document_title: Eobard Thawne

question_text: who kills barry's mom in the flash

question_tokens: who kills barry 's mom in the flash

text: Eobard Thawne

text: Publication history[edit]

text: Created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino, Eobard Thawne made his debut in The Flash #139 (September 1963).

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: In Eobard Thawne's first appearance, he found a time capsule in the 25th Century containing Barry Allen's Flash costume, and was able to use a Tachyon device to amplify the suit's speed energy, giving himself speedster abilities as long as he wore it. Reversing the colors of the costume, Thawne adopted the moniker of "Professor Zoom", the "Reverse-Flash", and went on a crime spree. However, the time capsule also contained an atomic bomb, the timer of which was activated upon being opened, thus beginning a countdown sequence to detonation. The Flash, who had traveled forward in time, found the device and brought it to an isolated area before it exploded, and subsequently destroyed Thawne's costume.[3]

text: Blaming the Flash for his defeat, Thawne became obsessed with "replacing" Barry Allen and began traveling back in time to exact his revenge, using his knowledge of history to his advantage. When Barry's wife, Iris West, rejected Thawne's romantic pursuits, the latter apparently killed her by vibrating his hand through her skull. Shortly after Barry had found love again, Thawne returned and threatened to kill Allen's new fiancée, Fiona Webb, on their wedding day. Fearful that history was repeating itself, Allen inadvertently killed Thawne by breaking his neck.[4]

text: Post-Crisis and Zero Hour origin[edit]

text: In a post-Crisis extended origin, the storyline "The Return of Barry Allen" in The Flash #74-79 revealed that Eobard Thawne was once a scientist from the 25th Century who was obsessed with the Flash, even undergoing cosmetic surgery to resemble Barry Allen. After obtaining the Cosmic Treadmill from an antique shop, Thawne gained all of the Flash's powers after replicating the electrochemical accident that created the hero, seeking to use the Treadmill to travel back in time and meet his idol. But due to a malfunction, Thawne arrived at the Flash Museum several years after Barry's death, where he discovered that he was destined to become "Professor Zoom", the "Reverse-Flash", and die at the hands of his idol. As a result, the unstable Thawne convinced himself that he was Barry Allen, and subsequently attacked Central City for "forgetting him". The current Flash, Wally West, ultimately tricked Thawne into returning to the 25th century with no memory of the incident. Despite this, Thawne still managed to bring the remains of his older self's costume with him, cluing him further into his destiny.

text: After the events of Zero Hour: Crisis in Time, it is revealed that Eobard's ancestor, Malcolm Thawne, was Barry Allen's long-lost twin brother, meaning that Barry is Eobard's great uncle.

text: The Flash: Rebirth[edit]

text: In 2009, Eobard Thawne was re-imagined as a major villain in the DC Universe by writer Geoff Johns in The Flash: Rebirth.[5] His resurrection is foreshadowed to occur in a near-future event, after which he would be responsible for Barry Allen's return and transformation into the Black Flash.[6][7] It is later revealed that because Thawne recreated the accident that gave Barry his powers, he was able to lure Barry out of the Speed Force during the Final Crisis and temporarily turn him into the Black Flash.[8]

text: When Thawne reappears, he murders the revived Johnny Quick,[9] before proceeding to trap Barry and the revived Max Mercury inside the negative Speed Force. Thawne then attempts to kill Wally West's children through their connection to the Speed Force in front of Linda Park-West, only to be stopped by Jay Garrick and Bart Allen. Thawne defeats Jay and prepares to kill Bart, but Barry, Max, Wally, Jesse Quick, and Impulse arrive to prevent the villain from doing so.[8][10] In the ensuing fight, Thawne reveals that he is responsible for every tragedy that has occurred in Barry's life, including the death of his mother. Thawne then decides to destroy everything the Flash holds dear by killing Barry's wife, Iris, before they even met.[10]

text: As Barry chases after Thawne, Wally joins him in the time barrier. They reach him, and in doing so they become the lightning bolt that turns Barry into the Flash as they are able to stop Thawne from killing Iris. The Flashes push Thawne back through time, showing his past and future. They return to the present, where the Justice League, the Justice Society, and the Outsiders have built a device originally intended to disconnect Barry from the Speed Force when he was the Black Flash. Barry tosses Thawne in and Jay activates the device, severing his connection to the negative Speed Force. As the Flashes tie him up to stop him from running, back in the past Iris discovers Thawne's weapon and keeps it.[11]

text: In the present, Zoom is imprisoned in the Iron Heights. Hunter Zolomon speaks to him, saying they can help each other be better. In Gorilla City, one of the apes warns that Professor Zoom has done something horrible to their jungles, something even they do not know.[11]

text: Blackest Night[edit]

text: In the 2009–2010 storyline "Blackest Night", Eobard Thawne's broken-necked corpse is reanimated as a member of the Black Lantern Corps. The black power ring downloaded the corpse's memories, resulting in it not knowing of Barry's death and resurrection. Declaring itself the new Black Flash, the Black Lantern Zoom attacks Barry, who manages to elude it for the moment.[12] When Black Lantern Rogues attack Iron Heights, they encounter the living Zoom, their rings strangely malfunctioning, and displaying a strange symbol.[13] When the Black Lantern Zoom approaches his living counterpart, he stops moving, and is then frozen by Captain Cold's "cold grenade".[14] In the final issue of the series, future Black Lantern Zoom is brought back to life by the white light of creation, and manages to escape.[15]

text: In the follow-up "Brightest Day" storyline, the present Professor Zoom is still imprisoned in Iron Heights.[16] When Deadman activates the White Power Battery, the Entity speaks to the twelve heroes and villains resurrected at the climax of the "Blackest Night" and tells each of them of their mission that must be accomplished in order to restore 'life' to the universe and prevent the Blackest Night from ever recurring. Zoom becomes the first to inadvertently fulfill his mission, which occurred in the events of The Flash: Rebirth when he freed Barry Allen from the Speed Force following his resurrection. The Entity proclaims Professor Zoom has completed his task, and his life is restored to him, later revealing that Zoom, having fulfilled his task, is now fully purged of all trace remnants of his Black Lantern ties – both present and future.[17] Professor Zoom is released from Iron Heights by Captain Boomerang, who had hoped to better understand his version of the Entity's message. Zoom does not answer him directly, giving a cryptic response and eventually escaping as Captain Boomerang is confronted by the rest of the Rogues.[18]

text: Post-Infinite Crisis origin[edit]

text: Eobard Thawne uses his powers to completely rewrite his history; he erases his younger brother from existence and kills his parents when they try to interfere with his research.[19] Eobard later falls in love with a reporter who had been hired to interview him, and his future self wipes all of the reporter's romantic interests from existence. After finding out she did not return his affections, Eobard's future self traumatized the reporter when she was a child, causing her to be mute and institutionalized for the rest of her life so that he never met her.[19] He later had his younger self find the time capsule containing Barry Allen's costume to make himself the 25th century Flash. As the altered Eobard Thawne runs past him, he sheds a tear for his past self, saying "It won't last long. You will never find love. You will never be the Flash. Barry Allen destroyed my future. It's time I destroyed his".

text: Flashpoint[edit]

text: In the 2011 Flashpoint storyline, a new timeline is created through the alteration of history.[20] The Reverse-Flash reveals that his body is permanently connected to the Speed Force, enabling him to create the negative version of it, with which he escaped prison. He was unable to alter Barry's transformation into the Flash, however, as that would effectively erase himself from existence. Instead, Thawne decides to ruin Barry's life during the latter's childhood, erasing his best friend from existence to result in greater introversion on Barry's part, and various other torments such as killing his mother.[21] Thawne later reveals that the new timeline was created by Barry himself, who went back in time to stop the Reverse Flash from killing his mother. After Thawne is killed by the Batman of this reality with an Amazonian sword, the Flash travels back in time to stop his younger self from altering history but instead, under the manipulations of Pandora, a third, new timeline is created, in which DC Comics' continuity takes place from 2011 onwards.[22]

text: The New 52[edit]

text: In The New 52 reboot, Eobard Thawne's origin has been rewritten once again. Hailing from the Central City of a 25th-century devoted to the Flash, as a child, Eobard Thawne witnessed his father murder his mother, and subsequently get arrested. One day, he is struck by lightning and gains the ability to control the flow of time around him - making it appear as if he is moving at superhuman speeds. Believing himself to have been "chosen" by the Speed Force to replace the Flash, Eobard dons a costume similar to the hero's and begins to terrorize the Gem Cities as "Zoom", demanding the citizens accept him as "King". However, he is enraged when people rebel against him in the name of the Flash.[23] Jealous and bitter that, despite their similar powers, the Flash is worshiped and loved by the people, Eobard uses Rip Hunter's notes to travel back in time, where he starts recruiting four individuals "touched by the lightning" (Speed Force) across history, after "saving" them from situations he himself put them into, under the false pretense that he requires their help in order to vanquish the "evil menace", Flash.[24]

text: Thawne then makes an acquaintance with Dr. Henry Allen, the Flash's father, funding the research of his research lab, but when he refuses to help him with an unknown cause, Zoom subsequently murders his wife Nora, in order to make the Flash endure what he had to and give them both an "equal start", and forces Henry to take the blame for his deed, with the threat of his son Barry's life. Laying low for many years, Professor Zoom reemerges following the defeat of William Selkirk, recruiting him as an "acolyte" of his. Zoom and his acolytes then cause havoc in the city and put the blame on the Flash, desiring to destroy his legacy.[25] Eobard then kidnaps Henry when he escapes from prison with some inmates in order to divert Thawne's attention away from Barry, and forces him to construct a power-stealing glove. However, when his closest "ally", Magali (who has been keeping Eobard alive for centuries via her powers), discover the truth about him, he uses the glove to steal her abilities of affecting the age of organic and inorganic matter, leading to his true nature being exposed to the rest of his acolytes, who join forces with the Flash to destroy the device.

