document_title: History of the Indian National Congress

question_text: who laid the foundation for indian national congress

text: History of the Indian National Congress

text: Retired British ICS officer Allan Octavian Hume, founded the Indian National Congress (A political party of India (British India to Free India)) to form a platform for civic and political dialogue of educated Indians with the British Raj. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the transfer of India from the East India Company to the British Empire (the Raj), it was the goal of the Raj to support and justify its governance of India with the aid of English-educated Indians, who would be familiar and friendly to British culture and political thinking. Ironically, a few of the reasons the Congress grew and survived in the era of undisputed British hegemony, was through the patronage of British authorities, Anglo-Indians, and a rising Indian, English language educated, class.[citation needed]

text: Hume embarked on an endeavor to get an organization started by reaching-out to selected alumni of the University of Calcutta, writing in his 1883 letter that, "Every nation secures precisely as good a Government as it merits. If you the picked men, the most highly educated of the nation, cannot, scorning personal ease and selfish objects, make a resolute struggle to secure greater freedom for yourselves and your country, a more impartial administration, a larger share in the management of your own affairs, then we, your friends, are wrong and our adversaries right, then are Lord Ripon's noble aspirations for your good fruitless and visionary, then, at present at any rate all hopes of progress are at an end and India truly neither desires nor deserves any better Government than she enjoys."[4][page needed]

text: In May 1885, Hume secured the Viceroy's approval to create an "Indian National Union", which would be affiliated with the government and act as a platform to voice Indian public opinion. On 12 October 1885, Hume and a group of educated Indians also published "An Appeal from the People of India to the Electors of Great Britain and Ireland". The Appeal asked British voters in the 1885 British general election to support candidates sympathetic to the positions of Indians. These included opposition to taxing India to finance the British campaigns in Afghanistan, and support for legislative reform in India.[5][page needed] The appeal was a failure, and was interpreted by many Indians as "a rude shock, but a true realization that they had to fight their battles alone."[6][page needed] On 28 December 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates in attendance. Hume assumed office as the General Secretary, and Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee of Calcutta was elected President.[5][page needed] Besides Hume, two additional British members (both Scottish civil servants) were members of the founding group, William Wedderburn and Justice (later, Sir) John Jardine. The other members were mostly Hindus from the Bombay and Madras Presidencies.[5][page needed]

text: Muslim Response[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many Muslim community leaders, like the prominent educationalist Syed Ahmed Khan, viewed the Congress negatively, owing to its membership being dominated by Hindus. Orthodox Hindu community and religious leaders were also averse, seeing the Congress as supportive of Western cultural invasion.

text: The ordinary people of India were not informed of or concerned about its existence on the whole, for the Congress never attempted to address the issues of poverty, lack of health care, social oppression, and the prejudiced negligence of the people's concerns by British authorities. The perception of bodies like the Congress was that of an elitist, then educated and wealthy people's institution.

text: Rise of Indian nationalism[edit]

text: The first spurts of nationalistic sentiment that rose amongst Congress members were when the desire to be represented in the bodies of government, to have a say, a vote in the lawmaking and issues of administration of India. Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists, but wanted an active role in governing their own country, albeit as part of the Empire.

text: This trend was personified by Dadabhai Naoroji, considered by many as the eldest Indian statesman. Naoroji went as far as contesting, successfully, an election to the British House of Commons, becoming its first Indian member. That he was aided in his campaign by young, aspiring Indian student activists like Muhammad Ali Jinnah, describes where the imagination of the new Indian generation lay.[citation needed]

text: Bal Gangadhar Tilak was among the first Indian nationalists to embrace swaraj as the destiny of the nation. Tilak deeply opposed the British education system that ignored and defamed India's culture, history, and values, defying and disgracing the India culture. He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists, and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For these reasons, he considered swaraj as the natural and only solution: the abandonment of all the British things and to protect the Indian economy from the exploitation of the British, and their biased and discriminatory policies. He was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, Aurobindo Ghose, V. O. Chidambaram Pillai who held the same point of view. Under them, India's four great states – Madras, Maharashtra, Bengal, and Punjab region shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism.

text: The moderates, led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta, and Dadabhai Naoroji, held firm to calls for negotiations and political dialogue. Gokhale criticized Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and disorder. The Congress of 1906 did not have public membership, and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party.

text: With Tilak's arrest, all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled. The Congress lost credit with the people. Muslims formed the All India Muslim League in 1906, considering the Congress as completely unsuitable for Indian Muslims.[citation needed]

text: World War I: the battle for the soul[edit]

text: When the British entered the British Indian Army into World War I, it provoked the first definitive, nationwide political debate of its kind in India. Voices calling for political independence grew in number.[citation needed]

text: The divided Congress re-united in the pivotal Lucknow session in 1916, with Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Gopal Krishna Gokhale adorning the stage together once again. Tilak had considerably moderated his views, and now favoured political dialogue with the British. He, along with the young Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mrs. Annie Besant launched the Home Rule Movement to put forth Indian demands for Home Rule – Indian participation in the affairs of their own country – a precursor to Swaraj. The All India Home Rule League was formed to demand dominion status within the Empire.[citation needed]

text: But another Indian man with another way was destined to lead the Congress and the Indian struggle. Mohandas Gandhi was a lawyer who had successfully led the struggle of Indians in South Africa against British discriminatory laws. Returning to India in 1915, Gandhi looked to Indian culture and history, the values and lifestyle of its people to empower a new revolution, with the concept of non-violence, civil disobedience, he coined a term, Satyagraha.[citation needed]

text: Champaran and Kheda[edit]

text: Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi, who later on became more popular as Mahatma Gandhi, had success in defeating the British in Champaran and Kheda, giving India its first victory in the struggle for freedom. Then Indian National Congress had supported that movement; Indians gained confidence in the working of that organization that the British could be thwarted through that organization, and millions of young people from across the country flooded into Congress membership.[citation needed]

text: The Battle for the soul[edit]

text: A whole class of political leaders disagreed with Gandhi. Bipin Chandra Pal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, Bal Gangadhar Tilak all criticized the idea of civil disobedience. But Gandhi had the backing of the people and a whole new generation of Indian nationalists as well as British Raj.[citation needed]

text: In a series of sessions in 1918, 1919 and 1920, where the old and the new generations clashed in famous and important debates, Gandhi and his young supporters imbued the Congress rank-and-file with passion and energy to combat British rule directly. With the tragedy of the 1919 Amritsar Massacre and the riots in Punjab, Indian anger and passions were palpable and radical. With the election of Mohandas K. Gandhi to the presidency of the Indian National Congress, the battle of the party's soul was won, and a new path to India's destiny forged.[citation needed]

text: Lokmanya Tilak, whom Gandhi had called The Father of Modern India died in 1920, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale had died four years earlier. Motilal Nehru, Lala Lajpat Rai and some other stalwarts backed Gandhi as they were not sure that they can lead the people like Tilak and Gokhale. Thus it was now entirely up to Gandhi's Congress to show the way for the nation.[citation needed]

text: The Gandhi era[edit]

text: Expansion and re-organization[edit]

text: In the years after the World War, the Congress expanded considerably, owing to public excitement after Gandhi's success in Champaran and Kheda. A whole new generation of leaders arose from different parts of India, who were committed Gandhians Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, Narhari Parikh, Mahadev Desai — as well as hot-blooded nationalists aroused by Gandhi's active leadership — Chittaranjan Das, Subhas Chandra Bose, Srinivasa Iyengar.[citation needed]

text: Gandhi transformed the Congress from an elitist party based in the cities, to an organization of the people:[citation needed]

text:
Membership fees were considerably reduced.
Congress established a large number of state units across India – known as Pradesh Congress Committees – based on its own configuration of India's states on basis of linguistic groups. PCCs emerged for Maharashtra, Karnataka, Gujarat — states that did not yet exist and were spread over hundreds of princely states outside British India.
All former practices distinguishing Congressmen on basis of caste, ethnicity, religion and sex were eliminated — all-India unity was stressed.
Native tongues were given official use and respect in Congress meetings – especially Urdu renamed by Gandhi as Hindustani, which was adopted for use by the All India Congress Committee.
Leadership posts and offices at all levels would be filled by elections, and not by appointments. This introduction of democracy was vital in rejuvenating the party, giving voice to ordinary members as well as valuable practice for Indians in democracy.
Eligibility for leadership would be determined by how much social work and service a member had done, not by his wealth or social standing.[citation needed]

text: Social development[edit]

text: During the 1920s, M.K. Gandhi encouraged tens of thousands of Congress volunteers to embrace a wide variety of organized tasks to address major social problems across India. Under the guidance of Congress committees and Gandhi's network of ashrams in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Tamil Nadu, the Congress attacked:[citation needed]

text:
Untouchability and caste discrimination
Alcoholism
Unhygienic conditions and lack of sanitation
Lack of health care and medical aid
Purdah and the oppression of women
Illiteracy, with the organization of national schools and colleges
Poverty, with proliferating khadi cloth, cottage industries

text: This profound work by M. K. Gandhi impressed the people of India particularly, formations of ashrams, that in later period he was mentioned as Mahatma, Great soul, by way of honor, by people of India.

