document_title: Loyola University Chicago

question_text: where does the name loyola university come from

root

text: Loyola University Chicago

text: History[edit]

text: Loyola was established as St. Ignatius College on June 30, 1870, by Jesuit priest and educator Fr. Arnold Damen.[8] At that time Chicago was a much smaller, but rapidly growing, city just shy of 300,000 people, and as a result the original campus was much closer to the city center along Roosevelt Road. In 1909 the school was renamed Loyola University, and in 1912 it began to move to the current Lake Shore Campus; today the original building is part of St. Ignatius College Prep, adjacent to the University of Illinois at Chicago.

tag: p

text: To meet the growing needs of Chicago, Loyola established professional schools in law (1908), medicine (1909), business (1922), and nursing (1935). The Chicago College of Dental Surgery became part of the university in 1923, and was closed 70 years later. A downtown campus was founded in 1914, and with it the School of Sociology. As the predecessor to the School of Social Work, it enrolled Loyola's first female students, though the school would not become fully coeducational until 1966. Loyola Academy, a college prep high school, occupied Dumbach Hall on the Lake Shore Campus until it was relocated to north suburban Wilmette in 1957.

text: The current Water Tower Campus opened in 1949. In 1962, Loyola opened a campus in Rome near the site of the 1960 Summer Olympics. In 1969, Loyola established the School of Education and consolidated medical programs at the Loyola University Medical Center, a hospital and health care complex located in Maywood, an immediate suburb of Chicago. The university legally separated from the Jesuits in 1970, and today is under lay control and governed by a board of trustees. Loyola purchased neighboring Mundelein College in 1991.

text: Major capital campaigns since the turn of the century have greatly enhanced Loyola's academic profile and campuses.[9][10] In 2005 the Loyola University Museum of Art was established on the Water Tower Campus, and the Rome campus was renamed in honor of Director Emeritus John P. Felice. In 2009, the Cuneo Foundation presented the university with the Cuneo Mansion and Gardens,[11] a 100-acre estate with an Italianate mansion and extensive collections of art and furnishings located in suburban Vernon Hills. The $50 million gift is the largest in Loyola history.

text: In 2010, Loyola purchased the Resurrection Retreat Center in Woodstock, which became the school's fifth campus for retreat and ecological study. In 2012, Loyola alumnus Michael R. Quinlan donated $40 million to the business school, which was renamed in his honor. During this time over 200,000 square-feet of LEED-certified sustainable spaces have been built on the Lake Shore Campus alone, along with significant mixed-use developments on the Water Tower Campus.

text: Today, Loyola ranks among the top 103 universities in the nation,[12] and is in the midst of over $800 million in capital construction projects.[10] In 2015, the university established Arrupe College, a uniquely structured two-year college designed to give low-income students access to a Loyola education.[13]

text: On May 23, 2016, Loyola named Jo Ann Rooney its 24th president. She is the first female president in the history of the university.

text: Campuses[edit]

text: Lake Shore Campus[edit]

text: Loyola's flagship Lake Shore Campus is along the shores of Lake Michigan in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods on the north side of Chicago, eight miles north of the Loop.[14] Founded in 1912, it is the primary residential campus for the school, and is the home of the College of Arts and Sciences, and a variety of graduate programs. A collection of over forty buildings, the campus offers ample green space and lakeshore access, as well as several landmarks:

text: The Madonna della Strada Chapel, a striking Art Deco masterpiece completed in 1939, is the center of Loyola's religious life. The Mundelein Center, a 200-foot tall Art Deco skyscraper completed in 1930, is the home of Loyola's fine and performing arts programs and a National Historical Landmark.[15] The Joseph J. Gentile Arena, which holds 5,500 for basketball, volleyball, and campus events, was recently expanded to include the Norville Center, a student-athlete academic center and home of Rambler athletics. One of the largest events held annually in Gentile Arena is Colossus, which features a musical artist and comedian. Artists including Jason Derulo and John Mulaney have performed for Colossus. Halas Sports Center was remodeled and incorporated into the sprawling new Damen Student Center, the heart of campus social life.

text: The E.M. Cudahy Memorial Library contains over 900,000 volumes and 3,600 periodical subscriptions,[16] and in 2008 was expanded to include the Richard J. Klarchek Information Commons, an academic and social space with glass curtain walls that offer unparalleled views of the lake and campus. Science education and research takes place in the Quinlan Life Sciences building and the Institute of Environmental Sustainability, a multipurpose complex that includes academic space, a residence hall, a greenhouse, and the largest geothermal energy facility in Chicago.[17]

text: The Lake Shore Campus is connected to the famous Chicago 'L' via the Loyola station on the CTA Red Line. Southbound trains pass through neighborhoods like Lake View and Lincoln Park on the way to the Loop and South Side, while northbound trains connect to Evanston, the home of Northwestern University.

text: Sustainability[edit]

text: Loyola is committed to creating environmentally sustainable campuses, and various efforts have reduced university energy use by 33% since 1998.[18] Loyola has three LEED Silver certified buildings and four LEED Gold certified buildings, with all future construction to be LEED certified as well. Loyola has more green roofs than any college in the Midwest, which includes both new and renovated buildings. These efforts have not gone unnoticed: in 2014, Loyola placed 4th nationally (and 1st in Illinois) in the Sierra Club's ranking of America's Greenest Colleges.[19]

text: Water Tower Campus[edit]

text: The Water Tower Campus opened in 1949 along a stretch of Michigan Avenue today known as the Magnificent Mile, and is named after the Chicago Water Tower, a city landmark that survived the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. It is the home of the Quinlan School of Business, the School of Law, the School of Education, the School of Continuing and Professional Studies, the School of Social Work, the School of Communication, the Institute of Pastoral Studies, and Arrupe College, as well as a selection of classes from programs based elsewhere.

text: Dominated by mixed-use skyscrapers, campus buildings include the Corboy Law Center, Terry Student Center, Baumhart Hall, and landmark Lewis Towers, built in 1945 as the Illinois Catholic Women's Club[20] and today home of the Office of the President and the Loyola University Museum of Art. Recent construction includes The Clare, a 587-foot tower that serves as both a retirement community and the home of the College of Communication, and the LEED certified John and Kathy Schreiber Center, which opened in 2015 as the new home of the Quinlan School of Business.[21]

text: The campus puts students at the heart of Chicago's business and cultural life: it is steps from the offices of major corporations, Chicago's premiere retail and tourist district, as well as institutions like the Museum of Contemporary Art and the Newberry Library. Holy Name Cathedral, the seat of the Archdiocese of Chicago, is directly adjacent to the south.

text: The Water Tower Campus is also connected to the 'L' via the Chicago station on the CTA Red Line. Students can conveniently travel between Water Tower Campus and Lakeshore Campus on a school-sponsored shuttle during the week.

text: Health Sciences Campus[edit]

text: Founded in 1969 along with the Loyola University Medical Center, the Health Sciences Campus is the home of the Stritch School of Medicine, the Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing, and several programs that are part of the School of Continuing and Professional Studies. It is in Maywood, an immediate western suburb of Chicago, approximately eleven miles from the Loop.

text: A leading academic center for teaching and research, Loyola University Medical Center comprises the main hospital, Loyola Outpatient Center, Ronald McDonald Children's Hospital, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, and several medical office and laboratory buildings. In 2011, the medical center was sold to Trinity Health, while Loyola continues to own and operate the academic buildings and select research facilities on campus.[22]

text: In 2017, Loyola expanded its accelerated nursing program to an online-based format with lab in Downer's Grove.[23]

text: John Felice Rome Center[edit]

text: Loyola's permanent campus in Rome opened in 1962 at Casa Italiana Viaggi Internazionali Studenti (C.I.V.I.S.), a dormitory originally built to host athletes during the 1960 Summer Olympics. In 1978, the campus moved to its current location on Monte Mario approximately two miles northwest of the Vatican City. The campus is the home of the oldest American university program in Italy,[24] and hosts students from both Loyola and other universities seeking to study abroad. In 2005, the campus was renamed in honor of founder and Director Emeritus John P. Felice.[25]

text: Additional campuses[edit]

text: In 2010, Loyola founded the Retreat and Ecology Campus on the former site of the Resurrection Retreat Center in Woodstock, Illinois an outer suburb approximately fifty miles northwest of Chicago.[26] The campus houses the university's campus ministry programs, and offers a unique learning opportunity for students and faculty interested in the sciences. The property contains 20 acres (8 ha) of natural habitat that includes ponds, streams, woods, and prairieland.

text: Loyola also owns and operates the Cuneo Mansion and Gardens in suburban Vernon Hills, approximately thirty miles north of Chicago. The mansion and grounds were donated to the university in 2009 by the John and Herta Cuneo Foundation. The estate operates as a museum and hosts special events and a growing number of academic programs in business, education and law.

text: Academics[edit]

text:
University rankings

National

U.S. News & World Report[28]
103

Washington Monthly[29]
142[27]

Global

QS[30]
751-800

tag: table

text:
2013[31]

New Freshman
2,503

Average GPA
3.74

50% ACT Range
24-29

50% SAT Math
520-630

50% SAT Verbal
530-630

text: Tuition[edit]

text: For the 2016–2017 academic year, undergraduate tuition for new full-time students was $41,720 per year, not including room, board and fees including the CTA student transit 'U-Pass', Student Activity Fee, Technology Fee and mandatory health insurance.[32] Graduate school tuition varies depending on the school.

text: Rankings and demographics[edit]

text: Loyola University Chicago is among the top 103 National Universities according to the latest (2017) U.S. News & World Report college rankings. U.S. News commonly places Loyola among their fifty "Best Value" colleges as well. In 2011 USA Today ranked Loyola 6th among "colleges most committed to community service."[33] Washington Monthly ranked Loyola 21st in the nation for hours of community service.[34]

text: Loyola's Graduate School of Business has been ranked #1 in Ethics nationwide by BusinessWeek, a unique distinction among hundreds of competitive undergraduate business programs in the United States.[35] In addition, Loyola's History Department ranked sixth in the nation in 2006 on the Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index, a respected ranking system of graduate faculty quality.[36] In 2010, the History Department also ranked in the top tier in the 2010 National Research Council's evaluation of the nation's graduate programs.[37]

text: Religious education[edit]

text: Religious education is still one of Loyola's hallmarks as it is home to Saint Joseph College Seminary as well as the Jesuit First Studies program.

text: Loyola's First Studies Program is one of three in the country, with Fordham University and Saint Louis University housing the other two. During this three-year period, Jesuit Scholastics and Brothers generally study philosophy and some theology. First Studies is one part of an eleven-year formation process toward the Jesuit priesthood. This program is administered by the Chicago Province Society of Jesus.

text: Saint Joseph College Seminary serves the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago and provides vocational training to candidates of diocesan priesthood. Loyola University also provides rigorous religious education for those seeking careers in lay ministry with the Loyola University Institute of Pastoral Studies as well as degree opportunities in interdisciplinary Catholic studies.

text: Loyola's Department of Theology also offers undergraduate and graduate courses in the study of systematic theology, ethics, and Biblical studies, offering a diverse set of classes that are not limited to religious studies in a Catholic context.

text: Schools and colleges[edit]

text: Loyola Chicago is composed of the following schools and colleges:

text:
College of Arts & Sciences
Quinlan School of Business
School of Communication
School of Continuing and Professional Studies
School of Education
The Graduate School

