document_title: A White Sport Coat

question_text: who sang the song a white sports coat and a pink carnation

root

text: A White Sport Coat

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
"A White Sport Coat"

Single by Marty Robbins

B-side
"Grown-Up Tears"

Released
April 20, 1957

Format
7" (45 rpm)

Genre
Country

Label
Columbia 40864

Songwriter(s)
Marty Robbins

Producer(s)
Mitch Miller

text: "A White Sport Coat (and a Pink Carnation)" is a 1957 country and western song with words and music both written by Marty Robbins. It was recorded on January 25, 1957, and released on the Columbia Records label, over a month later, on March 4.[1] The arranger and recording session conductor was Ray Conniff, an in-house conductor/arranger at Columbia. Robbins had demanded to have Conniff oversee the recording after his earlier hit, "Singing the Blues", had been quickly eclipsed on the charts by Guy Mitchell's cover version scored and conducted by Conniff in October, 1956.

tag: p

text: Robbins recalled writing the song in approximately twenty minutes while being transported in a standard automobile.[2] He is said to have had the inspiration for the song while driving from a motel to a venue in Ohio where he was due to perform that evening. During the course of the journey, he passed a local high school, where its students were dressed ready for their prom.[citation needed]

text: The song reached No. 1 on the U.S. country chart becoming Marty Robbins' third No. 1 record,[3] the song reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart in the U.S.[4] and No. 1 in the Australian music charts in 1957. A version by Johnny Desmond received some play also, peaking at No. 62 on the U.S. pop charts.

text: In UK the song was a notable hit for the English Rock'n'Roll singer Terry Dene, and also for The King Brothers. The Terry Dene version reached #18 in the UK Charts, while The King Brothers' recording peaked at #6, both in early summer 1957.

text: Jimmy Buffett's 1973 album A White Sport Coat and a Pink Crustacean spoofs the title of the song.


document_title: The Haves and the Have Nots (play)

question_text: cast of the have and have nots play

question_tokens: cast of the have and have nots play

text: The Haves and the Have Nots (play)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story follows the life of a wealthy family that has everything they need and most of what they want. The characters are often preoccupied with superficial things, until they are forced to become involved with their housekeeper. When the poverty-stricken maid is forced to ask for help, the family gets a chance to see how the other half lives. While coming to the rescue of the needy, it soon becomes painfully clear, who is really in need of saving.

text: Our story opens very early on a Monday morning, at the home of Grandma Hattie Mae. Hattie has allowed her daughter and son in law to move into her home with their son Wallie. The morning silence is broken by the ring of the telephone. Hattie is afraid to answer. The bank has given her three days to pay up the mortgage, or the struggling family will be evicted. Tensions are rising for Frank who feels responsible as the man of the house. Frank has been out of work for months, causing the family to be supported by the sole income of Rose who works as a maid for a wealthy real estate giant, Louis Willis.

text: After months of avoiding phone calls from the bank, Frank finally gets a break when Louis hires him to be a handyman at the Willis estate. Rose is elated that her prayers have finally been answered. Frank is cautiously optimistic, but excitedly prepares for his new job as a handyman. That morning at the Willis home, Floyd, played by Palmer Williams Jr., is hilariously negative about Rose allowing Frank to work for the wealthy couple. Floyd is convinced that Louis’ much younger wife, Diane, will snatch Frank right from under Rose’s nose.

text: It soon becomes painfully clear that Floyd’s madness was not craziness at all. Diane goes after Frank the moment she sees him. Rose is completely unaware of the depths to which her boss Diane will stoop when trying to satisfy her insatiable appetite for strapping young men. While Rose and Frank consume themselves with saving the home that Hattie has lived in for over thirty years, Wallie has been deeply affected by the fears of being homeless. Only Hattie is aware that Wallie has been running the streets at night. It is not until Wallie is arrested for shoplifting that Rose discovers that her honor-roll son has decided to walk a different path.

text: Frank and Wallie finally face off when Frank overhears his son lashing out about how Frank is a sorry husband and father. Wallie has learned on the streets that all men have a side hustle, and are always able to support their families. It is a bitter pill to swallow when Frank realizes that his son has lost respect for him, and blames him for the family’s impending doom.

text: It is under these circumstances that the struggling family will have to pray for a miracle when their worlds begin to spiral out of control. Hattie, an old woman who has survived a mountain of challenges, finds herself more afraid than she has ever been. Rose, the strong and virtuous matriarch of her family, stands firmly on her faith when she tells Hattie that she has to meet God for the first time. At the end of her rope, Hattie lifts her arms in a miraculous and desperate show of faith and power. It will take both of the women to battle the principalities coming against their family unit.

text: Meanwhile, Frank is put in a treacherous situation when Diane maligns Rose with lies and deceit, while offering to write a check to Frank in exchange for sexual favors. Frank is tested like never before when he is presented by an opportunity to save his family by betraying the sacred relationship he has with his wife.

text: Frank’s impeccable character lifts him out of the situation in time to discover that Wallie has become a money making drug dealer. When Frank finally discovers the stacks of cash and drugs, he is ready to give everything he has to fight for his son’s life. Wallie has been so brainwashed by the streets that it will take the strength and love of a tough father to win the heart of his son back to the principles he was raised with.

text: It almost appears that Diane may have been successful in breaking up a happy home when Louis finally sees his young wife for what she is. Troubled by the truth, Louis must make the hardest decision he has ever had to make. Seeing the love that Frank and Rose have for one another, Louis intervenes to help the couple who are about to lose everything they have. In doing so, Louis experiences firsthand the power and the beauty of a family’s love.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Palmer Williams Jr. as Floyd
Patrice Lovely as Hattie
Tony Hightower as Frank
Alexis Jones as Diane
Maurice Lauchner as Lewis
Jeffery Lewis as Wallie
Kislyck Halsey as Rose

tag: ul

text: TV series adaptation[edit]

text: The play was very loosely adapted into a television series on the Oprah Winfrey Network. Apart from featuring the lives of a wealthy family and poor-class one, the series is significantly different from the play featuring entirely new characters and situations. It premiered on May 28, 2013.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Haves and the Have Nots released on DVD July 9, 2013 along with Temptation: Confessions of a Marriage Counselor.


document_title: She's Always a Woman

question_text: who wrote shes always a woman to me

question_tokens: who wrote shes always a woman to me

text: She's Always a Woman

text: Origin and meaning[edit]

text: The song was released in 1977, following several other hits from The Stranger including "Just the Way You Are", "Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)" and "Only the Good Die Young". Musically, Joel has said that he was influenced by Gordon Lightfoot and his mellow acoustic guitar ballads. It is a love song that Joel wrote for his then wife, Elizabeth Weber. Elizabeth had taken over management of Joel's career, and was able to put his financial affairs in order after Joel had signed some bad deals and contracts. She was a tough and savvy negotiator who could "wound with her eyes" or "steal like a thief", but would "never give in". Because of her tough-as-nails negotiating style, many business adversaries thought she was "unfeminine," but to Joel, she was always a woman.[3] The two eventually divorced in 1982.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: 7" single (1977)[edit]

text:
"She's Always a Woman"
"Vienna"

tag: ol

text: Single (CBS)[edit]

text:
"She's Always a Woman"
"Movin' Out (Anthony's Song)"

text: Japanese 7" single (CBS 06SP 248)[edit]

text:
"She's Always a Woman"
"Only The Good Die Young"

text: Chart history[edit]

text:
Chart (1977)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot 100
17

U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks
2

Chart (1978)
Peak
position

Belgian Singles Chart (Flanders)[4]
28

Canadian Singles Chart[5]
12

Dutch Top 40[6]
15

Chart (1986)
Peak
position

Irish Singles Chart
22

UK Singles Chart
53

Chart (2007)
Peak
position

Italian Singles Chart[7]
56

Chart (2010)
Peak
position

UK Singles Chart
29

Chart (2011)
Peak
position

Austrian Singles Chart[8]
37

text: Fyfe Dangerfield cover[edit]

text:
"She's Always a Woman"

Single by Fyfe Dangerfield

from the album Fly Yellow Moon

Released
May 10, 2010

Format
Digital download

Length
3:14

Label
Fantastic Plastic, Polydor

Songwriter(s)
Billy Joel

Fyfe Dangerfield singles chronology

"Faster Than the Setting Sun"
(2010)
"She's Always a Woman"
(2010)
"Barricades"
(2010)

"Faster Than the Setting Sun"
(2010)
"She's Always a Woman"
(2010)
"Barricades"
(2010)

text: Fyfe Dangerfield, lead singer of the band Guillemots, recorded a version of this song in 2010 which was used in an advertisement for the British department store John Lewis.[9] Subsequently, the Billy Joel original re-entered the UK singles chart at number 29 on May 1, 2010. On May 1, 2010, a new version of the advert aired; which shows more of the song cover. In the annual ITV poll for 2010 advert of the year; "John Lewis - She's always a Woman" ranked fourth.

text: The advert has been viewed on YouTube over 570,000 times (collectively from the top 3 results) since it aired on TV.[10]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: "She's Always a Woman" - 3:14

text: Chart performance[edit]

text: "She's Always a Woman" debuted on the UK Singles Chart on May 2, 2010 at #99. On its second week in the chart, the single climbed 85 places to #14, marking Dangerfield's most successful single to date. On May 16, 2010, the single climbed 7 places to a current peak of #7 before falling to #9 in its second week within the Top 10.

