document_title: CN Tower

question_text: how many steps does the cn tower have

question_tokens: how many steps does the cn tower have

text: CN Tower

text: History

text: The idea of the CN Tower originated in 1968 when the Canadian National Railway wanted to build a large TV and radio communication platform to serve the Toronto area, as well as demonstrate the strength of Canadian industry and CN in particular. These plans evolved over the next few years, and the project became official in 1972.

text: The tower would have been part of Metro Centre (see CityPlace), a large development south of Front Street on the Railway Lands, a large railway switching yard that was being made redundant by newer yards outside the city. Key project team members were NCK Engineering as structural engineer; John Andrews Architects; Webb, Zerafa, Menkes, Housden Architects; Foundation Building Construction; and Canron (Eastern Structural Division).[5][6][9]

text: As Toronto grew rapidly during the late 1960s and early 1970s, multiple skyscrapers were constructed in the downtown core, most notably First Canadian Place. The reflective nature of the new buildings compromised the quality of broadcast signals necessitating new, higher antennas that were at least 300 m (980 ft) tall.

text: At the time, most data communications took place over point-to-point microwave links, whose dish antennae covered the roofs of large buildings. As each new skyscraper was added to the downtown, former line-of-sight links were no longer possible. CN intended to rent "hub" space for microwave links, visible from almost any building in the Toronto area.

text: The CN Tower can be seen from at least as far away as Kennedy Street in Aurora, Ontario, approximately 40 km (25 mi) to the north, 60 km (37 mi) east of Toronto, in Oshawa, and from several points on the south shore of Lake Ontario, 48 km (30 mi) to the south in the U.S. state of New York.[7][9]

text: The original plan for the tower envisioned a tripod consisting of three independent cylindrical "pillars" linked at various heights by structural bridges. Had it been built, this design would have been considerably shorter, with the metal antenna located roughly where the concrete section between the main level and the SkyPod lies today. As the design effort continued, it evolved into the current design with a single continuous hexagonal core to the SkyPod, with three support legs blended into the hexagon below the main level, forming a large Y-shape structure at the ground level.[9][19]

text: The idea for the main level in its current form evolved around this time, but the Space Deck (now named SkyPod) was not part of the plans until some time later. One engineer in particular felt that visitors would feel the higher observation deck would be worth paying extra for, and the costs in terms of construction were not prohibitive. It was also some time around this point that it was realized that the tower could become the world's tallest structure, and plans were changed to incorporate subtle modifications throughout the structure to this end.[9][19]

text: Construction

text: Construction on the CN Tower began on February 6, 1973, with massive excavations at the tower base for the foundation. By the time the foundation was complete, 56,000 t (61,729 short tons; 55,116 long tons) of earth and shale were removed to a depth of 15 m (49.2 ft) in the centre, and a base incorporating 7,000 m3 (9,156 cu yd) of concrete with 450 t (496 short tons; 443 long tons) of rebar and 36 t (40 short tons; 35 long tons) of steel cable had been built to a thickness of 6.7 m (22.0 ft). This portion of the construction was fairly rapid, with only four months needed between the start and the foundation being ready for construction on top.[19]

text: To create the main support pillar, workers constructed a hydraulically raised slipform at the base. This was a fairly unprecedented engineering feat on its own, consisting of a large metal platform that raised itself on jacks at about 6 m (19.7 ft) per day as the concrete below set. Concrete was poured continuously by a team of 1,532 people until February 22, 1974, during which it had already become the tallest structure in Canada, surpassing the recently built Inco Superstack in Sudbury, which was built using similar methods.

text: In total, the tower contains 40,500 m3 (52,972 cu yd) of concrete, all of which was mixed on-site in order to ensure batch consistency. Through the pour, the vertical accuracy of the tower was maintained by comparing the slip form's location to massive plumb bobs hanging from it, observed by small telescopes from the ground. Over the height of the tower, it varies from true vertical accuracy by only 29 mm (1.1 in).[9][19]

text: In August 1974, construction of the main level commenced. Using 45 hydraulic jacks attached to cables strung from a temporary steel crown anchored to the top of the tower, twelve giant steel and wooden bracket forms were slowly raised, ultimately taking about a week to crawl up to their final position. These forms were used to create the brackets that support the main level, as well as a base for the construction of the main level itself. The Space Deck (currently named SkyPod) was built of concrete poured into a wooden frame attached to rebar at the lower level deck, and then reinforced with a large steel compression band around the outside.[19]

text: The antenna was originally to be raised by crane as well, but during construction the Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane helicopter became available when the United States Army sold one to civilian operators. The helicopter, named "Olga", was first used to remove the crane, and then flew the antenna up in 36 sections.

text: The flights of the antenna pieces were a minor tourist attraction of their own, and the schedule was printed in the local newspapers. Use of the helicopter saved months of construction time, with this phase taking only three and a half weeks instead of the planned six months. The tower was topped-off on April 2, 1975, after 26 months of construction, officially capturing the height record from Moscow's Ostankino Tower, and bringing the total mass to 118,000 t (130,073 short tons; 116,136 long tons).

text: Two years into the construction, plans for Metro Centre were scrapped, leaving the tower isolated on the Railway Lands in what was then a largely abandoned light-industrial space. This caused serious problems for tourists to access the tower. Ned Baldwin, project architect with John Andrews, wrote at the time that "All of the logic which dictated the design of the lower accommodation has been upset," and that "Under such ludicrous circumstances Canadian National would hardly have chosen this location to build."[20]

text: Phases of construction

text:
Constructing the base, July 1973

Brackets being raised, August 1974

Helicopter lifting part of antenna, March 1975

Main pod construction, April 1975

Nearing completion, December 1975

Two months after opening, August 1976

text: Architects

text:
WZMH Architects
John Hamilton Andrews
Webb Zerafa
Menkes Housden with the help of E.R. Baldwin

text: Opening

text: The CN Tower opened to the public on June 26, 1976.[21] The construction costs of approximately CA$63 million ($260 million in 2016 dollars)[22] were repaid in fifteen years. Canadian National Railway sold the tower prior to taking the company private in 1995, when it decided to divest all operations not directly related to its core freight shipping businesses.

text: From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s, the CN Tower was practically the only development along Front Street West; it was still possible to see Lake Ontario from the foot of the CN Tower due to the expansive parking lots and lack of development in the area at the time. As the area around the tower was developed, particularly with the completion of the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in 1984 and the SkyDome in 1989 (renamed Rogers Centre in 2005), the former Railway Lands were redeveloped and the tower became the centre of a newly developing entertainment area. Access was greatly improved with the construction of the SkyWalk in 1989, which connected the tower and SkyDome to the nearby Union Station railway and subway station, and, in turn, to the city's PATH underground pedestrian system. By the mid-1990s, it was the centre of a thriving tourist district. The entire area continues to be an area of intense building, notably a boom in condominium construction in the first two decades of the 21st century, as well as the 2013 opening of the Ripley's Aquarium by the base of the tower.[7][9][19]

