document_title: Human digestive system

question_text: in what part of the digestive tube do you expect the initial digestion of starch

question_tokens: in what part of the digestive tube do you expect the initial digestion of starch

text: Human digestive system

text: Components[edit]

text: There are several organs and other components involved in the digestion of food. The organs known as the accessory digestive glands are the liver, gall bladder and pancreas. Other components include the mouth, salivary glands, tongue, teeth and epiglottis.

text: The largest structure of the digestive system is the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract). This starts at the mouth and ends at the anus, covering a distance of about nine (9) metres.[2]

text: The largest part of the GI tract is the colon or large intestine. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste matter is stored prior to defecation.[1]

text: Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine.

text: A major digestive organ is the stomach. Within its mucosa are millions of embedded gastric glands. Their secretions are vital to the functioning of the organ.

text: There are many specialised cells of the GI tract. These include the various cells of the gastric glands, taste cells, pancreatic duct cells, enterocytes and microfold cells.

text: Some parts of the digestive system are also part of the excretory system, including the large intestine.[1]

text: Mouth[edit]

text: The mouth is the first part of the gastrointestinal tract and is equipped with several structures that begin the first processes of digestion.[3] These include salivary glands, teeth and the tongue. The mouth consists of two regions; the vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The vestibule is the area between the teeth, lips and cheeks,[4] and the rest is the oral cavity proper. Most of the oral cavity is lined with oral mucosa, a mucous membrane that produces a lubricating mucus, of which only a small amount is needed. Mucous membranes vary in structure in the different regions of the body but they all produce a lubricating mucus, which is either secreted by surface cells or more usually by underlying glands. The mucous membrane in the mouth continues as the thin mucosa which lines the bases of the teeth. The main component of mucus is a glycoprotein called mucin and the type secreted varies according to the region involved. Mucin is viscous, clear, and clinging. Underlying the mucous membrane in the mouth is a thin layer of smooth muscle tissue and the loose connection to the membrane gives it its great elasticity.[5] It covers the cheeks, inner surfaces of the lips, and floor of the mouth.[6]:1186

text: The roof of the mouth is termed the palate and it separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. The palate is hard at the front of the mouth since the overlying mucosa is covering a plate of bone; it is softer and more pliable at the back being made of muscle and connective tissue, and it can move to swallow food and liquids. The soft palate ends at the uvula.[7] The surface of the hard palate allows for the pressure needed in eating food, to leave the nasal passage clear.[8] The lips are the mouth's front boundary and the fauces (the passageway between the tonsils, also called the throat),[6]:686 mark its posterior boundary.

text: At either side of the soft palate are the palatoglossus muscles which also reach into regions of the tongue. These muscles raise the back of the tongue and also close both sides of the fauces to enable food to be swallowed.[6]:1208 Mucus helps in the mastication of food in its ability to soften and collect the food in the formation of the bolus.

text: Salivary glands[edit]

text: There are three pairs of main salivary glands and between 800 and 1,000 minor salivary glands, all of which mainly serve the digestive process, and also play an important role in the maintenance of dental health and general mouth lubrication, without which speech would be impossible.[9] The main glands are all exocrine glands, secreting via ducts. All of these glands terminate in the mouth. The largest of these are the parotid glands—their secretion is mainly serous. The next pair are underneath the jaw, the submandibular glands, these produce both serous fluid and mucus. The serous fluid is produced by serous glands in these salivary glands which also produce lingual lipase. They produce about 70% of the oral cavity saliva. The third pair are the sublingual glands located underneath the tongue and their secretion is mainly mucous with a small percentage of saliva.

text: Within the oral mucosa (a mucous membrane) lining the mouth and also on the tongue and palates and mouth floor, are the minor salivary glands; their secretions are mainly mucous and are innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve).[10] The glands also secrete amylase a first stage in the breakdown of food acting on the carbohydrate in the food to transform the starch content into maltose. There are other glands on the surface of the tongue that encircle taste buds on the back part of the tongue and these also produce lingual lipase. Lipase is a digestive enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids (fats). These glands are termed Von Ebner's glands which have also been shown to have another function in the secretion of histatins which offer an early defense (outside of the immune system) against microbes in food, when it makes contact with these glands on the tongue tissue.[9][11] Sensory information can stimulate the secretion of saliva providing the necessary fluid for the tongue to work with and also to ease swallowing of the food.

text: Saliva[edit]

text: Saliva moistens and softens food, and along with the chewing action of the teeth, transforms the food into a smooth bolus. The bolus is further helped by the lubrication provided by the saliva in its passage from the mouth into the esophagus. Also of importance is the presence in saliva of the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase. Amylase starts to work on the starch in carbohydrates, breaking it down into the simple sugars of maltose and dextrose that can be further broken down in the small intestine. Saliva in the mouth can account for 30% of this initial starch digestion. Lipase starts to work on breaking down fats. Lipase is further produced in the pancreas where it is released to continue this digestion of fats. The presence of salivary lipase is of prime importance in young babies whose pancreatic lipase has yet to be developed.[12]

text: As well as its role in supplying digestive enzymes, saliva has a cleansing action for the teeth and mouth.[13] It also has an immunological role in supplying antibodies to the system, such as immunoglobulin A.[14] This is seen to be key in preventing infections of the salivary glands, importantly that of parotitis.

text: Saliva also contains a glycoprotein called haptocorrin which is a binding protein to vitamin B12.[15] It binds with the vitamin in order to carry it safely through the acidic content of the stomach. When it reaches the duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the glycoprotein and free the vitamin which then binds with intrinsic factor.

text: Tongue[edit]

text: Food enters the mouth where the first stage in the digestive process takes place, with the action of the tongue and the secretion of saliva. The tongue is a fleshy and muscular sensory organ, and the very first sensory information is received via the taste buds in the papillae on its surface. If the taste is agreeable, the tongue will go into action, manipulating the food in the mouth which stimulates the secretion of saliva from the salivary glands. The liquid quality of the saliva will help in the softening of the food and its enzyme content will start to break down the food whilst it is still in the mouth. The first part of the food to be broken down is the starch of carbohydrates (by the enzyme amylase in the saliva).

text: The tongue is attached to the floor of the mouth by a ligamentous band called the frenum[5] and this gives it great mobility for the manipulation of food (and speech); the range of manipulation is optimally controlled by the action of several muscles and limited in its external range by the stretch of the frenum. The tongue's two sets of muscles, are four intrinsic muscles that originate in the tongue and are involved with its shaping, and four extrinsic muscles originating in bone that are involved with its movement.

text: Taste[edit]

text: Taste is a form of chemoreception that takes place in the specialised taste receptors, contained in structures called taste buds in the mouth. Taste buds are mainly on the upper surface (dorsum) of the tongue. The function of taste perception is vital to help prevent harmful or rotten foods from being consumed. There are also taste buds on the epiglottis and upper part of the esophagus. The taste buds are innervated by a branch of the facial nerve the chorda tympani, and the glossopharyngeal nerve. Taste messages are sent via these cranial nerves to the brain. The brain can distinguish between the chemical qualities of the food. The five basic tastes are referred to as those of saltiness, sourness, bitterness, sweetness, and umami. The detection of saltiness and sourness enables the control of salt and acid balance. The detection of bitterness warns of poisons—many of a plant's defences are of poisonous compounds that are bitter. Sweetness guides to those foods that will supply energy; the initial breakdown of the energy-giving carbohydrates by salivary amylase creates the taste of sweetness since simple sugars are the first result. The taste of umami is thought to signal protein-rich food. Sour tastes are acidic which is often found in bad food. The brain has to decide very quickly whether the food should be eaten or not. It was the findings in 1991, describing the first olfactory receptors that helped to prompt the research into taste. The olfactory receptors are located on cell surfaces in the nose which bind to chemicals enabling the detection of smells. It is assumed that signals from taste receptors work together with those from the nose, to form an idea of complex food flavours.[16]

text: Teeth[edit]

text: Teeth are complex structures made of materials specific to them. They are made of a bone-like material called dentin, which is covered by the hardest tissue in the body—enamel.[8] Teeth have different shapes to deal with different aspects of mastication employed in tearing and chewing pieces of food into smaller and smaller pieces. This results in a much larger surface area for the action of digestive enzymes. The teeth are named after their particular roles in the process of mastication—incisors are used for cutting or biting off pieces of food; canines, are used for tearing, premolars and molars are used for chewing and grinding. Mastication of the food with the help of saliva and mucus results in the formation of a soft bolus which can then be swallowed to make its way down the upper gastrointestinal tract to the stomach.[citation needed] The digestive enzymes in saliva also help in keeping the teeth clean by breaking down any lodged food particles.[citation needed]

text: Epiglottis[edit]

text: The epiglottis is a flap of elastic cartilage attached to the entrance of the larynx. It is covered with a mucous membrane and there are taste buds on its lingual surface which faces into the mouth.[17] Its laryngeal surface faces into the larynx. The epiglottis functions to guard the entrance of the glottis, the opening between the vocal folds. It is normally pointed upward during breathing with its underside functioning as part of the pharynx, but during swallowing, the epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position, with its upper side functioning as part of the pharynx. In this manner it prevents food from going into the trachea and instead directs it to the esophagus, which is behind. During swallowing, the backward motion of the tongue forces the epiglottis over the glottis' opening to prevent any food that is being swallowed from entering the larynx which leads to the lungs; the larynx is also pulled upwards to assist this process. Stimulation of the larynx by ingested matter produces a strong cough reflex in order to protect the lungs.

text: Pharynx[edit]

text: The pharynx is a part of the conducting zone of the respiratory system and also a part of the digestive system. It is the part of the throat immediately behind the nasal cavity at the back of the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx. The pharynx is made up of three parts. The lower two parts—the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx are involved in the digestive system. The laryngopharynx connects to the esophagus and it serves as a passageway for both air and food. Air enters the larynx anteriorly but anything swallowed has priority and the passage of air is temporarily blocked. The pharynx is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus of the vagus nerve.[18] Muscles in the pharynx push the food into the esophagus. The pharynx joins the esophagus at the oesophageal inlet which is located behind the cricoid cartilage.

text: Esophagus[edit]

text: The esophagus or oesophagus, commonly known as the gullet, is an organ which consists of a muscular tube through which food passes from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is continuous with the laryngeal part of the pharynx. It passes through the posterior mediastinum in the thorax and enters the stomach through a hole in the thoracic diaphragm—the esophageal hiatus, at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra (T10). Its length averages 25 cm, varying with height. It is divided into cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts. The pharynx joins the esophagus at the esophageal inlet which is behind the cricoid cartilage.

text: At rest the esophagus is closed at both ends, by the upper and lower esophageal sphincters. The opening of the upper sphincter is triggered by the swallowing reflex so that food is allowed through. The sphincter also serves to prevent back flow from the esophagus into the pharynx. The esophagus has a mucous membrane and the epithelium which has a protective function is continuously replaced due to the volume of food that passes inside the esophagus. During swallowing, food passes from the mouth through the pharynx into the esophagus. The epiglottis folds down to a more horizontal position so as to prevent food from going into the trachea, instead directing it to the esophagus.