text: After the failure of his plan to become a "god", Zoom then takes Henry to the Allen house, with Barry in pursuit. Revealing his backstory to Barry, Eobard proceeds to best Barry in combat, and is about to kill him until the Flash realizes how Thawne's powers work, and then proceeds to counter them by moving time forward - finally defeating him. After talking Henry out of killing Thawne, Barry has him arrested and imprisoned at Iron Heights Penitentiary.[23]

text: DC Rebirth[edit]

text: In the DC Rebirth relaunch, Eobard Thawne first appears in Barry Allen's Speed Force vision, where the latter snaps Thawne's neck as he once did Pre-Crisis.[26][27] He is subsequently featured in another vision where he taunts Barry about his future.[28] The serial-killing speedster Godspeed later attempts to kill Eobard and every other inmate at Iron Heights, only to be stopped by the Flash.[29] Thawne is reverted to his pre-New 52 self after a wave of energy strikes him, and he recalls being killed by Thomas Wayne/Batman during Flashpoint.[30] Seeking to teach the Dark Knight's son a lesson, Thawne attacks Bruce Wayne in the Batcave and destroys Thomas' letter as retribution. Thawne brutally beats Bruce and verbally taunts him before picking up the Button, which teleports him away to an unknown location. Thawne is then teleported back to the Batcave, having been bathed in radiation by a mysterious entity. As he collapses, Thawne says "God...I saw...God."[31] In the following issue, Batman and the Flash come across Thawne in possession of the Button shortly before his apparent death, and follow him in an attempt to prevent it.[32] As he follows the traces leading to the entity, Thawne muses that he may go back in time to raise his nemesis as a "family friend" after killing his mother, but he is seemingly killed and teleported back to the Batcave.[33]

text: Eobard's corpse is subsequently taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for further examination, but it is revealed that he was able to survive his near-death experience via his connection to the negative Speed Force, the energy of which grants him accelerated regeneration and healing. He is present at Iris West's house when she arrives with her nephew following Multiplex's attack at Barry's birthday party, shocking and terrifying the pair.[34]

text: Eobard brutally beats Wally II, denouncing him as a fake, and then brings Iris to the future while Barry pursues them. Eobard shows the couple their future, and attempts to imprison Barry in the Negative Speed Force. This backfires as it leads to Barry absorbing the power of the Negative Speed Force and using it to strip Thawne of his speed. Barry declares that their rivalry is done, but Eobard vows that he will get back his powers and keep coming back to torment Barry, before being seemingly killed by Iris. Eobard later returns as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains that kidnapped Deathstroke.

text: Powers and abilities[edit]

text: Even prior to gaining his metahuman abilities, Eobard Thawne already possessed genius-level intellect by the standards of the 25th Century. In The Flash: Rebirth, it is discovered that when he duplicated the accident that gave Barry Allen his powers, he created a negative Speed Force by corrupting the positive version of it. The Reverse-Flash is therefore able to travel at superhuman speeds faster than the speed of light, deliver blows of extreme force, run on water, generate vacuums, create after-images ("speed mirages") of himself, and vibrate his molecules to pass through solid objects. Unlike users of the original Speed Force, Thawne has the ability to travel through and manipulate time, being able to drastically alter history and completely erase people from existence (other speedsters cannot change the past without dramatic consequences). Thawne developed numerous new powers in the events leading up to Flashpoint, including the ability to cross over to other dimensions, create shockwaves across time and space at the snap of his fingers, absorb another's memories via physical contact, and alter the age of anyone or anything.[35] Thawne has also displayed low levels of superhuman strength, as well as electrokinetic abilities. The presence of his lightning is able to disrupt and fry nearby electronics, in addition to allowing him to manipulate magnetism.

text: During the New 52 reboot, Thawne gained the ability to slow down time. He retained his pre-New 52 counterpart's age altering abilities.[36] In the DC Rebirth relaunch, however, Thawne regained his connection to the negative Speed Force and therefore all of his original powers.[37]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Impulse[edit]

text: In an alternate timeline created when Impulse kills an insect in the Devonian Age, most super-villains are government bureaucrats. Professor Zoom is the National Science Advisor to President-for-Life Julian Tremain.

text: In subsequent changes to the timeline, Zoom defected to the rebellion against Tremain led by Gorilla Grodd; turned into a gorilla fighting against an army of flying turtles led by Grodd, now a flying turtle himself; and was a gorilla in a modern society identical to that of ancient Egypt.[38]

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text:
The character is alluded to in the episode "Done With Mirrors" of the 1990 live-action series The Flash, when Barry Allen temporarily takes the pseudonym 'Professor Zoom' while investigating the Mirror Master.
Professor Zoom appears in Batman: The Brave and the Bold, voiced by John Wesley Shipp.[39] In the episode "Requiem for a Scarlet Speedster!", Zoom has conquered the 25th Century and captured the Flash (Barry Allen). Batman, Jay Garrick and Wally West later arrive to free Barry, who then engages Zoom in a fight around the world. The battle ends when the Flash glazes some sand to form a wall of glass to trip Zoom.

text: Arrowverse[edit]

text: Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher portray Eobard Thawne/Reverse-Flash in The CW's live-action Arrowverse as Dr. Harrison Wells and in his original likeness, respectively.[41][42]

text:
Professor Eobard Thawne is introduced on The Flash as a scientist from the future who duplicated the reaction that gave Barry Allen/The Flash his powers and became the hero's archenemy, the Reverse-Flash.[43] Eobard traveled back in time to the year 2000 to kill his nemesis as a child. When the 2024 Flash intervened, the Reverse-Flash murdered Barry's mother and framed his father instead, thus erasing this Flash from existence while unintentionally severing his own connection to the Speed Force, leaving him stranded in the 21st Century. Knowing that Dr. Harrison Wells would be responsible for creating metahumans in 2020, Eobard killed the scientist and assumed his identity. He then founded S.T.A.R. Labs and created a particle accelerator to turn Barry into the Flash and regain his own link to the Speed Force. Faking paralysis, "Dr. Wells" pushes Barry to run faster in hopes of using the latter's pure Speed Force connection to travel back to his time. After Eobard's secret is discovered, he is defeated by the Flash, the Arrow and Firestorm. Eobard then offers Barry a chance to travel back in time to save his mother in exchange for a time sphere to return to the future, but Barry ultimately chooses not to do so and returns to destroy Eobard's machine. As the Reverse-Flash prepares to kill the Flash, his ancestor Detective Eddie Thawne kills himself and seemingly erases Eobard from existence. A year later, Barry temporarily creates a new reality and restores a time remnant of Eobard to the timeline in the process.
Letscher plays Thawne's time remnant in season two of Legends of Tomorrow.[44] Victor Garber and Sean MacLean briefly play the character disguised as Professor Martin Stein and NASA astronaut John Swigert, respectively. Eobard forms his own legion of supervillains (composed of Damien Darhk, Malcolm Merlyn and Leonard Snart) to obtain the mystical Spear of Destiny to alter reality, but is ultimately erased from existence by the Black Flash due to his nature as a "time aberration".
Cavanagh reprises his role as Thawne in the 2017 four-part crossover event "Crisis on Earth-X".[45] Somehow surviving his erasure from existence at the end of The Flash's first season, Eobard traveled to Earth-X, a parallel universe where the Nazi Party won World War II, and formed an alliance with the Nazi versions of Oliver Queen, Kara Zor-El and Tommy Merlyn there in an attempt to conquer Earth-1. During the final battle, Barry refrains from killing Thawne and allows him to escape.

text: Film[edit]

text: Eobard Thawne appears in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, voiced by C. Thomas Howell.[46] He hires the Rogues to ambush the Flash (Barry Allen) at the Flash Museum before betraying them by placing explosives on their belts, hoping to destroy the museum. However, the Justice League arrive to disarm the bombs and apprehend Thawne. When Barry travels back in time to prevent his mother's murder, all of reality is altered, and Aquaman's Atlantean army is at war with Wonder Woman's Amazonian forces. Thawne also enters this reality via the Speed Force, and saves Lois Lane from the Amazonians to alert Barry of his presence. While Cyborg's metahuman team tries to put an end to the war, Thawne appears and beats Barry. As the Atlanteans' doomsday device destroys the world, Thawne is shot in the head by this reality's Batman. The Flash then taps into the Speed Force once more to stop his past self from altering time, effectively creating a new reality similar to the original.

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Professor Zoom appears in various storylines in DC Universe Online.
Professor Zoom is one of the villains hired by Brainiac to collect Starites in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure. He teams up with the main antagonist of the game, Doppelganger, to compete against the Flash and Maxwell, the main protagonist.
The Reverse-Flash appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 3: Beyond Gotham, voiced by Liam O'Brien.

text: Injustice[edit]

text:
In Injustice: Gods Among Us, Eobard Thawne's Black Lantern design was a playable alternate skin for the Flash as part of a limited exclusive challenge. The 2.6 update for the iOS and Android mobile app introduced a Reverse-Flash card (based on Tom Cavanagh's portrayal and likeness on the TV series The Flash) that can be purchased in the Most Wanted Pack.[47]
Eobard Thawne appears as a playable character in Injustice 2 (via "premier skins" that transform existing characters into other DC Comics characters with unique voices and dialogue), voiced again by Liam O'Brien.[48][49] After being trapped in a paradox when the Regime kills one of his ancestors, Thawne is left stranded in the 21st Century and joins Gorilla Grodd's "Society". He attempts to kill the Flash with Captain Cold and Deadshot, before being defeated by Wonder Woman at a bar in Metropolis.

text: Parodies[edit]

text: Eobard Thawne has made multiple appearances on Robot Chicken. Seth Green voices him in "Losin' the Wobble", where he robs a bank while the Flash, Superman and Wonder Woman stand idly by, commenting on how lame they think opposite-themed villains like the Reverse-Flash, Bizarro Superman and Negative Wonder Woman are. Matthew Senreich voices him in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2: Villains in Paradise, where he is seen with the Legion of Doom. He makes a non-speaking cameo while fighting the Flash in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III: Magical Friendship. Tom Cavanagh reprises his role as Thawne from the TV series The Flash in the episode "Ants on a Hamburger", where he appears as Dr. Harrison Wells.

text: Merchandise[edit]

text:
A DC Universe Action League mini figure of Professor Zoom was released in a two-pack with the Flash.[50]
A Reverse-Flash collectible statue was included in the Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox Blu-ray combo pack.
A Professor Zoom mini figure was released in DC Direct's Blammoids line.[51]
A Reverse-Flash mini figure was released in Funko Mystery Minis' DC Comics wave.[52]
Funko has released three POP! vinyl figures of Eobard Thawne. The first being based on his appearance in the comic books, the second a Black Lantern exclusive, and the third a The Flash television series version.[53][54][55]
A 2-inch keychain of the Reverse-Flash was released in series 2 of the DC Comics Figural Keychain line.[56]
DC Collectibles has released a 6.75-inch action figure of the Reverse-Flash as part of the Amazon exclusive Blu-ray edition of the complete first season of the TV series The Flash in December 2015.[57]
A GameStop exclusive vinyl collectible of the Reverse-Flash has been released in Dorbz's The Flash wave.[58]


document_title: Acts of the Apostles

question_text: who is the book of acts written to

question_tokens: who is the book of acts written to

root

text: Acts of the Apostles

text: Composition and setting[edit]

text: Title, unity of Luke–Acts, authorship and date[edit]

text: The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Greek Πράξεις ἀποστόλων Praxeis Apostolon) was first used by Irenaeus in the late 2nd century. It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus; it does seem clear, however, that it was not given by the author.[6]

tag: p

text: The Gospel of Luke and Acts make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts.[3] Together they account for 27.5% of the New Testament, the largest contribution attributed to a single author, providing the framework for both the Church's liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of the story of Jesus and the early church.[7]

text: The author is not named in either volume.[8] According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century, he was the "Luke" named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself; this view is still sometimes advanced, but "a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters."[9]) (An example can be seen by comparing Acts's accounts of Paul's conversion (Acts 9:1–31, 22:6–21, and 26:9–23) with Paul's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event (Galatians 1:17–24).)[10] He admired Paul, but his theology was significantly different from Paul's on key points and he does not (in Acts) represent Paul's views accurately.[11] He was educated, a man of means, probably urban, and someone who respected manual work, although not a worker himself; this is significant, because more high-brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke's audience.[12]

