠34
921.46
2,387
7000227990000099999♠2.28%

 Indiana
7001380000000000000♠38
36,419.55
94,326
7001380000000000000♠38
35,826.11
92,789
7001983700000000000♠98.37%
7001390000000000000♠39
593.44
1,537
7000162990000000000♠1.63%

 Maine
7001390000000000000♠39
35,379.74
91,633
7001390000000000000♠39
30,842.92
79,883
7001871800000000000♠87.18%
7001120000000000000♠12
4,536.82
11,750
7001128200000000000♠12.82%

 South Carolina
7001400000000000000♠40
32,020.49
82,933
7001400000000000000♠40
30,060.70
77,857
7001938800000000000♠93.88%
7001210000000000000♠21
1,959.79
5,076
7000612000000000000♠6.12%

 West Virginia
7001410000000000000♠41
24,230.04
62,756
7001410000000000000♠41
24,038.21
62,259
7001992100000099999♠99.21%
7001500000000000000♠50
191.83
497
6999790000000000000♠0.79%

 Maryland
7001420000000000000♠42
12,405.93
32,131
7001420000000000000♠42
9,707.24
25,142
7001782500000000000♠78.25%
7001180000000000000♠18
2,698.69
6,990
7001217500000000000♠21.75%

 Hawaii
7001430000000000000♠43
10,931.72
28,313
7001470000000000000♠47
6,422.63
16,635
7001587500000000000♠58.75%
7001130000000000000♠13
4,509.09
11,678
7001412500000000000♠41.25%

 Massachusetts
7001440000000000000♠44
10,554.39
27,336
7001450000000000000♠45
7,800.06
20,202
7001739000000000000♠73.90%
7001160000000000000♠16
2,754.33
7,134
7001261000000000000♠26.10%

 Vermont
7001450000000000000♠45
9,616.36
24,906
7001430000000000000♠43
9,216.66
23,871
7001958400000000000♠95.84%
7001460000000000000♠46
399.71
1,035
7000416000000000000♠4.16%

 New Hampshire
7001460000000000000♠46
9,349.16
24,214
7001440000000000000♠44
8,952.65
23,187
7001957600000000000♠95.76%
7001470000000000000♠47
396.51
1,027
7000424000000000000♠4.24%

 New Jersey
7001470000000000000♠47
8,722.58
22,591
7001460000000000000♠46
7,354.22
19,047
7001843100000000000♠84.31%
7001270000000000000♠27
1,368.36
3,544
7001156900000000000♠15.69%

 Connecticut
7001480000000000000♠48
5,543.41
14,357
7001480000000000000♠48
4,842.36
12,542
7001873500000000000♠87.35%
7001380000000000000♠38
701.06
1,816
7001126500000000000♠12.65%

 Delaware
7001490000000000000♠49
2,488.72
6,446
7001490000000000000♠49
1,948.54
5,047
7001782900000000000♠78.29%
7001400000000000000♠40
540.18
1,399
7001217100000000000♠21.71%

 Rhode Island
7001500000000000000♠50
1,544.89
4,001
7001500000000000000♠50
1,033.81
2,678
7001669200000000000♠66.92%
7001430000000000000♠43
511.07
1,324
7001330800000000000♠33.08%

 District of Columbia
7002100000000000000♠
68.34
177
7002100000000000000♠
61.05
158
7001893300000000000♠89.33%
7002100000000000000♠
7.29
19
7001106700000000000♠10.67%

 Puerto Rico
7002100000000000000♠
5,324.84
13,791
7002100000000000000♠
3,423.78
8,868
7001643000000000000♠64.30%
7002100000000000000♠
1,901.07
4,924
7001357000000000000♠35.70%

 Northern Mariana Islands
7002100000000000000♠
1,975.57
5,117
7002100000000000000♠
182.33
472
7000923000000000000♠9.23%
7002100000000000000♠
1,793.24
4,644
7001907700000000000♠90.77%

 United States Virgin Islands
7002100000000000000♠
732.93
1,898
7002100000000000000♠
134.32
348
7001183309999999999♠18.33%
7002100000000000000♠
598.61
1,550
7001816700000000000♠81.67%

 American Samoa
7002100000000000000♠
581.05
1,505
7002100000000000000♠
76.46
198
7001131600000000000♠13.16%
7002100000000000000♠
504.60
1,307
7001868400000000000♠86.84%

 Guam
7002100000000000000♠
570.62
1,478
7002100000000000000♠
209.80
543
7001367700000000000♠36.77%
7002100000000000000♠
360.82
935
7001632300000000000♠63.23%

 Minor Outlying Islands[3][a]
7002100000000000000♠
16.00
41
7002100000000000000♠
16.00
41
—
7002100000000000000♠
—
—
—

 Contiguous United States
Total
3,120,426.47
8,081,867
7002100000000000000♠
2,954,841.42
7,653,004
7001946900000000000♠94.69%
7002100000000000000♠
165,584.6
428,862
7000530990000099999♠5.31%

 50 states and D.C.
Total
3,796,742.23
9,833,517
7002100000000000000♠
3,531,905.43
9,147,593
7001930200000000000♠93.02%
7002100000000000000♠
264,836.79
685,924
7000698000000000000♠6.98%

 All U.S. territory
Total
3,805,943.26
9,857,348
7002100000000000000♠
3,535,948.12
9,158,064
7001929100000000000♠92.91%
7002100000000000000♠
269,995.13
699,284
7000709000000000000♠7.09%

text: Area by division[edit]

text: All divisions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

Division
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % land
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % water

East North Central
7000500000000000000♠5
301,368.57
780,541
7000600000000000000♠6
242,902.44
629,114

7000200000000000000♠2
58,466.13
151,427

East South Central
7000700000000000000♠7
183,403.89
475,014
7000700000000000000♠7
178,289.83
461,769

7000900000000000000♠9
5,114.60
13,247

Middle Atlantic
7000800000000000000♠8
109,331.89
283,168
7000800000000000000♠8
99,223.32
256,987

7000600000000000000♠6
10,108.57
26,181

Mountain
7000200000000000000♠2
863,564.63
2,236,622
7000200000000000000♠2
855,766.98
2,216,426

7000800000000000000♠8
7,797.65
20,196

New England
7000900000000000000♠9
71,987.96
186,448
7000900000000000000♠9
62,668.46
162,311

7000700000000000000♠7
9,299.50
24,086

Pacific
7000100000000000000♠1
1,009,687.00
2,615,077
7000100000000000000♠1
895,286.33
2,318,781

7000100000000000000♠1
114,400.67
296,296

South Atlantic
7000600000000000000♠6
292,990.46
758,842
7000500000000000000♠5
265,061.97
686,507

7000300000000000000♠3
27,928.49
72,334

West North Central
7000300000000000000♠3
520,355.80
1,347,715
7000300000000000000♠3
507,620.08
1,314,730

7000500000000000000♠5
12,735.72
32,985

West South Central
7000400000000000000♠4
444,052.01
1,150,089
7000400000000000000♠4
425,066.01
1,100,916

7000400000000000000♠4
18,986.00
49,174

text: Area by region[edit]

text: All regions presented below are as configured by the United States Census Bureau.

text:
Total area[2]
Land area[2]
Water[2]

Region
Rank
sq mi
km²
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % land
Rank
sq mi
km²
 % water

Midwest
7000300000000000000♠3
821,724.38
2,128,256
7000300000000000000♠3
750,522.52
1,943,844

7000200000000000000♠2
71,201.86
184,412

Northeast
7000400000000000000♠4
181,319.85
469,616
7000400000000000000♠4
161,911.78
419,350

7000400000000000000♠4
19,408.07
50,267

South
7000200000000000000♠2
920,446.37
2,383,945
7000200000000000000♠2
868,417.82
2,249,192

7000300000000000000♠3
52,028.55
134,753

West
7000100000000000000♠1
1,873,251.63
4,851,699
7000100000000000000♠1
1,751,053.31
4,535,207

7000100000000000000♠1
122,198.32
316,492

text:
U.S. states by total area

U.S. states by land area

U.S. states by water area

U.S. states by water percentage

Alaska is the largest state by total area, land area, and water area. It is the 7th largest country subdivision in the world.[citation needed]

The area of Alaska is 7001180000000000000♠18% of the area of the United States and 7001210000000000000♠21% of the area of the contiguous United States

The second largest state, Texas, is only 7001400000000000000♠40% of the total area of the largest state, Alaska

Rhode Island is the smallest state by total area and land area

San Bernardino County is the largest county in the contiguous U.S. and is larger than each of the nine smallest states; it is larger than the four smallest states combined.

