document_title: California Gold Rush

question_text: how did the california gold rush affect the growth of california

text: California Gold Rush

text: History

text: The Mexican–American War ended on February 3, 1848, although California was firmly in American hands before that. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided for, among other things, the formal transfer of Upper California to the United States. The California Gold Rush began at Sutter's Mill, near Coloma.[3] On January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River.[4] Marshall brought what he found to John Sutter, and the two privately tested the metal. After the tests showed that it was gold, Sutter expressed dismay: he wanted to keep the news quiet because he feared what would happen to his plans for an agricultural empire if there were a mass search for gold.[5]

text: Discovery announced

text: However, rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan. The most famous quote of the California Gold Rush was by Brannan; after he had hurriedly set up a store to sell gold prospecting supplies,[6] Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting "Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River!"[7]

text: On August 19, 1848, the New York Herald was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold. On December 5, 1848, President James Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to Congress.[8] Soon, waves of immigrants from around the world, later called the "forty-niners," invaded the Gold Country of California or "Mother Lode". As Sutter had feared, he was ruined; his workers left in search of gold, and squatters took over his land and stole his crops and cattle.[9]

text: San Francisco had been a tiny settlement before the rush began. When residents learned about the discovery, it at first became a ghost town of abandoned ships and businesses,[10] but then boomed as merchants and new people arrived. The population of San Francisco exploded from perhaps about 1,000[11] in 1848 to 25,000 full-time residents by 1850.[12] Miners lived in tents, wood shanties, or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships.[13]

text: Transportation to California

text: In what has been referred to as the "first world-class gold rush,"[14] there was no easy way to get to California; forty-niners faced hardship and often death on the way. At first, most Argonauts, as they were also known, traveled by sea. From the East Coast, a sailing voyage around the tip of South America would take five to eight months,[15] and cover some 18,000 nautical miles (33,000 kilometres). An alternative was to sail to the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of Panama, take canoes and mules for a week through the jungle, and then on the Pacific side, wait for a ship sailing for San Francisco.[16] There was also a route across Mexico starting at Veracruz. Many gold-seekers took the overland route across the continental United States, particularly along the California Trail.[17] Each of these routes had its own deadly hazards, from shipwreck to typhoid fever and cholera.[18]

text: Supplies and goods needed

text: To meet the demands of the arrivals, ships bearing goods from around the world came to San Francisco as well. Ships' captains found that their crews deserted to go to the goldfields. The wharves and docks of San Francisco became a forest of masts, as hundreds of ships were abandoned. Enterprising San Franciscans turned the abandoned ships into warehouses, stores, taverns, hotels, and one into a jail.[19] Many of these ships were later destroyed and used for landfill to create more buildable land in the boomtown.[19]

text: Northern California strikes

text: Within a few years, there was an important but lesser-known surge of prospectors into far Northern California, specifically into present-day Siskiyou, Shasta and Trinity Counties.[20] Discovery of gold nuggets at the site of present-day Yreka in 1851 brought thousands of gold-seekers up the Siskiyou Trail[21] and throughout California's northern counties.[22]

text: Settlements of the Gold Rush era, such as Portuguese Flat on the Sacramento River, sprang into existence and then faded. The Gold Rush town of Weaverville on the Trinity River today retains the oldest continuously used Taoist temple in California, a legacy of Chinese miners who came. While there are not many Gold Rush era ghost towns still in existence, the remains of the once-bustling town of Shasta have been preserved in a California State Historic Park in Northern California.[23]

text: Gold was also discovered in Southern California but on a much smaller scale. The first discovery of gold, at Rancho San Francisco in the mountains north of present-day Los Angeles, had been in 1842, six years before Marshall's discovery, while California was still part of Mexico.[24] However, these first deposits, and later discoveries in Southern California mountains, attracted little notice and were of limited consequence economically.[24]

text: Indigenous driven out

text: By 1850, most of the easily accessible gold had been collected, and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations. Faced with gold increasingly difficult to retrieve, Americans began to drive out foreigners to get at the most accessible gold that remained. The new California State Legislature passed a foreign miners tax of twenty dollars per month ($590 per month as of 2018), and American prospectors began organized attacks on foreign miners, particularly Latin Americans and Chinese.[25]

text: In addition, the huge numbers of newcomers were driving Native Americans out of their traditional hunting, fishing and food-gathering areas. To protect their homes and livelihood, some Native Americans responded by attacking the miners. This provoked counter-attacks on native villages. The Native Americans, out-gunned, were often slaughtered.[26] Those who escaped massacres were many times unable to survive without access to their food-gathering areas, and they starved to death. Novelist and poet Joaquin Miller vividly captured one such attack in his semi-autobiographical work, Life Amongst the Modocs.[27]

text: Earlier discoveries of gold

text: The first gold found in California was made on March 9, 1842. Francisco Lopez, a native California, was searching for stray horses. He stopped on the bank of a small creek in what later was known as Placerita Canyon, about 3 miles (4.8 km) east of the present-day Newhall, California, and about 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Los Angeles. While the horses grazed, Lopez dug up some wild onions and found a small gold nugget in the roots among the onion bulbs. He looked further and found more gold.[28]

text: Lopez took the gold to authorities who confirmed its worth. Lopez and others began to search for other steambeds with gold deposits in the area. They found several in the northeastern section of the forest, within present-day Ventura County. In 1843 he found gold in San Feliciano Canyon near his first discovery. Mexican miners from Sonora worked the placer deposits until 1846, when the Californios began to agitate for independence from Mexico, and the Bear Flag Revolt caused many Mexicans to leave California.[28]

text: Forty-niners

text: The first people to rush to the goldfields, beginning in the spring of 1848, were the residents of California themselves—primarily agriculturally oriented Americans and Europeans living in Northern California, along with Native Americans and some Californios (Spanish-speaking Californians).[29] These first miners tended to be families in which everyone helped in the effort. Women and children of all ethnicities were often found panning next to the men. Some enterprising families set up boarding houses to accommodate the influx of men; in such cases, the women often brought in steady income while their husbands searched for gold.[30]

text: Word of the Gold Rush spread slowly at first. The earliest gold-seekers were people who lived near California or people who heard the news from ships on the fastest sailing routes from California. The first large group of Americans to arrive were several thousand Oregonians who came down the Siskiyou Trail.[31] Next came people from the Sandwich Islands, and several thousand Latin Americans, including people from Mexico, from Peru and from as far away as Chile,[32] both by ship and overland.[33] By the end of 1848, some 6,000 Argonauts had come to California.[33]

text: Only a small number (probably fewer than 500) traveled overland from the United States that year.[33] Some of these "forty-eighters",[34] as the earliest gold-seekers were sometimes called, were able to collect large amounts of easily accessible gold—in some cases, thousands of dollars worth each day.[35][36] Even ordinary prospectors averaged daily gold finds worth 10 to 15 times the daily wage of a laborer on the East Coast. A person could work for six months in the goldfields and find the equivalent of six years' wages back home.[37] Some hoped to get rich quick and return home, and others wished to start businesses in California.

text: By the beginning of 1849, word of the Gold Rush had spread around the world, and an overwhelming number of gold-seekers and merchants began to arrive from virtually every continent. The largest group of forty-niners in 1849 were Americans, arriving by the tens of thousands overland across the continent and along various sailing routes[38] (the name "forty-niner" was derived from the year 1849). Many from the East Coast negotiated a crossing of the Appalachian Mountains, taking to riverboats in Pennsylvania, poling the keelboats to Missouri River wagon train assembly ports, and then travelling in a wagon train along the California Trail. Many others came by way of the Isthmus of Panama and the steamships of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company. Australians[39] and New Zealanders picked up the news from ships carrying Hawaiian newspapers, and thousands, infected with "gold fever", boarded ships for California.[40]

text: Forty-niners came from Latin America, particularly from the Mexican mining districts near Sonora and Chile.[40][41] Gold-seekers and merchants from Asia, primarily from China,[42] began arriving in 1849, at first in modest numbers to Gum San ("Gold Mountain"), the name given to California in Chinese.[43] The first immigrants from Europe, reeling from the effects of the Revolutions of 1848 and with a longer distance to travel, began arriving in late 1849, mostly from France,[44] with some Germans, Italians, and Britons.[38]

text: It is estimated that approximately 90,000 people arrived in California in 1849—about half by land and half by sea.[45] Of these, perhaps 50,000 to 60,000 were Americans, and the rest were from other countries.[38] By 1855, it is estimated at least 300,000 gold-seekers, merchants, and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world.[46] The largest group continued to be Americans, but there were tens of thousands each of Mexicans, Chinese, Britons, Australians,[47] French, and Latin Americans,[48] together with many smaller groups of miners, such as African Americans, Filipinos, Basques[49] and Turks.[50][51]

text: People from small villages in the hills near Genova, Italy were among the first to settle permanently in the Sierra Nevada foothills; they brought with them traditional agricultural skills, developed to survive cold winters.[52] A modest number of miners of African ancestry (probably less than 4,000)[53] had come from the Southern States,[54] the Caribbean and Brazil.[55]

text: A number of immigrants were from China. Several hundred Chinese arrived in California in 1849 and 1850, and in 1852 more than 20,000 landed in San Francisco.[56] Their distinctive dress and appearance was highly recognizable in the goldfields. Chinese miners suffered enormously, enduring violent racism from white miners who aimed their frustrations at foreigners. To this day, there has been no justice for known victims. Further animosity toward the Chinese led to legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act and Foreign Miners Tax.[57][56]