School of Law
Stritch School of Medicine
Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing
School of Social Work
Saint Joseph College Seminary
Arrupe College
The Institute of Environmental Sustainability

text: Student life[edit]

text: Residential life[edit]

text: Most of the residence halls and apartments managed by Loyola's Department of Residence Life are in the Rogers Park and Edgewater neighborhoods surrounding the Lake Shore Campus. One, Baumhart Hall, is at the Water Tower Campus on the Magnificent Mile in Chicago. Most of Loyola's residence halls are named after other Jesuit colleges and universities.

text: First-year students may live in one of the following residences on the Lake Shore campus: Campion Hall, de Nobili Hall, Mertz Hall, Regis Hall, San Francisco Hall, and the Simpson Living Learning Center (Simpson Hall). Simpson, Mertz, and de Nobili Halls are conveniently located above dining halls that serve these buildings and the halls surrounding them. Residence halls on the north side of campus are served by a dining hall and food court in the Damen Student Center. First- and second-year students are required to live in on-campus housing.

text: Upperclass students are permitted to choose from fourteen residences at the Lake Shore campus: Bellarmine, Canisius, Fairfield, Fordham, Georgetown, LeMoyne, Marquette, Marquette South, Messina, Regis, Santa Clara, Seattle, Spring Hill and Xavier Halls. Santa Clara Hall is on Loyola Avenue right on Lake Michigan. Upperclassmen can also choose to live in Baumhart Hall, located at 26 E. Pearson, just a block from the Magnificent Mile in downtown Chicago. It is a 25-floor apartment-style residence for upperclassmen and graduate students at Loyola University. Students living in Baumhart and taking classes on the Water Tower Campus have access to two dining facilities: Nina's Cafe (in the Corboy Law Center) and LU's Old-Fashioned Deli and Pub (in the Terry Student Center).

text: Greek life[edit]

text: Loyola University Chicago is home to several Greek letter organizations. Among them are traditional social fraternities and sororities, professional co-ed fraternities, and cultural interest fraternities and sororities.[38]

text: Inter-Fraternity Council chapters include Beta Theta Pi, Tau Kappa Epsilon, Sigma Chi, and Delta Sigma Phi.[39]

text: Panhellenic Council chapters include Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Sigma Alpha, Phi Sigma Sigma, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Chi Omega, and Alpha Delta Pi.[39]

text: Professional co-ed fraternities include Delta Sigma Pi, Phi Delta Epsilon, as well as service fraternity Alpha Phi Omega.[39]

text: Cultural interest fraternities include the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations (NALFO) co-ed fraternity Alpha Psi Lambda. Loyola is also home to the Latino fraternity Lambda Upsilon Lambda fraternity, and the African-American fraternities Alpha Phi Alpha, Kappa Alpha Psi, and Phi Beta Sigma. Cultural interest sororities include Gamma Phi Omega, Sigma Lambda Gamma, Lambda Theta Alpha, Delta Phi Lambda, Delta Sigma Theta and Alpha Kappa Alpha.

text: College radio station[edit]

text: Loyola University owned and operated a low-power, carrier current radio station, WLUC-AM, in the 1960s. Students broadcast an eclectic music format on 600 kHz to Lake Shore Campus buildings and the surrounding Rogers Park neighborhood. The station had a well-equipped studio in a University-owned Student Life house on Loyola Avenue. The structure was demolished to make way for the Crown Center for the Humanities.

text: WLUC-AM was replaced by an on-air FM station, WLUW, in the 1970s.[40]

text: Athletics[edit]

text: NCAA Division I National Championships (3): 1963 Men's Basketball, 2014 Men's Volleyball, 2015 Men's Volleyball

text: Loyola is home to 11 varsity teams, most of which compete in NCAA Division I. The teams include men and women's basketball, cross country, men and women's golf, men and women's soccer, softball, track, and men and women's volleyball. The nickname "Ramblers" was first applied to Loyola's football team in 1926 because they frequently traveled throughout the United States.[41]

text: LU Wolf is the mascot for the University. He was inspired by the coat-of-arms of St. Ignatius of Loyola, from whom Loyola derives its name, which depicts two wolves standing over a kettle. Taken from the heraldic crest carved in the lintel on St. Ignatius' family home in Azpeitia, Spain, the wolves and cauldron refer to the prosperity and generosity of the Loyola family, who, after feeding family, retainers and soldiers, had enough food to feed even the wild animals.

text: Loyola's men's basketball team, the Ramblers, won the 1963 national championship. Loyola is the only Division I NCAA school in Illinois to have won a national title in men's basketball.[42] They also hold the all-time highest win percentage of any team to ever compete in the NCAA tournament. Loyola sits slightly ahead of Duke University. [43] The Loyola Ramblers men's volleyball team won back-to-back NCAA championships in 2014

text: From 1970 to 1971, Loyola had a club football team, led by Coach Dick Blackmore. The Ramblers won the Club Football National Championship in 1971 but were shut down after the University showed little interest. In 2012, the club football program was started again by students Robert L. O'Mullan and Luke Culley. John Clarke was the first head coach, followed by Connor Gomez. The Rambler football team competes in the Great Lakes (West) conference in the National Club Football Association.

text: The Loyola Ramblers men's volleyball team won back-to-back NCAA championships in 2014[44] and 2015.[45]

text: In 2018, Loyola’s men’s basketball team won the Missouri Valley Conference tournament championship to qualify for the 2018 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament for the first time since 1985.[46] The 11-seed Ramblers recorded four straight upset victories against the Miami Hurricanes, Tennessee Volunteers, Nevada Wolf Pack, and Kansas State Wildcats to advance to the Final Four.[47] However, the Michigan Wolverines defeated Loyola in the Final Four.[48]

text: Notable alumni[edit]


question_text: the assassination of gianni versace american crime story season 2 episode 2

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Édgar Ramírez as Gianni Versace
Darren Criss as Andrew Cunanan
Ricky Martin as Antonio D'Amico
Penélope Cruz as Donatella Versace

tag: ul

text: Special guest stars[edit]

text:
Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin
Aimee Mann as Bar Singer
Finn Wittrock as Jeff Trail

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Joanna P. Adler as Mary Ann Cunanan
Joe Adler as Jerome Gentes
Annaleigh Ashford as Elizabeth Cote
Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan
Will Chase as Det. Paul Scrimshaw
Giovanni Cirfiera as Santo Versace
Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin
Jay R. Ferguson as Agent Keith Evans
Cody Fern as David Madson
Max Greenfield as Ronnie Holston
Sophie von Haselberg as Linda Elwell
Edouard Holdener as Young Andrew Cunanan
Christine Horn as Agent Talarah Gruber
John Lacy as Howard Madson
Cathy Moriarty as Vivian Oliva
Michael Nouri as Norman Blachford
Dascha Polanco as Det. Lori Wieder
Terry Sweeney as David Gallo
José Zúñiga as Det. George Navarro

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Razaaq Adoti as Det. Pete Jackson
Vincenzo Amato as Versace Spokesman
Jack Armstrong as J. Paul Beitler
Cullen Douglas as Agent Reynolds
Nico Evers-Swindell as Philip Merrill
Alex Fernandez as Supt. Matt L. Rodriguez
Jacob Fortner as Duke Miglin
Molly Price as Escort Agency Manager
Paul Schneider as Paul Beck
Tara Summers as Laura Trail
Todd Waring as Lincoln Aston
Michael Shamus Wiles as Det. Robert Tichich

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"The Man Who Would Be Vogue"
Ryan Murphy
Tom Rob Smith
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)[a]
3WAX01
2.22[6]

On the morning of July 15, 1997, fashion designer Gianni Versace is shot and killed outside his Miami Beach mansion by wanted spree killer Andrew Cunanan. Seven years earlier, Cunanan meets Versace at a gay nightclub in San Francisco and tells his roommates about the encounter the following morning, albeit with most of the details fabricated. Cunanan later attends a performance of Capriccio as Versace's guest and exchanges origin stories with him after the performance. In the present, Cunanan flees the scene, evading Versace's partner Antonio D'Amico. Versace, meanwhile, is rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead. As local police start to collaborate with the federal authorities, Versace's sister Donatella and brother Santo plan the future of their brother's business empire while Cunanan purchases newspapers covering Versace's death with a remorseless expression.

12
2
"Manhunt"
Nelson Cragg
Tom Rob Smith
January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
3WAX02
1.42[7]

In March 1994, Versace learns that he is HIV positive and Donatella immediately blames Antonio for the illness. Three years later, Cunanan arrives in Miami after fleeing from South Carolina and moves into a motel under an assumed identity. He juggles working as a prostitute, giving his earnings to his homosexual neighbor Ronnie, and feeding his obsession with Versace. Versace, meanwhile, juggles dealing with creative block and reeling from Antonio's proposal of a wedding. While at a nightclub one evening, Cunanan surprises Versace and Antonio and attempts to follow them only to lose them in the crowd.

13
3
"A Random Killing"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Tom Rob Smith
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
3WAX03
1.26[8]

In May 1997, Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin is found dead in his garage by his wife Marilyn. One week earlier, Miglin invites Cunanan, whom he knows as a gay escort, over to his house after Marilyn leaves Chicago to promote her perfume brand. Cunanan proceeds to brutally torture and kill Miglin before stealing his Lexus. In the present, detectives assigned to the case discover gay pornographic magazines surrounding Miglin's dead body. Marilyn insists that the killer owns the magazines and that her husband's murder was nothing more than a random killing. The authorities later use the car's phone in an attempt to track Cunanan, who learns about their plan after it is leaked to the media. He then abandons Miglin's Lexus in Pennsville, New Jersey before gunning down caretaker William Reese and stealing his red pick-up truck. Marilyn, meanwhile, deals with her grief as she continues to promote her perfume.

14
4
"House by the Lake"
Daniel Minahan
Tom Rob Smith
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
3WAX04
0.98[9]

In April 1997, Cunanan lures former acquaintance Jeff Trail to the Minneapolis loft-apartment of his former lover, David Madson, and bludgeons him to death with a claw hammer. After forcing Madson to remain complicit, Cunanan decides to flee to Mexico when one of Madson's co-workers visits him. The Minneapolis Police Department, meanwhile, discovers Trail's corpse and suspect Madson to be the killer. They proceed to question Madson's parents, who firmly believe that their son is innocent. When Madson confronts Cunanan about his lies, Cunanan realizes that he has lost his hold on his lover and shoots Madson near a lake outside Rush City.

15
5
"Don't Ask Don't Tell"
Daniel Minahan
Tom Rob Smith
February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
3WAX05
0.91[10]

In June 1995, Versace ignores Donatella's disapproval and makes his sexuality public in an interview. In November 1995, U.S. Navy lieutenant Jeff Trail is suspected as a homosexual after saving a fellow veteran from being assaulted in San Diego. Following an unsuccessful suicide attempt, Trail goes to a gay bar and meets Cunanan. Trail later agrees to do an interview about homophobia in the military, during which he "makes the decision" to leave the Navy. Two years later, Cunanan runs into Trail and David Madson in Minneapolis. Both men, however, try to avoid him, with Trail staying at his sister's house and Madson stating he has moved on. Abandoned and angry, Cunanan resolves to murder Trail.