Michigan is second (after Alaska) in water area, and first in water percentage

Florida is mostly a peninsula, and has the third largest water area and seventh largest water area percentage

tag: ul


document_title: State of the Union

question_text: when is the state of the union televised

root

text: State of the Union

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:

tag: p

text: He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.

text: Although the language of this State of the Union Clause[5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[6] and as late as February 12.[7]

text: While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]

text: Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union".[6]

text: What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]

text: For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]

text:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

tag: table

text: Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.

text: The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.

text: In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]

text: Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[2] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16]

text: Delivery of the speech[edit]

text: A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]

text: Invitations[edit]

text: Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address. The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box. The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker’s box. Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.

text: Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]

text: By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]

text: The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[20]

text: Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!"[21]

text: As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[21] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.

text: After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[20][21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[21]

text: At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out.

text: Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]

text: Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend the speech, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[22] Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor.[23][24]

text: Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.

text: In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[26] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[27][28]

text: State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.

text: For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[29] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[30]

text: Opposition response[edit]

text: Since 1966,[31] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[32] The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[33] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[34] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[35]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[28]

text: Local versions[edit]

text: Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor.

text: Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[36][37] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[38]

text: The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[39] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.

text: Historic speeches[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work... We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." Ford said he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."

text: In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[40][41][42]

text:
Date
President
Viewers,
millions

Households,
millions

Rating
Networks

1/30/2018
Donald Trump
45.551
32.168
26.9
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, ESTRELLA, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, PBS

2/28/2017
Donald Trump
47.741
33.857
28.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, UNIVISION, PBS, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, NBC UNIVERSO

1/12/2016
Barack Obama
31.334
23.040
19.6
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, NBC, NBC UNIVERSO, UNIVISION**

1/20/2015
Barack Obama
31.710
23.137
19.9
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUNDOFOX, NBC, UNIVISION**

1/28/2014
Barack Obama
33.299
23.949
20.7
CBS, ABC, NBC, FOX, AZTECA, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, GALAVISION, MUN2, UNIVISION**

2/12/2013
Barack Obama
33.497
24.767
21.8
FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, AZTECA, UNIVISION, MFX, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, CURRENT, CENTRIC, GALAVISION

1/24/2012
Barack Obama
37.752
27.569
24.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, TF, UNIVISION, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUN2

1/25/2011
Barack Obama
42.789
30.871
26.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, CENTRIC, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2010
Barack Obama
48.009
34.182
29.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/24/2009
Barack Obama
52.373
37.185
32.5
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

1/28/2008
George W. Bush
37.515
27.702
24.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO**, UNIVISION

1/24/2007
George W. Bush
45.486
32.968
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

2/01/2006
George W. Bush
43.179
30.528
31.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, AZTECA AMERICA, TELFUTURA

2/02/2005
George W. Bush
39.432
28.359
35.3
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA

1/20/2004
George W. Bush
43.411
30.286
28.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/28/2003
George W. Bush
62.061
41.447
38.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/29/2002
George W. Bush
51.773
35.547
33.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/27/2001
George W. Bush
39.793
28.201
27.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2000
Bill Clinton
31.478
22.536
22.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/19/1999
Bill Clinton
43.500
30.700
31.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/1998
Bill Clinton
53.077
36.513
37.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC

2/04/1997
Bill Clinton
41.100
27.600
28.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/23/1996
Bill Clinton
40.900
28.400
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/24/1995
Bill Clinton
42.200
28.100
29.5
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

1/25/1994
Bill Clinton
45.800
31.000
32.9
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

2/17/1993
Bill Clinton
66.900
41.200
44.3
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN


document_title: Coraline (film)

question_text: who is the voice of the other mother in coraline

text: Coraline (film)

text: Plot

text: Coraline Jones and her parents move from Pontiac, Michigan, to their new home in Ashland, Oregon, the dilapidated Pink Palace Apartments. Her eccentric new neighbors include Mr. Bobinsky, Miss Spink and Miss Forcible, and Wyborne "Wybie" Lovat, the grandson of the landlady.

text: Wybie gives Coraline a button-eyed ragdoll that resembles her. The doll then lures her to a small door in the living room, which is bricked up and can only be unlocked by a button key. That night, a mouse guides her through the door, where the bricks have been replaced by a corridor to the Other World, inhabited by button-eyed doppelgängers of people from her world. Coraline meets her Other Mother and Other Father, who are warmer and more attentive than her real parents.

text: After dinner, she goes to sleep in her Other Bedroom, but awakes in her real bedroom. Despite cryptic warnings from her neighbors, Coraline visits the Other World three times, where she meets the Other Mr. Bobinsky, the Other Miss Spink and Miss Forcible, and the Other Wybie, who has been rendered mute. The cat is the same cat as in the real world, but is able to speak in the Other World.

text: The Other Mother invites Coraline to stay forever, but says a pair of buttons will have to be sewn over her eyes. Horrified, Coraline attempts to flee, but the Other Mother has blocked all the exits to the real world. The cat appears and reveals to her the sinister truth about the Other World and the Other Mother. The Other Mother suddenly grows tall and grotesque and imprisons her behind a mirror. There, Coraline meets the ghosts of previous victims, including the long-lost twin sister of Wybie's grandmother. They tell her that the Other Mother, whom they refer to as the Beldam, created and sent button-eyed rag dolls that resembled them in order to spy on their lives. With the promise of a better life, she lured them into the Other World, where she sewed buttons over their eyes and consumed their lives. To free their souls, their real eyes need to be found. Coraline promises to help.

text: Coraline is suddenly rescued from the mirror by the Other Wybie. He helps her escape back to the real world, but Coraline discovers that her parents are missing. She eventually deduces that they have been kidnapped by the Beldam. The cat advises Coraline to propose a "game": if Coraline cannot find her parents and the ghosts' eyes, she will let buttons be sewn over her eyes, but if she can, they will all be set free. The Beldam reluctantly agrees.

text: One by one, Coraline finds the ghosts' eyes in the Other World, now turned nightmarish, from its deranged inhabitants. As she does, the Other Pink Palace Apartments' surroundings gradually disintegrate until only the living room is left. Inside, Coraline sees the Beldam in her arachnoid form. Warned that the Beldam will never let them go, she tricks her into unlocking the door. While the Beldam is distracted, Coraline finds her parents trapped in a snow globe, grabs it, and throws the cat at the Beldam's face. The struggling cat rips her button eyes out. Coraline escapes into the corridor and slams and locks the door shut on the Beldam's hand, severing it. Her parents reappear in the real world, with no memory of what happened. That night, the ghosts warn her to get rid of the button key to prevent the Beldam from accessing the real world. As Coraline prepares to drop it down the well, the severed hand attacks her and tries to drag her back to the Other World. Wybie smashes it with a rock, then throws the pieces and the key into the well and seals it shut.

text: The next day, Coraline and her parents, who have finally finished their work, host a garden party for the neighbors. Coraline also prepares to tell Mrs. Lovat the truth about her twin sister.

text: Cast

text:
Dakota Fanning as Coraline Jones, a curious 11-year-old[9][10] girl with dark blue hair.
Robert Bailey Jr. as Wyborne "Wybie" Lovat, the geeky, nervous 11-year-old grandson of Coraline's landlady. Wybie is a character introduced for the film adaptation so that the viewer "wouldn't have a girl walking around, occasionally talking to herself".[11]
Teri Hatcher as Mel Jones, Coraline's mother, and the Beldam / Other Mother, the ruler of the Other World.
Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French as April Spink and Miriam Forcible respectively, a pair of retired burlesque actresses.
John Hodgman as Charlie Jones, Coraline's father and the Other Father.