text: The earliest possible date for the composition of Acts is set by the events with which it ends, Paul's imprisonment in Rome c.63 AD, but an early date is now rarely put forward.[13][9] The last possible date would be set by its first definite citation by another author, but there is no unanimity on this—some scholars find echoes of Acts in a work from c. 95 AD called I Clement, while others see no indisputable citation until the middle of the 2nd century.[13] The majority of scholars date Luke–Acts to 80–90 AD, on the grounds that it uses Mark as a source and looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem, and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul (which began circulating late in the century); if, however, it does show awareness of Paul and also of Josephus, then a date early in the 2nd century is more likely.[13] In either case, there is evidence that it was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[14]

text: Genre, sources and historicity of Acts[edit]

text: Luke (or more accurately the anonymous author of Luke–Acts) aligned his work, Luke–Acts, to the "narratives" (διήγησις, diēgēsis) which many others had written, and described his own work as an "orderly account" (ἀκριβῶς καθεξῆς).[15] Acts, the second part, is widely thought of as a history, but it lacks exact analogies in Hellenistic or Jewish literature.[16] The title "Acts of the Apostles" (Praxeis Apostolon) would seem to identify it with the genre telling of the deeds and achievements of great men (praxeis), but it was not the title given by the author.[6]

text: Luke seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who wrote a well-known history of Rome, and the Jewish historian Josephus, author of a history of the Jews.[17] Like them, he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder (Romulus for Dionysius, Moses for Josephus, Jesus for Luke) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God, taught authoritatively, and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven.[17] By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at,[18] but Luke would have had access to the Septuagint (a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures), the gospel of Mark and the collection of "sayings of Jesus" called the Q source.[19] He transposed a few incidents from Mark's gospel to the time of the Apostles—for example, the material about "clean" and "unclean" foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10, and Mark's account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple (Mark 14:58) is used in a story about Stephen (Acts 6:14).)[20] There are also points of contacts (meaning suggestive parallels but something less than clear evidence) with 1 Peter, the Letter to the Hebrews, and 1 Clement.[21] Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence—the traditional explanation of the three "we" passages, for example, is that they represent eye-witness accounts.[22] The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century, but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned.[23]

text: Acts was read as a reliable history of the early church well into the post-Reformation era. By the 17th century, however, biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentious—its picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul's letters, and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul. The mid-19th-century scholar Ferdinand Baur suggested that Luke had re-written history to present a united Peter and Paul and advance a single orthodoxy against the Marcionites. (Marcion was a 2nd-century heretic who wished to cut Christianity off entirely from the Jews). Baur continues to have enormous influence, but today there is less interest in determining Luke's historical accuracy (although this has never died out) than in understanding his theological program.[24]

text: Audience and authorial intent[edit]

text: Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus-followers gathered in a house to share the Lord's supper.[17] The author assumes an educated Greek-speaking audience, but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco-Roman world at large.[25] He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to Theophilus, informing him of his intention to provide an "ordered account" of events which will lead his reader to "certainty".[12] He did not write in order to provide Theophilus with historical justification—"did it happen?"—but to encourage faith—"what happened, and what does it all mean?"[26]

text: Acts (or Luke–Acts) is intended as a work of "edification."[27] Edification means "the empirical demonstration that virtue is superior to vice,"[28] but is not all of Luke's purpose. He also engages with the question of a Christian's proper relationship with the Roman Empire, the civil power of the day: could a Christian obey God and also Caesar? The answer is ambiguous.[4] The Romans never move against Jesus or his followers unless provoked by the Jews, in the trial scenes the Christian missionaries are always cleared of charges of violating Roman laws, and Acts ends with Paul in Rome proclaiming the Christian message under Roman protection; at the same time, Luke makes clear that the Romans, like all earthly rulers, receive their authority from Satan, while Christ is ruler of the kingdom of God.[29]

text: Manuscripts[edit]

text: There are two major textual variants of Acts, the Western text-type and the Alexandrian. The oldest complete Alexandrian manuscripts date from the 4th century and the oldest Western ones from the 6th, with fragments and citations going back to the 3rd. Western texts of Acts are 6.2–8.4% longer than Alexandrian texts, the additions tending to enhance the Jewish rejection of the Messiah and the role of the Holy Spirit, in ways that are stylistically different from the rest of Acts.[30] These conflicts suggest that Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century.[14] The majority of scholars prefer the Alexandrian (shorter) text-type over the Western as the more authentic, but this same argument would favour the Western over the Alexandrian for the gospel of Luke, as in that case the, Western version is the shorter. The debate therefore continues.[30]

text: Structure and content[edit]

text: Structure[edit]

text: Acts has two key structural principles. The first is the geographic movement from Jerusalem, centre of God's Covenantal people, the Jews, to Rome, centre of the Gentile world. This structure reaches back to the author's preceding work, the Gospel of Luke, and is signaled by parallel scenes such as Paul's utterance in Acts 19:21, which echoes Jesus's words 9:51 (Paul has Rome as his destination, as Jesus had Jerusalem). The second key element is the roles of Peter and Paul, the first representing the Jewish Christian church, the second the mission to the Gentiles.[31]

text:
Transition: reprise of the preface addressed to Theophilus and the closing events of the gospel (Acts 1–1:26)
Petrine Christianity: the Jewish church from Jerusalem to Antioch (Acts 2:1–12:25)

tag: ul

text: Pauline Christianity: the Gentile mission from Antioch to Rome (Acts 13:1–28:21)

text: Outline[edit]

text:
Dedication to Theophilus (1:1–2)
Resurrection appearances (1:3)
Great Commission (1:4–8)
Ascension (1:9)
Second Coming Prophecy (1:10–11)
Matthias replaced Judas (1:12–26)

the Upper Room (1:13)

Holy Spirit came at Pentecost (2), see also Paraclete
Peter healed a crippled beggar (3:1–10)
Peter's speech at the Temple (3:11–26)
Peter and John before the Sanhedrin (4:1–22)

Resurrection of the dead (4:2)

Believers' Prayer (4:23–31)
Everything is shared (4:32–37)
Ananias and Sapphira (5:1–11)
Signs and Wonders (5:12–16)
Apostles before the Sanhedrin (5:17–42)
Seven Deacons appointed (6:1–7)
Stephen before the Sanhedrin (6:8–7:60)

The "Cave of the Patriarchs" was located in Shechem (7:16)
"Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians" (7:22)
First mentioning of Saul (Paul the Apostle) in the Bible (7:58)
Paul the Apostle confesses his part in the martyrdom of Stephen (7:58–60)

Saul persecuted the Church of Jerusalem (8:1–3)
Philip the Evangelist (8:4–40)

Simon Magus (8:9–24)
Ethiopian eunuch (8:26–39)

Conversion of Paul the Apostle (9:1–31, 22:1–22, 26:9–24)

Paul the Apostle confesses his active part in the martyrdom of Stephen (22:20)

Peter healed Aeneas and raised Tabitha from the dead (9:32–43)
Conversion of Cornelius (10:1–8, 24–48)
Peter's vision of a sheet with animals (10:9–23, 11:1–18)
Church of Antioch founded (11:19–30)

term "Christian" first used (11:26)

James the Great executed (12:1–2)
Peter's rescue from prison (12:3–19)
Death of Herod Agrippa I [in 44] (12:20–25)

"the voice of a god" (12:22)

Mission of Barnabas and Saul (13–14)

"Saul, who was also known as Paul" (13:9)
called "gods ... in human form" (14:11)

Council of Jerusalem (15:1–35)
Paul separated from Barnabas (15:36–41)
2nd and 3rd missions (16–20)

Areopagus sermon (17:16–34)

"God...has set a day" (17:30–31)

Trial before Gallio c. 51–52 (18:12–17)

Trip to Jerusalem (21)
Before the people and the Sanhedrin (22–23)
Before Felix–Festus–Herod Agrippa II (24–26)
Trip to Rome (27–28)

called a god on Malta (28:6)

text: Content[edit]

text: The Gospel of Luke began with a prologue addressed to Theophilus; Acts likewise opens with an address to Theophilus and refers to "my earlier book", almost certainly the gospel.

text: The apostles and other followers of Jesus meet and elect Matthias to replace Judas as a member of The Twelve. On Pentecost, the Holy Spirit descends and confers God's power on them, and Peter, along with John, preaches to many in Jerusalem, and performs Christ-like healings, casting out of evil spirits, and raising of the dead. The first believers share all property in common, ate in each other's homes, and worshipped together.[32] At first many Jews follow Christ and are baptized, but the Christians begin to be increasingly persecuted by the Jews. Stephen is arrested for blasphemy, and after a trial, is found guilty and stoned by the Jews. Stephen's death marks a major turning point: the Jews have rejected the message, and henceforth it will be taken to the Gentiles.[33]

text: The message is taken to the Samaritans, a people rejected by Jews, and to the Gentiles. Saul of Tarsus, one of the Jews who persecuted the Christians, is converted by a vision to become a follower of Christ (an event which Luke regards as so important that he relates it three times). Peter, directed by a series of visions, preaches to Cornelius the Centurion, a Gentile God-fearer, who becomes a follower of Christ. The Holy Spirit descends on Peter and Cornelius, thus confirming that the message of eternal life in Christ is for all mankind. The Gentile church is established in Antioch (north-western Syria, the third-largest city of the empire), and here Christ's followers are first called Christians.[34]

text: The mission to the Gentiles is promoted from Antioch and confirmed at meeting in Jerusalem between Paul and the leadership of the Jerusalem church. Paul spends the next few years traveling through western Asia Minor and the Aegean, preaching, converting Gentiles, and founding new churches. On a visit to Jerusalem he is set on by a Jewish mob. Saved by the Roman commander, he is accused by the Jews of being a revolutionary, the "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", and imprisoned. Paul asserts his right as a Roman citizen, to be tried in Rome and is sent by sea to Rome, where he spends another two years under house arrest, proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching the "Lord Jesus Christ". Acts ends abruptly without recording the outcome of Paul's legal troubles.[citation needed]

text: Theology[edit]

text: Prior to the 1950s, Luke–Acts was seen as a historical work, written to defend Christianity before the Romans or Paul against his detractors; since then, however, the tendency has been to see the work as primarily theological.[35] Luke's theology is expressed primarily through his overarching plot, the way scenes, themes and characters combine to construct his specific worldview.[36] His "salvation history" stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers, in three ages: first, the time of "the Law and the Prophets" (Luke 16:16), the period beginning with Genesis and ending with the appearance of John the Baptist (Luke 1:5–3:1); second, the epoch of Jesus, in which the Kingdom of God was preached (Luke 3:2–24:51); and finally the period of the Church, which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven, and would end with his second coming.[37]