16
6
"Descent"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Tom Rob Smith
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
3WAX07
1.10[11]

In 1996, Cunanan lives in La Jolla, California with middle-aged businessman Norman Blachford, who handles his finances as part of their arranged relationship. During his twenty-seventh birthday party, Cunanan tries to impress David Madson by fabricating details about his life and boasting that everyone loves him. After an attempt to ask Blachford for more extravagant demands results in him being kicked out of their house, Cunanan spends thousands of dollars in an attempt to win Madson over only for Madson to cut all ties with him. Cunanan then turns to drugs and outs Jeff Trail to his father in a postcard, causing Trail to threaten him before moving to Minneapolis. Following a severe, drug-fueled bout of depression, Cunanan reunites with his mother Mary Ann and tells her he is going to Minneapolis.

17
7
"Ascent"
Gwyneth Horder-Payton
Tom Rob Smith
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
3WAX06
0.92[12]

In 1992, Versace pressures Donatella into taking over the company after his death. Following a failed attempt to collaborate on a dress for the Vogue anniversary gala, Versace is diagnosed with ear cancer and travels to Miami to recover, forcing Donatella to take the reins. That same year, Cunanan, who is living with Mary Ann, starts working as a gay escort for older men. He develops a relationship with architect Lincoln Aston, a close friend of Norman Blachford, only for Aston to break up with him after discovering he and David Madson spent the night together. Cunanan's attempt to reconcile with Aston ends with him witnessing Aston's brutal murder. Cunanan then moves out of his mother's apartment following an argument and uses Aston's death to develop a relationship with Blachford, who lets him move into his house.

18
8
"Creator / Destroyer"
Matt Bomer
Tom Rob Smith and Maggie Cohn
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
3WAX08
1.00[13]

In 1957 Italy, a young Versace starts designing clothes under tutelage from his dressmaker mother. In 1980, a young Cunanan receives preferential treatment from his stockbroker father Modesto, who abuses his mother and siblings. Seven years later, Cunanan juggles attending private school and secretly dating older men. Modesto, meanwhile, flees to Manila after being fired for embezzling from elderly clients and learning that he is wanted by the FBI, leaving his family penniless. Cunanan tracks him down and confronts him over the charges only to be rejected. Upon returning to the United States, Cunanan applies for a job at a pharmacy, where he tells the manager that Modesto owns pineapple plantations.

19
9
"Alone"
Daniel Minahan
Tom Rob Smith
March 21, 2018 (2018-03-21)
3WAX09
1.20[14]

On the evening of July 15, 1997, Cunanan hides in a Miami Beach houseboat in an attempt to evade both local and federal authorities. Over the course of the next two days, Cunanan attempts to leave the island city only to continue hiding due to the strong police presence. As the authorities interrogate Mary Ann and Ronnie, Marilyn grapples with the fact that he has gone unpunished. At the same time, Cunanan's friend Elizabeth Cote appeals to him in a television interview, David Madson's father insists his son is a victim, and Modesto uses Cunanan's story in an attempt to get attention. On July 22, 1997, as Versace is buried in his family vault near Lake Como, Italy, Donatella tells Antonio he cannot reside in the house that he was promised. The next morning, the authorities corner Cunanan only for him to shoot himself in the mouth. Cunanan is later buried in a public mausoleum while Donatella prepares to meet with Versace's lawyers and Antonio attempts suicide.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story was picked up on October 18, 2016, and was announced as the third season of the series, following the season about Katrina.[2] The announcement also revealed that English author Tom Rob Smith would be the writer of multiple episodes of the season, including the first two,[2] while executive producer Ryan Murphy would be directing the season premiere.[5] Following the airing of the first season's finale in April 2016, it was revealed that series creators Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski would not be returning for the second season.[15]

text: In June 2017, it was announced that Katrina would not begin production until early 2018 and that Versace would air in early 2018, replacing Katrina as the show's official second installment.[16]

text: On October 2, 2017, American Horror Story veteran Matt Bomer was announced as the director of the eighth episode, making it his directorial debut.[17] During its production, the working title of the season was American Crime Story: Versace/Cunanan.[18][19]

text: In December 2017, after the first public screening, it was revealed that Versace would have nine episodes,[3] despite being originally reported to consist of ten episodes.[2]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In February 2017, Édgar Ramírez and Darren Criss joined the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Gianni Versace and Andrew Cunanan, respectively.[20] Murphy confirmed the reports announcing Lady Gaga would portray Donatella Versace in The Assassination of Gianni Versace were false;[21][22] Penélope Cruz was later cast in the role.[23] In April 2017, it was announced that Ricky Martin was joining the cast of The Assassination of Gianni Versace as Antonio D'Amico, Versace’s longtime partner.[24] On April 28, 2017, Annaleigh Ashford was seen filming on the set of The Assassination of Gianni Versace with Criss.[25] On June 21, 2017, it was announced through Entertainment Weekly that Ashford's role in the series would be as Elizabeth Cote, a friend of Cunanan's since high school, while Nico Evers-Swindell would play her husband, Philip Merrill.[26]

text: On May 5, 2017, Murphy announced via his Instagram account that Max Greenfield joined the casting, by publishing a photo of Greenfield and Criss on the set.[27] On June 21, 2017, it was announced that Finn Wittrock will star in The Assassination of Gianni Versace, playing Jeffrey Trail, Cunanan's first victim.[28]

text: In November 2017, the official Twitter account for the series revealed that Judith Light and Dascha Polanco are part of the cast.[29][30] In December 2017, the official webpage for the series released cast and character bios revealing that Max Greenfield would play Ronnie, whilst confirming the casting of Judith Light as Marilyn Miglin, Dascha Polanco as Detective Lori Wieder, Jon Jon Briones as Modesto Cunanan, Cody Fern as David Madson, and Mike Farrell as Lee Miglin.[31]

text: Filming[edit]

text: According to multiple set reports and photos, principal photography of season 2 took place at the beginning of May 2017, in Miami.[32] As revealed by Darren Criss via his Twitter account, shooting ended during the week of November 13.[33]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In September 2017, FX released the first promotional teaser for The Assassination of Gianni Versace, showing doves sitting outside Versace's former mansion and flying away when two gunshots ring out.[34] A second teaser was released that same month, depicting Versace's sister Donatella placing flowers on a casket.[35] In October, a new teaser was released, depicting some police radio communications as a black clothes cover, with the name Versace on it, is being closed.[36] The same month, a second teaser was released, showing Donatella kissing the stairs where Gianni was murdered, before entering in his mansion.[37] On Halloween day, FX aired a new promotional video during a commercial break of the ninth episode of American Horror Story: Cult, which announced that the season would premiere on January 17, 2018.[1]

text: In November 2017, four new teasers were released. The first one shows Versace relaxing next to his pool, as Cunanan comes out of it.[38] The second one depicts D'Amico leaving Gianni's house, as he hears two gunshots (the unseen murder) and runs to see what happened; while a voice-over by Ricky Martin as D'Amico says that he was Gianni's partner and lover.[39] The third one shows Donatella and Gianni hugging and watching themselves in front of a mirror, as the latter tells his sister that she would be Versace without him.[40] The fourth one depicts a running sewing machine, which ends up having some issues and not being able to finish its work.[41]

text: On November 15, 2017, the first full trailer for the season was released via the Twitter account of the series. It shows some moments of Cunanan's unstable past and the first aftermaths of Versace's assassination.[42] The same day, it was announced that the first episode of the season would be available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers.[5] On November 28, 2017, FX released a new short trailer depicting the main cast of the season: Cruz, Ramírez, Martin and Criss; while a voice-over by Criss as Cunanan reveals how he feels the same as Versace.[43]

text: In December 2017, more teasers were released. The first one opposes Versace and Cunanan as they speak about themselves and their past.[44] The second one features a Versace fashion show where models start crying, as news reports about Versace's death are being heard.[45] The third one shows Cunanan trying to convince someone that he really has a date with Versace, while the scene is being cut by shots of the assassination and its aftermaths.[46] The fourth one features Donatella Versace in a black dress for her brother's funeral;[47] the fifth one shows different rooms of Versace's mansion, with multiple voice-overs by different characters;[48] and the sixth one features a showering Cunanan, surrounding his face with duct tape, as Max Greenfield's Ronnie asks him what he is doing.[49] On December 28, a first look at the series was released, with multiple interviews from the crew and the cast.[50] That same day, a new teaser was also revealed, depicting Cunanan as he is about to kill his sexual partner and then Versace.[51]

text: At the start of January 2018, a new teaser was released. It features Cunanan changing the license plate of his car and greeting a young girl, while a voice-over is saying that the police is looking after him and that he is very dangerous.[52] On January 16, 2018, the full red band trailer was released,[53] and a short version premiered the next day.[54]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: The second season of American Crime Story received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season an approval rating of 86% based on 81 reviews, with an average rating of 7.02/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Assassination of Versace starts with a bang and unfurls slowly, moving backward through an intricate (and occasionally convoluted) murder mystery anchored by a career-defining performance from Darren Criss."[55] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[56]

text: Reaction from individuals involved[edit]

text: In January 2018, the Versace family released a statement criticizing the series. They explained they have "neither authorized nor had any involvement whatsoever" in the production of the season, before adding that it "should only be considered as a work of fiction."[57] Executive producer Ryan Murphy answered that the series was "not a work of fiction" as it is based on a non-fiction book, Maureen Orth's Vulgar Favors, and that the production team and FX stand by the author and her work. Comparing it to The People v. O. J. Simpson, Murphy added that the season is "a work of non-fiction obviously with docudrama elements," and not a documentary.[57] Following this answer, the Versace family released a second statement, still slamming the series as "a work of fiction" because "the Orth book itself is full of gossip and speculation." They also heavily criticized Orth's work, calling it an "effort to create a sensational story" with "second-hand hearsay that is full of contradictions." They gave the example of Gianni Versace's medical condition, as Orth claims that Versace was HIV positive at the time of his death.[58]

text: Antonio D'Amico also criticized the series, deeming some scenes as "ridiculous" and insisting that "so much has been fictionalised". He also revealed that he does not plan to watch it, but that he would have been happy if Ricky Martin, who plays his role, got in contact to get some insight into his relationship with Versace.[59]

text: According to Ryan Murphy, Donatella Versace was very supportive that Penélope Cruz played her role. As Cruz and Versace are friends, Murphy explained that, when he offered her the role, Cruz asked the permission of Versace before agreeing to do it. He also revealed that, while Cruz was representing the series at the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Versace "very graciously sent [her] a lovely and huge flower arrangement saying 'good luck.'"[57]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Man Who Would Be Vogue"
January 17, 2018
0.7
2.22[6]
0.6
1.76
1.3
3.98[60]

2
"Manhunt"
January 24, 2018
0.4
1.42[7]
0.7
1.98
1.1
3.40[61]

3
"A Random Killing"
January 31, 2018
0.4
1.26[8]
0.7
1.94
1.1
3.20[62]

4
"House by the Lake"
February 7, 2018
0.3
0.98[9]
0.6
1.79
0.9
2.77[63]

5
"Don't Ask Don't Tell"
February 14, 2018
0.2
0.91[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6
"Descent"
February 28, 2018
0.3
1.10[11]
0.6
1.58
0.9
2.68[64]

7
"Ascent"
March 7, 2018
0.3
0.92[12]
0.5
1.55
0.8
2.47[65]