text: Once in the esophagus, the bolus travels down to the stomach via rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles known as peristalsis. The lower esophageal sphincter is a muscular sphincter surrounding the lower part of the esophagus. The junction between the esophagus and the stomach (the gastroesophageal junction) is controlled by the lower esophageal sphincter, which remains constricted at all times other than during swallowing and vomiting to prevent the contents of the stomach from entering the esophagus. As the esophagus does not have the same protection from acid as the stomach, any failure of this sphincter can lead to heartburn. The esophagus has a mucous membrane of epithelium which has a protective function as well as providing a smooth surface for the passage of food. Due to the high volume of food that is passed over time, this membrane is continuously renewed.

text: Diaphragm[edit]

text: The diaphragm is an important part of the body's digestive system. The muscular diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity where most of the digestive organs are located. The suspensory muscle attaches the ascending duodenum to the diaphragm. This muscle is thought to be of help in the digestive system in that its attachment offers a wider angle to the duodenojejunal flexure for the easier passage of digesting material. The diaphragm also attaches to, and anchors the liver at its bare area. The esophagus enters the abdomen through a hole in the diaphragm at the level of T10.

text: Stomach[edit]

text: The stomach is a major organ of the gastrointestinal tract and digestive system. It is a consistently J-shaped organ joined to the esophagus at its upper end and to the duodenum at its lower end. Gastric acid (informally gastric juice), produced in the stomach plays a vital role in the digestive process, and mainly contains hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride. A peptide hormone, gastrin, produced by G cells in the gastric glands, stimulates the production of gastric juice which activates the digestive enzymes. Pepsinogen is a precursor enzyme (zymogen) produced by the gastric chief cells, and gastric acid activates this to the enzyme pepsin which begins the digestion of proteins. As these two chemicals would damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by innumerable gastric glands in the stomach, to provide a slimy protective layer against the damaging effects of the chemicals on the inner layers of the stomach.

text: At the same time that protein is being digested, mechanical churning occurs through the action of peristalsis, waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. Gastric lipase secreted by the chief cells in the fundic glands in the gastric mucosa of the stomach, is an acidic lipase, in contrast with the alkaline pancreatic lipase. This breaks down fats to some degree though is not as efficient as the pancreatic lipase.

text: The pylorus, the lowest section of the stomach which attaches to the duodenum via the pyloric canal, contains countless glands which secrete digestive enzymes including gastrin. After an hour or two, a thick semi-liquid called chyme is produced. When the pyloric sphincter, or valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes further with digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and then passes through the small intestine, where digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon of the large intestine, where the environment is slightly acidic. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K produced by bacteria in the gut flora of the colon are also absorbed.

text: The parietal cells in the fundus of the stomach, produce a glycoprotein called intrinsic factor which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin), is carried to, and through the stomach, bound to a glycoprotein secreted by the salivary glands - transcobalamin I also called haptocorrin, which protects the acid-sensitive vitamin from the acidic stomach contents. Once in the more neutral duodenum, pancreatic enzymes break down the protective glycoprotein. The freed vitamin B12 then binds to intrinsic factor which is then absorbed by the enterocytes in the ileum.

text: The stomach is a distensible organ and can normally expand to hold about one litre of food.[19] This expansion is enabled by a series of gastric folds in the inner walls of the stomach. The stomach of a newborn baby will only be able to expand to retain about 30 ml.

text: Spleen[edit]

text: The spleen breaks down both red and white blood cells that are spent. This is why it is sometimes known as the 'graveyard of red blood cells'. A product of this digestion is the pigment bilirubin, which is sent to the liver and secreted in the bile. Another product is iron, which is used in the formation of new blood cells in the bone marrow.[5] Medicine treats the spleen solely as belonging to the lymphatic system, though it is acknowledged that the full range of its important functions is not yet understood.[20]

text: Liver[edit]

text: The liver is the second largest organ (after the skin) and is an accessory digestive gland which plays a role in the body's metabolism. The liver has many functions some of which are important to digestion. The liver can detoxify various metabolites; synthesise proteins and produce biochemicals needed for digestion. It regulates the storage of glycogen which it can form from glucose (glycogenesis). The liver can also synthesise glucose from certain amino acids. Its digestive functions are largely involved with the breaking down of carbohydrates. It also maintains protein metabolism in its synthesis and degradation. In lipid metabolism it synthesises cholesterol. Fats are also produced in the process of lipogenesis. The liver synthesises the bulk of lipoproteins. The liver is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen and below the diaphragm to which it is attached at one part, This is to the right of the stomach and it overlies the gall bladder. The liver produces bile, an important alkaline compound which aids digestion.

text: Bile[edit]

text: Bile produced by the liver is made up of water (97%), bile salts, mucus and pigments, 1% fats and inorganic salts.[21] Bilirubin is its major pigment. Bile acts partly as a surfactant which lowers the surface tension between either two liquids or a solid and a liquid and helps to emulsify the fats in the chyme. Food fat is dispersed by the action of bile into smaller units called micelles. The breaking down into micelles creates a much larger surface area for the pancreatic enzyme, lipase to work on. Lipase digests the triglycerides which are broken down into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride. These are then absorbed by villi on the intestinal wall. If fats are not absorbed in this way in the small intestine problems can arise later in the large intestine which is not equipped to absorb fats. Bile also helps in the absorption of vitamin K from the diet. Bile is collected and delivered through the common hepatic duct. This duct joins with the cystic duct to connect in a common bile duct with the gallbladder. Bile is stored in the gallbladder for release when food is discharged into the duodenum and also after a few hours.[22]

text: Gallbladder[edit]

text: The gallbladder is a hollow part of the biliary tract that sits just beneath the liver, with the gallbladder body resting in a small depression.[23] It is a small organ where the bile produced by the liver is stored, before being released into the small intestine. Bile flows from the liver through the bile ducts and into the gall bladder for storage. The bile is released in response to cholecystokinin (CCK) a peptide hormone released from the duodenum. The production of CCK (by endocrine cells of the duodenum) is stimulated by the presence of fat in the duodenum.[24]

text: It is divided into three sections, a fundus, body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tract via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct. At this junction is a mucosal fold called Hartmann's pouch, where gallstones commonly get stuck. The muscular layer of the body is of smooth muscle tissue that helps the gallbladder contract, so that it can discharge its bile into the bile duct. The gallbladder needs to store bile in a natural, semi-liquid form at all times. Hydrogen ions secreted from the inner lining of the gallbladder keep the bile acidic enough to prevent hardening. To dilute the bile, water and electrolytes from the digestion system are added. Also, salts attach themselves to cholesterol molecules in the bile to keep them from crystallising. If there is too much cholesterol or bilirubin in the bile, or if the gallbladder doesn't empty properly the systems can fail. This is how gallstones form when a small piece of calcium gets coated with either cholesterol or bilirubin and the bile crystallises and forms a gallstone. The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store and release bile, or gall. Bile is released into the small intestine in order to help in the digestion of fats by breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones. After the fat is absorbed, the bile is also absorbed and transported back to the liver for reuse.

text: Pancreas[edit]

text: The pancreas is a major organ functioning as an accessory digestive gland in the digestive system. It is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland.[25] The endocrine part secretes insulin when the blood sugar becomes high; insulin moves glucose from the blood into the muscles and other tissues for use as energy. The endocrine part releases glucagon when the blood sugar is low; glucagon allows stored sugar to be broken down into glucose by the liver in order to re-balance the sugar levels. The pancreas produces and releases important digestive enzymes in the pancreatic juice that it delivers to the duodenum. The pancreas lies below and at the back of the stomach. It connects to the duodenum via the pancreatic duct which it joins near to the bile duct's connection where both the bile and pancreatic juice can act on the chyme that is released from the stomach into the duodenum. Aqueous pancreatic secretions from pancreatic duct cells contain bicarbonate ions which are alkaline and help with the bile to neutralise the acidic chyme that is churned out by the stomach.

text: The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for the digestion of fats and proteins. Some of these are released in response to the production of CKK in the duodenum. (The enzymes that digest polysaccharides, by contrast, are primarily produced by the walls of the intestines.) The cells are filled with secretory granules containing the precursor digestive enzymes. The major proteases, the pancreatic enzymes which work on proteins, are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Elastase is also produced. Smaller amounts of lipase and amylase are secreted. The pancreas also secretes phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase, and cholesterol esterase. The precursor zymogens, are inactive variants of the enzymes; which avoids the onset of pancreatitis caused by autodegradation. Once released in the intestine, the enzyme enteropeptidase present in the intestinal mucosa activates trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin; further cleavage results in chymotripsin.

text: Lower gastrointestinal tract[edit]

text: The lower gastrointestinal tract (GI), includes the small intestine and all of the large intestine.[26] The intestine is also called the bowel or the gut. The lower GI starts at the pyloric sphincter of the stomach and finishes at the anus. The small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The cecum marks the division between the small and large intestine. The large intestine includes the rectum and anal canal.[1]

text: Small intestine[edit]

text: Food starts to arrive in the small intestine one hour after it is eaten, and after two hours the stomach has emptied. Until this time the food is termed a bolus. It then becomes the partially digested semi-liquid termed chyme.

text: In the small intestine, the pH becomes crucial; it needs to be finely balanced in order to activate digestive enzymes. The chyme is very acidic, with a low pH, having been released from the stomach and needs to be made much more alkaline. This is achieved in the duodenum by the addition of bile from the gall bladder combined with the bicarbonate secretions from the pancreatic duct and also from secretions of bicarbonate-rich mucus from duodenal glands known as Brunner's glands. The chyme arrives in the intestines having been released from the stomach through the opening of the pyloric sphincter. The resulting alkaline fluid mix neutralises the gastric acid which would damage the lining of the intestine. The mucus component lubricates the walls of the intestine.

text: When the digested food particles are reduced enough in size and composition, they can be absorbed by the intestinal wall and carried to the bloodstream. The first receptacle for this chyme is the duodenal bulb. From here it passes into the first of the three sections of the small intestine, the duodenum. (The next section is the jejunum and the third is the ileum). The duodenum is the first and shortest section of the small intestine. It is a hollow, jointed C-shaped tube connecting the stomach to the jejunum. It starts at the duodenal bulb and ends at the suspensory muscle of duodenum. The attachment of the suspensory muscle to the diaphragm is thought to help the passage of food by making a wider angle at its attachment.

text: Most food digestion takes place in the small intestine. Segmentation contractions act to mix and move the chyme more slowly in the small intestine allowing more time for absorption (and these continue in the large intestine). In the duodenum, pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme, colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme. From this breakdown, smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced. There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines (the majority being in the small intestine). They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface. All these villi make for a greater surface area, not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present on the microvilli.

text: The chylomicrons are small enough to pass through the enterocyte villi and into their lymph capillaries called lacteals. A milky fluid called chyle, consisting mainly of the emulsified fats of the chylomicrons, results from the absorbed mix with the lymph in the lacteals.[clarification needed] Chyle is then transported through the lymphatic system to the rest of the body.

text: The suspensory muscle marks the end of the duodenum and the division between the upper gastrointestinal tract and the lower GI tract. The digestive tract continues as the jejunum which continues as the ileum. The jejunum, the midsection of the small intestine contains circular folds, flaps of doubled mucosal membrane which partially encircle and sometimes completely encircle the lumen of the intestine. These folds together with villi serve to increase the surface area of the jejunum enabling an increased absorption of digested sugars, amino acids and fatty acids into the bloodstream. The circular folds also slow the passage of food giving more time for nutrients to be absorbed.

