document_title: Reading F.C.

question_text: who is the owner of reading football club

text: Reading F.C.

text: History[edit]

text: Reading were formed on 25 December 1871, following a public meeting at the Bridge Street Rooms organised by the future club secretary Joseph Edward Sydenham.[2][3] The early matches were played at Reading Recreation Ground, and later the club held fixtures at Reading Cricket Ground, Coley Park and Caversham Cricket Ground.[2] The switch to professionalism in 1895 resulted in the need for a bigger ground and, to this end, the club moved again, to the purpose-built Elm Park on 5 September 1896.[4] In 1913, Reading had a successful tour of Italy, prompting the leading sports newspaper Corriere della Sera to write "without doubt, Reading FC are the finest foreign team seen in Italy".[5]

text: Reading were elected to the Football League Third Division South of the Football League in 1920. Reading's best performance in the FA Cup came in 1926–27 when they lost to eventual winners Cardiff City at Wolverhampton in the semi-final, a placement the club would not match again until 2015, when they lost to holders Arsenal in the semi-final. Reading lost their place in Division Two in May 1931, and remained in Third Division South until the outbreak of World War II. The club won the Southern Section Cup, beating Bristol City in the two-legged final in 1938, and when taking part in the regional London War League and Cup competitions, gained another honour by beating Brentford in the London War Cup Final of 1941 by 3–2 at Stamford Bridge.

text: When League football resumed after the war, Reading quickly came to prominence once again. The club's record victory, 10–2 versus Crystal Palace, was recorded in September 1946, and Reading twice finished runners-up in the Third (South), in 1948–49 and 1951–52, but they were denied a return to Division Two as only the champions were promoted.[2] The side's moment of cup glory came in 1988 when they won the Simod Cup, beating a number of top flight sides en route to their Wembley win over Luton Town. Reading were promoted to the Second Division as champions in 1986 under the management of Ian Branfoot, but were relegated back to the Third Division in 1988.

text: The appointment of Mark McGhee as player-manager, shortly after the takeover by John Madejski, in 1991 saw Reading move forward.[6] They were crowned champions of the new Division Two in 1994. Thirty-five-year-old striker Jimmy Quinn was put in charge of the first team alongside midfielder Mick Gooding and guided Reading to runners-up in the final Division One table – only to be denied automatic promotion because of the streamlining of the Premier League, from 22 teams to 20. In 1995, Reading had eased past Tranmere Rovers in the play-off semi-finals and looked to have booked their place in the Premier League only to lose against Bolton Wanderers in the final. Quinn and Gooding's contracts were not renewed two years later after Reading had slid into the bottom half of Division One. Their successor, Terry Bullivant, lasted less than one season before being sacked in March 1998.

text: The year 1998 also saw Reading move into the new 24,200 all-seater Madejski Stadium, named after Chairman John Madejski. Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being replaced by Alan Pardew, who had previously been reserve team manager before being released. The club finished third in 2000–01 qualifying for the play-offs, losing 2–3 in the final against Walsall at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff.[7] Reading returned to Division One for 2002–03 after finishing runners-up in Division Two. The following season, they finished fourth in Division One and qualified for the play-offs, where they lost in the semi-final to Wolverhampton Wanderers. Alan Pardew moved to West Ham United[8] the following October and was replaced by Steve Coppell.[9]

text: Reading won the 2005–06 Championship with a league record 106 points, scoring 99 goals and losing only twice.[10] Reading were promoted to English football's top division for the first time in their history. The 2006–07 season saw Reading make their first appearance in the top flight of English football. Reading defied pre-season predictions of relegation to finish the season in eighth place with 55 points.[11] Reading turned down the chance to play in the UEFA Intertoto Cup.[12] In the run up to their second season in the Premier League, Reading took part in the 2007 Peace Cup in South Korea.[13] This second season was less successful, however, and Reading were relegated back to the Championship.[14]

text: Reading started the 2008–09 season with a 15 match unbeaten home run. They finished fourth and qualify for the play-offs,[15] where they lost to Burnley in the semi-final. Manager Steve Coppell resigned just hours after the game,[16] replaced by Brendan Rodgers.[17] Rodgers left the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 and Brian McDermott made caretaker manager the same day.[18] In the 2010–11 FA Cup, Reading reached the quarter-final, where they lost 1–0 to Manchester City at Etihad Stadium,[19] Reading eventually finished fifth in the Championship to qualify for the division's play-offs.[20] After beating Cardiff City in the semi-finals, they lost 4–2 to Swansea City in the final at Wembley.[21][22] In the 2011–12 season, a streak of good form in the second half of the season, ensured promotion to the Premier League on 17 April 2012 with 1–0 home win against Nottingham Forest.[23]

text: McDermott led Reading to their first Premier League win of the 2012–13 season on 17 November 2012 at their 11th attempt, defeating Everton 2–1 at home.[24] On 11 March 2013, however, he left his position at Reading.[25] Nigel Adkins was then appointed as manager, though he was unable to save them from relegation after drawing Queens Park Rangers 0–0 on 28 April 2013 at Loftus Road. The following season back in the Championship saw Reading make two high-profile signings in Wayne Bridge and Royston Drenthe in hope of an immediate return to the Premier League. Reading, however, missed out on the playoffs because of a last minute winner from Brighton & Hove Albion's Leonardo Ulloa, which meant they made the playoffs at Reading's expense.

text: The summer before the 2014–15 season saw further arrivals of Jamie Mackie on loan, Oliver Norwood and the return of Simon Cox. The club was under a high threat of administration, causing departures of Sean Morrison and Adam le Fondre and a Thai consortium taking over the club. A good start to Nigel Adkins' second season in charge was followed by a poor run of results that ended with his sacking after the 6–1 away defeat to Birmingham City with Steve Clarke taking over the next day in the hope of a promotion push. However, a lack of goals and some poor form in the league meant the club faced some fears of relegation to League One, but luckily safety was secured with few games to spare. Nonetheless during that time, the club embarked on a successful FA Cup journey, reaching the semi-final where they were unlucky to lose to 2–1 to Arsenal at Wembley.

text: The 2015–16 season saw the departures of long-serving players Adam Federici to AFC Bournemouth, Alex Pearce to Derby County and Jem Karacan to Galatasaray, but the arrivals Stephen Quinn and Paul McShane from Hull City, Orlando Sá from Legia Warsaw and Jonathan Bond from newly promoted Premier League side Watford. The summer spending continued, with goalkeeper Ali Al Habsi joining from recently relegated League 1 side Wigan Athletic, Paolo Hurtado from Paços de Ferreira and Andrew Taylor and Álex Fernández in on loan. The club then signed Lucas Piazon on a season-long loan deal from Chelsea just before the deadline day, as well as the signings of winger Ola John from Benfica and striker Matěj Vydra from Watford, both likewise season-long loan deals. The club would finish 17th that season.

text: In the summer leading up to the 2016–17 season the club announced the departure of Brian McDermott and eventually he was to be replaced by former Manchester United defender Jaap Stam. Under Stam, Reading achieved their highest finish since relegation back to the Championship by finishing third and reaching the play-offs, where they beat Fulham on aggregate before facing Huddersfield Town in the final at Wembley where they lost on penalties following 0–0 draw after extra time.

text: Crest and colours[edit]

text: The first crest to appear on a Reading kit was in 1953, it featured just the letter "R". There was no crest seen again until 1981 when there was a crest featuring three trees and the rivers Thames and Kennet, this only lasted two seasons. From 1987–96 the crest used the new kit colours of yellow, sky blue, royal blue and white.[26] In 1995 chairman Sir John Madejski said, "I know some traditionalists will say we should keep the old badge but they should bear in mind the need to move forward." This crest only lasted from 1996–98 when the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium.[27] The current crest was first seen on the kits for the 1998–99 season.[26] It is based on the club colours, blue and white, and includes a crown to represent the County of Berkshire and a Maiwand Lion to represent Reading.[28]

text: Stadium[edit]

text: The club played at Reading Recreation Ground until 1878, before moving on to Reading Cricket Ground (1878–1882), Coley Park (1882–1889) and Caversham Cricket Ground (1889–1896).

text: In 1889, Reading were unable to continue playing at Coley Park as W B Monck (the local squire) no longer allowed football due to "rowdyism [by] the rougher elements".[29] With club membership exceeding 300 by the time the club went professional in 1895, Reading required a proper ground. A meeting the following year determined that funding would be difficult.[29] £20 was donated by J C Fidler, on the proviso that "no liquors were to be sold" on site.[29] The rest of the cost was financed through donations by wealthy supporters, as well as one large individual donation.[30] A former gravel pit in West Reading was identified as the site.[31] The first game at Elm Park was held on 5 September 1896 between Reading and A Roston Bourke's XI. The visitors were a scratch team from Holloway College.[32] £44 was taken on the gate, with an attendance of approximately 2,500.[30]

text: In 1908, the club's annual general meeting proposed moving to a new ground near Reading railway station. A board meeting the following year decided that the move would not be possible, as "there was no chance of a move to the ground near to the GWR railway stations due to the actions of the Great Western Railway".[32]

text: In 1994, the Taylor Report made an all-seater stadium compulsory in the top two divisions (the Premier League and the first division). Reading were champions of the second division in 1994, and were promoted to the first division. Reading became subject to the Taylor requirements, though converting Elm Park to an all-seater stadium would have been impractical.[32] Instead, a location in Smallmead (to the south of the town) was identified as the site for a new stadium.[32] The former council landfill site was bought for £1, with further conditions that the development of the stadium would include part-funding of the A33 relief road.[33] Expansion of the club's home would also allow alternative commercial ventures (particularly leisure facilities) and shared use with other teams (such as rugby union clubs Richmond and London Irish).[33] The last competitive match at Elm Park took place on 3 May 1998 against Norwich City, with Reading losing 1–0.[34] Reading began the 1998–99 season at the Madejski Stadium.[32] It was opened on 22 August 1998 when Luton Town were beaten 3–0.[35] The stadium cost more than £50 million to build.[36] For the first time in its history, Reading Football Club participated in the Premier League in the 2006–07 season. As a result of the sell-out crowds for their first few fixtures of the season, the club announced their intention, in October 2006,[37] to make a planning application to extend the ground to between 37,000 and 38,000 seats. The application was made on 24 January 2007, proposing initially the extension of the East Stand with a further 6,000 seats (raising capacity to around 30,000) and subsequently extension of the North and South Stands to reach the full proposed capacity.[38] On 24 May 2007, it was announced that planning permission had been granted to extend the stadium to a capacity of 36,900.[39] Reading have made plans for a new training ground at Bearwood Golf Club to replace Hogwood park their current training facility.