text:
Chart (2010)
Peak
Position

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[12]
7

text: Other covers[edit]

text:
Lynda Carter covered the song on her 1978 album Portrait.[13]
In 1984, Des O'Connor covered the song on his album "Des O'Connor Now"
In 2004, Zorán made a Hungarian cover "A nő", on his maxi single "A körben".[14]
In 2012, Celtic Thunder covered the song on their album Voyage with Neil Byrne on vocals.


document_title: List of United States cities by area

question_text: what is the largest city in the united states per square mile

text: List of United States cities by area

text:
Population tables
of U.S. cities

Cities

Population

Area
Density
Ethnic identity
Foreign-born
Income
Spanish speakers
By decade

Urban areas

Populous cities and metropolitan areas

Metropolitan areas

574 Primary Statistical Areas
169 Combined Statistical Areas
929 Core Based Statistical Areas
388 Metropolitan Statistical Areas
540 Micropolitan Statistical Areas

Megaregions

See also
North American metro areas
World cities

v
t
e

text: This list ranks U. S. cities by land area. Total areas including water are also given, but note that, when ranked by total area, a number of coastal cities appear disproportionately larger. San Francisco is an extreme example: water makes up nearly 80% of its total area of 232 square miles (601 km²). Note also that in many cases a city may be geographically large primarily because its municipal government has merged with the government of the surrounding county. In some cases the county no longer exists, while in others the arrangement has formed a consolidated city–county (or city-borough in Alaska, or city-parish in Louisiana); these are shown in bold. Cities that are not consolidated with or part of any county are independent cities, indicated with two asterisks (**). All data is from the 2010 United States Census.[1]

text:
Rank
City
State
Land area (sq mi)
Land area (km²)
Water area (sq mi)
Water area (km²)
Total area (sq mi)
Total area (km²)
Population (2010)