8
"Creator / Destroyer"
March 14, 2018
0.3
1.00[13]
0.5
1.57
0.8
2.57[66]

9
"Alone"
March 21, 2018
0.3
1.20[14]
0.6
1.62
0.9
2.82[67]

text:
Season
Ep. 1
Ep. 2
Ep. 3
Ep. 4
Ep. 5
Ep. 6
Ep. 7
Ep. 8
Ep. 9
Ep. 10

The People v. O. J. Simpson
5.12
3.90
3.34
3.00
2.73
3.00
2.89
2.91
2.76
3.27

The Assassination of Gianni Versace
2.22
1.42
1.26
0.98
0.91
1.10
0.92
1.00
1.20
N/A

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ This episode was available five days before the official premiere for FX+ subscribers.[5]

tag: ol


document_title: Rory Gilmore

question_text: where do rory and paris go to college

question_tokens: where do rory and paris go to college

text: Rory Gilmore

text: Background[edit]

text: Rory is the only daughter of Lorelai Gilmore, and the first-born daughter of Christopher Hayden. She was born October 8, 1984 in Hartford, Connecticut, at 4:03am. Every year at that exact time, Lorelai wakes Rory up to tell her the story of her birth. Because Lorelai became pregnant with Rory when she was only sixteen, the two are more like friends than mother and daughter. Rory shares her mother's taste in junk food, coffee, movies, music, and much more. She spent her first months living with her mother at her grandparent's mansion until her mother ran away. The rest of her childhood she spent in the Independence Inn in Stars Hollow where her mother worked originally as a maid. The two lived in the potting shed behind the inn where Jackson's cousin Rune lived in later seasons. Eventually, Lorelai was able to buy a nice house where Rory spent her adolescent years. Rory did not have much contact with her grandparents until she started to attend Chilton, which Lorelai preferred.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Rory dreams of studying at Harvard University and gets accepted into the prestigious and fictional Chilton Academy, where she stays for her sophomore, junior, and senior years of high school. To pay tuition, Lorelai asks for the money from her estranged wealthy parents, Richard and Emily. They agree to pay for Rory's education on the condition that the two come to their house every Friday night for dinner. Before leaving Stars Hollow High School, Rory meets Dean Forester. Rory almost convinced herself not to go to Chilton because of not wanting to leave Dean, but after learning of the huge sacrifices her mother made, she decides to go to Chilton. Rory and Dean date for two seasons, only breaking up once when Dean told Rory he loved her on their 3-month anniversary, and she replied that she would have to think about it, but they eventually reconcile. Dean escorts Rory when she is presented to society at a debutante ball hosted by her grandmother's chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution. During her time at Chilton, Rory becomes engaged in a feud with close academic rival, Paris Geller. Though the two later become friends, the rivalry continues into their university studies. Rory reluctantly runs for student government with Paris and wins, and writes for the Chilton paper, The Franklin.

text: When she meets Jess Mariano, Rory feels an immediate attraction. They become friends first, but start to date after Dean breaks up with Rory because he sees that Rory likes Jess. However, various problems make their relationship difficult. After Jess skips school to go to work at Walmart, causing him to be unable to graduate or to take Rory to Prom, Jess decides to leave to go to California to see his estranged father, effectively breaking up with Rory. Jess does not tell Rory he is leaving, but later calls and does not say anything on the phone, until Rory caught on that it was him and revealed that she might have loved him but would just have to get over it. Later that year, still upset, Jess returns and tells Rory that he loves her and then leaves again.

text: After graduating Chilton as valedictorian and with a 4.2 GPA, Rory goes on to attend Yale University, her grandfather's alma mater, in season four, although her entire life she had wanted to go to Harvard, having decided that the benefits of Yale outweighed her dream of studying at Harvard. During her freshman year, Rory resides at Durfee Hall and shares a dorm room with Tana, Janet, and fellow Chilton alumna Paris Geller. She moves to Branford College, the same residential college that her grandfather, Richard Gilmore, lived in,[1] at the beginning of her sophomore year. There she shares a dorm room with Paris. At Yale, Rory majors in English and pursues her interest in journalism; she wants to be a foreign correspondent and her role-model is Christiane Amanpour. She writes for the Yale Daily News and is its editor towards the end of her studies.

text: While at Yale, Rory reconnects with Dean, who married Lindsay (a fellow school mate), straight after high school, but it is soon clear that he impulsively did it as a rebound from Rory. During the same period, Jess shows up at Yale to see Rory unexpectedly, and asks her to run away with him, but she refuses. Dean gets jealous but he and Rory grow closer and have an affair, during which Rory loses her virginity. Lorelai is angry and disappointed in Rory, who decides to leave for Europe with her grandmother for the summer to avoid conflicts. Shortly after, Dean separates from Lindsay and the two continue seeing each other.

text: Meanwhile, Rory makes the acquaintance of the heir to the Huntzberger Publishing Company, Logan Huntzberger. She soon becomes interested in him and after Dean breaks up with her (she was detained at a party arranged by her grandparents to introduce her to the wealthy and eligible sons of their Yale alumni friends, including Logan), she makes the first move at her grandparents' vow-renewal. Their relationship begins casually as a "no strings attached" affair, because Logan makes it clear that he does not want to commit to a relationship. However, as time passes, Rory grows dissatisfied with their open relationship, and after a day of drunken introspection, she suggests they should end their sexual relationship and be friends because she is "a girlfriend kind of girl." Logan interprets this as an ultimatum and unexpectedly agrees to date her exclusively. At her first time to dinner at Logan’s family home, the Huntzbergers reject Rory as a fit girlfriend for their son because of her aspirations to work and her background. However, Logan affirms his commitment to their relationship, although the pressure exerted by the Huntzbergers continues to dog the couple.

text: To make amends, Logan's father, Mitchum Huntzberger gives Rory an internship at one of his newspapers, the Stamford Eagle Gazette. At the end of her internship, Mitchum tells Rory that she does not have what it takes to be a journalist, although she would make a good assistant. Upset and angry, Rory cajoles Logan into leaving his sister’s engagement party, held at a marina, to steal a yacht and vent her frustration. When apprehended, Rory is sentenced to 300 hours of community service and rethinks her lifelong ambitions and current path at Yale. Her decision to take time off to consider her options precipitates the most sustained rift with Lorelai to date, beginning in the season five finale. She moves into her grandparents' pool house, joins Emily’s branch of the Daughters of the American Revolution and begins working for the organization. Rory and Lorelai barely speak for months and are only reconciled mid-season six, in ‘The Prodigal Daughter Returns’.

text: Experiencing some problems with the restricted liberty living with her grandparents, chiefly centering on her sexual relationship with Logan, Rory reassesses her life after another unexpected visit from Jess. He has achieved something with his own life by writing a novel and he encourages her to see that her current choices do not suit who she really is. However, Jess’s visit and Rory’s subsequent realization that she is doing nothing with her life precipitate an argument with Logan and the couple are estranged for some time. Rory doggedly pursues her former editor for a job at the Stamford Eagle Gazette, takes on extra courses at Yale to make up for her time away and is unexpectedly elected editor of the Yale Daily News, taking over from Paris.

text: Rory and Logan reunite and cement their relationship despite his post-graduation spell working in London, England, and a failed business. She cultivates new friendships with girls involved in the arts and drama, Olivia and Lucy, although these relationships become fraught when Marty, a friend who had a crush on Rory in an earlier season, is revealed to be Lucy’s boyfriend. Having been unexpectedly elected editor of the Yale Daily News, Rory’s tenure later comes to an end and leaves her feeling deflated. She continues to work towards her goal, applying for the Reston Fellowship, to become an intern at the New York Times, as well as applying and interviewing for other jobs. She turns down one firm job offer, counting on getting the Reston Fellowship. When she is rejected, Rory is in turmoil, unable to concentrate on a final exam about John Milton’s epic poem, Paradise Lost, and generally experiencing great uncertainty about her future.

text: At Rory’s own graduation party, where it is revealed she graduated with honors and membership in Phi Beta Kappa,[2] Logan unexpectedly proposes marriage and asks her to move to Palo Alto, California, with him. She considers his offer but ultimately declines, suggesting they try to maintain a long-distance relationship. She says that she relishes the openness of her life and the opportunities before her: marriage now would limit that. Logan, however, finds the prospect of "going backwards" in their relationship unappealing and issues the ultimatum that it is "all or nothing". Rory wordlessly returns his engagement ring and Logan walks away. As of the final episode, Rory had prepared numerous résumés to mail before going on vacation with her mother. She is offered a job as a reporter to cover Barack Obama's presidential campaign and his bid for the Democratic Party nomination for an online magazine, when another reporter drops out at the last moment. Luke throws a surprise graduation party for Rory, which closes out the series.

text: Nine years later, Rory is in a rut. She became a successful freelance journalist, but she got fired from a job to ghostwrite a book, and gave up her apartment to stay in different places like New York, London and Stars Hollow. She has been dating a man named Paul for two years, but does not seem to be invested in their relationship. After breaking up with Paul, she also engages in casual sex, including with a nameless man in a Wookie costume.

text: While jetting back and forth between America and London, Rory sees Logan on the side. He, in turn, cheats on his fiancée with Rory, but he will not leave her for Rory. Rory interviews for more many jobs, but she does not receive any promising offers. Rory ends back in Stars Hollow and becomes the editor of The Stars Hollow Gazette. While at work one day, Jess visits her and gives her the idea of writing a book about her life and relationship with her mother, Lorelai.

text: Rory and her mother have a falling out when Rory tells Lorelai about the book, as Lorelai does not want her life written about. Rory continues to wander, although very determined to write her novel. She breaks things off with Logan for good, believing their relationship is not what is best for her. She ends up reconciling with her mother and is present when Lorelai marries Luke. Rory later reveals to Lorelai that she is pregnant. While the father's identity is not explicitly stated, the timing implies that it is Logan's child.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: Alexis Bledel had no previous acting experience: "It was just one of those young, beautiful faces. We were trying to find someone new, someone interesting. There was something about her. In person she was very shy and quiet, not this vivacious energy, just very simple and pretty."[3]

text: Susanne Daniels who oversaw the development of Gilmore Girls said: "Amy wanted to write a smart teenage girl character who wasn't a bombshell, or a mousy loner yearning for a Prince Charming to come break her out of her shell. Amy had in mind a girl with real complexity—a kid who was fiercely independent and intellectually precious but naïve in matters of the heart."[3] Amy Sherman-Palladino said:

text:
“
What to me had not been done was a girl who wasn't fucking around at 14. A girl who was not interested in boys, not because of an aversion to boys, but who just was academically goal-oriented and really that's what made her tick. And a girl who was very comfortable in her skin. Didn't need to be popular, wasn't popular, but didn't care. Didn't look longingly at the group over by the soda fountain with the good shoes. Because she had her best friend, her mom, and she had her other friend, and she had her life. And her life is good.[4]
”

text: Edward Herrmann who portrayed Rory's grandfather Richard, said of his relationship with Rory: "I think that was Amy's idea from the beginning, to have this relationship between the grandfather and the granddaughter blossom. Which was very hard on the daughter to see, this unaffected affection expressed between her father and her daughter. That was a lovely element in the show that I really enjoyed."[3]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Margaret Lyons of Vulture.com wrote "Rory's worst attribute, other than her slouchy posture, is her lack of impulse control. Rory's strongest motivator is want — if she wants to do it, she does. Her wants always win. Conveniently for her, her wants often align with social norms for WASP success, but on the occasions that they don't, she still follows them. "[5]