text: On 5 July 2016, at the end of Eamonn Dolan's funeral, Reading announced that the North Stand would be renamed the "Eamonn Dolan Stand".[40]

text: Support[edit]

text: In 2001, Reading became the first football club to register their fans as an official member of their squad, giving the "player" registered with squad number 13 as 'Reading Fans'.[41][42]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Before going out of business in 1992, Aldershot were Reading's biggest rivals.[43][44] There was a strong rift between the two sets of fans, with fighting between fans occurring on several occasions. Strong feelings remain between fans of Reading and fans of Aldershot Town, the refounded club in Aldershot. With Aldershot Town rejoining the league in 2008, it remains to be seen whether this traditional rivalry will be re-established. Since Aldershot's exile, Reading's main local rivalries have been with Oxford United and Swindon Town. When the three teams had shared a division, their rivalry was referred to as the "Didcot Triangle".[45][46] However, the rivalry between Oxford and Swindon is stronger than between either of the two and Reading, largely due to them both spending their recent history in lower divisions than Reading, and spending their previous history in higher divisions than Reading.[47] In 2012, a small survey showed that Reading's main rivals were Aldershot Town, followed by Swindon Town and Oxford United.

text: Sponsorship[edit]

text:
Period
Kit manufacturer
Shirt sponsor

1976–77
Umbro
—

1977–81
Bukta

1981–82
—

1982–83
Reading Chronicle

1983–84
Umbro
Radio 210

1984–89
Patrick
Courage

1989–90
Matchwinner

1990–92
HAT Painting

1992–93
Brooks
Auto Trader

1993–96
Pelada

1996–99
Mizuno

1999–2001
Westcoast

2001–04
Kit@

2004–05
Puma

2005–08
Kyocera

2008–15
Waitrose[48]

2015–16
Carabao Daeng (home)[49]
Thai Airways (away)[50]

2016–19
Carabao Daeng [51]

text: Additional kit sponsors[edit]

text: During the 2013–14 season and 2014–15 season the Marussia F1 logo was on the back of the shirts as part of a sponsorship deal between former Russian owner Anton Zingarevich and Russian owned Marussia F1. This deal continued until the team entered administration in October 2014. The sponsorship deal ended despite the team surviving and racing in the 2015 Formula One season. During the 2015–16 season, Waitrose was on the back of the home shirt whilst Euro Cake was on the back of the away shirt, meanwhile Legend Alliance sponsored the shorts for the season. Waitrose and Euro Cake sponsored the home and away kits respectively again for the 2016–17 season. Cherwell Software took sponsorship of the back of the home shirt for the 2017–18 season while Euro Cake sponsored the back of the away shirt again for the third consecutive season.

text: Ownership and finances[edit]

text: Reading Football Club ownership structure: 75% Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd, 100% owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai. 25% Owned by Narin Niruttinanon

text: Reading F.C. Directors: Xiu Li Dai, Yongge Dai, Ronald Gourlay, Narin Niruttinanon, Nigel Howe

text: Players[edit]

text: First-team squad[edit]

text: Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

text:
No.

Position
Player

1

GK
Vito Mannone

2

DF
Chris Gunter

4

MF
Joey van den Berg

5

DF
Paul McShane (captain)

6

DF
Liam Moore

7

MF
Roy Beerens

8

MF
George Evans

9

FW
Joseph Mendes

10

MF
John Swift

11

DF
Jordan Obita

12

MF
Garath McCleary

14

FW
Sone Aluko

15

MF
Callum Harriott

16

MF
David Edwards

17

FW
Modou Barrow

18

FW
Yann Kermorgant

19

MF
Leandro Bacuna

No.

Position
Player

20

DF
Tiago Ilori

21

MF
Stephen Quinn

22

MF
Pelle Clement

23

FW
Jón Daði Böðvarsson

24

DF
Tyler Blackett

25

MF
Adrian Popa

30

DF
Tennai Watson

31

GK
Anssi Jaakkola

37

DF
Axel Andrésson

38

MF
Liam Kelly

41

MF
Ryan East

42

MF
Andy Rinomhota

43

GK
George Legg

50

DF
Omar Richards

51

MF
Tyler Frost

55

FW
Sam Smith

56

FW
Danny Loader

text: Under-23 squad[edit]

text:
No.

Position
Player

40

GK
Liam Driscoll

45

FW
Ben House

46

DF
Teddy Howe

48

DF
Ramarni Medford-Smith

49

DF
Gabriel Osho

52

MF
Joel Rollinson

54

MF
Ade Shokunbi

57

DF
Tom Holmes

58

MF
Jordan Holsgrove

60

MF
Andre Burley

No.

Position
Player

61

MF
Cameron Green

62

MF
Jack Nolan

64

MF
Jack Buchanan

65

GK
Gabe Rosario

67

DF
Akinwale Odimayo

—

DF
Harry Philby

—

DF
Thomas McIntyre

—

MF
Ethan Coleman

—

MF
Samuel Faniyan

text: Under-18 squad[edit]

text:
No.

Position
Player

—

GK
James Hilson

—

GK
Adam Desbois

—

DF
Jamal Balogun

—

DF
Marcel Elva-Fountaine

—

DF
Emmanuel Obamakinwa

—

DF
Joseph Wilson

—

DF
Roberto Nditi

—

MF
Oli Pendlebury

—

MF
Khalid Simmo

No.

Position
Player

—

MF
Thierry Nevers

—

MF
Kosta Sparta

—

MF
Charlie Lawrence

—

MF
Jacob Pemberton

—

MF
Terrance Saydee

—

MF
Jazz Wallace

—

FW
Josh Obioma

—

FW
Leon Okuboyejo

text: Out on loan[edit]

text:
No.

Position
Player

28

DF
Danzell Gravenberch (at Roeselare on a season long loan)

35

DF
Jake Sheppard (at Guiseley on a season long loan)

39

MF
Josh Barrett (at Coventry City on a season long loan)

59

FW
Conor Davis (at Gosport Borough)

—

GK
Jonathan Bond (at Peterborough United until end of 2017/18 season)

—

GK
Luke Southwood (at Bath City until end of 2017/18 season)

No.

Position
Player

—

GK
Lewis Ward (at Aldershot Town until 4th March 2018)

—

MF
Sandro Wieser (at Roeselare on a season long loan)

—

FW
Yakou Méïte (at Sochaux on a season long loan)

—

FW
Deniss Rakels (at Lech Poznań on a season long loan)

—

FW
Andrija Novakovich (at Telstar on a season long loan)

text: Records and statistics[edit]

text: Reading hold the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season, with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985–86 Third Division campaign[52] and also the record for the number of points gained in a professional league season with 106 points in the 2005–06 Football League Championship campaign.[53] Reading finished champions of their division on both of these occasions.[52][54]

text: The club's largest win was a 10–2 victory over Crystal Palace on 4 September 1946 in the Football League Third Division South.[52] Reading's heaviest loss was an 18–0 defeat against Preston North End in the FA Cup 1st round on 27 January 1894.[52] Reading have lost the two highest-scoring matches in the history of the Premier League; Portsmouth 7–4 Reading on 29 September 2007, and Tottenham Hotspur 6–4 Reading on 29 December 2007, as well as losing the highest-scoring League Cup game, Reading 5–7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012.

text: The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks, with 500 from 1978 to 1991.[52] The most capped player is Kevin Doyle, who earned 26 for the Republic of Ireland whilst at the club.[52][55] The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from 1947 to 1954 and 39 in 1951–52 respectively.[52] The player with the most league goals in a game is Arthur Bacon with six against Stoke City in 1930–31.[52] The first Reading-based player to play in the FIFA World Cup was Bobby Convey in 2006 with the United States.[52] The record time for a goalkeeper not conceding a goal is held by Steve Death at 1,103 minutes in 1978–79, which is a former English league record in itself.[56]

text: Reading's highest attendance at Elm Park was in 1927, when 33,042 spectators watched Reading defeat Brentford 1–0.[57] The highest attendance at the Madejski Stadium is 24,184 for the Premier League game with Everton on 17 November 2012.

text: The highest transfer fee received for a Reading player is the £6.6 million 1899 Hoffenheim paid for Gylfi Sigurðsson on 31 August 2010.[52][58] The most expensive player Reading have ever bought was Sone Aluko, who cost £7.5 million from Fulham on 29 August 2017.[52][59]

text: Gylfi Sigurðsson will become the first player from the Reading FC academy to feature in a World Cup by being expected to participate with Iceland in the 2018 Russia World Cup.

text: Notable players[edit]

text: In 1999, Reading commissioned a poll of the supporters' "Player of the Millennium" to determine the club's best ever player.[60]

text:
Pos.
Player

1
 Robin Friday

2
 Trevor Senior

3
 Steve Death

 Shaka Hislop

5
 Phil Parkinson

6
 Alf Messer

7
 Jimmy Quinn

8
 Michael Gilkes

9
 Ronnie Blackman

10
 Martin Hicks

text: Player of the season[edit]

text: International players[edit]

text: Former players[edit]

text: Club officials[edit]

text: Board of Directors & Senior Club Staff

text:
Chief Executive: Ron Gourlay
Commercial Director: Adam Benson
Club Secretary: Sue Hewett
Financial Controller: Bryan Stabler
Directors: Sir John Madejski (Co Chairman),[61] Sasima Srivikorn (Co Chairwoman), Nigel Howe, Narin Niruttinanon, Sumrith Thanakarnjanasuth, Taweesuk Srisumrid and Theekharoj Piamphongsarn

text: Management team[62][63][64][65]

text:
Director of Football: Brian Tevreden
First Team Manager: Jaap Stam[66]
Assistant Manager: Andries Ulderink & Said Bakkati
First Team Coach: Michael Gilkes
Goalkeeping Coach: Dave Beasant
First Team Sports Scientist: Tristan Baker
First Team Physio: Jon Urwin
Academy Manager: Lee Herron
Assistant Academy Manager: David Dodds
Academy Loan Manager: Mikele Leigertwood
Kit Manager: Stewart Bannister
First Team Head Scout: Steve Shorey
Masseur: Dan Buchanan

text: Managers[edit]

text: Women's team[edit]

text: In May 2006, Reading launched the Reading FC Women's team. They used to play in the FA Premier League Southern Division. From 2014, Reading FC Women played in the FA Women's Super League 2 until they won promotion to the FA Women's Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league.

text: Honours[edit]

text: English 2nd tier:

text: English 3rd tier:

text: English 4th tier:

text: Full Members Cup:

text: London War Cup:

text: Football League Third Division South Cup:

text: FA Cup:

text: Football League Cup:

text: U21 Premier League Cup

text: Highest league finish:

text: Managerial[edit]

text:
LMA Manager of the Year

Steve Coppell 2005–06, 2006–07

LMA Championship Manager of the Year

Brian McDermott 2011–12[67]

text: Affiliated clubs[edit]

text:
Albion Hurricanes FC (2010–present)[68]
 Boreham Wood (2012–present)[69]
 Charlotte United FC (2007–present)[70]
 Ernakulam Eagles (2013–present)[71]
 Galatasaray (2013–present)[72]
 Ocean City Nor'easters (2008–present)[73]
 South Georgia United (2008–present)[74]


document_title: List of Scandal episodes

question_text: when is the next scandal episode coming out

root

text: List of Scandal episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
7
April 5, 2012 (2012-04-05)
May 17, 2012 (2012-05-17)
62
8.21[3]