text: Luke–Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem, namely how the Messiah promised to the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church; the answer it provides, and its central theme, is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it.[1] This theme is introduced at the opening of the gospel of Luke, when Jesus, rejected in Nazareth, recalls that the prophets were rejected by Israel and accepted by Gentiles; at the end of the gospel he commands his disciples to preach his message to all nations, "beginning from Jerusalem." He repeats the command in Acts, telling them to preach "in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the Earth." They then proceed to do so, in the order outlined: first Jerusalem, then Judea, then Samaria, then the entire (Roman) world.[38]

text: For Luke, the Holy Spirit is the driving force behind the spread of the Christian message, and he places more emphasis on it than do any of the other evangelists. The Spirit is "poured out" at Pentecost, on the first Samaritan and Gentile believers, and on disciples who had been baptised only by John the Baptist, each time as a sign of God's approval. The Holy Spirit represents God's power (At his ascension, Jesus tells his followers, "You shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you"): through it the disciples are given speech to convert thousands in Jerusalem, forming the first church (the term is used for the first time in Acts 5).[39]

text: One issue debated by scholars is Luke’s political vision regarding the relationship between the early church and the Roman Empire. On the one hand, Luke generally does not portray this interaction as one of direct conflict. Rather, there are ways in which each may have considered having a relationship with the other rather advantageous to its own cause. For example, early Christians may have appreciated hearing about the protection Paul received from Roman officials against Gentile rioters in Philippi (Acts 16:16-40) and Ephesus (Acts 19:23-41), and against Jewish rioters on two occasions (Acts 17:1-17; Acts 18:12-17). Meanwhile, Roman readers may have approved of Paul’s censure of the illegal practice of magic (Acts 19:17-19) as well as the amicability of his rapport with Roman officials such as Sergius Paulus (Acts 13:6-12) and Festus (Acts 26:30-32). Furthermore, Acts does not include any account of a struggle between Christians and the Roman government as a result of the latter’s imperial cult. Thus Paul is depicted as a moderating presence between the church and the Roman Empire.[40]

text: On the other hand, events such as the imprisonment of Paul at the hands of the empire (Acts 22-28) as well as several encounters that reflect negatively on Roman officials (for instance, Felix’s desire for a bribe from Paul in Acts 24:26) function as concrete points of conflict between Rome and the early church.[41] Perhaps the most significant point of tension between Roman imperial ideology and Luke’s political vision is reflected in Peter’s speech to the Roman centurion, Cornelius (Acts 10:36). Peter states that “this one” [οὗτος], i.e. Jesus, “is lord [κύριος] of all.” The title, κύριος, was often ascribed to the Roman emperor in antiquity, rendering its use by Luke as an appellation for Jesus an unsubtle challenge to the emperor’s authority.[42] Thus, while the overt relationship between Christianity and empire in the book of Acts can generally be characterized as irenic, Luke insinuates the inevitability of conflict between the two over the issue of ultimate allegiance.

text: Comparison with other writings[edit]

text: Gospel of Luke[edit]

text: As the second part of the two-part work Luke–Acts, Acts has significant links to the Gospel of Luke. Major turning points in the structure of Acts, for example, find parallels in Luke: the presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple parallels the opening of Acts in the Temple, Jesus's forty days of testing in the wilderness prior to his mission parallel the forty days prior to his Ascension in Acts, the mission of Jesus in Samaria and the Decapolis (the lands of the Samaritans and Gentiles) parallels the missions of the Apostles in Samaria and the Gentile lands, and so on (see Gospel of Luke). These parallels continue through both books. There are also differences between Luke and Acts, amounting at times to outright contradiction. For example, the gospel seems to place the Ascension on Easter Sunday, immediately after the Resurrection, while Acts 1 puts it forty days later.[43] There are similar conflicts over the theology. While not seriously questioning the single authorship of Luke–Acts, these differences do suggest the need for caution in seeking too much consistency in books written in essence as popular literature.[44]

text: Pauline epistles[edit]

text: Acts agrees with Paul's letters on the major outline of Paul's career: as Saul he is converted and becomes Paul the Christian missionary and apostle, establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law. There are also agreements on many incidents, such as Paul's escape from Damascus, where he is lowered down the walls in a basket. But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory: for example, according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus, but according to Luke it was, characteristically, the Jews (2 Corinthians 11:33 and Acts 9:24). Many of the disagreements are not so immediately obvious: Acts speaks of "Christians" and "disciples", but Paul never uses either term, and it is striking that Acts never brings Paul into conflict with the Jerusalem church and places Paul under the authority of the Jerusalem church and its leaders, especially James and Peter (Acts 15 vs. Galatians 2).[45] Acts omits much from the letters, notably Paul's problems with his congregations (internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead), and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem (Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted, a trip that has no mention in the letters). There are also major differences between Acts and Paul on Christology (the understanding of Christ's nature), eschatology (understanding of the "last things"), and apostleship.[46]


document_title: Gómez

question_text: what is the meaning of the name gomez

question_tokens: what is the meaning of the name gomez

text: Gómez

text: Gómez is a common Spanish surname. The Portuguese and Old Galician version is Gomes, while the Catalan form is Gomis. The name is usually spelled without the accent in the United States.

text: It is derived from the given name Gomes which is a loanword of the Visigothic word guma "man". It is itself related to the Common Germanic word guma (Old English guma "man", Middle English gome[1]) / gomo (High Old German gomo "man", Middle High German gome) related to Latin homo "man".[2]

text: People[edit]

text: Notable people with the surname include:

text:
Arthur Gómez (born 1984), Gambian footballer
Begoña Gómez Martín (born 1964), Olympic judoka
Bolívar Gómez (born 1977), Ecuadorian footballer
Camilo Gómez (born 1984), Colombian road cyclist
Camilo Gomez (born 1960), American physician
Carlos Gómez (born 1985), Dominican baseball player
Emmanuel Gómez (born 1990), Gambian footballer
Francis Gómez (born 1968), Venezuelan judoka
Francisco Javier Gómez Noya, Spanish triathlete
George Gomez (born 1955), Cuban-American industrial designer
Ignacio Gómez (born c. 1962), Colombian journalist
Jaime Luis Gomez (born 1975), American rapper and actor
Joe Gomez (born 1997), English footballer
Jorge Gómez (born 1968), Chilean footballer
Joseph Gómez (born 1987), Gambian footballer
Joshua Gomez (born 1975), American actor
Juan Vicente Gómez (1857–1935), ruler of Venezuela in 1908–35
Lefty Gomez (1908–1989), American baseball player
Luis Humberto Gómez Gallo (1962−2013), Colombian industrial engenier
María Cristina Gómez (1938–1989), Salvadoran murder victim
Mariano Gómez (1799–1872), Filipino priest and martyr
Mario Gómez (born 1985), German footballer
Mauro Gómez (born 1984), Dominican baseball player
Máximo Gómez (1836–1905), Dominican soldier in the Cuban War of Independence
Michelle Gomez (born 1966), Scottish actress
Melissa Castrillon Gomez (born 1995), Colombian chess player
Oscar Gómez (disambiguation)
Rebecca Marie Gomez (better known for her stage name Becky G) (born 1997), American singer and actress
Rick Gomez (born 1972), American actor
Richard Gomez (born 1966), Filipino actor
Ron Gomez (born 1934), Louisiana journalist and former state representative
Scott Gomez (born 1979), American hockey player
Selena Gomez (born 1992), American actress and singer
Tamara Gómez Garrido (born 1991), Spanish triathlete
Ulysses Gomez (born 1983), Mexican-American mixed martial arts fighter
Roberto Gomez Bolaños (1929-2014) Mexican screenwriter, actor and comedian


document_title: Pi Day

question_text: how long have we been celebrating pi day

text: Pi Day

text: History[edit]

text: In 1988, the earliest known official or large-scale celebration of Pi Day was organized by Larry Shaw at the San Francisco Exploratorium,[7] where Shaw worked as a physicist,[8] with staff and public marching around one of its circular spaces, then consuming fruit pies.[9] The Exploratorium continues to hold Pi Day celebrations.[10]

text: On March 12, 2009, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a non-binding resolution (111 H. Res. 224),[4] recognizing March 14, 2009 as National Pi Day.[11] For Pi Day 2010, Google presented a Google Doodle celebrating the holiday, with the word Google laid over images of circles and pi symbols;[12] and for the 30th anniversary in 2018, it was a Dominique Ansel pie with the circumference divided by its diameter.[13]

text: The entire month of March 2014 (3/14) was observed by some as "Pi Month".[14][15] In the year 2015, Pi Day had special significance on 3/14/15 (month/day/year date format) at 9:26:53 a.m. and also at p.m., with the date and time representing the first 10 digits of π.[16]

text: Observance[edit]

text: Pi Day has been observed in many ways, including eating pie, throwing pies and discussing the significance of the number π, due to a pun based on the words "pi" and "pie" being homophones in English ( /paɪ/), and the coincidental circular nature of a pie.[1][17]

text: Massachusetts Institute of Technology has often mailed its application decision letters to prospective students for delivery on Pi Day.[18] Starting in 2012, MIT has announced it will post those decisions (privately) online on Pi Day at exactly 6:28 pm, which they have called "Tau Time", to honor the rival numbers pi and tau equally.[19][20] In 2015, the regular decisions were put online at 9:26 AM, following that year's "pi minute".[21] June 28 is "Two Pi Day", also known as "Tau Day". 2π, also known by the Greek letter tau (τ) is a common multiple in mathematical formulae. Some have argued that τ is the more fundamental constant, and that Tau Day should be celebrated instead.[22][23] Celebrations of this date jokingly suggest eating "twice the pie".[24][25][26]

text: Princeton, New Jersey, hosts numerous events in a combined celebration of Pi Day and Albert Einstein's birthday, which is also March 14.[27] Einstein lived in Princeton for more than twenty years while working at the Institute for Advanced Study. In addition to pie eating and recitation contests, there is an annual Einstein look-alike contest.[27]

text:
Pi Pie at Delft University

Blackberry Pi Pie

A grocery store selling pies for 3.14 dollars, Pi Day 2015


document_title: Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award

question_text: who won the mvp for the national league

question_tokens: who won the mvp for the national league

text: Chalmers Award (1911–1914)[edit]

text: Before the 1910 season, Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Automobile announced he would present a Chalmers Model 30 automobile to the player with the highest batting average in Major League Baseball at the end of the season. The 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers' widely disliked[3][15][16] Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians. On the last day of the season, Lajoie overtook Cobb's batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns. American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway, and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players.[3]

text: The following season, Chalmers created the Chalmers Award. A committee of baseball writers were to convene after the season to determine the "most important and useful player to the club and to the league". Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped, it was discontinued after 1914.[3]

text:
Year
American League winner
Team
Position
National League winner
Team
Position
Ref

1911
Cobb Ty !Ty Cobb§
Detroit Tigers
OF
Schulte Frank !Frank Schulte
Chicago Cubs
OF
[17]

1912
Speaker Tris !Tris Speaker
Boston Red Sox
OF
Doyle Larry !Larry Doyle
New York Giants !New York Giants
2B
[18]

1913
Johnson Walter !Walter Johnson
Washington Senators !Washington Senators
RHP
Daubert Jake !Jake Daubert
Brooklyn Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers
1B
[19]