text: The last part of the small intestine is the ileum. This also contains villi and vitamin B12; bile acids and any residue nutrients are absorbed here. When the chyme is exhausted of its nutrients the remaining waste material changes into the semi-solids called feces, which pass to the large intestine, where bacteria in the gut flora further break down residual proteins and starches.[27]

text: Cecum[edit]

text: The cecum is a pouch marking the division between the small intestine and the large intestine.[28] The cecum receives chyme from the last part of the small intestine, the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. At this junction there is a sphincter or valve, the ileocecal valve which slows the passage of chyme from the ileum, allowing further digestion. It is also the site of the appendix attachment.

text: Large intestine[edit]

text: In the large intestine,[1] the passage of the digesting food in the colon is a lot slower, taking from 12 to 50 hours until it is removed by defecation. The colon mainly serves as a site for the fermentation of digestible matter by the gut flora. The time taken varies considerably between individuals. The remaining semi-solid waste is termed feces and is removed by the coordinated contractions of the intestinal walls, termed peristalsis, which propels the excreta forward to reach the rectum and exit via defecation from the anus. The wall has an outer layer of longitudinal muscles, the taeniae coli, and an inner layer of circular muscles. The circular muscle keeps the material moving forward and also prevents any back flow of waste. Also of help in the action of peristalsis is the basal electrical rhythm that determines the frequency of contractions.[29] The taeniae coli can be seen and are responsible for the bulges (haustra) present in the colon. Most parts of the GI tract are covered with serous membranes and have a mesentery. Other more muscular parts are lined with adventitia.

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The digestive system is supplied by the celiac artery. The celiac artery is the first major branch from the abdominal aorta, and is the only major artery that nourishes the digestive organs.

text: There are three main divisions – the left gastric artery, the common hepatic artery and the splenic artery.

text: The celiac artery supplies the liver, stomach, spleen and the upper 1/3 of the duodenum (to the sphincter of Oddi) and the pancreas with oxygenated blood. Most of the blood is returned to the liver via the portal venous system for further processing and detoxification before returning to the systemic circulation via the hepatic portal vein.

text: The next branch from the abdominal aorta is the superior mesenteric artery, which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the midgut, which includes the distal 2/3 of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and the proximal 2/3 of the transverse colon.

text: The final branch which is important for the digestive system is the inferior mesenteric artery, which supplies the regions of the digestive tract derived from the hindgut, which includes the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and the anus above the pectinate line.

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: The enteric nervous system consists of some one hundred million neurons[31] that are embedded in the peritoneum, the lining of the gastrointestinal tract extending from the esophagus to the anus.[32] These neurons are collected into two plexuses - the myenteric (or Auerbach's) plexus that lies between the longitudinal and the smooth muscle layers, and the submucosal (or Meissner's) plexus that lies between the circular smooth muscle layer and the mucosa.[33][34][35]

text: Parasympathetic innervation to the ascending colon is supplied by the vagus nerve. Sympathetic innervation is supplied by the splanchnic nerves that join the celiac ganglia. Most of the digestive tract is innervated by the two large celiac ganglia, with the upper part of each ganglion joined by the greater splanchnic nerve and the lower parts joined by the lesser splanchnic nerve. It is from these ganglia that many of the gastric plexuses arise.

text: Development[edit]

text: Early in embryonic development, the embryo has three germ layers and abuts a yolk sac. During the second week of development, the embryo grows and begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract. Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the oesophagus, stomach, and intestines.[36]

text: During the fourth week of development, the stomach rotates. The stomach, originally lying in the midline of the embryo, rotates so that its body is on the left. This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach, which will go on to become the duodenum. By the end of the fourth week, the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side, the hepatic diverticulum, which will go on to become the biliary tree. Just below this is a second outpouching, known as the cystic diverticulum, that will eventually develop into the gallbladder.[36]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Each part of the digestive system is subject to a wide range of disorders many of which can be congenital. Mouth diseases can also be caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses, fungi and as a side effect of some medications. Mouth diseases include tongue diseases and salivary gland diseases. A common gum disease in the mouth is gingivitis which is caused by bacteria in plaque. The most common viral infection of the mouth is gingivostomatitis caused by herpes simplex. A common fungal infection is candidiasis commonly known as thrush which affects the mucous membranes of the mouth.

text: There are a number of esophageal diseases such as the development of Schatzki rings that can restrict the passageway, causing difficulties in swallowing. They can also completely block the esophagus.[37]

text: Stomach diseases are often chronic conditions and include gastroparesis, gastritis, and peptic ulcers.

text: A number of problems including malnutrition and anemia can arise from malabsorption, the abnormal absorption of nutrients in the GI tract. Malabsorption can have many causes ranging from infection, to enzyme deficiencies such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. It can also arise as a result of other gastrointestinal diseases such as coeliac disease. Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine. This can cause vitamin deficiencies due to the improper absorption of nutrients in the small intestine. The small intestine can also be obstructed by a volvulus, a loop of intestine that becomes twisted enclosing its attached mesentery. This can cause mesenteric ischemia if severe enough.

text: A common disorder of the bowel is diverticulitis. Diverticula are small pouches that can form inside the bowel wall, which can become inflamed to give diverticulitis. This disease can have complications if an inflamed diverticulum bursts and infection sets in. Any infection can spread further to the lining of the abdomen (peritoneum) and cause potentially fatal peritonitis.[38]

text: Crohn's disease is a common chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which can affect any part of the GI tract,[39] but it mostly starts in the terminal ileum.

text: Ulcerative colitis an ulcerative form of colitis, is the other major inflammatory bowel disease which is restricted to the colon and rectum. Both of these IBDs can give an increased risk of the development of colorectal cancer. Ulcerative coliltis is the most common of the IBDs[40]

text: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common of the functional gastrointestinal disorders. These are idiopathic disorders that the Rome process has helped to define.[41]

text: Giardiasis is a disease of the small intestine caused by a protist parasite Giardia lamblia. This does not spread but remains confined to the lumen of the small intestine.[42] It can often be asymptomatic, but as often can be indicated by a variety of symptoms. Giardiasis is the most common pathogenic parasitic infection in humans.[43]

text: There are diagnostic tools mostly involving the ingestion of barium sulphate to investigate disorders of the GI tract.[44] These are known as upper gastrointestinal series that enable imaging of the pharynx, larynx, oesophagous, stomach and small intestine and lower gastrointestinal series for imaging of the colon.

text: In pregnancy[edit]

text: Gestation can predispose for certain digestive disorders. Gestational diabetes can develop in the mother as a result of pregnancy and while this often presents with few symptoms it can lead to pre-eclampsia.


document_title: The Walking Dead (comic book)

question_text: when do the walking dead comics come out

root

text: The Walking Dead (comic book)

text: Publication history[edit]

text: The original pitch by Kirkman and Moore was for a followup to George A. Romero's Night of the Living Dead, with the series taking place in the 1960s.[7] Image Comics co-founder Jim Valentino suggested using an original concept instead so the creators would own the property outright.[7] The revised pitch became The Walking Dead.

tag: p

text: The Walking Dead debuted in 2003, published by Image Comics, with art by Tony Moore for the first six issues and Cliff Rathburn shading the art after issue five. Charlie Adlard took over as artist on issue #7, after he was approached by Kirkman.[4] Moore also did the cover art for the first twenty-four issues and the first four trade paperbacks. The remainder were done by Adlard.

text: When the television series premiered in October 2010, Image Comics announced The Walking Dead Weekly. The first 52 issues of the series began to be reprinted on January 5, 2011, with one issue per week for a year.[8]

text: The series is periodically re-published in trade paperbacks which contain six issues each, hardcover books with twelve issues and occasional bonus material, omnibus editions of twenty-four issues, and compendium editions of forty-eight issues.

text: Story arcs[edit]

text: Volume 1: Days Gone Bye (Issues 1–6)

text: Volume 2: Miles Behind Us (Issues 7–12)

text: Volume 3: Safety Behind Bars (Issues 13–18)

text: Volume 4: The Heart's Desire (Issues 19–24)

text: Volume 5: The Best Defense (Issues 25–30)

text: Volume 6: This Sorrowful Life (Issues 31–36)

text: Volume 7: The Calm Before (Issues 37–42)

text: Volume 8: Made To Suffer (Issues 43–48)

text: Volume 9: Here We Remain (Issues 49–54)

text: Volume 10: What We Become (Issues 55–60)

text: Volume 11: Fear The Hunters (Issues 61–66)

text: Volume 12: Life Among Them (Issues 67–72)

text: Volume 13: Too Far Gone (Issues 73–78)

text: Volume 14: No Way Out (Issues 79–84)

text: Volume 15: We Find Ourselves (Issues 85–90)

text: Volume 16: A Larger World (Issues 91–96)

text: Volume 17: Something To Fear (Issues 97–102)

text: Volume 18: What Comes After (Issues 103–108)

text: Volume 19: March To War (Issues 109–114)

text: Volume 20: All Out War – Part One (Issues 115–120)

text: Volume 21: All Out War – Part Two (Issues 121–126)

text: Volume 22: A New Beginning (Issues 127–132)

text: Volume 23: Whispers Into Screams (Issues 133–138)

text: Volume 24: Life And Death (Issues 139–144)

text: Volume 25: No Turning Back (Issues 145–150)

text: Volume 26: Call To Arms (Issues 151–156)

text: Volume 27: The Whisperer War (Issues 157–162)

text: Volume 28: A Certain Doom (Issues 163–168)

text: Volume 29: Lines We Cross (Issues 169–174)

text: Volume 30: (Issues 175–180)

text: Specials[edit]

text: Michonne Special (March 16, 2012)

text: The Governor Special (February 13, 2013)

text: Free Comic Book Day Special (May 4, 2013)

text: Morgan Special (May 5, 2013)

text: Tyreese Special (October 9, 2013)

text: The Walking Dead: The Alien (April 20, 2016)

text: Here's Negan (April 27, 2016 – July 26, 2017, October 4, 2017 (Hardcover))

text: List of characters[edit]

text: Rick Grimes is the main character, a deputy who is comatose when the zombie apocalypse begins. With his wife Lori and son Carl, he joins with groups other survivors. He is joined by former best friend Shane, who secretly has a sexual relationship with Lori. The group consists of firm clerk and college graduate Andrea and her sister Amy, a mechanic named Jim, car salesman Dale, shoe salesman Allen and his wife, Donna as well as their children, Ben and Billy. Lori and Carl form friendships with other survivors such as Carol and Sophia.

text: After leaving the camp, Rick gains a right-hand man and close friendship in Tyreese, who is accompanied by his daughter and her boyfriend. They soon find a farm run by Hershel Greene. Among Hershel's seven children is Maggie Greene, who forms a relationship with Glenn. As the group settle at a prison, they become conflicted with a group of surviving prisoners. Otis meets a katana-wielding survivor named Michonne, who is brought into the group, but struggles to acclimate, facing her own demons. Michonne, Rick and Glenn are later held in captivity by The Governor, a leader of a town called Woodbury who plan to take over the prison. Other Woodbury residents include Alice Warren, who changes sides to Rick's group and delivers Lori's baby, Bob Stookey, an army medic responsible for saving The Governor's life and Lilly, one of The Governor's soldiers.