John Linnell as Other Father's singing voice.

Ian McShane as Sergei Alexander Bobinsky, a former Chernobyl liquidator and one of Coraline's neighbors who owns a jumping mice circus. His nickname is "Mr B."
Keith David as the Cat, a sarcastic, mysterious, nameless black cat from Coraline's world who appears and disappears at will and has the ability to speak in the Other World.
Caroline Crawford as Mrs. Lovat, Wybie's grandmother and the owner of the Pink Palace Apartments.

text: Production

text:
"Coraline [was] a huge risk. But these days in animation, the safest bet is to take a risk."

–Henry Selick[12]

tag: div

text: Director Henry Selick met author Neil Gaiman just as he was finishing the novel Coraline, and given that Gaiman was a fan of Selick's The Nightmare Before Christmas, he invited him to a possible adaptation of the film. As Selick thought a direct adaptation would lead to "maybe a 47-minute movie", his screenplay had some expansions, such as the creation of Wybie. When looking for a design away from the style seen in most animation, Selick discovered the work of Japanese illustrator Tadahiro Uesugi and invited him to become the concept artist. One of Uesugi's biggest influences was on the color palette, which was muted in reality and more colorful in the Other World.[11] Uesugi declared that "at the beginning, it was supposed to be a small project over a few weeks to simply create characters; however, I ended up working on the project for over a year, eventually designing sets and backgrounds, on top of drawing the basic images for the story to be built upon."[13]

text: Coraline was staged in a 140,000-square-foot (13,000 m2) warehouse in Hillsboro, Oregon.[12][14] The stage was divided into 50 lots,[15] which played host to nearly 150 sets.[12] Among the sets were three miniature Victorian mansions, a 42-foot (12.8 m) apple orchard, and a model of Ashland, Oregon, including tiny details such as banners for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.[14] More than 28[clarification needed] animators worked at a time on rehearsing or shooting scenes, producing 90–100 seconds of finished animation each week.[16] To add the stereoscopy for the 3D release, the animators shot each frame from two slightly apart camera positions.[11]

text: Every object on screen was made for the film.[11] The crew used three 3D printing systems from Objet in the development and production of the film. Thousands of high-quality 3D models, ranging from facial expressions to doorknobs, were printed in 3D using the Polyjet matrix systems, which enable the fast transformation of CAD (computer-aided design) drawings into high-quality 3D models.[17] The puppets had separate parts for the upper and lower parts of the head that could be exchanged for different facial expressions.[11] The characters of Coraline could potentially exhibit over 208,000 facial expressions.[17] Computer artists composited separatedly-shot elements together, or added elements of their own which had to look handcrafted instead of computer-generated – for instance, the flames were done with traditional animation and painted digitally, and the fog was dry ice.[11]

text: At its peak, the film involved the efforts of 450 people,[12] including from 30[14] to 35[12] animators and digital designers in the Digital Design Group (DDG) directed by Dan Casey and more than 250 technicians and designers.[14] One crew member, Althea Crome, was hired specifically to knit miniature sweaters and other clothing for the puppet characters, sometimes using knitting needles as thin as human hair.[12] The clothes would also simulate wear using paint and a file.[11] Several students from The Art Institute of Portland were also involved in making the film.

text: The soundtrack for Coraline features songs composed by French composer Bruno Coulais with one, "Other Father Song", by They Might Be Giants. The Other Father's singing voice is provided by John Linnell, one of the singers from the band. They wrote 10 songs for the film; when a melancholy tone was decided, all but one were cut. Coulais' score was performed by the Hungarian Symphony Orchestra and features choral pieces sung by the Children's Choir of Nice in a nonsense language.[18] Selick mentions that the main soloist, "a young girl you hear singing in several parts of the film" is coincidentally named Coraline.[18] Coraline won Coulais the 2009 Annie Award for best score for an animated feature.

text: Soundtrack

text: Soundtrack list

text:
"Sirens of the Sea" – Performed by Michele Mariana
"Other Father Song" – Written and Performed by John Linnell
"Nellie Jean" – Performed by Kent Melton
"Dreaming" – Performed by Bruno Coulais, The Children's Choir of Nice, and Teri Hatcher

text: Release

text: Home media

text: The film was released in the United States on DVD and Blu-ray on July 21, 2009, by Universal Studios Home Entertainment. A 3-D version comes with four sets of 3-D glasses—specifically the green-magenta anaglyph image. Coraline was released in the United Kingdom on DVD and Blu-ray on October 12, 2009. A 3-D version of the film was also released on a 2-Disc Collector's Edition. The DVD opened to first week sales of 1,036,845 and over $19 million in revenue. Total sales stand at over 2.6 million units and over $45 million in revenue.[19] A two-disc Blu-ray 3D set which includes a stereoscopic 3D on the first disc and an anaglyph 3D image was released in 2011.

text: Other media

text: The website for Coraline involves an interactive exploration game where the player can scroll through Coraline's world. It won the 2009 Webby Award for "Best Use of Animation or Motion Graphics", both by the people and the Webby organization. It was also nominated for the Webby "Movie and Film" category.[20] On June 16, 2008, D3 Publisher announced the release of a video game based on the film. It was developed by Papaya Studio for the Wii and PlayStation 2 and by Art Co. for Nintendo DS. It was released on January 27, 2009, close to the film's theatrical release.[21] The soundtrack was released digitally February 3, 2009, by E1 Music, and in stores on February 24, 2009.

text: Reception

text: Box office

text: According to Paul Dergarabedian, a film business analyst with Media by Numbers, for the film to succeed it needed a box office comparable to Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, which grossed $16 million its opening weekend and ended up making more than $192 million worldwide; prior to the film's release, Dergarabedian thought Laika "should be really pleased" if it made close to $10 million on its opening weekend.[14] In its US opening weekend, the film made $16.85 million, ranking third at the box office.[8] It made $15 million on its second weekend, bringing its U.S. total up to $35.6 million, $25.5 million of which coming from 3D presentations.[22] As of November 2009, the film had grossed $75,286,229 in the United States and Canada and $49,310,169 in other territories, making a total of $124,596,398 worldwide.[3]

text: Critical response

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 90% based on 262 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "With its vivid stop-motion animation combined with Neil Gaiman's imaginative story, Coraline is a film that's both visually stunning and wondrously entertaining."[23] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 80 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[24]

text: David Edelstein said the film is "a bona fide fairy tale" that needed a "touch less entrancement and a touch more ... story".[25] A. O. Scott of The New York Times called the film "exquisitely realized" with a "slower pace and a more contemplative tone than the novel. It is certainly exciting, but rather than race through ever noisier set pieces toward a hectic climax in the manner of so much animation aimed at kids, Coraline lingers in an atmosphere that is creepy, wonderfully strange and full of feeling."[26]

text: Accolades

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Awards

Award
Category
Recipient(s)
Outcome

Academy Awards
Best Animated Feature
Henry Selick
Nominated

American Film Institute Awards
Best 10 Movies

Won

Annie Awards

Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Best Directing in a Feature Production
Henry Selick
Nominated

Best Voice Acting in a Feature Production
Dawn French
Nominated

Best Music in an Animated Feature Production
Bruno Coulais
Won

Best Character Animation in a Feature Production
Travis Knight
Nominated

Best Character Design in a Feature Production
Shane Prigmore; Shannon Tindle
Won

Best Production Design in a Feature Production
Christopher Appelhans; Tadahiro Uesugi
Won

Best Storyboarding in a Feature Production
Chris Butler
Nominated

Annecy International Animated Film Festival
Best Feature – Tied

Won

Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
Best Animated Feature

Nominated

BAFTA Awards
Best Animated Film

Nominated

BAFTA Children's Award
Best Feature Film

Won

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Animated Feature

Nominated

Cinema Audio Society Awards

Lifetime Achievement
Henry Selick
Won

Career Achievement (sound designer/re-recording mixer)
Randy Thom
Won

EDA [Alliance of Women Film Journalists] Award

Best Animated Female ([the character of] Coraline)