text: There were also women in the Gold Rush. However, their numbers were small. Of the 40,000 people who arrived by ship in the San Francisco harbor in 1849, only 700 were women.[58] They held various roles including prostitutes, single entrepreneurs, married women, poor and wealthy women. They were of various ethnicities including Anglo-American, African-American,[59] Hispanic, Native, European, Chinese, and Jewish. The reasons they came varied: some came with their husbands, refusing to be left behind to fend for themselves, some came because their husbands sent for them, and others came (singles and widows) for the adventure and economic opportunities.[60] On the trail many people died from accidents, cholera, fever, and myriad other causes, and many women became widows before even setting eyes on California. While in California, women became widows quite frequently due to mining accidents, disease, or mining disputes of their husbands. Life in the goldfields offered opportunities for women to break from their traditional work.[61][62]

text: Homosexuality

text: The disproportionate number of men to women in San Francisco created an environment for homosexuality and gay cultures to flourish.[63] The Barbary Coast was a district where men went to gamble and pay for sex from female impersonators and women alike.[63] Described as the "city of bachelors" [63] men often went to the Barbary Coast district to pay for prostitution and pleasure with other men.[64]

text: Legal rights

text: When the Gold Rush began, the California goldfields were peculiarly lawless places.[65] When gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill, California was still technically part of Mexico, under American military occupation as the result of the Mexican–American War. With the signing of the treaty ending the war on February 2, 1848, California became a possession of the United States, but it was not a formal "territory" and did not become a state until September 9, 1850. California existed in the unusual condition of a region under military control. There was no civil legislature, executive or judicial body for the entire region.[66] Local residents operated under a confusing and changing mixture of Mexican rules, American principles, and personal dictates. Lax enforcement of federal laws, such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, encouraged the arrival of free blacks and escaped slaves.[67]

text: While the treaty ending the Mexican–American War obliged the United States to honor Mexican land grants,[68] almost all the goldfields were outside those grants. Instead, the goldfields were primarily on "public land", meaning land formally owned by the United States government.[69] However, there were no legal rules yet in place,[65] and no practical enforcement mechanisms.[70]

text: The benefit to the forty-niners was that the gold was simply "free for the taking" at first. In the goldfields at the beginning, there was no private property, no licensing fees, and no taxes.[71][72] The miners informally adapted Mexican mining law that had existed in California.[73] For example, the rules attempted to balance the rights of early arrivers at a site with later arrivers; a "claim" could be "staked" by a prospector, but that claim was valid only as long as it was being actively worked.[65][74][75]

text: Miners worked at a claim only long enough to determine its potential. If a claim was deemed as low-value—as most were—miners would abandon the site in search for a better one. In the case where a claim was abandoned or not worked upon, other miners would "claim-jump" the land. "Claim-jumping" meant that a miner began work on a previously claimed site.[74][75] Disputes were often handled personally and violently, and were sometimes addressed by groups of prospectors acting as arbitrators.[69][74][75] This often led to heightened ethnic tensions.[76] In some areas the influx of many prospectors could lead to a reduction of the existing claim size by simple pressure.[77]

text: Development of gold-recovery techniques

text: Four hundred million years ago, California lay at the bottom of a large sea; underwater volcanoes deposited lava and minerals (including gold) onto the sea floor. By tectonic forces these minerals and rocks came to the surface of the Sierra Nevada,[78] and eroded. Water carried the exposed gold downstream and deposited it in quiet gravel beds along the sides of old rivers and streams.[79][80] The forty-niners first focused their efforts on these deposits of gold.[81]

text: Because the gold in the California gravel beds was so richly concentrated, early forty-niners were able to retrieve loose gold flakes and nuggets with their hands, or simply "pan" for gold in rivers and streams.[82][83] However, panning cannot take place on a large scale, and industrious miners and groups of miners graduated to placer mining, using "cradles" and "rockers" or "long-toms"[84] to process larger volumes of gravel.[85] Miners would also engage in "coyoteing",[86] a method that involved digging a shaft 6 to 13 meters (20 to 43 ft) deep into placer deposits along a stream. Tunnels were then dug in all directions to reach the richest veins of pay dirt.

text: In the most complex placer mining, groups of prospectors would divert the water from an entire river into a sluice alongside the river, and then dig for gold in the newly exposed river bottom.[87] Modern estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey are that some 12 million ounces[88] (370 t) of gold were removed in the first five years of the Gold Rush (worth over US$16 billion at December 2010 prices).[89]

text: In the next stage, by 1853, hydraulic mining was used on ancient gold-bearing gravel beds on hillsides and bluffs in the goldfields.[90] In a modern style of hydraulic mining first developed in California, and later used around the world, a high-pressure hose directed a powerful stream or jet of water at gold-bearing gravel beds.[91] The loosened gravel and gold would then pass over sluices, with the gold settling to the bottom where it was collected. By the mid-1880s, it is estimated that 11 million ounces (340 t) of gold (worth approximately US$15 billion at December 2010 prices) had been recovered by "hydraulicking".[89]

text: A byproduct of these extraction methods was that large amounts of gravel, silt, heavy metals, and other pollutants went into streams and rivers.[92] As of 1999[update] many areas still bear the scars of hydraulic mining, since the resulting exposed earth and downstream gravel deposits do not support plant life.[93]

text: After the Gold Rush had concluded, gold recovery operations continued. The final stage to recover loose gold was to prospect for gold that had slowly washed down into the flat river bottoms and sandbars of California's Central Valley and other gold-bearing areas of California (such as Scott Valley in Siskiyou County). By the late 1890s, dredging technology (also invented in California) had become economical,[94] and it is estimated that more than 20 million ounces (620 t) were recovered by dredging (worth approximately US$28 billion at December 2010 prices).[89]

text: Both during the Gold Rush and in the decades that followed, gold-seekers also engaged in "hard-rock" mining, that is, extracting the gold directly from the rock that contained it (typically quartz), usually by digging and blasting to follow and remove veins of the gold-bearing quartz.[95] By 1851, quartz mining had become the major industry of Coloma.[96] Once the gold-bearing rocks were brought to surface, the rocks were crushed and the gold separated, either using separation in water, using its density difference from quartz sand, or by washing the sand over copper plates coated with mercury (with which gold forms an amalgam). Loss of mercury in the amalgamation process was a source of environmental contamination.[97] Eventually, hard-rock mining wound up becoming the single largest source of gold produced in the Gold Country.[89][98] The total production of gold in California from then till now is estimated at 118 million ounces (3700 t).[99]

text: Forty-niner panning for gold

tag: ul

text: Sluice for separation of gold from dirt with water

text: Excavating a river bed after the water has been diverted

text: Crushing quartz ore prior to washing out gold

text: Excavating a gravel bed with jets, circa 1863

text: Profits

text: Recent scholarship confirms that merchants made far more money than miners during the Gold Rush.[100][101] The wealthiest man in California during the early years of the rush was Samuel Brannan, a tireless self-promoter, shopkeeper and newspaper publisher.[102] Brannan opened the first supply stores in Sacramento, Coloma, and other spots in the goldfields. Just as the rush began he purchased all the prospecting supplies available in San Francisco and re-sold them at a substantial profit.[102]

text: Some gold-seekers made a significant amount of money.[103] On average, half the gold-seekers made a modest profit, after taking all expenses into account; economic historians have suggested that white miners were more successful than black, Indian, or Chinese miners.[104] However, taxes such as the California foreign miners tax passed in 1851, targeted mainly Latino miners[105] and kept them from making as much money as whites, who didn't have any taxes imposed on them. In California Most late arrivals made little or wound up losing money.[106] Similarly, many unlucky merchants set up in settlements which disappeared, or which succumbed to one of the calamitous fires that swept the towns that sprang up. By contrast, a businessman who went on to great success was Levi Strauss, who first began selling denim overalls in San Francisco in 1853.[107]

text: Other businessmen reaped great rewards in retail, shipping, entertainment, lodging,[108] or transportation.[109] Boardinghouses, food preparation, sewing, and laundry were highly profitable businesses often run by women (married, single, or widowed) who realized men would pay well for a service done by a woman. Brothels also brought in large profits, especially when combined with saloons and gaming houses.[110]

text: By 1855, the economic climate had changed dramatically. Gold could be retrieved profitably from the goldfields only by medium to large groups of workers, either in partnerships or as employees. By the mid-1850s, it was the owners of these gold-mining companies who made the money. Also, the population and economy of California had become large and diverse enough that money could be made in a wide variety of conventional businesses.[111]

text: Path of the gold

text: Once extracted, the gold itself took many paths. First, much of the gold was used locally to purchase food, supplies and lodging for the miners. It also went towards entertainment, which consisted of anything from a traveling theater to alcohol, gambling, and prostitutes. These transactions often took place using the recently recovered gold, carefully weighed out.[112][113] These merchants and vendors in turn used the gold to purchase supplies from ship captains or packers bringing goods to California.[114]

text: The gold then left California aboard ships or mules to go to the makers of the goods from around the world. A second path was the Argonauts themselves who, having personally acquired a sufficient amount, sent the gold home, or returned home taking with them their hard-earned "diggings". For example, one estimate is that some US$80 million worth of California gold was sent to France by French prospectors and merchants.[115]

text: As the Gold Rush progressed, local banks and gold dealers issued "banknotes" or "drafts"—locally accepted paper currency—in exchange for gold,[116] and private mints created private gold coins.[117] With the building of the San Francisco Mint in 1854, gold bullion was turned into official United States gold coins for circulation.[118] The gold was also later sent by California banks to U.S. national banks in exchange for national paper currency to be used in the booming California economy.[119]

text: Near-term effects

text: The arrival of hundreds of thousands of new people in California within a few years, compared to a population of some 15,000 Europeans and Californios beforehand,[120] had many dramatic effects.[121]

text: A 2017 study attributes the record-long economic expansion of the United States in the recession-free period of 1841–1856 primarily to "a boom in transportation-goods investment following the discovery of gold in California."[122]

text: Development of government and commerce

text: The Gold Rush propelled California from a sleepy, little-known backwater to a center of the global imagination and the destination of hundreds of thousands of people. The new immigrants often showed remarkable inventiveness and civic-mindedness. For example, in the midst of the Gold Rush, towns and cities were chartered, a state constitutional convention was convened, a state constitution written, elections held, and representatives sent to Washington, D.C. to negotiate the admission of California as a state.[123]

text: Large-scale agriculture (California's second "Gold Rush"[124]) began during this time.[125] Roads, schools, churches,[126] and civic organizations quickly came into existence.[123] The vast majority of the immigrants were Americans.[127] Pressure grew for better communications and political connections to the rest of the United States, leading to statehood for California on September 9, 1850, in the Compromise of 1850 as the 31st state of the United States.