2
22
September 27, 2012 (2012-09-27)
May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)
47
8.46[4]

3
18
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
April 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
13
12.00[5]

4
22
September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)
8
12.66[6]

5
21
September 24, 2015 (2015-09-24)
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
16
10.68[7]

6
16
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)
30
8.16[8]

7
18[9]
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)[10]
N/A
N/A

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Sweet Baby"
Paul McGuigan
Shonda Rhimes
April 5, 2012 (2012-04-05)
101
7.33[11]

2
2
"Dirty Little Secrets"
Roxann Dawson
Heather Mitchell
April 12, 2012 (2012-04-12)
102
7.28[12]

3
3
"Hell Hath No Fury"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Matt Byrne
April 19, 2012 (2012-04-19)
103
7.21[13]

4
4
"Enemy of the State"
Michael Katleman
Richard E. Robbins
April 26, 2012 (2012-04-26)
104
6.86[14]

5
5
"Crash and Burn"
Steve Robin
Mark Wilding
May 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)
105
6.69[15]

6
6
"The Trail"
Tom Verica
Jenna Bans
May 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)
106
6.43[16]

7
7
"Grant: For the People"
Roxann Dawson
Shonda Rhimes
May 17, 2012 (2012-05-17)
107
7.33[17]

text: Season 2 (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

8
1
"White Hat's Off"
Tom Verica
Jenna Bans
September 27, 2012 (2012-09-27)
201
6.74[18]

9
2
"The Other Woman"
Stephen Cragg
Heather Mitchell
October 4, 2012 (2012-10-04)
202
6.56[19]

10
3
"Hunting Season"
Ron Underwood
Matt Byrne
October 18, 2012 (2012-10-18)
203
6.17[20]

11
4
"Beltway Unbuckled"
Mark Tinker
Mark Fish
October 25, 2012 (2012-10-25)
204
6.11[21]

12
5
"All Roads Lead to Fitz"
Steve Robin
Raamla Mohamed
November 8, 2012 (2012-11-08)
205
6.06[22]

13
6
"Spies Like Us"
Bethany Rooney
Chris Van Dusen
November 15, 2012 (2012-11-15)
206
6.02[23]

14
7
"Defiance"
Tom Verica
Peter Noah
November 29, 2012 (2012-11-29)
207
6.64[24]

15
8
"Happy Birthday, Mr. President"
Oliver Bokelberg
Shonda Rhimes
December 6, 2012 (2012-12-06)
208
7.39[25]

16
9
"Blown Away"
Jessica Yu
Mark Wilding
December 13, 2012 (2012-12-13)
209
7.14[26]

17
10
"One for the Dog"
Steve Robin
Heather Mitchell
January 10, 2013 (2013-01-10)
210
8.37[27]

18
11
"A Criminal, a Whore, an Idiot and a Liar"
Stephen Cragg
Mark Fish
January 17, 2013 (2013-01-17)
211
7.93[28]

19
12
"Truth or Consequences"
Jeannot Szwarc
Peter Noah
January 31, 2013 (2013-01-31)
212
8.09[29]

20
13
"Nobody Likes Babies"
Tom Verica
Mark Wilding
February 7, 2013 (2013-02-07)
213
8.14[30]

21
14
"Whiskey Tango Foxtrot"
Mark Tinker
Matt Byrne
February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14)
214
8.02[31]

22
15
"Boom Goes the Dynamite"
Randy Zisk
Jenna Bans
February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21)
215
7.68[32]

23
16
"Top of the Hour"
Steve Robin
Heather Mitchell
March 21, 2013 (2013-03-21)
216
8.51[33]

24
17
"Snake in the Garden"
Ron Underwood
Raamla Mohamed
March 28, 2013 (2013-03-28)
217
7.97[34]

25
18
"Molly, You in Danger, Girl"
Tom Verica
Chris Van Dusen
April 4, 2013 (2013-04-04)
218
8.04[35]

26
19
"Seven Fifty-Two"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Mark Fish
April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)
219
7.90[36]

27
20
"A Woman Scorned"
Tony Goldwyn
Zahir McGhee
May 2, 2013 (2013-05-02)
220
8.07[37]

28
21
"Any Questions?"
Mark Tinker
Matt Byrne
May 9, 2013 (2013-05-09)
221
8.87[38]

29
22
"White Hat's Back On"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)
222
9.12[39]

text: Season 3 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

30
1
"It's Handled"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
301
10.52[40]

31
2
"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Heather Mitchell
October 10, 2013 (2013-10-10)
302
9.01[41]

32
3
"Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington"
Jeannot Szwarc
Matt Byrne
October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)
303
9.51[42]

33
4
"Say Hello to My Little Friend"
Oliver Bokelberg
Mark Fish
October 24, 2013 (2013-10-24)
304
8.62[43]

34
5
"More Cattle, Less Bull"
Randy Zisk
Jenna Bans
October 31, 2013 (2013-10-31)
305
9.18[44]

35
6
"Icarus"
Julie Anne Robinson
Peter Noah
November 7, 2013 (2013-11-07)
306
8.66[45]

36
7
"Everything's Coming Up Mellie"
Michael Katleman
Peter Nowalk
November 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)
307
9.04[46]

37
8
"Vermont is for Lovers, Too"
Ava DuVernay
Mark Wilding
November 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)
308
8.93[47]

38
9
"YOLO"
Oliver Bokelberg
Chris Van Dusen
December 5, 2013 (2013-12-05)
309
8.27[48]

39
10
"A Door Marked Exit"
Tom Verica
Zahir McGhee
December 12, 2013 (2013-12-12)
310
9.22[49]

40
11
"Ride, Sally, Ride"
Tom Verica
Raamla Mohamed
February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)
311
9.32[50]

41
12
"We Do Not Touch the First Ladies"
Oliver Bokelberg
Heather Mitchell
March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
312
8.53[51]

42
13
"No Sun on the Horizon"
Randy Zisk
Matt Byrne
March 13, 2014 (2014-03-13)
313
8.22[52]

43
14
"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang"
Paul McCrane
Mark Fish
March 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)
314
9.08[53]

44
15
"Mama Said Knock You Out"
Tony Goldwyn
Zahir McGhee
March 27, 2014 (2014-03-27)
315
9.01[54]

45
16
"The Fluffer"
Jeannot Szwarc
Chris Van Dusen & Raamla Mohamed
April 3, 2014 (2014-04-03)
316
9.13[55]

46
17
"Flesh and Blood"
Debbie Allen
Severiano Canales & Miguel Nolla
April 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)
317
9.23[56]

47
18
"The Price of Free and Fair Elections"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding
April 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
318
10.57[57]

text: Season 4 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

48
1
"Randy, Red, Superfreak and Julia"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)
401
11.96[58]

49
2
"The State of the Union"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Heather Mitchell
October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)
402
10.34[59]

50
3
"Inside the Bubble"
Randy Zisk
Matt Byrne
October 9, 2014 (2014-10-09)
403
9.52[60]

51
4
"Like Father, Like Daughter"
Paul McCrane
Mark Fish
October 16, 2014 (2014-10-16)
404A
9.90[61]

52
5
"The Key"
Paul McCrane
Chris Van Dusen
October 23, 2014 (2014-10-23)
404B
9.98[62]

53
6
"An Innocent Man"
Jeannot Szwarc
Zahir McGhee
October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)
405
9.32[63]

54
7
"Baby Made a Mess"
Oliver Bokelberg
Jenna Bans
November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)
406
9.82[64]

55
8
"The Last Supper"
Julie Anne Robinson
Allan Heinberg
November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)
407
10.05[65]

56
9
"Where the Sun Don't Shine"
Tony Goldwyn
Mark Wilding
November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)
408
10.14[66]

57
10
"Run"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)
409
10.48[67]

58
11
"Where's the Black Lady?"
Debbie Allen
Raamla Mohamed
February 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)
410
9.58[68]

59
12
"Gladiators Don't Run"
Randy Zisk
Paul Willam Davies
February 12, 2015 (2015-02-12)
411A
9.32[69]

60
13
"No More Blood"
Randy Zisk
Heather Mitchell
February 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)
411B
9.62[70]

61
14
"The Lawn Chair"
Tom Verica
Zahir McGhee
March 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)
412
9.57[71]

62
15
"The Testimony of Diego Muñoz"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Mark Fish
March 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)
413
8.24[72]

63
16
"It's Good to Be Kink"
Paul McCrane
Matt Byrne
March 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)
414
7.79[73]

64
17
"Put a Ring on It"
Regina King
Chris Van Dusen
March 26, 2015 (2015-03-26)
415
8.06[74]

65
18
"Honor Thy Father"
Jeannot Szwarc
Severiano Canales
April 2, 2015 (2015-04-02)
416
7.27[75]

66
19
"I'm Just a Bill"
Debbie Allen
Raamla Mohamed
April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)
417
7.86[76]

67
20
"First Lady Sings the Blues"
David Rodriguez
Paul William Davies
April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)
418
7.79[77]

68
21
"A Few Good Women"
Oliver Bokelberg
Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell
May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07)
419
7.44[78]

69
22
"You Can't Take Command"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)
420
8.08[79]

text: Season 5 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

70
1
"Heavy Is the Head"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
September 24, 2015 (2015-09-24)
501
10.25[80]

71
2
"Yes"
Tony Goldwyn
Heather Mitchell
October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01)
502
9.12[81]

72
3
"Paris is Burning"
Jann Turner
Matt Byrne
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
503
8.76[82]

73
4
"Dog-Whistle Politics"
Zetna Fuentes
Mark Fish
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)
504
8.06[83]

74
5
"You Got Served"
Kevin Bray
Zahir McGhee
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)
505
8.28[84]

75
6
"Get Out of Jail, Free"
Chandra Wilson
Chris Van Dusen
October 29, 2015 (2015-10-29)
506
7.80[85]

76
7
"Even the Devil Deserves a Second Chance"
Oliver Bokelberg
Raamla Mohamed
November 5, 2015 (2015-11-05)
507
8.03[86]

77
8
"Rasputin"
John Terlesky
Paul William Davies
November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)
508
7.70[87]

78
9
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Tom Verica
Mark Wilding
November 19, 2015 (2015-11-19)
509
8.13[88]