text: After the prison assault, the remaining group survivors regroup at Hershel's farm, and meet Abraham Ford, Eugene Porter and Rosita Espinosa. The group travel to Washington DC where they are hunted by Chris, encounter Gabriel Stokes, a priest, and are then recruited by Aaron and his boyfriend, Eric to join the Alexandria Safe-Zone, run by congressman, Douglas Monroe. Among the residents are Heath and Dr. Denise Cloyd, who quickly become close allies to the core group, and eventually the conflicted Nicholas. Douglas' son, Spencer tries to form a relationship with Andrea. Rick falls in love with Jessie Anderson, an abused wife. Abraham forms a relationship with Holly, a member of the construction crew. A group of men, known as The Scavengers, tries to conquer Alexandria; the fight attracts a pack of walkers that invades the safe zone, leading to the death of a lot of Alexandrians. Later, the safe zone starts a trading network with the Hilltop Colony, with help from its scout Paul "Jesus" Monroe. However, their safety is again threatened by the psychopathic Negan and his group known as The Saviors who reside in a factory. One of the Saviors, Dwight becomes an ally with the communities. The Hilltop and Alexandria join with The Kingdom run by King Ezekiel in a war against the Saviors.

text: After the war, newcomers such as Magna and Dante are introduced into the series. Another community out at sea is established, as well as safety perimeters across the DC area, which is violated by the presence of the Whisperers, a tribe of people disguised as the dead who have rejected the notion of re-establishing civilization. The leader, Alpha, antagonizes Rick as her daughter, Lydia, forms a sexual relationship with Carl. When Alpha's second in command, Beta, takes leadership of the group, he declares war against the communities.

text: The undead/reanimated[edit]

text: The "zombie idea" developed by George Romero does not exist in The Walking Dead alternate universe; hence, of all the myriad terms used to describe the undead by different communities throughout the show, the word "zombie" has been deliberately avoided. While it has been used extremely rarely in the comics, it has never been used in the show.

text: Rick's group classifies the undead as either walkers, roamers or lurkers, the former being more likely to venture toward a loud noise in search of human prey. Other names have been used by characters in the series, including biters and stinkers. The undead follow and mimic each other, which can result in enormous hordes travelling together, "walking nonstop, following a sound they've all forgotten," as Abraham puts it.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received critical acclaim, winning the Eisner Award for Best Continuing Series in 2010[11] and prompting Eric Sunde of IGN comics to call it "one of the best monthly comics available".[12] Among its fans are author Max Brooks.[13] Because of the popularity of the series, which increased considerably when it was adapted into a television series of the same name, artist Tony Moore's original artwork for the series' early issues has gone up in value; on the March 28, 2013 episode of the VH1 reality television series For What It's Worth, Moore's original artwork for Page 7 of issue #1 was professionally appraised to be worth $20,000.[14]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Television adaptations[edit]

text: AMC picked up the rights to produce a show based on the comic in 2009.[15][16] It ordered a pilot episode on January 21, 2010[17] and began filming on May 15, 2010.[18] The series premiered on October 31, 2010 with high ratings.[19] On November 8, 2010, after broadcasting two episodes, AMC renewed The Walking Dead for a second season of 13 episodes,[20] which began on October 16, 2011.[21] The TV show is loosely inspired by the comic, introducing new characters and deviating from the comic in certain plot points.

text: The fifth season premiered on October 12, 2014, with Scott M. Gimple as the show's third showrunner. Gimple has said that he would stay closer in line to the comic book series events "as much as possible", but ultimately remix stories with certain characters, referencing original characters introduced to the show and deceased characters alive in the comic book as a reason for this.[22] Robert Kirkman himself has mentioned that the series will follow much closer to the comic series with Gimple's run.[23]

text: A companion television series, titled Fear The Walking Dead, debuted on AMC on August 23, 2015.[24] The series features new original characters, and it is set in the city of Los Angeles, California starting prior to the zombie apocalypse. It explores these new characters as the apocalypse begins. The series was created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson, with Erickson serving as showrunner for the series. AMC ordered the series for a two-season commitment, with the first season consisting of six episodes.[25]

text: Animation comic[edit]

text: AMC released an animated film of the first part of Issue No. 1 of the comic with animation by Juice Films, voice acting by Phil LaMarr and art by Tony Moore.[26]

text: The Walking Dead: The Game[edit]

text: On February 18, 2011, Telltale Games announced plans to create an episodic video game based on the series,[27] which was scheduled to debut in fall 2011 and was released worldwide in April 2012. The Walking Dead: The Game consists of five episodes, released between April and November 2012. Additional downloadable content, 400 Days, was released in July 2013. Kirkman has said that, unlike typical zombie games such as Left 4 Dead, "it [focuses] more on characterization and emotion than action".[28]

text: The first episode of the sequel, The Walking Dead: Season Two, was released in December 2013 with episode 2 being released in March 2014, episode 3 in May 2014, episode 4 in July 2014, and episode 5 in August 2014.

text: The Walking Dead: The Game received widespread critical acclaim, with reviews giving praise for the emotion, characters, and plot.

text: The Walking Dead: All Out War[edit]

text: In January 2016, the Kings of War creator Mantic Games announced plans to release a tabletop miniature wargame based on The Walking Dead, named The Walking Dead: All Out War. The miniatures game was funded through the popular crowdfunding site Kickstarter. This product is available for order and first began shipping to backers on 7 November 2016.

text: Novels[edit]

text: A series of novels based on the comics, written by Robert Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga, were released between 2011 and 2014 focusing on the antagonist "The Governor". Taking place in the initial outbreak, the books chronicle his experiences from surviving in the newly ravaged world to the establishment of himself as leader of Woodbury, and finally tying up the conclusion to the prison arc storyline in the comics.

text: Following The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor, Bonansinga continued the Walking Dead novels as sole author, with Kirkman's name affixed to the title.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Author(s)

The Walking Dead: Rise of the Governor
9780312547738
October 11, 2011
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

The Walking Dead: The Road to Woodbury
9780312547745
October 16, 2012
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor Part One
9781250020642
October 8, 2013
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

The Walking Dead: The Fall of the Governor Part Two
9781447266822
March 13, 2014
Kirkman and Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Descent
9781250057174
October 14, 2014
Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Invasion
9781250058508
October 6, 2015
Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Search and Destroy
9781250058515
October 18, 2016
Jay Bonansinga

Robert Kirkman's The Walking Dead: Return to Woodbury
9781250058522
October 17, 2017
Jay Bonansinga

tag: table

text: Collected editions[edit]

text: The series has so far been assembled into the following collections:

text: Trade paperbacks[edit]

text: The trade paperbacks collect story arcs of six issues each, but contain only the story and none of the original cover art from the comics. Each paperback follows the convention of having a three-word title. The zombies in the cover art for each paperback form part of a larger image if placed end to end.

text: Each story arc is re-released in hardcover books containing two, omnibus editions containing four, and compendiums containing eight story arcs.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material
Issues Published
Hardcover Book Number
Omnibus Number
Compendium Number

The Walking Dead Vol. 1: Days Gone Bye
1-58240-358-9
May 12, 2004
The Walking Dead #1–6
October 2003 – March 2004
1
1
1

The Walking Dead Vol. 2: Miles Behind Us
1-58240-413-5
November 24, 2004
The Walking Dead #7–12
April 2004 – September 2004

The Walking Dead Vol. 3: Safety Behind Bars
1-58240-487-9
May 18, 2005
The Walking Dead #13–18
October 2004 – April 2005
2

The Walking Dead Vol. 4: The Heart's Desire
1-58240-530-1
November 30, 2005
The Walking Dead #19–24
June 2005 – November 2005

The Walking Dead Vol. 5: The Best Defense
1-58240-612-X
September 27, 2006
The Walking Dead #25–30
January 2006 – August 2006
3
2

The Walking Dead Vol. 6: This Sorrowful Life
1-58240-684-7
April 11, 2007
The Walking Dead #31–36
September 2006 – March 2007

The Walking Dead Vol. 7: The Calm Before
1-58240-828-9
September 26, 2007
The Walking Dead #37–42
April 2007 – September 2007
4

The Walking Dead Vol. 8: Made To Suffer
1-58240-883-1
June 25, 2008
The Walking Dead #43–48
October 2007 – April 2008

The Walking Dead Vol. 9: Here We Remain
1-60706-022-1
January 21, 2009
The Walking Dead #49–54
May 2008 – November 2008
5
3
2

The Walking Dead Vol. 10: What We Become
1-60706-075-2
August 12, 2009
The Walking Dead #55–60
November 2008 – April 2009

The Walking Dead Vol. 11: Fear The Hunters
1-60706-122-8
January 6, 2010
The Walking Dead #61–66
May 2009 – October 2009
6

The Walking Dead Vol. 12: Life Among Them
1-60706-254-2
August 3, 2010
The Walking Dead #67–72
November 2009 – May 2010

The Walking Dead Vol. 13: Too Far Gone
1-60706-329-8
November 23, 2010
The Walking Dead #73–78
June 2010 – October 2010
7
4

The Walking Dead Vol. 14: No Way Out
1-60706-392-1
June 22, 2011
The Walking Dead #79–84
November 2010 – April 2011

The Walking Dead Vol. 15: We Find Ourselves
1-60706-440-5
December 27, 2011
The Walking Dead #85–90
May 2011 – October 2011
8

The Walking Dead Vol. 16: A Larger World
1-60706-559-2
June 6, 2012
The Walking Dead #91–96
November 2011 – April 2012

The Walking Dead Vol. 17: Something To Fear
1-60706-615-7
November 21, 2012
The Walking Dead #97–102
May 2012 – September 2012
9
5
3

The Walking Dead Vol. 18: What Comes After
1-60706-687-4
June 18, 2013
The Walking Dead #103–108
October 2012 – March 2013

The Walking Dead Vol. 19: March To War
1-60706-818-4
November 13, 2013
The Walking Dead #109–114
April 2013 – September 2013
10

The Walking Dead Vol. 20: All Out War (Part One)
1-60706-882-6
March 11, 2014
The Walking Dead #115–120
October 2013 – January 2014

The Walking Dead Vol. 21: All Out War (Part Two)
1-63215-030-1
July 29, 2014
The Walking Dead #121–126
February 2014 – April 2014
11
6

The Walking Dead Vol. 22: A New Beginning
1-63215-041-7
November 5, 2014
The Walking Dead #127–132
May 2014 – October 2014

The Walking Dead Vol. 23: Whispers Into Screams
1-63215-258-4
May 12, 2015
The Walking Dead #133–138
October 2014 – March 2015
12

The Walking Dead Vol. 24: Life And Death
1-63215-402-1
August 26, 2015
The Walking Dead #139–144
March 2015 – July 2015

The Walking Dead Vol. 25: No Turning Back
1-63215-659-8
April 5, 2016
The Walking Dead #145–150
August 2015 – January 2016
13
7
4

The Walking Dead Vol. 26: Call To Arms
1-63215-917-1
September 14, 2016
The Walking Dead #151–156
February 2016 – July 2016