Won

Best Animated Film

Nominated

Golden Globe Awards
Best Animated Feature Film

Nominated

Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards
Best Sound Editing: Sound Effects, Foley, Music, Dialogue and ADR Animation in a Feature Film

Nominated

Online Film Critics Society Awards
Best Animated Film

Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Best Animated 3D Movie of 2009

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards
Producer of the Year in Animated Motion Picture

Nominated

San Francisco Film Critics Circle Awards
Best Animated Feature

Won

St. Louis Film Critics Awards
Best Animated Film

Nominated

Visual Effects Society Awards

Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Claire Jennings, Henry Selick
Nominated

Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
Coraline – Lead Animators Travis Knight and Trey Thomas
Nominated

Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture
John Allan Armstrong, Richard Kent Burton, Craig Dowsett
Nominated

Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Feature Motion Picture
Deborah Cook, Matthew DeLeu, Paul Mack, Martin Meunier
Nominated

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association
Best Animated Film

Nominated


document_title: List of active United Kingdom military aircraft

question_text: how many tornado planes does the uk have

text: Royal Air Force[edit]

text:
Type
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes

Agusta A109SP GrandNew
Italy
Rotorcraft
Transport
2016
1
1
[1] Used for transportation of senior military commanders or government ministers

Airbus A400M Atlas
Spain
Propeller
Transport
2014
18
18[2]
Four on order

Airbus Voyager
Spain
Jet
Tanker / Transport
2011
14
14
[3]

Beechcraft King Air
USA
Propeller
Trainer
2004
7
7
[4] To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below

Beechcraft Shadow
USA
Propeller
ISTAR
2009
5
6
[4]

Bell Griffin HAR2
Canada
Rotorcraft
Utility
2003
3
3
[4] Used for SAR duties in Akrotiri Cyprus

Boeing Chinook
USA
Rotorcraft
Transport
1980
60
66
[4]

Boeing C‑17A Globemaster III
USA
Jet
Transport
2001
8
8
[4]

Boeing E‑3D Sentry
USA
Jet
AEW&C
1990
6
7
[4]

Boeing RC‑135W Rivet Joint
USA
Jet
SIGINT
2013
3
3
[4]

British Aerospace 146
UK
Jet
Transport
1995
4
6
[4]

British Aerospace Hawk T1
UK
Jet
Trainer
1976
35
175
[4] Used in the aggressor role by 100 squadron and the Red Arrows

British Aerospace Hawk T2
UK
Jet
Trainer
2009
28
28
[4] Used as an advanced fast jet lead-in trainer

Eurofighter Typhoon
UK
Jet
Multi-role
2007
125
147
[4] Of the 22 two seat trainer aircraft[5] the 16 Tranche 1's are to be scrapped under the RTP (reduce to produce) requirement[6] which started in late 2016[7]

General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper
USA
UAV
ISR / attack
2007
10
10
[4]

Grob G115E Tutor
Germany
Propeller
Basic Trainer
1999
90
91
[4] To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below [8]

Grob Vigilant
Germany
Glider
Trainer
1991
15
15
[4]

Grob Viking
Germany
Glider
Trainer
1990
73
73
[4]

Lockheed C‑130J Hercules
USA
Propeller
Transport
2000
20
25
[4] Shorter C5 variant being withdrawn as part of SDSR 2015 to leave 14 of the C4 variant

Lockheed Martin F‑35B Lightning II
USA
Jet
Multi-role
2013
15
15
Joint operated with Fleet Air Arm.[9][10]

Panavia Tornado GR4
UK
Jet
Attack
1979
30
138
[4] OSD Q1 2019

Raytheon Sentinel
Canada / USA
Jet
ISTAR
2008
4[11]
5
[4]

Short Tucano
UK
Propeller
Trainer
1989
78
130
[4] To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below

Westland Puma HC2
UK
Rotorcraft
Transport
1971
23
24
[4]

text: RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight[edit]

text:
Type
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes

Avro Lancaster (PA474)
UK
Propeller
Bomber
1942
1

1 B.I

De Havilland Canada Chipmunk
UK
Propeller
Trainer
1946
2
753
1 T.10

Douglas Dakota
USA
Propeller
Transport
1942
1

1 C.3

Hawker Hurricane
UK
Propeller
Fighter
1937
2

2 Mk IIc

Supermarine Spitfire
UK
Propeller
Fighter
1938
7

1 Mk IIa, 1 Mk Vb, 1 LF.IXe, 1 LF.XVIe, 2 PR.XIX

text: Fleet Air Arm[edit]

text:
Type
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes

AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat
UK
Rotorcraft
Attack
2014
28
28
[4]

EH Industries EH101 Merlin
UK
Rotorcraft
Transport
2000
55
71
[4]

Westland Sea King ASaC7
UK
Rotorcraft
AEW
1979
8
8
[4] OSD Q3 2018

Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin II
France
Rotorcraft
Utility
1999
2
2
[4] Used as transport of  instructors as part of FOST training

British Aerospace Hawk T1
UK
Jet
Trainer
1994
14
14
[12] Used in the aggressor role by 736 squadron

Beechcraft Avenger
USA
Propeller
Trainer
2011
4
4
[4] To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below

Grob G115E Tutor
Germany
Propeller
Basic Trainer
2002
5
5
[4] To be replaced as part of the new Ascent UK Military Flight Training System detailed below

Lockheed Martin F‑35B Lightning II
USA
Jet
Multi-role
2013
-
-
To be Jointly operated with Royal Air Force

text: Royal Navy Historic Flight[edit]

text:
Type
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes

de Havilland Chipmunk
UK
Propeller
Trainer
1946
1

1 T10

Fairey Swordfish
UK
Propeller
Torpedo-bomber
1936
2

2 Mk.I/II

Hawker Sea Fury
UK
Propeller
Fighter-bomber
1945
1

1 FB11

Hawker Sea Hawk
UK
Jet
Fighter-bomber
1953
1

1 FGA6

text: Army Air Corps[edit]

text:
Type
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes

AgustaWestland Apache
UK
Rotorcraft
Attack
2004
50
67
[4]

AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat
UK
Rotorcraft
Attack
2014
34
34
[4]

Bell 212
Canada
Rotorcraft
Attack
1995
5
5
[4] Used by No.7 Flight and No.25 Flight AAC in Brunei and Kenya in support of TTB and BATUK

Britten-Norman Defender
UK
Propeller
Patrol
2003
9
9
[4]

Britten-Norman Islander
UK
Propeller
Patrol
1997
6
6
[4]

Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin II
France
Rotorcraft
SAS
2009
5
5

Thales Watchkeeper WK450
UK
UAV
ISR
2014
50
50
[4]

Westland Gazelle
UK
Rotorcraft
Patrol
1974
34
34
[4] OSD 2025[13]

text: Defence Helicopter Flying School[edit]

text:
Type
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes

Bell Griffin
Canada
Rotorcraft
Trainer
1997
11
11
[4]Out of service

Eurocopter AS350 Squirrel
France
Rotorcraft
Trainer
1997
34
34
[4]Out of service

text: UK Military Flying Training System[edit]

text: The contractors providing the new UK Military Flying Training System will eventually operate 38 fixed wing aircraft and 32 helicopters on the military register, but the aircraft are initially civilian-registered.

text:
Type
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes

Grob G120TP
Germany
Propeller
Basic Trainer
2018
19[14]
23
ISD expected early 2019 [15]

Beechcraft T-6 Texan II
USA
Propeller
Trainer
2018
2
10
ISD expected early 2019 [15][16]

Embraer Phenom 100
Brazil
Jet
Trainer
2018
5[14]
5
ISD expected mid 2018 [15]

H135 Juno
Germany
Rotorcraft
Trainer
2018
29[17]
29
ISD 1 April 2018 [17]

H145 Jupiter
Germany
Rotorcraft
Trainer
2018
3[17]
3
ISD 1 April 2018 [17]

text: Empire Test Pilots' School[edit]

text:
Type

Origin

Class

Role

Introduced

In service

No.