text: Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000.[128] The Gold Rush wealth and population increase led to significantly improved transportation between California and the East Coast. The Panama Railway, spanning the Isthmus of Panama, was finished in 1855.[129] Steamships, including those owned by the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, began regular service from San Francisco to Panama, where passengers, goods and mail would take the train across the Isthmus and board steamships headed to the East Coast. One ill-fated journey, that of the S.S. Central America,[130] ended in disaster as the ship sank in a hurricane off the coast of the Carolinas in 1857, with approximately three tons of California gold aboard.[131][132]

text: Impact on Native Americans

text: The human and environmental costs of the Gold Rush were substantial. Native Americans, dependent on traditional hunting, gathering and agriculture, became the victims of starvation and disease, as gravel, silt and toxic chemicals from prospecting operations killed fish and destroyed habitats.[92][93] The surge in the mining population also resulted in the disappearance of game and food gathering locales as gold camps and other settlements were built amidst them. Later farming spread to supply the settlers' camps, taking more land away from the Native Americans.[133]

text: In some areas, systematic attacks against tribespeople in or near mining districts occurred. Various conflicts were fought between natives and settlers.[134]Miners often saw Native Americans as impediments to their mining activities.[135] Ed Allen, interpretive lead for Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park, reported that there were times when miners would kill up to 50 or more Natives in one day.[136] Retribution attacks on solitary miners could result in larger scale attacks against Native populations, at times tribes or villages not involved in the original act.[137] During the 1852 Bridge Gulch Massacre, a group of settlers attacked a band of Wintu Indians in response to the killing of a citizen named J. R. Anderson. After his killing, the sheriff led a group of men to track down the Indians, whom the men then attacked. Only three children survived the massacre that was against a different band of Wintu than the one that had killed Anderson.[138]

text: Historian Benjamin Madley recorded the numbers of killings of California Indians between 1846 and 1873 and estimated that during this period at least 9,400 to 16,000 California Indians were killed by non-Indians, mostly occurring in more than 370 massacres (defined as the "intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or otherwise").[139] According to demographer Russell Thornton, between 1849 and 1890, the Indigenous population of California fell below 20,000 – primarily because of the killings.[140] According to the government of California, some 4,500 Native Americans suffered violent deaths between 1849 and 1870.[141] Furthermore, California stood in opposition of ratifying the eighteen treaties signed between tribal leaders and federal agents in 1851.[142]

text: The state government, in support of miner activities funded and supported death squads, appropriating over 1 million dollars towards the funding and operation of the paramilitary organizations.[143] Peter Burnett, California's first governor declared that California was a battleground between the races and that there were only two options towards California Indians, extermination or removal. "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the two races until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be expected. While we cannot anticipate the result with but painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power and wisdom of man to avert." For Burnett, like many of his contemporaries, the genocide was part of God's plan, and it was necessary for Burnett's constituency to move forward in California.[144] The Act for the Government and Protection of Indians, passed on April 22, 1850 by the California Legislature, allowed settlers to capture and use Native people as bonded workers, prohibited Native peoples' testimony against settlers, and allowed the adoption of Native children by settlers, often for labor purposes.[145]

text: After the initial boom had ended, explicitly anti-foreign and racist attacks, laws and confiscatory taxes sought to drive out foreigners—not just Native Americans—from the mines, especially the Chinese and Latin American immigrants mostly from Sonora, Mexico and Chile.[56][146] The toll on the American immigrants was severe as well: one in twelve forty-niners perished, as the death and crime rates during the Gold Rush were extraordinarily high, and the resulting vigilantism also took its toll.[147]

text: World-wide economic stimulation

text:
Chilean wheat exports to California from 1848 to 1854 (in qqm)[148]

Year
Grains
Flour

1848
3000
n/a

1849
87,000
69,000

1850
277,000
221,000

1854
63,000
50,000

tag: table

text: The Gold Rush stimulated economies around the world as well. Farmers in Chile, Australia, and Hawaii found a huge new market for their food; British manufactured goods were in high demand; clothing and even prefabricated houses arrived from China.[149] The return of large amounts of California gold to pay for these goods raised prices and stimulated investment and the creation of jobs around the world.[150] Australian prospector Edward Hargraves, noting similarities between the geography of California and his home country, returned to Australia to discover gold and spark the Australian gold rushes.[151] Preceding the Gold Rush, the United States was on a bi-metallic standard, but the sudden increase in physical gold supply increased the relative value of physical silver and drove silver money from circulation. The increase in gold supply also created a monetary supply shock.[152]

text: Within a few years after the end of the Gold Rush, in 1863, the groundbreaking ceremony for the western leg of the First Transcontinental Railroad was held in Sacramento. The line's completion, some six years later, financed in part with Gold Rush money,[153] united California with the central and eastern United States. Travel that had taken weeks or even months could now be accomplished in days.[154]

text: Longer-term effects

text: California's name became indelibly connected with the Gold Rush, and fast success in a new world became known as the "California Dream."[155] California was perceived as a place of new beginnings, where great wealth could reward hard work and good luck. Historian H. W. Brands noted that in the years after the Gold Rush, the California Dream spread across the nation:

text: The old American Dream ... was the dream of the Puritans, of Benjamin Franklin's "Poor Richard"... of men and women content to accumulate their modest fortunes a little at a time, year by year by year. The new dream was the dream of instant wealth, won in a twinkling by audacity and good luck. [This] golden dream ... became a prominent part of the American psyche only after Sutter's Mill.[156]

text: Overnight California gained the international reputation as the "golden state".[157] Generations of immigrants have been attracted by the California Dream. California farmers,[158] oil drillers,[159] movie makers,[160] airplane builders,[161] and "dot-com" entrepreneurs have each had their boom times in the decades after the Gold Rush.[162]

text: Included among the modern legacies of the California Gold Rush are the California state motto, "Eureka" ("I have found it"), Gold Rush images on the California State Seal,[163] and the state nickname, "The Golden State", as well as place names, such as Placer County, Rough and Ready, Placerville (formerly named "Dry Diggings" and then "Hangtown" during rush time), Whiskeytown, Drytown, Angels Camp, Happy Camp, and Sawyers Bar. The San Francisco 49ers National Football League team, and the similarly named athletic teams of California State University, Long Beach, are named for the prospectors of the California Gold Rush.

text: In addition, the standard route shield of state highways in California is in the shape of a miner's spade to honor the California Gold Rush.[164][165] Today, aptly named State Route 49 travels through the Sierra Nevada foothills, connecting many Gold Rush-era towns such as Placerville, Auburn, Grass Valley, Nevada City, Coloma, Jackson, and Sonora.[166] This state highway also passes very near Columbia State Historic Park, a protected area encompassing the historic business district of the town of Columbia; the park has preserved many Gold Rush-era buildings, which are presently occupied by tourist-oriented businesses.

text: Cultural references

text: The literary history of the Gold Rush is reflected in the works of Mark Twain (The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County), Bret Harte (A Millionaire of Rough-and-Ready), Joaquin Miller (Life Amongst the Modocs), and many others.[27][167]


document_title: Semiconservative replication

question_text: who proposed the first accurate model of dna

root

text: Semiconservative replication

text: Semiconservative replication describes the mechanism by which DNA is replicated in all known cells. It derives its name from the fact that this mechanism of transcription was one of three models originally proposed[1][2] for DNA replication:

tag: p

text:
Semiconservative replication would produce two copies that each contained one of the original strands and one new strand.
Conservative replication would leave the two original template DNA strands together in a double helix and would produce a copy composed of two new strands containing all of the new DNA base pairs.
Dispersive replication would produce two copies of the DNA, both containing distinct regions of DNA composed of either both original strands or both new strands.

text: The deciphering of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953 suggested that each strand of the double helix would serve as a template for synthesis of a new strand. However, there was no way of knowing how the newly synthesized strands might combine with the template strands to form two double helical DNA molecules. The semiconservative model seemed most reasonable since it would allow each daughter strand to remain associated with its template strand. The semiconservative model was supported by the Meselson-Stahl experiment[2][3] and other even more revealing experiments that allowed for autoradiographic visualization of the distribution of old and new strands within replicated chromosomes.

text: Experimental evidence confirmed that two lines were observed, therefore offering compelling evidence for the semi-conservative theory.

text: Rate and accuracy[edit]

text: The rate of semiconservative DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA strand elongation in phage-infected E. coli.[4] During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate of strand elongation was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per round of replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 2.4 x 10−8.[5] Thus semiconservative DNA replication is both rapid and accurate.