1914
Collins Eddie !Eddie Collins
Philadelphia Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics
2B
Evers Johnny !Johnny Evers
Boston Braves !Boston Braves
2B
[20]

tag: table

text: League Awards (1922–1929)[edit]

text: In 1922 the American League created a new award to honor "the baseball player who is of the greatest all-around service to his club".[21] Winners, voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry,[22] received a bronze medal and a cash prize.[23] Voters were required to select one player from each team and player-coaches and prior award winners were ineligible. These incredible flaws resulted in Babe Ruth only winning 1 MVP as the award was dropped after 1928. Under the All-Star Formula, Ruth would have won the MVP in 1920, 1921, 1923, 1925, 1928 and 1930 [citation needed]. The National League award, without these restrictions, lasted from 1924 to 1929.[3]

text:
Year
American League winner
Team
Position
National League winner
Team
Position
Ref

1922
Sisler George !George Sisler
St. Louis Browns !St. Louis Browns
1B
—
-01 !—
-01 !—
[24]

1923
Ruth Babe !Babe Ruth§
New York Yankees
OF
—
-02 !—
-02 !—
[25]

1924
Johnson Walter !Walter Johnson (2)
Washington Senators !Washington Senators
RHP
Vance Dazzy !Dazzy Vance
Brooklyn Robins !Brooklyn Robins
RHP
[26]

1925
Peckinpaugh Roger !Roger Peckinpaugh
Washington Senators !Washington Senators
SS
Hornsby Rogers !Rogers Hornsby
St. Louis Cardinals
2B
[27]

1926
Burns George !George Burns
Cleveland Indians
1B
O'Farrell Bob !Bob O'Farrell
St. Louis Cardinals
C
[28]

1927
Gehrig Lou !Lou Gehrig
New York Yankees
1B
Waner Paul !Paul Waner
Pittsburgh Pirates
OF
[29]

1928
Cochrane Mickey !Mickey Cochrane
Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics
C
Bottomley Jim !Jim Bottomley
St. Louis Cardinals
1B
[30]

1929
—
-01 !—
-01 !—
Hornsby Rogers !Rogers Hornsby (2)
Chicago Cubs
2B
[31]

text: Baseball Writers' Association of America's Most Valuable Player (1931–present)[edit]

text: The BBWAA first awarded the modern MVP after the 1931 season, adopting the format the National League used to distribute its league award. One writer in each city with a team filled out a ten-place ballot, with ten points for the recipient of a first-place vote, nine for a second-place vote, and so on. In 1938, the BBWAA raised the number of voters to three per city and gave 14 points for a first-place vote. The only significant change since then occurred in 1961, when the number of voters was reduced to two per league city.[3]

text:
Year
American League winner
Team
Position
National League winner
Team
Position
Ref

1931
Grove, LeftyLefty Grove†
Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics*
LHP
Frisch, FrankieFrankie Frisch†
St. Louis Cardinals*
2B
[32]

1932
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx†
Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics
1B
Klein Chuck !Chuck Klein†
Philadelphia Phillies
OF
[33]

1933
Foxx Jimmie !Jimmie Foxx† (2)
Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics
1B
Hubbell, CarlCarl Hubbell†
San Francisco Giants !New York Giants*
LHP
[34]

1934
Cochrane, MickeyMickey Cochrane† (2)
Detroit Tigers*
C
Dean, DizzyDizzy Dean†
St. Louis Cardinals*
RHP
[35]

1935
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg†§
Detroit Tigers*
1B
Hartnett, GabbyGabby Hartnett†
Chicago Cubs*
C
[36]

1936
Gehrig, LouLou Gehrig† (2)
New York Yankees*
1B
Hubbell, CarlCarl Hubbell†§ (2)
San Francisco Giants !New York Giants*
LHP
[37]

1937
Gehringer, CharlieCharlie Gehringer†
Detroit Tigers
2B
Medwick, JoeJoe Medwick†
St. Louis Cardinals
OF
[38]

1938
Foxx, JimmieJimmie Foxx† (3)
Boston Red Sox
1B
Lombardi, ErnieErnie Lombardi†
Cincinnati Reds
C
[39]

1939
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio†
New York Yankees*
OF
Walters, BuckyBucky Walters
Cincinnati Reds*
RHP
[40]

1940
Greenberg, HankHank Greenberg† (2)
Detroit Tigers*
OF
McCormick, FrankFrank McCormick
Cincinnati Reds*
1B
[41]

1941
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio† (2)
New York Yankees*
OF
Camilli, DolphDolph Camilli
Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers*
1B
[42]

1942
Gordon, JoeJoe Gordon†
New York Yankees*
2B
Cooper, MortMort Cooper
St. Louis Cardinals*
RHP
[43]

1943
Chandler, SpudSpud Chandler
New York Yankees*
RHP
Musial, StanStan Musial†
St. Louis Cardinals*
OF
[44]

1944
Newhouser, HalHal Newhouser†
Detroit Tigers
LHP
Marion, MartyMarty Marion
St. Louis Cardinals*
SS
[45]

1945
Newhouser, HalHal Newhouser† (2)
Detroit Tigers*
LHP
Cavarretta, PhilPhil Cavarretta
Chicago Cubs*
1B
[46]

1946
Williams, TedTed Williams†
Boston Red Sox*
OF
Musial, StanStan Musial† (2)
St. Louis Cardinals*
1B
[47]

1947
DiMaggio, JoeJoe DiMaggio† (3)
New York Yankees*
OF
Elliott, BobBob Elliott
Atlanta Braves !Boston Braves
3B
[48]

1948
Boudreau, LouLou Boudreau†
Cleveland Indians*
SS
Musial, StanStan Musial† (3)
St. Louis Cardinals
OF
[49]

1949
Williams, TedTed Williams† (2)
Boston Red Sox
OF
Robinson, JackieJackie Robinson†
Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers*
2B
[50]

1950
Rizzuto, PhilPhil Rizzuto†
New York Yankees*
SS
Konstanty, JimJim Konstanty
Philadelphia Phillies*
RHP
[51]

1951
Berra, YogiYogi Berra†
New York Yankees*
C
Campanella, RoyRoy Campanella†
Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers
C
[52]

1952
Shantz, BobbyBobby Shantz
Oakland Athletics !Philadelphia Athletics
LHP
Sauer, HankHank Sauer
Chicago Cubs
OF
[53]

1953
Rosen, AlAl Rosen§
Cleveland Indians
3B
Campanella, RoyRoy Campanella† (2)
Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers*
C
[54]

1954
Berra, YogiYogi Berra† (2)
New York Yankees
C
Mays, WillieWillie Mays†
San Francisco Giants !New York Giants*
OF
[55]

1955
Berra, YogiYogi Berra† (3)
New York Yankees*
C
Campanella, RoyRoy Campanella† (3)
Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers*
C
[56]

1956
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle†§
New York Yankees*
OF
Newcombe, DonDon Newcombe
Los Angeles Dodgers !Brooklyn Dodgers*
RHP
[57]

1957
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle† (2)
New York Yankees*
OF
Aaron, HankHank Aaron†
Atlanta Braves !Milwaukee Braves*
OF
[58]

1958
Jensen, JackieJackie Jensen
Boston Red Sox
OF
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks†
Chicago Cubs
SS
[59]

1959
Fox, NellieNellie Fox†
Chicago White Sox*
2B
Banks, ErnieErnie Banks† (2)
Chicago Cubs
SS
[60]

1960
Maris, RogerRoger Maris
New York Yankees*
OF
Groat, DickDick Groat
Pittsburgh Pirates*
SS
[61]

1961
Maris, RogerRoger Maris (2)
New York Yankees*
OF
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†
Cincinnati Reds*
OF
[62]

1962
Mantle, MickeyMickey Mantle† (3)
New York Yankees*
OF
Wills, MauryMaury Wills
Los Angeles Dodgers
SS
[63]

1963
Howard, ElstonElston Howard
New York Yankees*
C
Koufax, SandySandy Koufax†
Los Angeles Dodgers*
LHP
[64]

1964
Robinson, BrooksBrooks Robinson†
Baltimore Orioles
3B
Boyer, KenKen Boyer
St. Louis Cardinals*
3B
[65]

1965
Versalles, ZoiloZoilo Versalles
Minnesota Twins*
SS
Mays, WillieWillie Mays† (2)
San Francisco Giants
OF
[66]

1966
Robinson, FrankFrank Robinson†§ (2)
Baltimore Orioles*
OF
Clemente, RobertoRoberto Clemente†
Pittsburgh Pirates
OF
[67]

1967
Yastrzemski, CarlCarl Yastrzemski†
Boston Red Sox*
OF
Cepeda, OrlandoOrlando Cepeda†§
St. Louis Cardinals*
1B
[68]

1968
McLain, DennyDenny McLain§
Detroit Tigers*
RHP
Gibson, BobBob Gibson†
St. Louis Cardinals*
RHP
[69]

1969
Killebrew, HarmonHarmon Killebrew†
Minnesota Twins
3B
McCovey, WillieWillie McCovey†
San Francisco Giants
1B
[70]

1970
Powell, BoogBoog Powell
Baltimore Orioles*
1B
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench†
Cincinnati Reds*
C
[71]

1971
Blue, VidaVida Blue
Oakland Athletics
LHP
Torre, JoeJoe Torre†[c]
St. Louis Cardinals
3B
[72]

1972
Allen, DickDick Allen
Chicago White Sox
1B
Bench, JohnnyJohnny Bench† (2)
Cincinnati Reds*
C
[73]

1973
Jackson, ReggieReggie Jackson†§
Oakland Athletics*
OF
Rose, PetePete Rose
Cincinnati Reds
OF
[74]

1974
Burroughs, JeffJeff Burroughs
Texas Rangers
OF
Garvey, SteveSteve Garvey
Los Angeles Dodgers*
1B
[75]

1975
Lynn, FredFred Lynn
Boston Red Sox*
OF
Morgan, JoeJoe Morgan†
Cincinnati Reds*
2B
[76]

1976
Munson, ThurmanThurman Munson
New York Yankees*
C
Morgan, JoeJoe Morgan† (2)
Cincinnati Reds*
2B
[77]

1977
Carew, RodRod Carew†
Minnesota Twins
1B
Foster, GeorgeGeorge Foster
Cincinnati Reds
OF
[78]

1978
Rice, JimJim Rice†
Boston Red Sox
OF
Parker, DaveDave Parker
Pittsburgh Pirates
OF
[79]

1979
Baylor, DonDon Baylor
Los Angeles Angels !California Angels
LF/DH [80]
Hernandez, KeithKeith Hernandez[d]
St. Louis Cardinals
1B
[12]

Stargell, WillieWillie Stargell†[d]
Pittsburgh Pirates*
1B

1980
Brett, GeorgeGeorge Brett†
Kansas City Royals*
3B
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt†§
Philadelphia Phillies*
3B
[81]