1
Sitka
Alaska
2,870.3
7,434
1,941.0
5,027
4,811.4
12,461
8,881

2
Juneau
Alaska
2,701.9
6,998
552.0
1,430
3,253.9
8,428
31,275

3
Wrangell
Alaska
2,541.5
6,582
920.6
2,384
3,462.1
8,967
2,369

4
Anchorage
Alaska
1,704.7
4,415
256.3
664
1,961.0
5,079
291,826

5
Jacksonville
Florida
747.0
1,935
127.6
330
874.6
2,265
821,784

6
Anaconda
Montana
736.5
1,908
4.7
12
741.2
1,920
9,298

7
Butte
Montana
716.2
1,855
0.6
1.6
716.8
1,857
33,525

8
Oklahoma City
Oklahoma
606.4
1,571
14.4
37
620.8
1,608
579,999

9
Houston
Texas
599.6
1,553
27.9
72
627.5
1,625
2,099,451

10
Phoenix
Arizona
516.7
1,338
1.2
3.1
517.9
1,341
1,445,632

11
Nashville
Tennessee
475.1
1,231
21.7
56
496.8
1,287
601,222

12
Los Angeles
California
468.7
1,214
34.0
88
502.7
1,302
3,792,621

13
San Antonio
Texas
460.9
1,194
5.8
15
466.7
1,209
1,327,407

14
Suffolk **
Virginia
400.2
1,037
28.9
75
429.1
1,111
84,585

15
Buckeye
Arizona
375.3
972
0.1
0.26
375.4
972
50,876

16
Indianapolis
Indiana
361.4
936
6.6
17
368.0
953
820,445

17
Chesapeake **
Virginia
340.8
883
10.1
26
350.9
909
222,209

18
Dallas
Texas
340.5
882
45.3
117
385.8
999
1,197,816

19
Fort Worth
Texas
339.8
880
8.0
21
347.9
901
741,206

20
Louisville
Kentucky
325.2
842
17.0
44
342.2
886
597,337

21
San Diego
California
325.2
842
47.2
122
372.4
965
1,307,402

22
Memphis
Tennessee
315.1
816
8.9
23
324.0
839
646,889

23
Kansas City
Missouri
315.0
816
4.1
11
319.0
826
459,787

24
New York City
New York
302.6
784
165.8
429
468.5
1,213
8,175,133

25
Augusta
Georgia
302.5
783
4.2
11
306.7
794
195,844

26
Austin
Texas
297.9
772
7.2
19
305.1
790
790,390

27
Charlotte
North Carolina
297.7
771
2.0
5.2
299.7
776
731,424

28
Lexington
Kentucky
283.6
735
1.9
4.9
285.6
740
295,803

29
El Paso
Texas
255.2
661
1.0
2.6
256.3
664
649,121

30
Virginia Beach **
Virginia
249.0
645
248.3
643
497.3
1,288
437,994

31
Cusseta
Georgia
248.7
644
2.4
6.2
251.2
651
11,267

32
Chicago
Illinois
227.6
589
6.5
17
234.1
606
2,695,598

33
Tucson
Arizona
226.7
587
0.3
0.78
227.0
588
520,116

34
Columbus
Ohio
217.2
563
5.9
15
223.1
578
787,033

35
Columbus
Georgia
216.4
560
4.6
12
221.0
572
189,885

36
Valdez
Alaska
216.2
560
59.6
154
275.9
715
3,976

37
Preston
Georgia
209.1
542
1.1
2.8
210.3
545
2,799

38
Huntsville
Alabama
209.1
542
1.3
3.4
210.4
545
180,105

39
Boulder City
Nevada
208.5
540
0.0
0
208.6
540
15,023

40
California City
California
203.5
527
0.1
0.26
203.6
527
14,120

41
Tulsa
Oklahoma
196.8
510
4.2
11
201.0
521
391,906

42
Colorado Springs
Colorado
194.5
504
0.4
1.0
194.9
505
416,427

43
Goodyear
Arizona
191.5
496
0.0
0
191.5
496
65,275

44
Albuquerque
New Mexico
187.7
486
1.8
4.7
189.5
491
545,852

45
Scottsdale
Arizona
183.9
476
0.5
1.3
184.4
478
217,385

46
Hibbing
Minnesota
181.8
471
4.6
12
186.4
483
16,361

47
Norman
Oklahoma
178.8
463
10.7
28
189.4
491
110,925

48
San Jose
California
176.5
457
3.4
8.8
180.0
466
945,942

49
Peoria
Arizona
174.4
452
3.6
9.3
178.0
461
154,065

50
New Orleans
Louisiana
169.4
439
180.8
468
350.2
907
343,829

51
Corpus Christi
Texas
160.6
416
329.0
852
489.6
1,268
305,215

52
Montgomery
Alabama
159.6
413
2.4
6.2
161.9
419
205,764

53
Wichita
Kansas
159.3
413
4.3
11
163.6
424
382,368

54
Aurora
Colorado
154.7
401
0.7
1.8
155.4
402
325,078

55
Denver
Colorado
153.0
396
1.6
4.1
154.6
400
600,158

56
Sierra Vista
Arizona
152.3
394
0.3
0.78
152.5
395
43,888

57
Georgetown
Georgia
151.2
392
9.3
24
160.6
416
2,513

58
Birmingham
Alabama
146.1
378
2.5
6.5
148.6
385
212,237

59
Fayetteville
North Carolina
145.8
378
1.9
4.9
147.7
383
200,564

60
Carson City **
Nevada
144.7
375
12.6
33
157.2
407
55,274

61
Raleigh
North Carolina
142.9
370
1.1
2.8
144.0
373
403,892

62
Bakersfield
California
142.2
368
1.4
3.6
143.6
372
347,483

63
Mobile
Alabama
139.1
360
40.7
105
179.8
466
195,111

64
Detroit
Michigan
138.8
359
4.1
11
142.9
370
713,777

65
Bunnell
Florida
137.5
356
1.1
2.8
138.6
359
2,676

66
Chattanooga
Tennessee
137.2
355
7.4
19
144.5
374
167,674

67
Mesa
Arizona
136.5
354
0.6
1.6
137.1
355
439,041

68
Las Vegas
Nevada
135.8
352
0.1
0.26
135.9
352
583,756

69
Philadelphia
Pennsylvania
134.1
347
8.6
22
142.7
370
1,526,006

70
Portland
Oregon
133.4
346
11.7
30
145.1
376
583,776

71
Atlanta
Georgia
133.2
345
0.9
2.3
134.0
347
420,003

72
Winston-Salem
North Carolina
132.4
343
1.2
3.1
133.7
346
229,617

73
Brownsville
Texas
132.3
343
14.0
36
146.3
379
175,023

74
Columbia
South Carolina
132.2
342
2.7
7.0
134.9
349
129,272

75
Lynchburg
Tennessee
129.2
335
1.2
3.1
130.4
338
6,362

76
Omaha
Nebraska
127.1
329
3.5
9.1
130.6
338
408,958

77
Greensboro
North Carolina
126.5
328
5.3
14
131.8
341
269,666

78
Kansas City
Kansas
124.8
323
3.6
9.3
128.4
333
145,786

79
Lubbock
Texas
122.4
317
1.1
2.8
123.6
320
229,573

80
Fernley
Nevada
122.1
316
6.7
17
128.9
334
19,368

81
Marana
Arizona
121.5
315
0.7
1.8
122.2
316
34,961

82
Yuma
Arizona
120.3
312
0.1
0.26
120.4
312
93,064

83
Little Rock
Arkansas
119.2
309
1.8
4.7
121.0
313
193,524

84
Athens
Georgia
116.4
301
1.8
4.7
118.2
306
115,452

85
Hartsville
Tennessee
114.2
296
2.4
6.2
116.6
302
7,870

86
Port St. Lucie
Florida
114.0
295
1.3
3.4
115.2
298
164,603

87
Tampa
Florida
113.4
294
61.8
160
175.2
454
335,709

88
Fresno
California
112.0
290
0.4
1.0
112.3
291
494,665

89
Unalaska
Alaska
111.8
290
100.9
261
212.7
551
4,376

90
Eloy
Arizona
111.5
289
0.1
0.26
111.6
289
16,631

91
Salt Lake City
Utah
111.1
288
0.6
1.6
111.7
289
186,440

92
Jackson
Mississippi
111.0
287
2.2
5.7
113.2
293
173,514

93
Fort Wayne
Indiana
110.6
286
0.2
0.52
110.8
287
253,691

94
Casa Grande
Arizona
109.7
284
0.0
0
109.7
284
48,571

95
Charleston
South Carolina
109.0
282
18.5
48
127.5
330
120,083

96
Henderson
Nevada
107.7
279
0.0
0
107.7
279
257,729

97
Durham
North Carolina
107.4
278
0.9
2.3
108.3
280
228,330

98
Abilene
Texas
106.8
277
5.4
14
112.2
291
117,063

99
Palmdale
California
106.0
275
0.3
0.78
106.2
275
152,750

100
Babbitt
Minnesota
105.9
274
0.8
2.1
106.7
276
1,475

101
Surprise
Arizona
105.7
274
0.1
0.26
105.9
274
117,517

102
Cape Coral
Florida
105.7
274
14.9
39
120.6
312
154,305

103
Shreveport
Louisiana
105.4
273
15.5
40
120.8
313
199,311

104
Rio Rancho
New Mexico
103.4
268
0.3
0.78
103.7
269
87,521

105
Savannah
Georgia
103.2
267
5.6
15
108.7
282
136,286

106
Reno
Nevada
103.0
267
2.9
7.5
105.9
274
225,221

107
Orlando
Florida
102.4
265
8.3
21
110.7
287
238,300

108
North Las Vegas
Nevada
101.3
262
0.0
0
101.4
263
216,961

109
Tallahassee
Florida
100.2
260
3.2
8.3
103.5
268
181,376

110
North Port
Florida
99.6
258
4.6
12
104.2
270
57,357

111
Amarillo
Texas
99.5
258
1.7
4.4
101.2
262
190,695

112
St. Marys
Pennsylvania
99.3
257
0.2
0.52
99.5
258
13,070

113
Knoxville
Tennessee
98.5
255
5.6
15
104.2
270
178,874

114
Sacramento
California
97.9
254
2.2
5.7
100.1
259
466,488

115
Clarksville
Tennessee
97.6
253
0.7
1.8
98.3
255
132,929

116
Nightmute
Alaska
96.9
251
4.0
10
100.9
261
280

117
Milwaukee
Wisconsin
96.1
249
0.7
1.8
96.8
251
594,833

118
Arlington
Texas
95.9
248
3.7
9.6
99.6
258
365,438

119
Lancaster
California
94.3
244
0.3
0.78
94.5
245
156,633

120
Palm Springs
California
94.1
244
0.9
2.3
95.0
246
44,552

121
Palm Coast
Florida
89.9
233
1.0
2.6
90.8
235
75,180

122
Dothan
Alabama
89.4
232
0.3
0.78
89.7
232
65,496

123
Lincoln
Nebraska
89.1
231
1.2
3.1
90.4
234
258,379

124
Waco
Texas
89.0
231
12.3
32
101.3
262
124,805

125
Laredo
Texas
88.9
230
1.4
3.6
90.4
234
236,091

126
Denton
Texas
88.0
228
1.4
3.6
89.3
231
113,383

127
Oak Ridge
Tennessee
85.3
221
4.7
12
90.0
233
29,330

128
Edmond
Oklahoma
84.7
219
3.2
8.3
87.9
228
81,405

129
Seattle
Washington
83.9
217
58.7
152
142.7
370
608,660

130
Beaumont
Texas
82.8
214
3.0
7.8
85.8
222
118,296

131
Springfield
Missouri
81.7
212
0.6
1.6
82.3
213
159,498

132
Riverside
California
81.1
210
0.3
0.78
81.4
211
303,871

133
Lawton
Oklahoma
81.0
210
0.0
0
81.0
210
96,867

134
Baltimore **
Maryland
80.9
210
11.1
29
92.1
239
620,961

135
Des Moines
Iowa
80.9
210
1.7
4.4
82.6
214
203,433

136
Toledo
Ohio
80.7
209
3.4
8.8
84.1
218
287,208

137
Jonesboro
Arkansas
79.9
207
0.6
1.6
80.4
208
67,263

138
Boise
Idaho
79.4
206
0.7
1.8
80.0
207
205,671

139
Ellsworth
Maine
79.3
205
14.6
38
93.9
243
7,741

140
Caribou
Maine
79.3
205
0.8
2.1
80.1
207
8,189

141
El Reno
Oklahoma
79.2
205
0.6
1.6
79.8
207
16,749

142
Cincinnati
Ohio
77.9
202
1.6
4.1
79.5
206
296,943

143
Cleveland
Ohio
77.7
201
4.8
12
82.5
214
396,815

144
Independence
Missouri
77.6
201
0.7
1.8
78.2
203
116,830

145
Fremont
California
77.5
201
10.2
26
87.6
227
214,089

146
Baton Rouge
Louisiana
76.9
199
2.2
5.7
79.1
205
229,493

147
Port Arthur
Texas
76.9
199
67.1
174
144.0
373
53,818

148
Madison
Wisconsin
76.8
199
17.2
45
94.0
243
233,209

149
Las Cruces
New Mexico
76.5
198
0.1
0.26
76.6
198
97,618

150
Presque Isle
Maine
75.8
196
1.8
4.7
77.6
201
9,692

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
2 - Juneau, Alaska

3 - Wrangell, Alaska

4 - Anchorage, Alaska

5 - Jacksonville, Florida

6 - Anaconda, Montana

7 - Butte, Montana

8 - Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

9 - Houston, Texas

10 - Phoenix, Arizona

11 - Nashville, Tennessee

12 - Los Angeles, California

13 - San Antonio, Texas

14 - Suffolk, Virginia

15 - Buckeye, Arizona

16 - Indianapolis, Indiana

17 - Chesapeake, Virginia

18 - Dallas, Texas

19 - Fort Worth, Texas

20 - Louisville, Kentucky

21 - San Diego, California

22 - Memphis, Tennessee

23 - Kansas City, Missouri

24 - New York City, New York

25 - Augusta, Georgia


document_title: History of programming languages

question_text: where was the first high level language operating system created

text: History of programming languages

text: Early history[edit]

text: During a nine-month period in 1842–1843, Ada Lovelace translated the memoir of Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea about Charles Babbage's newest proposed machine, the analytical engine. With the article she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the engine, recognized by some historians as the world's first computer program.[2]

text: The first computer codes were specialized for their applications. In the first decades of the 20th century, numerical calculations were based on decimal numbers. Eventually it was realized that logic could be represented with numbers, not only with words. For example, Alonzo Church was able to express the lambda calculus in a formulatic way. The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape-marking machine, for example, in use at the telephone companies. Turing machines set the basis for storage of programs as data in the von Neumann architecture of computers by representing a machine through a finite number. However, unlike the lambda calculus, Turing's code does not serve well as a basis for higher-level languages—its principal use is in rigorous analyses of algorithmic complexity.

text: To some people, what was the first modern programming language depends on how much power and human-readability is required before the status of "programming language" is granted. Jacquard Looms and Charles Babbage's Difference Engine both had simple, extremely limited languages for describing the actions that these machines should perform.

text: First programming languages[edit]

text: In the 1940s, the first recognizably modern electrically powered computers were created. The limited speed and memory capacity forced programmers to write hand tuned assembly language programs. It was eventually realized that programming in assembly language required a great deal of intellectual effort.

text: The first programming languages designed to communicate instructions to a computer were written in the 1950s. An early high-level programming language to be designed for a computer was Plankalkül, developed by the Germans for Z1 by Konrad Zuse between 1943 and 1945. However, it was not implemented until 1998 and 2000.[3]

text: John Mauchly's Short Code, proposed in 1949, was one of the first high-level languages ever developed for an electronic computer.[4] Unlike machine code, Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form. However, the program had to be translated into machine code every time it ran, making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code.

text: At the University of Manchester, Alick Glennie developed Autocode in the early 1950s, with the second iteration developed for the Mark 1 by R. A. Brooker in 1954, known as the "Mark 1 Autocode". Brooker also developed an autocode for the Ferranti Mercury in the 1950s in conjunction with the University of Manchester. The version for the EDSAC 2 was devised by D. F. Hartley of University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in 1961. Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode, it was a straight development from Mercury Autocode adapted for local circumstances, and was noted for its object code optimisation and source-language diagnostics which were advanced for the time. A contemporary but separate thread of development, Atlas Autocode was developed for the University of Manchester Atlas 1 machine.