Notes

Agusta AW109
Italy
Rotorcraft
Utility

2

[18]

Avro RJ
UK
Jet
Transport

2

[18]

British Aerospace Hawk
UK
Jet
Trainer / experimental

3

[18]

Short Tucano
UK
Propeller
Trainer

2

text: Ministry of Defence[edit]

text: As well as the military services a number of defence contractors operate military aircraft on behalf of the Ministry of Defence.

text:
Type
Origin
Class
Role
Introduced
In service
Total
Notes

Agusta AW109
Italy
Rotorcraft
Utility

1

QinetiQ Boscombe Down.

Eurofighter Typhoon
UK
Jet
Multi-role

2

BAE Systems, Warton.

Hawker Hunter
UK
Jet
Fighter

3

Hawker Hunter Aviation.

Lockheed Martin F‑35B Lightning II
USA
Jet
Multi-role
2013
3
3
Lockheed Martin, United States.[9]

Panavia Tornado
UK
Jet
Attack

2

BAE Systems, Warton.

Westland Sea King
UK
Rotorcraft
Utility

1

QinetiQ Boscombe Down.


document_title: Patience is a virtue

question_text: where does patience is a virtue come from

text: Patience is a virtue

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Patience is a virtue.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Wikiquote has quotations related to: Patience

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Summa Theologiae by Thomas Aquinas — Question 136: Of Patience

text: Patience is a virtue is a proverbial phrase referring to one of the seven heavenly virtues typically said to date back to "Psychomachia," an epic poem written in the fifth century.

text: In popular culture, "Patience is a Virtue" can refer to:

text:
a 1991 single by Lois Reeves, part of the Motorcity Records singles discography
a bonus track on some versions of the 2007 album Release the Stars by Rufus Wainwright
a 2010 mixtape from Romeo Miller's discography
Rachel Weisz's character Evelyn "Evie" Carnahan O'Connell said the phrase in The Mummy

text: Disambiguation pagesProverbs

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: List of European countries by population

question_text: which country has the smallest population in europe

text: Table[edit]

text:
Rank[1]
Country
(or dependent territory)
July 1, 2015
projection[2]
% of
pop.
Average
relative
annual
growth
(%)[3]
Average
absolute
annual
growth
[4]
Estimated
doubling
time
(Years)[5]
Official
figure
(where
available)
Date of
last figure
Source
Regional grouping

1
 Russia[6]
144,031,000
17.15
0.20
294,285
368
146,839,993
January 1, 2017
[1]
EAEU

2
 Germany
81,459,000
9.87
1.20
600,000
90
82,800,000
December 30, 2016
Official estimate
EU

3
 Turkey
79,817,849
9.50
1.34
1,035,000
52
77,695,904
December 31, 2016
Official estimate

4
 France[7][Note 1]
66,991,000
7.97
0.39
261,022
177
66,991,000
March 1, 2017
[2]
EU

5
 United Kingdom
65,110,276
7.75
0.75
484,000
92
64,596,800
December 30, 2016
Official estimate
EU

6
 Italy
60,589,445
7.21
0.49
298,000
141
60,788,845
January 1, 2017
Monthly official estimate
EU

7
 Spain
46,423,064
5.53
-0.06
-28,000
-
46,449,565
January 1, 2015
Official estimate
EU

8
 Ukraine[8]
42,850,000
5.10
-0.32
-136,000
-
42,726,067
March 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate

9
 Poland
38,494,000
4.58
0.05
20,000
1,334
38,484,000
December 31, 2014
Official estimate
EU

10
 Romania
19,822,000
2.36
-0.41
-81,000
-
19,942,642
January 1, 2014
Official estimate
EU

11
 Netherlands
17,003,777
2.02
0.37
62,000
189
17,104,600
January 25, 2018
Official population clock
EU

12
 Belgium
11,455,474
1.34
0.52
58,000
134
11,370,968
August 1, 2017
Monthly official estimate
EU

13
 Greece
11,183,716
1.28
0.16
-12,000
-
10,816,286
May 24, 2011
Final 2011 census result
EU

14
 Czech Republic
10,535,000
1.25
-0.06
-6,000
-
10,588,063
July 30, 2017
Official estimate
EU

15
 Portugal
10,311,000
1.23
-0.56
-58,000
-
10,309,573
December 31, 2016
Official estimate
EU

16
 Sweden
9,858,794
1.17
1.03
100,000
68
10,081,396
August 31, 2017
Official estimate
EU

17
 Hungary
9,835,000
1.17
-0.28
-28,000
-
9,849,000
December 31, 2014
Official estimate
EU

18
 Azerbaijan
9,651,000
1.15
1.23
117,000
57
9,810,000
January 1, 2017
Official estimate

19
 Belarus
9,481,000
1.13
0.00
0
-
9,481,100
April 1, 2015
Official estimate
EAEU

20
 Austria
8,608,000
1.02
0.67
57,000
104
8,794,267
July 1, 2018
Official estimate
EU

21
  Switzerland
8,265,000
0.98
0.87
71,000
80
8,211,700
September 30, 2014
Official estimate
EFTA

22
 Bulgaria
7,185,000
0.86
-0.57
-41,000
-
7,245,677
December 31, 2013
Official estimate
EU

23
 Serbia
7,103,000
0.85
-0.41
-29,000
-
7,146,759
January 1, 2014
Official estimate

24
 Denmark
5,673,000
0.68
0.48
27,000
145
5,659,715
January 1, 2015
Official estimate
EU

25
 Finland
5,475,000
0.65
0.11
6,000
632
5,473,465
March 31, 2015
Monthly official estimate
EU

26
 Slovakia
5,426,000
0.65
0.13
7,000
537
5,415,949
September 30, 2014
Official estimate
EU

27
 Norway
5,194,000
0.62
1.11
57,000
63
5,165,802
January 1, 2015
Official estimate
EFTA

28
 Ireland
4,630,000
0.55
0.35
16,000
200
4,761,865
April 2016
Preliminary 2016 census result
EU

29
 Croatia
4,230,000
0.50
-0.31
-13,000
-
4,267,558
July 1, 2012
Official estimate
EU

30
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
3,750,000
0.45
-0.64
-24,000
-
3,791,622
October 1, 2013
Preliminary 2013 census result

31
 Georgia
3,707,000
0.44
-1.23
-46,000
-
3,729,500
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

32
 Moldova
3,564,000
0.42
0.48
17,000
145
3,555,200
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

33
 Armenia
3,010,000
0.36
-0.03
-1,000
-
3,010,600
December 31, 2014
Monthly official estimate
EAEU

34
 Lithuania
2,906,000
0.35
-0.85
-25,000
-
2,912,566
April 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate
EU

35
 Albania
2,887,000
0.34
-0.41
-12,000
-
2,893,005
January 1, 2015
Official estimate

36
 Macedonia
2,071,000
0.25
0.15
3,000
478
2,069,172
December 31, 2014
Official estimate

37
 Slovenia
2,065,000
0.25
0.15
3,000
477
2,062,731
October 1, 2014
Official estimate
EU

38
 Latvia
1,979,000
0.24
-0.90
-18,000
-
1,983,300
April 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate
EU

 Kosovo
1,867,000
0.22
1.08
20,000
64
1,815,606
December 31, 2012
Official estimate

39
 Estonia
1,315,000
0.16
0.46
6,000
152
1,315,635
January 1, 2017
Official estimate
EU

40
 Cyprus
876,000
0.10
0.46
4,000
151
865,900
December 31, 2012
Official estimate
EU

41
 Montenegro
620,000
0.07
0.00
0
-
620,029
April 1, 2011
2011 census result

42
 Luxembourg
570,000
0.07
2.52
14,000
28
562,958
December 31, 2014
Official estimate
EU

43
 Malta
425,000
0.05
0.47
2,000
147
417,432
November 20, 2011
2011 census result
EU

44
 Iceland
331,000
0.04
1.22
4,000
57
329,100
January 1, 2015
Official estimate
EFTA

 Jersey (UK)
103,000
0.01
0.98
1,000
71
97,857
March 27, 2011
2011 census result

 Isle of Man (UK)
89,000
0.01
1.14
1,000
61
84,497
March 27, 2011
2011 census result

