document_title: War Machine (film)

question_text: actress who plays brad pitts wife in war machine

text: War Machine (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 2009, four-star General Glen McMahon (Brad Pitt), having won renown for his effective leadership in Iraq, is sent to Afghanistan to prepare an assessment so that the government can end the ongoing war.[4][5] He is given wide latitudes to write it, on the sole condition that he not request more troops. McMahon and his staff, particularly his right hand man Major General Greg Pulver (Anthony Michael Hall), are united in their belief that the war can be won, and decide to recommend that President Obama authorize a surge of 40,000 additional troops to secure Helmand province in order to stabilize the country. However, the Secretary of State (Sian Thomas) informs McMahon that his report will not be reviewed until after the upcoming presidential election.

text: Captain Badi Basim (Aymen Hamdouchi), a member of the Afghan National Army, joins McMahon's staff as a "representative" of the Afghan people. He arrives, however, in civilian clothes as he would rather not wear his uniform, which he has in a bag, outside the compound near his home as he walked. Meanwhile, McMahon is informed that, due to alleged irregularities in the counting of votes, a runoff election will have to be held, delaying the review of the assessment further. Fed up, McMahon secretly leaks the assessment to the Washington Post and organizes an interview with 60 Minutes, during which he reveals that, in the last seventy days, he has only been granted one meeting with the President. In response, the government announces that they will send 30,000 troops to Afghanistan, and that all U.S. and coalition forces in the country will leave in 18 months. To gather the remaining 10,000 troops needed for his strategy to work, McMahon and his men head to Paris to negotiate with the other coalition nations.

text: In Paris, McMahon learns that the President is passing through, and wishes to meet with him. The ambassador to Afghanistan (Alan Ruck) warns McMahon that he needs to understand his position: if he continues to anger the President, he will be fired for insubordination. The President, however, merely shakes his hand as he climbs aboard Air Force One due to time constraints, and McMahon and his staff attend a dinner in McMahon's honor, accompanied by Rolling Stone writer Sean Cullen (Scoot McNairy), who intends to write a feature story about his performance for an upcoming issue. The next day, during their anniversary dinner, McMahon's wife Jeanie confronts him about how much time he's spending fighting abroad instead of being with his family back home.

text: While on route to Berlin with McMahon's staff to continue negotiations, Cullen observes their behavior and concludes that they are arrogant and seem to care little about the growing public perception that the war is costly and wasteful. At a conference to discuss his strategy, McMahon is confronted by a German official (Tilda Swinton) who is skeptical of his approach and suggests that McMahon's plans would only lead to more losses. Nevertheless, both the Germans and the French agree to furnish the troops needed for his planned offensive, codenamed "Operation Moshtarak", to begin, with Afghan President Hamid Karzai's (Ben Kingsley) approval.

text: The operation launches, but soon runs into trouble when several civilians are accidentally killed against McMahon's instructions. When he holds a public meeting to explain the incident, the crowd grows hostile and demands that he and his troops leave. Worse, McMahon learns that Cullen's article has been published, and paints a negative picture of him and his staff as openly speaking against the President and mishandling the war effort. Knowing that he will be fired for his actions, McMahon returns to Washington and later takes a job as a civilian consultant.

text: In the aftermath, Cullen ponders the consequences of his article, noting that he wished the fall of McMahon would finally convince the government to stop invading foreign countries and end the war in Afghanistan. Instead, however, the government simply assigns a new general to replace McMahon: General Bob White (Russell Crowe).

text: Cast[edit]

text: McMahon's Entourage

text:
Brad Pitt as General Glen McMahon,[6] a character based on General Stanley McChrystal.[7] He is portrayed as an accomplished general with degrees from West Point and Yale[8] brought in to bring a resolution to the conflict in Afghanistan.
Anthony Hayes[9] as Lieutenant Commander Pete Duckman, a Navy SEAL and member of McMahon's staff, possibly based on Navy SEAL David Silverman.
Emory Cohen[10] as Sgt. Willy Dunne, General McMahon's body man.
RJ Cyler as USAF Tech Sgt. Andy Moon, information technology support assistant.[11]
Daniel Betts as USN Rear Admiral Simon Ball, McMahon's Senior Public Affairs Officer.
Topher Grace as Matt Little, a former lobbyist turned McMahon's civilian media adviser.[12]
Anthony Michael Hall as Major General Greg Pulver, ISAF Director of Intelligence,[13] loosely based on Lt. General Michael Flynn.
John Magaro as Colonel Cory Staggart, an Army Ranger and General McMahon's executive officer.[14]
Aymen Hamdouchi as Captain Badi Basim, a scholarly Afghan National Army officer who becomes General McMahon's aide-de-camp.
Scoot McNairy[15] as Sean Cullen, a cynical journalist for Rolling Stone who accompanies McMahon and his staff and acts as narrator throughout the film, loosely based on author Michael Hastings.
Meg Tilly as Jeanie McMahon,[16] McMahon's wife.

text: U.S. Diplomats

text:
Sian Thomas as United States Secretary of State Edith May, based on Hillary Rodham Clinton
Alan Ruck as Pat McKinnon, United States Ambassador to Afghanistan, loosely based on Karl Eikenberry.
Nicholas Jones as Dick Waddle, loosely based on Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan Richard Holbrooke.
Griffin Dunne as Ray Canucci, a United States Department of State senior official.

text: Politicians

text:
Ben Kingsley as President Hamid Karzai[17]
Reggie Brown as President Barack Obama
Tilda Swinton as a German politician

text: Combat Marines

text:
Will Poulter as Sgt. Ricky Ortega, a Marine Corps infantry squad leader.[18]
Lakeith Stanfield as Cpl. Billy Cole, a disillusioned Marine and member of Ortega's squad.[19]
Josh Stewart as Captain Dick North, a Marine Corps officer.

text: Other

text:
Rufus Wright as British Army Lt. Col. Frank Groom
Georgina Rylance as Lydia Cunningham, 60 Minutes journalist.
Russell Crowe[20] as General Bob White (uncredited), General Glen McMahon's replacement similar to David Petraeus.

text: Production[edit]

text: On April 27, 2012, it was announced that New Regency and Plan B Entertainment had acquired the film adaptation rights to the 2011 best seller non-fiction book The Operators by Michael Hastings.[21] On April 14, 2014, David Michôd was hired to write and direct the film based on the war in Afghanistan.[7] Brad Pitt was attached to star as General Stanley McChrystal and produce the film along with his Plan B partners Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner, while the film would be financed by New Regency and RatPac Entertainment.[7]

text: On June 8, 2015, Netflix acquired the distribution rights to the film which was re-titled War Machine, while Ian Bryce also came on board to produce the film along with others.[22] On June 17, The Hollywood Reporter revealed that there had been a budget issue between New Regency and RatPac with producers of Plan B, and thus Netflix had stepped in to buy the distribution rights for $60 million.[1]

text: On August 4, 2015, Emory Cohen was cast in the film to play a member of Gen. McChrystal's staff.[10] On August 10, 2015, Topher Grace joined the film to play Gen. Stanley McChrystal's civilian press adviser.[12] On August 11, 2015, John Magaro signed on to play Cory Burger, a special ops soldier and close advisor to General McMahon.[14] On August 14, 2015, Scoot McNairy joined the cast of the film.[15] On August 19, 2015, Anthony Michael Hall was added to the cast to play General Hank Pulver, loosely based on General Mike Flynn.[13] On August 20, 2015, Keith Stanfield signed on to the film.[19] The same day, Will Poulter also joined the cast for an unspecified role.[18] On August 25, Anthony Hayes joined the film.[9] On October 23, 2015, TheWrap revealed that RJ Cyler had also joined the film.[11] Alan Ruck was spotted filming.[23] Meg Tilly was also spotted but her casting was not then officially confirmed.[16] It was later reported Ben Kingsley and Tilda Swinton had been cast.[24]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began in mid-October 2015 in London.[25][26][27] Later on October 19, filming began in Abu Dhabi, the city was transformed into Kabul, streets into a military fortress, an old building as an American Embassy in Kabul, and a street as a Palestinian border crossing.[28][29] Filming also took place at the Abu Dhabi International Airport in November.[29] Some scenes were also filmed at the Dunsfold Aerodrome in Surrey, England.[23] In mid-November 2015, while final scenes were being shot, actors were spotted filming in Ras al-Khaimah and the city's old neighborhood was transformed into Pakistani villages and a military base-camp.[30]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released on Netflix on May 26, 2017.[31]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Brad Pitt visited Mumbai to promote the film and attended a special screening at PVR High Street Phoenix on May 24, 2017.[32] He also met Indian superstar Shah Rukh Khan to promote War Machine.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 54% based on 73 reviews, and an average rating of 5.8/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "War Machine's uneven execution keeps its fact-based story from cleanly hitting its targets, but those flaws are frequently offset by sharp wit and solid acting."[33] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a 56 out of 100 score, based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[34]


document_title: First Family of the United States

question_text: where does the president and his family live

root

text: First Family of the United States

text: The First Family of the United States (FFOTUS) is the official title for the family of the President of the United States, who is both head of state and head of government of the United States. Members of the First Family consist of the President, the First Lady of the United States, and any of their children. However, other close relatives of the President and First Lady, such as parents, grandchildren, stepchildren, and in-laws, may be classified as members of the First Family if they reside in the Executive Residence of the White House Complex.

tag: p

text: In the United States, the term "First Family" in casual reference to the President's immediate family, is most often used by the media and in particular, the White House press corps. Individually, each member of the First Family is designated a Secret Service codename by the United States Secret Service. Used by special agents, these code names uniquely identify members of the First Family for their ongoing protection as well as for the sake of brevity, clarity, and tradition.

text: List[edit]

text:
Portrait
Administration
Years
President and First Lady
Children and family
Notes

Trump
January 20, 2017
—
present
Donald and Melania Trump
Donald Jr., Ivanka, Eric, Tiffany, and Barron
Donald Jr., Ivanka and Eric are the President's children from his first marriage to Ivana Trump, while Tiffany is his daughter from his second marriage to Marla Maples and Barron is his son from his third marriage to Melania Trump. Barron is the first Presidential son to live at the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. in 1963; however from January to June 2017 he remained with his mother at Trump Tower so he could complete his school year at Manhattan's Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School.[1] Melania Trump is the second First Lady to be foreign-born after Louisa Adams and the first to be a naturalized citizen.