document_title: Hero World Challenge

question_text: where is the hero golf challenge being played

text: Hero World Challenge

text: Format[edit]

text: Initially, the tournament had a 16-man field composed of the defending champion, the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking, and four sponsors exemptions chosen by the Tiger Woods Foundation. In 2008, the field was increased to 18 players, consisting of the most recent winners of the four major PGA tournaments, the top 11 available players from the Official World Golf Ranking, the defending champion, and two special exemption players selected by the foundation.[1]

text: Prize money won by the players is not included in money rankings on any of the world's professional golf tours, but the tournament is recognized as an unofficial money event by the PGA Tour. Since 2009, the event offers Official World Golf Ranking points.[2]

text: In 2007 the total prize fund was $5.75 million, similar to many official PGA Tour events, which usually have fields of about 150 players.[citation needed] In 2014, the first prize was $1 million, and the total purse was $3.5 million.[3] Woods usually donates his prize money to his foundation.[citation needed]

text: Hero World Challenge tournament is preceded by a pro-am competition, in which professional golfers play with amateurs. Hero World Challenge pro-am is usually organized two days before the first round of professional play. "Am-Am outing" takes place on the first day, "Official Pro-Am" on the second day. The access to the pro-am competition is limited only to the tournament partners. The pro-am tournament is closed to public.

text: The amateur participants of the 2016 pro-am included, for instance, Derek Jeter and Tino Martinez.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: In 2000 the tournament was staged twice Tom Lehman won the first event in January. The tournament then moved to December of that year Davis Love III won that event. It has been played in December ever since. The January 2000 event was played at Grayhawk Golf Club in Scottsdale, Arizona. From December 2000 to 2013, the event took place at Sherwood Country Club, a course designed by Jack Nicklaus, in Thousand Oaks, California.

text: In 2008, Woods did not compete due to knee surgery following his 2008 U.S. Open victory, even though he was the two-time defending champion. He did not play in 2009 due to time spent away from golf related to personal matters. Woods returned to the event in 2010.

text: In 2011, Woods won the tournament with a score of −10, defeating Zach Johnson by one shot. Woods made birdie on the final two holes to win; it was his first win in over two years, since the 2009 Australian Masters.

text: It was called the Chevron World Challenge from 2008 through 2011. It previously went by the names Williams World Challenge and Target World Challenge. In 2012, new sponsor Northwestern Mutual was the presenting sponsor instead of a title sponsor.[5] They became the title sponsor in 2013.[6] In 2014, Hero MotoCorp became the title sponsor.[7]

text: Beginning in 2015, the event will be played at the Albany development in the Bahamas, for at least three years.[8]

text: Television[edit]

text: The first World Challenge was televised by the USA Network and NBC Sports. It was then covered by USA and ABC Sports from 2000–2006. It has been televised by Golf Channel and a returning NBC since 2007.

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Country
Score
Margin
of victory
Runner-up
Winner's
share ($)

Hero World Challenge

2017
Rickie Fowler
 United States
270 (−18)
4 strokes
 Charley Hoffman
1,000,000

2016
Hideki Matsuyama
 Japan
270 (−18)
2 strokes
 Henrik Stenson
1,000,000

2015
Bubba Watson
 United States
263 (−25)
3 strokes
 Patrick Reed
1,000,000

2014
Jordan Spieth
 United States
262 (−26)
10 strokes
 Henrik Stenson
1,000,000

Northwestern Mutual World Challenge

2013
Zach Johnson
 United States
275 (−13)
Playoff
 Tiger Woods
1,000,000

World Challenge presented by Northwestern Mutual

2012
Graeme McDowell (2)
 Northern Ireland
271 (−17)
3 strokes
 Keegan Bradley
1,000,000

Chevron World Challenge

2011
Tiger Woods (5)
 United States
278 (−10)
1 stroke
 Zach Johnson
1,200,000

2010
Graeme McDowell
 Northern Ireland
272 (−16)
Playoff
 Tiger Woods
1,200,000

Chevron World Challenge presented by Bank of America

2009
Jim Furyk
 United States
275 (−13)
1 stroke
 Graeme McDowell
1,350,000

2008
Vijay Singh
 Fiji
277 (−11)
1 stroke
 Steve Stricker
1,350,000

Target World Challenge presented by Countrywide

2007
Tiger Woods (4)
 United States
266 (−22)
7 strokes
 Zach Johnson
1,350,000

2006
Tiger Woods (3)
 United States
272 (−16)
4 strokes
 Geoff Ogilvy
1,350,000

2005
Luke Donald
 England
272 (−16)
2 strokes
 Darren Clarke
1,300,000

2004
Tiger Woods (2)
 United States
268 (−16)
2 strokes
 Pádraig Harrington
1,250,000

Target World Challenge presented by Williams

2003
Davis Love III (2)
 United States
277 (−11)
2 strokes
 Tiger Woods
1,200,000

2002
Pádraig Harrington
 Ireland
268 (−20)
2 strokes
 Tiger Woods
1,000,000

Williams World Challenge

2001
Tiger Woods
 United States
273 (−15)
3 strokes
 Vijay Singh
1,000,000

2000 (Dec)
Davis Love III
 United States
266 (−22)
2 strokes
 Tiger Woods
1,000,000

2000 (Jan)
Tom Lehman
 United States
267 (−13)
3 strokes
 David Duval
1,000,000


document_title: List of United States federal legislation, 1901–2001

question_text: when did congress passes legislation to fund the national cancer institute

text: 57th United States Congress[edit]

text:
June 17, 1902: Newlands Reclamation Act
June 28, 1902: Isthmian Canal Act (Panama Canal), Sess. 1, ch. 1302, 32 Stat. 481
July 1, 1902: Philippine Organic Act the basic law of the Insular Government
January 21, 1903: Militia Act of 1903
February 11, 1903: Expediting Act, Sess. 2, ch. 544, 32 Stat. 823
February 19, 1903: Elkins Act
March 3, 1903: Immigration Act of 1903, including §39, the Anarchist Exclusion Act

text: 58th United States Congress[edit]

text:
April 28, 1904: Kinkaid Act, Sess. 1, ch. 1801, 33 Stat. 547
February 1, 1905: Transfer Act of 1905

text: 59th United States Congress[edit]

text:
June 1, 1906: Federal Employers’ Liability Act, Sess. 1, ch. 3073
June 8, 1906: American Antiquities Act (National Monument Act), Sess. 1, ch. 3060, 34 Stat. 225
June 29, 1906: Hepburn Act, Sess. 1, ch. 3591, 34 Stat. 584
June 30, 1906: Pure Food and Drug Act, Sess. 1, ch. 3915, 34 Stat. 768
March 4, 1907: Meat Inspection Act, Sess. 2, ch. 2907, titles I to IV, 34 Stat. 1260
March 2, 1907: Expatriation Act of 1907, 34 Stat. 1228

text: 60th United States Congress[edit]

text: May 30, 1908: Aldrich–Vreeland Act, ch. 229, 35 Stat. 546

text: 61st United States Congress[edit]

text:
August 5, 1909: Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act, ch. 6, 36 Stat. 11
June 18, 1910: Mann–Elkins Act, ch. 309, 36 Stat. 539
June 25, 1910: Mann Act, ch. 395, 36 Stat. 825

text: 62nd United States Congress[edit]

text:
August 8, 1911: Apportionment Act of 1911, Pub.L. 62–5
August 24, 1912: Lloyd–La Follette Act, ch. 389, §6, 37 Stat. 539

text: 63rd United States Congress[edit]

text:
October 3, 1913: Revenue Act of 1913, ch. 16, 38 Stat. 114 (including Underwood Tariff)
December 23, 1913: Federal Reserve Act, ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251
May 8, 1914: Smith–Lever Act of 1914, ch. 79, 38 Stat. 372
September 26, 1914: Federal Trade Commission Act, ch. 311, 38 Stat. 717
October 15, 1914: Clayton Antitrust Act, ch. 323, 38 Stat. 730
December 17, 1914: Harrison Narcotics Tax Act, ch. 1, 38 Stat. 785

text: 64th United States Congress[edit]

text:
July 17, 1916: Federal Farm Loan Act, ch. 245, 39 Stat. 360
August 25, 1916: National Park Service Act, ch. 408, 39 Stat. 535
August 29, 1916: Jones Law (Philippines), reorganized the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, including establishing the elected Senate and renaming the House.
September 1, 1916: Keating–Owen Child Labor Act, ch. 432, 39 Stat. 675
September 3, 1916: Adamson Act, ch. 436, 39 Stat. 721
September 7, 1916: Workingmen's Compensation Act, ch. 458, 39 Stat. 750[clarification needed]
September 8, 1916: Revenue Act of 1916, ch. 463, 39 Stat. 756
December 29, 1916: Stock-Raising Homestead Act
February 5, 1917: Immigration Act of 1917 (Barred Zone Act), ch. 29, 39 Stat. 874
February 23, 1917: Smith–Hughes Vocational Education Act, ch. 114, 39 Stat. 929
March 1, 1917: Flood Control Act of 1917, ch 144, 39 Stat. 948
March 2, 1917: Jones–Shafroth Act, ch. 145, 39 Stat. 951

text: 65th United States Congress[edit]