text: Alexis Bledel said of her character's evolution up to the fifth season finale: "Rory has been on a very specific path for most of her young life, so last season [season 4] was the year that sort of opened her eyes to the fact that there are so many other things. She realized how competitive the field she was trying to get into is, and how slim her chances actually were, and how hard she'd have to work ... when she already was working hard. We saw more about her than her academic goals, and it was fun to see where it would go. Viewers had never really seen [Rory] mess up too much. She was almost annoyingly perfect. You just never saw her do anything normal teenagers do, and Amy said when Rory messes up, it's big."[6]

text: Described as "a bright, well-behaved, pop-culturally savvy teenager", Jezebel further called her a "feminist" for reading feminist prose, dreaming of having a career like Christiane Amanpour and for rejecting a wedding proposal because she is too young.[7] Reflecting on Rory's decision to turn down Logan's proposal, Matt Czuchry said: "I feel that the show is about two strong independent women, and that refusal captures the heart of the show. And I don't think it was personal to Logan. I just think it was the right decision for Rory regardless of who her boyfriend was."[8]

text: Commenting on Rory's friendship with Paris, Sherman-Palladino said: "She needs challenges, and Paris is relentless. Rory will want to stay close to that kind of person because it keeps her sharp, her eyes focused on the prize." She liked the contrast of personalities, "Rory's complete acceptance of people for who they are" and Paris's unwillingness "to accept anyone, even herself."[9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: After watching the pilot of the series, Ron Wertheimer of The New York Times wrote: "Ms. Bledel, new to television, creates an appealing blend of precocious wisdom and teenage anxiety."[10] Variety critic Laura Fries called Bledel "the real star" for her ability "to articulate the wide range of often subtle emotions that confront teenagers."[11] In his article discussing child actors playing "more meaningful characters", Allan Johnson of the Chicago Tribune cited Bledel as one of "two more young people who are showing some depth in their various portrayals".[12] Shirly Li of The Atlantic praised the friendship between Rory and Paris, describing it as "a deep platonic female relationship that didn't come prepackaged, but instead developed in front of viewers' eyes. [Their friendship] should be remembered as a cultural landmark—TV’s last, great, gradually developed friendship between teenage girls...Gilmore Girls offered something that’s rare on TV but common in real life.[13]

text: For her portrayal of Rory Gilmore, Alexis Bledel won a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Drama Series - Leading Young Actress in 2001.[14] She was nominated in the same category in 2002. In the same year, Bledel won a Family Television Award for Best Actress. She also earned a Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Comedy in 2005 and in 2006.[15][16] Bledel further received nominations from several organizations including the Online Film & Television Association Awards for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2002,[17] the Saturn Awards and Satellite Awards in 2003, and the ALMA Awards in 2006.[18]


document_title: United States territorial acquisitions

question_text: when did the united states acquired puerto rico

text: United States territorial acquisitions

text: History of the United States of America[edit]

text: Control over North America (1750–2008)

text: The 1783 Treaty of Paris with Great Britain defined the original borders of the United States. It generally stretched from the Eastern Seaboard to the Mississippi River in the west. There were ambiguities in the treaty regarding the exact border with Canada to the north that led to disputes that were resolved by the Webster–Ashburton Treaty in 1842.[1] Beginning in the late 18th century, the new nation organized areas west of the Original thirteen states into several United States territories, setting a template for future expansion.

text: Louisiana Purchase[edit]

text: The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, was negotiated with Napoleon during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson; the territory was acquired from France for $15 million (equivalent to $245 million in present-day terms). A small portion of this land was ceded to Britain in 1818 in exchange for the Red River Basin. More of this land was ceded to Spain in 1819 with the Florida Purchase, but was later reacquired through Texas annexation and Mexican Cession.[2]

text: West Florida[edit]

text: West Florida was declared to be a U.S. possession in 1810 by President James Madison after the territory had declared its independence from Spain.[3] Madison ordered the U.S. Army to take control. Six weeks later, the army entered and occupied the capital, St. Francisville, putting an end to the republic after 74 days of independence. Spain did not relinquish its claim to sovereignty (see West Florida controversy) until ratification of the Adams-Onís Treaty. General Andrew Jackson personally accepted the delivery of West Florida from its Spanish governor on July 17, 1821.[4]

text: Red River[edit]

text: The parts of Rupert's Land and the Red River Colony south of the 49th parallel in the basin of the Red River of the North were acquired in 1818 from Britain under the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.

text: East Florida[edit]

text: The Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819 with Spain resulted in Spain's cession of East Florida and the Sabine Free State and Spain's surrender of any claims to the Oregon Country. Article III of the treaty, when properly surveyed, resulted in the acquisition of a small part of central Colorado.[5]

text: Along Canada–US border[edit]

text: Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842 with Britain split the disputed territory in Maine and New Brunswick and finalized the border with Canada,[6] including the disputed Indian Stream territory. In 1850 Britain ceded to the U.S. less than one acre of underwater rock (Horseshoe Reef) in Lake Erie near Buffalo for a lighthouse.[7]

text: Texas[edit]

text: Texas Annexation of 1845: The independent Republic of Texas long sought to join the U.S., despite Mexican claims and the warning by Mexican leader Antonio López de Santa Anna that this would be "equivalent to a declaration of war against the Mexican Republic." Congress approved the annexation of Texas on February 28, 1845. On December 29, 1845, Texas became the 28th state. Texas had claimed New Mexico east of the Rio Grande but had only made one unsuccessful attempt to occupy it; New Mexico was captured by the U.S. Army in August 1846 and then administered separately from Texas. Mexico acknowledged the loss of territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848.

text: Oregon Territory[edit]

text: Oregon Country, the territory of North America west of the Rockies to the Pacific, was jointly controlled by the U.S. and Britain following the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 until June 15, 1846 when the Oregon Treaty divided the territory at the 49th parallel (see Oregon boundary dispute). The San Juan Islands were claimed and jointly occupied by the U.S. and the U.K. from 1846–72 due to ambiguities in the treaty (see Northwestern Boundary Dispute). Arbitration led to the sole U.S. possession of the San Juan Islands since 1872.

text: Mexican Cession[edit]

text: Mexican Cession lands were captured in the Mexican–American War in 1846–48, and ceded by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, where Mexico agreed to the present Mexico–United States border except for the later Gadsden Purchase. The United States paid $15 million (equivalent to $394 million in present-day terms) and agreed to pay claims made by American citizens against Mexico which amounted to more than $3 million (equivalent to $79 million today).

text: Gadsden Purchase[edit]

text: In the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, the United States purchased a strip of land along the Mexico–United States border for $10 million (equivalent to $294 million in present-day terms), now in New Mexico and Arizona. The territory was also bought as Americans were passing through the land west to California. After the American Mexican War, over the dispute of border claims, American bought the land to prevent future conflict. Few historians would argue the territory was intended for a southern transcontinental railroad.

text: Since 1853[edit]

text: Alaska[edit]

text: Alaska Purchase from the Russian Empire for $7.2 million (2 cents per acre)[8] on March 30, 1867 (equivalent to $126 million in present-day terms), as a vital refueling station for ships trading with Asia. The land went through several administrative changes before becoming an organized territory on May 11, 1912, and the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959.

text: Hawaii[edit]

text:
Hawaii and Outlying Islands

In 1959, 94% of Hawaii's residents voted to relinquish all land claims (proposition 2) to the United States and become a state.

Today's United States Minor Outlying Islands excluding Caribbean

text: The Kingdom of Hawaii was closely linked by missionary work and trade to the U.S. by the 1880s. In 1893 business leaders overthrew the Queen of Hawaii and sought annexation. President Grover Cleveland strongly disapproved, so Hawaii set up an independent republic, the Republic of Hawaii. Southern Democrats in Congress strongly opposed a non-white addition. President William McKinley, a Republican, secured a Congressional resolution in 1898, and the small republic joined the U.S. All its citizens became full U.S. citizens. One factor was the need for advanced naval bases to fend off Japanese ambitions.[citation needed] The Hawaiian Islands officially became an incorporated territory of the U.S. in 1900. Following 94% voter approval of the Admission of Hawaii Act, on August 21, 1959 the Territory of Hawaii became the state of Hawaii, the 50th state.

text: With Hawaii came two remote coral atolls: the Palmyra Atoll which had been annexed by the U.S. in 1859, abandoned, then claimed in 1862 by the Kingdom of Hawaii, and the Stewart Islands, which had joined the Kingdom a few years before Palmyra. At Hawaiian statehood in 1959, Palmyra and arguably the Stewarts were excluded from the new state. Palmyra remained an incorporated U.S. territory, while the Stewarts were claimed and are now controlled by the Solomon Islands.[9]

text: Spanish colonies[edit]

text: Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines (for which the United States compensated Spain $20 million, equivalent to $588 million in present-day terms), were ceded by Spain after the Spanish–American War in the 1898 Treaty of Paris. Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over Cuba, but did not cede it to the United States, so it became a protectorate. All four of these areas were under United States Military Government (USMG) for extended periods. Cuba became an independent nation in 1902, and the Philippines became an independent nation in 1946.

text: This era also saw the first scattered protests against American imperialism. Noted Americans such as Mark Twain spoke out forcefully against these ventures. Opponents of the war, including Twain and Andrew Carnegie, organized themselves into the American Anti-Imperialist League.

text: During this same period the American people continued to strongly chastise the European powers for their imperialism. The Second Boer War was especially unpopular in the United States and soured Anglo-American relations. The anti-imperialist press would often draw parallels between the U.S. in the Philippines and the British in the Second Boer War.[10]

text: Cuba[edit]

text: Under the 1898 Treaty of Paris, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba, with the island to be occupied by the United States. Under the Teller Amendment Congress had already decided against annexation. Cuba gained formal independence on 20 May 1902. Under the new Cuban constitution, however, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations through the Platt Amendment;[11] this, however, was later renounced as part of Franklin Roosevelt's Good Neighbor Policy.[11] Under the Platt Amendment (1901), Cuba also agreed to lease to the U.S. the naval base at Guantánamo Bay.

text: The naval base occupies land which the United States leased from Cuba in 1903 "... for the time required for the purposes of coaling and naval stations." The two governments later agreed that, "So long as the United States of America shall not abandon the said naval station of Guantanamo or the two Governments shall not agree to a modification of its present limits, the station shall continue to have the territorial area that it now has, with the limits that it has on the date of the signature of the present Treaty."[12][13]

text: Puerto Rico[edit]

text: On July 25, 1898, during the Spanish–American War, Puerto Rico was invaded by the United States with a landing at Guánica. As an outcome of the war, the Jones–Shafroth Act granted all the inhabitants of Puerto Rico U.S. citizenship in 1917. The U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor in 1948. In 1950, the Truman Administration allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution without affecting the unincorporated territory status with the U.S.[14] A local constitution was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952, the anniversary of the 1898 arrival of U.S. troops. Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado (literally translated as "Free Associated State"), officially translated into English as Commonwealth, for its body politic.[15][16]

text: Guam[edit]

text: In Guam, settlement by foreign ethnic groups was small at first. After World War II showed the strategic value of the island, construction of a huge military base began along with a large influx of people from other parts of the world. Guam today has a very mixed population of 164,000. The indigenous Chamorros make up 37% of the population. The rest of the population consists mostly of white Americans and Filipinos, with smaller groups of Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Micronesians, Vietnamese and Indians. Guam today is almost totally Americanized. The situation is somewhat similar to that in Hawaii, but attempts to change Guam's status as an 'unincorporated' U.S. territory have yet to meet with success.