Obama
January 20, 2009
—
January 20, 2017
Barack and Michelle Obama
Malia and Sasha
Marian Shields Robinson, mother to the First Lady and mother-in-law to the President, lived with the First Family in the Executive Residence at the White House Complex. They were the first African American family to live in the White House.

G.W. Bush
January 20, 2001
—
January 20, 2009
George W. and Laura Bush
Barbara and Jenna
Barbara and Jenna, fraternal twins, were also the nation's First Granddaughters, from January 20, 1989 to January 20, 1993. Barbara and Jenna were seven years old at the time of George H. W. Bush, their grandfather's, inauguration and eleven years old when he left office. The twins were both First Daughters of Texas from 1995, when they were thirteen, to 2001, when they were nineteen. Barbara and Jenna did not live in the White house, as both attended college while their father was the President. Jenna married Henry Chase Hager at the Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford, Texas on May 10, 2008.[2]

Clinton
January 20, 1993
—
January 20, 2001
Bill and Hillary Clinton
and Chelsea
The President and First Lady's daughter Chelsea was born a First Daughter of Arkansas. Until she left the White House in 2001, the two-year period between her father's first and second terms as the Governor of Arkansas would be the only time when she did not have an unofficial title. Beginning on January 3, 2001, Hillary Rodham Clinton was both a United States Senator for the state of New York while simultaneously carrying out her formal duties as First Lady, a title which she lost 17 days later on January 20, 2001 when President Clinton's term in office expired. Hillary was also the first woman to be nominated by a major U.S. political party in the presidential election.

G.H.W. Bush
January 20, 1989
—
January 20, 1993
George and Barbara Bush
George W., Jeb, Neil, Marvin, and Dorothy
The President and First Lady's eldest daughter, Robin, died of leukemia in 1953. Arguably, other members of the First Family included, First Mother/Grandmother, Dorothy Wear Walker Bush (died in 1992), First Grandsons George, Jebby, Pierce, and Samuel LeBlond; and First Granddaughters Barbara, Jenna, Noelle, Lauren, Ashley, and Ellie LeBlond[2]

Reagan
January 20, 1981
—
January 20, 1989
Ronald and Nancy Reagan
Maureen, Michael, Patti, and Ron
Maureen and Michael were two of the President's children from his first marriage to Hollywood actress Jane Wyman while Patti and Ron were the President's two youngest children from his second marriage to Nancy Reagan.

Carter
January 20, 1977
—
January 20, 1981
Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter
John, James Earl Carter III, Donnel, and Amy
The President and First Lady's three sons John, James, and Donnel were all grown adults when the First Family moved into the Executive Residence in 1977. Their daughter Amy was the first true child to live in the White House since the Kennedy children lived there between 1961 and 1963.

Ford
August 9, 1974
—
January 20, 1977
Gerald and Betty Ford
Susan, Michael, Jack, and Steven
The President and First Lady's daughter Susan was a teenage high school student during her time in the White House. Their three sons Michael, Jack, and Steven were all grown adults when the First Family moved into the Executive Residence in 1974.

Nixon
January 20, 1969
—
August 9, 1974
Richard and Pat Nixon
Tricia and Julie
One of the most thrilling occurrences during the President's administration was the marriage of his daughter Tricia to Edward Cox, who were wed in a fairytale ceremony in the Rose Garden of the White House on June 12, 1971. The President and First Lady's other daughter, Julie Nixon Eisenhower, married David Eisenhower, a grandson of Dwight D. Eisenhower.

L.B. Johnson
November 22, 1963
—
January 20, 1969
Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson
Lynda Bird, and Luci
The President and First Lady's oldest daughter Lynda married Charles S. Robb, a former Governor of Virginia and two-term senator from the Commonwealth of Virginia, in the East Room at the White House on December 9, 1967.

Kennedy
January 20, 1961
—
November 22, 1963
John and Jacqueline Kennedy
Caroline, John Jr., and Patrick
The President and First Lady's first-born daughter, Arabella, was delivered as a stillborn in 1956. The First Lady gave birth prematurely to a second son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, on August 7, 1963. The child died two days later due to hyaline membrane disease. In 1999, John Jr. died in a plane crash, leaving his sister Caroline as the only surviving child of the President and First Lady.

Eisenhower
January 20, 1953
—
January 20, 1961
Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower
and John
President and Mrs. Eisenhower posed for this portrait on their 39th wedding anniversary at their farm in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
The President and First Lady's eldest son, Doud, died of scarlet fever in 1921. The President's only surviving son, John Eisenhower served various roles as an Assistant Staff Secretary in the West Wing, on the Army's General Staff, and in the White House as assistant to General Andrew Goodpaster.

Truman
April 12, 1945
—
January 20, 1953
Harry and Bess Truman
and Margaret
Between the years 1948 and 1952, the First Family resided at Blair House, the official guest quarters of foreign heads of state and government located near Lafayette Park, while the White House underwent a complete interior restoration.

F.D. Roosevelt
March 4, 1933
—
April 12, 1945
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna, James, Elliott, Franklin Jr., and John
In 1937, the President's oldest son James moved into the Executive Residence and served as an advisor and private secretary in the West Wing. At the President's request, his daughter Anna moved into the Executive Residence in 1944 to serve as an assistant to the President and as White House hostess during the First Lady's frequent absences. A fifth son, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Jr. (III), was born on March 18, 1909 and died approximately eight months later on November 7, 1909.[3]

Hoover
March 4, 1929
—
March 4, 1933
Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover
Herbert Jr., and Allan

Coolidge
August 2, 1923
—
March 4, 1929
Calvin and Grace Coolidge
John and Calvin Jr.
The President and First Lady's younger son, Calvin Jr., died during the President's 1924 election campaign. Their son John who lived until 2000, married the daughter of Connecticut governor John H. Trumbull.

Harding
March 4, 1921
—
August 2, 1923
Warren and Florence Harding
The President never had children with his wife but had an illegitimate daughter, Elizabeth Ann Blaesing, with another woman, Nan Britton. In a previous marriage, the First Lady had a son named Marshall Eugene DeWolfe who died from complications of alcoholism and tuberculosis on January 1, 1915, at the age of 34.

Wilson
March 4, 1913
—
March 4, 1921
Woodrow Wilson and
Ellen Wilson (d.1914), Edith Wilson (m.1915)
Margaret, Jessie, and Eleanor
On November 25, 1913, the second oldest daughter Jessie married Francis Bowes Sayre at the White House. On January 17, 1915, Jessie gave birth to a son, Francis B. Sayre, Jr., at the White House. On May 7, 1914, the youngest daughter Eleanor married her father's Secretary of the Treasury, William Gibbs McAdoo. There were two First Ladies during the Wilson Administration. The President's first wife, Ellen, died at the White House on August 6, 1914 due to complications of Bright's disease. The following year, the President married his second wife, Edith. At the time of her mother's death in 1914, the oldest daughter Margaret served the role as First Lady until her father remarried in 1915.

Taft
March 4, 1909
—
March 4, 1913
William Howard and Helen Taft
Robert, Helen, and Charles II
After the First Lady suffered a stroke in 1909, daughter Helen moved into the Executive Residence and helped her mother to regain body movement and speech. The President and First Lady's daughter, Helen, also served as official hostess for many White House functions while the First Lady was disabled. The youngest son, Charles, was only 12 years old when he moved into the Executive Residence, upon his father's election as President.

T. Roosevelt
September 14, 1901
—
March 4, 1909
Theodore and Edith Roosevelt
Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel, Archie, and Quentin
In 1906, the President's oldest daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, married Nicholas Longworth at the White House. Alice was another child from the President's previous marriage to his first wife, Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt, who died in 1884 due to childbirth complications and the disease known as Bright's disease. The President's fifth cousin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, would become the 32nd President of the United States in 1933.[3]

McKinley
March 4, 1897
—
September 14, 1901
William and Ida McKinley

Cleveland
March 4, 1893
—
March 4, 1897
Grover and Frances Cleveland
Ruth, Esther and Marion
Esther Cleveland was born in 1893, she was the first and only child of a president to be born in the White House.

B. Harrison
March 4, 1889
—
March 4, 1893
Benjamin and Caroline Harrison
Russell and Mary
[4]

Cleveland
March 4, 1885
—
March 4, 1889
Grover and Frances Cleveland (m.1886)
Frances Cleveland was the youngest of the first ladies. She and Cleveland married on June 2, 1886, when she was 21 years old. When she and Cleveland departed the White House, she told the staff 'take careof everything as we would like to see it just the way it is when we return, four years from today'.