45
 Andorra
78,000
0.01
1.30
1,000
54
76,949
2014
Official estimate

 Guernsey (UK)
66,000
0.01
1.54
1,000
45
65,150
March 31, 2014
Official estimate

 Faroe Islands (Denmark)
49,000
0.01
0.00
0
-
48,693
February 1, 2015
Monthly official estimate

46
 Liechtenstein
37,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
37,370
December 31, 2014
Official estimate
EFTA

47
 Monaco
37,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
36,950
December 31, 2013
Official estimate

 Gibraltar (UK)[9]
34,000
0.00
3.03
1,000
23
30,001
2012
Official estimate
EU

48
 San Marino
33,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
32,798
February 28, 2015
Monthly official estimate

 Åland Islands (Finland)
29,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
28,666
December 31, 2013
Official estimate
EU

 Svalbard (Norway)
3,000
0.00
0.00
0
-
2,575
July 1, 2014
Official estimate
EFTA

49
  Vatican City
451
0.00
0.00
0
-
0
2012
Official estimate

Total
840,023,805
100.00
0.33
2,746,307
210


document_title: Rocky Road (Once Upon a Time)

question_text: who plays elsa's aunt in once upon a time

question_tokens: who plays elsa 's aunt in once upon a time

text: Rocky Road (Once Upon a Time)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: The Snow Queen's ice cream shop, "Any Given Sundae", is shown in the forest.

text: Event chronology[edit]

text: The Arendelle events take place after "A Tale of Two Sisters". The Storybrooke events take place after "White Out".

text: In the Characters' Past[edit]

text: In the wake of her sister Anna heading off towards Misthaven, a concerned Elsa (Georgina Haig) is now panicking over her sister’s mission, even as Kristoff (Scott Michael Foster) tells her that her kingdom needs her more than Anna does right now. Elsa then receives news that Prince Hans (Tyler Jacob Moore) is leading an army straight to Arendelle, so she has to stay and prevent him from attempting to take control of the kingdom once again. While spying on the former regent and his 12 brothers, Kristoff discovers that Hans has brought with him a sketch of an urn that once it is in use, will be able to trap people. Kristoff, fearing that he will use the urn on Elsa so he can take over Arendelle, returns to warn Elsa, who decides to follow Kristoff along after he volunteers to go after Hans before he carries out his plot.

text: Hours later, and after making a trek towards a cave, Elsa and Kristoff discover the urn that was kept hidden. When Elsa discovers an unfamiliar language encrypted on the item, it leads to confusion between her and Kristoff over whether to destroy it or not, only to be caught off guard by Hans and his brothers, who then takes a sword to Kristoff and demand that Elsa drop the urn or he'll kill him. After Elsa gives in, she hands over the urn to Hans, thens warns Kristoff to search for Anna. Hans then opens the urn to trap Elsa, only to discover that a person is already inside: The Snow Queen. After she is unleashed, The Snow Queen, upset over Hans calling Elsa a monster, freezes him and his brothers flee the cave. The Snow Queen then returns to the palace to get to know Elsa, and reveals to her that she is her aunt after she looks at a portrait of Elsa's parents. She also tells Elsa about finding others like them who may have met the same fate as her.

text: In Storybrooke[edit]

text: Elsa has literally frozen Storybrooke, and hopes to find her sister, Anna (Elizabeth Lail). She accompanies Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) to try to break down the wall of ice she created around Storybrooke, but her powers aren't strong enough to melt the barrier. The two, along with Hook, pay Gold a visit and to find out if he has known Anna based on the necklace Elsa found in his pawn shop. Belle uses the fake dagger to “command” Gold to tell the truth but it fails, as he knows nothing about Elsa or Anna, and wishes them the best of luck finding her. At the same time, Robin Hood (Sean Maguire), Marian, and Roland visit "Any Given Sundae," where the Snow Queen (Elizabeth Mitchell) serves them ice cream, but unknown to them she casts a spell on the ice cream cone that she gave Marian. Afterwards, the family joins the other residents at the Mayor's office, as Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin), who is still trying to balance both maternal and mayoral duties, is holding the first annual “Mayor’s Fireside Chat,” where she assures the citizens that they are no longer afraid of Regina's influence, but it appears that they want Mary Margaret to do something about the town’s snowy fiasco. Mary Margaret then tells the residents about Elsa's presence in Storybrooke and is trying to reassure everyone that she is not dangerous, only to have Marian beginning to start feeling as if something was glossing over her and she passes out. Elsa's presence has also resulted in her becoming a prime suspect, and with her heart slowly freezing, a cure must be found before Marian's heart completely freezes and kills her. The Storybrooke residents blame Elsa, who is being framed by the Snow Queen for the icy cold mayhem. With the entire town ready to go after their newest addition, Emma (who starts to question her abilities as "The Savior") and Hook decide to hide Elsa at the sheriff's office while she and David search for the real suspect.

text: Later on, Emma and David (Josh Dallas) arrive to Robin Hood's campsite in the forest, and as Emma draws her gun and orders whoever is inside the tent to come out, she encounters former Merry Man Will Scarlet (Michael Socha) and she demands to know who he is, but as he about to escape David catches him. Will tells the two that he doesn’t know anything about the ice wall around Storybrooke, but reveals that he went into the ice cream parlor while the electricity was out, and saw that despite the blackout, the products in the back were still frozen. When they arrive at the shop, however, they find the kitchen area in deep freezing temperatures, but Will sneaks off and take the money from the register. Meanwhile, Hook decides to take Elsa to Gold's Pawn Shop instead, where he tells his former archenemy that he knows about the Dagger of Kris that Gold still has in his possession, and promises to keep it a secret, but only on the condition that they find out where they can locate the real suspect, and hopefully, find Anna. Using a piece of Marian's hair strands, Gold casts a spell to serve as a tracer to origin of the freezing spell cast on it. Elsa and Hook are able to trace it back to the Snow Queen in the forest, but as Hook tries to contact Emma with a cellphone, and later by person, the Snow Queen traps Hook's legs in ice, and when she tries to kill Hook with sharp icicles, she tells Elsa that she neutralized her powers, to keep her from interfering. Then, she discovers that Elsa has lost her memories. She tells Elsa that the Rock Trolls wiped her memory, while trying to convince her that it was Anna who had placed her in the urn. As the Snow Queen prepares to use an ice attack on Hook, Emma arrives just in time to use her powers, allowing the Snow Queen to get away upon getting distracted by helping David free Hook before the large icicles could fall on him. Emma was surprised that the Snow Queen knew Emma's name, but Elsa suspects that the Snow Queen might be lying about her remembering their past experience and about her past with Emma, although Emma assures Elsa they'll find out together. Later that night, the Snow Queen is approached by Gold, who asks if Emma remembers her. As it turns out, Gold tells her that Emma will remember her eventually, but when he asked if she needs his help, the Snow Queen declined, and stated that when she's ready to make a deal, she'll come to him. Gold says that he eagerly awaits that moment and walks away. As Emma tries to remember her past encounter with the Snow Queen, Hook confronts her, and explains that after losing Neal, Graham and Walsh, she did not want to lose Hook either. They then share a kiss together.

text: While all this is going on, Regina and Henry team up to attempt to find out the identity of who the fairytale book author is. Before they can do that, Robin arrives to tell Regina about Marian's frozen state. As Regina is quick to suspect Elsa, as she believes that darker magic is behind this but Elsa denies it to Regina. They believe a true love kiss will wake Marian up, but after Robin kisses her, nothing happens. David and Henry surmise that the cold is creating a barrier, preventing the kiss from working, like when Frederick was turned into gold. Later on that evening, Robin confesses that he knows why the kiss did not work, although he kissed Marian, he's still in love with Regina. Regina then tells Henry to bring her a box and pulls her heart out before her body freezes, indicating it is alive and promises Robin that she will find a cure for his wife.

text: Production[edit]

text: This episode is named after the ice cream flavor that the Snow Queen gives to Marian that puts her under a frozen spell.