text: In 1954, language FORTRAN was invented at IBM by a team led by John Backus; it was the first widely used high level general purpose programming language to have a functional implementation, as opposed to just a design on paper.[5][6] It is still a popular language for high-performance computing[7] and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.[8]

text: Another early programming language was devised by Grace Hopper in the US, called FLOW-MATIC. It was developed for the UNIVAC I at Remington Rand during the period from 1955 until 1959. Hopper found that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with mathematical notation, and in early 1955, she and her team wrote a specification for an English programming language and implemented a prototype.[9] The FLOW-MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959.[10] Flow-Matic was a major influence in the design of COBOL, since only it and its direct descendent AIMACO were in actual use at the time.[11]

text: Other languages still in use today include LISP (1958), invented by John McCarthy and COBOL (1959), created by the Short Range Committee. Another milestone in the late 1950s was the publication, by a committee of American and European computer scientists, of "a new language for algorithms"; the ALGOL 60 Report (the "ALGOrithmic Language"). This report consolidated many ideas circulating at the time and featured three key language innovations:

text:
nested block structure: code sequences and associated declarations could be grouped into blocks without having to be turned into separate, explicitly named procedures;
lexical scoping: a block could have its own private variables, procedures and functions, invisible to code outside that block, that is, information hiding.

text: Another innovation, related to this, was in how the language was described:

text: a mathematically exact notation, Backus–Naur form (BNF), was used to describe the language's syntax. Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context-free portion of their syntax.

text: Algol 60 was particularly influential in the design of later languages, some of which soon became more popular. The Burroughs large systems were designed to be programmed in an extended subset of Algol.

text: Algol's key ideas were continued, producing ALGOL 68:

text:
syntax and semantics became even more orthogonal, with anonymous routines, a recursive typing system with higher-order functions, etc.;
not only the context-free part, but the full language syntax and semantics were defined formally, in terms of Van Wijngaarden grammar, a formalism designed specifically for this purpose.

text: Algol 68's many little-used language features (for example, concurrent and parallel blocks) and its complex system of syntactic shortcuts and automatic type coercions made it unpopular with implementers and gained it a reputation of being difficult. Niklaus Wirth actually walked out of the design committee to create the simpler Pascal language.

text: Some notable languages that were developed in this period include:

text:
1951 – Regional Assembly Language
1952 – Autocode
1954 – IPL (forerunner to LISP)
1955 – FLOW-MATIC (led to COBOL)
1957 – FORTRAN (First compiler)
1957 – COMTRAN (precursor to COBOL)
1958 – LISP
1958 – ALGOL 58
1959 – FACT (forerunner to COBOL)
1959 – COBOL

1959 – RPG
1962 – APL
1962 – Simula
1962 – SNOBOL
1963 – CPL (forerunner to C)
1964 – Speakeasy (computational environment)
1964 – BASIC
1964 – PL/I
1966 – JOSS
1967 – BCPL (forerunner to C)

text: Establishing fundamental paradigms[edit]

text: The period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s brought a major flowering of programming languages. Most of the major language paradigms now in use were invented in this period:

text:
Speakeasy (computational environment), developed in 1964 at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) by Stanley Cohen, is an OOPS (object-oriented programming, much like the later MATLAB, IDL (programming language) and Mathematica) numerical package. Speakeasy has a clear Fortran foundation syntax. It first addressed efficient physics computation internally at ANL, was modified for research use (as "Modeleasy") for the Federal Reserve Board in the early 1970s and then was made available commercially; Speakeasy and Modeleasy are still in use currently.
Simula, invented in the late 1960s by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of Algol 60, was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming.
C, an early systems programming language, was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973.
Smalltalk (mid-1970s) provided a complete ground-up design of an object-oriented language.
Prolog, designed in 1972 by Colmerauer, Roussel, and Kowalski, was the first logic programming language.
ML built a polymorphic type system (invented by Robin Milner in 1973) on top of Lisp,[12] pioneering statically typed functional programming languages.

text: Each of these languages spawned an entire family of descendants, and most modern languages count at least one of them in their ancestry.

text: The 1960s and 1970s also saw considerable debate over the merits of "structured programming", which essentially meant programming without the use of "goto". A significant fraction of programmers believed that, even in languages that provide "goto", it is bad programming style to use it except in rare circumstances. This debate was closely related to language design: some languages did not include a "goto" at all, which forced structured programming on the programmer.

text: To provide even faster compile times, some languages were structured for "one-pass compilers" which expect subordinate routines to be defined first, as with Pascal, where the main routine, or driver function, is the final section of the program listing.

text:
1968 – Logo
1969 – B (forerunner to C)
1970 – Pascal
1970 – Forth
1972 – C

1972 – Smalltalk
1972 – Prolog
1973 – ML
1975 – Scheme
1978 – SQL (a query language, later extended)

text: 1980s: consolidation, modules, performance[edit]

text: The 1980s were years of relative consolidation in imperative languages. Rather than inventing new paradigms, all of these movements elaborated upon the ideas invented in the previous decade. C++ combined object-oriented and systems programming. The United States government standardized Ada, a systems programming language intended for use by defense contractors. In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums were spent investigating so-called fifth-generation programming languages that incorporated logic programming constructs. The functional languages community moved to standardize ML and Lisp. Research in Miranda, a functional language with lazy evaluation, began to take hold in this decade.

text: One important new trend in language design was an increased focus on programming for large-scale systems through the use of modules, or large-scale organizational units of code. Modula, Ada, and ML all developed notable module systems in the 1980s. Module systems were often wedded to generic programming constructs---generics being, in essence, parametrized modules[citation needed] (see also polymorphism in object-oriented programming).

text: Although major new paradigms for imperative programming languages did not appear, many researchers expanded on the ideas of prior languages and adapted them to new contexts. For example, the languages of the Argus and Emerald systems adapted object-oriented programming to distributed systems.

text: The 1980s also brought advances in programming language implementation. The RISC movement in computer architecture postulated that hardware should be designed for compilers rather than for human assembly programmers. Aided by processor speed improvements that enabled increasingly aggressive compilation techniques, the RISC movement sparked greater interest in compilation technology for high-level languages.

text: Language technology continued along these lines well into the 1990s.

text:
1980 – C++ (as C with classes, renamed in 1983)
1983 – Ada
1984 – Common Lisp
1984 – MATLAB
1984 - dBase III, dBase III Plus (Clipper and FoxPro as FoxBASE, later developing into Visual FoxPro
1985 – Eiffel
1986 – Objective-C

1986 – LabVIEW (Visual Programming Language)
1986 – Erlang
1987 – Perl
1988 – Tcl
1988 – Wolfram Language (as part of Mathematica, only got a separate name in June 2013)
1989 – FL (Backus)

text: 1990s: the Internet age[edit]

text: The rapid growth of the Internet in the mid-1990s was the next major historic event in programming languages. By opening up a radically new platform for computer systems, the Internet created an opportunity for new languages to be adopted. In particular, the JavaScript programming language rose to popularity because of its early integration with the Netscape Navigator web browser. Various other scripting languages achieved widespread use in developing customized applications for web servers such as PHP. The 1990s saw no fundamental novelty in imperative languages, but much recombination and maturation of old ideas. This era began the spread of functional languages. A big driving philosophy was programmer productivity. Many "rapid application development" (RAD) languages emerged, which usually came with an IDE, garbage collection, and were descendants of older languages. All such languages were object-oriented. These included Object Pascal, Visual Basic, and Java. Java in particular received much attention.

text: More radical and innovative than the RAD languages were the new scripting languages. These did not directly descend from other languages and featured new syntaxes and more liberal incorporation of features. Many consider these scripting languages to be more productive than even the RAD languages, but often because of choices that make small programs simpler but large programs more difficult to write and maintain.[citation needed] Nevertheless, scripting languages came to be the most prominent ones used in connection with the Web.

text:
1990 – Haskell
1991 – Python
1991 – Visual Basic
1993 – Lua
1993 – R
1994 – CLOS (part of ANSI Common Lisp)

1995 – Ruby
1995 – Ada 95
1995 – Java
1995 – Delphi (Object Pascal)
1995 – JavaScript
1995 – PHP
1997 – Rebol

text: Current trends[edit]

text: Programming language evolution continues, in both industry and research. Some of the recent trends have included:

text:
Increasing support for functional programming in mainstream languages used commercially, including pure functional programming for making code easier to reason about and easier to parallelise (at both micro- and macro- levels)
Constructs to support concurrent and distributed programming.
Mechanisms for adding security and reliability verification to the language: extended static checking, dependent typing, information flow control, static thread safety.
Alternative mechanisms for composability and modularity: mixins, traits, delegates, aspects.
Component-oriented software development.
Metaprogramming, reflection or access to the abstract syntax tree

AOP or Aspect Oriented Programming allowing developers to insert code in another module or class at "join points"
Domain specific languages and code generation

XML for graphical interface (XUL, XAML)

Increased interest in distribution and mobility.
Integration with databases, including XML and relational databases.
Open source as a developmental philosophy for languages, including the GNU Compiler Collection and languages such as Python, Ruby, and Scala.
Massively parallel languages for coding 2000 processor GPU graphics processing units and supercomputer arrays including OpenCL
Early research into (as-yet-unimplementable) quantum computing programming languages
More interest in visual programming languages like Scratch

text: Some notable languages developed during this period include:

text:
2000 – ActionScript
2001 – C#
2001 – D
2002 – Scratch
2003 – Groovy
2003 – Scala
2005 – F#
2006 – PowerShell
2007 – Clojure