Arthur
September 19, 1881
—
March 4, 1885
Chester A. Arthur
Chester II and Ellen

Garfield
March 4, 1881
—
September 19, 1881
James and Lucretia Garfield
Harry, James, Mary, Irvin, and Abram

Hayes
March 4, 1877
—
March 4, 1881
Rutherford and Lucy Hayes
Birchard, Webb, Rutherford,
Fanny, and Scott

Grant
March 4, 1869
—
March 4, 1877
Ulysses and Julia Grant
Jesse, Ulysses Jr., Nellie, and Frederick
The Grant family was the last slave holding family to live in the White House. Grant owned a slave during the Civil War but freed the slave soon after.

A. Johnson
April 15, 1865
—
March 4, 1869
Andrew and Eliza Johnson
Martha, Mary, Robert, and Andrew Jr.

Lincoln
March 4, 1861
—
April 15, 1865
Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln
Robert Todd, Willie, and Tad
In 1862, Willie, after riding his pony in bad weather, became ill. His condition fluctuated from day to day. The most likely cause of the illness was typhoid fever, contracted from contaminated drinking water. Gradually Willie weakened. Finally on February 20, 1862, the young boy died. The President and First Lady's second son, Edward, died earlier in 1850, most likely from a wasting disease called medullary thyroid cancer as part of the genetic cancer syndrome - multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2B - that his father and two of his brothers may have shared. In 1871, their son Tad died at the age of 18 due to tuberculosis. Of the President and First Lady's four children, only Robert lived into adulthood; he died in 1926. Throughout the President's term in office, the First Lady suffered from severe headaches. Dealing with the death of her son Willie in 1862, as well as the deaths of siblings killed in the American Civil War, difficult bouts of mourning, especially after Willie's death, led to protracted depression. During her years at the White House, the First Lady suffered a severe head injury in a carriage accident, thought to be an assassination attempt aimed at the President, who was not with her at the time. In addition to depression, the First Lady suffered from irrational, sometimes public outbursts.

Buchanan
March 4, 1857
—
March 4, 1861
James Buchanan
The President never married or had children. The President's niece, Harriet Lane, acted as First Lady and served as hostess at White House functions.

Pierce
March 4, 1853
—
March 4, 1857
Franklin and Jane Pierce
Pierce's son Benjamin was killed in a train wreck two months before Pierce's inauguration. Jane Pierce arrived at the White house months later and spent most of their tenure in her room, writing letters to her dead son.

Fillmore
July 9, 1850
—
March 4, 1853
Millard and Abigail Fillmore
Millard, and Mary
During the presidential inauguration for her husband's successor Franklin Pierce in 1853, the First Lady caught a cold and the next day came down with a fever. Abigail Fillmore developed pneumonia and died weeks later, on March 30, 1853. Throughout much of the President's term in office and due to the First Lady's illness, their daughter Mary was hostess at many White House functions from 1850 to 1853.

Taylor
March 4, 1849
—
July 9, 1850
Zachary and Margaret Taylor
Ann, Betty, and Richard
As a semi-invalid, the First Lady became a recluse and remained in seclusion on the second floor of the Executive Residence, leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth. They were the last family to own slaves in the White House from 1849 to 1850.

Polk
March 4, 1845
—
March 4, 1849
James and Sarah Polk
The President and First Lady never had children.

Tyler
April 4, 1841
—
March 4, 1845
John and Letitia Tyler (d.1842), Julia Tyler (m.1844)
Mary, Robert, John, Letitia, Elizabeth, Alice, and Tazewell
During the President's term in office, there were two First Ladies. In 1839, Letitia, suffered a paralytic stroke that left her an invalid. As First Lady, she remained in the upstairs living quarters of the White House only coming downstairs just once, to attend the wedding of her daughter Elizabeth in January 1842. On the evening of September 10, 1842, the First Lady died peacefully. At the time of her death, she was 51 years old, making her the youngest First Lady to die. John and Letita Tyler's children were the following: Mary Tyler-Jones, Robert Tyler (who served as the President's private secretary at the White House), John Tyler III, Letitia Tyler-Semple, Elizabeth Tyler-Waller (marrying William N. Waller at a White House wedding in 1842), Alice Tyler-Denison, and Tazewell Tyler. The second First Lady was Julia, who at age 24, married the President at the age of 54 on June 26, 1844. John and Julia's children were the following: David Gardiner Tyler, John "Alex" Alexander Tyler, Julia Gardiner Tyler-Spencer, Lachlan Gardiner Tyler, Lyon Gardiner Tyler, Robert "Fitz" Fitzwalter Tyler, and Pearl Tyler-Ellis. Two of his grandchildren are still alive.

W.H. Harrison
March 4, 1841
—
April 4, 1841
William Henry and Anna Harrison
The President and First Lady had ten children. After taking the Oath of Office in March 1841, the President died just 32 days later of complications of a cold, making William Henry Harrison's term the shortest in United States presidential history to date.[4]

Van Buren
March 4, 1837
—
March 4, 1841
Martin Van Buren and
Angelica Singleton (Daughter-in-law)
Abraham, John, Martin, and Smith
During the President's term, there was no First Lady. The President's wife died from tuberculosis much earlier in 1819. Their oldest son Abraham had a wife, Angelica Singleton Van Buren (a cousin of Dolley Madison), who assumed the duties being hostess at White House functions.

Jackson
March 4, 1829
—
March 4, 1837
Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jr., Daniel, Andrew, Andrew, Eliza, and Edward
Jackson's wife Rachel died shortly after he was elected president. Their niece, Emily Donelson and the President's daughter-in-law Sarah Yorke Jackson served at his hostess at the White house.

J.Q. Adams
March 4, 1825
—
March 4, 1829
John Quincy and Louisa Adams
George, John, and Charles Francis
The President was the oldest son of the 2nd President of the United States, John Adams and his wife, Abigail Adams. The President and First Lady's son, George led a troubled life of alcoholism, womanizing, and depression who finally succumbed to an apparent suicide during the President's final year in office in 1829. Louisa Adams was the first foreign-born First Lady.

Monroe
March 4, 1817
—
March 4, 1825
James and Elizabeth Monroe
Eliza and Maria
During the President's term in office, his oldest daughter Eliza often substituted as official White House hostess for her ailing mother, the First Lady. Appearing as a haughty and often pompous socialite, Eliza soon alienated most of Washington society for her refusal to call on wives of the diplomatic corps, as was the custom. She caused another uproar when she closed her sister's wedding to all but family and friends. The second daughter named Maria was only a child when her father was elected president. When she finished school in Philadelphia, she moved into the Executive Residence in 1819. On March 9, 1820, she married her first cousin, Samuel L. Gouverneur, in the first wedding ever performed at the White House. The President and First Lady's only son, James, died much earlier in childhood.

Madison
March 4, 1809
—
March 4, 1817
James and Dolley Madison
and John
Prior to becoming First Lady and marrying the President, Dolley Madison was a widow who had two children, John Payne Todd and William Temple Todd, from a previous marriage to Quaker lawyer John Todd. Her husband and youngest son both suddenly died when yellow fever struck Philadelphia in 1793. The following year, she accepted Madison's proposal of marriage. Madison adopted her oldest son John. Perhaps Dolley Madison's most courageous act as First Lady was when she removed and saved several priceless valuables, objets d'art, china, silverware, and the famous Lansdowne portrait of George Washington painted by Gilbert Stuart prior to British Redcoats burning down the White House during the War of 1812.

Jefferson
March 4, 1801
—
March 4, 1809
Thomas Jefferson and Martha Randolph (Daughter)
Mary
There was no First Lady during the Presidency as Jefferson's former wife, Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson, died shortly after giving birth to their sixth child in 1782. In the conspicuous absence of First Lady, James Madison's wife, Dolley Madison, often served in the capacity as a White House hostess. Out of all six children of the Jefferson's, only Martha and Mary would survive into early adulthood.

J. Adams
March 4, 1797
—
March 4, 1801
John and Abigail Adams
Nabby, John Quincy, Charles
and Thomas
The First Family during the Adams administration was the first to reside in the newly constructed White House (then known as the President's House) designed by Irish architect James Hoban. In 1797, the President appointed his oldest son, John Quincy, as Minister to Prussia. In 1800, the President and First Lady's second oldest son Charles, died due to complications of alcoholism. Following in his father's footsteps, John Quincy would eventually be elected to the Presidency in 1824 and take the oath of office the next year.