text: Events

text:
While still under construction, the CN Tower officially became the world's tallest free-standing structure on March 31, 1975.[3]
When the CN Tower opened in 1976, there were three public observation points: the SkyPod (then known as the Space Deck) that stands at 447 m (1,467 ft), the Indoor Observation Level (later named Indoor Lookout Level) at 346 m (1,135 ft), and the Outdoor Observation Terrace (at the same level as the Glass Floor) at 342 m (1,122 ft).[7][19] One floor above the Indoor Observation Level was the Top of Toronto Restaurant, which completed a revolution once every 90 minutes.
Stuntman Dar Robinson jumped off of the CN Tower on two occasions in 1979 and 1980. The first was for a scene from the movie Highpoint, in which Robinson received $250,000 for the stunt. The second was for a personal documentary. Both stunts used a wire decelerator attached to his back.[23]
On June 26, 1986, the ten-year anniversary of the tower's opening, high-rise firefighting and rescue advocate Dan Goodwin, in a sponsored publicity event, used his hands and feet to climb the outside of the tower, a feat he performed twice on the same day. Following both ascents, he used multiple rappels to descend to the ground.[24]
The Glass Floor, at an elevation of 342 m (1,122 ft), opened to the public on June 26, 1994.[19]
From 1997 to January 2004, TrizecHahn Corporation managed the tower and instituted several expansion projects including a C$26 million entertainment expansion and revitalization that included the 1997 addition of two new elevators (to a total of six) and the consequential relocation of the staircase from the north side leg to inside the core of the building, a conversion that also added nine stairs to the climb. TrizecHahn also owned the Willis Tower (Sears Tower at the time) in Chicago approximately at the same time.
In 2007, light-emitting diode (LED) lights replaced the incandescent lights that lit the CN Tower at night, the reason cited that LED lights are more cost and energy efficient than the incandescent lights. The colour of the LED lights can change, compared to the constant white colour of the incandescent lights.
On September 12, 2007, Burj Khalifa, then under construction, surpassed the CN Tower as the world's tallest free-standing structure.[25]
In 2008, glass panels were installed in one of the CN Tower elevators, which established a world record (346 m) for highest glass floor panelled elevator in the world.
The CN Tower was closed during the G20 summit on June 26–27, 2010, for security reasons, given its proximity to the Metro Toronto Convention Centre.
In 2011, EdgeWalk (where at an elevation of 356 metres (1,168 ft), visitors tethered to an overhead rail system can walk on the roof of the main pod) opened to the public.[19]
On July 10, 2015, the CN Tower was incorporated into the opening ceremony of the 2015 Pan American Games. A pre-recorded segment featured Bruny Surin passing the flame to Donovan Bailey on the EdgeWalk and parachuting into Rogers Centre. A fireworks display off the tower served as the ceremony's finale.
On July 1, 2017, as part of the nationwide celebrations for Canada 150, fireworks were once again shot from the tower, in a five-minute display coordinated with the tower lights and music broadcast on a local radio station.

text: Structure

text: The CN Tower consists of several substructures. The main portion of the tower is a hollow concrete hexagonal pillar containing the stairwells and power and plumbing connections. The Tower's six elevators are located in the three inverted angles created by the Tower's hexagonal shape (two elevators per angle). Each of the three elevator shafts is lined with glass, allowing for views of the city as the glass-windowed elevators make their way through the Tower. The stairwell was originally located in one of these angles (the one facing north), but was moved into the central hollow of the Tower; the Tower's new fifth and sixth elevators were placed in the hexagonal angle that once contained the stairwell. On top of the main concrete portion of the Tower is a 102-metre (334.6 ft) tall metal broadcast antenna, carrying TV and radio signals. There are three visitor areas: the Glass Floor and Outdoor Observation Terrace which are both located at an elevation of 342 metres (1,122 ft), the Indoor Lookout Level (formerly known as "Indoor Observation Level") located at 346 metres (1,135 ft), and the higher SkyPod (formerly known as "Space Deck") at 446.5 metres (1,465 ft),[26] just below the metal antenna. The hexagonal shape can be seen between the two areas; however, below the main deck, three large supporting legs give the tower the appearance of a large tripod.

text: The main deck level is seven storeys, some of which are open to the public. Below the public areas — at 338 m (1,108.9 ft) — is a large white donut-shaped radome containing the structure's microwave receivers. The glass floor and outdoor observation deck are at 342 metres (1,122.0 ft). The glass floor has an area of 24 m2 (258 sq ft) and can withstand a pressure of 4,100 kilopascals (595 psi). The floor's thermal glass units are 64 mm (2.5 in) thick, consisting of a pane of 25-millimetre (1.0 in) laminated glass, 25 mm (1.0 in) airspace and a pane of 13 mm (0.5 in) laminated glass. Some people experience acrophobia when standing on the glass floor and looking down at the ground 342 m (1,122.0 ft) below. In 2008, one elevator was upgraded to add a glass floor panel, believed to have the highest vertical rise of any elevator equipped with this feature.[27] The Horizons Cafe and the lookout level are at 346 metres (1,135.2 ft). The 360 Restaurant, a revolving restaurant that completes a full rotation once every 72 minutes, is at 351 m (1,151.6 ft). When the tower first opened, it also featured a disco named Sparkles (at the Indoor Observation Level), billed as the highest disco and dance floor in the world.[28]

text: The SkyPod was once the highest public observation deck in the world until it was surpassed by the Shanghai World Financial Center in 2008.[29]

text: A metal staircase reaches the main deck level after 1,776 steps,[7][30] and the SkyPod 100 m (328 ft) above after 2,579 steps; it is the tallest metal staircase on Earth. These stairs are intended for emergency use only and are not open to the public, except for two times per year for charity stair-climb events.[8][8][31] The average climber takes approximately 30 minutes to climb to the base of the radome, but the fastest climb on record is 7 minutes and 52 seconds in 1989 by Brendan Keenoy, an Ontario Provincial Police officer.[31] In 2002, Canadian Olympian and Paralympic champion Jeff Adams climbed the stairs of the tower in a specially designed wheelchair. The stairs were originally on one of the three sides of the tower (facing north), with a glass view, but these were later replaced with the third elevator pair and the stairs were moved to the inside of the core.[30] Top climbs on the new, windowless stairwell used since around 2003 have generally been over ten minutes.[32]

text:
Inside 360 Restaurant

Main Pod

Cross-section of Main Pod

Standing on glass floor

View though glass floor

text: EdgeWalk

text: On August 1, 2011, the CN Tower opened the EdgeWalk, an amusement in which thrill-seekers can walk on and around the roof of the main pod of the tower at 356 m (1,168.0 ft), which is directly above the 360 Restaurant.[33] It is the world's highest full-circle, hands-free walk. Visitors are tethered to an overhead rail system and walk around the edge of the CN Tower's main pod above the 360 Restaurant on a 1.5 m (4.9 ft) metal floor.[34] The attraction is closed throughout the winter season and during periods of electrical storms and high winds.

text: One of the notable guests who visited EdgeWalk includes Canadian comedian Rick Mercer, as featured on his CBC Television news parody show, Rick Mercer Report. He was accompanied by Canadian pop singer Jann Arden.[35]

text: Falling ice danger

text: A freezing rain storm on March 2, 2007, resulted in a layer of ice several centimetres thick forming on the side of the tower and other downtown buildings. The sun thawed the ice, and winds of up to 90 km/h (56 mph) blew some of it away from the structure. There were fears that cars and windows of nearby buildings would be smashed by large chunks of ice. In response, police closed some streets surrounding the tower. During morning rush hour on March 5 of the same year, police expanded the area of closed streets to include the Gardiner Expressway 310 metres (1,017 ft) away from the tower, as increased winds blew the ice farther away, as far north as King Street, 490 m (1,608 ft) away, where a taxicab window was shattered.