text: This episode marks the introduction of Michael Socha as Will Scarlet/the Knave of Hearts to the main cast, who previously starred in the spin-off series Once Upon a Time in Wonderland. On April 1, 2014, it was reported that Michael Socha was in talks to reprise his role as Will Scarlet/Knave of Hearts as a series regular in the fourth season of Once Upon a Time.[2] On April 20, 2014, it was confirmed that Michael Socha will become a regular for Season 4 of the parent series.[3]

text: Cultural references[edit]

text:
The episode title is a reference to the Rocky Road ice cream.
Elsa talks about making a living snow man with the Snow Queen, which is a reference to Olaf from Frozen.*
When Mary Margaret is trying to get Neal loaded into her car & worried about spending so much time with him. Dr. Hopper tells her to "let it go" referring to her concern about making up for the time she lost with Emma.
Emma calls the Snow Queen "Dairy Queen", a reference to the ice cream franchise of the same name.
Operation Mongoose is the name of a United States Government mission to overthrow Fidel Castro and return Democracy to Cuba.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: This outing posted a 2.7/7 among 18-49s with 7.92 million viewers tuning in, a 18% drop from the previous episode.[4]

text: In Canada, it delivered 1.963 million viewers, making it the night's second most-watched program.[5]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The episode was met with good reviews, most of it directed towards the performances from Elizebeth Mitchell and Jennifer Morrison.

text: In a review from Entertainment Weekly, Hilary Busis mentioned several good points about this episode, including this one: "And so Once continues to play its favorite game: Families Are Complicated, Y'all! A new baddie who's secretly related to one of our heroes is hardly uncharted territory, but at least Mitchell's presence is livening up the Frozen arc. And while I'm still not sure that Once has done enough to justify devoting this much time to characters from a movie that was released less than a year ago, season 4's third episode did at least have a little more time to spare for the folks who have been around since the pre-"Let It Go" days. (Though we still don't know what the deal is with that damn Fantasia hat.)"[6]

text: Amy Ratcliffe of IGN rated the episode 7.5 out of 10, saying "Tonight's Once had entertaining points and featured an intriguing entrance for the Snow Queen. She's a quieter sort of villain, and that's a nice change. We inched closer to finding out how Elsa got trapped in the urn and where Anna is, but the episode fell flat in a few places because characters didn't act like themselves."[7]

text: TV Fanatic gave the episode 4.6 out of 5 stars.[8]


document_title: All-India Muslim League

question_text: where was held the first session of muslim league

text: All-India Muslim League

text: Foundation[edit]

text: The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was formed with the help from the reformist Syed Ahmad Khan. His strong advocacy for British education and political activism had inspired Subhan Muslims to support the cause for the AIML. Originally hosting the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 in a vision to uplift the cause for the British education especially science and literature, among India's Muslims. The conference, in addition to generating funds for Sir Syed's Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), motivated Muslim upper class to propose expansion of educational uplift elsewhere, known as the Aligarh Movement. In turn this new awareness of Muslim needs helped stimulate a political consciousness among Muslim elites that went on to form the AIML.[11]

text: The formation of a Subhan political party on national level was seen as essential by 1901. The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with participation of representatives from all over India. The decision for re-consideration to form the all Indian Muslim political party was taken and further proceedings were adjourned until the next meeting of All India Muhammadan Educational Conference. The Simla Deputation reconsidered the issue in October 1906 and decided to frame the objectives of the party on the occasion of the annual meeting of Educational Conference; that was later, scheduled to be held at Dhaka. Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy. Pursuant upon the decisions taken earlier in Lucknow meeting and later in Simla; the annual meeting of the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference was held at Dhaka that continued from 27 December, until 30 December 1906. that was headed by both Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk and Nawab Muhasan-ul-Mulk (the Secretary of the Muhammaden Educational Conference); in which he explained its objectives and stressed the unity of the Muslims under the banner of an association.[12] It was formally proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Zafar Ali Khan, Syed Nabiullah Bar at Law Lucknow and Syed Zahur Ahmad an eminent lawyer and several others. The political party was established at the end of the conference.[1] The Founding meeting was hosted by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah and attended by three thousand delegates, while Ameer Ali, Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi were also the founding fathers who attended this meeting. The name "All-India Muslim League" was proposed by Sir Mian Muhammad Shafi. Sir Agha Khan III was appointed its first president. Fifty eight delegates from all over the Subcontinent were the founding members of League.[13] The League's constitution was framed in 1907 in Karachi. In 1910, Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda selected as the president of the party.[14]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III) was appointed the first Honorary President of the Muslim League. The headquarters were established at Lucknow. There were also six vice-presidents, a secretary and two joint secretaries initially appointed for a three-years term, proportionately from different provinces.[15] The principles of the League were espoused in the "Green Book," which included the organisation's constitution, written by Maulana Mohammad Ali. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence.

text: Aga Khan III (1877–1957) played a leading role in founding AIML; his goal was the advancement of Muslim agendas and protection of Muslim rights in India. He shared Ahmad Khan's belief that Muslims should first build up their social capital through advanced education before engaging in politics. Agha Khan boldly told the British Raj that Muslims must be considered a separate nation within India. Even after he resigned as president of the AIML in 1912, he still exerted major influence on its policies and agendas.[16] in 1913 Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league.

text: Intellectual support and a cadre of young activists emerged from Aligarh Muslim University. Hasan reports that in the early 20th century, this Muslim institution, designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj, exploded into political activity. Until 1939, the faculty and students supported an all-India nationalist movement. After 1939, however, sentiment shifted dramatically toward a Muslim separatist movement, as students and faculty mobilised behind Jinnah and the Muslim League.[17]

text: Communalism grows[edit]

text: Politically there was a degree of unity between Muslim and Hindu leaders after World War I, as typified by the Khilafat Movement. Relationships cooled sharply after that campaign ended in 1922. Communalism grew rapidly, forcing the two groups apart. Major riots broke out in numerous cities, including 91 in U.P. alone.[18][19] At the leadership level, the proportion of Muslims among delegates to Congress fell sharply, from 11% in 1921 to under 4% in 1924.[20]

text: Muhammad Ali Jinnah became disillusioned with politics after the failure of his attempt to form a Hindu-Muslim alliance, and he spent most of the 1920s in Britain. The leadership of the League was taken over by, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, who in 1930 first put forward the demand for a separate Muslim state in India. The "Two-Nation Theory", the belief that Hindus and Muslims were two different nations who could not live in one country, gained popularity among Muslims. The two-state solution was rejected by the Congress leaders, who favoured a united India based on composite national identity. Congress at all times rejected "communalism"—that is, basing politics on religious identity.[21] Iqbal's policy of uniting the North-West Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh into a new Muslim majority state became part of the League's political platform.[22]

text: The League rejected the Committee report (the Nehru Report), arguing that it gave too little representation (only one quarter) to Muslims, established Devanagari as the official language of the colony, and demanded that India turn into a de facto unitary state, with residuary powers resting at the centre – the League had demanded at least one-third representation in the legislature and sizeable autonomy for the Muslim provinces. Jinnah reported a "parting of the ways" after his requests for minor amendments to the proposal were denied outright, and relations between the Congress and the League began to sour.[23]

text: Conception of Pakistan[edit]

text: On 29 December 1930 Sir Muhammad Iqbal delivered his monumental presidential address to the All India Muslim League annual session. He said:[24]

text: I would like to see Punjab, North-West Frontier Province [now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa], Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.

text: Sir Muhammad Iqbal did not use the word "Pakistan" in his address. According to some scholars, Iqbal had not presented the idea of a separate Muslim State; rather he wanted a large Muslim province by amalgamating Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan into a big North-Western province within India.[25] They argued that "Iqbal never pleaded for any kind of partition of the country. Rather he was an ardent proponent of a 'true' federal setup for India..., and wanted a consolidated Muslim majority within the Indian Federation".[26]

text: Another Indian historian, Tara Chand, also held that Iqbal was not thinking in terms of partition of India, but in terms of a federation of autonomous states within India.[27] Dr. Safdar Mehmood also asserted in a series of articles that in the Allahabad address Iqbal proposed a Muslim majority province within an Indian federation and not an independent state outside an Indian Federation.[28]

text: On 28 January 1933, Choudhary Rahmat Ali, founder of the Pakistan National Movement, voiced his ideas in the pamphlet entitled "Now or Never;[29] Are We to Live or Perish Forever?" The word 'P In a subsequent book Rehmat Ali discussed the etymology in further detail.[30] "Pakistan' is both a Persian and an Urdu word. It is composed of letters taken from the names of all our South Asia homelands; that is, Punjab, Afghania, Kashmir, Sindh and Balochistan. It means the land of the Pure".