text: Ascendance to power (1937–1942)[edit]

text: Under the Government of India Act 1935, the Congress first tasted political power in the provincial elections of 1937. It performed very well, coming to power in eight of the eleven provinces where elections were held. Its internal organization bloomed in the diversity of political attitudes and ideologies. The focus would change slightly from the single-minded devotion to complete independence, to also entertaining excitement and theorizing about the future governance of the nation. However, when the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow declared India a belligerent in World War II without any consultation with the elected representatives of the people, the Congress ministries resigned.[citation needed]

text: The radical followers of Subhas Chandra Bose, believers in socialism and active revolution would ascend in the hierarchy with Bose's 1938 election to the Congress presidency.[citation needed]

text: Traditionalists[edit]

text: According to one approach, the traditionalist point of view, though not in a political sense, was represented in Congressmen like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, C.Rajagopalachari, Purushottam Das Tandon, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Maulana Azad, who were also associates and followers of Gandhi. Their organizational strength, achieved through leading the clashes with the government, was undisputed and proven when despite winning the 1939 election, Bose resigned the Congress presidency because of the lack of confidence he enjoyed amongst national leaders. A year earlier, in the 1938 election, however, Bose had been elected with the support of Gandhi. Differences arose in 1939 on whether Bose should have a second term. Jawaharlal Nehru, who Gandhi had always preferred to Bose, had had a second term earlier. Bose's own differences centred on the place to be accorded to non-violent as against revolutionary methods. When he set up his Indian National Army in South-east Asia during the Second World War, he invoked Gandhi's name and hailed him as the Father of The Nation.[citation needed] It would be wrong to suggest that the so-called traditionalist leaders looked merely to the ancient heritage of Indian, Asian or, in the case of Maulana Azad and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Islamic civilization for inspiration. They believed, along with educationists like Zakir Husain and E W Aryanayakam, that education should be imparted in a manner that enables the learners also to be able to make things with their own hands and learn skills that would make them self-supporting. This method of education was also adopted in some areas in Egypt. (See Reginald Reynolds, Beware of Africans). Zakir Husain was inspired by some European educationists and was able, with Gandhi's support, to dovetail this approach to the one favoured by the Basic Education method introduced by the Indian freedom movement. They believed that the education system, economy and social justice model for a future nation should be designed to suit the specific local requirements. While most were open to the benefits of Western influences and the socio-economic egalitarianism of socialism, they were opposed to being defined by either model.[citation needed]

text: The final battles[edit]

text: The last important episodes in the Congress involved the final step to independence, and the division of the country on the basis of religions.[citation needed]

text: Quit India[edit]

text: Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, the prominent leader from Tamil Nadu resigned from the Congress to actively advocate supporting the British war effort. it was started in 1942.[citation needed]

text: Indian National Army Trials[edit]

text: During the INA trials of 1946, the Congress helped to form the INA Defence Committee, which forcefully defended the case of the soldiers of the Azad Hind government. The committee declared the formation of the Congress' defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including Bhulabhai Desai, Asaf Ali, and Jawaharlal Nehru. QUIT INDIA BILL passed on 8 Aug 1942.[citation needed]

text: Royal Indian Navy Mutiny[edit]

text: Some members of the Congress initially supported the sailors who led the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny. However, they withdrew support at the critical juncture, as the mutiny failed.[citation needed]

text: Partition of India[edit]

text: Within the Congress, the Partition was opposed by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Saifuddin Kitchlew, Dr. Khan Sahib and Congressmen from the provinces that would inevitably become parts of Pakistan. Maulana Azad opposed partition in principle, but did not wish to impede the national leadership; preferred to stay with Indian side.[citation needed]

text: 1947 – 1952: Transformation[edit]

text: Constitution[edit]

text: In the Assembly and Constitution debates, the Congress attitude was marked by inclusiveness and liberalism. The Government appointed some prominent Indians who were Raj loyalists and liberals to important offices, and did not adopt any punitive control over the Indian civil servants who had aided the Raj in its governance of India and suppression of nationalist activities.[citation needed]

text: A Congress-dominated Assembly adopted B.R. Ambedkar, a fierce Congress critic as the chairman of the Constitution draft committee. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, a Hindu Mahasabha leader became the Minister for Industry.[citation needed]

text: The Congress stood firm on its fundamental promises and delivered a Constitution that abolished untouchability and discrimination based on caste, religion or gender. Primary education was made a right, and Congress governments made the zamindar system illegal, created minimum wages and authorized the right to strike and form labor unions.[citation needed]

text: Leadership change[edit]

text: In 1947, the Congress presidency passed upon Jivatram Kripalani, a veteran Gandhian and ally of both Nehru and Patel. India's duumvirate expressed neutrality and full support to the elected winner of the 1947, 1948 and 1949 presidential races.[citation needed]

text: However, a tug of war began between Nehru and his socialist wing, and Patel and Congress traditionalists broke out in 1950's race. Nehru lobbied intensely to oppose the candidacy of Purushottam Das Tandon, whom he perceived as a Hindu revivalist with "problematic" views on Hindu-Muslim relations. Nehru openly backed Kripalani to oppose Tandon, but neglected courtesy to Patel upon the question.[citation needed]

text: With Patel's tacit support (especially in Patel's home state of Gujarat, where due to Patel's work, Kripalani received not one vote) Tandon won a tight contest, and Nehru threatened to resign. With Patel's convincing, Nehru did not quit.[citation needed]

text: However, with Patel's death in 1950, the balance shifted permanently in Nehru's favor. Kripalani, C. Rajagopalachari and Tandon were marginalized, and the Congress Party's election fortunes began depending solely on Nehru's leadership and popularity. With the 1952 election sweep, the Congress became India's main political party.[citation needed]


document_title: The Lost City of Z (film)

question_text: who dies in the lost city of z

question_tokens: who dies in the lost city of z

root

text: The Lost City of Z (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ireland, 1905: Percy Fawcett is a young British officer participating in a stag hunt on an Irish baronial estate for the benefit of the visiting Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. A skilled horseman and marksman, he brings down the stag swiftly but is snubbed at the after-hunt party. A year later, Fawcett is sent to London to meet with officials of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS). The governments of Bolivia and Brazil are nearly at war over the location of their mutual boundary and its direct affect on the region's extremely lucrative rubber trade, and have asked the British government to survey it. Fawcett agrees to lead the survey party to restore his family's good name. Aboard a ship to Brazil, Fawcett meets Corporal Henry Costin, who has knowledge of the Amazon rainforest. At a large rubber plantation in the jungle owned by the Portuguese nobleman Baron de Gondoris, the two meet Corporal Arthur Manley, who tells them that the British government advises against further exploration. Fawcett, with several guides and the Amazonian scout Tadjui, completes the mission. Tadjui tells Fawcett stories about a city in the jungle covered in gold and full of people. Fawcett dismisses such stories as insane ravings, but discovers highly advanced broken pottery and some small stone statues in the jungle that convince him of the veracity of Tadjui's story.

tag: p

text: Fawcett is praised upon his return, where his wife, Nina, has given birth to their second son. In the Trinity College Library, Nina discovers a conquistador text which tells of a city deep in the Amazonian jungle. Fawcett meets the renowned biologist James Murray, who agrees to back Fawcett's expedition to the Amazon to find what Fawcett calls "the Lost City of Z". Fawcett attempts to convince the members of the RGS to back the expedition, but is publicly ridiculed. Nevertheless, the RGS backs the expedition to further exploration of the Amazon basin. Murray, unfamiliar with the rigors of the deep jungle, slows the party down significantly. Fawcett's party is attacked while traveling along the river. However, Fawcett makes peace with the natives. Murray suffers a severe knee injury which becomes infected, and he begins to go mad. Fawcett sends him off with a native guide and the group's last pack animal to find aid. Fawcett's team are forced to abandon the expedition after discovering that Murray poured paraffin on their remaining supplies.

text: Murray survives and, in front of the RGS trustees, accuses Fawcett of abandoning him in the jungle. Fawcett elects to resign from the society rather than apologize. World War I breaks out in Europe, and Fawcett goes to France to fight. Manley dies in the trenches at the Battle of the Somme, and Fawcett is temporarily blinded in a chlorine gas attack. Jack, Fawcett's eldest son—who had long accused Fawcett of abandoning the family—reconciles with his father as he recovers.

text: In 1923, Fawcett is living in obscurity in Britain. North American interest in exploring the Amazon has reached fever pitch, primarily due to Fawcett's stories of the lost city. John D. Rockefeller Jr. and a consortium of US newspapers finance a new expedition by Fawcett. The RGS co-funds the expedition at the last moment to maintain British pride. Fawcett shows Sir John Scott Keltie a compass, informing Keltie that should he (Fawcett) find the lost city, the compass will be sent back to Britain. Fawcett and his son intend to go alone this time, traveling as light as they can for up to three years in order to find "Z". Fawcett invites Costin, but he declines. Fawcett and Jack are attacked by natives and escape, only to be ambushed again. This second tribe gives the Fawcetts a fair hearing, but are puzzled by them, noticing that their spirits aren't wholly of their own world but also not wholly of the Amazon. They declare that the spirits of the Fawcetts "must belong" somewhere and they will help them find their rightful place. Fawcett and Jack are drugged during a ceremony and carried away.