Washington
April 30, 1789
—
March 4, 1797
George and Martha Washington
Nelly and George
Since the Federal City was not completed when the President was inaugurated in 1789, the capital of the United States was first located in New York City between the years 1785 and 1790, later uprooting the Federal Government and moving it temporarily to the city of Philadelphia between the years 1790 and 1800. Because of this, the First Family never lived in the unfinished White House. Between April 1789 and February 1790, the First Family resided at the Alexander Macomb mansion at 39–41 Broadway Avenue in New York City. In Philadelphia, Robert Morris's mansion at 190 High Street was rented for the First Family to reside at. During his lifetime, the President never had children. However, he adopted the First Lady's two children, Jack and Patsy, from a previous marriage to Daniel Parke Custis. Likewise, the President also raised the First Lady's two youngest grandchildren, Nelly and George.

tag: table


document_title: Mary Had a Little Lamb

question_text: who wrote the song mary had a little lamb

text: Mary Had a Little Lamb

text: Background[edit]

text: The nursery rhyme was first published by the Boston publishing firm Marsh, Capen & Lyon, as an poem by Sarah Josepha Hale on May 24, 1830, and was possibly inspired by an actual incident.[1]

text: There are competing theories on the origin and inspiration of this poem. One holds that John Roulstone wrote the first four lines and that the final twelve lines, less childlike than the first, were composed by Sarah Josepha Hale; others claim that Hale was responsible for the entire poem.[2]

text: As a young girl, Mary Sawyer (later Mary Tyler) kept a pet lamb that she took to school one day at the suggestion of her brother. A commotion naturally ensued. Mary recalled: "Visiting school that morning was a young man by the name of John Roulstone, a nephew of the Reverend Lemuel Capen, who was then settled in Sterling. It was the custom then for students to prepare for college with ministers, and for this purpose Roulstone was studying with his uncle. The young man was very much pleased with the incident of the lamb; and the next day he rode across the fields on horseback to the little old schoolhouse and handed me a slip of paper which had written upon it the three original stanzas of the poem..."[3]

text: Mary Sawyer's house, located in Sterling, Massachusetts, was destroyed by arson on August 12, 2007.[4] A statue representing Mary's Little Lamb stands in the town center.[5] The Redstone School, which was built in 1798, was purchased by Henry Ford and relocated to a churchyard on the property of Longfellow's Wayside Inn in Sudbury, Massachusetts.[citation needed]

text: Text[edit]

text: In the 1830s, Lowell Mason set the nursery rhyme to a melody adding repetition in the verses, starting with "Mary had a little lamb, little lamb, little lamb, Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow.[6]

text: Influence[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The rhyme was the first audio recorded by Thomas Edison on his newly invented phonograph in 1877.[7] It was the first instance of recorded verse.[7] In 1927, Edison reenacted the recording, which still survives.[8] The earliest recording (1878) was retrieved by 3D imaging equipment in 2012.[9]

text: Blues musicians Buddy Guy and Stevie Ray Vaughan both recorded the song: Guy composing his own bluesy version of the song for his album A Man and the Blues in 1968 and Vaughan covering Guy's version in his 1983 debut album, Texas Flood, with both also infusing the first four lines of the nursery rhyme, "A-Tisket, A-Tasket", into the song. In 1972, Paul McCartney released a version of the song. Just as he had done with the 16th-century poem Golden Slumbers which was released on The Beatles' Abbey Road LP in 1969, he added his own melody to the lyrics. The single was a top 20 hit in Britain although both the choice for and the saccharine arrangement of "Mary Had a Little Lamb" did much to erode his standing with leading rock journalists.[citation needed] McCartney played the song during Wings' 1972 summer tour and it was included in the Spring 1973 James Paul McCartney television special. It is commercially available on the 1993 CD issue of the Wings Wild Life LP.[10]

text: Media[edit]

text: Note: This melody is the British version, which is slightly different from the American version.[how?]

text:
Mary Had a Little Lamb

Male singing the first verses of "Mary Had a Little Lamb".

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Uses of the music[edit]

text: The first Korean musical road, created using grooves cut into the ground and intended to help motorists stay alert and awake plays "Mary Had a Little Lamb" and took four days to construct.[11] It can be found close to Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea.

tag: ul


document_title: Epistle to the Galatians

question_text: who is the book of galatians written to

question_tokens: who is the book of galatians written to

text: Epistle to the Galatians

text: Composition[edit]

text: No original of the letter is known to survive. The earliest reasonably complete version available to scholars today, named P46, dates to approximately the year 200 AD, approximately 150 years after the original was presumably drafted.[3] This papyrus is fragmented in a few areas, causing some of the original text carefully preserved over the years to be missing, "however, through careful research relating to paper construction, handwriting development, and the established principles of textual criticism, scholars can be rather certain about where these errors and changes appeared and what the original text probably said."[4]

text: Some scholars date the original composition to c. 50–60 AD.[5] Other scholars agree that Galatians was written between the late 40s and early 50s.[6]

text: Authenticity[edit]

text: Biblical scholars agree that Galatians is a true example of Paul's writing. The main arguments in favor of the authenticity of Galatians include its style and themes, which are common to the core letters of the Pauline corpus.[citation needed] Moreover, Paul's possible description of the Council of Jerusalem (Gal.2:1–10) gives a different point of view from the description in Acts 15:2–29, if it is, in fact, describing the Jerusalem Council.[7]

text: The central dispute in the letter concerns the question of how Gentiles could convert to Christianity, which shows that this letter was written at a very early stage in church history, when the vast majority of Christians were Jewish or Jewish proselytes, which historians refer to as the Jewish Christians. Another indicator that the letter is early is that there is no hint in the letter of a developed organization within the Christian community at large. This puts it during the lifetime of Paul himself.[7]

text: Nevertheless, a small number of scholars have questioned Paul's authorship of Galatians, such as Bruno Bauer, Abraham Loman, C. H. Weisse and Frank R. McGuire.[8]

text: Galatia[edit]

text: Paul's letter is addressed "to the churches of Galatia" (Galatians 1:2), but the location of these churches is a matter of debate. A minority of scholars have argued that the "Galatia" is an ethnic reference to a Celtic people living in northern Asia Minor, but most agree that it is a geographical reference to the Roman province in central Asia Minor, which had been settled by immigrant Celts in the 270s BC and retained Gaulish features of culture and language in Paul's day. Acts of the Apostles records Paul traveling to the "region of Galatia and Phrygia", which lies immediately west of Galatia.[9]

text: Some[who?] claim the New Testament says that the churches of Galatia (Antioch of Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe) were founded by Paul himself (Acts 16:6; Galatians.1:8;4:13;4:19). They seem to have been composed mainly of converts from paganism (Galatians 4:8). After Paul's departure, the churches were led astray from Paul's trust/faith-centered teachings by individuals proposing "another gospel" (which centered on salvation through the Mosaic law, so-called legalism), whom Paul saw as preaching a "different gospel" from what Paul had taught (Galatians 1:1–9). The Galatians appear to have been receptive to the teaching of these newcomers, and the epistle is Paul's response to what he sees as their willingness to turn from his teaching.[7]

text: The identity of these "opponents" is disputed. However, the majority of modern scholars view them as Jewish Christians, who taught that in order for converts to belong to the People of God, they must be subject to some or all of the Jewish Law, (i.e. Judaizers). The letter indicates controversy concerning circumcision, Sabbath observance, and the Mosaic Covenant. It would appear, from Paul's response, that they cited the example of Abraham, who was circumcised as a mark of receiving the covenant blessings (Genesis 17). They certainly appear to have questioned Paul's authority as an apostle, perhaps appealing to the greater authority of the Jerusalem church governed by James (brother of Jesus).[1]

text: North Galatian view[edit]

text: The North Galatian view holds that the epistle was written very soon after Paul's second visit to Galatia (Acts 18:23). In this view, the visit to Jerusalem, mentioned in Galatians 2:1–10, is identical with that of Acts 15, which is spoken of as a thing of the past. Consequently, the epistle seems to have been written after the Council of Jerusalem. The similarity between this epistle and the epistle to the Romans has led to the conclusion that they were both written at roughly the same time, during Paul's stay in Macedonia in roughly 56–57.[10]

text: This third date takes the word "quickly" in Gal. 1:6 literally.[11] John P. Meier suggests that Galatians was "written in the middle or late 50s, only a few years after the Antiochene incident he narrates".[12] Eminent Biblical scholar Helmut Koester also subscribes to the "North Galatian Hypothesis". Koester points out that the cities of Galatia in the north consist of Ankyra, Pessinus, and Gordium (of the Gordian Knot fame of Alexander the Great).[13]

text: South Galatian view[edit]

text: The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before or shortly after the First Jerusalem Council, probably on his way to it, and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus (he would have traveled a short distance, since Tarsus is in Cilicia) after his first visit to Jerusalem as a Christian,[14] or during his first missionary journey, when he traveled throughout southern Galatia. If it was written to the believers in South Galatia, it would likely have been written in 49.[15]

text: Earliest epistle[edit]

text: A third theory[16] is that Galatians 2:1–10 describes Paul and Barnabas' visit to Jerusalem described in Acts 11:30 and 12:25. This theory holds that the epistle was written before the Council was convened, possibly making it the earliest of Paul's epistles. According to this theory, the revelation mentioned (Gal 2:2) corresponds with the prophecy of Agabus (Acts 11:27–28). This view holds that the private speaking about the gospel shared among the Gentiles precludes the Acts 15 visit, but fits perfectly with Acts 11. It further holds that continuing to remember the poor (Gal. 2: 10) fits with the purpose of the Acts 11 visit, but not Acts 15.[17]

text: In addition, the exclusion of any mention of the letter of Acts 15 is seen to indicate that such a letter did not yet exist, since Paul would have been likely to use it against the legalism confronted in Galatians. Finally, this view doubts Paul's confrontation of Peter (Gal. 2:11) would have been necessary after the events described in Acts 15. If this view is correct, the epistle should be dated somewhere around 47, depending on other difficult to date events, such as Paul's conversion.[18]

text: Kirsopp Lake found this view less likely and wondered why it would be necessary for the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) to take place at all if the issue were settled in Acts 11:30/12:25, as this view holds.[19] Defenders of the view do not think it unlikely an issue of such magnitude would need to be discussed more than once.[20] Renowned New Testament scholar J.B. Lightfoot also objected to this view since it "clearly implies that his [Paul's] Apostolic office and labours were well known and recognized before this conference."[21]