The Walking Dead Vol. 27: The Whisperer War
1-53430-052-X
March 7, 2017
The Walking Dead #157–162
August 2016 – January 2017
14

The Walking Dead Vol. 28: A Certain Doom
1-53430-244-1
October 3, 2017
The Walking Dead #163–168
February 2017 – June 2017

The Walking Dead Vol. 29: Lines We Cross
1-53430-497-5
March 13, 2018[29]
The Walking Dead #169–174
July 2017 – December 2017
15
8

text: Hardcovers[edit]

text: All hardcovers contain the contents of the comics, including the covers, and in some cases bonus material. The books' trim size is larger than the paperbacks. Each hardcover contains two story arcs from the series. Signed versions of the books are available, each limited to 310 pieces.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material
Cover Character

The Walking Dead: Book One
978-1582406190
July 19, 2006
The Walking Dead #1–12
Rick

The Walking Dead: Book Two
978-1582406985
March 7, 2007
The Walking Dead #13–24
Michonne

The Walking Dead: Book Three
978-1582408255
December 19, 2007
The Walking Dead #25–36
The Governor

The Walking Dead: Book Four
978-1607060000
October 29, 2008
The Walking Dead #37–48
Lori and Judith

The Walking Dead: Book Five
978-1607061717
May 5, 2010
The Walking Dead #49–60
Abraham

The Walking Dead: Book Six
978-1607063278
October 26, 2010
The Walking Dead #61–72
Carl

The Walking Dead: Book Seven
978-1607064398
October 18, 2011
The Walking Dead #73–84
Rick

The Walking Dead: Book Eight
978-1607065937
September 26, 2012
The Walking Dead #85–96
Andrea

The Walking Dead: Book Nine
978-1607067986
September 17, 2013
The Walking Dead #97–108
Negan

The Walking Dead: Book Ten
978-1632150349
September 3, 2014
The Walking Dead #109–120
Ezekiel

The Walking Dead: Book Eleven
978-1632152718
February 25, 2015
The Walking Dead #121–132
Paul "Jesus" Monroe

The Walking Dead: Book Twelve
978-1632154514
September 30, 2015
The Walking Dead #133–144
Rick

The Walking Dead: Book Thirteen
978-1632159168
October 5, 2016
The Walking Dead #145–156
Alpha

The Walking Dead: Book Fourteen
978-1534303294
October 11, 2017
The Walking Dead #157–168
Dwight

text: Omnibus editions[edit]

text: Limited omnibus editions collect 24 issues in a slipcase with several extras. The first volume is autographed by Kirkman and Adlard, with 300 copies printed. Subsequent volumes had print runs of 3000 each, along with deluxe limited editions (signed by Kirkman/Adlard) of 300 copies.

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material

The Walking Dead: Volume 1 Deluxe HC
1-58240-511-5
December 14, 2005
Collects #1–24

The Walking Dead: Volume 2 Deluxe HC
1-60706-029-9
February 17, 2009
Collects #25–48

The Walking Dead: Volume 3 Deluxe HC
1-60706-330-1
February 2, 2011
Collects #49–72

The Walking Dead: Volume 4 Deluxe HC
1-60706-616-5
December 12, 2012
Collects #73–96

The Walking Dead: Volume 5 Deluxe HC
1-63215-042-5
November 19, 2014
Collects #97–120

The Walking Dead: Volume 6 Deluxe HC
1-63215-521-4
December 2, 2015
Collects #121–144

The Walking Dead: Volume 7 Deluxe HC
1-53430-335-9
November 7, 2017
Collects #145–168

text: Compendium editions[edit]

text: Softcover compendium editions collect 48 comic issues each. They are also available as limited hardcover editions (Red Foil Version[30] for Compendium 1, Gold Foil Version[31] for Compendium 2, and Gold Foil Version[32] for Compendium 3).

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Collected Material

The Walking Dead: Compendium One
1-60706-076-0
May 6, 2009
Collects #1–48

The Walking Dead: Compendium Two
1-60706-596-7
October 3, 2012
Collects #49–96

The Walking Dead: Compendium Three
1-63215-456-0
October 13, 2015
Collects #97–144

text: Other publications[edit]

text: Several ancillary books and a special edition have also been published:

text:
Title
ISBN
Release Date
Description

The Walking Dead Survivors' Guide
1-60706-458-8
November 1, 2011
A detailed guide to every character featured in the comics as of its publication

The Walking Dead 100 Project (hardcover)
1-60706-801-X
September 25, 2013
One hundred covers sketched by various artists commemorating issue #100

The Walking Dead 100 Project (paperback)
1-60706-799-4
October 8, 2013

The Walking Dead: The Covers – Volume 1
1-60706-002-7
October 6, 2010
Collection of the cover art for The Walking Dead #1–50 (Vol. 1) and #51–100 (Vol. 2)

The Walking Dead: The Covers – Volume 2
1-60706-595-9
July 9, 2013

The Walking Dead: All Out War Artist's Proof Edition
1-63215-038-7
October 1, 2014
All Out War parts 1 and 2, The Walking Dead #115–126, with its original pencil artwork; cover art features Rick and Negan


document_title: Meet the Press

question_text: who had the longest tenure as moderator on meet the press

text: Meet the Press

text: Format[edit]

text: The program's format consists of an extended one-on-one interview with the host, and is sometimes followed by a roundtable discussion or one-on-two interview with figures in adversarial positions, either Congressional members from opposite sides of the aisle or political commentators. Originally a half-hour program for most of its history, the show expanded to 60 minutes starting with the September 20, 1992, broadcast.[9]

text: The program also features in-depth examinations of facts behind political and general news stories (particularly as part of a segment called the "Data Download", introduced after Chuck Todd assumed duties as moderator, which is conducted on a touchscreen within the main set.

text: History[edit]

text: Meet the Press began on radio on the Mutual Broadcasting System in 1945 as American Mercury Presents: Meet the Press,[10] a program to promote The American Mercury, a magazine that Lawrence E. Spivak purchased in 1935.[11] Before the program aired, Spivak asked journalist Martha Rountree, who had worked in radio and had been employed by Spivak as a roving editor for the magazine, to critique the plans for the new radio show. Based on her advice, Rountree created a new radio program that she called The American Mercury, on October 5, 1945.[2]

text: On November 6, 1947, while still on the Mutual Broadcasting System, the television rights to the program were purchased by General Foods which began to air the show on the NBC television network with the title shortened to simply Meet the Press; the radio version also adopted the new name. Although some sources credit Spivak with the program's creation,[1][7] Rountree developed the idea on her own, and Spivak joined as co-producer and business partner in the enterprise after the show had already debuted.[2]

text: This section, in the next two paragraphs, needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Meet the Press was originally presented as a 30-minute press conference with a single guest and a panel of questioners. Its first guest was James Farley, who served as Postmaster General, Democratic National Committee chairman and campaign manager to Franklin Delano Roosevelt under the first two terms of the New Deal Administration. Creator Rountree served as its first host, the program's only female moderator to date.[2] She stepped down on November 1, 1953, and was succeeded by Ned Brooks, who remained as moderator until his retirement on December 26, 1965.[2] Spivak became the moderator on January 1, 1966, moving up from his role as a permanent panelist. He retired on November 9, 1975, on a special one-hour edition that featured, for the first time, a sitting president, Gerald Ford, as guest. The next week, Bill Monroe, previously a weekly panelist like Spivak had been years before, took over as moderator and stayed until June 2, 1984.

text: For the next seven and a half years, the program then went through a series of hosts as it struggled in the ratings against ABC's This Week with David Brinkley. Roger Mudd and Marvin Kalb, as co-moderators, followed Monroe for a year, followed by Chris Wallace (who would later to go on to a much longer run as host of the rival program Fox News Sunday) from 1987 to 1988. Garrick Utley, then hosting Weekend Today, concurrently hosted Meet the Press from 1989 through December 1, 1991. All this occurred despite the increasing ratings of NBC News' other programs (and those of the network generally) during that period. The program originally aired at noon Eastern Time every Sunday, before moving to a 9:00 a.m. slot by the early 1990s.

text: Under Russert[edit]

text: Network officials, concerned for the show's future, turned to Tim Russert, the network's Washington, D.C., bureau chief. He took over as moderator of Meet the Press on December 8, 1991, and remained with the program until his death on June 13, 2008, becoming the longest serving moderator in the program's history.[12]

text: Under Russert, the program was expanded to one hour and became less of a televised press conference, focusing more on Russert's questions and comments; Russert also engaged in longer in-depth interviews and hosted panels of experts to discuss the topics featured in that week's broadcast. Russert signed off each edition by saying, "That's all for today. We'll be back next week. If it's Sunday, it's Meet the Press."

text: During the professional football season, Russert, a native of Buffalo, New York, and an avid fan of the Buffalo Bills,[13][14] sometimes added, "Go Bills!," and occasionally would ask panelists, "How 'bout those Sabres?" if Buffalo's NHL hockey team was doing well. Spoofs of the show featured in a recurring sketch on Saturday Night Live often reflected his impromptu additions in support of the two professional sports franchises. By 2006, Meet the Press was the highest-rated program among the Sunday morning talk shows.[15]

text: Russert died on June 13, 2008, of a sudden coronary thrombosis (caused by a cholesterol plaque rupture).[16] Former NBC Nightly News anchor Tom Brokaw hosted a special edition of Meet the Press dedicated to the life of Russert on June 15, 2008, in which Russert's chair was left empty as a tribute.[17]

text: Guest moderators[edit]

text: Andrea Mitchell (from August 15, 2004)[18]

tag: ul

text: After Russert[edit]

text: Mark Whitaker was named by NBC News as the division's Washington D.C. Bureau Chief and was given "executive oversight" of Meet the Press.

text: Interim Brokaw era[edit]

text: NBC Nightly News anchor Brian Williams acted as moderator of the first show following the June 15 tribute to Russert, with the same guests and subject matter that Russert was planning for when he died.[19]

text: Following Russert's death, Tom Brokaw was named the interim moderator through the 2008 general elections.[20] Brokaw followed Russert's tradition by signing off with "We'll be back next Sunday because if it's Sunday, it's Meet the Press" (a sign-off that would continue to be used by his successors as moderator). In September of that year, the show was presented with limited commercial interruption.