text: Some years later, Nina Fawcett meets with Keltie, now the head of the RGS, claiming she has heard that Fawcett and Jack are still alive and are living among tribespeople. The RGS, having sent more than a hundred people to search for Fawcett in the intervening years, declines to send another expedition. Keltie advises Nina to come to terms with her husband's death, but she refuses. Nina instead shows Keltie a package: upon opening it, they see it contains the compass Fawcett had promised to send were he to have found the city.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Charlie Hunnam as Percy Fawcett
Robert Pattinson as Corporal Henry Costin
Sienna Miller as Nina Fawcett
Tom Holland as Jack Fawcett

Bobby Smalldridge as 7-year-old Jack Fawcett
Tom Mulheron as young Jack Fawcett

Angus Macfadyen as James Murray
Clive Francis as Sir John Scott Keltie
Edward Ashley as Corporal Arthur Manley
Ian McDiarmid as Sir George Goldie
Franco Nero as Baron de Gondoriz
Harry Melling as William Barclay
John Sackville as Simon Beauclerk
Adam Bellamy as Cecil Gosling
Daniel Huttlestone as Brian Fawcett

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"[David Lean, but with a] slightly more hallucinogenic feel, because [Fawcett] went to the jungle and sorta went mad. […] I hope it’s not my Fitzcarraldo."

—James Gray[11]

tag: div

text: In February 2009, James Gray was hired by Paramount Pictures and Plan B Entertainment to write and direct the film based on David Grann's book, but the film remained in development for six years. Based on his experience on previous projects, Gray was not initially sure why Plan B sent him the book. He explained:

text: When I was sent the book in the fall of 2008, it hadn’t yet been published. I didn’t know what it was and I hadn’t heard of the story at all. It takes place outside of New York, and it’s a period piece in the United Kingdom and the jungle. So I had no idea why the people at Plan B decided to send me this book, because nothing in my prior work had shown that I could do anything like this. Maybe it was an act of madness on their part.[12]

text: In a 2015 interview with IndieWire, Gray admitted that he had developed the script for a while before moving toward production.[13] He explained that the film was a "very complicated production and the story is amazing, but it's a complicated story. And you want to get it right. It's a very, very scary proposition to go into the jungle and all that. But at the same time it's terrific. It's why you make movies."[13]

text: Casting[edit]

text: The lead role underwent numerous casting changes. Brad Pitt was initially to star as Fawcett, additionally providing production duties through his company Plan B Entertainment.[14][15] In November 2010, Pitt withdrew from the lead role due to scheduling conflicts, but remained attached as producer.[16] On September 4, 2013, Benedict Cumberbatch came on board to portray Fawcett,[17] along with Robert Pattinson, who joined the cast in the role of Costin.[18][19] In February 2015, Cumberbatch dropped out also due to scheduling conflicts, and was replaced by Charlie Hunnam, while Sienna Miller was cast as Nina Fawcett.[20][21]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on August 19, 2015, in Belfast, Northern Ireland, and continued for five weeks until late September.[22][23] On August 28, the production shot at Greyabbey Village and Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland.[24] Hunnam and Miller filmed scenes at Ballintoy County Antrim on August 31,[25][26] and further shooting took place at Craigavon House, East Belfast on September 2.[27]

text: Hunnam, Pattinson, Miller and Macfadyen shot scenes at Methodist College Belfast on September 3, 2015.[28] On September 7, 2015, scenes were filmed at Belfast City Hall and on the grounds of Royal Belfast Academical Institution.[29] Scenes were also shot at Bangor Castle Leisure Centre on September 13, 2015.[30] Filming then moved to Santa Marta, Colombia, and continued through September and October.[31][32]

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Lost City of Z: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Film score soundtrack album

Released
March 24, 2017

Genre
Film score

Length
55:04[33]

Label
Filmtrax[33]

Producer
Christopher Spelman

Christopher Spelman chronology

The Immigrant
(2013)The Immigrant2013
The Lost City of Z
(2017)

tag: table

text: Christopher Spelman composed the film's musical score. He had previously composed the music for Gray's 2013 film The Immigrant, and had been arranger on The Yards (2000), We Own the Night (2007), and Two Lovers (2008). George Drakoulias and Randall Poster were music supervisors.[34]

text: The film's trailer featured "Tangled Earth" by audiomachine.[35] The soundtrack was released digitally on March 24, 2017.[36]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Lost City of Z"
0:59

2.
"The Hunt"
2:35

3.
"The First Goodbye"
2:33

4.
"Onto the River"
2:29

5.
"The Letter"
2:05

6.
"City of Gold"
7:39

7.
"Source of the Verde River"
5:40

8.
"The Grenedier's Welcome"
1:34

9.
"The Argument"
2:25

10.
"The Attack"
2:20

11.
"Crossing the River"
3:16

12.
"Delusions"
2:51

13.
"Homecoming"
1:48

14.
"Confrontation"
3:47

15.
"In the Hospital"
3:33

16.
"The Chase"
1:40

17.
"The Final Journey"
7:50

Total length:
55:04

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere as the closing night film on October 15, 2016, at the 54th New York Film Festival.[37] Prior to that, StudioCanal acquired international distribution rights to the film,[38] while Amazon Studios obtained U.S. distribution rights.[39] Bleecker Street is partnering with Amazon on the film's theatrical release.[40] The film was released in the United States on April 14, 2017.[9] The film was released in France on March 15, 2017 and in the UK on March 24, 2017.[41]

text: In February 2017, the film was presented at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival in the Berlinale Special section.[42] It also served as the opening night film of Boston International Film Festival on April 13, 2017.[43]

text: The film got a release date of June 2, 2017 in Mainland China, but was trimmed by 37 minutes, totaling 104 minutes. It is unclear if the move was due to a commercial decision, or a result of usual censorship by the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television.[44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Lost City of Z grossed $8.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $8.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $17.1 million, against a production budget of $30 million.[3]

text: The Lost City of Z was first released in France on March 15 where it generated $770,719 on its opening weekend.[45] This was followed by the United Kingdom and Ireland on March 24, earning £270,139 from 282 theatres. It debuted at number seven on the box office chart.[46]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 87% based on 193 reviews, with an average rating of 7.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Lost City of Z's stately pace and visual grandeur hearken back to classic exploration epics, and Charlie Hunnam turns in a masterful performance as its complex protagonist."[47] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100, based on 44 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[48]

text: Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as "a rare piece of contemporary classical cinema."[49] Dan Callahan in his review for TheWrap said that "The Lost City of Z feels like a clear artistic advance for Gray, who proves himself here as one of our finest and most distinctive living filmmakers."[50] Owen Gleiberman, writing for Variety, called the film "a finely crafted, elegantly shot, sharply sincere movie that is more absorbing than powerful."[51] Joshua Rothkopf in his review for Time Out wrote that "the grandeur of this movie is off the charts..."[52] Mark Kermode of Kermode and Mayo's Film Review stated that while the film had numerous flaws, such as ineffective elliptical storytelling and Hunnam's uncharismatic performance, "it is a film which is haunting me more than I thought.... it did feel like it was trying [to] break out of being just that narrative into something else".[53]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Florida Film Critics Circle
December 23, 2017
Best Adapted Screenplay
James Gray
Nominated
[54]
[55]

Golden Tomato Awards
January 3, 2018
Best Action Movie 2017
The Lost City of Z
4th Place
[56]

IndieWire Critics Poll
December 19, 2016
Most Anticipated of 2017
The Lost City of Z
10th Place
[57]

London Film Critics' Circle
January 28, 2018
Young British/Irish Performer of the Year
Tom Holland
Pending
[58]

Technical Achievement Award
Darius Khondji (cinematographer)
Pending

Online Film Critics Society
December 28, 2017
Best Adapted Screenplay
James Gray
Nominated
[59]
[60]

Best Cinematography
Darius Khondji
Nominated

San Diego Film Critics Society
December 11, 2017
Best Adapted Screenplay
James Gray
Nominated
[61]
[62]

Best Cinematography
Darius Khondji
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Sonia Grande
Nominated

USC Scripter Awards
February 10, 2018
Best Screenplay
James Gray and David Grann
Pending
[63]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball spring training cities

question_text: where do the astros play for spring training

text: Current cities[edit]

text: Grapefruit League (Florida)[edit]

text:
City
Current team(s)
Current ballpark(s)
Capacity
Former occupants

Bradenton
Pittsburgh Pirates (1969–present)
LECOM Park
6,602
St. Louis Cardinals (1923–24)
Philadelphia Phillies (1925–27)
Boston Red Sox (1928–29)
Boston Braves/Milwaukee Braves (1928–40, 1948–61)
Kansas City/Oakland Athletics (1963–68)

Clearwater
Philadelphia Phillies (1947–present)
Spectrum Field
8,500
Brooklyn Dodgers (1923–32, 1936–41)
Cleveland Indians (1942, 1946)