2009 – Go
2010 – Rust
2011 – Dart
2011 – Kotlin
2011 – Red
2011 - Elixir
2012 – Julia
2014 – Swift
2016 – Ring [13][14]

text: Prominent people[edit]

text: Some key people who helped develop programming languages:

text:
Alan Cooper, developer of Visual Basic.
Alan Kay, pioneering work on object-oriented programming, and originator of Smalltalk.
Anders Hejlsberg, developer of Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#, and TypeScript.
Bertrand Meyer, inventor of Eiffel.
Bjarne Stroustrup, developer of C++.
Brian Kernighan, co-author of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages.
Chris Lattner, creator of Swift and LLVM.
Dennis Ritchie, inventor of C. Unix Operating System, Plan 9 Operating System.
Grace Hopper, first to use the term compiler and developer of Flow-Matic, influenced development of COBOL. Popularized machine-independent programming languages and the term "debugging".
Guido van Rossum, creator of Python.
James Gosling, lead developer of Java and its precursor, Oak.
Jean Ichbiah, chief designer of Ada, Ada 83.
Jean-Yves Girard, co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus (System F).
Jeff Bezanson, main designer, and one of the core developers of Julia.
Joe Armstrong, creator of Erlang.
John Backus, inventor of Fortran and cooperated in the design of ALGOL 58 and ALGOL 60.
John C. Reynolds, co-inventor of the polymorphic lambda calculus (System F).
John McCarthy, inventor of LISP.
John von Neumann, originator of the operating system concept.
Graydon Hoare, inventor of Rust.
Ken Thompson, inventor of B, Go Programming Language, Inferno Programming Language, and Unix Operating System co-author.
Kenneth E. Iverson, developer of APL, and co-developer of J along with Roger Hui.
Konrad Zuse, designed the first high-level programming language, Plankalkül (which influenced ALGOL 58[15]).
Kristen Nygaard, pioneered object-oriented programming, co-invented Simula.
Larry Wall, creator of the Perl programming language (see Perl and Perl 6).
Martin Odersky, creator of Scala, and previously a contributor to the design of Java.
Nathaniel Rochester, inventor of first assembler (IBM 701).
Niklaus Wirth, inventor of Pascal, Modula and Oberon.
Ole-Johan Dahl, pioneered object-oriented programming, co-invented Simula.
Rasmus Lerdorf, creator of PHP
Rich Hickey, creator of Clojure.
Robin Milner, inventor of ML, and sharing credit for Hindley–Milner polymorphic type inference.
Stephen Wolfram, creator of Mathematica.
Tom Love and Brad Cox, creator of Objective-C.
Walter Bright, creator of D.
Yukihiro Matsumoto, creator of Ruby.


document_title: Disneyland Paris

question_text: how much did disneyland paris cost to build

text: Disneyland Paris

text: History[edit]

text: Seeking a location for a European resort[edit]

text: Following the success of Disneyland in California and Walt Disney World in Florida, plans to build a similar theme park in Europe emerged in 1972. Under the leadership of E. Cardon Walker, Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983 in Japan with instant success, forming a catalyst for international expansion. In late 1984 the heads of Disney's theme park division, Dick Nunis and Jim Cora, presented a list of approximately 1,200 possible European locations for the park. By March 1985, the number of possible locations for the park had been reduced to four; two in France and two in Spain. Both nations saw the potential economic advantages of a Disney theme park and offered competing financing deals to Disney.

text: Both Spanish sites were located near the Mediterranean and offered a subtropical climate similar to Disney's parks in California and Florida. Disney had also shown interest in a site near Toulon in southern France, not far from Marseille. The pleasing landscape of that region, as well as its climate, made the location a top competitor for what would be called Euro Disneyland. However, shallow bedrock was encountered beneath the site, which would have rendered construction too difficult. Finally, a site in the rural town of Marne-la-Vallée was chosen because of its proximity to Paris and its central location in Western Europe. This location was estimated to be no more than a four-hour drive for 68 million people and no more than a two-hour flight for a further 300 million.

text: Michael Eisner, Disney's CEO at the time, signed the first letter of agreement with the French government for the 20-square-kilometre (4,940-acre) site on 18 December 1985, and the first financial contracts were drawn up during the following spring. The final contract was signed by the leaders of the Walt Disney Company and the French government and territorial collectivities on 24 March 1987. Construction began in August 1988, and in December 1990, an information centre named "Espace Euro Disney" was opened to show the public what was being constructed. Plans for a theme park next to Euro Disneyland based on the entertainment industry, Disney-MGM Studios Europe, quickly went into development, scheduled to open in 1996 with a construction budget of US$2.3 billion.[5] The construction manager was Bovis.[6]

text: Design and construction[edit]

text: In order to provide lodging to patrons, it was decided that 5,200 Disney-owned hotel rooms would be built within the complex. In March 1988, Disney and a council of architects (Frank Gehry, Michael Graves, Robert A.M. Stern, Stanley Tigerman and Robert Venturi) decided on an exclusively American theme in which each hotel would depict a region of the United States. At the time of the opening in April 1992, seven hotels collectively housing 5,800[7] rooms had been built.

text: An entertainment, shopping and dining complex based on Walt Disney World's Downtown Disney was designed by Frank Gehry.

text: With its towers of oxidised silver and bronze-coloured stainless steel under a canopy of lights, it opened as Festival Disney.[8] For a projected daily attendance of 55,000, Euro Disney planned to serve an estimated 14,000 people per hour inside the Euro Disneyland park. In order to accomplish this, 29 restaurants were built inside the park (with a further 11 restaurants built at the Euro Disney resort hotels and five at Festival Disney). Menus and prices were varied with an American flavour predominant and Disney's precedent of serving alcoholic beverages was continued in the park.

text: 2,300 patio seats (30% of park seating) were installed to satisfy Europeans' expected preference of eating outdoors in good weather. In test kitchens at Walt Disney World, recipes were adapted for European tastes. Walter Meyer, executive chef for menu development at Euro Disney and executive chef of food projects development at Walt Disney World noted, "A few things we did need to change, but most of the time people kept telling us, 'Do your own thing. Do what's American'."[9]

text: Recruitment/employment[edit]

text: Unlike Disney's American theme parks, Euro Disney aimed for permanent employees (an estimated requirement of 12,000 for the theme park itself), as opposed to seasonal and temporary part-time employees. Casting centres were set up in Paris, London and Amsterdam. However, it was understood by the French government and Disney that "a concentrated effort would be made to tap into the local French labour market".[10] Disney sought workers with sufficient communication skills, who spoke two European languages (French and one other), and were socially outgoing. Following precedent, Euro Disney set up its own Disney University to train workers. 24,000 people had applied by November 1991.[10]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The prospect of a Disney park in France was a subject of debate and controversy. Critics, who included prominent French intellectuals, denounced what they considered to be the cultural imperialism of Euro Disney and felt it would encourage an unhealthy American type of consumerism in France.[citation needed] For others, Euro Disney became a symbol of America within France. On 28 June 1992, a group of French farmers blockaded Euro Disney in protest of farm policies supported at the time by the United States.

text: A journalist at the centre-right French newspaper Le Figaro wrote, "I wish with all my heart that the rebels would set fire to [Euro] Disneyland."[11] Ariane Mnouchkine, a Parisian stage director, named the concept a "cultural Chernobyl",[12] a phrase which would be echoed in the media during Euro Disney's initial years.

text: In response, French philosopher Michel Serres noted, "It is not America that is invading us. It is we who adore it, who adopt its fashions and above all, its words." Euro Disney S.C.A.'s then-chairman Robert Fitzpatrick responded, "We didn't come in and say O.K., we're going to put a beret and a baguette on Mickey Mouse. We are who we are."[10]

text: Topics of controversy also included Disney's American managers requiring English to be spoken at all meetings and Disney's appearance code for members of staff, which listed regulations and limitations for the use of makeup, facial hair, tattoos, jewellery and more.

text: French labour unions mounted protests against the appearance code, which they saw as "an attack on individual liberty". Others criticised Disney as being insensitive to French culture, individualism and privacy, because restrictions on individual or collective liberties were illegal under French law, unless it could be demonstrated that the restrictions are requisite to the job and do not exceed what is necessary.

text: Disney countered by saying that a ruling that barred them from imposing such an employment standard could threaten the image and long-term success of the park. "For us, the appearance code has a great effect from a product identification standpoint," said Thor Degelmann, Euro Disney's personnel director. "Without it we couldn't be presenting the Disney product that people would be expecting."[13]

text: Opening day and early years[edit]

text: Euro Disney opened for employee preview and testing in March 1992. During this time visitors were mostly park employees and their family members, who tested facilities and operations. The press were able to visit the day before the park's opening day on 12 April.

text: On 12 April 1992, Euro Disney Resort and its theme park, Euro Disneyland, officially opened, on the same date that Mediaset's La Cinq (unrelated to the resort) ceased transmissions.[14] Visitors were warned of chaos on the roads. A government survey indicated that half a million people carried by 90,000 cars might attempt to enter the complex. French radio warned traffic to avoid the area. By midday, the car park was approximately half full, suggesting an attendance level below 25,000. Explanations of the lower-than-expected turnout included speculation that people heeded the advice to stay away and that the one-day strike that cut the direct RER railway connection to Euro Disney from the centre of Paris made the park inaccessible.[11] Due to the European recession that August, the park faced financial difficulties as there were a lack of things to do and an overabundance of hotels, leading to underperformance.[15]

text: A new Indiana Jones roller-coaster ride was opened at Euro Disney in the summer the next year, 1993. However, a few weeks after the ride opened there were problems with the emergency brakes which resulted in guest injuries. The ride was shut down for a short time so that safety investigations could be conducted.[16]

text: In 1994 the company was still having financial difficulties. There were rumours that Euro Disney was getting close to having to declare bankruptcy. The banks and the backers had meetings to work out some of the financial problems facing Euro Disney. It was in March 1994 that Team Disney went into negotiations with the banks so that they could get some help for their debt. As a last resort, the Walt Disney Company threatened to close the Disneyland Paris park, leaving the banks with the land.[15]

text: Financial, attendance and employment struggles[edit]

text: In May 1992, entertainment magazine The Hollywood Reporter reported that about 25% of Euro Disney's workforce – approximately 3,000 people – had resigned from their jobs because of unacceptable working conditions. It also reported that the park's attendance was far behind expectations. The disappointing attendance can be at least partly explained by the recession and increased unemployment, which was affecting France and most of the rest of the developed world at this time; when construction of the resort began, the economy was still on an upswing.[17]

text: Euro Disney S.C.A. responded in an interview with The Wall Street Journal, in which Robert Fitzpatrick claimed only 1,000 people had left their jobs. In response to the financial situation, Fitzpatrick ordered that the Disney-MGM Studios Europe project would be put on hiatus until a further decision could be made. Prices at the hotels were reduced.