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in April 1896. The Spanish–American War came to the Philippines on May 1, 1898, when the United States Navy's Asiatic Squadron, commanded by Commodore George Dewey, defeated the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón during the Battle of Manila Bay. On June 12, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence and establishment of the First Philippine Republic. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish–American War was signed. The treaty transferred control of the Philippines from Spain to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the Philippine revolutionaries, who declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899.[17] The Philippine–American War ensued. In 1901, Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the Malolos Republic, was captured and pledged his allegiance to the American government.[18] The U.S. unilaterally declared an end to the conflict in 1902. Scattered fighting continued, however, until 1913.

text: The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 provided for the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission, an appointed body with both American and Filipino members. and a popularly elected lower house, the Philippine Assembly. The Philippines became a U.S. colony in the fashion of Europe's New Imperialism,[citation needed] with benevolent colonial practices. English joined Spanish as an official language, and English language education was made compulsory. In 1916, the United States passed the Philippine Autonomy Act and committed itself to granting independence to the Philippines "as soon as a stable government can be established therein."[19] As a step to full independence in 1946, partial autonomy as a Commonwealth was granted in 1935.

text: Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. The United States suffered a total of 62,514 casualties, including 13,973 deaths in its attempt to liberate the Philippines from Imperial Japanese rule during the hard-fought Philippines campaign from 1944–1945. Full independence came with the recognition of Philippine sovereignty by the U.S. in 1946.

text: Wake Island[edit]

text: Wake Island was annexed as empty territory by the United States in 1899 (the claim is currently disputed by the Marshall Islands).

text: American Samoa[edit]

text: Germany, the United States, and Britain colonized the Samoan Islands. The nations came into conflict in the Second Samoan Civil War and the nations resolved their issues, establishing American Samoa as per the Treaty of Berlin, 1899. The U.S. took control of its allotted region on June 7, 1900, with the Deed of Cession. Tutuila Island and Aunuu Island were ceded by their chiefs in 1900, then added to American Samoa. Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), then added to American Samoa. (The claim is currently disputed by Tokelau, a colonial territory of New Zealand.) American Samoa was under the control of the U.S. Navy from 1900 to 1951. American Samoa was made a formal territory in 1929. From 1951 until 1977, Territorial Governors were appointed by the Secretary of the Interior. Immigration of Americans was never as strong as it was, for instance, in Hawaii; indigenous Samoans make up 89% of the population. The islands have been reluctant to separate from the U.S. in any manner.

text: Dominican Republic[edit]

text: The Annexation of Santo Domingo was an attempted treaty during the later Reconstruction Era, initiated by United States President Ulysses S. Grant in 1869, to annex "Santo Domingo" (as the Dominican Republic was then commonly known) as a United States territory, with the promise of eventual statehood. President Grant feared some European power would take the island in violation of the Monroe Doctrine. He privately thought annexation would be a safety valve for African Americans who were suffering persecution in the US, but he did not include this in his official messages. Grant speculated that the acquisition of Santo Domingo would help bring about the end of slavery in Cuba and elsewhere. Militarily he wanted a US naval port in the Dominican Republic which would also serve as protection for a projected canal across Nicaragua.

text: On January 10, 1870 President Grant formally submitted Sec. Fish's Dominican Republic annexation treaty to the U.S. Senate. The treaty was stalled in the Senate until Sen. Sumner's Foreign Relations Committee started hearings in mid February, 1870. On 19 February, a referendum was held in the Dominican Republic, in which nearly 99% of the votes cast were in favor of the annexation. Sec. Fish noted that the Senate was reluctant to pass any measures initiated by the Executive Branch. Sen. Sumner allowed the treaty to be debated openly on the Committee without giving his own opinion. However, on March 15, Senator Sumner's Foreign Relations Committee in a closed session voted to oppose the treaty 5 to 2. On March 24, in another closed session, Sen. Sumner came out strongly against the treaty. Sen. Sumner opposed the treaty believing annexation would be expensive, launch an American empire in the Caribbean, and would diminish independent Afro-Hispanic and African creole republics in the Western Hemisphere. Grant met with many Senators on Capitol Hill hoping to rally support for the Treaty, however, to no avail. Grant refused the suggestion that the treaty drop the Dominican statehood clause. Finally on June 30, 1870 the Senate defeated the Dominican Republic Annexation treaty by a vote of 28 to 28. Eighteen Senators had joined Sen. Sumner to defeat the Dominican annexation treaty.

text: The first United States occupation of the Dominican Republic lasted from 1916 to 1924. It was one of the many interventions in Latin America undertaken by the military forces of the United States. On May 13, 1916, Rear Admiral William B. Caperton forced the Dominican Republic's Secretary of War Desiderio Arias, who had seized power from Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra, to leave Santo Domingo by threatening the city with naval bombardment.

text: From the start of the intervention until the Marines withdrew in 1924, they were in almost continuous actions on both the squad and platoon levels, fighting numerous small-unit actions with elusive bandits. Despite the ability of the Marines to bring a large amount of firepower to bear against the bandits from both the ground and the air, the leathernecks had their share of problems as well. Sometimes the enemy would successfully ambush a lone Marine patrol, killing all or most of its members, and would scatter before reinforcements arrived on the scene.

text: Panama Canal Zone[edit]

text: The Panama Canal Zone was an unorganized US territory located within the Republic of Panama. It was established under the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty in 1903 and disestablished in 1979 under the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. Panama gained full control over the Panama Canal in 1999.

text: Virgin Islands[edit]

text: A referendum on transferring ownership from Denmark to the United States was held on 9 January 1868 on the islands of Sankt Jan and Sankt Thomas, two of three main islands in the Danish West Indies. Of the votes cast, 98% were in favor of the transfer, but it never materialized. A second referendum was held in all three islands on 17 August 1916, once again with overwhelming support for the transfer.

text: In 1917, the United States purchased the former Danish colony of St. Croix, St. John and St. Thomas, which is now the U.S. Virgin Islands. The United States—which had made an earlier approach in 1902—purchased these islands because they feared that the islands might be seized as a submarine base during World War I. After several months of secret negotiations, a sales price of $25 million was agreed. A non-binding referendum in Denmark held in late 1916 confirmed the decision to sell by a wide margin. The U.S. took possession of the islands on March 31, 1917 a few days before the U.S entered the war. The deal was ratified and finalized on January 17, 1917, when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications. The territory was renamed the U.S. Virgin Islands.[20] U.S. citizenship was granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927.

text: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands[edit]

text: The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) was a United Nations trust territory in Micronesia (western Pacific) administered by the United States from July 18, 1947, comprising the former League of Nations Mandate administered by Japan and taken by the U.S. in 1944. The various island groupings in the Trust Territory were later divided up. The Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia achieved independence on October 21, 1986. Palau did so in 1994. All three nations signed Compacts of Free Association with the United States.

text: Mexican boundary[edit]

text:
The Boundary Treaty of 1970 transferred 823 acres (3.33 km2) of Mexican territory to the U.S., in areas near Presidio and Hidalgo, Texas, to build flood control channels. In exchange, the U.S. ceded 2,177 acres (8.81 km2) to Mexico, including five parcels near Presidio, the Horcon Tract containing the little town of Rio Rico, Texas, and Beaver Island near Roma, Texas. The last of these transfers occurred in 1977.
On November 24, 2009, the U.S. ceded 6 islands in the Rio Grande to Mexico, totaling 107.81 acres (0.4363 km2). At the same time, Mexico ceded 3 islands and 2 cuts to the U.S., totaling 63.53 acres (0.2571 km2). This transfer, which had been pending for 20 years, was the first application of Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty.
The Chamizal Treaty of 1963, which ended a hundred-year dispute between the two countries near El Paso, Texas, transferred 630 acres (2.5 km2) from the U.S. to Mexico in 1967. In return, Mexico transferred 264 acres (1.07 km2) to the U.S.
The Rio Grande Rectification Treaty of 1933 straightened and stabilized the 155 miles (249 km) of river boundary through the highly developed El Paso-Juárez Valley. Numerous parcels of land (174) were transferred between the two countries during the construction period, 1935–1938. At the end, each nation had ceded an equal area of land (2,560.5 acres (10.362 km2)) to the other.[21][22]
The Banco Convention of 1905 resulted in many exchanges of bancos (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often due to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel) between the two nations, most often in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Under the treaty, the following transfers involving Texas occurred from 1910–1976:[23]

text:
Year
# Bancos
Acres to USA
Acres to Mexico
Net total

Year
# Bancos
Acres to USA
Acres to Mexico
Net total

1910
57
5,357.2
3,101.2
2,256

1942
1
63.3
0
63.3

1912
31
1,094.4
2,343.0
1,248.6
1943
4
482.9
100.5
382.4

1928
42
3,089.9
1,407.8
1,682.1
1944
14
253.7
166.2
87.5

1930
31
4,685.6
984.3
3,701.3
1945
16
240.9
333.5
−92.6

1931
4
158.4
328.7
−170.3
1946
1
185.8
0
185.8

1932
2
159.7
0
159.7
1949
2
190.2
281.9
−91.7

1933
1
0
122.1
−122.1
1956
1
508.3
0
508.3

1934
1
278.1
0
278.1
1968
1
0
154.6
−154.6

1939
1
240.2
0
240.2
1970
21
449.8
1,881.8
−1,432

1940
2
0
209.5
−209.5
1976
6
49.2
0
49.2

1941
6
224.5
246.9
−22.4
Total
245
17,712 acres (71.68 km2)
11,662 acres (47.19 km2)
6,050 acres (24.5 km2)

text:
In 1927 under the same 1905 Convention, the U.S. acquired two bancos from Mexico at the Colorado River border with Arizona. Farmers Banco, covering 583.4 acres (2.361 km2), a part of the Cocopah Indian Reservation at 32°37′27″N 114°46′45″W / 32.62417°N 114.77917°W / 32.62417; -114.77917, was ceded to the U.S. with controversy.[24] Fain Banco (259 acres (1.05 km2)) at 32°31′32″N 114°47′28″W / 32.52556°N 114.79111°W / 32.52556; -114.79111 also became U.S. soil.
Proposed: Based on aerial surveys in 2008, there are 138 cases where the widest channel of normal flow of the Rio Grande has shifted from previous surveys. Therefore, the International Boundary Line is to be changed under Article III of the 1970 Boundary Treaty. The result is 138 proposed transfers of territory that remain pending further evaluation and approval by the International Boundary and Water Commission and the two governments. Upon resolution, the U.S. is to cede 7 islands and 60 cuts in the Rio Grande to Mexico, totaling 1,251.2 acres (5.063 km2), while Mexico is to cede 3 islands and 68 cuts to the U.S., totaling 1,275.9 acres (5.163 km2).

text: Canada[edit]

text: In 1925, to correct an unintended effect from an earlier treaty, the U.S. ceded to Canada two enclaves comprising two and one-half acres of water territory in the Lake of the Woods.[7][25]

text: Northern Mariana Islands[edit]

text: The Northern Mariana Islands were part of the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands but decided in the 1970s not to seek independence. The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in political union with the United States was established in 1978.