text: Subsequently, on March 6, 2007, the Gardiner Expressway reopened after winds abated.[36]

text: Safety features

text: In August 2000, a fire broke out at the Ostankino Tower in Moscow killing three people and causing extensive damage. The fire was blamed on poor maintenance and outdated equipment. The failure of the fire-suppression systems and the lack of proper equipment for firefighters allowed the fire to destroy most of the interior and spark fears the tower might even collapse.

text: The Ostankino Tower was completed nine years before the CN Tower, and is only 13 m (43 ft) shorter.[37] The parallels between the towers led to some concern that the CN Tower could be at risk of a similar tragedy. However, Canadian officials subsequently stated that it is "highly unlikely" that a similar disaster could occur at the CN Tower, as it has important safeguards that were not present in the Ostankino Tower. Specifically, officials cited:

text:
the fireproof building materials used in the tower's construction,
frequent and stringent safety inspections,
an extensive sprinkler system,
a 24-hour emergency monitoring operation,
two 68,160-litre (15,000-imperial gallon; 18,006-US gallon) water reservoirs at the top, which are automatically replenished,
a fire hose at the base of the structure capable of sending 2725 litres (600 imperial gallons; 720 US Gallon) a minute to any location in the tower,
a ban on natural gas appliances anywhere in the tower (including the restaurant in the main pod),
an elevator that can be used during a fire as it runs up the outside of the building and can be powered by three emergency generators at the base of the structure (unlike the elevator at the Ostankino Tower, which malfunctioned).[38]

text: Officials also noted that the CN Tower has an excellent safety record, although there was an electrical fire in the antennae on August 16, 2017 — the tower's first fire.[38][39][40][41] Moreover, other supertall structures built between 1967 and 1976 — such as the Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower), the World Trade Center (until its destruction on September 11, 2001), the Fernsehturm Berlin, the Aon Center, the John Hancock Center, and First Canadian Place — also have excellent safety records, which suggests that the Ostankino Tower accident was a rare safety failure, and that the likelihood of similar events occurring at other supertall structures is extremely low.

text: Lighting

text: The CN Tower was originally lit at night with incandescent lights, which were removed in 1997, because they were inefficient and expensive to repair. In June 2007, the tower was outfitted with 1,330 super-bright LED lights inside the elevator shafts, shooting over the main pod and upward to the top of the tower's mast to light the tower from dusk until 2 a.m. The official opening ceremony took place on June 28 before the Canada Day holiday weekend.

text: The tower changes its lighting scheme on holidays and to commemorate major events. After the 95th Grey Cup in Toronto, the tower was lit in green and white to represent the colours of the Grey Cup champion Saskatchewan Roughriders.[42] From sundown on August 27, 2011, to sunrise the following day, the tower was lit in orange, the official colour of the New Democratic Party (NDP), to commemorate the death of federal NDP leader and leader of the official opposition Jack Layton.[43] When former South African president Nelson Mandela died, the tower was lit in the colours of the South African flag. When former federal finance minister under Stephen Harper's Conservatives Jim Flaherty died, the tower was lit in green to reflect his Irish Canadian heritage. On the night of the attacks on Paris on November 13, 2015, the tower displayed the colours of the French flag.

text: Programmed from a desktop computer with a wireless network interface controller in Burlington, Ontario, the LEDs use less energy to light than the previous incandescent lights (10% less energy than the dimly lit version and 60% less than the brightly lit version).[44] The estimated cost to use the LEDs is $1,000 per month.

text: During the spring and autumn bird migration seasons, the lights would be turned off to comply with the voluntary Fatal Light Awareness Program, which "encourages buildings to dim unnecessary exterior lighting to mitigate bird mortality during spring and summer migration."[45]

text:
Date
Colour
Occasion

Ongoing
Red and White
Top of the hour CN Tower light show

January 26
Light Blue and Yellow
World Alzheimer Day

February 4
Orange and Blue
World Cancer Day

February 14
Red
Valentine's Day

March 17
Green
Saint Patrick's Day

March 21–June 20
Decreased Lighting
Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during spring bird migration

September 23–December 20
Decreased Lighting
Bird Migration - Lighting is decreased during autumn bird migration

December
Red and Green
Season's Greetings

December 1
Red
World AIDS Day

December 6
Purple
White Ribbon Day

December 10
Yellow
Human Rights Day

December 21
Blue and White
First Day of Winter

December 31
Countdown to 2019 and Light Show
New Year's Eve

text: Height comparisons

text: The CN Tower is the tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere. As of 2013, there are only two other freestanding structures in the Western Hemisphere which exceed 500 m (1,640.4 ft) in height; the Willis Tower in Chicago, which stands at 527 m (1,729.0 ft) when measured to its pinnacle; and the topped-out One World Trade Center in New York City, which has a pinnacle height of 541.33 m (1,776.0 ft), or approximately 12 m (39.4 ft) shorter than the CN Tower. Due to the symbolism of the number 1776 (the year of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence), the height of One World Trade Center is unlikely to be increased. The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower, but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession, and was eventually cancelled in 2010.[46]

text: Height distinction debate

text: "World's Tallest Tower" title

text: Guinness World Records has called the CN Tower "the world's tallest self-supporting tower" and "the world's tallest free-standing tower".[47][48] Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading "tallest building" at least once,[48] it has also listed it under "tallest tower", omitting it from its list of "tallest buildings."[47] In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to "World's Tallest Building and Freestanding Structure". Emporis and the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat both listed the CN Tower as the world's tallest free-standing structure on land, and specifically state that the CN Tower is not a true building, thereby awarding the title of world's tallest building to Taipei 101, which is 44 metres (144 ft) shorter than the CN Tower.[18][49] The issue of what was tallest became moot when Burj Khalifa, then under construction, exceeded the height of the CN Tower in 2007 (see below).

text: Although the CN Tower contains a restaurant, a gift shop and multiple observation levels, it does not have floors continuously from the ground, and therefore it is not considered a building by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) or Emporis. CTBUH defines a building as "a structure that is designed for residential, business, or manufacturing purposes. An essential characteristic of a building is that it has floors."[49] The CN Tower and other similar structures—such as the Ostankino Tower in Moscow, Russia; the Oriental Pearl Tower in Shanghai, China; the Stratosphere Tower in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA; and the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France—are categorized as "towers", which are free-standing structures that may have observation decks and a few other habitable levels, but do not have floors from the ground up. The CN Tower was the tallest tower by this definition, until 2010 (see below).[18]

text: Taller than the CN Tower are numerous radio masts and towers, which are held in place by guy-wires, the tallest being the KVLY-TV mast in Blanchard, North Dakota, USA at 628 metres (2,060 ft) tall, leading to a distinction between these and "free-standing" structures. Additionally, the Petronius Platform stands 610 metres (2,001 ft) above its base on the bottom of the Gulf of Mexico, but only the top 75 metres (246 ft) of this oil and natural gas platform are above water, and the structure is thus partially supported by its buoyancy. Like the CN Tower, none of these taller structures are commonly considered buildings.