text: Despite these efforts in May 1992, park attendance was around 25,000 (some reports give a figure of 30,000) instead of the predicted 60,000. The Euro Disney Company stock price spiralled downwards and on 23 July 1992, Euro Disney announced an expected net loss in its first year of operation of approximately 300 million French francs. During Euro Disney's first winter, hotel occupancy was so low that it was decided to close the Newport Bay Club hotel during the season.

text: Initial hopes were that each visitor would spend around US$33 per day, but near the end of 1992, analysts found spending to be around 12% lower.[18] Efforts to improve attendance included serving alcoholic beverages with meals inside the Euro Disneyland park, in response to a presumed European demand, which began 12 June 1993.[19]

text: In January 1994, Sanford Litvack, an attorney from New York City and former U.S. Assistant Attorney General, was assigned to be Disney's lead negotiator regarding Euro Disney's future. On 28 February Litvack made an offer (without the consent of Eisner or Frank Wells)[citation needed] to split the debts between Euro Disney's creditors and Disney. After the banks showed interest, Litvack informed Eisner and Wells.[citation needed] On 14 March, the day before the annual shareholders meeting, the banks capitulated to Disney's demands.

text: The creditor banks bought US$500 million worth of Euro Disney shares, forgave 18 months of interest and deferred interest payments for three years. Disney invested US$750 million into Euro Disney and granted a five-year suspension of royalty payments. In June that same year, Saudi Arabian Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud cut a deal whereby the Walt Disney Company bought 51% of a new US$1.1 billion share is existing shareholders at below-market rates, with the Prince buying any that were not taken up by existing shareholders (up to a 24.5% holding).

text: 1995 turnaround[edit]

text: On 31 May 1995, a new attraction opened at the theme park. Space Mountain: De la Terre à la Lune had been planned since the inception of Euro Disneyland under the name Discovery Mountain, but was reserved for a revival of public interest. With a redesign of the attraction (which had premiered as Space Mountain at the Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom in 1975) including a "cannon launch" system, inversions, and an on-ride soundtrack, the US$100 million attraction was dedicated in a ceremony attended by celebrities such as Elton John, Claudia Schiffer and Buzz Aldrin.

text: On 25 July 1995, Euro Disney S.C.A. reported its first ever quarterly profit of US$35.3 million. On 15 November 1995, the results for the fiscal year ending 30 September 1995, were released; in one year the theme park's attendance had climbed from 8.8 million to 10.7 million – an increase of 21%. Hotel occupancy had also climbed from 60 to 68.5%. After debt payments, Disneyland Paris ended the year with a net profit of US$22.8 million.

text: 2000 onwards[edit]

text: As of March 2002, Disneyland Paris underwent a name change to Disneyland Resort Paris. In 2002, Euro Disney S.C.A. and the Walt Disney Company announced another annual profit for Disneyland Paris. However, it then incurred a net loss in the three years following.[20] By March 2004, the Walt Disney Company had agreed to write off all debt that Euro Disney S.C.A. owed to the Walt Disney Company.[21] On 1 December 2003, Euro Disney S.C.A launched the 'Need Magic' campaign, which lasted until March 2006 to bring new, first-time European visitors to the resort. And by 2005, having been open fewer than fifteen years, Disneyland Paris had become the number one tourist destination for Europe, outselling the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower.[22]

text: In March 2006, Disneyland Resort Paris launched the advertising campaign, "believe in your dreams" and paired with the TGV East European Line to encourage European family attendance to the resort.[22][23] Shortly after announcing a 12% increase in revenues for the fiscal year of 2007,[24] Euro Disney S.C.A. implemented a "reverse split" consolidation of shares of 100 to 1.[25] August 2008 brought the resort's 200 millionth visitor,[26] and made for the third consecutive year of growth in revenues for the resort as well as record a record of 15.3 million visitors in attendance.[27]

text: In 2009, the resort demonstrated dedication to the recruitment of new employment positions, especially for the Christmas and summer seasons,[28] which continued in 2010 and 2011 when 2,000 and 3,000 employment contracts being offered, respectively.[29][30] The 2009 fiscal year saw a decrease in revenues by 7% and a net loss of 63 million[31] followed by stable revenues at 1.2 billion in fiscal 2010.[32] Euro Disney S.C.A. refinanced their debt to Walt Disney Company again for 1.3 billion euros in September 2012.[33]

text: A study done by the Inter-ministerial Delegation reviewing Disneyland Paris' contribution to the French economy was released in time for the Resort's 20th anniversary in March 2012. It found that despite the resort's financial hardships, it has generated "37 billion euros in tourism-related revenues over twenty years," supports on average 55,000 jobs in France annually, and that one job at Disneyland Paris generates nearly three jobs elsewhere in France.[34]

text: For the first time in the resort's history, both the Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park closed from 14 to 17 November 2015, as part of France's national days of mourning following the November 2015 Paris attacks.[35]

text: On 19 June 2017, the resort's operating company, Euro Disney S.C.A, was acquired by The Walt Disney Company, in the process, giving them full control of the resort.

text: Name changes[edit]

text: Disneyland Paris and its assets have been subject to a number of name changes, initially an effort to overcome the negative publicity that followed the inception of Euro Disney. Euro Disney was renamed Disneyland Paris in order to help locate the theme park more easily on the map.[36]

text: In 2002, Disney's CEO noted,[37]

text: As Americans, the word 'Euro' is believed to mean glamorous or exciting. For Europeans it turned out to be a term they associated with business, currency and commerce. Renaming the park 'Disneyland Paris' was a way of identifying it with one of the most romantic and exciting cities in the world.

text: Resort Names[edit]

text:
April 12th 1992–May 31st 1994: Euro Disney Resort
June 1st-September 30th 1994: Euro Disney Resort Paris
October 1st 1994–March 15th 2002: Disneyland Paris
March 16th 2002–April 3rd 2009: Disneyland Resort Paris
April 4th 2009–present: Disneyland Paris

text: The complex[edit]

text: Disneyland Paris encompasses 4,800 acres (19 km2)[3] and contains 2 theme parks, 7 resort hotels, 7 associated hotels, a golf course, railway station, a large outlet centre (la vallée village) and a large shopping mall: Val d'Europe.

text: Parks[edit]

text:
Disneyland Park, opened with the resort on 12 April 1992 and is based on the original Disneyland in California.
Walt Disney Studios Park, opened on 16 March 2002 celebrating showbusiness, films and behind-the-scenes

text: Shopping, dining and entertainment[edit]

text:
Disney Village, an entertainment district containing a variety of restaurants, entertainment venues and shops.
Val d'Europe, a shopping centre including a variety of outlet shops and large department stores with a huge Disney Store.

text: Other recreation[edit]

text: Golf Disneyland features 9-hole and 18-hole courses.

text: Rides and attractions[edit]

text: According to the Disneyland Paris website the theme park's top five attractions are It's a Small World, Space Mountain: Mission 2, Big Thunder Mountain, Pirates of the Caribbean and Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters.[38][39] It's a Small World, located in Fantasyland, takes visitors on a musical tour of world attractions;[40] Space Mountain: Mission 2 is a roller coaster in Discoveryland; Big Thunder Mountain is a mine train roller coaster in Frontierland;[38][41] Pirates of the Caribbean is located in Adventureland; and Buzz Lightyear's Astro Blasters, located in Discoveryland, was inspired by the Disney/Pixar film Toy Story 2 and features people shooting lasers at targets to earn points.[41]

text: The park is approximately 4,800 acres (1,942 ha), and is divided into two main parks that each hold separate attraction areas within them. The park receives around twelve million visitors a year which makes it the most visited place in Europe.[42]

text: Hotels[edit]

text: The complex features seven Disneyland Paris hotels. The Disneyland Hotel is located over the entrance of the Disneyland Park and is marketed as the most prestigious hotel on property. A body of water known as Lake Disney is surrounded by Disney's Hotel New York, Disney's Newport Bay Club and Disney's Sequoia Lodge. Disney's Hotel Cheyenne and Disney's Hotel Santa Fe are located near Lake Disney, Disney's Davy Crockett Ranch is located in a woodland area outside the resort perimeter.

text:
Name
Theme
Architect
Number of Rooms
Opening Date
Price
Rating

Disneyland Hotel
American-Victorian
Walt Disney Imagineering & Wimberly, Allison, Tong & Goo
496
12 April 1992
€€€
5*