79
10
"It's Hard Out Here for a General"
Tom Verica
Severiano Canales
February 11, 2016 (2016-02-11)
510
6.96[89]

80
11
"The Candidate"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Alison Schapker
February 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)
511A
6.09[90]

81
12
"Wild Card"
Allison Liddi-Brown &
Tom Verica
Mark Fish
February 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)
511B
5.85[91]

82
13
"The Fish Rots from the Head"
Sharat Raju
Heather Mitchell
March 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
512
5.97[92]

83
14
"I See You"
Paris Barclay
Matt Byrne
March 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
513
6.31[93]

84
15
"Pencils Down"
Regina King
Chris Van Dusen
March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)
514
6.15[94]

85
16
"The Miseducation of Susan Ross"
Scott Foley
Raamla Mohamed
March 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
516
6.44[95]

86
17
"Thwack!"
Tony Goldwyn
Zahir McGhee
April 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)
517
5.88[96]

87
18
"Till Death Do Us Part"
Steph Green
Paul William Davies
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
518
6.00[97]

88
19
"Buckle Up"
Oliver Bokelberg
Michelle Lirtzman
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
519
6.25[98]

89
20
"Trump Card"
Jann Turner
Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
520
6.06[99]

90
21
"That's My Girl"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
521
6.65[100]

text: Season 6 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

91
1
"Survival of the Fittest"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
601
7.62[101]

92
2
"Hardball"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Matt Byrne
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
602
6.54[102]

93
3
"Fates Worse Than Death"
Scott Foley
Mark Fish
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
603
6.22[103]

94
4
"The Belt"
Tom Verica
Paul William Davies
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
606
6.06[104]

95
5
"They All Bow Down"
Millicent Shelton
Zahir McGhee
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
604
5.26[105]

96
6
"Extinction"
Tony Goldwyn
Chris Van Dusen
March 16, 2017 (2017-03-16)
605
5.63[106]

97
7
"A Traitor Among Us"
Tom Verica
Alison Schapker
March 23, 2017 (2017-03-23)
607
5.40[107]

98
8
"A Stomach for Blood"
Oliver Bokelberg
Severiano Canales
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
608
6.57[108]

99
9
"Dead in the Water"
Nicole Rubio
Michelle Lirtzman
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
609
5.10[109]

100
10
"The Decision"
Sharat Raju
Johanna Lee
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
610
5.35[110]

101
11
"Trojan Horse"
Jann Turner
Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini
April 20, 2017 (2017-04-20)
611
5.11[111]

102
12
"Mercy"
Nzingha Stewart
Severiano Canales & Ameni Rozsa
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
612
5.29[112]

103
13
"The Box"
Steph Green
Raamla Mohamed & Austin Guzman
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
613
5.15[113]

104
14
"Head Games"
Zetna Fuentes
Chris Van Dusen & Juan Carlos Fernandez
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
614
5.10[114]

105
15
"Tick Tock"
Salli Richardson-Whitfield
Zahir McGhee & Michelle Lirtzman
May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)
615
5.23[115]

106
16
"Transfer of Power"
Tony Goldwyn
Matt Byrne & Mark Fish
May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)
616
5.23[115]

text: Season 7 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

107
1
"Watch Me"
Jann Turner
Shonda Rhimes
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
701
5.52[116]

108
2
"Pressing the Flesh"
Tony Goldwyn
Matt Byrne
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
702
5.00[117]

109
3
"Day 101"
Scott Foley
Zahir McGhee
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
703
4.70[118]

110
4
"Lost Girls"
Nicole Rubio
Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
704
4.88[119]

111
5
"Adventures in Babysitting"
Oliver Bokelberg
Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
705
4.89[120]

112
6
"Vampires and Bloodsuckers"
Jann Turner
Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
706
5.00[121]

113
7
"Something Borrowed"
Sharat Raju
Mark Fish
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
707
4.97[122]

114
8
"Robin"
Daryn Okada
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
709
5.17[123]

115
9
"Good People"[124]
Nzingha Stewart
Shonda Rhimes, Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini
January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
708
TBD

116
10
"The People v. Olivia Pope"[125]
TBA
TBA
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
710
TBD

117
11
"Army of One"[125]
TBA
TBA
February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
711
TBD

118
12
TBA
TBA
TBA
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)[125]
TBA
TBD

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Narrator
Aired between
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"The Secret is Out"
Joshua Malina as David Rosen
"White Hat's Back On" (season two)
"It's Handled" (season three)
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
5.75[40]

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: Gladiator Wanted[edit]

text: A web series debuted prior to the sixth-season premiere and features Guillermo Diaz as Huck, Katie Lowes as Quinn, Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus and George Newbern as Charlie. All of the episodes were directed by Darby Stanchfield, who portrays Abby in the show.[126]

tag: p

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"So You Want to Be a Gladiator in a Suit"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

2
2
"A Job to Kill For"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

3
3
"Induction"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

4
4
"Governments Fall"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

5
5
"By Dawn's Early Light"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

6
6
"Exit Interview"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)


document_title: List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha

question_text: who was the first lady nominated member of the rajya sabha

text: As per the Fourth Schedule (Articles 4(1) and 80(2)) of the Constitution of India, 12 members are nominated by President for term of six years for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services.

text: Current Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha[edit]

text: This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President.

text:
No.
Name[1]
Field
Affiliation [2]
Date of
Appointment[3]
Date of
Retirement[3]

1
Roopa Ganguly
Art
Bharatiya Janata Party
04-Oct-2016
03-Oct-2022

2
Sambhaji Raje
Social work
Bharatiya Janata Party
07-Jun-2016
03-May-2022

3
Suresh Gopi
Art
Bharatiya Janata Party
25-Apr-2016
24-Apr-2022

4
Subramanian Swamy
Economics
Bharatiya Janata Party
25-Apr-2016
24-Apr-2022

5
Narendra Jadhav
Economics
Nominated
25-Apr-2016
24-Apr-2022

6
Mary Kom
Sport
Nominated
25-Apr-2016
24-Apr-2022

7
Swapan Dasgupta
Journalism
Nominated
25-Apr-2016
24-Apr-2022

8
K. T. S. Tulsi
Law
Nominated
25-Feb-2014
24-Feb-2020

9
K. Parasaran
Law
Nominated
09-Jun-2012
28-Jun-2018

10
Rekha
Art
Nominated
27-Apr-2012
26-Apr-2018

11
Sachin Tendulkar
Social service
Nominated
27-Apr-2012
26-Apr-2018

12
Anu Aga
Business
Nominated
27-Apr-2012
26-Apr-2018

text: Complete List of Nominated Members of Rajya Sabha[edit]

text: This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President.