text: On September 12, 2007, Burj Khalifa, which is a hotel, residential and commercial building in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and was formerly known as Burj Dubai before opening, passed the CN Tower's 553.33-metre[9] height. The CN Tower held the record of tallest free-standing structure on land for over 30 years.[25]

text: After Burj Khalifa had been formally recognized by the Guinness World Records as the world's tallest freestanding structure, Guinness re-certified CN Tower as the world's tallest freestanding tower.[50] The tower definition used by Guinness was defined by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat as 'a building in which less than 50% of the construction is usable floor space'. Guinness World Records editor-in-chief Craig Glenday announced that Burj Khalifa was not classified as a tower because it has too much usable floor space to be considered to be a tower.[51] CN Tower still held world records for highest above ground wine cellar (in 360 Restaurant) at 351 metres, highest above ground restaurant at 346 metres (Horizons Restaurant),[52] and tallest free-standing concrete tower during Guinness's recertification. The CN Tower was surpassed in 2009 by the Canton Tower in Guangzhou, China, which stands at 604 metres (1,982 ft) tall, as the world's tallest tower; which in turn was surpassed by the Tokyo Skytree in 2011, which currently is the tallest tower at 634.0 metres (2,080.1 ft) in height.[13][53] The CN Tower, as of 2017, stands as the eighth-tallest free-standing structure on land in the world and the third-tallest free-standing tower.[1]

text: Height records

text: Since the construction of the tower had been completed, it has gained the following world height records:[3]

text:
Record
Owner
Value
Time period
Succeeded by

World's tallest free-standing structure
CN Tower
553.33 metres (1,815.4 ft)
March 31, 1975 to September 12, 2007
Burj Khalifa

World's tallest tower
CN Tower
553.33 metres (1,815.4 ft)
1975 to 2009
Canton Tower

World's highest public observation gallery
SkyPod
447 metres (1,467 ft)

World's highest glass floor paneled elevator
CN Tower
346 metres (1,135 ft)
2008 to present
—

World's longest metal staircase
CN Tower
2,579 steps

World's highest glass floor
CN Tower
342 metres (1,122 ft)
2008 to July 2, 2009
Willis Tower

World's highest and largest revolving restaurant
360 Restaurant
351 metres (1,152 ft)

World's highest bar
Horizons Restaurant
346 metres (1,135 ft)
September 21, 2009 to present
—

World's highest wine cellar
360 Restaurant
351 metres (1,152 ft)

text: Use

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2014)

text: The CN Tower has been and continues to be used as a communications tower for a number of different media and by numerous companies.

text: Television broadcasters

text:
VHF
UHF
Virtual
Callsign
Affiliation
Branding

9
—
9.1
CFTO-DT
CTV
CTV Toronto

—
19
19.1
CICA-DT
TVOntario
TVO

—
20
5.1
CBLT-DT
CBC Television
CBC Toronto

—
25
25.1
CBLFT-DT
Ici Radio-Canada Télé
ICI Toronto

—
40
40.1
CJMT-DT
Omni Television
Omni.2

—
41
41.1
CIII-DT-41
Global
Global Toronto

—
44
57.1
CITY-DT
City
City Toronto

—
47
47.1
CFMT-DT
Omni Television
Omni.1

text: Radio

text: There is no AM broadcasting on the CN Tower.[54] The FM antennas are situated 421 metres (1,381 ft) above ground.

text:
Frequency
kW
Callsign[55]
Branding
Notes

91.1 MHz
40
CJRT
JAZZ.FM91

94.1 MHz
38
CBL
CBC Radio 2

97.3 MHz
28.9
CHBM
boom 97.3

98.1 MHz
44
CHFI
98.1 CHFI

99.9 MHz
40
CKFM
Virgin Radio 99.9FM

100.7 MHz
4
CHIN
CHIN Radio
Primarily in Italian and Portuguese

102.1 MHz
35
CFNY
102.1 the Edge

104.5 MHz
40
CHUM
104.5 CHUM FM

107.1 MHz
40
CILQ
Classic Rock Q 107

text: Cellular and paging providers

text:
Bell Mobility[citation needed]
Motorola[citation needed]
Rogers Wireless[citation needed]

text: Communications

text:
Bell Canada
Toronto Transit Commission
Amateur radio repeaters "2-Tango" (VHF) and "4-Tango" (440/70 cm UHF) — owned and operated by the Toronto FM Communications Society, under callsign VE3TWR[56]

text: Mascot

text: The CN Tower has its own mascot, which resembles the tower itself.[57]


document_title: Live in the City of Light

question_text: simple minds live in the city of light album cover

root

text: Live in the City of Light

text: Release details[edit]

text: Live In The City Of Light was released as a double vinyl album with the band's logo in gold lettering over black sleeve. The package featured a 12" x 12" attached giant-sized booklet with state-of-the-art photography of the band's performance and outdoor session pictures. This art could not be reproduced faithfully on later CD releases (an original 1st pressing on double-fat jewel case and the USA version packaged in a long box on two separate discs).

tag: p

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks recorded live on 12/13 August 1986 at Le Zénith, Paris, France except "Someone, Somewhere In Summertime" recorded live on October (24 or 30) 1986 at the Entertainment Centre, Sydney, Australia.[citation needed]

text: Side one[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Ghost Dancing"
7:22

2.
"Big Sleep"
4:27

3.
"Waterfront"
5:21

4.
"Promised You a Miracle"
4:38

tag: table

text: Side two[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

5.
"Someone Somewhere In Summertime"
5:59

6.
"Oh Jungleland"
6:35

7.
"Alive and Kicking"
6:27

text: Side three[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

8.
"Don't You (Forget About Me)"
6:37

9.
"Once Upon a Time"
6:06

10.
"Book of Brilliant Things"
4:53

11.
"East at Easter"
4:20

text: Side four[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

12.
"Sanctify Yourself"
7:06

13.
"Love Song" - "Sun City" - "Dance to the Music""
7:02

14.
"New Gold Dream (81/82/83/84)"
5:31


document_title: East African Community

question_text: when did south sudan join east african community

text: East African Community

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda have cooperated with each other since the early 20th century. The customs union between Kenya and Uganda in 1917, which Tanganyika joined in 1927, was followed by the East African High Commission (EAHC) from 1948 to 1961, the East African Common Services Organization (EACSO) from 1961 to 1967, and the 1967 to 1977 EAC.[9] Burundi and Rwanda joined the EAC on 6 July 2009.[10]

text: Inter-territorial co-operation between the Kenya Colony, the Uganda Protectorate, and the Tanganyika Territory was formalised in 1948 by the EAHC. This provided a customs union, a common external tariff, currency, and postage. It also dealt with common services in transport and communications, research, and education. Following independence, these integrated activities were reconstituted and the EAHC was replaced by the EACSO, which many observers thought would lead to a political federation between the three territories. The new organisation ran into difficulties because of the lack of joint planning and fiscal policy, separate political policies, and Kenya's dominant economic position. In 1967, the EACSO was superseded by the EAC. This body aimed to strengthen the ties between the members through a common market, a common customs tariff, and a range of public services to achieve balanced economic growth within the region.[11]

text: In 1977, the EAC collapsed. The causes of the collapse included demands by Kenya for more seats than Uganda and Tanzania in decision-making organs,[12] disagreements with Ugandan dictator Idi Amin who demanded that Tanzania as a member state of the EAC should not harbour forces fighting to topple the government of another member state, and the disparate economic systems of socialism in Tanzania and capitalism in Kenya.[13] The three member states lost over sixty years of co-operation and the benefits of economies of scale, although some Kenyan government officials celebrated the collapse with champagne.[14]

text: Presidents Daniel arap Moi of Kenya, Ali Hassan Mwinyi of Tanzania, and Yoweri Kaguta Museveni of Uganda signed the Treaty for East African Co-operation in Kampala on 30 November 1993 and established a Tri-partite Commission for Co-operation.[15] A process of re-integration was embarked on involving tripartite programmes of co-operation in political, economic, social and cultural fields, research and technology, defence, security, and legal and judicial affairs.