Disney's Hotel New York
New York City
Michael Graves
565
12 April 1992
€€
5*

Disney's Newport Bay Club
New England
Robert A.M. Stern Architects
1098
12 April 1992
€€
4*

Disney's Sequoia Lodge
American National Park Lodge
Antoine Grumbach
1011
12 April 1992
€€
3*

Disney's Hotel Cheyenne
American Old West
Robert A.M. Stern Architects
1000
12 April 1992
€
2*

Disney's Hotel Santa Fe
American Southwest
Antoine Predock
1000
12 April 1992
€
2*

Disney's Davy Crockett Ranch
Wilderness

595
12 April 1992
€
3*

text: Disneyland Paris includes six on-site partner hotels which are not managed by Euro Disney S.C.A. but provide free shuttle buses to the parks: B&B Hotel, Algonquin's Explorers Hotel, Vienna House Dream Castle Hotel, Vienna House Magic Circus Hotel, Kyriad Hotel and Radisson Blu Hotel. There are also 2 associated hotels located in Val d'Europe: Adagio Marne-la-Vallée Val d’Europe and Hôtel l’Élysée Val d’Europe.

text: Transport[edit]

text: A railway station, Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy, is located between the theme parks and Disney Village. It opened on 1 April 1992 with a connection to the suburban RER network's line A. A connection to the TGV high-speed rail network opened on 29 May 1994 with the Interconnexion Est line. Thalys no longer operates from the station, but there are daily services from London St Pancras on the Eurostar. On 10 June 2007, a new high-speed line, LGV Est, began service between Paris Gare de l'Est and Strasbourg. Free shuttle buses provide transport to all Disney hotels (except Disney's Davy Crockett Ranch) and Associated Hotels. The yellow shuttle buses go to the main Disney hotels while the pink shuttle buses go to the other hotels further away but still in the Disneyland area.

text: Backstage Disney[edit]

text: Disneyland Paris has strict rules designed to prevent visitors from seeing backstage areas of the park. Photography and filming are strictly forbidden in backstage areas. The edges of the parks are lined with ride buildings and foliage to hide areas that are not for the public to see. Numerous gates allow entrance into the park for cast members, parade cars etc. When gates around the park are open, anything that can be seen through them is considered part of the Disney magic. Therefore, from the second the gates are open, all of the crew must be in character and in place to 'perform'. As the complex is so big, shuttle buses take cast members to different parts of the park via roads behind the parks.

text: Many attractions are housed in large, soundstage-like buildings, some of which are partially or completely disguised by external theming. Generally, these buildings are painted a dull green colour in areas not seen by guests; this choice helps to disguise the buildings among the foliage and make them less visually obtrusive. Walt Disney Imagineering has termed this colour "Go Away Green." Most of them have off-white flat roofs that support HVAC units and footpaths for cast members. Inside are the rides, as well as hidden walkways, service areas, control rooms and other behind-the-scenes operations.

text: Attendance[edit]

text:
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016

15,400,690
15,158,000
15,700,000
16,000,000
14,900,000
14,200,000[43]
14,800,000[44]
13,400,000[45]

text: Incidents and accidents[edit]


document_title: Financial management

question_text: what is the ultimate objective of financial management

text: Financial management

text: Definitions of Financial Management[edit]

text:
"Planning is an inextricable dimension of financial management. The term financial management can notes that funds flows are directed according to some plan." By James Van Horne
"Financial management is that activity of management which is concerned with the planning, procuring and controlling of the firm's financial resources. " By Deepika &Maya Rani
“Financial Management is the Operational Activity of a business that is responsible for obtaining and effectively utilizing the funds necessary for efficient operation.” By Joseph Massie
“Business finance deals primarily with rising administering and disbursing funds by privately owned business units operating in non-financial fields of industry.”– By Kuldeep Roy
“Financial Management is an area of financial decision making, harmonizing individual motives and enterprise goals." -By Weston and Brigham
“Financial management is the area of business management devoted to a judicious use of capital and a careful selection of sources of capital in order to enable a business firm to move in the direction of reaching its goals.” – by J.F.Bradlery
“Financial management is the application of the planning and control function to the finance function.” – by K.D. Willson
“Financial management may be defined as that area or set of administrative function in an organization which relate with arrangement of cash and credit so that organization may have the means to carry out its objective as satisfactorily as possible." - by Howard & Opton.[1]
Business finance can be broadly defined as the activity concerned with planning, raising, controlling and administering of funds and in the business. “ by H.G Gathman & H.E Dougall
Financial management is a body of business concerned with the efficient and effective use of either equity capital, borrowed cash or any other business funds as well as taking the right decision for profit maximization and value addition of an entity.- Kepher Petra; Kisii University.
"Financial management refers to the proper and efficient use of money and it plays a significant role in analyzing to invest in profitable business enterprise. Return on Investment must be greater than the invested amount."
"Financial management refers to the effective and efficient management of money and it is also process of planning, controlling, leading, directing of a firm's financial resources."

text: Objectives of Financial Management[edit]

text:
Profit maximization happens when marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue. This is the main objective of Financial Management.
Wealth maximization means maximization of shareholders' wealth. It is an advanced goal compared to profit maximization.[2]
Survival of company is an important consideration when the financial manager makes any financial decisions. One incorrect decision may lead company to be bankrupt.
Maintaining proper cash flow is a short run objective of financial management. It is necessary for operations to pay the day-to-day expenses e.g. raw material, electricity bills, wages, rent etc. A good cash flow ensures the survival of company.
Minimization on capital cost in financial management can help operations gain more profit.
It is vague :- There are several types of profits before interest, depreciation and taxes, profit before taxes, profit after taxes, cash profit etc

text: Scope of Financial Management[edit]

text:
Estimating the Requirement of Funds: Businesses make forecast on funds needed in both short run and long run, hence, they can improve the efficiency of funding. The estimation is based on the budget e.g. sales budget, production budget.
Determining the Capital Structure: Capital structure is how a firm finances its overall operations and growth by using different sources of funds.[3] Once the requirement of funds has estimated, the financial manager should decide the mix of debt and equity and also types of debt.
Investment Fund: A good investment plan can bring businesses huge returns.

text: Financial Management for Start Up[edit]

text: For new enterprises, it is important to make a good estimation on costs, sales.[4] Consideration on appropriate length sources of finances can help businesses avoid the cash flow problems even the failure of setting up. There are fixed and current sides of assets balance sheet. Fixed assets refers to assets that cannot be converted into cash easily, like plant, property, equipment etc.[5] A current asset is an item on an entity's balance sheet that is either cash, a cash equivalent, or which can be converted into cash within one year.[6] It is not easy for start ups to forecast the current asset, because there are changes in receivables and payables.[7]


document_title: List of longest-living organisms

question_text: which animal on earth has the longest life span

text: List of longest-living organisms

text: Biological immortality[edit]

text: If the mortality rate of a species does not increase after maturity, the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal. Many examples exist of plants and animals for which the mortality rate actually decreases with age, for all or part of the lifecycle.[1]

text: If the mortality rate remains constant, the rate determines the mean lifespan. The lifespan can be long or short, though the species technically "does not age".

text: Hydra species were observed for four years without any increase in mortality rate.[2]

text: Other species have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times.

text:
The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii (formerly Turritopsis nutricula) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again. This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known.[3] However, no single specimen has been observed for any extended period, and estimating the age of a specimen is impossible.
At least one hydrozoan (Laodicea undulata[4]) and one scyphozoan (Aurelia sp.1[5]) can also revert from medusa stage into polyp stage.
The larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity. The cycle can be repeated many times.[6]

text: Revived into activity after stasis[edit]

text:
Various claims have been made about reviving bacterial spores to active metabolism after millions of years. Claims have been made of spores from amber being revived after 40 million years,[7] and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico being revived after 240 million years, the longest living organisms in history.[8][9] In a related find, a scientist was able to coax 34,000-year-old salt-captured bacteria to reproduce. His results were duplicated at a separate independent laboratory facility.[10]
A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly 2,000 years.[11]
Silene stenophylla was grown from fruit found in an ancient squirrel's cache. The germinated plants bore viable seeds. The fruit was dated to be 31,800 years old ± 300 years.[12]
In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), dated at roughly 1,300 years old ± 270 years, was successfully germinated.[13][14]
During the 1990s, Raul Cano, a microbiologist at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, revived yeast trapped in amber for 25 million years.[15][citation needed] Cano went on to found a brewery and crafted an "amber ale" with a 45-million-year-old variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[16]

text: Clonal plant and fungal colonies[edit]

text: As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire colony.  Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.[20]

text:
Pando is a Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) tree or clonal colony that has been estimated at 80,000 years old.[21] Unlike many other clonal "colonies", the above-ground trunks remain connected to each other by a single massive subterranean root system.
The Jurupa Oak colony is estimated to be at least 13,000 years old, with other estimates ranging from 5,000 to 30,000 years old.[22]
A huge colony of the sea grass Posidonia oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea is estimated to be between 12,000 and 200,000 years old. The maximum age is theoretical, as the region it occupies was above water at some point between 10,000 and 80,000 years ago.[23][24][25]
Lomatia tasmanica in Tasmania: the sole surviving clonal colony of this species is estimated to be at least 43,600 years old.[26]
Eucalyptus recurva: clones in Australia are claimed to be 13,000 years old.[27]
King Clone is a creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in the Mojave Desert estimated at 11,700 years old.[28] Another creosote bush has been said to be 12,150 years old, but this is as yet unconfirmed.
A Huon pine colony on Mount Read, Tasmania, is estimated at 10,000 years old, with individual specimens living over 3,000 years.[29]
Old Tjikko, a Norway spruce in Sweden, is a tree on top of roots that have been carbon dated to 9,550 years old. The tree is part of a clonal colony that was established at the end of the last ice age. Discovered by Professor Leif Kullman, at Umeå University, the tree is located in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. Old Tjikko is small, only 5 m (16 ft) in height.[30][31][32][33]
A box huckleberry bush in Pennsylvania is thought to be around 13,000 years old.[34]
"Humongous Fungus", an individual of the fungal species Armillaria solidipes in the Malheur National Forest, is thought to be between 2,000 and 8,500 years old.[35][36] It is thought to be the world's largest organism by area, at 2,384 acres (965 hectares).