1981
Fingers, RollieRollie Fingers†
Milwaukee Brewers
RHP
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt† (2)
Philadelphia Phillies
3B
[82]

1982
Yount, RobinRobin Yount†
Milwaukee Brewers*
SS
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy
Atlanta Braves
OF
[83]

1983
Ripken, Jr., CalCal Ripken, Jr.†
Baltimore Orioles*
SS
Murphy, DaleDale Murphy (2)
Atlanta Braves
OF
[84]

1984
Hernandez, WillieWillie Hernández
Detroit Tigers*
LHP
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg†
Chicago Cubs
2B
[85]

1985
Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly
New York Yankees
1B
McGee, WillieWillie McGee
St. Louis Cardinals*
OF
[86]

1986
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Boston Red Sox*
RHP
Schmidt, MikeMike Schmidt† (3)
Philadelphia Phillies
3B
[87]

1987
Bell, GeorgeGeorge Bell
Toronto Blue Jays
OF
Dawson, AndreAndre Dawson†
Chicago Cubs
OF
[88]

1988
Canseco, JoseJose Canseco§
Oakland Athletics*
OF
Gibson, KirkKirk Gibson
Los Angeles Dodgers*
OF
[89]

1989
Yount, RobinRobin Yount† (2)
Milwaukee Brewers
OF
Mitchell, KevinKevin Mitchell
San Francisco Giants*
OF
[90]

1990
Henderson, RickeyRickey Henderson†
Oakland Athletics*
OF
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Pittsburgh Pirates
OF
[91]

1991
Ripken, Jr., CalCal Ripken, Jr.† (2)
Baltimore Orioles
SS
Pendleton, TerryTerry Pendleton
Atlanta Braves*
3B
[92]

1992
Eckersley, DennisDennis Eckersley†
Oakland Athletics
RHP
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (2)
Pittsburgh Pirates
OF
[93]

1993
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas†§
Chicago White Sox
1B
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (3)
San Francisco Giants
OF
[94]

1994
Thomas, FrankFrank Thomas† (2)
Chicago White Sox
1B
Bagwell, JeffJeff Bagwell†§
Houston Astros
1B
[95]

1995
Vaughn, MoMo Vaughn
Boston Red Sox
1B
Larkin, BarryBarry Larkin†
Cincinnati Reds
SS
[96]

1996
Gonzalez, JuanJuan González
Texas Rangers
OF
Caminiti, KenKen Caminiti§
San Diego Padres
3B
[97]

1997
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.†§
Seattle Mariners
OF
Walker, LarryLarry Walker
Colorado Rockies
OF
[98]

1998
Gonzalez, JuanJuan González (2)
Texas Rangers
OF
Sosa, SammySammy Sosa
Chicago Cubs
OF
[99]

1999
Rodriguez, IvanIván Rodríguez†
Texas Rangers
C
Jones, ChipperChipper Jones†
Atlanta Braves*
3B
[100]

2000
Giambi, JasonJason Giambi
Oakland Athletics
1B
Kent, JeffJeff Kent
San Francisco Giants
2B
[101]

2001
Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki^
Seattle Mariners
OF
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (4)
San Francisco Giants
OF
[102][103]

2002
Tejada, MiguelMiguel Tejada
Oakland Athletics
SS
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds§ (5)
San Francisco Giants*
OF
[104]

2003
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Texas Rangers
SS
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (6)
San Francisco Giants
OF
[105]

2004
Guerrero, VladimirVladimir Guerrero†
Los Angeles Angels !Anaheim Angels
OF
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds (7)
San Francisco Giants
OF
[106]

2005
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (2)
New York Yankees
3B
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols^
St. Louis Cardinals
1B
[107]

2006
Morneau, JustinJustin Morneau
Minnesota Twins
1B
Howard, RyanRyan Howard^
Philadelphia Phillies
1B
[108]

2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez (3)
New York Yankees
3B
Rollins, JimmyJimmy Rollins
Philadelphia Phillies
SS
[109]

2008
Pedroia, DustinDustin Pedroia^
Boston Red Sox
2B
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols^ (2)
St. Louis Cardinals
1B
[110]

2009
Mauer, JoeJoe Mauer^
Minnesota Twins
C
Pujols, AlbertAlbert Pujols^§ (3)
St. Louis Cardinals
1B
[103][111]

2010
Hamilton, JoshJosh Hamilton^
Texas Rangers*
OF
Votto, JoeyJoey Votto^
Cincinnati Reds
1B
[112][113]

2011
Verlander, JustinJustin Verlander^
Detroit Tigers
RHP
Braun, RyanRyan Braun^
Milwaukee Brewers
OF
[114][115]

2012
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera^
Detroit Tigers*
3B
Posey, BusterBuster Posey^
San Francisco Giants*
C
[116][117]

2013
Cabrera, MiguelMiguel Cabrera^ (2)
Detroit Tigers
3B
McCutchen, AndrewAndrew McCutchen^
Pittsburgh Pirates
OF
[118][119]

2014
Trout, MikeMike Trout^§
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
OF
Kershaw, ClaytonClayton Kershaw^
Los Angeles Dodgers
LHP
[14][120]

2015
Donaldson, JoshJosh Donaldson^
Toronto Blue Jays
3B
Harper, BryceBryce Harper^§
Washington Nationals
OF
[121][122]

2016
Trout, MikeMike Trout^ (2)
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
OF
Bryant, KrisKris Bryant^
Chicago Cubs*
3B/OF
[123]

2017
Altuve, JoséJosé Altuve^
Houston Astros*
2B
Stanton, GiancarloGiancarlo Stanton^
Miami Marlins
OF
[123]

text: Key[edit]

text:
Year
Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season

Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a player[124][125]

^
Denotes player who is still active[a]

§
Unanimous selection[b][3]

Player (X)
Denotes winning player and number of times they had won the award at that point

*
Team won League Pennant

P
Pitcher (RHP indicates right-handed; LHP indicates left-handed)

C
Catcher

1B
First baseman

2B
Second baseman

3B
Third baseman

SS
Shortstop

OF
Outfielder

DH
Designated hitter


document_title: Vegetarianism by country

question_text: what percentage of the world population is vegan

question_tokens: what percentage of the world population is vegan

text: Vegetarianism by country

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Reliable data is lacking due to a lack of polling and the varying definitions of vegetarianism and veganism used in the polls. For example, the latest US poll defines "vegan" according to diets that exclude meat, eggs and dairy, rather than following the accepted definition of veganism as avoiding all animal products as far as possible including honey and clothing. Other polls, like the latest Australian poll, place strict vegetarians and those who follow "almost" vegetarian diets in the same category, while this poll and many others measure only vegetarianism and neglect to include veganism in the poll. Many poll results are contradicted by other poll results from the same country despite similar publication dates, implying a wide margin of error.

text: A study from 2010[2] estimated that there are 1,450 million vegetarians of necessity and another 75 million of choice. They make approximately 21.8% of the world’s population.

text:
Country
Vegetarian diet (%) (includes vegan diet)
Approx. no. of individuals
Data set year
Vegan diet (%)
Approx. no. of individuals
Data set year
Note

 Australia
7001110000000000000♠11%
2,100,000
2016[3] 2010[4]

As of March 2016, 11.2% of people living in Australia agreed that "The food I eat is all, or almost all, vegetarian."

 Austria
7000900000000000000♠9%
765,000
2013[5]

 Brazil
7000800000000000000♠8.0%
15,200,000
2012[6]

 Canada
7000940000000000000♠9.4%
3,411,000
2016[7]
2.3
835,000
2016[8]

 Czech Republic
7000150000000000000♠1.5%
235,000
2003[9]

 China
7000400000000000000♠4% – 7000500000000000000♠5%
54,428,000 – 68,035,000
2013[10]

 Denmark
7000400000000000000♠4%
220,000
2011[11]

 Finland
7000200000000000000♠2%
108,000 – 329,000
2011[12] 2015[13]
0.5%
27,000
2013[14]
% of vegans only an estimation

 France
7000150000000000000♠1.5%
1,988,000 – 3,300,000
2011[15]

 Germany
7001100000000000000♠10%
8,000,000
2018[16]
1.6%
1,300,000
2018[17]

 India
7001290000000000000♠29% – 7001400000000000000♠40%
360,576,000
2009[18] 2014[19][20]
27%

 Israel
7001130000000000000♠13%
1,046,000
2015[21][22]
5%
421,000
2015[21][22]

 Italy
7000710000000000000♠7.1% – 7001100000000000000♠10%
4,246,000
2009[18] 2015[23]
0.6% – 2.8%
400,000 – 1,680,000
2015[23][24]

 Japan
7000470000000000000♠4.7%
18,370,300
2014[25]
2.7%
5,875,000
2014[25]

 Latvia
7000300000000000000♠3% – 7000500000000000000♠5%
60,000 – 100,000
2013[26]

estimation

 Netherlands
7000500000000000000♠5.0%
800,000

2016[27] 2017[28]

 New Zealand
7001103000000000000♠10.3%
463,500
2016[29]

 Norway
7001100000000000000♠10%
550,000
2012[30]

estimation

 Poland
7000320000000000000♠3.2%
1,228,800
2013[31]
1.6%
608,000
2013[31]

 Portugal
7000120000000000000♠1.2%
120,000
2017[32]
0.6%

2017[32]
survey conducted by marketing research firm Nielsen Corporation

 Russia
7000300000000000000♠3% – 7000400000000000000♠4%
4,380,000 – 5,840,000
2014[33][34]

 Slovenia
1.4% – 1.6%
28,922 – 33,054
2007/2008[35]
0.3% – 0.5%
6,197 – 10,329
2007/2008[35]
Age group: 18-65; a representative sample; unbiased data (survey conducted by National Institute of Public Health); new data will be available soon (2018/2019/2020).

 Spain
7000150000000000000♠1.5%
697,000
2017[36]
0.2%
93,000
2017[36]
adult population

 Sweden
7001100000000000000♠10%
969,000
2014[37]
4%
388,000
2014[37]
Based on a 1000 person telephone survey.