text: Ryukyu Islands[edit]

text: The United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands (琉球列島米国軍政府 Ryūkyū-rettō Beikoku Gunseifu) was the government in Okinawa, Japan from 1945 to 1950, whereupon it was replaced by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands from 1950 until 1972.

text: South Korea[edit]

text: The United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK; Korean: 재조선 미육군 사령부 군정청; Hanja: 在朝鮮美陸軍司令部軍政廳) was the official ruling body of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula from September 8, 1945 to August 15, 1948.


document_title: The Bold and the Beautiful cast members

question_text: who is jared on the bold and the beautiful

text: The Bold and the Beautiful cast members

text: Current cast members

text: Main cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration
Ref

Darin Brooks
Wyatt Spencer
2013–
[4]

Kimberlin Brown
Sheila Carter
1992–98, 2002–03, 2017–
[5][6]

Scott Clifton
Liam Spencer
2010–
[7]

Don Diamont
Bill Spencer, Jr.
2009–
[8]

Reign Edwards
Nicole Avant
2015–
[9]

Thorsten Kaye
Ridge Forrester
2013–
[10][11]

Katherine Kelly Lang
Brooke Logan
1987–
[2]

John McCook
Eric Forrester
1987–
[3]

Alley Mills
Pamela Douglas
2006–
[12]

Karla Mosley
Maya Avant
2013–
[13]

Annika Noelle
Hope Logan
2018–
[14][15][16]

Ingo Rademacher
Thorne Forrester
2017–
[17][18]

Nia Sioux
Emma
2018–
[19]

Rena Sofer
Quinn Fuller
2013–
[20]

Aaron D. Spears
Justin Barber
2009–
[21][22]

Heather Tom
Katie Logan
2007–
[23]

Anthony Turpel
R.J. Forrester
2016–
[24]

Jacqueline MacInnes Wood
Steffy Forrester
2008–13, 2015–
[25][26][27]

text: Recurring cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration
Ref

Zane Alexander Achor
Will Spencer
2013–

Obba Babatundé
Julius Avant
2015–
[28]

Ian Buchanan
Dr. James Warwick
1993–99, 2004, 2007–11, 2017–
[29][30]

Mick Cain
C.J. Garrison
1997–2004, 2007, 2010, 2017–

Crystal Chappell
Danielle Spencer
2012–
[31]

Dick Christie
Charlie Webber
2013–

Othello Clark
Othello
2011–
[32]

Andrew Collins
Jarrett Maxwell
2004–
[33]

Zack Conroy
Oliver Jones
2010–
[34]

Jennifer Gareis
Donna Logan
2006–
[35]

Linsey Godfrey
Caroline Spencer
2012–
[36]

Courtney Grosbeck
Coco Spectra
2017–
[37]

Theodora Greece
Alison Montgomery
2011–

Jacqueline Hahn
Dr. Caspary
2005–

Jon Hensley
Dr. Meade
2012–
[38]

Anna Maria Horsford
Vivienne Avant
2015–
[28]

Dan Martin
Lieutenant Baker
1997–
[33]

Chris McKenna
Dr. Hayden
2016–
[39][40]

Zach Rance
Zach
2014–
[41]

Lawrence Saint-Victor
Carter Walton
2013–
[42]

Rodney Saulsberry
Anthony Wallace
2010–
[33]

Scott Turner Schofield
Nick
2015–
[43]

Tigerlily and Ginger Siler
Rosie Forrester
2011–

Taja V. Simpson
Adele
2012–
[44]

Hunter Tylo
Taylor Hayes
1990–2002, 2004, 2005–13, 2014, 2018–
[45]

Sandra Vergara
Theresa Corazon
2013–

Stephanie Wang
Madison Lee
2007–

Fred Willard
John Forrester
2014–
[46]

Jacob Young
Rick Forrester
1997–99, 2011–
[47][48]

Andres Zuno
Rafael
2013–

text: Cast changes

text: Returning

text:
Actor
Character
Date
Ref.

Courtney Hope
Sally Spectra
TBA
[49]

text: Former cast members

text:
Actor
Character
Duration
Ref

Marla Adams
Beth Logan
1991

Luigi Amodeo
Lorenzo Barelli
2002–03

Justin Baldoni
Graham Darros
2010

Judith Baldwin
Beth Logan
1987

Texas Battle
Marcus Forrester
2008–13

Kabir Bedi
Prince Omar Rashid
1994–95, 2005

Drew Tyler Bell
Thomas Forrester
2004–10

Brandon Beemer
Owen Knight
Casper Knight
2008–12
2009

Paulo Benedeti
Antonio Dominguez
2001–02, 2012–13, 2017

[50]

Tracey E. Bregman
Lauren Fenmore Baldwin
1992–99, 2002, 2004, 2007

Ashleigh Brewer
Ivy Forrester
2014–18
[51][52]

Peter Brown
Blake Hayes
1991–92

Sarah Joy Brown
Agnes Jones
2009–11

Agnes Bruckner
Bridget Forrester
1997–99

Sabrina Bryan
Alisa Cordova
2002

Nancy Burnett
Beth Logan
1987–89, 1994, 1996–98, 2000–01

Sarah G. Buxton
Morgan DeWitt
2000–01, 2005

Ashley Lyn Cafagna
Kimberly Fairchild
1998–2001

Brian Patrick Clarke
Storm Logan (#2)
1990–91

Robert Clary
Pierre Jourdan
1988–89

Darlene Conley
Sally Spectra
1989–2006

Felisha Cooper
Sasha Thompson
2015–17

[53]

Mace Coronel
R.J. Forrester
2013–14
[50]

Barbara Crampton
Maggie Forrester
1995–98

Patrika Darbo
Shirley Spectra
2017–18
[54][55][56]

Eileen Davidson
Ashley Abbott
2007–08

Tamara Davies
Tricia Quick
2002-03

Michelle Davison
Ruthanne Owens
1991–93, 1995, 1997

William deVry
Storm Logan
2006–08, 2012

Michael Dietz
Mark Maclaine
2002–05

Lesley-Anne Down
Jackie Marone
2003–12

Courtnee Draper
Mary Warwick
2002

Patrick Duffy
Stephen Logan
2006–11

Bobbie Eakes
Macy Alexander
1989–2000, 2001, 2002-03

Andrea Evans
Tawny Moore
1999–2000, 2010–11

Kayla Ewell
Caitlin Ramirez
2004–05

Jennifer Finnigan
Bridget Forrester
2000–03

Susan Flannery
Stephanie Forrester
1987–2012

Rome Flynn
Zende Forrester Dominguez
2015–17

[57][58]

Pierson Fodé
Thomas Forrester
2015–18
[59][60][61]

Adrienne Frantz
Amber Moore[62]
April Knight
1997–2005, 2010–12
2003

[63]

Brian Gaskill
Oscar Marone
2003–04

Bryan Genesse
Rocco Carner
1987–89, 2009

Frank and Morgan Gingerich
Jack Marone
2010–11

Ricky Paull Goldin
Jesse Graves
2013

Charles Grant
Grant Chambers
1996–98

Adam Gregory
Thomas Forrester
2010–13, 2014

Dax Griffin
Shane McGrath
2006–07

Ken Hanes
Mike Guthrie
1993–98, 2010

Winsor Harmon
Thorne Forrester
1996–2016

[64][65][66]

Emily Harrison
Bridget Forrester
2004

Rick Hearst
Whipple Jones
2002, 2009–11

Danube Hermosillo
Darlita
2017–18
[54][55][67]

Ben Hogestyn
Harry Jackson
2006

Addison Hoover
Phoebe Forrester
2005–06

Alex Hoover
Steffy Forrester
2005–06

Courtney Hope
Sally Spectra
2017–18
[54][55][68]

Jack Horan
R.J. Forrester
2011

Mykel Shannon Jenkins
Charlie Baker
2007–09, 2012

Joanna Johnson
Caroline Spencer Forrester
Karen Spencer
1987–90, 2001
1991–94, 2009, 2011–14

Ashley Jones
Bridget Forrester
2004–12, 2013, 2015, 2016

[69]

Lesli Kay
Felicia Forrester
2005–11, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016

[50]

Sean Kanan
Deacon Sharpe
2000–05, 2012, 2014–2017
[70]

Lauren Koslow
Margo Maclaine Lynley
1987–92, 2002

Lorenzo Lamas
Hector Ramirez
2004–06

Teri Ann Linn
Kristen Forrester
1987–90, 1992–94

Mario Lopez
Dr. Christian Ramirez
2006

Kyle Lowder
Rick Forrester
2007–11

Kristolyn Lloyd
Dayzee Leigh Forrester
2010–13
[71][72]

Constantine Maroulis
Constantine Parros
2007

A Martinez
Dr. Ramon Montgomery
2011–12

Joseph Mascolo
Massimo Marone
2001–06

Kim Matula
Hope Logan
2010–14, 2015, 2016

[73][74][75][76]

MacKenzie Mauzy
Phoebe Forrester
2006–08

Todd McKee
Jake Maclaine
1990–92, 2007–13, 2015–16

Daniel McVicar
Clarke Garrison
1987–92, 1996–2009

Tracy Melchior
Kristen Forrester
2001–06, 2008–09, 2012–13

[50]

Lilly Melgar
Claudia Cortez
1996-97

Ronn Moss
Ridge Forrester
1987–2012
[77][78]

Carrie Mitchum
Donna Logan
1987–91, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2001

Dylan Neal
Dylan Shaw
1994–97

Clayton Norcross
Thorne Forrester
1987–89

Ashlyn Pearce
Alexandria Forrester
2013–15

[79][80][81]

Sydney Penny
Samantha Kelly
2003–05

Robert Pine
Stephen Logan
1988, 1994, 1996, 1997–98, 2001

Lindsay Price
Michael Lai
1995–97

Usher Raymond
Raymond
1999

Robin Riker
Beth Logan
2008–10

Victor Rivers
Ricardo Montemayor
2013–14

Chris Robinson
Jack Hamilton
1992-94, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005

Gina Rodriguez
Beverly
2011–12

Jane A. Rogers
Julie DeLorean
1990–92

Antonio Sabàto Jr.
Dante Damiano
2005–06

Francisco San Martin
Mateo
2017
[82]

Colleen Dion-Scotti
Felicia Forrester
1990–92, 1997, 2004

Mary Sheldon
Donna Logan
1991

Hillary B. Smith
Dr. Stacy Barton
2012

Nancy Sloan
Katie Logan
1987–89, 1991, 1994–96, 1997–98, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004

Jim Storm
Bill Spencer, Sr.
1987–94, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2009