text: Defenders of this view, such as Ronald Fung, disagree with both parts of Lightfoot's statement, insisting a) Paul received his "Apostolic Office" at his conversion (Gal. 1:15–17; Ac. 9). Fung holds, then, that Paul's apostolic mission began almost immediately in Damascus (Acts 9:20). While accepting that Paul's apostolic anointing was likely only recognized by the Apostles in Jerusalem during the events described in Gal. 2/Acts 11:30, Fung does not see this as a problem for this theory.[21]

text: Outline[edit]

text: The citation here is based on the content of the gospel. Alternative outlines have been introduced based on the rhetorical form of the letter.[1]

text: Galatians

text:
Salutation (1:1–5)
No other gospel: Paul expresses displeasure that the community has turned from the gospel (1:6–10)
The past of Paul, including his life in Judaism (1:13–14), his "apocalypse" from God, often understood as the Conversion of Paul (1:15–16), and his early ministry (1:17–24)
a meeting with the "pillar apostles" in Jerusalem, possibly the Council of Jerusalem reported in Acts 15 (2:1–10)
The Paul/Cephas Incident at Antioch, where Cephas backed down from his previous table fellowship with Gentiles (2:11–14)
Paul's speech expressing that Jews, like Gentiles, are declared righteous by faith (2:15–21)
A Consideration of Law or Faith (3:1–14)
Law and Promise (3:15–20)
Slaves and Sons (3:21–4:7)
Sons of God (3:26)
Concern for the Galatians (4:8–20)
Allegorical Interpretation of Hagar and Sarah (4:21–5:1)
Christian Freedom (5:1–15)
Love thy neighbour (5:14)
Fruit of the Spirit (5:16–26)
The Law of Christ (6:1–10)
Final Warning and Benediction (6:11–18)

text: Contents[edit]

text: This epistle addresses the question of whether the Gentiles in Galatia were obligated to follow Mosaic Law to be part of the Christ community. After an introductory address (Galatians 1:1–10), the apostle discusses the subjects which had occasioned the epistle.

text: In the first two chapters, Paul discusses his life before Christ and his early ministry, including interactions with other apostles in Jerusalem. This is the most extended discussion of Paul's past that we find in the Pauline letters (cf. Philippians 3:1–7).[23] Some have read this autobiographical narrative as Paul's defense of his apostolic authority (1:11–19; 2:1–14).[24] Others, however, see Paul's telling of the narrative as making an argument to the Galatians about the nature of the gospel and the Galatians' own situation.[25]

text: Chapter 3 exhorts the Galatian believers to stand fast in the faith as it is in Jesus. Paul engages in an exegetical argument, drawing upon the figure of Abraham and the priority of his faith to the covenant of circumcision. Paul explains that the law was introduced as a temporary measure, one that is no longer efficacious now that the seed of Abraham, Christ, has come. Chapter 4 then concludes with a summary of the topics discussed and with the benediction, followed by 5:1–6:10 teaching about the right use of their Christian freedom.

text: In the conclusion of the epistle, Paul wrote, "See with what large letters I am writing to you with my own hand." (Galatians 6:11, ESV) Regarding this conclusion, Lightfoot, in his Commentary on the epistle, says:

text: "At this point the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name (2Thessalonians 2:2; 2Thessalonians 3:17) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse, eager, disjointed sentences. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. pelikois grammasin), that his hand-writing may reflect the energy and determination of his soul."

text: Alternatively, some commentators have postulated that Paul's thorn in the flesh was poor eyesight, which caused him to write in characteristically large letters.[27]

text: Galatians also contains a catalogue of vices and virtues, a popular formulation of ancient Christian ethics.[28]

text: Probably the most famous single statement made in the Epistle, by Paul, is in chapter 3, verse 28: "There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." The debate surrounding that verse is legend and the two schools of thought are (1) this only applies to the spiritual standing of people in the eyes of God, it does not implicate social distinctions and gender roles on earth; and (2) this is not just about our spiritual standing but is also very much about how we relate to each other and treat each other in the here and now.[29]

text: Position (1) emphasises the immediate context of the verse and notes that it is embedded in a discussion about justification: our relationship with God. Position (2) reminds its critics that the "whole letter context" is very much about how people got on in the here and now together, and in fact the discussion about justification came out of an actual example of people treating other people differently (2:11ff).[30]

text: Significance[edit]

text: As Canadian religious historian, Barrie Wilson, points out in How Jesus Became Christian[31], Paul's Letter to the Galatians represents a sweeping rejection of Jewish Law (Torah). In so doing Paul clearly takes his Christ movement out of the orbit of Judaism and into an entirely different milieu. Paul's stance constitutes a major contrast to the position of James, brother of Jesus, whose group in Jerusalem adhered to the observance of Torah. Many scholars question whether Paul's view dovetails with Jesus' own teachings concerning the Law.


document_title: List of medical colleges in Kerala

question_text: which is the first private medical college in kerala

text: List of medical colleges in Kerala

text: Medical colleges[edit]

text: Government medical colleges[edit]

text:
College Name
District
Estd Year
Remarks

Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
1951
1st Medical College in Kerala

Government Medical College, Kozhikode
Kozhikode
1957

Government Medical College, Kottayam
Kottayam
1962

Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha
Alappuzha
1963

Government Medical College, Thrissur
Thrissur
1981

Government Medical College, Ernakulam
Ernakulam
1999

Government Medical College, Manjeri, Malappuram
Malappuram
2013

Government Medical College, Palakkad
Palakkad
2014

Government Medical College, Painav, Idukki
Idukki
2014
Waiting for MCI approval

Government Medical College, Kollam
Kollam
2016

Government Medical College, Konni, Pathanamthitta
Pathanamthitta
2016

Academy of Medical Sciences, Pariyaram, Kannur (KNM)
Kannur
1995

Government Medical College, Madakkimala, Wayanad
Wayanad
Planned

Government Medical College, Kasaragod
Kasaragod
Planned

text: Kerala govt has plans to take over Pariyaram medical college.[1]

text: Private self-financing[edit]

text:
College Name
District
Estd Year

Al Azhar Medical College, Thodupuzha
Idukki
2014

Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Amala Nagar, Thrissur
Thrissur
2003

Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Ponnekara, Kochi
Ernakulam
1998

Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Meeyyannoor, Kollam
Kollam
2008

Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Kuttapuzha, Kerala
Pathanamthitta
2016

DM Wayanad Institute of Medical sciences, Meppadi, Wayanad
Wayanad
2013

Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College, Karakonam, Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
2002

Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur
Thrissur
2003

Kannur Medical College, Kannur
Kannur
2006

Karuna Medical College, Vilayodi, Palakkad
Palakkad
2006

Kerala Medical College, Cherupplasery, Palakkad
Palakkad
2016

KMCT Medical College, Mukkam, Kozhikode
Kozhikode
2008

Malabar Medical College, Kozhikode
Kozhikode
2008

Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical Mission, Hospital Kolenchery
Ernakulam
2002

MES Academy of Medical Sciences
Malappuram
2002

Mount Zion Medical College,
Pathanamthitta
2012

PK Das Institute of Medical Sciences, Vaniyamkulam, Palakkad
Palakkad
2014

Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta
Pathanamthitta
2002

Sree Gokulam Medical College & Research Foundation, Venjaramoodu, Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
2005

Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, North Paravur, Ernakulam District
Ernakulam
2009

SUT Medical College, Vattappara, Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram
2006

Travancore Medical College Hospital, Kollam
Kollam
2009

SR Medical College Hospital, Varkala
Thiruvananthapuram
2016

text: Government dental colleges[edit]

text:
Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram
Government Dental College, Kottayam
Government Dental College, Kozhikode

text: Government-sponsored self-financing[edit]

text:
Malabar Dental College and Research Centre, Edappal, Malappuram
Pariyaram Dental College, Pariyaram, Kannur (KND)

text: Private self-financing[edit]

text:
Al-Azhar Dental College, Thodupuzha, Kerala
Annoor Dental College, Puthuppady, Muvattupuzha via, Ernakulam
Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research, Meeyyannoor, Kollam
Century International Institute of Dental Science & Research Centre, Poinachi, Kasargod
Dental College, Maypallycutty, Alleppey
Educare Institute of Dental Sciences, Kiliyamannil campus, Chattiparamba, Malappuram[2]
Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Kothamangalam
Kannur Dental College, Anjarakandy, Mamba, Kannur
Kayamkulam Dental College, Kayamkulam
KMCT Dental College, Mampetta, Manassery, Mukkom, Kozhikode
Mar Baselios Dental College, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam
MES Dental College, Perinthalmanna, Palachode, Malappuram
Noorul Islam College of Dental Science, Neyyattinkara, Thiruvananthapuram
PMS College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Vattappara, Thiruvananthapuram
PSM College of Dental Science and Research, Akkikavu, Thrissur
Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences, Thiruvalla, Pathanamthitta
Royal Dental College, Iron Hills, Chalissery PO, Palakkad
Sri Sankara Dental College, Akathumuri, Varkala, Thiruvananthapuram
St. Gregorios Dental College, Chelad PO, Kothamangalm, Ernakulam

text: Ayurveda colleges[edit]

text: Government Ayurveda colleges[edit]

text:
Government Ayurveda College, G P O, Thiruvananthapuram
Government Ayurveda College, Dhanwanthari Nagar, Tripunithura, Ernakulam
Government Ayurveda Medical College Kannur, Medical College P O, Pariyaram, Kannur

text: Government-aided[edit]