Dunedin
Toronto Blue Jays (1977–present)
Dunedin Stadium
5,510

Fort Myers
Boston Red Sox (1992–present)
Jet Blue Park
11,000

Minnesota Twins (1991–present)
Hammond Stadium
7,500
Philadelphia Athletics (1925–36)
Cleveland Indians (1941–42)
Pittsburgh Pirates (1955–68)
Kansas City Royals (1969–87)

Jupiter
Florida/Miami Marlins (2002–present)
St. Louis Cardinals (1998–present)
Roger Dean Stadium
6,871
Montreal Expos (1998–2001)

Kissimmee
Houston Astros (1985–2016)
Osceola County Stadium
5,300

Lake Buena Vista
(at WDW)
Atlanta Braves (1997–present)
Champion Stadium
9,500

Lakeland
Detroit Tigers (1934–42, 1946–present)
Joker Marchant Stadium
8,500
Cleveland Indians (1924–27)

Port Charlotte
Tampa Bay Rays (2009–present)
Charlotte Sports Park
7,000
Texas Rangers (1998–2002)

Port St. Lucie
New York Mets (1988–present)
First Data Field
7,347

Sarasota
Baltimore Orioles (1991, 2010–present)
Ed Smith Stadium
7,500
New York Giants (1924–27)
Boston Red Sox (1933–42, 1946–58)
Chicago White Sox (1960–97)
Cincinnati Reds (1998–2009)

Tampa
New York Yankees (1996–present)
George M. Steinbrenner Field
10,000
Chicago Cubs (1913–16)
Boston Red Sox (1919)
Washington Senators (1920–29)
Detroit Tigers (1930)
Cincinnati Reds (1930–87)
Chicago White Sox (1954–59)

Viera
Montreal Expos/
Washington Nationals (2002–2016)
Space Coast Stadium
8,100
Florida Marlins (1993–2001)

West Palm Beach
Washington Nationals (2017–Present)
Houston Astros (2017–present)
The Ballpark of The Palm Beaches
7,600

text: Cactus League (Arizona)[edit]

text:
City
Current team(s)
Current ballpark(s)
Capacity
Former occupants

Glendale
Chicago White Sox (2009–present)
Los Angeles Dodgers (2009–present)
Camelback Ranch
13,000

Goodyear
Cincinnati Reds (2010–present)
Cleveland Indians (2009–present)
Goodyear Ballpark
10,000

Mesa
Chicago Cubs (2014–present)
Sloan Park
15,000

Oakland Athletics (2015–present)
HoHoKam Stadium
12,623

Peoria
San Diego Padres (1994–present)
Seattle Mariners (1994–present)
Peoria Sports Complex
12,882

Phoenix
Milwaukee Brewers (1998–present)
Maryvale Baseball Park
7,000

San Francisco Giants (1964–83)

Scottsdale
San Francisco Giants (1992–present)
Scottsdale Stadium
12,000

Arizona Diamondbacks (2011–present)
Colorado Rockies (2011–present)
Salt River Fields at Talking Stick
11,000

Surprise
Kansas City Royals (2003–present)
Texas Rangers (2003–present)
Surprise Stadium
10,500

Tempe
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (1993–present)
Tempe Diablo Stadium
9,785
Seattle Pilots/Milwaukee Brewers (1969–72)
Seattle Mariners (1977–93)


document_title: List of Oklahoma Sooners football championships

question_text: when was the last time oklahoma won a national championship in football

text: National championships (17)[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following list of national titles accounts for the seven that are officially claimed by the University of Oklahoma (in bold) and the 10 additional titles awarded by other sources that are recognized by the NCAA:

text:
Season
Selector
Coach
Record

1915
Billingsley Report
Bennie Owen
10–0

1949
Football Research
Bud Wilkinson
11–0

1950
AP, Coaches, Berryman, Helms, Litkenhous, UPI, William-son
Bud Wilkinson
10–1

1953
Berryman, Football Research
Bud Wilkinson
9–1–1

1955
AP, Coaches, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, Foot-ball Research, FW, Helms, INS, Litkenhous, National Championship Foundation, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), UPI, Williamson
Bud Wilkinson
11–0

1956
AP, Coaches, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, Foot-ball Research, FW, Helms, INS, Litkenhous, National Championship Foundation, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), UPI, Williamson
Bud Wilkinson
10–0

1957
Berryman
Bud Wilkinson
10–1

1967
Poling
Chuck Fairbanks
10–1

1973
DeVold, Dunkel,
Football Research, Sagarin
Barry Switzer
10–0–1

1974
AP, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, FACT, FB News, Football Research, Helms*, Litkenhous, National Championship Foundation*, Poling, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess)
Barry Switzer
11–0

1975
AP, Coaches, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, FACT*, FB News, Football Research, FW, Helms*, National Championship Foundation*, NFF, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), UPI
Barry Switzer
11–1

1978
DeVold, Dunkel,
FACT, Helms, Litkenhous,
Matthews, Poling, Sagarin
Barry Switzer
11–1

1980
Dunkel, Matthews
Barry Switzer
10–2

1985
AP, Coaches, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, FACT, FB News, Football Research, FW, National Championship Foundation, NFF, NY Times, Sagarin*, Sporting News, UPI, USA/CNN
Barry Switzer
11–1

1986
Berryman, DeVold, Dunkel,
Football Research, NY Times, Sagarin
Barry Switzer
11–1

2000
AP, Coaches, BCS, Berryman, Billingsley, DeVold, Dunkel, Eck, FACT, FB News, FW, Massey, Matthews, National Championship Foundation, NFF, Sagarin, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), Seattle Times, Sporting News, USA/ESPN
Bob Stoops
13–0

2003
Berryman
Bob Stoops
12–2

text: Conference championships (47)[edit]

text:
Conference
Years
Championships won
(by number)

Independent
1895–1913
None

Oklahoma Intercollegiate Conference
1914–1919
None

Southwest Conference
1915–1919
2

Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association
1920–1927
1

Big Six Conference*
1928–1995
5

Big Seven Conference*
10

Big Eight Conference*
18[2]

Big 12 Conference
1996–present
11

*Prior to 1964 when the Big Eight legally assumed the name Big Eight Conference the conference was informally known as the Big Six and Big Seven.

text:
#
Season
Conference
Coach
Overall Record
Conference Record

1
1915
Southwest
Bennie Owen
10–0
3–0

2
1918†
Southwest
Bennie Owen
6–0
2–0

3
1920
MVIAA
Bennie Owen
6–0–1
4–0–1

4
1938
Big 6
Tom Stidham
10–1
5–0

5
1943
Big 6
Dewey Luster
7–2
5–0

6
1944
Big 6
Dewey Luster
6–3–1
4–0–1

7
1946†
Big 6
Jim Tatum
8–3
4–1

8
1947†
Big 6
Bud Wilkinson
7–2–1
4–0–1

9
1948
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
10–1
5–0

10
1949
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
11–0
5–0

11
1950
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
10–1
6–0

12
1951
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
8–2
6–0

13
1952
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
8–1–1
5–0

14
1953
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
9–1–1
6–0

15
1954
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
10–0
6–0

16
1955
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
11–0
6–0

17
1956
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
10–0
6–0

18
1957
Big 7
Bud Wilkinson
10–1
6–0

19
1958
Big 8
Bud Wilkinson
10–1
6–0

20
1959
Big 8
Bud Wilkinson
7–3
5–1

21
1962
Big 8
Bud Wilkinson
8–3
7–0

22
1967
Big 8
Chuck Fairbanks
10–1
7–0

23
1968†
Big 8
Chuck Fairbanks
7–4
6–1

24
1972
Big 8
Chuck Fairbanks
11-1
6-1

25
1973
Big 8
Barry Switzer
10–0–1
7–0

26
1974
Big 8
Barry Switzer
11–0
7–0

27
1975†
Big 8
Barry Switzer
11–1
6–1

28
1976†
Big 8
Barry Switzer
9–2–1
6–1

29
1977
Big 8
Barry Switzer
10–2
7–0

30
1978†
Big 8
Barry Switzer
11–1
6–0

31
1979
Big 8
Barry Switzer
11–1
7–0

32
1980
Big 8
Barry Switzer
10–2
7–0

33
1984†
Big 8
Barry Switzer
9–2–1
6–1

34
1985
Big 8
Barry Switzer
11–1
7–0

35
1986
Big 8
Barry Switzer
11–1
7–0

36
1987
Big 8
Barry Switzer
11–1
7–0

37
2000
Big 12
Bob Stoops
13–0
8–0

38
2002
Big 12
Bob Stoops
12–2
6–2

39
2004
Big 12
Bob Stoops
12–1
8–0

40
2006
Big 12
Bob Stoops
11–3
7–1

41
2007
Big 12
Bob Stoops
11–3
6–2

42
2008
Big 12
Bob Stoops
12–2
7–1

43
2010
Big 12
Bob Stoops
12–2
6–2

44
2012†
Big 12
Bob Stoops
10–3
8–1

45
2015
Big 12
Bob Stoops
11–2
8–1

46
2016
Big 12
Bob Stoops
11–2
9–0

47
2017
Big 12
Lincoln Riley
12–1
9–1

† Denotes a shared title

text: Division championships (8)[edit]

text: The Sooners have been a member of only one division, the Big 12 South, in their entire history. They were members from 1996 until 2010, after which the Big 12 ceased divisional play.