Michael Swan
Adam Alexander
1998–2000, 2001, 2002–03

Marissa Tait
Becky Moore
1999-2000

Justin Torkildsen
Rick Forrester
1999–2006

Jeff Trachta
Thorne Forrester
1989–96

Sandra Vidal
Sofia Alonso
2001–03

Lark Voorhies
Jasmine Malone
1995–96

Jack Wagner
Nick Marone
2003–12

Maitland Ward
Jessica Forrester
1994–96

Chris Warren Jr.
Jimmy Ramirez
2004–05

Ethan Wayne
Storm Logan
1987–89, 1994, 1997–98, 2000, 2001, 2003

Betty White
Ann Douglas
2006–07, 2008, 2009

Fred Willard
John Forrester
2014–15

Shanelle Workman
Gabriela Moreno
2005

Alex Wyse
Saul Feinberg
2017–18
[54][55][56]

text: Deceased cast members

text:
Actor
Character
Date of Death

Michael Fox
Saul Feinberg
June 1, 1996

Philip O'Brien
Minister / Rev. Marshall
January 9, 1999

Steve Allen
Himself
October 30, 2000

Lesley Woods
Grandma Helen Logan
August 2, 2003

Sandy Ward
Det. Roy Banks
March 6, 2005

Frank Gorshin
George
May 17, 2005

James Doohan
Damon Warwick
July 20, 2005 [83]

Perry Stephens
Steve Crown
September 8, 2005 [84]

Mark Roberts
Dr. Adams / Dr. Reston
January 5, 2006

Michelle Davison
Ruthanne Owens
April 2, 2006

Ric Mancini
Vendor #1
May 26, 2006

Don Snell
Clerk
December 2, 2006

Darlene Conley
Sally Spectra
January 14, 2007

Luciano Giancarlo
Waiter
July 16, 2007

Charlton Heston
Himself
April 5, 2008

Patricia Place
Nurse Busch
September 20, 2008

Richard Blackwell
Himself
October 19, 2008

Douglas Barcellos
Rico
December 24, 2008

Dick Gjonola
Wayne Garfield
October 25, 2009

Christopher Cazenove
Himself
April 7, 2010

Don Ross
Charles Barnes
January 15, 2011

Jeff Conaway
Mick Savage
May 27, 2011 [85]

Frank Marocco
Musician
March 3, 2012

Kathryn Joosten
Herself
June 2, 2012

Holly Lewis
Gladys' assistant
June 22, 2012

Phyllis Diller
Gladys Pope
August 20, 2012 [86][87]

Michael Clarke Duncan
Slash
September 3, 2012

Karen Kim
Maya
October 21, 2012

Zheng Cao
Herself
February 21, 2013

Jeanne Cooper
Katherine Chancellor
May 8, 2013

Jerry Ayres
Conway Weston, P.I.
May 14, 2013 [88]

Kirk Scott
Frank Leonard
November 16, 2013

Tony Genaro
Luis
May 7, 2014

Matthew Cowles
Curtis Love
May 22, 2014

Bern Bennett
Announcer
May 29, 2014

John Brandon
Ben Maclaine
August 25, 2014

R. J. Adams
David Johns Esq.
January 26, 2015

Jayne Meadows
Herself
April 26, 2015

John Carter
Richard Baker
May 23, 2015

Peter Brown
Blake Hayes
March 21, 2016

Anthony Addabbo
Tony "Rush" Carrera/Jonny Carrera
October 18, 2016

Joseph Mascolo
Massimo Marone
December 8, 2016

Alan Thicke
Rich Ginger
December 13, 2016

Erin Moran
Kelly DeMartin
April 22, 2017

Bruce Gray
Judge Morrissey
December 13, 2017


document_title: Mickey Mouse Clubhouse

question_text: who does the voice of mickey mouse on mickey mouse clubhouse

text: Mickey Mouse Clubhouse

text: Premise[edit]

text: Mickey, Minnie, Donald, Daisy, Goofy, Pluto, and a mechanical assistant "Mouseketool" called Toodles, interact with the viewer to stimulate problem solving during each episode's story. Disney says that each episode has the characters help children "solve a specific age-appropriate problem utilizing basic math skills, such as identifying shapes and counting through ten." The series uses "Disney Junior's 'whole child' curriculum of cognitive, social and creative learning opportunities."[1] Once the problem of the episode has been explained, Mickey invites viewers to join him at the Mousekadoer, a giant Mickey-head-shaped computer whose main function is to distribute the day's Mouseketools, a collection of objects needed to solve the day's problem, to Mickey, one of them being a "Mystery Mouskatool" represented by a question mark, which, when the words "Mystery Mouskatool" are said, and the question mark change into the The Mouseketool you get to use. Once the tools have been shown to Mickey on the Mousekadoer screen, they are quickly downloaded to Toodles, a small, Mickey-head-shaped flying extension of the Mousekedoer. By calling, "Oh Toodles!" Mickey summons him to pop up from where he is hiding and fly up to the screen so the viewer can pick which tool Mickey needs for the current situation.[2][3] The show features two original songs performed by American alternative rock band They Might Be Giants, including the opening theme song, in which a variant of a Mickey Mouse Club chant ("Meeska Mooska Mickey Mouse!") is used to summon the Clubhouse. They Might Be Giants also perform the song used at the end of the show, "Hot Dog!" which echoes Mickey's first spoken words in the 1929 short The Karnival Kid. This is the first time the major Disney characters have regularly appeared on television in computer-animated form. The characters debuted in CG form in 2003 at the Magic Kingdom theme park attraction Mickey's PhilharMagic, then in the 2004 home video Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main Cast[edit]

text:
Wayne Allwine as Mickey Mouse and Martian Mickey (2006-09)
Bret Iwan as Mickey Mouse, Martian Mickey, and Count Mickula (2009-16)
Russi Taylor as Minnie Mouse, Martian Minnie, and Quoodles
Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck
Tress MacNeille as Daisy Duck, Chip, Baby Red Bird, and Mommy Red Bird
Bill Farmer as Goofy, Pluto, Goofbot, and Goofles
Rob Paulsen as Toodles

text: Recurring Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Cummings as Pete
Corey Burton as Ludwig Von Drake and Dale
April Winchell as Clarabelle Cow
Dee Bradley Baker as Boo Boo Chicken, Santa Claus and Coco the monkey
Frank Welker as Figaro, Butch the Bulldog, and Mr. Pettibone
Will Ryan as Willie the Giant
Nika Futterman as the Singing Lock

text: Guest Cast[edit]

text:
Maurice LaMarche as Mortimer Mouse
Dick Van Dyke as Captain Goof-Beard
Grace Kaufman as Melody Mouse
Chloë Grace Moretz as Boodles
Avalon Robbins as Millie Mouse
David Tennant as Igor the Door

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Home media releases[edit]

text:
Title
Episodes
Release Date
UPC

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Mickey Saves Santa
Mickey Saves Santa
Goofy's Bird
Mickey-Goes-Seek
November 14, 2006
786936704266

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Mickey's Great Clubhouse Hunt
Mickey's Great Clubhouse Hunt (double length)
Donald's Hiccups (bonus episode)
March 20, 2007
786936715149

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Mickey's Treat
Mickey's Treat
Goofy the Grape
Doctor Daisy, M.D.
August 28, 2007
786936743548

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Mickey's Storybook Surprises
Minnie's Mystery
Donald the Frog Prince
Minnie Red Riding Hood
Sleeping Minnie
February 24, 2009
786936764581

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Mickey's Big Splash[4]
Donald's Ducks
Pluto's Bubble Bath
Mickey Goes Fishing
Pete's Beach Blanket Luau
October 5, 2009
786936789355

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Mickey's Adventures in Wonderland
Mickey's Adventures In Wonderland
Goofy Goes Goofy
December 1, 2009
786936746792

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Choo-Choo Express[5]
Choo-Choo Express
Mickey's Big Job
December 9, 2009
786936787849

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Minnie's Bow-Tique
Minnie's Pajama Party
Minnie's Bow-Tique
Minnie's Bee Story
Minnie's Picnic
February 9, 2010
786936796445

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Road Rally (71 min)
Road Rally
Pluto Lends a Paw
September 7, 2010
786936804225

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Numbers Round-Up
Mickey's Round-Up
Daisy Bo-Peep
Mickey's Big Surprise
Super Goof's Super Puzzle
Mickey's Show and Tell
November 16, 2010
786936804348

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Minnie's Masquerade
Minnie's Masquerade
Minnie's Mouseke-Calendar
A Surprise For Minnie
Secret Spy Daisy
The Friendship Team
February 8, 2011
786936804468

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Mickey's Great Outdoors
Mickey's Camp Out
Mickey and Minnie's Jungle Safari
Mickey's Fishy Story (bonus episode)
Daisy in the Sky
Daisy's Grasshopper
May 24, 2011
786936813869

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Space Adventure
Space Adventure
Goofy's Thinking Cap
November 8, 2011
918968246810

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: I Heart Minnie
Episode 010 – Minnie's Birthday
Episode 011 – Daisy's Dance
Episode 035 – Daisy's Pet Project
Episode 053 – Minnie's Rainbow
Episode 093 – Minnie and Daisy's Flower Shower
February 7, 2012
786936819717

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Mickey & Donald Have a Farm
Episode 100 – Mickey and Donald Have A Farm
Episode 027 – Goofy's Petting Zoo
Episode 062 – Clarabelle's Clubhouse Mooo-sical
Episode 030 – Goofy the Home Maker
Episode 081 – Donald Hatches an Egg
December 11, 2012
786936832358

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Quest for the Crystal Mickey
Episode 101 – Quest For the Crystal Mickey
Episode 074 – Donald of the Desert
Episode 097 – Donald the Genie
Episode 059 – Goofy's Coconutty Monkey
Episode 073 – Goofy's Giant Adventure
May 21, 2013
786936834055

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Minnie's the Wizard of Dizz
Episode 103 – Minnie's the Wizard of Dizz
Episode 087 – The Golden Boo Boo
Episode 092 – Goofy's Gone
Ten episodes of "Minnie's Bow-Toons"
February 5, 2013
786936832396

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Super Adventure!
Episode 105 – Super Adventure
Episode 082 – Aye, Aye, Captain Mickey
Episode 083 – Mickey's Mousekersize
Episode 095 – Mickey's Little Parade
December 3, 2013
786936838121

Mickey Mouse Clubhouse: Around the Clubhouse World
Episode 115 – Around the Clubhouse World
Episode 006 – Donald and the Beanstalk
Episode 008 – Goofy On Mars
Episode 029 – Mickey's Handy Helpers
Episode 094 – Pluto's Dinosaur Romp
February 11, 2014
786936837247

text: Production[edit]

text: Bill Farmer, the voice actor for Goofy and Pluto, stated in February 2014 that the recording of dialogue for new episodes has ceased, but that "it will be quite a while before the show runs out of new episodes for TV. We have been on the air consistently since 2006 and we started recording in 2004. So there is always a long lead-in time between recording and seeing it on TV. So don’t worry more is still to come, we just are not making any more."[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Mickey Mouse Clubhouse received mixed to positive reviews, Common Sense Media rated the show a 4 out of 5 stars, stating "Parents need to know that Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is a lively series designed to help preschoolers acquire problem-solving and early mathematics skills -- and does so in a fun, exciting way. Although the show is very learning-focused, it's engaging without being intimidating."[7]

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: Minnie's Bow-Toons[edit]

text: Minnie's Bow-Toons is a spinoff series which premiered in the fall of 2011 on Disney Channel. It usually airs in the daytime Disney Junior programming block for younger audiences. It is based on the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse episode "Minnie's Bow-tique" and depicts Minnie's continuing adventures in business as proprietor of her own store which makes and sells bows for apparel and interior decoration. She interacts with many of the characters seen in the Mickey Mouse Clubhouse series.

text: Mickey and the Roadster Racers[edit]

text: A second spin-off, Mickey and the Roadster Racers, debuted in January 2017. [8][9]