text:
Vaidyaretnam Ayurveda College, Thaikkattussery P.O., Ollur, Thrissur
VPSV Ayurveda College, Edarikode P O, Kottakkal, Malappuram

text: Private self-financing[edit]

text:
Pankajakasthuri Ayurveda Medical College, Kattakada P O, Thiruvananthapuram
Amrita Ayurveda Medical College, Kollam
Ahalia Ayurveda Medical College, Elippara, Kozhipara, Palakkkad
KMCT Ayurveda Medical College, Manasseri P O, Mukkom, Kozhikode
Mannam Ayurveda Co-operative Medical College, Pandalam, Pathanamthitta
Nangelil Ayurveda Medical College, Nellikuzhy P O, Kothamangalam, Ernakulam
P N Panicker Souhruda Ayurveda Medical College, Parakalai P O, Anandhashram via, Kasargode
PNNM Ayurveda Medical College, Cheruthuruthy P O, Shoranur, Thrissur
Parassinikkadavu Ayurveda Medical College, Parassinikadavu P O, Kannur
Santhigiri Ayurveda Medical College, Olassery P O, Kodumbu Via, Palakkad
Sree Narayana Institute of Ayurvedic Studies & Research, Karimpinpuzha P O, Puthur, Kollam
Sreedhareeyam Ayurvedic Research & Development Institute, Koothattukulam, Ernakulam
Vishnu Ayurveda College, Govt. Press P O, Shornur, Palakkad

text: Unani Medical College[edit]

text: Markaz Unani Medical College & Hospital

text: Kaithappoyil, Thamarassery, Calicut, Kerala

text: Homeopathic colleges[edit]

text: Government homeopathic medical colleges[edit]

text:
Government Homeopathic Medical College, Iranimuttam, Manacaud P O, Thiruvananthapuram (TVH)
Government Homeopathic Medical College, Karaparamba P O, Kozhikode

text: Government-aided[edit]

text:
Sree Vidhyadhiraja Homeopathic Medical College, Nemom, Thiruvananthapuram (NEH)
Athurasramam NSS Homeopathic Medical College, Sachivothamapuram P O, Kottayam (KTH)
Dr. Padiyar Memorial Homeopathic Medical College, Chottanikkara P O, Ernakulam (EKH)

text: Siddha medical colleges[edit]

text: Self-financing Siddha medical colleges[edit]

text: Santhigiri Siddha Medical College, Santhigiri P O, Pothencode Via, Thiruvananthapuram


document_title: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge

question_text: tujhe dekha toh yeh jana sanam movie name

text: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge

text: Plot[edit]

text: Raj Malhotra (Shah Rukh Khan) and Simran Singh (Kajol) are non-resident Indians living in London. Simran was raised by her strict and conservative father, Baldev Singh (Amrish Puri), while Raj's father (Anupam Kher) was very liberal. Simran always dreams of meeting her ideal man. Her mother Lajjo (Farida Jalal) warns her against this, saying dreams are good but one should not blindly believe they come true. One day, Baldev receives a letter from his friend Ajit (Satish Shah), who lives in Punjab. Ajit wants to keep a promise he and Baldev made to each other 20 years ago—to have Simran marry his son Kuljeet (Parmeet Sethi). Simran is disappointed—she does not want to marry someone whom she has never met.

text: One evening, Raj enters Baldev's shop after closing time to buy beer. Baldev refuses and Raj grabs a case of beer, throws the money on the counter and runs away. Baldev, infuriated, calls Raj a disgrace to India. Meanwhile, Raj's father has agreed to his request to go on a train trip across Europe with his friends, and Simran's friends have invited her to go on the same trip. Simran asks her father to let her see the world before her marriage, and he reluctantly agrees.

text: On the trip, Raj and Simran meet. Raj constantly flirts with Simran, much to her irritation. The two miss their train to Zurich and are separated from their friends. They start to travel with one another and become friends. Raj falls in love with Simran on the journey; when they part ways in London, Simran realises she is in love with him too. Simran tells her mother about the boy she met; Baldev overhears the conversation and becomes furious with Simran. He says the family will move to India the next day. Meanwhile, Raj tells his father about Simran and that she will soon be getting married. When Raj says he believes Simran loves him too, his father encourages him to go after her.

text: In India, Baldev is reunited with his relatives and his friend Ajit. Simran and her younger sister Chutki take an instant dislike to Simran's fiancé Kuljeet because of his arrogance. Simran cannot forget Raj and is miserable about having to marry Kuljeet. Her mother tells her to forget Raj because she knows Baldev will never accept their relationship. The next morning, Simran is reunited with Raj when he arrives outside of the house where she is staying. She begs him to run away with her. Raj refuses and says he will only marry Simran with her father's consent. Raj befriends Kuljeet and is quickly accepted by both families. Later, Raj's father arrives in India and also becomes friends with Simran's and Kuljeets's families. Eventually Lajjo and Chutki discover that Raj is the boy Simran fell in love with in Europe. Lajjo also tells Raj and Simran to run away, but he still refuses. Baldev recognises Raj from the beer incident, but eventually accepts him. However, after he discovers a photograph of Raj and Simran together in Europe, he insults and slaps Raj and tells him to leave.

text: As Raj and his father are waiting at the railway station, Kuljeet, who is angry on hearing of Raj's love for Simran, arrives with his friends and attack them. Eventually Baldev and Ajit arrive and stop the fight. Raj boards the departing train with his father. Simran then arrives with her mother and sister; she tries to join Raj on the train but Baldev stops her. Simran begs him to let her go, saying she cannot live without Raj. Baldev realises nobody loves his daughter more than Raj does. He lets her go, and she runs and catches the train as it departs.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Credits adapted from British Film Institute.[5]

text:
Shah Rukh Khan as Raj Malhotra
Kajol as Simran Singh
Amrish Puri as Baldev Singh Chaudhary, Simran's father
Farida Jalal as Lajwanti "Lajjo" Singh, Simran's mother
Satish Shah as Ajit Singh, Baldev's friend in India
Achala Sachdev as Simran's grandmother
Himani Shivpuri as Kammo Kaur, Simran's aunt
Pooja Ruparel as Rajeshwari "Chutki" Singh, Simran's sister
Anupam Kher as Dharamvir Malhotra, Raj's father
Parmeet Sethi as Kuljeet Singh, Ajit's son
Mandira Bedi as Preeti Singh, Ajit's daughter
Anaita Shroff Adajania as Sheena, Simran's friend
Karan Johar and Arjun Sablok as Raj's friends

text: Production[edit]

text: Origin and scripting[edit]

text: Aditya Chopra assisted his father, director and producer Yash Chopra, during the making of Chandni (1989), Lamhe (1991) and Darr (1993).[6] During this time, Aditya wrote several of his own scripts, including one he assumed would be his first film, but eventually became his second, Mohabbatein (2000).[7] For three years, he worked on the story that would become Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge before approaching his father to direct it. Yash did not want to, and tried to persuade Aditya to do it himself.[8] As they were discussing ideas for the script, Aditya conceived the notion that Raj would seek permission for marriage from Simran's stern father, rather than eloping with her. He then became excited about the possibility of directing the film himself. After his mother, the playback singer Pamela Chopra, agreed that the idea was sound, he decided to make this his directorial debut.[9] Aditya wanted to make a wholesome film that people could watch repeatedly. He wanted to diverge from the typical plot line of the time, in which lovers run away when their parents object, and show that if their love was strong enough, the parents would eventually understand.[8]

text: In May 1994, Aditya read the first draft of the script to several members of the Yash Raj Films production team assigned to work with him, including a cinematographer, an art director and a dialogue writer. They were not impressed, but Aditya held fast to his ideas.[10] He was given total editorial control by his father, the producer, and made the film according to his own tastes and sensibilities.[11] Aditya struggled with both the dialogue writer Javed Siddiqui and the song lyricist Anand Bakshi to develop words that were "young-sounding".[12] There were personal clashes over writing credits on the final script. Pamela's friend Honey Irani believed she deserved a writing credit that she did not receive, and Siddiqui believed Aditya did not deserve partial credit for the dialogue. After Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, neither of them ever worked with Yash Raj Films again.[13] After approving the script, Yash was consulted about the songs, but mostly left the creative process to his son, and has firmly denied that he was a ghost director on the project.[11] He did not shoot a single frame, and did not even view some portions of the film until it was nearly completed.[14]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Aditya originally wanted the film to be about a relationship between an Indian and an American. He wanted Tom Cruise for the role of Raj but was dissuaded by Yash, who did not want to use a foreign star.[15] They decided their characters would be non-resident Indians (NRIs). Aditya approached Shah Rukh Khan to play the role of Raj. Shah Rukh was initially not interested because of the romantic nature of the role, having had success playing villainous roles.[10] Aditya then asked Saif Ali Khan to play the lead role because he was having problems persuading Shah Rukh to do it.[16] Saif declined for unknown reasons,[17] as did Aamir Khan,[18] causing Aditya to continue pursuing Shah Rukh.[16][b] Aditya and Shah Rukh had four meetings over several weeks; he finally persuaded Shah Rukh by telling him he could never be a superstar unless he became "every woman's dream man, and every mother's dream son".[10] Since then, Shah Rukh has expressed his gratitude to Aditya for helping to make him a star with this film.[7] Shah Rukh said that fellow actor Salman Khan also encouraged him to do the role, saying that he thought the film would be very successful.[20] Shah Rukh has also noted the similarities in the film's script to his own relationship with Gauri Khan before their marriage.[21]