text:
Sr. No.
Image
Name
Tenure

1
 –
Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer
1952–1953

2

Satyendranath Bose
1952–1960

3

Prithviraj Kapoor
1952–1960

4
 –
Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa
1952–1954

5
 –
Kalidas Nag
1952–1954

6

Rukmini Devi Arundale
1952–1962

7
 –
N.R. Malkani
1952–1962

8
 –
Sahib Singh Sokhey
1952–1956

9
 –
Zakir Hussain
1952–1962

10
 –
Maithili Sharan Gupt
1952–1964

11
 –
Kakasaheb Kalelkar
1952–1964

12
 –
Radha Kumud Mukherjee
1952–1958

13

P.V. Kane
1953–1964

14
 –
Moturi Satyanarayana
1954–1966

15
 –
Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia
1954–1966

16
 –
Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar
1956–1968

17
 –
Tara Chand
1956–1968

18
 –
Ajudhia Nath Khosla
1958–1964

19
 –
K.M. Panikkar
1959–1966

20
 –
Jairamdas Daulatram
1959–1976

21
 –
Mohanlal Saksena
1959–1964

22
 –
Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay
1960–1966

23
 –
V.T. Krishnamachari
1961–1967

24
 –
R.R. Diwakar
1962–1968

25
 –
Gopal Singh
1962–1968

26
 –
M. Ajmal Khan
1964–1972

27
 –
Satyavrata Siddhantalankar
1964–1968

28

Shakuntala Paranjpye
1964–1970

29
 –
Badri Nath Prasad
1964–1970

30
 –
G. Ramachandran
1964–1970

31
 –
M. N. Kaul
1964–1972

32
 –
Harivanshrai Bachchan
1966–1972

33
 –
Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil
1966–1972

34
 –
M.C. Setalvad
1966–1972

35

G. Sankara Kurup
1968–1972

36

Joachim Alva
1968–1974

37

S. Nurul Hasan
1968–1974

38
 –
K. Ramiah
1968–1974

39
 –
Ganga Sharan Sinha
1968–1974

40
 –
Maragatham Chandrasekhar
1970–1988

41
 –
Umashankar Joshi
1970–1976

42
 –
Rasheeduddin Khan
1970–1982

43
 –
Vidya Prakash Dutt
1971–1980

44
 –
Abu Abraham
1972–1978

45
 –
Pramathanath Bishi
1972–1978

46
 –
C. K. Daphtary
1972–1978

47
 –
Habib Tanvir
1972–1978

48
 –
Krishna Kriplani
1974–1980

49

Lokesh Chandra
1974–1986

50
 –
Scato Swu
1974–1986

51
 –
B.N. Banerjee
1976–1982

52
 –
Malcolm Adiseshiah
1978–1984

53
 –
Fathema Ismail
1978–1984

54
 –
Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav
1978–1984

55
 –
Bhagwati Charan Varma
1978–1984

56

Nargis Dutt
1980–1986

57

Khushwant Singh
1980–1986

58
 –
Asima Chatterjee
1982–1990

59

Sivaji Ganesan
1982–1986

60
 –
Hayatullah Ansari
1982–1988

61
 –
Madan Bhatia
1982–1994

62
 –
V.N. Tiwari
1982–1984

63
 –
Ghulam Rasool Kar
1984–1987

64
 –
Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy
1984–1990

65
 –
H.L. Kapur
1985–1988

66

Salim Ali
1985–1988

67
 –
Purushottam Kakodkar
1985–1991

68

Ela Bhatt
1986–1988

69
 –
Amrita Pritam
1986–1992

70

M.F. Husain
1986–1992

71

R.K. Narayan
1986–1992

72

Ravi Shankar
1986–1992

73
 –
Syeda Anwara Taimur
1988–1990

74
 –
Sat Paul Mittal
1988–1994

75
 –
Bishambhar Nath Pande
1988–1994

76
 –
Mohammad Yunus
1989–1995

77

Prakash Ambedkar
1990–1996

78

Jagmohan
1990–1996

79
 –
Bhupinder Singh Mann
1990–1996

80
 –
Russi Karanjia
1991–1997

81
 –
Mahendra Prasad
1993–1994

82
 –
M. Aram
1993–1999

83

Vyjayantimala Bali
1993–1999

84
 –
B.B. Dutta
1993–1999

85
 –
Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani
1993–1999

86

Nirmala Deshpande
1997 – 1999 and 2004 – 2010

87

Shabana Azmi
1997–2003

88
 –
P. Selvie Das
1997–2003

89
 –
Kartar Singh Duggal
1997–2003

90

Kuldip Nayyar
1997–2003

91
 –
Raja Ramanna
1997–2003

92

C. Narayana Reddy
1997–2003

93

Mrinal Sen
1997–2003

94
 –
Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav
1997–2003

95
 –
Nanaji Deshmukh
1999–2005

96

Lata Mangeshkar
1999–2005

97
 –
Fali Nariman
1999–2005

98
 –
Cho Ramaswamy
1999–2005

99

Hema Malini
2003–2009

100
 –
Bimal Jalan
2003–2009

101

K. Kasturirangan
2003–2009

102
 –
Narayan Singh Manaklao
2003–2009

103
 –
Vidya Niwas Misra
2003–2009

104
 –
Chandan Mitra
2003–2009

105

Dara Singh
2003–2009

106

Kapila Vatsyayan
2006–2012

107

Ram Jethmalani
2006–2009

108
 –
Shobhana Bhartia
2006–2012

109

Shyam Benegal
2006–2012

110

M.S. Swaminathan
2007–2013

111
 –
C. Rangarajan
2008–2010

112
 –
H. K. Dua
2009–2015

113
 –
Ashok Sekhar Ganguly
2009–2015

114
 –
Mani Shankar Aiyar
2010–2016

115

Javed Akhtar
2010–2016

116

B. Jayashree
2010–2016

117

Ram Dayal Munda
2010–2011

118
 –
Bhalchandra Mungekar
2010–2016

119
 –
Mrinal Miri
2012–2016

120
 –
Anu Aga
2012–2018

121
 –
K. Parasaran
2012–2018

122

Rekha
2012–2018

123

Sachin Tendulkar
2012–2018

124
 –
K. T. S. Tulsi
2014-2020

125

Subramanian Swamy
2016-2022

126

M C Mary Kom
2016-2022

127

Narendra Jadhav
2016-2022

129

Suresh Gopi
2016-2022

130
 –
Swapan Dasgupta
2016-2022

131
 –
Sambhaji Raje
2016-2022

132
 –
Roopa Ganguly
2016-2022


document_title: Adobe Flash Player

question_text: what is the most current adobe flash player version

text: Adobe Flash Player

text: Features[edit]

text: Adobe Flash Player is a runtime that executes and displays content from a provided SWF file, although it has no in-built features to modify the SWF file at runtime. It can execute software written in the ActionScript programming language which enables the runtime manipulation of text, data, vector graphics, raster graphics, sound and video. The player can also access certain connected hardware devices, including web cameras and microphones, after permission for the same has been granted by the user.

text: Flash Player is used internally by the Adobe Integrated Runtime (AIR), to provide a cross-platform runtime environment for desktop applications and mobile applications. AIR supports installable applications on Windows, Linux, macOS, and some mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android. Flash applications must specifically be built for the AIR runtime to use additional features provided, such as file system integration, native client extensions, native window/screen integration, taskbar/dock integration, and hardware integration with connected Accelerometer and GPS devices.[23]

text: Data formats[edit]

text: Flash Player includes native support for many different data formats, some of which can only be accessed through the ActionScript scripting interface.

text:
XML: Flash Player has included native support for XML parsing and generation since version 8. XML data is held in memory as an XML Document Object Model, and can be manipulated using ActionScript. ActionScript 3 also supports ECMAScript for XML (E4X), which allows XML data to be manipulated more easily.
JSON: Flash Player 11 includes native support for importing and exporting data in the JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) format, which allows interoperability with web services and JavaScript programs.
AMF: Flash Player allows application data to be stored on users computers, in the form of Local Shared Objects, the Flash equivalent to browser cookies.[24] Flash Player can also natively read and write files in the Action Message Format, the default data format for Local Shared Objects. Since the AMF format specification is published, data can be transferred to and from Flash applications using AMF datasets instead of JSON or XML, reducing the need for parsing and validating such data.
SWF: The specification for the SWF file format was published by Adobe, enabling the development of the SWX Format project, which used the SWF file format and AMF as a means for Flash applications to exchange data with server side applications.[25][26] The SWX system stores data as standard SWF bytecode which is automatically interpreted by Flash Player.[27] Another open-source project, SWXml allows Flash applications to load XML files as native ActionScript objects without any client-side XML parsing, by converting XML files to SWF/AMF on the server.[28][29]

tag: ul

text: Multimedia formats[edit]

text: Flash Player is primarily a graphics and multimedia platform, and has supported raster graphics and vector graphics since its earliest version. It supports the following different multimedia formats which it can natively decode and playback.

text:
MP3: Support for decoding and playback of streaming MPEG-2 Audio Layer III (MP3) audio was introduced in Flash Player 4. MP3 files can be accessed and played back from a server via HTTP, or embedded inside an SWF file, which is also a streaming format.
FLV: Support for decoding and playing back video and audio inside Flash Video (FLV and F4V) files, a format developed by Adobe Systems and Macromedia. Flash Video is only a container format and supports multiple different video codecs, such as Sorenson Spark, VP6 and more recently H.264.[30] Flash Player uses hardware acceleration to display video where present, using technologies such as DirectX Video Acceleration and OpenGL to do so. Flash Video is used by YouTube,[31] Hulu,[32] Yahoo! Video, BBC Online[33] and other news providers. FLV files can be played back from a server using HTTP progressive download, and can also be embedded inside an SWF file. Flash Video can also be streamed via RTMP using the Adobe Flash Media Server or other such server-side software.
PNG: Support for decoding and rendering Portable Network Graphics (PNG) images, in both its 24-bit (opaque) and 32-bit (semi-transparent) variants. Flash Player 11 can also encode a PNG bitmap via ActionScript.
JPEG: Support for decoding and rendering compressed JPEG images. Flash Player 10 added support for the JPEG-XR advanced image compression standard developed by Microsoft Corporation, which results in better compression and quality than JPEG. JPEG-XR enables lossy and lossless compression with or without alpha channel transparency. Flash Player 11 can also encode a JPEG or JPEG-XR bitmap via ActionScript.
GIF: Support for decoding and rendering compressed Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) images, in its single-frame variants only. Loading a multi-frame GIF will display only the first image frame.

text: Streaming protocols[edit]

text:
HTTP: Support for communicating with web servers using HTTP requests and POST data.[34] However, only websites that explicitly allow Flash to connect to them can be accessed via HTTP or sockets, to prevent Flash being used as a tool for cross-site request forgery,[35] cross-site scripting, DNS rebinding[36] and denial-of-service attacks. Websites must host a certain XML file termed a cross domain policy,[36] allowing or denying Flash content from specific websites to connect to them. Certain websites, such as Digg, Flickr, Photobucket already host a cross domain policy that permits Flash content to access their website via HTTP.[37]
RTMP: Support for live audio and video streaming using the Real Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) developed by Macromedia. RTMP supports a non-encrypted version over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or an encrypted version over a secure Transport Layer Security (SSL) connection. RTMPT can also be encapsulated within HTTP requests to traverse firewalls that only allow HTTP traffic.
TCP: Support for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet socket communication to communicate with any type of server, using stream sockets. Sockets can be used only via ActionScript, and can transfer plain text, XML or binary data (ActionScript 3.0 and later).[38][39] To prevent security issues, web servers that permit Flash content to communicate with them using sockets must host an XML-based cross domain policy file, served on Port 843.[40] Sockets enable AS3 programs to interface with any kind of server software, such as MySQL.[41]

text: Performance[edit]

text: Hardware acceleration[edit]

text: Until version 10 of the Flash player, there was no support for GPU acceleration. Version 10 added a limited form of support for shaders on materials in the form of the Pixel Bender API, but still did not have GPU-accelerated 3D vertex processing.[42] A significant change came in version 11, which added a new low-level API called Stage3D (initially codenamed Molehill), which provides full GPU acceleration, similar to WebGL.[43][44] (The partial support for GPU acceleration in Pixel Bender was completely removed in Flash 11.8, resulting in the disruption of some projects like MIT's Scratch, which lacked the manpower to recode their applications quickly enough.[45][46])

text: Current versions of Flash Player are optimized to use hardware acceleration for video playback and 3D graphics rendering on many devices, including desktop computers. Performance is similar to HTML5 video playback.[47][48] Also, Flash Player has been used on multiple mobile devices as a primary user interface renderer.[49]

text: Compilation[edit]

text: Although code written in ActionScript 3 executes up to 10 times faster than the prior ActionScript 2,[50] the Adobe ActionScript 3 compiler is a non-optimizing compiler, and produces inefficient bytecode in the resulting SWF, when compared to toolkits such as CrossBridge.[51][52][53][54][55]

text: CrossBridge, a toolkit that targets C++ code to run within the Flash Player, uses the LLVM compiler to produce bytecode that runs up to 10 times faster than code the ActionScript 3 compiler produces, only because the LLVM compiler uses more aggressive optimization.[53][54][55]

text: Adobe has released ActionScript Compiler 2 (ASC2) in Flex 4.7 and onwards, which improves compilation times and optimizes the generated bytecode and supports method inlining, improving its performance at runtime.[56]

text: As of 2012, the Haxe multiplatform language can build programs for Flash Player that perform faster than the same application built with the Adobe Flex SDK compiler.[57][unreliable source?]

text: Development methods[edit]

text: Flash Player applications and games can be built in two significantly different methods:

text:
"Flex" applications: The Adobe Flex Framework is an integrated collection of stylable Graphical User Interface, data manipulation and networking components, and applications built upon it are termed "Flex" applications. Startup time is reduced since the Flex framework must be downloaded before the application begins, and weighs in at approximately 500 KB. Editors include Adobe Flash Builder and FlashDevelop.
"Pure ActionScript" applications: Applications built without the Flex framework allow greater flexibility and performance.[58][59][60] Video games built for Flash Player are typically pure-Actionscript projects. Various open-source component frameworks are available for pure ActionScript projects, such as MadComponents, that provide UI Components at significantly smaller SWF file sizes.[61][62]

text: In both methods, developers can access the full Flash Player set of functions, including text, vector graphics, bitmap graphics, video, audio, camera, microphone, and others. AIR also includes added features such as file system integration, native extensions, native desktop integration, and hardware integration with connected devices.