  Switzerland
7001140000000000000♠14%
1,176,156
2017[38]
3%
252,033
2017[38]

 United Kingdom
7001140000000000000♠14% [39]
9,100,000[39]
2015[40] 2014[41] 2016[42]
7%
3,500,000[39]
2018[39]

 United States
7000930000000000000♠9.3%
30,290,000

2016[43]

6%

2017[44]

 Belgium
7001100000000000000♠10.0%
1,130,177
2016[45]

 Taiwan
7001140000000000000♠14.0%
3,297,011

2015[46] 2016[47] 2017[48]

 South Korea
7000100000000000000♠1.0%
500,000
2011[49]
[50]

text: Africa[edit]

text: The prevalence of strict ethical vegetarianism in Africa is reported to be low since most of the traditional food consist of meat ,[51] while scientific polls are lacking. Countries in North Africa have a tradition of cooking in a vegetarian style, with Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia being particularly connected with this type of cooking which includes couscous and spiced vegetables.[52] Indian immigrants to Africa, particularly in South Africa, brought vegetarianism with them which has been documented as far back as 1895 in Natal Province.[53] Also, some African countries, for example Egypt and Ethiopia, have regular weekly and special periods of religious fasting requiring observance of a vegetarian diet.[51][54]

text: Asia[edit]

text: China[edit]

text: In China, consumption of meat is rapidly increasing while a small but growing number of young people in large cities are vegan.[10] An estimated 4 to 5 percent of Chinese are vegetarian.[10] However, in a survey conducted by SJTU researchers, only 0.77 percent of respondents labeled themselves vegetarian.

text: Native Chinese, generally falling under the label of Taoism (though this tends to confuse the native religion with the Daoist school of philosophy, represented by Laotzu, Chuangtzu, and others), is a form of animism. Similar to Shintoism in Japan, though the killing and eating of animals is not forbidden, it is considered impure.

text: Classical Chinese texts pointed to a period of abstinence from meat before undertaking matters of great importance or of religious significance.

text: With the influx of Buddhist influences, vegetarianism became more popular, but there is a distinction—Daoist vegetarianism is based on a perception of purity, while Buddhist vegetarianism is based on the dual bases of refraining from killing and subduing one's own subservience to the senses. Because of this, two types of "vegetarianism" came to be—one where one refrained from eating meat, the other being refraining from eating meat as well as garlic, onions, and other such strongly flavored foods. This Buddhism-influenced vegetarianism has been known and practiced by some since at least the 7th century.

text: The early 20th century saw some intellectuals espousing vegetarianism as part of their program for reforming China culturally, not just politically. The anarchist thinker Li Shizeng, for instance, argued that tofu and soy products were healthier and could be a profitable export. Liang Shuming, a philosopher and reform activist, adopted a basically vegetarian diet, but did not promote one for others. In recent years, it has seen a resurgence in the cities among the emerging middle class.[55]

text: India[edit]

text: In 2007, UN FAO statistics indicated that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world.[56] India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together.[57] In India, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with lacto vegetarianism. Most restaurants in India clearly distinguish and market themselves as being either "non-vegetarian", "vegetarian", or "pure vegetarian". Vegetarian restaurants abound, and many vegetarian options are usually available. Animal-based ingredients (other than milk and honey) such as lard, gelatin, and meat stock are not used in the traditional cuisine. India has devised a system of marking edible products made from only vegetarian ingredients, with a green dot in a green square. A mark of a brown dot in a brown square conveys that some animal-based ingredients were used. Products like honey, milk, or its direct derivatives are often categorized under the green mark.[58]

text: According to the 2006 Hindu-CNN-IBN State of the Nation Survey, 31% of Indians are vegetarian, while another 9% also consume eggs (ovo-vegetarian).[59] Among the various communities, vegetarianism was most common among the Lingayat, Vaishnav Community, Jain community and then Brahmins at 55%, and less frequent among Muslims (3%) and residents of coastal states. Other surveys cited by FAO[60] and USDA[61][62] estimate 40% of the Indian population as being vegetarian. These surveys indicate that even Indians who do eat meat, do so infrequently, with less than 30% consuming it regularly, although the reasons are mainly cultural.[62] In states where vegetarianism is more common, milk consumption is higher and is associated with lactase persistence. This allows people to continue consuming milk into adulthood and obtain proteins that are substituted for meat, fish and eggs in other areas.[63][64] An official survey conducted by the Government of India, with a sample size of 8858 and the census frame as 2011, indicated India's vegetarian population to be 28-29% of the total population.[65] Compared to a similar survey done almost a decade earlier, India's vegetarian population has increased.[66]

text: According to a survey 2014 released by the registrar general of India, 29% of Indians over the age of 15 are vegetarian, compared with 25% in 2004.[67] Rajasthan has the highest fraction of vegetarians: 74.9%. Other states with large fraction of vegetarians are Haryana (69.25%) Punjab, (66.75%), Gujarat (60.95%) and MP (50.6%). Bengal (1.4%) and Telangana (1.3%) have the fewest vegetarians.

text: The recent growth in India's organized retail sector has also been hit by some controversy, because some vegetarians are demanding meat-free supermarkets.[68]

text: In 2016, the Government of India announced the decision to provide students, at a few of the Institutes of Hotel Management, Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition (IHMCTANs), the option to choose only vegetarian cooking. Earlier, it was compulsory for all IHMCTAN students to learn non-vegetarian cooking. These IHMCTANs are located at Ahmedabad, Bhopal and Jaipur.[69][70]

text: In 2018, a study from Economic and Political Weekly shows that in facts the percentage of vegetarians could be around 20 %, because people declarations in governemental surveys are different than the reality of meat consumption in the country.[71]

text: Israel[edit]

text: A study by the Israeli Ministry of Health in 2001 found that 7.2% of men and 9.8% of women were vegetarian. Although vegetarianism is quite common, the actual percentage of vegetarians in Israel may be lower — the Israeli food industry estimated it at 5%.[72] In 2010, one study found that 2.6% of Israelis were vegetarians or vegans.[73]

text: According to a 2015 poll by the newspaper ''Globe'' and Channel 2, 8% of the Israeli population were vegetarians and 5% were vegans. 13% consider turning vegan or vegetarian. Tel Aviv beat out Berlin, New York and Chennai, India as U.S. food website The Daily Meal's top destination for vegan travelers.[73][74]

text: Japan[edit]

text: According to a 2014/12 survey 4.7% of the Japanese population are vegetarian or vegan (2.7% vegan). NOTE: The referenced web survey included 1,188 valid responses and is not representative of the population of Japan.[25]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: Vegetarian diets are categorized as lacto vegetarianism, ovo-lacto vegetarianism, and veganism in general. The reasons for being vegetarian include influence from friends and family members, concern about global warming, health issues and weight management, religion and mercy for animals, in descending order of significance.[75]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: Rice, mushrooms, vegetables are some of the dietary staples, mixed with a rich variety of spices, coconut, lime and tamarind. Buddhist Chinese monastics are vegetarians or vegans. Singapore is also the headquarters of the world's first international, vegetarian, fast food chain, VeganBurg.[76] The bigger communities of vegetarians and vegans in Singapore are Vegetarian Society (VSS) and SgVeganCommunity. Vegetarian and vegan places have an active role in the gastronomy of Singapore.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: In Taiwan, 1.7 million people, or 13% of the population of Taiwan, follow a vegetarian diet at least some of the time.[77][78] There are more than 6,000 vegetarian eating establishments in Taiwan.[79] The country's food labelling laws for vegetarian food are the world's strictest, because around 2 million Taiwanese people eat vegetarian food.[80] A popular movement of "one day vegetarian every week" has been advocated on a national level,[81] and on a local level, even government bodies are involved, such as the Taipei City Board of Education.[82]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: The definition of vegetarianism throughout Europe is not uniform, creating the potential for products to be labelled inaccurately.[1]

text: Austria[edit]

text: According to a study of ISEF[83] from 2013 (n=500), 9% of Austrians are vegetarian or vegan.

text: Belgium[edit]

text: Since May 2009, Belgium has had the first city in the world (Ghent) with a weekly "veggie day".[84]

text: Denmark[edit]

text: According to a survey by Coop Analyse published in June 2011, just under 4% of Danes considered themselves either vegetarians or vegans.[11]

text: Finland[edit]

text: There is no recent data about amount of vegetarians or vegans in Finland. In 2015, according to a survey by meat producers' association Lihatiedotusyhdistys, 6% of the population, or 329,000 people, did not eat meat.[13] In 2014, the percentage was 5%; it was 10% among 25–34 year old people. The survey did not ask about eating fish.[85] Otherwise, it is estimated that 2–3% of Finns are vegetarians[12] and 0.5% vegans.[14] By combining the data of three surveys (a sample of 24,000 people) published in 2008, 3.3% of Finns identified themselves vegetarians but only 0.66% actually followed a vegetarian diet. 1.4% ate fish but not meat. 0.18% were vegans or lacto-vegetarians.[86]

text: In most of the cities's schools the students are offered two options, a vegetarian and a non-vegetarian meal, on four school days a week, and one day a week they have a choice between two vegetarian meals, for grades 1 to 12. In secondary schools and universities, from 10 to 40 percents of the students preferred vegetarian food in 2013.[87][88] Vegetarianism is most popular in secondary art schools where in some schools over half of the students were vegetarians in 2013.[89]

text: France[edit]

text: Studies in the 1990s showed that one million French (1.5% of the total population) called themselves vegetarians, although more recently this number has reportedly increased to 2%.[15]

text: Germany[edit]

text: According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Germany has over six million vegetarians.[90] A survey conducted by Institut Produkt und Markt found that 9% of the population (7,380,000 people) are vegetarian.[91]

text: However, the statistically representative German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT) only found there to be slightly less than 2% vegetarians in the German population in 2012.[92]

text: Italy[edit]

text: The Italian research institute Eurispes estimates that 10% of Italians are vegetarian and 1.1% are vegan.[18]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: It is estimated that 4.5% of the Dutch population does not eat meat.[93]

text: A study has shown that the number of vegetarians out of a population of nearly 16.5 million people increased from 560,000 in 2004 to 720,000 in 2006.[94][95] The number of "part-time vegetarians" grew rapidly as well; around 3.5 million Dutch citizens abstain from eating meat a few days a week.[95]

text: The sales of meat substitutes have an annual growth of around 25%, making it one of the fastest-growing markets in the Netherlands.[95] In supermarkets and stores, it is sometimes necessary to read the fine print on products in order to make sure that there are no animal-originated ingredients. Increasingly, however, vegetarian products are labeled with the international "V-label," overseen by the Dutch vegetarian association Vegetarisch Keurmerk.[96] Veganism is uncommon in the Netherlands: the Dutch Association for Veganism estimates that there are approximately 70,000 vegans in the Netherlands, or around 0.4% of the population.[97]

text: Poland[edit]

text: According to a survey carried out in Poland by Mintel in 2017, 8% of respondents are vegetarian, while 7% identify themselves as vegans.[98]

text: The capital of Poland, Warsaw, was listed 3rd on the list of Top Vegan Cities In The World published by HappyCow in 2017.[99]

text: Portugal[edit]

text: In 2007, the number of vegetarians in Portugal was estimated at 30,000, which equates to less than 0.3% of the population. In 2014, the number was estimated to be 200,000 people.[100]

text: Vegan and vegetarian products like soy milk, soy yogurts, rice milk and tofu are widely available in major retailers, and across the country.

text: Russia[edit]

text: 2013-2014 polls revealed that 3[33] to 4%[34] of the Russian population considered themselves vegetarian.[101]

text: Spain[edit]

text: A 2012 article in El Pais stated that 0.5% of the population are vegetarian, but that interest in vegetarianism is growing.[102]

text: In Spain, different sources estimate that there are between 1.5 and 2 million vegetarians. In a 2002 article El Mundo stated that there are 1.5 million vegetarians.[103] More recent sources (Asociación Vegana) estimate the number to be two million and observe that in recent years the number of people adopting a vegetarian diet has been growing.[104][105] According to a new study, the number of vegans in Spain increased to 3.5 millions in 2017. [106]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: A 2014 survey of 1,000 people found that the number of vegetarians had increased to 10% (4% vegans and 6% vegetarians).[37] The same survey found that 17% in the age group 15-24 were vegetarians.