text:
April 24, 1917: First Liberty Bond Act, Sess. 1, ch. 4, 40 Stat. 35
May 12, 1917: First Army Appropriations Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 12. 40 Stat. 39
May 12, 1917: Enemy Vessel Confiscation Joint Resolution, Sess. 1, ch. 13, 40 Stat. 75
May 18, 1917: Selective Service Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 15, 40 Stat. 76
May 29, 1917: Esch Car Service Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 23, 40 Stat. 101
June 15, 1917: Emergency Shipping Fund Act of 1917, ch. 29, 40 Stat. 182
June 15, 1917: Second Army Appropriations Act of 1917, 40 Stat. 188
June 15, 1917: Search Warrant Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 30, title XI, 40 Stat. 228
June 15, 1917: Espionage Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 30, 40 Stat. 217
August 8, 1917: River and Harbor Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 49, 40 Stat. 250
August 10, 1917: Priority of Shipments Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 51, 40 Stat. 272
August 10, 1917: Obstruction of Interstate Commerce Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 51, 40 Stat. 272
August 10, 1917: Food and Fuel Control Act (Lever Act), Sess. 1, ch. 53, 40 Stat. 27
October 1, 1917: Second Liberty Bond Act, Sess. 1, ch. 56, 40 Stat. 288
October 1, 1917: Aircraft Board Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 61, 40 Stat. 296
October 3, 1917: War Revenue Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 63, 40 Stat. 300
October 5, 1917: Repatriation Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 68, 40 Stat. 340
October 6, 1917: Explosives Act of 1917, Sess. 1, ch. 83, 40 Stat. 385
October 6, 1917: War Risk Insurance Act, Sess. 1, ch. 105, 40 Stat. 398
October 6, 1917: International Emergency Economic Powers Act (Trading with the Enemy Act), Sess. 1, ch. 106, 40 Stat. 411
February 24, 1918: Revenue Act of 1918, Sess. 1, ch. 18, 40 Stat. 1057
March 8, 1918: Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Relief Act, Sess. 2, ch. 20, 40 Stat. 440
March 19, 1918: Standard Time Act (Calder Act), Sess. 2, ch. 24, 40 Stat. 450
March 21, 1918: Federal Control Act of 1918, Sess. 2, ch. 25, 40 Stat. 451
April 4, 1918: Third Liberty Bond Act, Sess. 2, ch. 44, 40 Stat. 502
April 5, 1918: War Finance Corporation Act, Sess. 2, ch. 45, 40 Stat. 506
April 10, 1918: Webb–Pomerene Act, Sess. 2, ch. 50, 40 Stat. 516
April 18, 1918: American Forces Abroad Indemnity Act, Sess. 2, ch. 57, 40 Stat. 532
April 20, 1918: Destruction of War Materials Act, Sess. 2, ch. 59, 40 Stat. 533
April 23, 1918: Pittman Act, Sess. 2, ch. 63, 40 Stat. 535
May 9, 1918: Alien Naturalization Act, Sess. 2, ch. 69, 40 Stat. 542
May 16, 1918: Housing Act, Sess. 2, ch. 74, 40 Stat. 550
May 16, 1918: Sedition Act of 1918, Sess. 2, ch. 75, 40 Stat. 553
May 20, 1918: Departmental Reorganization Act (Overman Act), Sess. 2, ch. 78, 40 Stat. 556
May 22, 1918: Passport Control Act (Entry and Departure Controls Act), Sess. 2, ch. 81, 40 Stat. 559
May 31, 1918: Saulsbury Resolution, Sess. 2, ch. 90, 40 Stat. 593
June 27, 1918: Veterans Rehabilitation Act (Smith-Sears Act), Sess. 2, ch. 107, 40 Stat. 617
July 3, 1918: Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, Sess. 2, ch. 128, 40 Stat. 755
July 9, 1918: Fourth Liberty Bond Act, Sess. 2, ch. 142, 40 Stat. 844
July 9, 1918: Army Appropriations Act of 1918, Sess. 2, ch. 143, 40 Stat. 845 (incl. ch. 15:
July 9, 1918: Public Health and Research Act of 1918 (Chamberlain-Kahn Act))
July 18, 1918: Charter Rate and Requisition Act of 1918, Sess. 2, ch. 157, 40 Stat. 913
July 18, 1918: River and Harbor Act of 1918, Sess. 2, ch. 155, 40 Stat. 904
October 16, 1918: Immigration Act of 1918 (Dillingham-Hardwick Act), Sess. 2, ch. 186, 40 Stat. 1012
October 16, 1918: Corrupt Practices Act of 1918 (Gerry Act), Sess. 2, ch. 187, 40 Stat. 1013
November 7, 1918: National Bank Consolidation Act of 1918, Sess. 2, ch. 209, 40 Stat. 1043
November 21, 1918: Food Production Stimulation Act (War-Time Prohibition Act), Sess. 2, ch. 212, 40 Stat. 1045
February 24, 1919: Child Labor Act of 1919, Sess. 3, ch. 18, 40 Stat. 1138
February 26, 1919: Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919, Sess. 3, ch. 44, 40 Stat. 1178
February 26, 1919: Acadia National Park Act of 1919, Sess. 3, ch. 45, 40 Stat. 1178
March 2, 1919: River and Harbors Act of 1919, Sess. 3, ch. 95, 40 Stat. 1275
March 2, 1919: War Risk Insurance Act of 1919 (War Minerals Relief Act of 1919, Dent Act), Sess. 3, ch. 94, 40 Stat. 1272
March 3, 1919: Hospitalization Act of 1919, Sess. 3, ch. 98, 40 Stat. 1302
March 3, 1919: Fifth Liberty Bond Act, Sess. 3, ch. 100, 40 Stat. 1309
March 4, 1919: Wheat Price Guarantee Act, Sess. 3, ch. 125, 40 Stat. 1348

text: 66th United States Congress[edit]

text:
October 18, 1919: National Prohibition Act (Volstead Act), ch. 85, 41 Stat. 305
February 25, 1920: Mineral Leasing Act, ch. 85, 41 Stat. 437
February 28, 1920: Esch–Cummins Act, ch. 91, 41 Stat. 456

text: 67th United States Congress[edit]

text:
May 19, 1921: Emergency Quota Act (Johnson Quota Act), Sess. 1, ch. 8, 42 Stat. 5
May 27, 1921: Emergency Tariff of 1921, Sess. 1, ch. 14, 42 Stat. 9
August 24, 1921: Future Trading Act, Sess. 1, ch. 86, 42 Stat. 187
November 23, 1921: Revenue Act of 1921, Sess. 1, ch. 136, 42 Stat. 227
September 21, 1922: Fordney–McCumber Tariff, Sess. 2, ch. 356, 42 Stat. 858
September 21, 1922: Grain Futures Act, Sess. 2, ch. 369, 42 Stat. 998
September 22, 1922: Cable Act (married Women's Citizenship Act), Sess. 2, ch. 411, 42 Stat. 1021

text: 68th United States Congress[edit]

text:
September 22, 1923: U.S. Coal Commission Act
April 26, 1924: Seed and Feed Loan Act
May 19, 1924: World War Adjusted Compensation Act (Bonus Bill), Sess. 1, ch. 157, 43 Stat. 121
May 24, 1924: Rogers Act
May 26, 1924: Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act), Sess. 1, ch. 190, 43 Stat. 153
May 29, 1924: Indian Oil Leasing Act of 1924 (Lenroot Act)
June 2, 1924: Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 (Snyder Act), Sess. 1, ch. 233, 43 Stat. 253
June 2, 1924: Revenue Act of 1924 (Simmons-Longworth Act), Sess. 1, ch. 234, 43 Stat. 253
June 3, 1924: Inland Waterways Act of 1924 (Denison Act)
June 7, 1924: Pueblo Lands Act of 1924
June 7, 1924: Oil Pollution Act of 1924
June 7, 1924: Clarke–McNary Act, Sess. 1, ch. 348, 43 Stat. 653
January 30, 1925: Hoch-Smith Resolution
January 31, 1925: Special Duties Act
February 2, 1925: Airmail Act of 1925 (Kelly Act)
February 12, 1925: Federal Arbitration Act
February 16, 1925: Home Port Act of 1925
February 24, 1925: Purnell Act
February 27, 1925: Temple Act
February 28, 1925: Classification Act of 1925
February 28, 1925: Federal Corrupt Practices Act (Gerry Act)
March 2, 1925: Judiciary Act of 1925
March 3, 1925: River and Harbors Act of 1925
March 3, 1925: Helium Act of 1925
March 3, 1925: Mount Rushmore National Memorial Act (Norbeck-Williamson Act)
March 4, 1925: Establishment of the United States Navy Band
March 4, 1925: Probation Act of 1925

text: 69th United States Congress[edit]

text:
February 26, 1926: Revenue Act of 1926, ch. 27, 44 Stat. 9
May 20, 1926: Railway Labor Act, ch. 347, 44 Stat. 577

text: 70th United States Congress[edit]

text:
March 10, 1928: Settlement of War Claims Act
May 15, 1928: Flood Control Act of 1928 (Jones–Reid Act)
May 22, 1928: Merchant Marine Act of 1928 (Jones–White Act)
May 22, 1928: Forest Research Act (McSweeney–McNary Act)
May 22, 1928: Capper–Ketcham Act
May 28, 1928: Welsh Act
May 29, 1928: Revenue Act of 1928
May 29, 1928: Reed–Jenkins Act
December 21, 1928: Boulder Canyon Project Act (Hoover Dam)
December 22, 1928: Color of Title Act
January 19, 1929: Hawes–Cooper Act
February 18, 1929: Migratory Bird Conservation Act (Norbeck–Anderson Act)
March 2, 1929: Increased Penalties Act (Jones–Stalker Act)

text: 71st United States Congress[edit]

text:
February 18, 1929: Migratory Bird Conservation Act, ch. 257, 45 Stat. 1222
June 15, 1929: Agricultural Marketing Act, ch. 24, 46 Stat. 11
June 18, 1929: Reapportionment Act of 1929, ch. 28, 46 Stat. 21
June 17, 1930: Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act, ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590, (including Plant Patent Act)
March 3, 1931: Davis–Bacon Act, ch. 411, 46 Stat. 1494

text: 72nd United States Congress[edit]