text: On August 10, David Gregory moderated the panel discussion during the second half-hour of the broadcast, while Brokaw anchored the first half-hour from the site of the Summer Olympics in Beijing. The following week on August 17, he moderated the entire broadcast. It was also reported on December 1, 2008, that the December 7 broadcast would be Brokaw's last, with Gregory becoming the new permanent host the following Sunday.[21]

text: Under Gregory[edit]

text: David Gregory began his tenure as moderator on December 14, 2008. Four days after Gregory's first regular broadcast, on December 18, NBC News political director Chuck Todd was named contributing editor of Meet the Press. Throughout Gregory's tenure as moderator, Meet the Press experienced significant ratings declines. In the final three months of 2013, the program placed third among the Sunday morning talk shows in total viewership, behind CBS's Face the Nation and ABC's This Week for the first time since 1992; it also experienced the lowest ratings in the show's entire history among the key 25-to-54 age viewing demographic during this period.[22] NBC management became uncertain as to the future direction of the program.[23]

text: A new set was introduced on May 2, 2010, featuring video screens and library-style bookshelves; David Gregory would preview the guests to be featured during each week's broadcast using a large video screen. Different, modified intro music was also introduced, with the Meet the Press theme music in a shorter "modernized [style]... the beginning repeated with drum beats" (see "High-definition broadcasting" below for additional information).[24]

text: Transition to Todd[edit]

text: In response to declining viewership, rumors surfaced in August 2014 that Gregory would be replaced as the program's moderator. NBC News President Deborah Turness apparently had held discussions with Jon Stewart (host of Comedy Central's satirical news program The Daily Show) to replace Gregory,[25] which Stewart later confirmed in a Rolling Stone interview, saying, "My guess is they were casting as wide and as weird a net as they could. I'm sure part of them was thinking, 'Why don't we just make it a variety show?'"[26]

text: On August 14, 2014, Turness announced that Chuck Todd, NBC's chief White House correspondent, would take over the role of moderator on September 7, 2014.[8]

text: Meet the Press Daily[edit]

text: On September 28, 2015, Meet the Press Daily, hosted by Chuck Todd, debuted on MSNBC.[27]

text: High-definition broadcasting[edit]

text: The set utilized from March 17, 1996, to April 25, 2010,[28] had been designed as an experimental set for high-definition broadcasting; several editions of the program (including the first broadcast of a regular series on a major television network in HD) had aired in the format in the 1990s over experimental HD station WHD-TV in Washington, D.C.[29] Despite this, the program continued to be transmitted in 480i standard definition over the NBC network itself. On May 2, 2010, Meet the Press became the last NBC News program to convert to high definition, and unveiled a new set consisting of large video screens mostly used to display Washington scenery, satellite interview subjects and moderator and subject talking points, along with graphics produced for the format.[30]

text: Moderators[edit]

text: The following is the list of moderators for Meet the Press:[1]

text:
Martha Rountree
1947–1953

Ned Brooks
1953–1965

Lawrence E. Spivak
1966–1975

Bill Monroe
1975–1984

Roger Mudd and Marvin Kalb
(co-moderators)
1984–1985

Marvin Kalb
1985–1987

Chris Wallace
1987–1988

Garrick Utley
1989–1991

Tim Russert
1991–2008

Tom Brokaw
2008

David Gregory
2008–2014

Chuck Todd
2014–present

text: On-remote broadcasts (outside D.C. studios)[edit]

text:
Date
Location
Event/Reason

July 17, 1988
Atlanta, Georgia
1988 Democratic National Convention[31]

August 14, 1988
New Orleans, Louisiana
1988 Republican National Convention

December 3, 1989
Malta
Malta Summit

July 16, 1989
Paris, France
G7

September 9, 1990
Helsinki, Finland
Helsinki summit

July 12, 1992
New York City, New York
1992 Democratic National Convention

August 16, 1992
Houston, Texas
1992 Republican National Convention

April 4, 1993
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Clinton–Yeltsin summit

January 30, 1994
Atlanta, Georgia
Super Bowl XXVIII at the Georgia Dome[32]

September 16, 2001
Camp David
Interview with Dick Cheney in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks

January 18, 2004
Des Moines, Iowa
24 hours before the Iowa caucuses[33]

January 25, 2004
Bedford, New Hampshire
48 hours before the New Hampshire primary[34]

February 1, 2004
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Interview with Howard Dean[35]

February 8, 2004
Oval Office
Interview with George W. Bush[36]

July 25, 2004
Boston, Massachusetts
2004 Democratic National Convention[37]

August 29, 2004
New York City, New York
2004 Republican National Convention[38]

October 31, 2004
New York City, New York
Two days before the U.S. presidential election[39]

October 8, 2007
Des Moines, Iowa
Interview with John Edwards[40]

November 11, 2007
Des Moines, Iowa
Interview with Barack Obama[41]

December 30, 2007
Des Moines, Iowa
Interview with Mike Huckabee, two days before the 2008 Iowa caucuses[42]

January 6, 2008
Bedford, New Hampshire
Two days before the New Hampshire primaries

January 13, 2008
South Carolina
Interview with Hillary Clinton during her 2008 presidential campaign[43]

January 20, 2008
New York City, New York
Roundtable discussion[44]

January 27, 2008
Tampa, Florida[45]

June 29, 2008
Jackson Hole, Wyoming
Western Governors' Association annual meeting[46] and Simi Valley, California (Reagan Library)[47]

July 27, 2008
London, England
Barack Obama's overseas trip[48]

August 10, 2008
Beijing, China
2008 Beijing Olympics[49]

August 24, 2008
Denver, Colorado
2008 Democratic National Convention[50]

August 31, 2008
Saint Paul, Minnesota
2008 Republican National Convention[51]

September 7, 2008
Wilmington, Delaware
Senator Joe Biden appears on the show

October 26, 2008
Waterloo, Iowa
John McCain's campaign stop[52]

December 7, 2008
Chicago, Illinois
Interview with president-elect Barack Obama; while taped in Chicago, Brokaw introduced and ended the show in D.C.[53]

June 14, 2009
Wilmington, Delaware
Vice President Joe Biden appears on the show

August 29, 2010
New Orleans, Louisiana
Special broadcast five years after Hurricane Katrina, moderated by Brian Williams

January 1, 2012
Des Moines, Iowa
Interview with Rick Santorum, two days before the 2012 Iowa caucuses[54]

January 8, 2012
Bedford, New Hampshire
Two days before the New Hampshire primaries

November 2, 2014
New York City, New York
Two days before midterm elections

January 31, 2016
Des Moines, Iowa
24 hours before the Iowa caucuses[55]

text: Notable guests and events[edit]

text: The following is a partial list of notable guests and milestones for the show.[1]

text:
First guest: James A. Farley, the former Postmaster General of the United States and former Democratic National Committee Chair.
Whittaker Chambers states Alger Hiss was a communist on August 27, 1948, radio broadcast, which leads to libel suit from Hiss, the Pumpkin Papers, and Justice's indictment of Hiss by December 1948.
First female guest: Elizabeth Bentley, a courier for a Communist spy ring, on September 12, 1948.
An interview with Fidel Castro aired April 19, 1959.[56]
Every U.S. President since John F. Kennedy has appeared on Meet the Press, although not necessarily during his presidency. Jimmy Carter used his appearance on January 20, 1980, to announce the United States' boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Ronald Reagan appeared seven times before being elected president, but did not appear during his presidency. Bill Clinton was the guest for the 50th anniversary broadcast on November 9, 1997. The February 8, 2004, interview with George W. Bush was conducted in the Oval Office at the White House. The December 7, 2008, interview was with then President-elect Barack Obama. Donald Trump has appeared on the program a number of times, most recently in October 2016.
The first live communications satellite television interview occurred on Meet the Press on September 19, 1965, with the British Prime Minister Harold Wilson.

text: Distribution[edit]

text: In addition to its broadcasts on NBC, Meet the Press also airs on various other NBCUniversal-owned channels domestically and internationally, including MSNBC, CNBC in the United States and Canada, CNBC Europe in Europe and CNBC Asia in Asia. It is also broadcast in Australia on the Seven Network and in the Philippines on 9TV.

text: Meet the Press is also available as an audio or video podcast,[57] and is simulcast on radio stations by Westwood One (which also handles distribution of all other NBC-produced radio programming, including NBC News Radio).[58]


document_title: List of Sailor Moon S episodes

question_text: who has the talismans in sailor moon s

question_tokens: who has the talismans in sailor moon s

text: List of Sailor Moon S episodes

text: Episode list (1994–1995)[edit]

text:
No.
Cloverway inc. title[3]
Original Japanese[9] and Viz Media [10] titles
Episode director(s)
Writer(s)
Art director(s)
Animation director(s)
Original airdate[9]
English airdate (United States)

90
"Star Struck, Bad Luck"
"Premonition of the Apocalypse: The Mysterious New Guardians Appear"
"Chikyū hōkai no yokan? Nazo no shin Senshi shutsugen" (地球崩壊の予感?謎の新戦士出現)
Junichi Sato
Sukehiro Tomita
Kenichi Tajiri
Masahiro Andō
March 19, 1994
June 12, 2000

After experiencing apocalyptic visions, Rei is attacked by a powerful monster called a Daimon that Sailor Moon is unable to fight after it disables her brooch, reversing her transformation. The Daimon is defeated by a pair of mysterious new warriors, leaving the girls to despondently realize that a new conflict has begun.

91
"Crystal Clear Again"
"The Rod of Love Is Born: Usagi's New Transformation"
"Ai no roddo tanjō! Usagi no shin henshin" (愛のロッド誕生!うさぎの新変身)
Yūji Endō
Shigeru Yanagawa
Yoshiyuki Shikano
Katsumi Tamegai
March 26, 1994
June 13, 2000

While Mamoru strives to cheer Usagi up after her failure in the previous battle, a young girl is the latest target of the Death Busters. Due to Usagi's inability to transform, the under-powered Sailor Team struggles to fight off the Daimon and are once again forced to rely on the mysterious two warriors. Once they determine the girl's pure heart is not a talisman, they leave the Sailor Team to fend for themselves. Meanwhile, Tuxedo Mask and Usagi hold hands after the latter's refusal to escape, and through the power of their love, Usagi's disabled Crystal Star brooch transforms into the Cosmic Heart Compact, and she gains the Spiral Heart Moon Rod and, along with it, the ability to transform and defeat the new enemy.

92
"Driving Dangerously"
"A Handsome Boy? Haruka Tenoh's Secret"
"Suteki na bishōnen? Ten'ō Haruka no himitsu" (素敵な美少年?天王はるかの秘密)
Kunihiko Ikuhara
Katsuyuki Sumisawa
Kazuhisa Asai
Hisashi Kagawa
April 16, 1994
June 14, 2000

Avoiding their study group, Usagi and Minako meet Haruka Tenou, an attractive and supposedly male student of a prestigious local school, with whom they both become infatuated. After Minako is defeated in a racing game, Michiru arrives to pick up Haruka, and the two depart with Usagi and Minako soon following behind them. Once Michiru and Haruka separate at a mechanic's shop, Usagi and Minako take this as their chance, and Haruka tells them about "him"-self until a Daimon arrives to attack Kameda, the shop mechanic. The Daimon starts to escape when Usagi and Minako transform into their Guardian forms to chase it down, when Uranus and Neptune arrive to investigate Kameda's pure heart crystal. When it turns out not to be a talisman they retreat and Sailor Moon defeats the Daimon. Later, the rest of the girls are at Crown Game Center with Usagi and Minako in hopes of seeing the cute boy they'd told them about; Michiru arrives with a blonde girl, whom Usagi and Minako initially fail to realize is Haruka; once they do, Minako falls to the ground in anguish, and Haruka notes that she'd never said she was male.

93
"Bad Harmony"
"Usagi's Idol: The Graceful Genius Michiru"
"Usagi no akogare! Yūbi no tensai Michiru" (うさぎの憧れ!優美な天才みちる)
Hiroki Shibata
Megumi Sugihara
Kazuyuki Hashimoto
Taichi Nakamura
April 23, 1994
June 15, 2000

When Usagi is concerned that she is not smart enough to be with Mamoru after being scolded by the other girls, she seeks advice from Michiru Kaioh, who suggests that Usagi and Mamoru go to a violin recital.