text: The British and the Indian Press vehemently criticised these two different schemes and created a confusion about the authorship of the word "Pakistan" to such an extent that even Jawaharlal Nehru had to write:[31]

text: Iqbal was one of the early advocates of Pakistan and yet he appears to have realised its inherent danger and absurdity. Edward Thompson has written that in the course of conversation, Iqbal told him that he had advocated Pakistan because of his position as President of Muslim League session, but he felt sure that it would be injurious to India as a whole and to Muslims especially.

text: Campaign for Pakistan[edit]

text: Until 1937 the Muslim League had remained an organisation of elite Indian Muslims. The Muslim League leadership then began mass mobilisation and the League then became a popular party with the Muslim masses in the 1940s, especially after the Lahore Resolution.[3][32] Under Jinnah's leadership its membership grew to over two million and became more religious and even separatist in its outlook.[33][34]

text: The Muslim League's earliest base was the United Provinces.[35] The Muslim League successfully mobilised the religious community in the United Provinces in the late 1930s. Jinnah worked closely with local politicians. However, there was a lack of uniform political voice by the League during the 1938–1939 Madhe Sahaba riots of Lucknow.[36] From 1937 onwards, the Muslim League and Jinnah attracted large crowds throughout India in its processions and strikes.[37]

text: At a League conference in Lahore in 1940, Jinnah said:

text: Hindus and the Muslims belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature.... It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes and different episodes.... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state.[38]

text: In response to Jinnah's speech, the All-India Jamhur Muslim League (AIJML) was formed to counter the move of Jinnah on his support for Sir Syed's two-nation theory and to oppose the creation of Pakistan. The Raja of Mahmoodabad was elected its president and Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi was its first general secretary. Perhaps it was the first split of Muslim League on ideological ground.[39] This party however merged with Indian Congress latter on to strengthen its views on partition.

text: At Lahore the Muslim League formally recommitted itself to creating an independent Muslim state, including Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan, the North West Frontier Province and Bengal, that would be "wholly autonomous and sovereign". The resolution guaranteed protection for non-Muslim religions. The Lahore Resolution, moved by the sitting Chief Minister of Bengal A. K. Fazlul Huq, was adopted on 23 March 1940, and its principles formed the foundation for Pakistan's first constitution. Talks between Jinnah and Gandhi in 1944 in Bombay failed to achieve agreement. This was the last attempt to reach a single-state solution.[40]

text: In the 1940s, Jinnah emerged as a leader of the Indian Muslims and was popularly known as Quaid-e-Azam (lit. Great Leader). In the Constituent Assembly of India's elections of 1946, the Muslim League won 425 out of 476 seats reserved for Muslims (and about 89.2% of Muslim votes) on a policy of creating an independent state of Pakistan, and with an implied threat of secession if this was not granted. Congress, led by Gandhi and Nehru remained adamantly opposed to dividing India.[citation needed]

text: However, 1947 saw violent and bloody battles caused due to the communal clashes between the two communities in India. Millions of people migrated from India to Pakistan and vice versa. The situation continued to be tense even after the governments of the two nations were formed.[41]

text: The partition seems to have been inevitable after all, one of the examples being Lord Mountbatten's statement on Jinnah: "There was no argument that could move him from his consuming determination to realize the impossible dream of Pakistan."[42]

text: Impact on the future courses of Subcontinent[edit]

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: After the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League played a major role in giving the birth of modern conservatism and the introduction of the democratic process in the country.[43]

text: From 1947–51, Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan spearheaded the Muslim League's government until 1955 when Awami League came to power with Huseyn Suhrawardy becoming the Prime Minister. After Jinnah and Ali Khan, Nazimuddin struggled to lead the party, primarily due to lack of its social programmes. During this time, the Republican Party, led by Iskander Mirza, had taken over the credibility and prestige of Muslim League in all over the country. In 1958, the Muslim League nearly lost its influence when General Ayub Khan, army chief at that time, imposed martial law to with the support of Republican President Iskander Mirza against Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon, a leader of Muslim League.[citation needed]

text: The Federative constitution allowed the ailing Muslim League to be reformed itself as the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and endorsed for Fatima Jinnah for the presidential bid in 1965. However, one of its convention actively supported President Ayub Khan.[44]

text: Other factions were also involved in supporting the presidential regimes of Zia-ul-Haq in the 1980s, and the recent regime of Pervez Musharraf in the 2000s.[44] Every time, the establishment has put the political leaders were put together, who splintered apart when the general's blessings faded away.[45] Hence, Pakistan Muslim League refers to several political parties in Pakistan.[44] However, the most dominating and influential faction of the Muslim League is the PML(N) that is led by its President Nawaz Sharif, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, who has won the largest number of seats in two of the last five general elections, including the 2013 election.[46]

text: India[edit]

text: With the partition of British Indian Empire, the Muslim League lost all influence in the United Provinces and Indian states with significant Muslim population. In 1948, the Indian Muslim League was formed as breakaway faction of the Muslim League by those members who did not migrate to Pakistan. During its successive periods, the Indian Muslim League remained a part of the Kerala government; nonetheless, the Indian Muslim League disintegrated after the general elections of 1980. Many of its leaders later joined Congress and some migrated to Pakistan. The party has still has a stronghold in northern Kerala and is the second largest party within the present ruling coalition in the state.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: The Muslim League formed its government in East Bengal immediately after partition of Bengal, with Nurul Amin becoming the first Chief Minister.

text: Problems in East Pakistan for Muslim League began rise following the issue of Constitution. Furthermore, the language movement proved to be a last event that led the Muslim League to lose its mandate in the East Bengal. Muslim League's national conservatism program also faced several set back and resistance from the Communist Party of Pakistan. In an interview given to print media, Nurul Amin stated that the communists had played an integral and major role in staging the massive protests, mass demonstration, and strikes for the Bengali Language Movement.[47]

text: All over the country, the political parties had favoured the general elections in Pakistan with the exception of Muslim League.[48] In 1954, the legislative elections were to be held for the Parliament.[48] Unlike in West, not all of the Hindu population migrated to India, instead a large number of Hindu population was in fact presented in the state.[48] The communist influence deepened and was finally realised in the elections. The United Front, Communist Party and the Awami League returned to power, inflicting a severe defeat to Muslim League.[48] Out of 309, the Muslim League only won 10 seats, whereas the communist party had 4 seats of the ten contested. The communists working with other parties had secured 22 additional seats, totalling 26 seats. The right-wing Jamaat-e-Islami had completely failed in the elections.[48]

text: In 1955, the United Front named Abu Hussain Sarkar as the Chief minister of the State who ruled the state in two non-consecutive terms until 1958 when the martial law was imposed.[48] The Muslim League remained to be a minor party in East Pakistan but participated with full rigour during the general elections in 1970. It had won 10 seats from East Pakistan and 7 seats from other parts of Pakistan. After the independence of Bangladesh, the Muslim League was revived in 1976 but it was reduced, rendering it insignificant in the political arena.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: During the 1940s, the Muslim League had a United Kingdom section active in the British politics. After the establishment of Pakistan, the Pakistani community's leaders took over the UK branch, making Zubeida Habib Rahimtoola as president of party to continue to serve its purpose in the United Kingdom.[49] As of current, the Muslim League's UK branch is taken over by the PML-N, with Zubair Gull its president, and Nawaz Sharif serving its patron-in-chief.[49]

text: Historical versions[edit]

text: Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan:[50]

text:
Muslim League, the original successor of All-India Muslim League, which was disbanded on first martial law.
Convention Muslim League, a political platform created by General Ayub Khan in 1962 when he became the president.
Council Muslim League, a party created by political leaders who opposed General Ayub Khan.
Muslim League, a party created by Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan when he split with the Council Muslim League to run for the 1970 general elections.