text:
January 22, 1932: Reconstruction Finance Corporation Act, Sess. 1, ch. 8, 47 Stat. 5
March 23, 1932: Norris–La Guardia Act, Sess. 1, ch. 90, 47 Stat. 70
June 6, 1932: Revenue Act of 1932, Sess. 1, ch. 209, 47 Stat. 169
July 22, 1932: Federal Home Loan Bank Act, Sess. 1, ch. 522, 47 Stat. 725
February 17, 1933: Blaine Act, Sess. 2
March 3, 1933: Buy American Act, Sess. 2, ch. 212, title III, 47 Stat. 1520

text: 73rd United States Congress[edit]

text:
March 9, 1933: Emergency Banking Relief Act, Sess. 1, ch. 1, 48 Stat. 1
March 20, 1933: Economy Act, Sess. 1, c. 3, Pub.L. 73–2, 48 Stat. 8
March 31, 1933: Civilian Conservation Corps Reforestation Relief Act, Sess. 1, ch. 17, 48 Stat. 22
May 12, 1933: Federal Emergency Relief Act, Sess. 1, ch. 30, 48 Stat. 55
May 12, 1933: Agricultural Adjustment Act, Sess. 1, ch. 25, 48 Stat. 31
May 18, 1933: Tennessee Valley Authority Act, Sess. 1, ch. 32, 48 Stat. 58
May 27, 1933: Securities Act, Sess. 1, ch. 38, 48 Stat. 74
June 13, 1933: Home Owners' Loan Corporation, Sess. 1, ch. 64, 48 Stat. 128
June 16, 1933: Glass–Steagall Act (Banking Act of 1933), Sess. 1, ch. 89, 48 Stat. 162
June 16, 1933: National Industrial Recovery Act, Sess. 1, ch. 90, 48 Stat. 195
June 16, 1933: Farm Credit Administration, Sess. 1, ch. 98, 48 Stat. 257
March 24, 1934: Tydings–McDuffie Act (Philippine Independence Act), Pub.L. 73–127, Sess. 2, ch. 84, 48 Stat. 456
March 27, 1934: Emergency Air Mail Act
March 27, 1934: Vinson–Trammell Act
May 14, 1934: Johnson Act, Sess. 2, ch. 283, 48 Stat. 775
June 6, 1934: Securities Exchange Act, Sess. 2, ch. 404, 48 Stat. 881
June 12, 1934: Reciprocal Tariff Act, Sess. 2, ch. 474, 48 Stat. 943
June 18, 1934: Indian Reorganization Act, Sess. 2, ch. 576, 48 Stat. 984
June 19, 1934: Rules Enabling Act, Sess. 2, ch. 651, Pub.L. 73–415, 48 Stat. 1064
June 19, 1934: Communications Act of 1934, Sess. 2, ch. 652, 48 Stat. 1064
June 19, 1934: National Archives Act, Sess. 2, ch. 668, 48 Stat. 1122
June 26, 1934: Federal Credit Union Act, Sess. 2, ch. 750, 48 Stat. 1216
June 26, 1934: National Firearms Act, Sess. 2, ch. 757, 48 Stat. 1236
June 27, 1934: National Housing Act, Sess. 2, ch. 847, 48 Stat. 1246 (including Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act / Fannie Mae)

text: 74th United States Congress[edit]

text:
April 27, 1935: Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act, Sess. 1, ch. 85, 49 Stat. 163
July 5, 1935: National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act), Sess. 1, ch. 372, 49 Stat. 449
August 9, 1935: Motor Carrier Act, Sess. 1, ch. 498, 49 Stat. 546 (renamed part II of the Interstate Commerce Act)
August 14, 1935: Social Security Act, Pub.L. 74–271, Sess. 1, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620 (including Aid to Dependent Children, Old Age Pension Act)
August 26, 1935: Public Utility Act, Sess. 1, ch. 687, 49 Stat. 803 (including: Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Federal Power Act)
August 30, 1935: Revenue Act of 1935, Sess. 1, ch. 829, 49 Stat. 1014
August 31, 1935: Neutrality Act of 1935, Sess. 1, ch. 837, 49 Stat. 1081
February 29, 1936: Neutrality Act of 1936, Sess. 2, ch. 106, 49 Stat. 1153
May 20, 1936: Rural Electrification Act, Sess. 2, ch. 432, 49 Stat. 1363
June 15, 1936: Commodity Exchange Act, Sess. 2, ch. 545, 49 Stat. 1491
June 19, 1936: Robinson–Patman Act, Sess. 2, ch. 592, 49 Stat. 1526
June 22, 1936: Flood Control Act of 1936, Pub.L. 74–738, Sess. 2, ch. 688
June 29, 1936: Merchant Marine Act, Sess. 2, ch. 250, 49 Stat. 1985
June 30, 1936: Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act, Sess. 2, ch. 881, 49 Stat. 2036

text: 75th United States Congress[edit]

text:
June 3, 1937: Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act, ch. 296, 50 Stat. 246
July 14, 1937: Marijuana Tax Act
August 5, 1937: National Cancer Institute Act, Pub.L. 75–244, ch. 565, 50 Stat. 559
1937: Neutrality Acts of 1937
August 17, 1937: Miller–Tydings Act, ch. 690, title VIII, 50 Stat. 693
March 21, 1938: Wheeler–Lea Act, ch. 49, 52 Stat. 111
May 17, 1938: Naval Act of 1938
June 8, 1938: Foreign Agents Registration Act, ch. 327, 52 Stat. 631
June 21, 1938: Natural Gas Act, ch. 556, 52 Stat. 821
June 25, 1938: Civil Aeronautics Act, ch. 601, 52 Stat. 973
June 25, 1938: Fair Labor Standards Act, ch. 676, 52 Stat. 1060
June 25, 1938: Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, ch. 675, 52 Stat. 1040
June 25, 1938: Javits–Wagner–O'Day Act, ch. 697, 52 Stat. 1196

text: 76th United States Congress[edit]

text:
April 3, 1939: Reorganization Act of 1939, Pub.L. 76–19, 53 Stat. 561
August 2, 1939: Hatch Act of 1939 ("Hatch Political Activity Act", "An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities"), ch. 410, 53 Stat. 1147
November 4, 1939: Neutrality Act of 1939, ("Cash and Carry Act"), ch. 2, 54 Stat. 4
June 29, 1940: Alien Registration Act (Smith Act), 3d sess. ch. 439, 54 Stat. 670
July 19, 1940: Two-Ocean Navy Act ("Vinson-Wash Act")
August 22, 1940: Act of August 22, 1940, ch. 686, Pub.L. 76–768, 54 Stat. 789 (including Investment Company Act of 1940, Investment Advisers Act of 1940)
September 16, 1940: Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, Pub.L. 76–783
November 26, 1940: Ramspeck Act, 54 Stat. 1211

text: 77th United States Congress[edit]

text:
March 11, 1941: Lend Lease Act, Pub.L. 77–11, Sess. 1, ch. 11, 55 Stat. 31
August 18, 1941: Flood Control Act of 1941, Pub.L. 77–228, Sess. 1, ch. 377, 55 Stat. 638
December 8, 1941: Resolution— War between United States and Japan, Pub.L. 77–328, Sess. 1, ch. 561, 55 Stat. 795
December 11, 1941: Resolution— War between United States and Germany, Pub.L. 77–331, Sess. 1, ch. 564, 55 Stat. 796
December 11, 1941: Resolution— War between United States and Italy, Pub.L. 77–332, Sess. 1, ch. 565, 55 Stat. 797
January 30, 1942: Emergency Price Control Act, Pub.L. 77–421, Sess. 2, ch. 26, 56 Stat. 23
June 5, 1942: Resolution— War between United States and Bulgaria, Pub.L. 77–563, Sess. 2, ch. 323, 56 Stat. 307
June 5, 1942: Resolution— War between United States and Hungary, Pub.L. 77–564, Sess. 2, ch. 324, 56 Stat. 307
June 5, 1942: Resolution— War between United States and Romania, Pub.L. 77–565, Sess. 2, ch. 325, 56 Stat. 307
June 22, 1942: Resolution— United States Flag Code, including recognition of the Pledge of Allegiance, Pub.L. 77–623, Sess. 2, ch. 435, 56 Stat. 377

text: 78th United States Congress[edit]

text:
December 17, 1943: Magnuson Act (Chinese Exclusion Repeal Act of 1943), Sess. 1, ch. 344, 57 Stat. 600
February 3, 1944: Mustering-out Payment Act, Sess. 2, Pub.L. 78–225, 58 Stat. 8
June 22, 1944: Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (G.I. Bill), Sess. 2, ch. 268, Pub.L. 78–345, 58 Stat. 284
June 27, 1944: Veterans' Preference Act, Sess. 2, ch. 287, Pub.L. 78–359, 58 Stat. 387
July 1, 1944: Public Health Service Act, Sess. 2, ch. 373, 58 Stat. 682
December 22, 1944: Pick-Sloan Flood Control Act, Sess. 2, ch. 665, Pub.L. 78–534, 58 Stat. 887

text: 79th United States Congress[edit]

text:
March 9, 1945: McCarran–Ferguson Act, Pub.L. 79–15, 59 Stat. 33
July 31, 1945: Bretton Woods Agreements Act, Pub.L. 79–171, 59 Stat. 512
July 31, 1945: Export-Import Bank Act of 1945, Pub.L. 79–173, 59 Stat. 526
December 20, 1945: United Nations Participation Act, Pub.L. 79–264, 59 Stat. 619
December 28, 1945: War Brides Act
February 18, 1946: Rescission Act of 1946
February 20, 1946: Employment Act
May 13, 1946: Federal Airport Act
June 4, 1946: Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act
June 11, 1946: Administrative Procedure Act, Pub.L. 79–404, 60 Stat. 237
July 2, 1946: Luce–Celler Act of 1946
July 3, 1946: Hobbs Anti-Racketeering Act, Pub.L. 79–486, 60 Stat. 420
July 5, 1946: Lanham Trademark Act of 1946
August 1, 1946: United States Atomic Energy Act of 1946
August 2, 1946: Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
August 2, 1946: Federal Tort Claims Act
August 2, 1946: Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946
August 13, 1946: Foreign Service Act
August 13, 1946: Hospital Survey and Construction Act (Hill-Burton Act)
August 14, 1946: Farmers Home Administration Act