text: Individual microorganisms[edit]

text: Some endoliths have extremely long lives. In August 2013, researchers reported evidence of endoliths in the ocean floor, perhaps millions of years old, with a generation time of 10 millennia.[37] These are slowly metabolizing, not in a dormant state.

text: Individual plant specimens[edit]

text:
A Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva) is measured by ring count to be 5067 years old.[38] This is the oldest known tree in North America, and the oldest known living individual nonclonal tree in the world.
The Cypress of Abarkuh is estimated to be between 4000 to 5000 years  and is likely the second-oldest living being in Asia (or the oldest according to Russian scientist Alexander Rouf[citation needed]).
Llangernyw Yew may be the oldest individual tree in Europe and second- or third-oldest individual tree in the world. Believed to be aged between 4,000 years and 5,000 years old, this ancient yew (Taxus baccata) is in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales.
Fortingall Yew, an ancient yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland, is one of the oldest known individual trees in Europe. Various estimates have put its age between 2,000 and 5,000 years, although now believed to be at the lower end of this range.
Fitzroya cupressoides is the species with the second-oldest verified age, a specimen in Chile being measured by ring count as 3,622 years old.[20]
The President, located in Sequoia National Park, California, is the oldest known living giant sequoia at approximately 3,200 years of age.[38]
A sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, is 2,300 years old (planted in 288 BC).[39] It is the oldest known living to date human-planted tree in the world.[40]
A specimen of Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania is thought to be about 2,000 years old.[41]
Numerous olive trees are purported to be 2,000 years old or older.  An olive tree in Ano Vouves, Crete, claiming such longevity, has been confirmed on the basis of tree ring analysis.[42][43]
Jōmon Sugi, the cryptomeria naturally grown in Yakushima Island, Kagoshima, Japan, is  2,170 to 7,200 years old.
Great sugi of Kayano, the cryptomeria deemed planted by humans in Kaga, Ishikawa, Japan, had an estimated age of 2,300 years in 1928.
Welwitschia is a monotypic genus of gymnosperm plant, composed solely of the distinct Welwitschia mirabilis. The plant is considered a living fossil.  Radiocarbon dating has confirmed many individuals have lived longer than 1,000 years, and some are suspected to be older than 2,000 years.[citation needed]
Yareta is a tiny flowering plant in the family Apiaceae native to South America, occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Peru, Bolivia, the north of Chile, and the west of Argentina between 3,200 and 4,500 m altitude. Some yaretas could be up to 3,000 years old.[44]

text: Humans[edit]

text: >80   77.5–80   75–77.5   72.5–75   70–72.5   67.5–70   65–67.5     60–65   55–60   50–55   45–50   40–45   <40

text:
Jeanne Calment lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days, becoming the oldest recorded human who ever lived. She died on August 4, 1997.[45]
The longest-living person who is still living and known is Chiyo Miyako. (born 2 May 1901).[46]

text: These are single examples; for a broader view, see Life expectancy (includes humans).

text: Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals[edit]

text:
Adwaita, an Aldabra giant tortoise, died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Alipore Zoo, Kolkata, India.[47] If verified, it will have been the oldest terrestrial animal in the world.
Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise, died at an age of 188 years in May 1965, at the time the oldest verified vertebrate.[48]
Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena, is reported to be about 186 years old, and may, therefore, be the oldest currently living terrestrial animal if the claim is true.[49]
Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise, died at the age of 175 years in June 2006.[50]
Timothy, a spur-thighed tortoise, born in Turkey died at an age of 165 years in 3 April 2004 in the UK.[51]
Nonja, a Sumatran orangutan, died at the age of 55 years in December 2007. She was claimed to be the oldest-living orangutan of her species.[52]
The tuatara, a lizard-like reptile native to New Zealand, can live well above 100 years. Henry, a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand, mated for the first time at the estimated age of 111 years in 2009 with an 80-year-old female and fathered 11 baby tuatara.[53]

text:
Muja, an American alligator from Belgrade Zoo, is considered to be the oldest alligator in the world.[54] Muja is more than 80 years old.[55]
A female blue-and-yellow macaw named Charlie was reportedly hatched in 1899, which would make her 117 years old, as of 2016.  Her age has not been independently confirmed and the claim may not be reliable. She is claimed to have formerly belonged to Winston Churchill, but Churchill's daughter denies the claim.[56]
Lin Wang, an Asian elephant, was the oldest elephant in the Taipei Zoo. He was born in January 18, 1917, and died in February 26, 2003, at 86 years, surpassing the previous record of 84. Normally, elephants live up to 50 years, while their maximum lifespan is generally estimated at 70.
A greater flamingo named Greater died at Adelaide Zoo in January 2014 at the age of at least 83.[57]
Thaao, an Andean condor, died at the age of 80.[58]
Cookie, (hatched June 30, 1933)  an Australian-born  Major Mitchell's cockatoo resident at Brookfield Zoo, Illinois, was the oldest member of his species in captivity, and died in August 2016 at a verified age of 83.[59]
A female Laysan albatross named Wisdom successfully laid an egg at Midway Atoll in December 2016, at the age of 66. As of 2017, she is the oldest known wild bird in the world.[60]
The oldest living horse on record was named Ol' Billy. Bill was allegedly born in the year 1760 in London, England. Bill died in 1822 at the age of 62 years. Henry Harrison, an occupant of London during the time, had also allegedly known Ol' Billy for 59 years until Bill's death.[61]
Creme Puff, a cat owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas, was born August 3, 1967, and died three days after her 38th birthday on August 6, 2005.[62]
The oldest bear on record was Andreas, a European brown bear, living in the ARCTUROS bear sanctuary in northern Greece.[63]  He was at least 50 years old at the time of his death.
Debby, the polar bear, an inhabitant of the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg, Canada, was the oldest polar bear and third-oldest bear species on record when she died in 2008, at the age of 42 years.[64]
A wild-born black rhino named Elly was the oldest in North America at an estimated 45 years of age, and resided in California's San Francisco Zoo from April 1974 until passing in May 2017.[65]
Yoda was named as the oldest mouse in 2004 at age 4.[66]
The oldest bat recorded, a Brandt's bat, is at least 41 years old.[67]

text: Aquatic animals[edit]

text:
Glass sponges found in the East China Sea and Southern Ocean have been found over 10,000 years old.[68][69][70]
Specimens of the black coral genus Leiopathes, such as Leiopathes glaberrima, are among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet: around 4,265 years old.[71]
The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is one of the longest-lived animals, with the largest specimens in the Caribbean estimated to be in excess of 2,300 years old.[72]
The black coral Antipatharia in the Gulf of Mexico may live more than 2,000 years.[73]
The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely slow growth rate in the low temperatures of the Southern Ocean. One specimen has been estimated to be 1,550 years old.[74]
A specimen, "Ming" of the Icelandic cyprine Arctica islandica (also known as an ocean quahog), a mollusk, was found to have lived 507 years.[75]  Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years.[76]
Many sub-families of the Oreosomatidae, including the Allocyttus, Neocyttus, and Pseudocyttus (collectively referred to as the Oreos) have been reported to live up to 170 years, based on otolith-increment estimates and radiometric dating [77][78][79]
Greenland shark had been estimated to live to about 200 years, but a study published in 2016 found that a 5.02 m (16.5 ft) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old, resulting in a minimum age of 272 and a maximum of 512.[80][81] That makes the Greenland shark the longest-lived vertebrate.[82]
Some koi fish have reportedly lived more than 200 years, the oldest being Hanako, which died at an age of 226 years on July 7, 1977.[83][84]
Rougheye rockfish – 205 years old.[85]
Orange roughy, also known as deep sea perch, can live up to 149 years.[86]
Some confirmed sources estimate bowhead whales to have lived at least to 211 years of age, making them the oldest mammals.[87]
The maximum life-span of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) may be 210–250 years.[88][89][90]
Specimens of the Red Sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, have been found to be over 200 years old.[91]
The deepsea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi (Annelida, Polychaeta) lives for more than 170 years.[92]
Tardigrades, capable of cryptobiosis, have been shown to survive nearly 120 years in a dry state.[93]
Geoduck, a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound, have been known to live more than 160 years.[94][95]
George the lobster was estimated to be about 140 years old by PETA in January 2009.[96]
In 2012, a sturgeon was caught in a Wisconsin river that was estimated to be 125 years old.[97]
A killer whale of the "Southern Resident Community" identified as J2 or Granny was estimated by some researchers to have been approximately 105 years old at her death in 2017; however, other dating methods estimated her age as 65–80.[98][99]
A Swedish man claimed that a European eel named Ale was 155 years old when it died in 2014. If correct, it would have been the world's oldest, having been hatched in 1859.[100]