text:
Season
Conference Division
Coach
Overall Record
Conference Record

2000
Big 12 South
Bob Stoops
13–0
8–0

2002†
Big 12 South
Bob Stoops
12–2
6–2

2003
Big 12 South
Bob Stoops
12–2
8–0

2004
Big 12 South
Bob Stoops
12–1
8–0

2006
Big 12 South
Bob Stoops
11–3
7–1

2007
Big 12 South
Bob Stoops
11–3
6–2

2008†
Big 12 South
Bob Stoops
12–2
7–1

2010†
Big 12 South
Bob Stoops
12–2
6–2

text: † Denotes a shared title.


document_title: Hydrogen peroxide

question_text: where does hydrogen peroxide come from in the body

question_tokens: where does hydrogen peroxide come from in the body

text: Hydrogen peroxide

text: Properties[edit]

text:
The boiling point of H
2O
2 has been extrapolated as being 150.2 °C, approximately 50 °C higher than water. In practice, hydrogen peroxide will undergo potentially explosive thermal decomposition if heated to this temperature. It may be safely distilled at lower temperatures under reduced pressure.[5]

text: Aqueous solutions[edit]

text: In aqueous solutions hydrogen peroxide differs from the pure material due to the effects of hydrogen bonding between water and hydrogen peroxide molecules. Hydrogen peroxide and water form a eutectic mixture, exhibiting freezing-point depression; pure water has a melting point of 0 °C and pure hydrogen peroxide of −0.43 °C. The boiling point of the same mixtures is also depressed in relation with the mean of both boiling points (125.1 °C). It occurs at 114 °C. This boiling point is 14 °C greater than that of pure water and 36.2 °C less than that of pure hydrogen peroxide.[6]

text:
Density of aqueous solution of H2O2

H2O2 (w/w)
Density (g/cm3)
Temperature (°C)

3%
1.0095
15

27%
1.10
20

35%
1.13
20

50%
1.20
20

70%
1.29
20

75%
1.33
20

96%
1.42
20

98%
1.43
20

100%
1.45
20

text: Structure[edit]

text:
Hydrogen peroxide (H
2O
2) is a nonplanar molecule with (twisted) C2 symmetry. Although the O−O bond is a single bond, the molecule has a relatively high rotational barrier of 2460 cm−1 (29.45 kJ/mol);[7] for comparison, the rotational barrier for ethane is 12.5 kJ/mol. The increased barrier is ascribed to repulsion between the lone pairs of the adjacent oxygen atoms and results in hydrogen peroxide displaying atropisomerism.

text:
The molecular structures of gaseous and crystalline H
2O
2 are significantly different. This difference is attributed to the effects of hydrogen bonding, which is absent in the gaseous state.[8] Crystals of H
2O
2 are tetragonal with the space group D4
4P4121.[9]

text:
Properties of H2O2 and its analogues
values marked * are extrapolated

Name
Formula
Molar mass (g/mol)
TM (°C)
TB (°C)

Hydrogen peroxide
HOOH
34.01
−0.43
150.2*

Water
HOH
18.02
0.00
99.98

Hydrogen disulfide
HSSH
66.15
−89.6
70.7

Hydrazine
H2NNH2
32.05
2
114

Hydroxylamine
NH2OH
33.03
33
58*

Diphosphane
H2PPH2
65.98
−99
63.5*

text: Comparison with analogues[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide has several structural analogues with Hm−X−X−Hn bonding arrangements (water also shown for comparison). It has the highest (theoretical) boiling point of this series (X = O, N, S). Its melting point is also fairly high, being comparable to that of hydrazine and water, with only hydroxylamine crystallising significantly more readily, indicative of particularly strong hydrogen bonding. Diphosphane and hydrogen disulfide exhibit only weak hydrogen bonding and have little chemical similarity to hydrogen peroxide. All of these analogues are thermodynamically unstable. Structurally, the analogues all adopt similar skewed structures, due to repulsion between adjacent lone pairs.

text: Discovery[edit]

text: Alexander von Humboldt synthesized one of the first synthetic peroxides, barium peroxide, in 1799 as a by-product of his attempts to decompose air.

text: Nineteen years later Louis Jacques Thénard recognized that this compound could be used for the preparation of a previously unknown compound, which he described as oxidized water – subsequently known as hydrogen peroxide.[10] [11] An improved version of this process used hydrochloric acid, followed by addition of sulfuric acid to precipitate the barium sulfate byproduct. Thénard's process was used from the end of the 19th century until the middle of the 20th century.[12]

text: Thénard and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac synthesized sodium peroxide in 1811. The bleaching effect of peroxides and their salts on natural dyes became known around that time, but early attempts of industrial production of peroxides failed, and the first plant producing hydrogen peroxide was built in 1873 in Berlin. The discovery of the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide by electrolysis with sulfuric acid introduced the more efficient electrochemical method. It was first implemented into industry in 1908 in Weißenstein, Carinthia, Austria. The anthraquinone process, which is still used, was developed during the 1930s by the German chemical manufacturer IG Farben in Ludwigshafen. The increased demand and improvements in the synthesis methods resulted in the rise of the annual production of hydrogen peroxide from 35,000 tonnes in 1950, to over 100,000 tonnes in 1960, to 300,000 tonnes by 1970; by 1998 it reached 2.7 million tonnes.[13]

text: Pure hydrogen peroxide was long believed to be unstable, as early attempts to separate it from the water, which is present during synthesis, all failed. This instability was due to traces of impurities (transition-metal salts), which catalyze the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. Pure hydrogen peroxide was first obtained in 1894—almost 80 years after its discovery—by Richard Wolffenstein, who produced it by vacuum distillation.[14]

text: Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult. In 1892 the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864–1925) determined its molecular mass by freezing-point depression, which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2.[15] At least half a dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the available evidence.[16] In 1934, the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the Scottish physicist Gordon Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide that was very similar to the presently accepted one.[17]

text: Manufacture[edit]

text:
Previously, hydrogen peroxide was prepared industrially by hydrolysis of the ammonium peroxydisulfate, which was itself obtained by the electrolysis of a solution of ammonium bisulfate (NH
4HSO
4) in sulfuric acid:

text: Today, hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process, which was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939. It begins with the reduction of an anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding anthrahydroquinone, typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst; the anthrahydroquinone then undergoes autoxidation to regenerate the starting anthraquinone, with hydrogen peroxide as a by-product. Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling compressed air through a solution of the derivatized anthracene, whereby the oxygen present in the air reacts with the labile hydrogen atoms (of the hydroxy groups), giving hydrogen peroxide and regenerating the anthraquinone. Hydrogen peroxide is then extracted, and the anthraquinone derivative is reduced back to the dihydroxy (anthracene) compound using hydrogen gas in the presence of a metal catalyst. The cycle then repeats itself.[18][19]

text: The simplified overall equation for the process is simple:[18]

text: The economics of the process depend heavily on effective recycling of the quinone (which is expensive) and extraction solvents, and of the hydrogenation catalyst.

text: A process to produce hydrogen peroxide directly from the elements has been of interest for many years. Direct synthesis is difficult to achieve, as the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen thermodynamically favours production of water. Systems for direct synthesis have been developed, most of which are based around finely dispersed metal catalysts.[20][21] None of these has yet reached a point where they can be used for industrial-scale synthesis.

text: Availability[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide is most commonly available as a solution in water. For consumers, it is usually available from pharmacies at 3 and 6 wt% concentrations. The concentrations are sometimes described in terms of the volume of oxygen gas generated; one milliliter of a 20-volume solution generates twenty milliliters of oxygen gas when completely decomposed. For laboratory use, 30 wt% solutions are most common. Commercial grades from 70% to 98% are also available, but due to the potential of solutions of more than 68% hydrogen peroxide to be converted entirely to steam and oxygen (with the temperature of the steam increasing as the concentration increases above 68%) these grades are potentially far more hazardous and require special care in dedicated storage areas. Buyers must typically allow inspection by commercial manufacturers.

text:
In 1994, world production of H
2O
2 was around 1.9 million tonnes and grew to 2.2 million in 2006,[22] most of which was at a concentration of 70% or less. In that year bulk 30% H
2O
2 sold for around 0.54 USD/kg, equivalent to 1.50 USD/kg (0.68 USD/lb) on a "100% basis".[23]

text: Hydrogen peroxide occurs in surface water, groundwater and in the atmosphere. It forms upon illumination or natural catalytic action by substances contained in water. Sea water contains 0.5 to 14 μg/L of hydrogen peroxide, freshwater 1 to 30 μg/L and air 0.1 to 1 parts per billion.[13]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: Decomposition[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes to form water and oxygen with a ΔHo of −98.2 kJ/mol and a ΔS of 70.5 J/(mol·K):

text: The rate of decomposition increases with rising temperature, concentration and pH, with cool, dilute, acidic solutions showing the best stability. Decomposition is catalysed by various compounds, including most transition metals and their compounds (e.g. manganese dioxide, silver, and platinum).[24] Certain metal ions, such as Fe2+ or Ti3+, can cause the decomposition to take a different path, with free radicals such as (HO·) and (HOO·) being formed. Non-metallic catalysts include potassium iodide, which reacts particularly rapidly and forms the basis of the elephant toothpaste experiment. Hydrogen peroxide can also be decomposed biologically by the enzyme catalase. The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide liberates oxygen and heat; this can be dangerous, as spilling high-concentration hydrogen peroxide on a flammable substance can cause an immediate fire.