text: Kajol was the first choice to play Simran, to which she quickly agreed; she was a good friend of Aditya.[22] She and Shah Rukh had previously worked together in the successful films Baazigar (1993) and Karan Arjun (1995).[23] Kajol said her character was very difficult for her to relate to, whereas Shah Rukh said Raj's personality was very similar to his own.[24] Aditya chose the name Raj for the character, and the mandolin that he played, based on his admiration for the actor Raj Kapoor.[25] After a successful screen test, Parmeet Sethi was chosen over Armaan Kohli for the role of Kuljeet Singh.[26] In addition to his assistant director Sameer Sharma, Aditya asked for two additional assistants, his brother Uday Chopra and his friend Karan Johar. Johar also played a small role in the film as Raj's friend.[27] Sharmishta Roy was the film's art director[28] and Manish Malhotra was its costume designer. While Malhotra had many new ideas, Aditya wanted to keep the clothing style simple; he did not want it to distract from the story.[29] Despite this, Malhotra was responsible for the idea of Simran wearing a green dress in the song "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna", an unusual colour for a Punjabi bride.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was filmed in several 5-, 10- and 20-day schedules between September 1994 and August 1995.[30] The first sequence filmed was for the song "Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko" with Kajol and Shah Rukh in Switzerland.[31] The European journey scenes and songs were mainly filmed in Saanen, Montbovon and Gstaad, Switzerland.[32][33][34] Other scenes were shot in England, at locations including Trafalgar Square, King's Cross railway station and Angel Underground station.[35][36][37] Film's cinematographer Manmohan Singh, a regular collaborator with Chopra, shot the song "Tujhe Dekha To", including the iconic mustard fields scenes with Shah Rukh and Kajol in the mustard fields in Gurgaon on the outskirts of the National Capital Region Delhi.[26][38]

text: Saroj Khan was the choreographer throughout most of the production, but after several disputes between her and Aditya, she was replaced by Farah Khan near the end of the shoot. After the film's eventual success, Saroj apologised to Aditya for underestimating him, but she never worked with him again.[39] Farah choreographed the song "Ruk Ja O Dil Deewane",[40] during which Aditya did not tell Kajol that Shah Rukh was going to drop her, as he wanted to capture her genuine reaction.[41] The film's title was suggested by actress Kirron Kher; it came from the song "Le Jayenge Le Jayenge", in the film Chor Machaye Shor (1974).[19] The Raj character sings parts of this song during the story, and it recurs at the end. Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge is believed to be the only Bollywood film with a "Title suggested by" credit.[42] The film has since become universally known by the acronym DDLJ.[43][44]

text: Towards the end of the principal photography, Shah Rukh had to split his time between this film and Trimurti (1995), spending half of his day on each film.[45] In early August 1995, when filming on Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was not yet finished, a release date in October around the time of the Diwali festival was decided upon. Composers Jatin and Lalit Pandit were given only 10 days to complete the background score, and the first copies were printed on 30 September.[45] After filming was complete, Aditya decided to make a Hollywood-style documentary of the film-making process, which had not been done before in India. Karan Johar and Uday were put in charge because they had already been recording some of the process. On 18 October, two days before the film's release, the 30-minute special Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, The Making was broadcast on television by Doordarshan.[26][45]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge repeats the usual conservative agenda of family, courtship and marriage, but it proposes that Indian family values are portable assets that can be upheld regardless of country of residence.[46] To prove this, Raj, an NRI who was brought up in London, is portrayed as the story's "good guy", whereas Kuljeet, raised in India, is portrayed as the villain. This is a reversal of the roles in typical Indian films, which usually portray Indians as being morally superior to Westerners.[47] Here, NRIs are validated as potential model Indians citizens.[48]

text: The story aims to capture the struggle between traditional family values and the modern value of individualism.[49] Although Raj and Simran want to be together regardless of her father's plans for her, Raj tries to win over his girlfriend's father rather than simply eloping with her. In this and other Indian stories, family values are ultimately considered more important than the romantic plot. Moral values and rules of conduct take precedence over individual desires.[50] The film implies that "Indianness" can be defined by the importance of family life; whether at home or abroad, it is the Indian family system that is recognised as the social institution that most defines Indian identity.[51]

text: In Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge, the purity/sanctity of women is being related that of the nation. In the scene after Raj and Simran spend the night together, and Simran is concerned that something happened, Raj tells her: "You think I am beyond values, but I am a Hindustani, and I know what a Hindustani girl's izzat (honour) is worth. Trust me, nothing happened last night." This speaks to the Indian diaspora and their need to try and sustain their value system,[52] and the man's responsibility to protect the Indian woman's sexual purity.[53] In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films, Ranjani Mazumdar says the film has a running theme of unfulfilled desires, which is exemplified by Raj's father telling him to enjoy life because his own was a struggle, and Simran's mother telling her to run away with Raj because she was unable to live her own dreams.[54]

text: Scott Jordan Harris, writing for Roger Ebert's website, says the film's popularity lies in its ability to effectively convey two opposing themes appealing to different portions of society. He said, "It argues that we should follow our hearts and chase happiness wherever it leads, regardless of the obstacles in our paths, while simultaneously suggesting we should respect the ways of our elders, particularly our parents, and do nothing that challenges their will".[55] Rachel Dwyer said the film was important for presenting marriage as an understanding between parents and children. While fighting the old tradition of the arranged marriage, it still encouraged the importance of seeking parental consent, even for a love marriage.[56] According to Patricia Uberoi, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge reiterates the theme of Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! (1994)[c] in a self-conscious manner while also linking it explicitly to the fact that the protagonists tend to remind themselves and each other of what it means to be an Indian.[57]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge

Soundtrack album by Jatin Lalit

Released
25 July 1995

Genre
Feature Film Soundtrack

Length
40:27

Label
HMV, Saregama

Producer
Jatin Lalit

text: The Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge soundtrack features seven songs composed by Jatin Lalit, a duo consisting of the brothers Jatin and Lalit Pandit. Anand Bakshi wrote the lyrics and Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Kumar Sanu, Abhijeet Bhattacharya and Udit Narayan performed the vocals.[58] Jatin Lalit was considered for the job when singer Asha Bhosle contacted Yash Chopra after meeting the duo. It was their first collaboration with Yash Raj Films. They secured the job after singing "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna" for Yash. In return, they ensured she sang one song, "Zara Sa Jhoom Loon Main". Pamela Chopra helped them select tunes and instruments to give some of the songs a Punjabi flavour.[59] Bhasker Gupta, writing for AllMusic, said the soundtrack was the best of Jatin Lalit's career, and that it "marked the beginning of the fifth wave in Indian cinema ...".[60]

text: The soundtrack became the best-selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year, with 9–12 million units sold according to HMV, although it is estimated the same number or more copies were pirated.[61][62] More than 1 million of those sales occurred prior to the film's release.[45] In 2005, the album was judged the top Hindi soundtrack of all time by voters on the BBC Asian Network website.[63] Anand Bakshi won his third Filmfare Best Lyricist award after 14 years,[64] having two nominations for this film.[65] The wedding song "Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna" from the film became an all-time hit; it is played at weddings across the South Asian diaspora.[59][66] The following is the track listing.[58]

text:
No.
Title
Singers
Length

1.
"Ghar Aaja Pardesi"
Manpreet Kaur, Pamela Chopra
7:29

2.
"Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko"
Lata Mangeshkar, Udit Narayan
5:49

3.
"Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna"
Lata Mangeshkar, Udit Narayan
4:50

4.
"Mere Khwabon Mein"
Lata Mangeshkar
4:30

5.
"Ruk Ja O Dil Deewane"
Udit Narayan
5:14

6.
"Tujhe Dekha To"
Lata Mangeshkar, Kumar Sanu
6:41

7.
"Zara Sa Jhoom Loon Main"
Asha Bhosle, Abhijeet Bhattacharya
5:51

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge opened on 20 October 1995 to sold-out shows worldwide.[67] Every show in every theatre in Mumbai—save one—was completely full for the first week.[68] The film was popular among both resident Indians and NRIs.[69] At San Francisco's 720-seat Naz theatre, 1,000 people arrived for the first showing, and the theatre staff were forced to run another show late that night. In the UK, the film ran for over a year,[70] and as of 2017, the Maratha Mandir cinema hall in Mumbai has been showing it for more than 22 years.[71]

text: The film earned ₹1.06 billion (valued at about US$32,766,000 in 1995)[a] in India and ₹160 million (valued at about US$4,946,000 in 1995)[a] overseas; it became the biggest Bollywood grosser of the year,[72] and the second highest-grossing film of the 1990s behind Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!. It was the second Bollywood film to gross over ₹1 billion worldwide,[73] and one of the biggest Bollywood earners of all time.[74] Adjusted for inflation, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge is among the highest-grossing Hindi films ever;[75] its domestic net income (₹533 million at the time)[2] is approximately ₹4.58 billion (US$72 million) when adjusted for inflation.[76] As of 2009, the film had generated over ₹60 million (US$940,000) in revenues for the Maratha Mandir since its release.[77] In later years, that theatre ran one matinee show per day at reduced ticket prices, which averaged about 50% occupancy.[71]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge received many favourable reviews.[67] An initial review by weekly magazine Screen said of Aditya Chopra, "A young master arrives".[68] Tom Vick, reviewing the film for Allmovie, said, "An immensely likeable movie, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge performs the rarely achieved feat of stretching a predictable plot over three hours and making every minute enjoyable."[78] When the film toured the U.S. in 2004 as part of the Cinema India showcase, "The Changing Face of Indian Cinema",[79] Charles Taylor reviewed the film for Salon and said, "It's a flawed, contradictory movie—aggressive and tender, stiff and graceful, clichéd and fresh, sophisticated and naive, traditional and modern. It's also, I think, a classic."[80]