text: The EAC was revived on 30 November 1999, when the treaty for its re-establishment was signed. It came into force on 7 July 2000, 23 years after the collapse of the previous community and its organs. A customs union was signed in March 2004, which commenced on 1 January 2005. Kenya, the region's largest exporter, continued to pay duties on goods entering the other four countries on a declining scale until 2010. A common system of tariffs will apply to goods imported from third-party countries.[citation needed] On 30 November 2016 it was declared that the immediate aim would be confederation rather than federation.[16]

text: South Sudan accession[edit]

text: The presidents of Kenya and Rwanda invited the Autonomous Government of Southern Sudan to apply for membership upon the independence of South Sudan in 2011,[17][18] and South Sudan was reportedly an applicant country as of mid-July 2011.[17][19] Analysts suggested that South Sudan's early efforts to integrate infrastructure, including rail links and oil pipelines,[20] with systems in Kenya and Uganda indicated intention on the part of Juba to pivot away from dependence on Sudan and toward the EAC. Reuters considers South Sudan the likeliest candidate for EAC expansion in the short term,[21] and an article in Tanzanian daily The Citizen that reported East African Legislative Assembly Speaker Abdirahin Haithar Abdi said South Sudan was "free to join the EAC" asserted that analysts believe the country will soon become a full member of the regional body.[22]

text: On 17 September 2011, the Daily Nation quoted a South Sudanese MP as saying that while his government was eager to join the EAC, it would likely delay its membership over concerns that its economy was not sufficiently developed to compete with EAC member states and could become a "dumping ground" for Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan exports.[23] This was contradicted by President Salva Kiir, who announced South Sudan had begun the application process one month later.[24] The application was deferred by the EAC in December 2012,[25] however incidents with Ugandan boda-boda operators in South Sudan have created political tension and may delay the process.[26]

text: In December 2012, Tanzania agreed to South Sudan’s bid to join the EAC, clearing the way for the world’s newest state to become the regional bloc’s sixth member.[27] In May 2013 the EAC set aside US$82,000 for the admission of South Sudan into the bloc even though admission may not happen until 2016. The process, to start after the EAC Council of Ministers meeting in August 2013, was projected to take at least four years. At the 14th Ordinary Summit held in Nairobi in 2012, EAC heads of state approved the verification report that was presented by the Council of Ministers, then directed it to start the negotiation process with South Sudan.[28]

text: A team was formed to assess South Sudan's bid; however, in April 2014, the nation requested a delay in the admissions process, presumably due to ongoing internal conflict.[29][30]

text: South Sudan's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Barnaba Marial Benjamin, claimed publicly in October 2015 that, following evaluations and meetings of a special technical committee in May, June, August, September and October, the committee has recommended that South Sudan be allowed to join the East African Community. Those recommendations, however, had not been released to the public. It was reported that South Sudan could be admitted as early as November 2015 when the heads of East African States had their summit meeting.[31]

text: South Sudan was eventually approved for membership to the bloc in March 2016,[32] and signed a treaty of accession in April 2016.[33] It had six months to ratify the agreement, which it did on 5 September, at which point it formally acceded to the community.[34][35] It does not yet participate to the same extent as the other members.[16]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The geographical region encompassed by the EAC covers an area of 2,467,202 square kilometres (952,592 sq mi),[36] with a combined population of about 173,583,000.[37]

text:
Geographical features of the EAC

Three EAC countries border Lake Victoria.

Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's tallest peak, located in Tanzania.

Diani Beach, Kilifi County, Kenya.

tag: ul

text: Partner states[edit]

text:
Name
Capital
Accession
Population[37]
Area (km2)[36]
GDP
(US$ bn)[37]
GDP
per capita
(US$)[37]
GDP PPP
(US$ bn)[38]
GDP PPP
per capita
(US$)[38]

 Kenya
Nairobi
2000
7007467560000000000♠46,756,000
7005580367000000000♠580,367
69.074
7003147700000000000♠1,477
163.352
7003349400000000000♠3,494

 Tanzania
Dodoma
2000
7007496050000000000♠49,605,000
7005947300000000000♠947,300
49.528
7002998000000000000♠998
161.790
7003326200000000000♠3,262

 Uganda
Kampala
2000
7007423190000000000♠42,319,000
7005241038000000000♠241,038
27.556
7002651000000000000♠651
90.973
7003215000000000000♠2,150

 Burundi
Bujumbura
2007
7006987900000000000♠9,879,000
7004278300000000000♠27,830
2.976
7002301000000000000♠301
8.486
7002859000000000000♠859

 Rwanda
Kigali
2007
7007118870000000000♠11,887,000
7004263380000000000♠26,338
9.052
7002762000000000000♠762
23.713
7003199500000000000♠1,995

 South Sudan
Juba
2016
7007131370000000000♠13,137,000
7005644329000000000♠644,329
5.239
7002399000000000000♠399
24.191
7003184100000000000♠1,841

7008173583000000000♠173,583,000
7006246720200000000♠2,467,202
163.425
7002941000000000000♠941
472.505
7003272206000000000♠2,722.06

text: Politics[edit]

text: It has been argued that the key drivers for Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania are that Kenya wishes to export surplus capital, Uganda seeks an outlet for its surplus labour, and Tanzania wants to realise a Pan-African vision.[39] It has also been argued, however, that the commonalities go far deeper. Many of the national elites old enough to remember the former EAC often share memories and a sharp sense of loss at its eventual dissolution.[39] More cynically, others have argued that this historical ambition provides politicians with the ability to present themselves as statesmen and representatives of a greater regional interest.[39] Furthermore, EAC institutions bring significant new powers to dispose and depose to those who serve in them.[39]

text: Some have questioned the extent to which the visions of a political union are shared outside the elite and the relatively elderly, arguing that the youthful mass of the population is not well informed about the process in any of the countries.[39] Others have pointed to an enhanced sense of East African identity developing from modern communications.[39] For these, the shared vision for a politically united East Africa is commendable and a potential driver for change.[40] Commitment to the formal EAC idea is relatively narrow, in both social and generational terms, and thus many have questioned the timetable for the project. Fast-tracking political union was first discussed in 2004 and enjoyed a consensus among the three presidents of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.[39] Thus, a high-level committee headed by Amos Wako of Kenya was commissioned to investigate the possibility of speeding integration so as to achieve political federation sooner than previously visualised.[39] Yet, there have been concerns that rapid changes would allow popular reactionary politics against the project.[39] There has been an argument, however, that there are high costs that would be required at the beginning and that fast-tracking the project would allow the benefits to be seen earlier.[39]