text: Redox reactions[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide exhibits oxidizing and reducing properties, depending on pH.

text:
In acidic solutions, H
2O
2 is one of the most powerful oxidizers known—stronger than chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and potassium permanganate. Also, through catalysis, H
2O
2 can be converted into hydroxyl radicals (·OH), which are highly reactive.

text:
Oxidant/reduced product
Oxidation potential, V

fluorine/hydrogen fluoride
3.0

ozone/oxygen
2.1

hydrogen peroxide/water
1.8

potassium permanganate/manganese dioxide
1.7

chlorine dioxide/HClO
1.5

chlorine/chloride
1.4

text: In acidic solutions Fe2+ is oxidized to Fe3+ (hydrogen peroxide acting as an oxidizing agent):

text:
and sulfite (SO2−
3) is oxidized to sulfate (SO2−
4). However, potassium permanganate is reduced to Mn2+ by acidic H
2O
2. Under alkaline conditions, however, some of these reactions reverse; for example, Mn2+ is oxidized to Mn4+ (as MnO
2).

text: In basic solution, hydrogen peroxide can reduce a variety of inorganic ions. When it acts as a reducing agent, oxygen gas is also produced. For example, hydrogen peroxide will reduce sodium hypochlorite and potassium permanganate, which is a convenient method for preparing oxygen in the laboratory:

text: Organic reactions[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide is frequently used as an oxidizing agent. Illustrative is oxidation of thioethers to sulfoxides:[25][26]

text: Alkaline hydrogen peroxide is used for epoxidation of electron-deficient alkenes such as acrylic acid derivatives, and for the oxidation of alkylboranes to alcohols, the second step of hydroboration-oxidation. It is also the principal reagent in the Dakin oxidation process.

text: Precursor to other peroxide compounds[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide is a weak acid, forming hydroperoxide or peroxide salts with many metals.

text:
It also converts metal oxides into the corresponding peroxides. For example, upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide, chromic acid(CrO
3 + H
2SO
4) forms an unstable blue peroxide CrO(O
2)
2.

text: This kind of reaction is used industrially to produce peroxoanions. For example, reaction with borax leads to sodium perborate, a bleach used in laundry detergents:

text:
H
2O
2 converts carboxylic acids (RCO2H) into peroxy acids (RC(O)O2H), which are themselves used as oxidizing agents. Hydrogen peroxide reacts with acetone to form acetone peroxide and with ozone to form trioxidane. Hydrogen peroxide forms stable adducts with urea (hydrogen peroxide - urea), sodium carbonate (sodium percarbonate) and other compounds.[27] An acid-base adduct with triphenylphosphine oxide is a useful "carrier" for H
2O
2 in some reactions.

text: The peroxide anion is a stronger nucleophile than hydroxide and displaces hydroxyl from oxyanions e.g. forming perborates and percarbonates. Sodium perborate and sodium percarbonate are important consumer and industrial bleaching agents; they stabilize hydrogen peroxide and limit side reactions (e.g. reduction and decomposition note below). The peroxide anion forms an adduct with urea, hydrogen peroxide–urea.

text: Hydrogen peroxide is both an oxidizing agent and reducing agent. The oxidation of hydrogen peroxide by sodium hypochlorite yields singlet oxygen. The net reaction of a ferric ion with hydrogen peroxide is a ferrous ion and oxygen. This proceeds via single electron oxidation and hydroxyl radicals. This is used in some organic chemistry oxidations, e.g. in the Fenton's reagent. Only catalytic quantities of iron ion is needed since peroxide also oxidizes ferrous to ferric ion. The net reaction of hydrogen peroxide and permanganate or manganese dioxide is manganous ion; however, until the peroxide is spent some manganous ions are reoxidized to make the reaction catalytic. This forms the basis for common monopropellant rockets.

text: Biological function[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide is formed in human and animals as a short-lived product in biochemical processes and is toxic to cells. The toxicity is due to oxidation of proteins, membrane lipids and DNA by the peroxide ions.[28] The class of biological enzymes called SOD (superoxide dismutase) is developed in nearly all living cells as an important antioxidant agent. They promote the disproportionation of superoxide into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which is then rapidly decomposed by the enzyme catalase to oxygen and water.[29]

text: Peroxisomes are organelles found in virtually all eukaryotic cells.[30] They are involved in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids, branched chain fatty acids, D-amino acids, polyamines, and biosynthesis of plasmalogens, etherphospholipids critical for the normal function of mammalian brains and lungs.[31] Upon oxidation, they produce hydrogen peroxide in the following process:[32]

text: Catalase, another peroxisomal enzyme, uses this H2O2 to oxidize other substrates, including phenols, formic acid, formaldehyde, and alcohol, by means of the peroxidation reaction:

text: This reaction is important in liver and kidney cells, where the peroxisomes neutralize various toxic substances that enter the blood. Some of the ethanol humans drink is oxidized to acetaldehyde in this way.[33] In addition, when excess H2O2 accumulates in the cell, catalase converts it to H2O through this reaction:

text: Another origin of hydrogen peroxide is the degradation of adenosine monophosphate which yields hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine is then oxidatively catabolized first to xanthine and then to uric acid, and the reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme xanthine oxidase:[34]

text: The degradation of guanosine monophosphate yields xanthine as an intermediate product which is then converted in the same way to uric acid with the formation of hydrogen peroxide.[34]

text: Eggs of sea urchin, shortly after fertilization by a sperm, produce hydrogen peroxide. It is then quickly dissociated to OH· radicals. The radicals serve as initiator of radical polymerization, which surrounds the eggs with a protective layer of polymer.[35]

text: The bombardier beetle has a device which allows it to shoot corrosive and foul-smelling bubbles at its enemies. The beetle produces and stores hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide, in two separate reservoirs in the rear tip of its abdomen. When threatened, the beetle contracts muscles that force the two reactants through valved tubes into a mixing chamber containing water and a mixture of catalytic enzymes. When combined, the reactants undergo a violent exothermic chemical reaction, raising the temperature to near the boiling point of water. The boiling, foul-smelling liquid partially becomes a gas (flash evaporation) and is expelled through an outlet valve with a loud popping sound.[36][37][38]

text: Hydrogen peroxide is a signaling molecule of plant defense against pathogens.[39]

text: Hydrogen peroxide has roles as a signalling molecule in the regulation of a wide variety of biological processes.[40] The compound is a major factor implicated in the free-radical theory of aging, based on how readily hydrogen peroxide can decompose into a hydroxyl radical and how superoxide radical byproducts of cellular metabolism can react with ambient water to form hydrogen peroxide.[41] These hydroxyl radicals in turn readily react with and damage vital cellular components, especially those of the mitochondria.[42][43][44] At least one study has also tried to link hydrogen peroxide production to cancer.[45] These studies have frequently been quoted in fraudulent treatment claims.[citation needed]

text: The amount of hydrogen peroxide in biological systems can be assayed using a fluorimetric assay.[46]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Bleaching[edit]

text: About 60% of the world's production of hydrogen peroxide is used for pulp- and paper-bleaching.[22]

text: Detergents[edit]

text: The second major industrial application is the manufacture of sodium percarbonate and sodium perborate, which are used as mild bleaches in laundry detergents. Sodium percarbonate, which is an adduct of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide, is the active ingredient in such products as OxiClean and Tide laundry detergent. When dissolved in water, it releases hydrogen peroxide and sodium carbonate:[47]

text: Production of organic compounds[edit]

text: It is used in the production of various organic peroxides with dibenzoyl peroxide being a high volume example. It is used in polymerisations, as a flour bleaching agent and as a treatment for acne. Peroxy acids, such as peracetic acid and meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid are also produced using hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide has been used for creating organic peroxide-based explosives, such as acetone peroxide.