text: 80th United States Congress[edit]

text:
May 22, 1947: Assistance to Greece and Turkey Act (Truman Doctrine), Sess. 1, ch. 81, Pub.L. 80–75, 61 Stat. 103
June 23, 1947: Taft–Hartley Act, Sess. 1, ch. 120, Pub.L. 80–101, 61 Stat. 136
July 18, 1947: Presidential Succession Act, Sess. 1, ch. 264, Pub.L. 80–199, 61 Stat. 380
July 26, 1947: National Security Act of 1947, Sess. 1, ch. 343, Pub.L. 80–253, 61 Stat. 495
August 7, 1947: Mineral Leasing Act for Acquired Lands, Sess. 1, ch. 513, Pub.L. 80–382, 61 Stat. 913
January 27, 1948: United States Information and Educational Exchange Act, Sess. 2, ch. 36, Pub.L. 80–402, 62 Stat. 6
April 3, 1948: Foreign Assistance Act (Marshall Plan), Pub.L. 80–472, Sess. 2, ch. 169, 62 Stat. 137
April 3, 1948: Greek-Turkish Assistance Act of 1948 (Marshall Plan), Sess. 2, ch. 169, Pub.L. 80–472, Title III, 62 Stat. 157
May 26, 1948: Civil Air Patrol Act, Sess. 2, ch. 349, Pub.L. 80–557, 62 Stat. 274
June 12, 1948: Women's Armed Services Integration Act, Sess. 2, ch. 449, Pub.L. 80–625, 62 Stat. 356
June 17, 1948: Reed-Bulwinkle Act, Sess. 2, ch. 491, Pub.L. 80–662, 62 Stat. 472
June 25, 1948: Title 3 of the United States Code, Sess. 2, ch. 644, Pub.L. 80–771, 62 Stat. 672
June 28, 1948: Commodity Credit Corporation Charter Act of 1948, Pub.L. 80–806, 62 Stat. 1070
June 30, 1948: Federal Water Pollution Control Act, Sess. 2, ch. 758, Pub.L. 80–845, 62 Stat. 1155
July 3, 1948: War Claims Act of 1948, Sess. 2, ch. 826, Pub.L. 80–896, 62 Stat. 1240
July 3, 1948: Agricultural Act of 1948, Sess. 2, ch. 827, Pub.L. 80–897, 62 Stat. 1247

text: 81st United States Congress[edit]

text:
June 20, 1949: Central Intelligence Agency Act, ch. 227, 63 Stat. 208, 50 U.S.C. § 403a
October 25, 1949: Hospital Survey and Construction Amendments of 1949, ch. 722, Pub.L. 81–380, 63 Stat. 898
October 26, 1949: Fair Labor Standards Amendment, ch. 736, Pub.L. 81–393, 63 Stat. 910, 29 U.S.C. ch. 8
October 31, 1949: Agricultural Act of 1949, ch. 792, 63 Stat. 1051
May 5, 1950: Uniform Code of Military Justice, ch. 169, 64 Stat. 109
May 10, 1950: National Science Foundation Act, ch. 171, Pub.L. 81–507, 64 Stat. 149, 42 U.S.C. ch. 16
August 15, 1950: Omnibus Medical Research Act, Pub.L. 81–692, 64 Stat. 443 (including Public Health Services Act Amendments, which established the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness)
September 1, 1950: Doctors Draft Act[1]
September 8, 1950: Defense Production Act of 1950, Pub.L. 81–774, 64 Stat. 798
September 12, 1950: Budget and Accounting Procedures Act of 1950, ch. 946, 64 Stat. 832
September 23, 1950: McCarran Internal Security Act (including Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950), ch. 1024, 64 Stat. 987, 50 U.S.C. § 781
September 30, 1950: Performance Rating Act, ch. 1123, 64 Stat. 1098
December 29, 1950: Celler–Kefauver Act (Anti-Merger Act), ch. 1184, 64 Stat. 1125
January 12, 1951: Federal Civil Defense Act of 1950, ch. 1228, 64 Stat. 1245 (codified in 50 U.S.C. App., here)

text: 82nd United States Congress[edit]

text:
October 10, 1951: Mutual Security Act, ch. 479, 65 Stat. 373
June 27, 1952: Immigration and Nationality Act (McCarran-Walter Act), Pub.L. 82–414
July 14, 1952: McGuire Act, Pub.L. 82–542, 15 U.S.C. § 42(a)
July 16, 1952: Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act, Pub.L. 82–550
July 16, 1952: Federal Coal Mine Safety Act Amendments of 1952, Pub.L. 82–552
July 16, 1952: Wire Fraud Act of 1952, Pub.L. 82–555

text: 83rd United States Congress[edit]

text:
July 3, 1953: Small Business Act, Pub.L. 83–163, ch. 282, 67 Stat. 232
August 7, 1953: Refugee Relief Act, Pub.L. 83–203
August 7, 1953: Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, ch. 345, 67 Stat. 462
August 14, 1953: Public Law 280, Pub.L. 83–280, 18 U.S.C. § 1162
May 13, 1954: Saint Lawrence Seaway Act, ch. 201, 68 Stat. 92
August 12, 1954: Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act, ch. 649, title II, §201, 68 Stat. 612
August 13, 1954: Multiple Mineral Development Act, ch. 730, 68 Stat. 708
August 16, 1954: Internal Revenue Code of 1954, Pub.L. 83–591, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 3

Federal Unemployment Tax Act, §1(d), 68A Stat. 439
National Firearms Act, §1(d), 68A Stat. 721

August 24, 1954: Communist Control Act of 1954, ch. 886, 68 Stat. 775

text: 84th United States Congress[edit]

text:
January 29, 1955: Formosa Resolution
March 31, 1955: Career Incentive Act
June 28, 1955: Flood Control and Coastal Emergency Act, Pub.L. 84–9969 Stat. 194
July 14, 1955: Air Pollution Control Act, Pub.L. 84–159, ch. 360, 69 Stat. 322
July 23, 1955: Multiple Surface Use Mining Act, Pub.L. 94–167, ch. 730, 68 Stat. 708
August 9, 1955: Reserve Forces Act, Pub.L. 84–305, 69 Stat. 598
August 11, 1955: National Housing Act ("Capehart Act"), Pub.L. 84–345, 69 Stat. 646
August 12, 1955: Poliomyelitis Vaccination Assistance Act, Pub.L. 84–377, ch. 863, 69 Stat. 704
June 29, 1956: Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956, (National Interstate and Defense Highways Act), Pub.L. 84–627
July 30, 1956: Health Research Facilities Act, Pub.L. 84–835, ch. 779, 70 Stat. 717
August 8, 1956: Fish and Wildlife Act of 1956, ch. 1036, 70 Stat. 1119, 16 U.S.C. § 742a

text: 85th United States Congress[edit]

text:
August 14, 1957: Airways Modernization Act, Pub.L. 85–133, 71 Stat. 349
September 2, 1957: Price–Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act, Pub.L. 85–256, 71 Stat. 576
September 9, 1957: Civil Rights Act of 1957, Pub.L. 85–315, 71 Stat. 634
1958: National Aeronautics and Space Act, Pub.L. 85–568, July 29, 1958, 72 Stat. 426
1958: Transportation Act of 1958, Pub.L. 85–625
1958: Federal Aviation Act, Pub.L. 85–726, August 23, 1958, 72 Stat. 731
August 28, 1958: Military Construction Appropriation Act (Advanced Research Projects Agency), Pub.L. 85–852, 72 Stat. 1096
1958: National Defense Education Act, Pub.L. 85–864, September 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1580
1958: Department of Defense Reorganization Act, Pub.L. 85–899

text: 86th United States Congress[edit]

text:
March 18, 1959: Admission of Hawaii Act, Pub.L. 86–3
1959: Airport Construction Act, Pub.L. 86–72
September 14, 1959: Landrum–Griffin Act, Pub.L. 86–257, 73 Stat. 519
May 6, 1960: Civil Rights Act of 1960, Pub.L. 86–449
September 13, 1960: Social Security Amendments (Kerr-Mill aid), Pub.L. 86–778, 74 Stat. 976
1960: Flood Control Act of 1960, Pub.L. 86–845

text: 87th United States Congress[edit]

text:
May 1, 1961: Area Redevelopment Act, Pub.L. 87–27, 75 Stat. 47
September 4, 1961: Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, Pub.L. 87–195, 75 Stat. 424
September 13, 1961: Interstate Wire Act of 1961, Pub.L. 87–216, 75 Stat. 491
September 21, 1961: Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, Pub.L. 87–256, 75 Stat. 527
September 22, 1961: Peace Corps Act of 1961, Pub.L. 87–293, 75 Stat. 612
September 26, 1961: Arms Control and Disarmament Act, Pub.L. 87–297, 75 Stat. 631
October 5, 1961: Community Health Services and Facilities Act, Pub.L. 87–395, 75 Stat. 824
March 15, 1962: Manpower Development and Training Act, Pub.L. 87–415, 76 Stat. 23
June 28, 1962: Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, Pub.L. 87–510, 76 Stat. 121
August 31, 1962: Communications Satellite Act of 1962, Pub.L. 87–624, 76 Stat. 419
October 11, 1962: Trade Expansion Act, Pub.L. 87–794, 76 Stat. 872
October 23, 1962: Bribery Act, Pub.L. 87–849, 76 Stat. 1119
October 23, 1962: Vaccination Assistance Act, Pub.L. 87–868, 76 Stat. 1155
1962: Rivers and Harbors Act of 1962, Pub.L. 87–874