text: There remain significant political differences between the states. Museveni's success in obtaining his third-term amendment raised doubts in the other countries.[39] The single-party dominance in the Tanzanian and Ugandan parliaments is unattractive to Kenyans, while Kenya's ethnic-politics remains absent in Tanzania.[39] Rwanda has a distinctive political culture with a political elite committed to building a developmental state.[39]

text: Other problems involve states being reluctant to relinquish involvement in other regional groups, e.g., Tanzania's withdrawal from COMESA but staying within the SADC bloc for the Economic Partnership Agreement negotiations with the European Union.[39] Many Tanzanians are also concerned because creating a common market means removing obstacles to the free movement of labour and capital.[39] Free movement of labour may be perceived as highly desirable in Uganda and Kenya, and have important developmental benefits in Tanzania; however, in Tanzania there is widespread resistance to the idea of ceding land rights to foreigners, including citizens of Kenya and Uganda.[39]

text: Informal polls have indicate that most Tanzanians (80 percent) have an unfavourable view of the East African Federation.[41] Tanzania has more land than all the other EAC nations combined (at least until the accession of South Sudan), and some Tanzanians fear landgrabs by the current residents of the other EAC member nations.[42][43][44]

text: Governance[edit]

text: East African Court of Justice[edit]

text: The East African Court of Justice is the judicial arm of the community.

text: East African Legislative Assembly[edit]

text: The East African Legislative Assembly (EALA) is the legislative arm of the community. The EALA has 27 members who are all elected by the National Assemblies or Parliaments of the member states of the community. The EALA has oversight functions on all matters that fall within the community's work and its functions include debating and approving the budget of the community, discussing all matters pertaining to the community and making recommendations to the council as it may deem necessary for the implementation of the treaty, liaising with National Assemblies or Parliaments on matters pertaining to the community and establishing committees for such purposes as it deems necessary. Since being inaugurated in 2001, the EALA has had several sittings as a plenum in Arusha, Kampala, and Nairobi.

text: The Speaker of the Assembly is Dan Kidega from Uganda who replaced Margaret Zziwa also from Uganda , after being impeached; she had succeeded Abdirahin Haithar H. Abdi from Kenya. The assembly has been credited with crucial bills, particularly those regarding regional and international trade, including EAC's stand on issues such as the World Trade Organisation and transport on Lake Victoria.[45]

text: Potential expansion[edit]

text: In 2010, Tanzanian officials expressed interest in inviting Malawi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia to join the EAC. Malawian Foreign Affairs Minister Etta Banda said, however, that there were no formal negotiations taking place concerning Malawian membership.[46]

text: Sudan[edit]

text: Sudan applied to join the EAC in 2011, but its membership is strongly opposed by Tanzania and Uganda. They contended that because of Sudan's lack of a direct border with the EAC at the time, its allegedly discriminatory actions toward black Africans, its record of human rights violations, and its history of hostilities with both Uganda and South Sudan, it was ineligible to join.[47] Sudan's application was rejected by the EAC in December 2011.[48]

text: Somalia[edit]

text: Representatives of Somalia applied for membership in the EAC in March 2012.[49] The application was considered by the EAC Heads of State in December 2012, which requested that the EAC Council work with Somalia to verify their application.[50][51] In February 2015, the EAC again deliberated on the matter but deferred a decision as verification had not yet started nor had preparations with the government of Somalia been finalized.[52]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Importance of the customs union[edit]

text: The key aspects of the customs union include:[39]

text:
a Common External Tariff (CET) on imports from third countries;
duty-free trade between the member states; and
common customs procedures.

tag: ol

text: Different rates are applied for raw materials (0%), intermediate products (10%) and finished goods (25%), the latter percentage is fixed as the maximum.[39] This represents a significance decrease from what was previously the maximum in Kenya (35%), Tanzania (40%) and Uganda (15%).[39] However, this customs union is not yet fully implemented, because there is a significant list of exclusions to the Common External Tariff and tariff-free movement of goods and services.[39] Technical work is also needed to harmonise and modernise the customs procedures in the EAC's major ports of entry.[39]

text: The expected revenue benefits are understood to be minimal by many analysts, based on comparative-static simulation exercises demonstrating the one-off impacts of the immediate introduction of the CU's full tariff package.[39] The findings suggest an increase in intraregional trade that is largely the result of trade diversion, not trade creation, with some aggregate welfare benefits in Kenya and Tanzania but welfare losses in Uganda.[39] From a trade-integration perspective, the EAC may not be the best chosen unit, because the current trade between the three countries is small compared to their external trade, and the EAC's 105 million citizens do not represent a large market in global terms, given the very low average incomes.[39]

text: Emerging business trends[edit]

text: Business leaders are far more positive than economists about the benefits of EAC integration, its customs union as a step in the process, as well as the wider integration under COMESA.[39] The larger economic players perceive long-term benefits in a progressively expanding regional market.[39] Pattern of regional development are already emerging, including:[39]

text:
Kenyan firms have successfully aligned to the lower protection afforded by the EAC CET and fears that firms would not adjust to a 25% maximum CET, or would relocate to Tanzania or Uganda have not been realised.
An intraregional division of labour is developing that results in basic import-processing relocating to the coast to supply the hinterland. The final stages of import-processing (especially those bulky finished goods that involve high transportation costs) and natural-resource based activities, are moving up-country and up-region, either within value chains of large companies or different segments located by firms in different countries.
Trade in goods and services has already increased as service provision to Kenyans and Tanzanians is already important for Uganda (in education and in health). Kenya exports financial services, for example via the Kenya Commercial Bank and purchase and upgrading of local operators in Tanzania, Uganda and Sudan. Uganda hopes integration will help support its tourism potential through integration with established regional circuits.
There are signs of a business culture oriented to making profits through economics of scale and not on protectionism.

text: Trade negotiations[edit]

text: The EAC negotiates with trade partners on behalf of all member countries. Negotiations in 2014 for an EU-EAC Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) ran into difficulties with the January 2014 negotiating session failing to conclude the negotiations, which were scheduled to be completed before 1 October 2014. This caused tensions between Kenya and other countries as Kenya, which is not a Least Developed Country, stood to lose most from the failure to reach agreement.[53] Discussions are also under way between the EAC and the USA on the launch of Trade and Investment Partnership (TIP) negotiations.[54]

text: Poverty reduction[edit]

text: EAC economies have large informal sectors, unintegrated with the formal economy and large business.[39] The concerns of large-scale manufacturing and agro-processing concerns are not broadly shared by the bulk of available labour.[39] Research suggest the promised investments on the conditions of life of the region's overwhelmingly rural poor will be slight, with the significant exception of agro-industrial firms with out-grower schemes or that otherwise contribute to the co-ordination of smallholder production and trade.[39]

text: It is informal trade across borders that is most often important to rural livelihoods and a customs union is unlikely to significantly impact the barriers that this faces and taxes are still being fixed separately by countries.[39] However, the introduction of one-stop border posts being introduced and the reduction in tariff barriers are coming down progressively.[39]