text: Writing for NDTV, Anupama Chopra said, "Perhaps the innocence of Raj and Simran's romance in which they can spend the night together without sex because Raj, the bratish NRI understands the importance of an Indian woman's honor. Perhaps it's the way in which the film artfully reaffirms the patriarchal status quo and works for all constituencies—the NRI and the local viewer. Or perhaps it's the magic of Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol who created a template for modern love, which was hip and cool but resolutely Indian."[81] She also called the film a milestone that shaped Hindi cinema through the 1990s, and one of her personal favourites.[7] In 2004, Meor Shariman of The Malay Mail called the film a "must watch" for Bollywood fans, and also for those seeking an introduction to Bollywood.[82]

text: Raja Sen gave a reflective review for Rediff.com in 2005, calling the film one of the best Hindi films made in the previous 20 years. He said "Shah Rukh Khan gives a fabulous performance, redefining the Lover for the 1990s with great panache", and called Kajol a "real-as-life actress bringing warmth and credulity" to her role. Sen called the film well balanced and said only the fight scene and some mother-daughter dialogue can wear after multiple viewings.[83] Omer M. Mozaffar, writing for Roger Ebert's website in 2012, likened the film to a Disney Princess story, saying, "the young princess feeling trapped by the traditional patriarchy, seeking freedom through discovering the world, but finally finding it through silent, but inappropriate love. The Little Mermaid. Beauty (of the Beast). Jasmine (friends with Aladdin). Pocahontas. Aurora (Sleeping Beauty). And here, Simran."[84] Scott Jordan Harris, also writing for Roger Ebert in 2014, called it "one of the world's favorite films", and said it plays as a masterful soap opera, with one of the best screen couples ever seen.[55] Sogosurvey conducted an online survey in 2016 in which approximately 47% of the people who participated voted Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge as Bollywood's most evergreen love story.[85]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was ranked among The Times of India's list of the "10 Bollywood movies you must see before you die".[86] It was one of three Hindi films in the film reference book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die, the others being Mother India (1957) and Deewaar (1975).[87] It was placed twelfth on the British Film Institute's list of top Indian films of all time.[88] It is one of the films on Box Office India's list of "Biggest Blockbusters Ever in Hindi Cinema".[89] The film won a National Film Award and 10 Filmfare Awards, setting the record at the time for the most Filmfare trophies.[90][d]

text:
Awards and nominations for Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge

Awards
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref(s)

43rd National Film Awards
National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment
Yash Chopra
Aditya Chopra
Won
[92]

41st Filmfare Awards
Best Film
Yash Chopra
Won
[65][93]

Best Director
Aditya Chopra

Best Actor
Shah Rukh Khan

Best Actress
Kajol

Best Supporting Actress
Farida Jalal

Best Performance in a Comic Role
Anupam Kher

Best Lyricist
Anand Bakshi ("Tujhe Dekha To")

Best Screenplay
Aditya Chopra

Best Dialogue
Aditya Chopra, Javed Siddiqui

Best Male Playback Singer
Udit Narayan ("Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna")

Best Supporting Actor
Amrish Puri
Nominated

Best Music Director
Jatin Lalit

Best Male Playback Singer
Kumar Sanu ("Tujhe Dekha To")

Best Lyricist
Anand Bakshi ("Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko To Pyar Sajna")

Screen Awards
Best Film
Yash Chopra
Won
[94]

Best Director
Aditya Chopra

Best Actor
Shah Rukh Khan

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Historic box office run[edit]

text: In 2001, Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge overtook Sholay (1975), which had run for over five years at the Minerva theatre, as the longest-running film in Indian cinema history.[95] It has been showing at the Maratha Mandir theatre (which was famous for having shown Mughal-e-Azam (1960) for three years) since its original release in 1995.[96] There are often people in the audience who have seen the film 50 or more times, but still clap, cheer, mouth the dialogues and sing along with the songs,[7][44] raising comparisons with The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975), the longest running film in America.[97]

text: When a theatre strike in early 2011 threatened the film's uninterrupted run, the producer Yash Chopra contacted theatre owners to try and ensure the film would continue. He hoped the film would continue to run for at least 1,000 weeks,[98] which it achieved in December 2014.[71] To commemorate the event, cast members including Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol, Anupam Kher, Farida Jalal, Mandira Bedi and Pooja Ruparel appeared on the television show Comedy Nights with Kapil.[99] Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol and director Aditya Chopra also attended a live chat with fans and a black tie event at the theatre on 12 December.[100] The same day, they launched a coffee table book written by Aditya Chopra about the making of the film.[101] Also in December, Yash Raj Films announced the availability of a collection of commemorative, licensed merchandise from various suppliers to mark the event.[102] The Maratha Mandir's management ended the film's run after 1,009 weeks on 19 February 2015 because of low attendance (the last show was viewed by 210 people).[103] However, after an outpouring of support from fans, and talks with the production company, they decided to reinstate the film.[104]

text: Influence[edit]

text: Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge spawned many imitators of its story and style, especially throughout the 1990s.[105] According to the Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema, it and a handful of other films and young directors started a trend for "designer" films. The authors said that these were "a carefully packaged and branded product in which every little visual and physical detail ... is of utmost importance".[106] In Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema, Namrata Joshi said Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge "reinvented Bollywood romances so decisively that we can neatly divide them into two eras—before DDLJ and after DDLJ".[107]

text: Yash Raj Films was previously known for using locations outside India for item numbers in its films.[108] Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge started the trend for films designed to appeal to the Indian diaspora, which have foreign locations as integral parts of the story.[108] The characters are themselves diaspora and tend to be able to move with ease between India and the West.[109] Some later films that followed this trend include Pardes (1997), Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), Kal Ho Naa Ho (2003), Salaam Namaste (2005), Neal 'n' Nikki (2005) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006).[109][110] Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge became the first Hindi film blockbuster to feature NRIs as main characters.[111] It helped to establish the diaspora market as a vital source of revenue for the industry; that market was seen as a safer financial investment than the desi market.[109]

text: Several later films have paid homage to Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge. The Karan Johar-produced Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (2014) was directly inspired by it.[43] The films Jab We Met (2007), Bodyguard (2011), Chalo Dilli (2011), Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani (2013) and Chennai Express (2013) include scenes similar to the climactic train sequence, wherein a woman is running to catch a moving train and is helped aboard by a man with his outstretched arm.[112][113] The British film Slumdog Millionaire (2008) contained a similar train scene, and its final dance sequence was partially shot at the same railway station as the Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge finale.[43]

text: Impact[edit]

text: Audiences appreciated the screen chemistry between Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol,[83] who later worked together in several successful films including Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham... (2001), My Name Is Khan (2010), and Dilwale (2015), and are often referred to as Indian cinema's most loved on-screen couple.[23][114] Shah Rukh Khan credits this film with making him a star,[7] and says it "changed the entire scene for romantic movies of the 90s".[115] During an interview in 2002, he said "Whatever I'll stand for as an actor, in the whole of my career, whenever it ends, it will start with and end at Dilwale".[116] The actress Farida Jalal said the film gave her career a boost, saying she got many offers and "could quote any price".[117] It also helped the young careers of Pooja Ruparel, who received advertising offers, and of Sharmistha Roy.[19]

text: The British Film Institute (BFI) commissioned a book about Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge. It was the first Hindi film chosen for a series of studies on international films, called "BFI Modern Classics". The author was Anupama Chopra and the book was released in 2002.[6][118][119] It was reissued in paperback by Harper-Collins as Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge: The Making of a Blockbuster in 2004.[120] After an unexpectedly long delay, the film was released on DVD by Yash Raj Films in 2002.[121] The release included The Making and 300 Weeks Celebration documentaries, Success Story (highlights from the film's premiere), clips from the 41st Filmfare Awards ceremony and other interviews.[122]

text: In 2006, members of the film crew were honoured at a dinner event to celebrate the film's 500th week since release. It was hosted by the Consulate General of Switzerland in Mumbai and by Switzerland Tourism.[123] In 2010, Yash Raj Films signed an agreement with Indian and Swiss tour companies to provide a tour package called "YRF Enchanted Journey", to allow visitors to Switzerland to view filming locations used for famous Yash Raj films including Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge.[33][34] In 2014, Yash Raj Films released Aditya Chopra Relives ... Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (As Told to Nasreen Munni Kabir), an attractive but expensive book about the making of the film.[124] In response to Indian prime minister Narendra Modi quoting the line "May the force be with you" from the American film franchise Star Wars during a visit to the U.S., President Barack Obama decided to quote a line from a Hindi film during his visit to India in January 2015. He chose a line from this film, "Senorita, bade bade deshon mein ..." (Miss, in large countries ...), and added "you know what I mean".[125]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d The exchange rate in 1995 was 32.35 Indian rupees (₹) per 1 US dollar (US$).[4]
Jump up ^ Other sources claim that Saif was approached for the role before Shah Rukh, so this point is not entirely clear.[19]
Jump up ^ Uberoi states the theme to be that the lovers were willing to sacrifice their own feelings for their families.[57]
Jump up ^ The record has since been tied by Devdas (2002), and broken by Black (2005).[91]

tag: ol