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: 1997 government figures suggested that 2.3% of the population never ate meat, and the observed trend seemed to point towards less meat consumption.[107] A 2007 study suggested that the percentage of vegetarians had risen to 5%.[107]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, increasing numbers of people have adopted a vegetarian diet since the end of World War II.[108] The Food Standards Agency Public Attitudes to Food Survey 2009 reported that 3% of respondents were found to be "completely vegetarian", with an additional 5% "partly vegetarian (do not eat some types of fish or meat)".[40] The UK's National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) reported in 2014 that its four-year study found 2.6% of adults and 1.9% of children were vegetarian.[41] The "How many vegans?" survey conducted in May 2016 by the Vegan Society found that 3.25% of UK residents were vegetarian or vegan, while 1.05% were vegan.[42] Some less formal market studies suggest that vegetarians constitute 7% to 11% of the UK adult population (4 million people).[109][110][111] There are twice as many vegetarian women as men.[111] According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the UK has the third highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union.[90] Flexitarianism is also becoming more popular in the UK.[112]

text: Despite the clear classification by the Vegetarian Society, some people in the UK misidentify as vegetarians while still eating fish, either for perceived "health reasons", or because of differing ethical perspectives on vegetarianism, while others use the terms "flexitarian" or "part-vegetarian".[108] As of 2009, people in the UK are now also identified with the labels "meat-avoiders" and "meat-reducers" by marketers, denoting people who do not self-identify as vegetarians, but are reducing or avoiding meat for reasons of health or climate change impacts, with one survey identifying 23% of the population as "meat-reducers", and 10% as "meat-avoiders", although the same survey indicated the "vast majority" in the UK still eat meat, with one in five liking to eat meat every day.[108]

text: Foods labelled as suitable for vegetarians or vegans are subject to provisions within the Trades Descriptions Act 1968.[113] The Food Standards Agency issues guidance on the labelling of foods as suitable for vegetarians:

text: The term 'vegetarian' should not be applied to foods that are, or are made from or with the aid of, products derived from animals that have died, have been slaughtered, or animals that die as a result of being eaten. Animals means farmed, wild or domestic animals, including for example, livestock poultry, game, fish, shellfish, crustaceans, amphibians, tunicates, echinoderms, molluscs, and insects.

text: The FSA's definition has now passed into European law, with legislation due in 2015[needs update].

text: In addition to voluntary labelling, the Vegetarian Society operates a scheme whereby foods that meet its criteria can be labelled "Vegetarian Society approved".[115] Under this scheme, a product is vegetarian if it is free of meat, fowl, fish, shellfish, meat or bone stock, animal or carcass fats, gelatin, aspic, or any other ingredient resulting from slaughter, such as rennet.[116] Cheese is often labelled as well, making it possible to identify cheeses that have been made with rennet derived from non-animal sources.[117]

text: North America[edit]

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo-lacto vegetarianism. However, vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians or pollotarians. Approximately 4.0% of adults were vegetarians as of 2003[update].[118]

text: United States[edit]

text: In 1971, 1 percent of U.S. citizens described themselves as vegetarians.[119] In 2008 Harris Interactive found that 3.2% are vegetarian and 0.5% vegan,[120] while a 2013 Public Policy Polling survey of 500 respondents found that 13% of Americans are either vegetarian or vegan—6% vegetarian and 7% vegan.[121] U.S. vegetarian food sales (dairy replacements such as soy milk and meat replacements such as textured vegetable protein) doubled between 1998 and 2003, reaching $1.6 billion in 2003.[122] According to a report in 2017, the number of consumers claiming to be vegan has risen to 6% in the US [123] In 2015, a Harris Poll National Survey of 2,017 adults aged 18 and over found that eight million Americans, or 3.4%, ate a solely vegetarian diet, and that one million, or 0.4%, ate a strictly vegan diet.[43]

text: Many American children whose parents follow vegetarian diets follow them because of religious, environmental or other reasons.[124] In the government's first estimate[125] of how many children avoid meat, the number is about 1 in 200.[126][127] The CDC survey included children ages 0 to 17 years.

text: By U.S. law, food packaging is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, and generally must be labeled with a list of all its ingredients.[128][129] However, there are exceptions. For example, certain trace ingredients that are "ingredients of ingredients" do not need to be listed.[130]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, some manufacturers who target the vegetarian market label their foods with the statement "suitable for vegetarians"; however, for foods intended for export to the UK, this labelling can be inconsistent because flavourings in ingredients lists do not need to specify if they come from animal origin. As such, "natural flavour" could be derived from either plant or animal sources.

text: Animal rights organisations such as Animal Liberation promote vegan and vegetarian diets. "Vegetarian Week" runs from 1–7 October every year,[131] and food companies are taking advantage of the growing number of vegetarians by producing meat-free alternatives of popular dishes, including sausages and mash and spaghetti Bolognese.[132]

text: A 2000 Newspoll survey (commissioned by Sanitarium) shows 44% of Australians report eating at least one meat-free evening meal a week, while 18% said they prefer plant-based meals.

text: According to a 2010 Newspoll survey, 5% of Australians identify themselves as vegetarians, with 2% actually eating a diet defined by the survey as vegetarian.[133]

text: Roy Morgan Research in August 2016 reported, "Between 2012 and 2016, the number of Australian adults whose diet is all or almost all vegetarian has risen from 1.7 million people (or 9.7% of the population) to almost 2.1 million (11.2%), the latest findings from Roy Morgan Research reveal."[134]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: Similar to Australia, in New Zealand the term "vegetarian" refers to individuals who eat no animal meat such as pork, chicken, and fish; they may consume animal products such as milk and eggs. In contrast, the term "vegan" is used to describe those who do not eat or use any by-products of animals.[135] In 2002 New Zealand's vegetarians made up a minority of 1-2% of the country’s 4.5 million people.[136] By 2011 Roy Morgan Research claimed the number of New Zealanders eating an "all or almost all" vegetarian diet to be 8.1%, growing to 10.3% in 2015 (with men providing the most growth, up 63% from 5.7% to 9.3%).[29] In New Zealand there is a strong enough movement for vegetarianism that it has created significant enough demand for a number of vegetarian and vegan retailers to set up.[137]

text: As New Zealand and Australia work together to form common food standards (as seen in the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) and the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code), there is also a lot of ambiguity surrounding the "natural flavour" ingredients.[138]

text: South America[edit]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In 2004, Marly Winckler, President of the Brazilian Vegetarian Society, claimed that 5% of the population was vegetarian.[139] According to a 2012 survey undertaken by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics, 8% of the population, or 15.2 million people, identified themselves as vegetarian.[6] The city of São Paulo has the most vegetarians in absolute terms (792,120 people), while Fortaleza has the highest percentage, at 14% of the total population.[140]

text: Marly Winckler claims that the central reasons for the deforestation of the Amazon are expansive livestock raising (mainly cattle) and soybean crops, most of it for use as animal feed, and a minor percentage for edible oil processing (being direct human consumption for use as food nearly negligible),[141] claims that are widely known to have a basis.[142][143][144][145]

text: As in Canada, vegetarianismo (Portuguese pronunciation: [veʒiˌtaɾjɐ̃ˈnizmu]) is usually synonymous with lacto-ovo-vegetarianism, and vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians and/or pollotarians who tolerate the flesh of fish or poultry, respectively. Nevertheless, veganism, and freeganism, are very common among Brazilian anarchists, punks and members of other groups in the counterculture and/or left-wing movements. Other beliefs generally associated with Brazilian vegetarians are Eastern philosophies and religions, New Age and Spiritism. It is also commonly said to be related to the emo and indie youth subcultures as influence from the local punks. Brazilian vegetarians reportedly tend to be urban, of middle or upper class[139] and live in the Central-Southern half of the country. Since the 1990s, and especially since the 2000s, several vegetarian and vegan restaurants have appeared in many cities like São Paulo, Brasília, Rio de Janeiro, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Belo Horizonte, Recife, Florianópolis, Campinas, João Pessoa, Caxias do Sul, Salvador, Sorocaba, Santo André, Fortaleza, São Caetano do Sul and Ubatuba.[146]


document_title: Holy See–European Union relations

question_text: who is allowed to be apart of the european union

text: Holy See–European Union relations

text: Cooperation[edit]

text: According to the EU's Copenhagen criteria which define what states are eligible to join the EU, a candidate state must be a free market democracy. Given that the Holy See is a theocracy it does not meet the criteria. However, as it is so small, and surrounded by an EU state (Italy), it is intrinsically linked to the EU. Vatican City has an open border with the EU and intends to join the Schengen Information System. It also uses the euro as its sole currency and has an agreement with the EU allowing them to mint their own coins.[2] The EU gave Italy authority to negotiate a deal with the Holy See in 2000 which allowed the Holy See to mint a maximum of €670,000. After a review of the arrangements, a new agreement came into force in 2010 which allowed the Holy See to mint €1 million a year (plus up to an additional €300,000 on special occasions).[3]

text: Vatican City is not part of the EU's customs union or its VAT area like some other small European states are. However Vatican City is exempt from duties and taxes and the small amount of goods exported from Vatican City are exempt from duty.[2]

text: Representations[edit]

text: The first representative from the Holy See, an Apostolic Nuncio, was accredited to the EU in 1970. The role of the EU's representative to the Holy See is accorded to the EU representative to the UN in Rome:[2] currently Ambassador Yves Gazzo. The first EU representative to the Holy See was Luis Ritto, accredited in 2006. This accreditation followed a visit by Commission President José Manuel Barroso who wished to create open full diplomatic relations between the two.[3]

text: Points of tension[edit]

text: Some of the more recent events in the relationship have been;

text:
A disagreement over whether to include a reference to Europe's Christian heritage in the European Constitution[4]
The European Parliament refused to ratify Rocco Buttiglione as a European Commissioner because he backed the Catholic Church's view on homosexuality[5]
The European Union endorsed the Sandbaek Report, increasing funding for abortion[6]
The funding of stem cell research by the European Union[7]
The European Parliament passed a motion[8] calling for the compulsory recognition of same-sex unions across the European Union[9]

text: Membership[edit]

text: The Vatican City (the smallest state in the world[10]) is an ecclesiastical[10] or sacerdotal-monarchical[11] state, and as such does not have the democratic credentials to join the EU (Art. 49 TEU) and is unlikely to attain them given its unique status. Additionally its economy is also of a unique non-commercial nature. Overall, the mission of the Vatican City state, which is tied to the mission of the Holy See, has little to do with the objectives of the EU Treaty.[12] Thus EU membership is not discussed, even though it is in the heart of an EU member state.[12]