text: The establishment of a common market will create both winners (numerous food producers and consumers on both sides of all borders) and losers (smugglers and the customs, police and local government officers who currently benefit from bribery at and around the borders) in the border areas.[39] More substantial impact could be attained by a new generation of investments in world-market production based on the region's comparative advantages in natural resources (especially mining and agriculture) and the new tariff structure creates marginally better conditions for world-market exporters, by cheapening inputs and by reducing upward pressures on the exchange rate.[39]

text: Common market[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2016)

text: On 1 July 2010, Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki launched the East African Common Market Protocol, an expansion of the bloc's existing customs union that entered into effect in 2005.[55] The protocol will lead to the free movement of labour, capital, goods and services within the EAC.[55] Member states will have to change their national laws to allow the full implementation of some aspects of the Common Market such as immigration and customs.[7] This legislation may take up to five years for each of the countries to enact fully but official recognition of the common market took place on 1 July.[56] Kenya expects that its citizens will begin to enjoy freedom of movement in the EAC within two months.[57] Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi have already agreed to waive work permit fees for EAC citizens.[57] The Common Market is seen as a step towards implementation of the common currency by 2012 and full political federation in 2015.[7] Kenyan businesses complain that the benefits of the Common Market only exist on paper by 2011, and that all the work remains to be done. Arbitrary rules and delays continue to make trade between Kenya and Tanzania expensive and difficult.[58]

text: The free movement of people in the EAC is set to be improved with the introduction of "third generation" ID cards. These cards will identify the holder as a dual citizen of their home country and of "East Africa".[59] Third generation cards are already in use in Rwanda with Kenya set to introduce them in July 2010 and the other countries following afterwards.[60] Mutual recognition and accreditation of higher education institutions is also being worked towards as is the harmonisation of social security benefits across the EAC.[60]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Mombasa has the East African Community's busiest port.[61] However, the construction of a new port in Kenya, known as the Lamu Port is underway. It is expected to cost US$22 billion. Upon completion, the Bagamoyo port under construction in Tanzania will be the largest in Africa, with a capacity to handle 20 million cargo containers a year.[62]

text: Business and finance[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
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v
t
e

text: Many of the EAC's largest firms are headquartered in Nairobi, including Kenya Airways, the Nation Media Group, and the Kenya Commercial Bank Group. The multinational firms with their regional headquarters in Nairobi include Google, Coca-Cola, and Toyota. The city is also home to the Nairobi Securities Exchange. According to a 2007 published report, it is Africa's fourth largest in terms of trading volumes and fifth largest in terms of market capitalization as a percentage of gross domestic product.[63]

text: Plans[edit]

text: The new treaty was proposed with plans drawn up in 2004 to introduce a monetary union with a common currency, the East African shilling, some time between 2012 and 2015. There were also plans for a political union, the East African Federation, with a common President (initially on a rotation basis) and a common parliament by 2010. However, some experts like those based out of the public think tank Kenya Institute of Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA), noted that the plans were too ambitious to be met by 2010 because a number of political, social and economic challenges are yet to be addressed. The proposal was the subject of National Consultative discussions, and a final decision was to be taken by the EAC Heads of State in mid-2007.[64] In 2013 a protocol was signed outlining their plans for launching a monetary union within 10 years.[8]

text: Single tourist visa[edit]

text: It had been hoped that an East African Single Tourist Visa may have been ready for November 2006, if it was approved by the relevant sectoral authorities under the EAC's integration programme. Had it been approved, the visa would have been valid for all three current member states of the EAC (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda). Under the proposal for the visa, any new EAC single visa could be issued by any member state's embassy. The visa proposal followed an appeal by the tourist boards of the partner states for a common visa to accelerate promotion of the region as a single tourist destination and the EAC Secretariat wanted it approved before November's World Travel Fair (or World Travel Market) in London.[65] When approved by the EAC's council of ministers, tourists could apply for one country's entry visa which would then be applicable in all regional member states as a single entry requirement initiative.[66]

text: A single East African Tourist Visa for the EAC countries of Kenya, Rwanda, and Uganda has been available since 2014.[67]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: As of July 2015, the combined population of all five EAC member states was 169,519,847. The EAC would have the ninth largest population in the world, if considered a single entity.

text:
v
t
e

Largest population centres of East African Community
National Bureau of Statistics (Tanzania) CIA Factbook Open Data Kenya

Rank
City name
State
Pop.
Rank
City name
State
Pop.

Dar es Salaam

Nairobi

1
 Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
4,364,541
11
Mbeya
Tanzania
385,279

Kampala

Kigali

2
 Nairobi
Kenya
3,768,000
12
Juba
South Sudan
321,000

3
 Kampala
Uganda
1,659,600
13
Morogoro
Tanzania
315,866

4
 Kigali
Rwanda
1,135,428
14
Nakuru
Kenya
307,990

5
 Mombasa
Kenya
1,068,000
15
Eldoret
Kenya
289,380

6
 Bujumbura
Burundi
800,000
16
Tanga
Tanzania
273,332

7
 Mwanza
Tanzania
706,543
17
Kehancha
Kenya
256,086

8
 Arusha
Tanzania
416,442
18
Kahama
Tanzania
242,208

9
 Dodoma
Tanzania
410,956
19
Ruiru
Kenya
238,858

10
 Kisumu
Kenya
409,928
20
Kikuyu
Kenya
233,231

text: The EAC contains 5 cities with populations of over one million, the largest being Dar es Salaam. Kampala is the largest urban centre located on Lake Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake in the world and Mwanza coming in second and Kisumu third.

text: This paragraph needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The East African Community's current urban population stands at about 20%

text:
№
Country
Population
Literacy (%)

1.
 Burundi
7007103959310000000♠10,395,931
67.2

2.
 Kenya
7007450100560000000♠45,010,056
87.4

3.
 Rwanda
7007123371380000000♠12,337,138
71.1

4.
 South Sudan
7007120429100000000♠12,042,910
27

5.
 Tanzania
7007496391380000000♠49,639,138
67.8

6.
 Uganda
7007359189150000000♠35,918,915
73.2

East African Community
7008169519847000000♠169,519,847
68.35

text: Languages[edit]

text: Religions in the EAC

text: English is designated as the official language of the EAC, with Kiswahili, often known as Swahili, designated for development as the lingua franca of the community.[1] Within the EAC, there are two countries whose official language is French: Rwanda and Burundi. Numerous local languages are also spoken: for example, there are 56 local languages spoken in Uganda[68] and 42 local languages in Kenya. Kinyarwanda is spoken in Rwanda and Uganda.[69] In Kenya and Uganda, the medium of instruction in all schools is English.[citation needed]

text: East African passport[edit]

text: The East African passport was launched on 1 April 1999.[70] The East African passport has been introduced as a travel document to ease border crossing for EAC residents.[71][72] It is valid for travel within the EAC countries only and will entitle the holder to a multi-entry stay of renewable six months' validity in any of the countries.[71] The passport is issued in three of the five EAC member states (Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania). The passports are available at the headquarters of the respective Immigration Departments in Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. Only East African nationals may apply to be issued with the passports.[71][72] The passport costs US$10 or the equivalent in EAC currencies.[72] Processing of applications for the passports will normally take two to three weeks. Although the passport is only valid within the EAC, modalities of internationalising the East African passport were being discussed with the aim towards having a common travel document for EAC residents by 2006.[71]