text: Development tools[edit]

text: Adobe provides five ways of developing applications for Flash Player:

text:
Adobe Flash Builder: enterprise application development and debugging
Adobe Animate: graphic design, animation and scripting toolset
Adobe Scout: visual profiler for performance optimization
Apache Flex: a free SDK to compile Flash and Adobe AIR applications from source code; developed by Adobe and donated to the Apache Foundation[63]
CrossBridge: a free SDK to cross-compile C++ code to run in Flash Player

text: Third-party development environments are also available:

text:
FlashDevelop: an open-source Flash ActionScript IDE, which includes a debugger for AIR applications
Powerflasher FDT: a commercial ActionScript IDE
CodeDrive: an extension to Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 for ActionScript 3 development and debugging
MTASC: a compiler
Haxe: a multi-platform language[64]

text: Game development[edit]

text: Adobe offers the free Adobe Gaming SDK, consisting (as of August 2014[update]) of several open-source AS3 libraries built on the Flash Player Stage3D APIs for GPU-accelerated graphics:[65]

text:
Away3D: GPU-accelerated 3D graphics and animation engine
Starling: GPU-accelerated 2D graphics that mimics the Flash display list API
Feathers: GPU-accelerated skinnable GUI library built on top of Starling
Dragon Bones: GPU-accelerated 2D skeletal animation library

text: A few commercial game engines target Flash Player (Stage3D) as run-time environment, such as Unity 3D[66] and Unreal Engine 3.[66][67] Before the introduction of Stage3D, a number of older 2D engines or isometric engines like Flixel saw their heyday.[68]

text: Adobe also developed the CrossBridge toolkit which cross-compiles C/C++ code to run within the Flash Player, using LLVM and GCC as compiler backends, and high-performance memory-access opcodes in the Flash Player (termed "Domain Memory") to work with in-memory data quickly.[69] CrossBridge is targeted toward the game development industry,[70] and includes tools for building, testing, and debugging C/C++ projects in Flash Player.

text: Notable online video games developed in Flash include Angry Birds, FarmVille and FarmVille 2, and AdventureQuest (started in 2002, and still active as of 2011).[71]

text: Availability[edit]

text: Desktop platforms[edit]

text: The latest version of Flash Player is available for Windows XP and later, Mac OS X 10.6 and later and Linux.

text: Adobe Flash Player is available in four flavors:

text:
The "Internet Explorer – ActiveX" version is an ActiveX control for use in Internet Explorer, its shells, and other Windows applications that support ActiveX technology. This plugin cannot be installed on Windows 8 and later, because these OSes come with their own integrated Flash Player ActiveX.
The "Firefox – NPAPI" version is available for Firefox as well as other applications that support NPAPI technology.
The "Opera and Chromium – PPAPI" version is available for Chromium and browsers based on Chromium (such as Opera) as well as other applications that support PPAPI technology. This plugin cannot be installed on Google Chrome as it comes with its own built-in Flash component.
The "projector" version is a standalone player that can open SWF files directly.[72]

tag: ol

text: On February 22, 2012, Adobe announced that it would no longer release new versions of NPAPI Flash plugins for Linux, although Flash Player 11.2 would continue to receive security updates.[73][74][75] In August 2016 Adobe announced that, beginning with version 24, it will resume offering of Flash Player for Linux for other browsers.[76]

text: The Extended Support Release (ESR) of Flash Player on macOS and Windows was a version of Flash Player kept up to date with security updates, but none of the new features or bug fixes available in later versions. It has been on version 11.7 as of July 9, 2013,[77] version 13 as of May 13, 2014,[78] and version 18 as of August 11, 2015.[79] Adobe has decided to discontinue the ESR branch and instead focus solely on the standard release as of August 2016.[80]

text:
Availability on desktop operating systems

Platform
Latest version
Browser support

Windows XP and later
Windows Server 2003 and later[81]
28.0.0.137[81]
Firefox, Chrome, Chromium, Safari, Opera,[81] Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge[1]

Windows 2000
11.1.102.55[82]
?

Windows 98 and ME
9.0.115.0[82]
?

Windows 95 and NT 4
7.0.14.0[82]
?

Mac OS X 10.6 or later
28.0.0.137[81]
Firefox, Chrome, Chromium, Safari, Opera[81]

Mac OS X 10.5
10.3.183.90[82]
?

Classic Mac OS, PowerPC
7.0.14.0[82]
?

Classic Mac OS, 68k
5.0[83]
?

Linux
28.0.0.137[81]
Firefox, Chrome, Chromium, Opera[1]

Solaris
11.2.202.223[82]
?

text: Mobile platforms[edit]

text: In 2011, Flash Player had emerged as the de facto standard for online video publishing on the desktop, with adaptive bitrate video streaming, DRM, and fullscreen support.[31][32] On mobile devices however, after Apple refused to allow the Flash Player within the inbuilt iOS web browser, Adobe changed strategy, enabling Flash content to be delivered as native mobile applications using the Adobe Integrated Runtime.

text: Up until 2012, Flash Player 11 was available for the Android (ARM Cortex-A8 and above),[84][85] although in June 2012, Google announced that Android 4.1 (codenamed Jelly Bean) would not support Flash by default. Starting in August 2012, Adobe no longer updates Flash for Android.[86] In spite of this, Adobe Flash is still available to install on Android devices via Adobe's update archives (up to Android 4.3).

text: Flash Player is certified to be supported on a select range of mobile and tablet devices, from Acer, BlackBerry 10, Dell, HTC, Lenovo, Logitech, LG, Motorola, Samsung, Sharp, SoftBank, Sony (and Sony Ericsson), and Toshiba.[87][88][89] As of 2012, Adobe has stopped browser-based Flash Player development for mobile browsers in favor of HTML5,[90][91] however Adobe continues to support Flash content on mobile devices with the Adobe Integrated Runtime, which allows developers to publish content that runs as native applications on certain supported mobile phone platforms.

text: Version 9 is the most recent version currently available for the Linux/ARM-based Nokia 770/N800/N810 Internet tablets running Maemo OS2008, classic Mac OS and Windows 95/NT.[92] Version 10 can be run under Windows 98/Me using KernelEx. HP offers Version 6 of the player for HP-UX.[93] Other versions of the player have been available at some point for OS/2, Symbian OS, Palm OS, BeOS and IRIX.[94] The Kodak Easyshare One includes Flash Player.[95]

text: Adobe said it will optimize Flash for use on ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv6 architectures used in the Cortex-A series of processors and in the ARM11 family) and release it in the second half of 2009. The company also stated it wants to enable Flash on NVIDIA Tegra, Texas Instruments OMAP 3 and Samsung ARMs.[96][97] Beginning 2009, it was announced that Adobe would be bringing Flash to TV sets via Intel Media Processor CE 3100 before mid-2009.[98] ARM Holdings later said it welcomes the move of Flash, because "it will transform mobile applications and it removes the claim that the desktop controls the Internet."[99] However, as of May 2009, the expected ARM/Linux netbook devices had poor support for Web video and fragmented software base.[100]

text: Among other devices, LeapFrog Enterprises provides Flash Player with their Leapster Multimedia Learning System and extended the Flash Player with touch-screen support.[101] Sony has integrated Flash Player 6 into the PlayStation Portable's web browser via firmware version 2.70 and Flash Player 9 into the PlayStation 3's web browser in firmware version 2.50.[102] Nintendo has integrated Flash Lite 3.1, equivalent to Flash 8, in the Internet Channel on the Wii.

text: The following table documents Flash Player and AIR support on mobile operating systems:

text:
Platform
Latest version

Android 2.2–4.1, ARM Cortex-A8+[103]
Flash Player 11.1, AIR 3.1[85][104][105]

Android 2.1
Flash Lite 3.0

iOS
Flash Player 11.1, AIR 3.1[84][104]

BlackBerry 10.0–10.3.1
Flash Player 11.1, AIR 3.1

BlackBerry Tablet OS
Flash Player 11.1, AIR 3.1[104][106]

Maemo
Flash Player 9.4[107]

PlayStation 3 with Firmware 2.50, NetFront 2.81
Flash Player 9.1 (update 3)

PSP with Firmware 2.70
Flash Player 6[108]

Symbian OS
Flash Lite 4.0[109]

Wii (Internet Channel)
Flash Lite 3.1[110]

Pocket PC 2003[111]
Flash Player 7[112][113]

Windows Mobile 5[111]
Flash Player 7[112]

text: Other hardware[edit]

text: Some CPU emulators have been created for Flash Player, including Chip8,[114] Commodore 64,[115] ZX Spectrum[116] and the Nintendo Entertainment System.[117] They enable video games created for such platforms to run within Flash Player.

text: Open source[edit]

text: Adobe has taken steps to reduce or eliminate Flash licensing costs. For instance, the SWF file format documentation is provided free of charge[118] after they relaxed the requirement of accepting a non-disclosure agreement to view it in 2008.[119] Adobe also created the Open Screen Project which removes licensing fees and opens data protocols for Flash.

text: Adobe has also open-sourced many components relating to Flash.

text:
In 2006, the ActionScript Virtual Machine 2 (AVM2) which implements ActionScript 3 was donated as open-source to Mozilla Foundation, to begin work on the Tamarin virtual machine that will finally implement the ECMAScript 4 language standard with the help of the Mozilla community.[120] It was released under the terms of a MPL/GPL/LGPL tri-license and includes the specification for the ActionScript bytecode format; Tamarin Project jointly managed by Mozilla and Adobe Systems[121] It is now considered obsolete by Mozilla.
In 2011, the Adobe Flex Framework was donated as open-source to the Apache Software Foundation and rebranded as Apache Flex.[63] Some saw this move as Adobe abandoning Flex, and stepping away from the Flash Platform as a whole.[122][123] Sources from Apache say that "Enterprise application development is no longer a focus at Adobe. At least as Flash is concerned, Adobe is concentrating on games and video.",[122][124] and they conclude that "Flex Innovation is Exploding!".[124] The donated source code included a partly developed AS3 compiler (dubbed "Falcon") and the BlazeDS set of technologies.[123][124]
In 2013, the CrossBridge C++ cross-compilation toolset was open sourced by Adobe and released on GitHub.[125][126] The project was formerly termed "Alchemy" and "Flash Runtime C++ Compiler", and targeted the game development market to enable C++ video games to run in Adobe Flash Player.[127]

text: However, Adobe has not been willing to make complete source code of the Flash Player available for free software development. Free and open source alternatives to the Adobe Flash Player such as Shumway and Gnash have been built, but are no longer under active development[128] and therefore not a viable alternative. The only fully functional open-source third-party Flash Player is the commercially available Scaleform GFx Player, which is game development middleware designed for integration into non-Flash video games.

text: Criticism[edit]

text: Usability[edit]

text: In some browsers, prior Flash versions have had to be uninstalled before an updated version could be installed.[129][130] However, as of version 11.2 for Windows, there are now automatic updater options.[131] Linux is partially supported, as Adobe is cooperating with Google to implement it via Chrome web browser on all Linux platforms.[132]

text: Mixing Flash applications with HTML leads to inconsistent behavior with respect to input handling (keyboard and mouse not working as they would in an HTML-only document). This is often done in web sites[133] and can lead to poor user experience with the site.