94
"Swept Off Her Feet"
"Protect the Pure Heart: The Three-Way Battle"
"Pyua na kokoro wo mamore! Teki mikata mittsu tomoe ransen" (純な心を守れ!敵味方三つ巴乱戦)
Noriyo Sasaki
Sukehiro Tomita
Kenichi Tajiri
Ikuko Itō
April 30, 1994
June 16, 2000

Usagi's friend, Unazuki, is attacked by a Daimon and has her pure heart crystal stolen. But when Sailor Moon tries to take the crystal back to Unazuki, Uranus and Neptune attempt to steal it in order to claim the Talisman.

95
"Blinded By Love's Light"
"Let Moon Help With Your Love Problems"
"Koi no otasuke wa Mūn ni omakase" (恋のおたすけはムーンにおまかせ)
Harume Kosaka
Shigeru Yanagawa
Yoshiyuki Shikano
Mari Tominaga
May 7, 1994
June 19, 2000

Naru and Umino enter an affection contest in order to prove their strong mutual romantic love for each other, but find themselves targeted by a Daimon.

96
"Lita Borrows Trouble"
"Coldhearted Uranus: Makoto in Danger"
"Reikoku na Uranusu? Makoto no pinchi" (冷酷なウラヌス?まことのピンチ)
Kōnosuke Uda
Yoji Enokido
Kazuhisa Asai
Masahiro Andō
May 14, 1994
June 20, 2000

Makoto is targeted by a Daimon, but manages to temporarily evade it. Keen to analyze her pure heart crystal, Haruka befriends Makoto in order to get close to her.

97
"Damp Spirits"
"The Labyrinth of Water: Ami Targeted"
"Mizu no rabarinsu! Nerawareta Ami" (水のラビリンス!ねらわれた亜美)
Junichi Sato
Megumi Sugihara
Kazuyuki Hashimoto
Katsumi Tamegai
May 21, 1994
June 21, 2000

Ami's desire to avoid competition leads her to offending Michiru inadvertently in a swimming race, as well as Usagi accidentally hurting Ami's feelings. Meanwhile, a Daimon selects Ami as a target.

98
"Friendly Foes"
"To Save Our Friends: Moon and Uranus Join Forces"
"Tomodachi wo sukue! Mūn Uranusu rengō" (友達を救え!ムーンウラヌス連合)
Yūji Endō
Sukehiro Tomita
Kenichi Tajiri
Taichi Nakamura
May 28, 1994
June 22, 2000

After Sailor Neptune is captured and possibly killed by Kaolinite, Sailor Moon and Sailor Uranus find themselves shackled together and forced to reassess their less-than-friendly attitudes toward each other in order to save Sailor Neptune from further harm.

99
"Mixed Emotions"
"A Man’s Kindness: Yuichiro Heartbroken by Rei"
"Otoko no yasashisa! Yūichirō Rei ni shitsuren?" (男の優しさ!雄一郎レイに失恋?)
Harume Kosaka
Megumi Sugihara
Yoshiyuki Shikano
Shinya Hasegawa
June 18, 1994
June 23, 2000

Worried by Rei's intensive meditation, Yuuichirou becomes concerned that she has fallen deeply head-over-heels in love for another man. When he sees her with Haruka and mistakes her for a man, Yuuichirou is convinced that "he" is Rei's new romantic suitor.

100
"Individual Happiness"
"I Want to Quit Being a Sailor Guardian: Minako's Dilemma"
"Sērā Senshi wo yametai!? Minako no nayami" (S戦士を辞めたい!?美奈子の悩み)
Hiroki Shibata
Yoji Enokido
Kazuhisa Asai
Mari Tominaga
June 25, 1994
June 26, 2000

Minako is despondent about her double life of being a Sailor Guardian and a normal girl. Meanwhile, an old friend of hers, who she once fell in love with, is attacked by a Daimon, and Minako, as Sailor Venus, must use her skills of volleyball to save him.

101
"Birthday Blues, Part 1"
"Usagi in Tears: a Glass Slipper for My Birthday"
"Usagi namida! Tanjōbi ni garasu no kutsu wo" (うさぎ涙!誕生日にガラスの靴を)
Yūji Endō
Katsuyuki Sumisawa
Kazuyuki Hashimoto
Masahiro Andō
July 2, 1994
June 27, 2000

Usagi is furious when Mamoru forgets her 15th birthday. When Mamoru buys her an expensive pair of glass slippers to make up for it, he fails to realize that Kaolinite sabotaged the shoes with a Daimon egg to steal her pure heart crystal. To make matters worse, Kaolinite steals Usagi's Cosmic Heart Compact leaving her unable to transform, and Tuxedo Mask gets captured.

102
"Birthday Blues, Part Two"
"The Stolen Pure Heart: Usagi's Crisis"
"Ubawareta pyua na kokoro! Usagi zettai zetsumei" (奪われた純な心!うさぎ絶体絶命)
Noriyo Sasaki
Katsuyuki Sumisawa
Kenichi Tajiri
Taichi Nakamura
July 16, 1994
June 28, 2000

With the Cosmic Heart Compact stolen and Tuxedo Mask kidnapped, Usagi and the four other Sailor Guardians, along with Sailors Uranus and Neptune, go to retake the compact so Usagi can become Sailor Moon again, rescue Tuxedo Mask and face Kaolinite in a final showdown at Tokyo Tower.

103
"Hello, Sailor Mini Moon"
"The Arrival of a Tiny Pretty Guardian"
"Yatte kita chiccha na Bishōjo Senshi" (やって来たちっちゃな美少女戦士)
Kunihiko Ikuhara
Shigeru Yanagawa
Yoshiyuki Shikano
Kazuya Kuroda
August 6, 1994
June 29, 2000

Eudial, and the Witches 5 are tasked to take over from Kaolinite's position, in which they target a genius drummer recruited to play at a festival for Rei. The Sailor Guardians cannot defeat the Daimon who attacks her, but Chibiusa arrives as the Guardians' newest ally, Sailor Chibi-Moon.

104
"Tainted Tea Party"
"Making New Friends: Chibi Moon's Adventure"
"Tomodachi wo motomete! Chibi Mūn no katsuyaku" (友達を求めて!ちびムーンの活躍)
Junichi Sato
Megumi Sugihara
Kazuhisa Asai
Ikuko Itō
August 20, 1994
June 30, 2000

Chibiusa, who has returned from Crystal Tokyo for further training, attempts to adapt to her new home by making friends her age. She tries to befriend a master who does tea ceremonies, only to become the Death Busters' latest target.

105
"People Who Need People"
"I Want Power: Mako Lost in Doubt"
"Pawā ga hoshī! Mako-chan no mayoi michi" (力が欲しい!まこちゃんの迷い道)
Hiroki Shibata
Shigeru Yanagawa
Yoshiyuki Shikano
Mari Tominaga
August 27, 1994
July 3, 2000

Makoto is training in the mountains, trying to become much stronger after being easily defeated by a Daimon before. Her trainer is attacked, and tells her that nobody can live alone. She attacks the Daimon, fails, and realizes she needs her best friends in order to win.

106
"Related By Destiny"
"The Bond of Destiny: Uranus's Distant Past"
"Unmei no kizuna! Uranusu no tōi hi" (運命のきずな!ウラヌスの遠い日)
Takuya Igarashi
Yoji Enokido
Kenichi Tajiri
Katsumi Tamegai
September 3, 1994
July 4, 2000

Haruka remembers the past when she first met Michiru, who told her that she was destined to become Sailor Uranus. Haruka initially refused that destiny, for she loved her life too much and was afraid of change. Haruka was attacked, and Sailor Neptune was injured while defending her. In her anguish, Haruka took the transformation pen and accepted her destiny as Sailor Uranus, the Sailor Guardian of the Sky.

107
"Art Appreciation"
"Art Is an Explosion of Love: Chibiusa’s First Love"
"Geijutsu wa ai no bakuhatsu! Chibiusa no hatsukoi" (芸術は愛の爆発!ちびうさの初恋)
Yūji Endō
Katsuyuki Sumisawa
Minoru Ōkōchi
Taichi Nakamura
September 10, 1994
July 5, 2000

Chibiusa meets a boy named Masanori at her art class and develops a crush on him. Unfortunately, he already has a crush on Michiru, who is taking a class at that school as well. When a Daimon attacks Masanori, Chibiusa must take a stand to protect him.

108
"Everything's Coming Up Rosey"
"Usagi Dancing to the Waltz"
"Usagi no dansu wa warutsu ni notte" (うさぎのダンスはワルツに乗って)
Harume Kosaka
Megumi Sugihara
Kazuhisa Asai
Masahiro Andō
September 17, 1994
July 6, 2000

An English gentleman named Edwards invites Mamoru and the girls to a fancy party, where Usagi accidentally becomes drunk and the team is forced to confront a fashionable Eudial and her latest Daimon.

109
"No Turning Back"
"The Shocking Moment: Everyone’s Identities Revealed"
"Shōgeki no toki! Akasareta tagai no shōtai" (衝撃の刻!明かされた互いの正体)
Junichi Sato
Sukehiro Tomita
Yoshiyuki Shikano
Kazuya Kuroda
September 24, 1994
July 7, 2000

Minako becomes jealous that a Daimon has not yet attacked her, and she fears that she does not have a pure heart. After doing as many "pure" things as she can, she is attacked, and her pure heart is taken from her. When Eudial nearly gets away, Usagi is forced to reveal her identity to Haruka & Michiru, who in turn, reveal their identities as Sailors Uranus and Neptune to Sailor Moon.

110
"Destiny's Arrival"
"The Death of Uranus and Neptune: The Talisman Appear"
"Uranusu-tachi no shi? Tarisuman shutsugen" (ウラヌス達の死?タリスマン出現)
Kunihiko Ikuhara
Yoji Enokido
Kenichi Tajiri
Mari Tominaga
October 15, 1994
July 10, 2000

Faced with losing her position at Witches 5, Eudial creates a computer program to find the true owners of the three Talismans, and learns that Haruka and Michiru are the ones who hold two of the Talismans within their own hearts! They take away Usagi's brooch, and follow Eudial onto a lonely island. However, the invitation turns out to be a trick, and Michiru’s pure heart is taken, which turns into the mystical Deep Aqua Mirror. Haruka, in order to release her own talisman, shoots herself with Eudial's gun. Her pure heart transforms into the mystical Space Sword.

111
"The Purity Chalice"
"The Holy Grail's Mystical Power: Moon's Double Transformation"
"Seihai no shinpi na chikara! Mūn nidan henshin" (聖杯の神秘な力!ムーン二段変身)
Hiroki Shibata
Sukehiro Tomita
Kazuyuki Hashimoto
Ikuko Itō
October 22, 1994
July 11, 2000

Sailor Pluto appears and reawakens Sailors Uranus and Neptune, and the three talismans resonate with each other (the third and last being Sailor Pluto's Garnet Orb). The Holy Grail appears, and Sailor Moon grabs it and evolves into Super Sailor Moon, who drives Eudial out. Mimete then kills Eudial by sabotaging her car with snails.