text: Other measures meant to ease border crossing for East African Community residents include the issuance of interstate passes (which commenced on 1 July 2003), a single immigration Departure/Entry card (adopted by all three member states), the finalisation of harmonised procedures of work permits and the classification process, and the compilation of studies on the Harmonization of Labour Laws and Employment Policies (now in its final stages).[71]

text: Leaders[edit]

text: Current leaders of the EAC[edit]

text:
Burundi
President Pierre Nkurunziza

 Kenya
President Uhuru Kenyatta

 Rwanda
President Paul Kagame

 South Sudan
President Salva Kiir

 Tanzania
President John Magufuli

 Uganda
President Yoweri Museveni

text: Chairperson[edit]

text:
2012–2013  Yoweri Museveni
2013–2015  Uhuru Kenyatta
2015–present John Magufuli

text: Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
2000–2001   Francis Muthaura
2001–2006   Amanya Mushega
2006–2011   Juma Mwapachu
2011–2016   Richard Sezibera
2016–present   Libérat Mfumukeko

text: Comparison with other regional blocs[edit]

text:
African Economic Community

Pillars
regional
blocs (REC)1
Area (km²)
Population
GDP (PPP) ($US)
Member
states

in millions
per capita

AEC
29,910,442
853,520,010
2,053,706
2,406
54

ECOWAS
5,112,903
349,154,000
1,322,452
3,888
15

ECCAS
6,667,421
121,245,958
175,928
1,451
11

SADC
9,882,959
233,944,179
737,335
3,152
15

EAC
2,440,409
169,519,847
411,813
2,429
6

COMESA
12,873,957
406,102,471
735,599
1,811
20

IGAD
5,233,604
187,969,775
225,049
1,197
7

Other
African
blocs
Area (km²)
Population
GDP (PPP) ($US)
Member
states

in millions
per capita

CEMAC 2
3,020,142
34,970,529
85,136
2,435
6

SACU
2,693,418
51,055,878
541,433
10,605
5

UEMOA 1
3,505,375
80,865,222
101,640
1,257
8

UMA 2
5,782,140
84,185,073
491,276
5,836
5

GAFTA 3
5,876,960
166,259,603
635,450
3,822
5

1 Economic bloc inside a pillar REC
2 Proposed for pillar REC, but objecting participation
3 Non-African members of GAFTA are excluded from figures
  smallest value among the blocs compared
  largest value among the blocs compared
During 2004. Source: CIA World Factbook 2005, IMF WEO Database

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document_title: Over (cricket)

question_text: when did cricket go to 6 ball overs

question_tokens: when did cricket go to 6 ball overs

text: Over (cricket)

text: Overview[edit]

text: Although this has not always been so,[1] with overs of four, and eight balls, currently an over must consist of six legal deliveries. If the bowler bowls a wide or a no-ball, that illegal delivery is not counted towards the six-ball tally, and another delivery will need to be bowled in its place.[2]

text: In the event that a bowler is injured, or is sent out of the attack by the umpire (for disciplinary reasons, such as bowling beamers), during the middle of an over, a teammate completes any remaining deliveries.

text: Because a bowler may not bowl consecutive overs, the general tactic is for the captain to appoint two bowlers to alternate overs from opposite ends. When one bowler tires or becomes ineffective, the captain will replace that bowler with another. The period of time during which a bowler bowls every alternate over is known as a spell.

text: In limited overs cricket matches, such as one-day cricket (for example, a One-Day International, "ODI") and Twenty20 ("T20"), each team has one batting innings, which ends either after all wickets are lost or when the allotted overs are completed. In such a match, bowlers are generally restricted to the total number of overs they may bowl in a match. The general rule is that no bowler can bowl more than 20% of the allotted overs per innings; thus, in a 50 overs match each bowler can bowl up to a maximum of 10 overs.

text: In Test and first-class cricket, there is no limit to the number of overs which may be completed in a team's innings, nor is there any limit to the number of overs which may be bowled by a single bowler. In these matches, there is a requirement to bowl a minimum of ninety overs in a day's play, to ensure a good spectacle, and to prevent the fielding team from wasting time for tactical reasons.

text: Maiden over[edit]

text: A maiden over is one in which no runs are scored. Leg byes and byes scored in the over are not counted against the bowler in a maiden over. A wicket maiden is one in which no runs are scored and a wicket is taken: double and triple wicket maidens have also been recorded. Bowling a maiden over in ODI and T20 form of cricket is very important and difficult.

text: Tactical considerations in bowling overs[edit]

text: The over is a fundamental consideration in the tactical planning of the fielding side. Since a single bowler has only six legal balls to bowl before he must hand the ball to another bowler, he typically plans to use those six balls to set up a pattern of play designed to get a batsman out. For example, he may bowl the first few balls with the same line, length, or spin. He intends to tempt the batsman into scoring runs by providing balls that are relatively easy to hit. If the batsman takes the bait, the bowler can then follow up with a variation designed to hit the wicket, or a ball that is intended to induce a mistake from a batsman who is still in aggressive run-scoring mode, which will result in him being caught out. Cricket imposes penalties on captains if their players bowl their overs at a very slow rate,[3] such as fines, loss of competition points, and match bans. If a team is proceeding slowly, some captains will choose to use slow/spin bowlers. Such bowlers have a shorter run up so they complete their overs more quickly. Often this means choosing an inferior strategy by employing a less skillful bowler to avoid penalties that are perceived to be greater, such as being banned or losing points.

text: Tactical considerations in batting[edit]

text: If the two batsmen are not similar, tactical considerations may affect their play. If one batsman is stronger than the other, they may attempt to engineer their scoring so that the stronger batsman faces the bowling more often. This is known as farming the strike. It may take the form of the stronger batsman trying to score an even number of runs on early balls in the over and an odd number on the last ball; the weaker batsman will attempt the reverse, and the bowler will try to disrupt this pattern.

text: If one batsman is right-handed and the other left-handed, they may try to score odd numbers of runs to disrupt the bowling pattern and tire the fielders by making them reposition themselves frequently.

text: Historical number of balls per over in Test cricket[edit]

text: Since 1979/80, all Test cricket has been played with six balls per over. However, overs in Test cricket originally had four balls per over, and there have been varying numbers of balls per over around the world up to 1979/80, generally the same as the number of balls per over in force in other first-class cricket in that country.[4]

text: Balls per over

text: In England

text:
1880 to 1888: 4
1889 to 1899: 5
1900 to 1938: 6
1939 to 1945: 8 (though not in the Victory Tests)[5]
1946 to date: 6

text: In Australia

text:
1876/77 to 1887/88: 4
1891/92 to 1920/21: 6
1924/25: 8
1928/29 to 1932/33: 6
1936/37 to 1978/79: 8
1979/80 to date: 6

text: In South Africa

text:
1888/89: 4
1891/92 to 1898/99: 5
1902/03 to 1935/36: 6
1938/39 to 1957/58: 8
1961/62 to date: 6

text: In New Zealand

text:
1929/30 to 1967/68: 6
1968/69 to 1978/79: 8
1979/80 to date: 6

text: In Pakistan

text:
1954/55 to 1972/73: 6
1974/75 to 1977/78: 8
1978/79 to date: 6

text: In India, West Indies, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh and the United Arab Emirates (venue, not host) all Test matches have been played with six ball overs.