text: The February 20, 2014 update to 12.0.0.70 introduced a reported bug, producing green video with sound only. This defect is related to hardware acceleration and may be overcome by disabling hardware acceleration via the Adobe settings in Firefox (accessed by right clicking within the video) or in Internet Explorer (within the Tools settings).[134] This defect may be related to widely used graphics hardware, AMD Radeon HD video cards, and similar visual defects have occurred in earlier Flash updates, with the same workaround.

text: Privacy[edit]

text: Flash Player supports persistent local storage of data (also referred to as Local Shared Objects), which can be used similarly to HTTP cookies or Web Storage in web applications. Local storage in Flash Player allows websites to store non-executable data on a user's computer, such as authentication information, game high scores or saved games, server-based session identifiers, site preferences, saved work, or temporary files. Flash Player will only allow content originating from exactly the same website domain to access data saved in local storage.[135]

text: Because local storage can be used to save information on a computer that is later retrieved by the same site, a site can use it to gather user statistics, similar to how HTTP cookies and Web Storage can be used. With such technologies, the possibility of building a profile based on user statistics is considered by some a potential privacy concern. Users can disable or restrict use of local storage in Flash Player through a "Settings Manager" page.[136][137] These settings can be accessed from the Adobe website or by right-clicking on Flash-based content and selecting "Global Settings".

text: Local storage can be disabled entirely or on a site-by-site basis. Disabling local storage will block any content from saving local user information using Flash Player, but this may disable or reduce the functionality of some websites, such as saved preferences or high scores and saved progress in games.

text: Flash Player 10.1 and upward honor the privacy mode settings in the latest versions of the Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, and Safari web browsers, such that no local storage data is saved when the browser's privacy mode is in use.[138]

text: Security[edit]

text: Adobe security bulletins and advisories announce security updates, but Adobe Flash Player release notes do not disclose the security issues addressed when a release closes security holes, making it difficult to evaluate the urgency of a particular update. A version test page allows the user to check if the latest version is installed, and uninstallers may be used to ensure that old-version plugins have been uninstalled from all installed browsers.

text: In February 2010, Adobe officially apologized[139] for not fixing a known vulnerability for over a year. In June 2010 Adobe announced a "critical vulnerability" in recent versions, saying there are reports that this vulnerability is being actively exploited in the wild against both Adobe Flash Player, and Adobe Reader and Acrobat.[140][141] Later, in October 2010, Adobe announced[142] another critical vulnerability, this time also affecting Android-based mobile devices. Android users have been recommended to disable Flash or make it only on demand.[143] Subsequent security vulnerabilities also exposed Android users, such as the two critical vulnerabilities published in February 2013[144] or the four critical vulnerabilities published in March 2013,[145] all of which could lead to arbitrary code execution.

text: Symantec's Internet Security Threat Report[146] states that a remote code execution in Adobe Reader and Flash Player[147] was the second most attacked vulnerability in 2009. The same report also recommended using browser extensions to disable Flash Player usage on untrusted websites. McAfee predicted that Adobe software, especially Reader and Flash, would be primary target for attacks in 2010.[148] Adobe applications had become, at least at some point, the most popular client-software targets for attackers during the last quarter of 2009.[149] The Kaspersky Security Network published statistics for the third quarter of 2012 showing that 47.5% of its users were affected by one or more critical vulnerabilities.[150] The report also highlighted that "Flash Player vulnerabilities enable cybercriminals to bypass security systems integrated into the application."[150]

text: Steve Jobs criticized the security of Flash Player, noting that "Symantec recently highlighted Flash for having one of the worst security records in 2009".[151] Adobe responded by pointing out that "the Symantec Global Internet Threat Report for 2009, found that Flash Player had the second lowest number of vulnerabilities of all Internet technologies listed (which included both web plug-ins and browsers)."[152][153]

text: April 7, 2016, Adobe released a Flash Player patch for a zero-day memory corruption vulnerability CVE-2016-1019 that could be used to deliver malware via the Magnitude exploit kit. The vulnerability could be exploited for remote code execution.[154][155]

text: Vendor lock-in[edit]

text: Flash Player 11.2 does not play certain kinds of content unless it has been digitally signed by Adobe, following a license obtained by the publisher directly from Adobe.[156]

text: This move by Adobe, together with the abandonment of Flex to Apache was criticized as a way to lock out independent tool developers, in favor of Adobe's commercial tools.[157][158][159]

text: This has been resolved as of January 2013, after Adobe no longer requires a license or royalty from the developer. All premium features are now classified as general availability, and can be freely used by Flash applications.[160]

text: Apple controversy[edit]

text: In April 2010, Steve Jobs, at the time CEO of Apple Inc. published an open letter explaining why Apple would not support Flash on the iPhone, iPod touch and iPad.[151] In the letter he blamed problems with the "openness", stability, security, performance, and touchscreen integration of the Flash Player as reasons for refusing to support it. He also claimed that when one of Apple's Macintosh computers crashes, "more often than not" the cause can be attributed to Flash, and described Flash as "buggy".[161] Adobe's CEO Shantanu Narayen responded by saying, "If Flash [is] the number one reason that Macs crash, which I'm not aware of, it has as much to do with the Apple operating system."[162]

text: Steve Jobs also claimed that a large percentage of the video on the Internet is supported on iOS, since many popular video sharing websites such as YouTube have published video content in an HTML5 compatible format, enabling videos to playback in mobile web browsers even without Flash Player.[163]

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Macromedia Flash Player 2 (June 17, 1997)

Mostly vectors and motion, some bitmaps, limited audio
Support of stereo sound, enhanced bitmap integration, buttons, the Library, and the ability to tween color changes

Macromedia Flash Player 3 (May 31, 1998)

Added alpha transparency, licensed MP3 compression
Brought improvements to animation, playback, and publishing, as well as the introduction of simple script commands for interactivity

Macromedia Flash Player 4 (June 15, 1999)

Saw the introduction of streaming MP3s and the Motion Tween. Initially, the Flash Player plug-in was not bundled with popular web browsers and users had to visit Macromedia website to download it; As of 2000, however, the Flash Player was already being distributed with all AOL, Netscape and Internet Explorer browsers. Two years later it shipped with all releases of Windows XP. The install-base of the Flash Player reached 92 percent of all Internet users.

Macromedia Flash Player 5 (August 24, 2000)

A major advance in ability, with the evolution of Flash's scripting abilities as released as ActionScript
Saw the ability to customize the authoring environment's interface
Macromedia Generator was the first initiative from Macromedia to separate design from content in Flash files. Generator 2.0 was released in April 2001, and featured real-time server-side generation of Flash content in its Enterprise Edition. Generator was discontinued in 2002, in favor of new technologies such as Flash Remoting, which allows for seamless transmission of data between the server and the client, and ColdFusion Server.
In October 2000, usability guru Jakob Nielsen wrote a polemic article regarding usability of Flash content entitled "Flash: 99% Bad". (Macromedia later hired Nielsen to help them improve Flash usability.)

text:
Macromedia Flash Player 6 (version 6.0.21.0, codenamed Exorcist) (March 15, 2002)

Support for the consuming Flash Remoting (AMF) and Web Service (SOAP)
Supports ondemand/live audio and video streaming (RTMP)
Support for screenreaders via Microsoft Active Accessibility
Added Sorenson Spark video codec for Flash Video[164]
Support for video, application components, shared libraries, and accessibility
Macromedia Flash Communication Server MX, also released in 2002, allowed video to be streamed to Flash Player 6 (otherwise the video could be embedded into the Flash movie).

Macromedia Flash Player 7 (version 7.0.14.0, codenamed Mojo) (September 10, 2003)

Supports progressive audio and video streaming (HTTP)
Supports ActionScript 2.0, an object-oriented programming language for developers
Ability to create charts, graphs and additional text effects with the new support for extensions (sold separately), high fidelity import of PDF and Adobe Illustrator 10 files, mobile and device development and a forms-based development environment. ActionScript 2.0 was also introduced, giving developers a formal object-oriented approach to ActionScript. V2 Components replaced Flash MX's components, being rewritten from the ground up to take advantage of ActionScript 2.0 and object-oriented principles.
In 2004, the "Flash Platform" was introduced. This expanded Flash to more than the Flash authoring tool. Flex 1.0 and Breeze 1.0 were released, both of which used the Flash Player as a delivery method but relied on tools other than the Flash authoring program to create Flash applications and presentations. Flash Lite 1.1 was also released, enabling mobile phones to play Flash content.
Last version for Windows 95/NT4 and Mac Classic[82]

Macromedia Flash Player 8 (version 8.0.22.0, codenamed Maelstrom) (September 13, 2005)

Support for runtime loading of GIF and PNG images
New video codec (On2 VP6)
Improved runtime performance and runtime bitmap caching
Live filters and blendmodes
File upload and download abilities
New text-rendering engine, the Saffron Type System
ExternalAPI subsystem introduced to replace fscommand
On December 3, 2005, Adobe Systems acquired Macromedia and its product portfolio (including Flash).[165]

Macromedia Flash Player 8 (version 8.0.24.0) (April 23, 2006)
Adobe Flash Player 9 (version 9.0.15.0, codenamed Zaphod and formerly named Flash Player 8.5) (June 22, 2006)

Introduction of ActionScript Virtual Machine 2 (AVM2) with AVM1 retained for compatibility
ActionScript 3 (a superset of ECMAScript 3) via AVM2
E4X, which is a new approach to parsing XML
Support for binary sockets
Support for regular expressions and namespaces
AVM2 donated to Mozilla Foundation as open-source virtual machine named Tamarin

Adobe Flash Player 9 Update 1 (version 9.0.28.0, codenamed Marvin) (November 9, 2006)[166]

Support for fullscreen mode[167]

Adobe Flash Player 9 (version 9.0.45.0) (March 27, 2007)

Support for Creative Suite 3.