text: Disinfectant[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide is used in certain waste-water treatment processes to remove organic impurities. In advanced oxidation processing, the Fenton reaction[48][49] gives highly reactive ·OH. These hydroxyl radicals degrade organic compounds, including those that are ordinarily robust, such as aromatic or halogenated compounds.[50] It can also oxidize sulfur based compounds present in the waste; which is beneficial as it generally reduces their odour.[51]

text: Hydrogen peroxide can be used for the sterilization of various surfaces,[52] including surgical tools[53] and may be deployed as a vapour (VHP) for room sterilization.[54] H2O2 demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy against viruses, bacteria, yeasts, and bacterial spores.[55] In general, greater activity is seen against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria; however, the presence of catalase or other peroxidases in these organisms can increase tolerance in the presence of lower concentrations.[56] Higher concentrations of H2O2 (10 to 30%) and longer contact times are required for sporicidal activity.[57]

text: Hydrogen peroxide is seen as an environmentally safe alternative to chlorine-based bleaches, as it degrades to form oxygen and water and it is generally recognized as safe as an antimicrobial agent by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).[58]

text: Historically hydrogen peroxide was used for disinfecting wounds, partly because of its low cost and prompt availability compared to other antiseptics. It is now thought to inhibit healing and to induce scarring because it destroys newly formed skin cells.[59] Only a very low concentration of H2O2 can induce healing, and only if not repeatedly applied.[60] Surgical use can lead to gas embolism formation.[61][62] Despite this it is still used for wound treatment in many developing countries.[63][64]

text: Dermal exposure to dilute solutions of hydrogen peroxide cause whitening or bleaching of the skin due to microembolism caused by oxygen bubbles in the capillaries.[65]

text: Cosmetic applications[edit]

text:
Diluted H
2O
2 (between 1.9% and 12%) mixed with ammonium hydroxide is used to bleach human hair. The chemical's bleaching property lends its name to the phrase "peroxide blonde".[66] Hydrogen peroxide is also used for tooth whitening. It can be found in most whitening toothpastes. Hydrogen peroxide has shown positive results involving teeth lightness and chroma shade parameters. It works by oxidizing colored pigments onto the enamel where the shade of the tooth can indeed become lighter. Hydrogen peroxide can be mixed with baking soda and salt to make a home-made toothpaste.[67]

text: Hydrogen peroxide may be used to treat acne,[68] although benzoyl peroxide is a more common treatment.

text: Use in alternative medicine[edit]

text: Practitioners of alternative medicine have advocated the use of hydrogen peroxide for various conditions, including emphysema, influenza, AIDS and cancer,[69] although there is no evidence of effectiveness and in some cases it may even be fatal.[70][71][72][73][74]

text: The practice calls for the daily consumption of hydrogen peroxide, either orally or by injection and is, in general, based around two precepts. First, that hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced by the body to combat infection; and second, that human pathogens (including cancer: See Warburg hypothesis) are anaerobic and cannot survive in oxygen-rich environments. The ingestion or injection of hydrogen peroxide is therefore believed to kill disease by mimicking the immune response in addition to increasing levels of oxygen within the body. This makes it similar to other oxygen-based therapies, such as ozone therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

text: Both the effectiveness and safety of hydrogen peroxide therapy is scientifically questionable. Hydrogen peroxide is produced by the immune system but in a carefully controlled manner. Cells called phagocytes engulf pathogens and then use hydrogen peroxide to destroy them. The peroxide is toxic to both the cell and the pathogen and so is kept within a special compartment, called a phagosome. Free hydrogen peroxide will damage any tissue it encounters via oxidative stress; a process which also has been proposed as a cause of cancer.[75] Claims that hydrogen peroxide therapy increase cellular levels of oxygen have not been supported. The quantities administered would be expected to provide very little additional oxygen compared to that available from normal respiration. It should also be noted that it is difficult to raise the level of oxygen around cancer cells within a tumour, as the blood supply tends to be poor, a situation known as tumor hypoxia.

text: Large oral doses of hydrogen peroxide at a 3% concentration may cause irritation and blistering to the mouth, throat, and abdomen as well as abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.[70] Intravenous injection of hydrogen peroxide has been linked to several deaths.[72][73][74]

text: The American Cancer Society states that "there is no scientific evidence that hydrogen peroxide is a safe, effective or useful cancer treatment."[71] Furthermore, the therapy is not approved by the U.S. FDA.

text: Propellant[edit]

text:
High-concentration H
2O
2 is referred to as "high-test peroxide" (HTP). It can be used either as a monopropellant (not mixed with fuel) or as the oxidizer component of a bipropellant rocket. Use as a monopropellant takes advantage of the decomposition of 70–98% concentration hydrogen peroxide into steam and oxygen. The propellant is pumped into a reaction chamber, where a catalyst, usually a silver or platinum screen, triggers decomposition, producing steam at over 600 °C (1,112 °F), which is expelled through a nozzle, generating thrust. H
2O
2 monopropellant produces a maximal specific impulse (Isp) of 161 s (1.6 kN·s/kg). Peroxide was the first major monopropellant adopted for use in rocket applications. Hydrazine eventually replaced hydrogen-peroxide monopropellant thruster applications primarily because of a 25% increase in the vacuum specific impulse.[76] Hydrazine (toxic) and hydrogen peroxide (less-toxic [ACGIH TLV 0.01 and 1 ppm respectively]) are the only two monopropellants (other than cold gases) to have been widely adopted and utilized for propulsion and power applications. The Bell Rocket Belt, reaction-control systems for X-1, X-15, Centaur, Mercury, Little Joe, as well as the turbo-pump gas generators for X-1, X-15, Jupiter, Redstone and Viking used hydrogen peroxide as a monopropellant.[77]

text:
As a bipropellant, H
2O
2 is decomposed to burn a fuel as an oxidizer. Specific impulses as high as 350 s (3.5 kN·s/kg) can be achieved, depending on the fuel. Peroxide used as an oxidizer gives a somewhat lower Isp than liquid oxygen, but is dense, storable, noncryogenic and can be more easily used to drive gas turbines to give high pressures using an efficient closed cycle. It can also be used for regenerative cooling of rocket engines. Peroxide was used very successfully as an oxidizer in World War II German rocket motors (e.g. T-Stoff, containing oxyquinoline stabilizer, for both the Walter HWK 109-500 Starthilfe RATO externally podded monopropellant booster system, and for the Walter HWK 109-509 rocket motor series used for the Me 163B), most often used with C-Stoff in a self-igniting hypergolic combination, and for the low-cost British Black Knight and Black Arrow launchers.

text: In the 1940s and 1950s, the Hellmuth Walter KG-conceived turbine used hydrogen peroxide for use in submarines while submerged; it was found to be too noisy and require too much maintenance compared to diesel-electric power systems. Some torpedoes used hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer or propellant. Operator error in the use of hydrogen-peroxide torpedoes was named as possible causes for the sinkings of HMS Sidon and the Russian submarine Kursk.[78] SAAB Underwater Systems is manufacturing the Torpedo 2000. This torpedo, used by the Swedish Navy, is powered by a piston engine propelled by HTP as an oxidizer and kerosene as a fuel in a bipropellant system.[79][80]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: Hydrogen peroxide has various domestic uses, primarily as a cleaning and disinfecting agent.

text: Hydrogen peroxide reacts with certain di-esters, such as phenyl oxalate ester (cyalume), to produce chemiluminescence; this application is most commonly encountered in the form of glow sticks.

text: Some horticulturalists and users of hydroponics advocate the use of weak hydrogen peroxide solution in watering solutions. Its spontaneous decomposition releases oxygen that enhances a plant's root development and helps to treat root rot (cellular root death due to lack of oxygen) and a variety of other pests.[81][82]

text: Laboratory tests conducted by fish culturists in recent years have demonstrated that common household hydrogen peroxide can be used safely to provide oxygen for small fish. The hydrogen peroxide releases oxygen by decomposition when it is exposed to catalysts such as manganese dioxide.

text: Safety[edit]

text:
Regulations vary, but low concentrations, such as 6%, are widely available and legal to buy for medical use. Most over-the-counter peroxide solutions are not suitable for ingestion. Higher concentrations may be considered hazardous and are typically accompanied by a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS). In high concentrations, hydrogen peroxide is an aggressive oxidizer and will corrode many materials, including human skin. In the presence of a reducing agent, high concentrations of H
2O
2 will react violently.

text: High-concentration hydrogen peroxide streams, typically above 40%, should be considered hazardous due to concentrated hydrogen peroxide's meeting the definition of a DOT oxidizer according to U.S. regulations, if released into the environment. The EPA Reportable Quantity (RQ) for D001 hazardous wastes is 100 pounds (45 kg), or approximately 10 US gallons (38 L), of concentrated hydrogen peroxide.

text: Hydrogen peroxide should be stored in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area and away from any flammable or combustible substances. It should be stored in a container composed of non-reactive materials such as stainless steel or glass (other materials including some plastics and aluminium alloys may also be suitable).[83] Because it breaks down quickly when exposed to light, it should be stored in an opaque container, and pharmaceutical formulations typically come in brown bottles that block light.[84]

text: Hydrogen peroxide, either in pure or diluted form, can pose several risks, the main one being that it forms explosive mixtures upon contact with organic compounds.[85] Highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide itself is unstable and can cause a boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (BLEVE) of the remaining liquid. Distillation of hydrogen peroxide at normal pressures is thus highly dangerous. It is also corrosive, especially when concentrated, but even domestic-strength solutions can cause irritation to the eyes, mucous membranes and skin.[86] Swallowing hydrogen peroxide solutions is particularly dangerous, as decomposition in the stomach releases large quantities of gas (10 times the volume of a 3% solution), leading to internal bloating. Inhaling over 10% can cause severe pulmonary irritation.[87]

text: With a significant vapour pressure (1.2 kPa at 50 °C[88]), hydrogen-peroxide vapour is potentially hazardous. According to U.S. NIOSH, the immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) limit is only 75 ppm.[89] The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has established a permissible exposure limit of 1.0 ppm calculated as an 8-hour time-weighted average (29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1).[85] Hydrogen peroxide has also been classified by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as a "known animal carcinogen, with unknown relevance on humans".[90] For workplaces where there is a risk of exposure to the hazardous concentrations of the vapours, continuous monitors for hydrogen peroxide should be used. Information on the hazards of hydrogen peroxide is available from OSHA[85] and from the ATSDR.[91]