112
"Show Stoppers"
"Who is the True Messiah? Chaos of Light and Darkness"
"Shin no kyūseishu wa dare? Hikari to kage no kaosu" (真の救世主は誰?光と影のカオス)
Noriyo Sasaki
Shigeru Yanagawa
Minoru Ōkōchi
Shinya Hasegawa
November 5, 1994
July 12, 2000

The girls end up watching the filming of a movie, where Chibiusa encounters Hotaru, whom she quickly befriends. But in the end, she is revealed to be the 12-year-old daughter of Professor Souichi Tomoe, the possessed leader of the Death Busters. Super Sailor Moon uses her new "Rainbow Moon Heartache" attack to defeat the Daimon of the day.

113
"Rini's Risky Friendship"
"A House Filled With Evil Presence: The Beautiful Hotaru’s Secret"
"Yōki tadayou ie! Bishōjo Hotaru no himitsu" (妖気漂う家!美少女ほたるの秘密)
Kōnosuke Uda
Megumi Sugihara
Kenichi Tajiri
Taichi Nakamura
November 12, 1994
July 13, 2000

The three Outer Guardians appear to Tuxedo Mask, and tell him why they cannot fight alongside Sailor Moon and the other four Sailor Guardians. Usagi and Chibiusa visit Hotaru, and see a woman who looks like Kaolinite. The Messiah of Silence appears demanding pure hearts.

114
"Mimet's Mess"
"I Love Idols: Mimete's Dilemma"
"Aidoru daisuki! Nayameru Mimetto" (アイドル大好き!悩めるミメット)
Harume Kosaka
Yoji Enokido
Yoshiyuki Shikano
Masahiro Andō
November 19, 1994
July 14, 2000

Minako and Mimete enter a beauty contest at the same time, with Mimete willing to risk it all to obtain victory. Both fall short of the needed votes to win the idol position, and Mimete decides to just go back to her evil ways.

115
"The Shadow of Silence"
"Shadow of Silence: The Pale Glimmer of a Firefly"
"Chinmoku no kage!? Awaki Hotaru hi no yurameki" (沈黙の影!?あわき蛍火のゆらめき)
Takuya Igarashi
Yoji Enokido
Kenichi Tajiri
Katsumi Tamegai
November 26, 1994
July 17, 2000

Hotaru overexerts herself, and is hospitalized, during which her past without friends is shown, and the reasons for it. Meanwhile, Mimete targets a soap opera actor, during which the attacking Daimon runs near Hotaru, who glows and completely freezes the Daimon.

116
"Thorny Weather"
"Sunny Skies After a Storm: A Friendship Dedicated to Hotaru"
"Arashi nochi hare! Hotaru ni sasageru yūjō" (嵐のち晴れ!ほたるに捧げる友情)
Yūji Endō
Megumi Sugihara
Kazuhisa Asai
Jouji Yanase
December 3, 1994
July 18, 2000

Mamoru takes Usagi, Chibiusa and Hotaru to a botanical garden that is tended by Yoshiki Kurebayashi, an old classmate of his. While there, Mimete targets Yoshiki's pure heart and causes a storm that puts the plants at risk. Sailor Moon defeats the accompanying Daimon, U-Bara.

117
"Heightened Hazard"
"Higher and Stronger: A Cheer from Usagi"
"Yori takaku yori tsuyoku! Usagi no ōen" (より高くより強く!うさぎの応援)
Kunihiko Ikuhara
Shigeru Yanagawa
Minoru Ōkōchi
Taichi Nakamura
December 10, 1994
July 19, 2000

Hotaru wishes to give a letter to Shun Hayase, a famous athlete. He becomes targeted when she goes to give it to him, and she possessively blasts the enemy with a hugely strong amount of energy. She talks to Shun about being frail and weak, and he thanks her for talking to him.

118
"It's In The Cards"
"The Battle Inside the Demonic Space: The Sailor Guardians' Gamble"
"Makū no tatakai! Sērā Senshi no kake" (魔空の戦い!セーラー戦士の賭け)
Noriyo Sasaki
Katsuyuki Sumisawa
Kenichi Tajiri
Masahide Yanagisawa
December 17, 1994
July 20, 2000

Mimete attempts to create a Daimon by herself, throwing the entire Tomoe house into another dimension. The Guardians enter the dimension and are defeated by a game-master Daimon named U-Ikasaman. Hotaru manages to assist in her defeat by the use of a bluff.

119
"Goodness Eclipsed"
"The Messiah of Silence Awakens? Stars of Destiny"
"Chinmoku no Meshia kakusei? Unmei no hoshiboshi" (沈黙のメシアの覚せい?運命の星々)
Harume Kosaka
Yoji Enokido
Kazuhisa Asai
Shinya Hasegawa
December 24, 1994
September 13, 2000

The Sailor Guardians visit a planetarium, where a man is attacked by a Daimon. The symbol of Saturn appears on Hotaru's forehead, and she attacks the Daimon. However, Sailor Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto attack Hotaru, since she is both Sailor Saturn, the Sailor Guardian of Silence, Ruin and Birth, and also possessed by the Messiah of Silence. Super Sailor Moon takes the blow to protect Hotaru.

120
"Next In Line"
"An Invasion from an Another Dimension: Mystery of Infinity Academy"
"Ijigen kara no shinryaku! Mugen Gakuen no nazo" (異次元からの侵略!無限学園の謎)
Kōnosuke Uda
Megumi Sugihara
Minoru Ōkōchi
Katsumi Tamegai
January 7, 1995
July 21, 2000

Chibiusa goes to Hotaru's house to find that Hotaru has disappeared, and is devastated about it. At the same time, the Sailor Guardians investigate Infinity Academy, where Mimete tries one final time to defeat them before Tellu literally pulls the plug on her operation.

121
"Fiendish Ferns"
"A Bewitching Flower That Steals Hearts: Tellu, the Third Witch"
"Kokoro wo ubau yōka! Daisan no majō Teruru" (心を奪う妖花!第三の魔女テルル)
Takuya Igarashi
Shigeru Yanagawa
Kazuyuki Hashimoto
Taichi Nakamura
January 14, 1995
July 24, 2000

Tellu develops a new plan to steal pure hearts, using a plant bred for that purpose. Setsuna realizes it is an alien plant made to steal pure hearts, and warns the Sailor Guardians. Tuxedo Mask causes a mutated plant to destroy Tellu, leading to them tracing her back to the mysterious Infinity Academy.

122
"The Science Of Love"
"Believe in Love: Ami, the Kindhearted Guardian"
"Ai wo shinjite! Ami, kokoro yasashiki Senshi" (愛を信じて!亜美心優しき戦士)
Yūji Endō
Sukehiro Tomita
Kenichi Tajiri
Hideyuki Motohashi
January 21, 1995
July 25, 2000

Ami investigates the Infinity Academy, where she meets Viluy, the fourth of the Witches 5. Viluy attempts to use her nanorobots to steal pure hearts from entrance exam takers. But after her battle, her own microscopic robots turn against her, destroying her in the process.

123
"Wake Up Call"
"Shadows of Destruction: the Messiah of Silence Awakens"
"Hametsu no kage! Chinmoku no Meshia no mezame" (破滅の影!沈黙のメシアの目覚め)
Harume Kosaka
Megumi Sugihara
Minoru Ōkōchi
Mari Tominaga
January 28, 1995
July 26, 2000

The last of the Witches 5, Cyprine steals pure hearts from Infinity Academy students, and the Sailor Guardians engage Cyprine, and her alter-ego, Ptilol, in a showdown. Meanwhile, Chibiusa is abducted by the recently resurrected Kaolinite, and her pure heart is stolen by Mistress 9, having taken over Hotaru's body, which allows her to awaken as the Messiah of Silence.

124
"Who's Really Who?"
"The Coming Terror of Darkness: Struggle of the Eight Guardians"
"Semari kuru yami no kyōfu! Kusen no Hassenshi" (迫り来る闇の恐怖!苦戦の8戦士)
Takuya Igarashi
Yoji Enokido
Kazuyuki Hashimoto
Ikuko Itō
February 4, 1995
July 28, 2000

Mistress 9 uses all remaining Daimon eggs to create a powerful energized shield of evil minions around Infinity Academy. Sailor Moon is abducted, as she is the holder of the Holy Grail. After witnessing Sailor Pluto ultimately sacrificing herself to save them by using her forbidden ability to stop time, Sailor Uranus and Sailor Neptune destroy Germatoid, the Daimon possessing Professor Souichi Tomoe with their talismans, the Deep Aqua Mirror and the Space Sword.

125
"Darkness, My Old Friend"
"The Shining Shooting Star: Saturn and the Messiah"
"Kagayaku ryūsei! Satān soshite kyūseishu" (輝く流星!サターンそして救世主)
Kōnosuke Uda
Yoji Enokido
Kenichi Tajiri
Ikuko Itō
February 11, 1995
July 29, 2000

Sailor Moon is tricked into giving Mistress 9 the Holy Grail, which she uses to summon Pharaoh 90 to Earth. Hotaru regains consciousness with the assistance of Sailor Moon and her father, destroying Mistress 9 and fully awakening the spirit of Sailor Saturn within herself at last. Sailor Saturn herself returns Chibiusa's pure heart crystal, and then appears before Sailor Moon to ultimately sacrifice herself and destroy Pharaoh 90 once and for all with her destructive powers, but Sailor Moon gains the help of the other six Sailor Guardians to become Super Sailor Moon once more, and save both Hotaru and Sailor Saturn, who is reborn as a baby immediately afterward.

126
"Second Chance"
"A New Life: Parting of the Stars of Destiny"
"Atarashiki seimei! Unmei no hoshiboshi betsuri no toki" (新しき生命!運命の星々別離の時)
Yūji Endō
Megumi Sugihara
Kazuhisa Asai
Taichi Nakamura
February 18, 1995
July 30, 2000

Haruka and Michiru give the newly reborn infant Hotaru to a still-healing Professor Souichi Tomoe, who is finally free of the Death Busters. However, they viciously attack Sailor Moon, for she protected Hotaru's body and Sailor Saturn, and risked the whole entire world for one mere life. The Silver Crystal throws them back, and they kneel to her as their leader and leave the city.

127
"Tough Kindness"
"A Guardian’s Realization: Strength Lies Within a Pure Heart"
"Senshi no Jikaku! Tsuyosa wa Pyua na Kokoro no Naka ni" (戦士の自覚! 強さは純な心の中に)
Harume Kosaka
Sukehiro Tomita

February 25, 1995
August 1, 2000

Chibiusa returns to the future after receiving a letter from her mother, Neo-Queen Serenity. Meanwhile, a final Daimon emerges from the rubble of Infinity Academy, and Chibiusa returns just in time to help defeat it.

text: Video and DVD releases[edit]

text: English[edit]

text: DVD[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Viz Media (Region 1)

Volume
Episodes
Release date
Ref.

Season 3 Part 1
90-108
November 15, 2016
[11]

Season 3 Part 2
109-127
June 20, 2017
[12]

text: Blu-ray[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text:
Viz Media (Region A)

Volume
Episodes
Release date
Ref.

Season 3 Part 1
90-108
November 15, 2016
[13]

Season 3 Part 2
109-127
June 20, 2017
[14]