Adobe Flash Player 9 Update 2 (version Mac/Windows 9.0.47.0 and Linux 9.0.48.0, codenamed Hotblack) (June 11, 2007)

Security Update

Adobe Flash Player 9 Update 3 (version 9.0.115.0, codenamed Moviestar or Frogstar) (December 2007)[168]

H.264[169]
AAC (HE-AAC, AAC Main Profile, and AAC-LC)
New Flash Video file format F4V based on the ISO base media file format (MPEG-4 Part 12)
Support for container formats based on the ISO base media file format[170]
Last version for Windows 98/ME and other platforms[82]

Adobe Flash Player 10 (version 10.0.12.36, codenamed Astro) (October 15, 2008)

New Features

3D object transformations
Custom filters via Pixel Bender
Advanced text support
Speex audio codec
Real Time Media Flow Protocol (RTMFP)
Dynamic sound generation
Vector data type

Enhanced Features

Larger bitmap support
Graphics drawing API
Context menu
Hardware acceleration
Anti-aliasing engine (Saffron 3.1)
Read/write clipboard access
WMODE

Adobe Flash Player 10 (version 10.0.32.18) (July 27, 2009)
Adobe Flash Player 10 (version 10.0.42.34) (November 16, 2009)
Adobe Flash Player 10 (version 10.0.45.2) (February 21, 2010)
Adobe Flash Player 10.1 (version 10.1.53.64, codenamed Argo) (June 10, 2010)[171]

Reuse of bitmap data copies for better memory management
Improved garbage collector
Hardware-based H.264 video decoding
HTTP Dynamic Streaming
Peer-assisted networking and multicast
Support for browser privacy modes
Multi-touch APIs
For Macs/OSX 10.4 ppc or later

Using Cocoa UI for Macs
Use of double-buffered OpenGL context for fullscreen
Use of Core Animation

Adobe Flash Player 10.2 (version 10.2.152.26, codenamed Spicy) (February 8, 2011)

Stage Video, a full hardware-accelerated video pipeline
Internet Explorer 9 hardware-accelerated rendering support
Custom native mouse cursors
Multiple monitor fullscreen support
Enhanced subpixel rendering for text

Adobe Flash Player 10.2 (version 10.2.152.32) (February 28, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.2 (version 10.2.153.1) (March 21, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.2 (version 10.2.159.1) (April 15, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.181.14, codenamed Wasabi) (May 12, 2011)[172]

Media measurement (video analytics for websites; desktop only)
Acoustic Echo Cancellation (acoustic echo cancellation, noise suppression, voice activity detection, automatic compensation for microphone input levels; desktop only)
Integration with browser privacy controls for managing local storage (ClearSiteData NPAPI)
Native control panel
Auto-update notification for Mac OS X
Last version for Mac OS X 10.5[82] and Windows 2000 (unofficially bypassing the XP installer)
Adobe replaced Extended Support Release 10.3 by 11.7 on July 9, 2013.[77]

Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.181.23) (June 5, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.181.26) (June 14, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.181.34) (June 29, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.183.5) (August 14, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.183.7) (August 24, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.183.10) (September 21, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.183.11) (November 11, 2011)
Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.183.25) (September 18, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 10.3 (version 10.3.183.29) (October 8, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11 (version 11.0.1.152, codenamed Serrano) (October 4, 2011)[173]

Desktop only

Stage 3D accelerated graphics rendering[174]

Desktop: Windows (DirectX 9), OS X (Intel processor only) and Linux (OpenGL 1.3), SwiftShader fallback
Mobile: Android and iOS (OpenGL ES 2)

H.264/AVC software encoding for cameras
Native 64-bit
Asynchronous bitmap decoding
TLS secure sockets

Desktop and mobile

Stage Video hardware acceleration
Native extension libraries[175]

Desktop: Windows (.dll), OS X (.framework)
Mobile: Android (.jar, .so), iOS (.a)

JPEG XR decoding
G.711 audio compression for telephony
Protected HTTP Dynamic Streaming (HDS)
Unlimited bitmap size
LZMA SWF compression

Mobile only

H.264/AAC playback
Front-facing camera
Background audio playback
Device speaker control
16- and 32-bit color depth

Adobe Flash Player 11.1 (version 11.1.102.55, codenamed Anza) (November 10, 2011)[176]

Last version of the web browser plug-in for mobile devices (made for Android 2.2 to 4.0.3)
iOS 5 native extensions for AIR
StageText: Native text input UI for Android
Security enhancements, last official version for Windows 2000[82]

Adobe Flash Player 11.1 (version 11.1.102.62) (March 5, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.2 (version 11.2.202.228) (March 28, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.2 (version 11.2.202.233) (April 12, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.2 (version 11.2.202.235, codenamed Brannan) (May 3, 2012)[177]

The Windows version offers automatic updater options[131]
Dropped support of the browser plug-in for mobile devices (Android). Android app developers are encouraged to use Adobe Air and Android web developers should switch to HTML5.
Extended support for Flash player 11.2 on Solaris as it is the last version to be supported.[82]
Adobe replaced Extended Support Release 11.2 on Linux with 24.0 on December 13, 2016.

Adobe Flash Player 11.3 (version 11.3.300.257) (June 8, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.3 (version 11.3.300.262) (June 21, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.3 (version 11.3.300.265) (July 11, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.3 (version 11.3.300.268) (July 26, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.3 (version 11.3.300.270) (August 4, 2012)

Desktop and mobile

Fullscreen interactive mode (keyboard input during fullscreen)
Native bitmap encoding and compression (PNG, JPEG, JPEG-XR)
Draw bitmaps with quality (low, medium, high, best)
Texture streaming for Stage3D
Dropped support for Linux and Solaris

Mobile-only

Auto-orientation on specific devices
USB debugging for AIR on iOS

Adobe Flash Player 11.3 (version 11.3.300.271) (September 18, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.3 (version 11.3.300.273) (October 3, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.4 (version 11.4.402.259) (August 10, 2012)

Flash Player only

ActionScript workers
SandboxBridge support
Licensing support: Flash Player Premium features for gaming

Flash Player and AIR

Stage3D "constrained" profile for increased GPU reach
LZMA support for ByteArray
StageVideo attachCamera/Camera improvements
Compressed texture with alpha support for Stage3D
DXT encoding

AIR only

Deprecated Carbon APIs for AIR
Direct AIR deployment using ADT
Push notifications for iOS
Ambient AudioPlaybackMode
Exception support in Native Extensions for iOS

Adobe Flash Player 11.4 (version 11.4.402.265) (August 21, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.4 (version 11.4.402.278) (September 18, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.4 (version 11.4.402.287) (October 8, 2012)
Adobe Flash Player 11.5[178]

Shared ByteArray
Invoke Event enhancement (for openurl)
Packaging multiple libraries in an ANE (iOS)
Debug stack trace in release builds of Flash Player
Statically link DRM (desktop only)

Adobe Flash Player 11.6 (codenamed Folsom)[178]

Lossless video export from standalone and authplay.dll
Support for flash.display.graphics.readGraphicsData() that returns a Vector of IGraphicsData
Improve permissions UI related to full screen keyboard access
Prevent ActiveX abuse in Office documents
Support file access in cloud on Windows
Enhance multi-SWF support
Migration certification for ANEs
RectangleTexture
File API update so AIR apps conform to Apple data storage guidelines
Separate sampler state for Stage3D
Set device specific Retina Display resolution (iOS)

Adobe Flash Player 11.7 (version 11.7.700.169, codenamed Geary) (April 9, 2013)[178]

SharedObject.preventBackup property
forceCPURenderModeForDevices
Remote hosting of SWF files in case of multiple SWFs
Support for uploading 16-bit texture formats
GameInput updates
Android – create captive runtime apps
Adobe replaced Extended Support Release 11.7 on Mac and Windows with 13.0 on May 13, 2014.[78]

Adobe Flash Player 11.8 (codenamed Harrison)[178]

Stage3D baselineExtended profile
Recursive stop on MovieClip
Flash Player & AIR Desktop Game Pad Support
Support for large textures (extendedBaseline, 4096)
Rectangle texture
DatagramSocket
ServerSocket
Substitute a redirected URL from a source URLRequest for part of the URL in a new URLRequest

Adobe Flash Player 11.9 (codenamed Irving)[178]

OS X Mavericks Support
Mac .pkg Installation Support

Adobe Flash Player 12 (codenamed Jones)[179]

Improved Mac .pkg Installation Support for the work flow and UI
Support for Internet Explorer 11 on Windows 7
Support for Safe Mode in Safari 6.1 and higher
64-bit PPAPI Flash Player for Google Chrome
Graphics: Buffer Usage flag for Stage3D

Adobe Flash Player 13 (codenamed King)[180][181]

Supplementary Characters Enhancement Support for Text Field
Full Screen video message tweak
As of 13 May 2014[update] this is the Extended Support Release.[78]

Adobe Flash Player 14 (version 14.0.0.125, codenamed [Lombard Street (San Francisco)|Lombard]) (June 10, 2014)[182]

Stage 3D Standard profile

Adobe Flash Player 14 (version 14.0.0.145) (July 8, 2014)
Adobe Flash Player 14 (version 14.0.0.179) (August 12, 2014)
Adobe Flash Player 15 (version 15.0.0.152, codenamed [Market Street (San Francisco)|Market]) (September 9, 2014)[183]

Improved support for browser zoom levels

Adobe Flash Player 15 (version 15.0.0.167) (September 24, 2014)
Adobe Flash Player 15 (version 15.0.0.223) (November 11, 2014)
Adobe Flash Player 15 (version 15.0.0.239) (November 25, 2014)
Adobe Flash Player 16 (version 16.0.0.235, codenamed Natoma) (December 12, 2014)[184]

Stage3D – Standard Constrained Profile
PPAPI Installers for Windows and Mac

Adobe Flash Player 16 (version 16.0.0.257) (January 13, 2015)
Adobe Flash Player 16 (version 16.0.0.287) (January 22, 2015)
Adobe Flash Player 17 (version 17.0.0.134, codenamed Octavia) (March 12, 2015)[185]

Control Panel improvements
Installer improvements for Mac

Adobe Flash Player 18 (version 18.0.0.160, codenamed [Presidio of San Francisco|Presidio]) (June 9, 2015)

Contains fixes for Adobe Security Bulletin APSB 15–11[186]

Adobe Flash Player 19 (version 19.0.0.185, codenamed Quint) (September 21, 2015)
Adobe Flash Player 20 (version 20.0.0.228, codenamed Rankin) (December 8, 2015)
Adobe Flash Player 21 (version 21.0.0.182, codenamed Sutter) (March 10, 2016)
Adobe Flash Player 22 (version 22.0.0.192, codenamed Townsend) (June 16, 2016)
Adobe Flash Player 23 (version 23.0.0.164, codenamed Underwood) (September 13, 2016)
Adobe Flash Player 24 (version 24.0.0.186, codenamed [Van Ness Avenue|Van Ness]) (December 13, 2016)
Adobe Flash Player 24 (version 24.0.0.194) (January 10, 2017)
Adobe Flash Player 25 (version 25.0.0.127, codenamed Webster) (March 14, 2017)
Adobe Flash Player 25 (version 25.0.0.148) (April 11, 2017)
Adobe Flash Player 25 (version 25.0.0.163) (April 20, 2017)
Adobe Flash Player 26 (version 26.0.0.131, codenamed York) (June 13, 2017)
Adobe Flash Player 27 (version 27.0.0.130, codenamed Zoe) (September 12, 2017)
Adobe Flash Player 27 (version 27.0.0.159) (October 10, 2017)
Adobe Flash Player 28 (version 28.0.0.11, codenamed [Atka]) (November 16, 2017)