text: Historical incidents[edit]

text:
On 16 July 1934, in Kummersdorf, Germany, a propellant tank containing an experimental monopropellant mixture consisting of hydrogen peroxide and ethanol exploded during a test, killing three people.
During the Second World War, doctors in German concentration camps experimented with the use of hydrogen peroxide injections in the killing of human subjects.[92]
Several people received minor injuries after a hydrogen peroxide spill on board a flight between the U.S. cities of Orlando and Memphis on 28 October 1998.[93]
The Russian submarine K-141 Kursk sailed to perform an exercise of firing dummy torpedoes at the Pyotr Velikiy, a Kirov-class battlecruiser. On 12 August 2000, at 11:28 local time (07:28 UTC), there was an explosion while preparing to fire the torpedoes. The only credible report to date is that this was due to the failure and explosion of one of the Kursk's hydrogen peroxide-fueled torpedoes. It is believed that HTP, a form of highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide used as propellant for the torpedo, seeped through its container, damaged either by rust or in the loading procedure back on land where an incident involving one of the torpedoes accidentally touching ground went unreported. The vessel was lost with all hands. A similar incident was responsible for the loss of HMS Sidon in 1955.
On 15 August 2010, a spill of about 30 US gallons (110 L) of cleaning fluid occurred on the 54th floor of 1515 Broadway, in Times Square, New York City. The spill, which a spokesperson for the New York City fire department said was of hydrogen peroxide, shut down Broadway between West 42nd and West 48th streets as fire engines responded to the hazmat situation. There were no reported injuries.[94]


document_title: Demographics of British Columbia

question_text: what is the main religion in british columbia

text: Demographics of British Columbia

text: Vital statistics[edit]

text: Birth rate: 1.2 births per 1,000 [1] (Canadian average ≈ 11)

text: Death rate: 2.3 deaths per 1,000

text: Infant mortality rate: 4.0 deaths per 1,000 live births [2]

text: Life expectancy at birth: 81.12 years[3]

text: Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born per woman [4] (Canadian average = 1.61)

text: Population of British Columbia since 1851[edit]

text:
Year
Population
Five year
 % change
Ten year
 % change
Rank among
provinces

1851
55,000
n/a
n/a
n/a

1861
51,524
n/a
-6.3
n/a

1871
36,247
n/a
-29.7
7

1881
49,459
n/a
36.4
8

1891
98,173
n/a
98.5
8

1901
178,657
n/a
82.0
6

1911
392,480
n/a
119.7
6

1921
524,582
n/a
33.7
6

1931
694,263
n/a
32.3
6

1941
817,861
n/a
17.8
4

1951
1,165,210
n/a
42.5
3

1956
1,398,464
20.0
n/a
3

1961
1,629,082
16.5
39.8
3

1966
1,873,674
15.0
34.0
3

1971
2,184,620
16.6
34.1
3

1976
2,466,610
12.9
31.6
3

1981
2,744,467
11.3
25.6
3

1986
2,883,370
5.1
16.9
3

1991
3,282,061
13.8
19.6
3

1996
3,724,500
13.5
29.2
3

2001
3,907,738
4.9
19.1
3

2006
4,113,487
5.4
10.4
3

2011
4,400,057
7.0
12.6
3

2016
4,648,055
5.6
13.0
3

text: Age structure[edit]

text:
Males
Females

Age
Group
Number
Percent
Number
Percent

0-4
105,808
2.4%
100,116
2.2%

5-9
117,909
2.8%
111,383
2.6%

10-14
133,809
3.1%
126,388
3.0%

15-19
143,449
3.4%
136,227
3.2%

20-24
155,369
3.7%
147,770
3.5%

25-29
139,521
3.3%
138,299
3.3%

30-34
144,788
3.4%
145,869
3.4%

35-39
155,429
3.7%
158,364
3.7%

40-44
177,381
4.2%
179,216
4.2%

45-49
172,786
4.1%
177,082
4.2%

50-54
157,596
3.7%
159,965
3.8%

55-59
138,096
3.2%
139,772
3.3%

60-64
101,610
2.4%
103,764
2.4%

65-69
80,051
1.9%
82,363
1.9%

70-74
70,060
1.6%
72,493
1.7%

75-79
54,572
1.3%
64,344
1.5%

80-84
36,304
0.8%
53,047
1.2%

85+
24,544
0.6%
48,978
1.1%

Totals
2,109,082
49.6%
2,145,440
50.4%

text: Ethnicity[edit]

text: British Columbia has a very diverse ethnic population, with a large number of immigrants having lived in the province for 30 years or less. First-generation immigrants from the British Isles remain a strong component of local society despite limitations on immigration from Britain since the ending of special status for British subjects in the 1960s. Also present in large numbers relative to other cities in Canada (except Toronto), and also present in BC ever since the province was first settled (unlike Toronto), are many European ethnicities of the first and second generation, notably Germans, Ukrainians, Scandinavians, Yugoslavs and Italians; third-generation Europeans are generally of mixed lineage, and traditionally intermarried with other ethnic groups more than in any other Canadian province. The percentages add to more than 100% because of dual responses (e.g. "French-Canadian" generates an entry in both the category "French" and the category "Canadian"). In recent decades, the proportion of those of Chinese ethnicity has risen sharply, though still outnumbered by the historically-strong population of those of German ancestry. Visible minorities have become an important factor in ethnic-based politics, though most visible minorities are less numerous than the long-standing non-British European ethnicities making up BC's "invisible minorities".

text: Note: The following statistics represent both single (e.g., "German") and multiple (e.g., "part Chinese, part English") responses to the 2006 Census, and thus do not add up to 100%.

text:
Ethnic Origin
Population
Percent

English
1,207,245
29.63%

Scottish
828,145
20.32%

Canadian
720,200
17.67%

Irish
618,120
15.17%

German
561,570
13.78%

Chinese
432,435
10.60%

French
361,215
8.86%

Indian
232,370
5.70%

Ukrainian
197,265
4.84%

Dutch (Netherlands)
196,420
4.82%

North American Indian
193,060
4.74%

Italian
143,155
3.51%

Norwegian
129,420
3.18%

Polish
128,360
3.15%

Russian
114,105
2.80%

Welsh
104,275
2.56%

Swedish
104,025
2.55%

text: Indo-Canadians[edit]

text: Visible minorities and Aboriginal Peoples[edit]

text:
Visible minority and Aboriginal population (Canada 2016 Census)

Population group
Population
 % of total population

European
2,908,420
7001638000000000000♠63.8%

Visible minority group
Source:[9]
South Asian
365,705
7000800000000000000♠8%

Chinese
508,480
7001112000000000000♠11.2%

Black
43,500
7000100000000000000♠1%

Filipino
145,025
7000320000000000000♠3.2%

Latin American
44,115
7000100000000000000♠1%

Arab
19,840
6999400000000000000♠0.4%

Southeast Asian
54,920
7000120000000000000♠1.2%

West Asian
48,695
7000110000000000000♠1.1%

Korean
60,495
7000130000000000000♠1.3%

Japanese
41,230
6999900000000000000♠0.9%

Visible minority, n.i.e.
8,760
6999200000000000000♠0.2%

Multiple visible minority
40,465
6999900000000000000♠0.9%

Total visible minority population
1,381,235
7001303000000000000♠30.3%

Aboriginal group
Source:[10]
First Nations
172,520
7000380000000000000♠3.8%

Métis
89,405
7000200000000000000♠2%

Inuit
1,610
5000000000000000000♠0%

Aboriginal, n.i.e.
2,695
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

Multiple Aboriginal identity
4,350
6999100000000000000♠0.1%

Total Aboriginal population
270,585
7000590000000000000♠5.9%

Total population
4,560,240
100%

text: Religions[edit]

text:
Population by religion, Canada and BC
(2001 Census)
Canada
B.C.

number
 %
number
 %

Total population
29,639,035

3,868,875

No religious affiliation
4,900,090
17%
1,388,300
36%

Protestant
8,654,850
29%
1,213,295
31%

Catholic
12,936,905
44%
675,320
17%

Christian not included elsewhere
780,450
3%
200,345
5%

Sikh
278,410
1%
135,310
3%

Buddhist
300,345
1%
85,540
2%

Muslim
579,640
2%
56,220
1%

Christian Orthodox
479,620
2%
35,655
1%

Hindu
297,200
1%
31,500
1%

Jewish
329,995
1%
21,230
1%

Eastern religions
37,550
0%
9,970
0%

Other religions
63,975
0%
16,205
0%

Source: Statistics Canada 2001 Census
http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo30c.htm

text: Languages[edit]

text:
Language(s) first learned and still understood
Total
%
Male
Female

English only
2,825,780
73.03%
1,403,230
1,422,545

French only
54,405
1.41%
27,340
27,060

Both English and French
6,784
0.18%
3,360
3,452

Other languages
981,910
25.38%
470,145
511,765

Source: Statistics Canada 2001 Census