text: 88th United States Congress[edit]

text:
June 10, 1963: Equal Pay Act, Pub.L. 88–38, 77 Stat. 56
October 31, 1963: Community Mental Health Centers Act, Pub.L. 88–164, title II, 77 Stat. 290 (including Mental Retardation Facilities Construction Act)
December 17, 1963: Clean Air Act, Pub.L. 88–206, 77 Stat. 392
March 7, 1964: Presidential Transition Act of 1963, Pub.L. 88–277, 78 Stat. 153
July 2, 1964: Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub.L. 88–352, 78 Stat. 241
July 9, 1964: Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 (Federal Transit Act), Pub.L. 88–365, 78 Stat. 302
August 20, 1964: Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, Pub.L. 88–452, 78 Stat. 508
August 31, 1964: Food Stamp Act of 1964, Pub.L. 88–525, 78 Stat. 703
September 3, 1964: Wilderness Act, Pub.L. 88–577, 78 Stat. 890
September 3, 1964: Land and Water Conservation Act, Pub.L. 88–578, 78 Stat. 897
September 4, 1964: Nurse Training Act, Pub.L. 88–581, 78 Stat. 908

text: 89th United States Congress[edit]

text:
April 11, 1965: Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Pub.L. 89–10, 79 Stat. 77
July 27, 1965: Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, Pub.L. 89–92, 79 Stat. 282
July 30, 1965: Social Security Act of 1965, Pub.L. 89–97, 79 Stat. 286 (including Medicaid and Medicare)
August 6, 1965: Voting Rights Act, Pub.L. 89–110, 79 Stat. 437
August 10, 1965: Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965, Pub.L. 89–117, 79 Stat. 451
August 26, 1965: Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965, Pub.L. 89–136, 79 Stat. 552
September 29, 1965: National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act, Pub.L. 89–209, 79 Stat. 845
October 3, 1965: Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, (Hart-Celler Act, INS Act) Pub.L. 89–236
October 6, 1965: Heart Disease, Cancer, and Stroke Amendments, Pub.L. 89–239, 79 Stat. 926
October 20, 1965: Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act, Pub.L. 89–272, 79 Stat. 992 (including Solid Waste Disposal Act)
October 22, 1965: Highway Beautification Act, Pub.L. 89–285, 79 Stat. 1028
November 8, 1965: Higher Education Act, Pub.L. 89–329, 79 Stat. 1219
November 8, 1965: Vocational Rehabilitation Act Amendments Pub.L. 89–333, 79 Stat. 1282
April 13, 1966: Uniform Time Act, Pub.L. 89–387, 80 Stat. 107
September 6, 1966: Freedom of Information Act, Pub.L. 89–554, 80 Stat. 383
September 9, 1966: National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, Pub.L. 89–563, 80 Stat. 718
October 15, 1966: National Historic Preservation Act, Pub.L. 89–665, 80 Stat. 915
October 15, 1966: National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, Pub.L. 89–669, §4-5, 80 Stat. 927
October 15, 1966: Department of Transportation Act, Pub.L. 89–670, 80 Stat. 931
October 15, 1966: Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act, Pub.L. 89–673, §1, 80 Stat. 952
November 2, 1966: Cuban Adjustment Act, Pub.L. 89–732, 80 Stat. 1161
November 3, 1966: Comprehensive Health, Planning and Service Act, Pub.L. 89–749, 80 Stat. 1180

text: 90th United States Congress[edit]

text:
April 4, 1967: Supplemental Defense Appropriations Act, Pub.L. 90–8, 81 Stat. 8
November 7, 1967: Public Broadcasting Act, Pub.L. 90–129, 81 Stat. 365
December 15, 1967: Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Pub.L. 90–202, 81 Stat. 602
December 18, 1967: National Park Foundation Act, Pub.L. 90–209, 81 Stat. 656
1968: Bilingual Education Act, Pub.L. 90–247
April 11, 1968: Civil Rights Act of 1968, Pub.L. 90–284, 82 Stat. 73
May 29, 1968: Consumer Credit Protection Act, Pub.L. 90–321, 82 Stat. 146
June 19, 1968: Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, Pub.L. 90–351, 82 Stat. 197
June 28, 1968: Uniform Monday Holiday Act, Pub.L. 90–363
July 21, 1968: Aircraft Noise Abatement Act, Pub.L. 90–411
August 12, 1968: Architectural Barriers Act of 1968, Pub.L. 90–480, 82 Stat. 718
October 2, 1968: Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, Pub.L. 90–542, 82 Stat. 906
October 2, 1968: National Trails System Act, Pub.L. 90–543, 82 Stat. 919
October 22, 1968: Gun Control Act of 1968, Pub.L. 90–618, 82 Stat. 1213

text: 91st United States Congress[edit]

text:
December 30, 1969 — Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act, Pub.L. 91–173, 83 Stat. 742
1969: Tax Reform Act of 1969, Pub.L. 91–172
January 1, 1970: National Environmental Policy Act, Pub.L. 91–190, 83 Stat. 852
April 3, 1970: Environmental Quality Improvement Act, Pub.L. 91–224
May 21, 1970: Airport and Airway Development Act, Pub.L. 91–258, title I, 84 Stat. 219
August 12, 1970: Postal Reorganization Act (United States Postal Service), Pub.L. 91–375
August 15, 1970: Economic Stabilization Act, 84 Stat. 799
September 22, 1970: District of Columbia Delegate Act Pub.L. 91–405, 84 Stat. 845-2
October 15, 1970: Organized Crime Control Act, Pub.L. 91–452, 84 Stat. 922 including the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO")
1970: Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970, Pub.L. 91–453
October 26, 1970: Bank Secrecy Act, Pub.L. 91–508, 84 Stat. 1118
October 27, 1970: Controlled Substances Act, Pub.L. 91–513, 84 Stat. 1242
1970: Rail Passenger Service Act (Amtrak), Pub.L. 91–518
December 9, 1970: Horse Protection Act of 1970 Pub.L. 91–540, 84 Stat. 1404
December 24, 1970: Family Planning Services and Population Research Act of 1970, Pub.L. 91–572
December 24, 1970: Plant Variety Protection Act, Pub.L. 91–577, 84 Stat. 1542
December 29, 1970: Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), Pub.L. 91–596
December 31, 1970: Clean Air Act Extension, Pub.L. 91–604, 84 Stat. 1676
December 31, 1970: Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970, Pub.L. 91–609, 84 Stat. 1770, including title VII, National Urban Policy and New Community Development Act of 1970, 84 Stat. 1791
1971: Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act, Pub.L. 91–695

text: 92nd United States Congress[edit]

text:
June 23, 1971: Javits-Wagner-O'Day Act, Pub.L. 92–28, 85 Stat. 77
December 18, 1971: Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, Pub.L. 92–203, 85 Stat. 688
December 23, 1971: National Cancer Act, Pub.L. 92–218, 85 Stat. 778
February 7, 1972: Federal Election Campaign Act, Pub.L. 92–225, 86 Stat. 3
March 24, 1972: Equal Employment Opportunity Act, Pub.L. 92–261, 86 Stat. 103
June 23, 1972: Title IX Amendment of the Higher Education Act, Pub.L. 92–318, 86 Stat. 235
October 6, 1972: Federal Advisory Committee Act, Pub.L. 92–463, 86 Stat. 770
October 18, 1972: Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972, Pub.L. 92–500, 86 Stat. 816
October 21, 1972: Marine Mammal Protection Act, Pub.L. 92–522, 86 Stat. 1027
October 23, 1972: Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, Pub.L. 92–532, 86 Stat. 1052
October 27, 1972: Consumer Product Safety Act, Pub.L. 92–573, 86 Stat. 1207
October 27, 1972: Noise Control Act, Pub.L. 92–574, 86 Stat. 1234
October 27, 1972: Coastal Zone Management Act, Pub.L. 92–583, 86 Stat. 1280

text: 93rd United States Congress[edit]

text:
August 13, 1973: Federal Aid Highway Act of 1973, Pub.L. 93–87, title I, 87 Stat. 250
September 26, 1973: Rehabilitation Act, Pub.L. 93–112, 87 Stat. 355
October 1, 1973: Domestic Volunteer Services Act of 1973 (VISTA), Pub.L. 93–113, 87 Stat. 394
November 3, 1973: Amtrak Improvement Act, Pub.L. 93–146, 87 Stat. 548
November 7, 1973: War Powers Resolution, Pub.L. 93–148, 87 Stat. 555
December 24, 1973: District of Columbia Home Rule Act, Pub.L. 93–198, 87 Stat. 777
December 28, 1973: Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, Pub.L. 93–203
December 28, 1973: Endangered Species Act, Pub.L. 93–205, 87 Stat. 884
December 29, 1973: Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, Pub.L. 93–222, 87 Stat. 936
March 7, 1974: Water Resources Development Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–251, 88 Stat. 34
May 22, 1974: Disaster Relief Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–288, 88 Stat. 143
May 31, 1974: Research on Aging Act, Pub.L. 93–296, 88 Stat. 184
July 12, 1974: Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–344, 88 Stat. 297
July 25, 1974: Legal Services Corporation Act, Pub.L. 93–355, 88 Stat. 378
August 21, 1974: Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, Pub.L. 93–380, title V, §513, 88 Stat. 571
September 2, 1974: Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA), Pub.L. 93–406, 88 Stat. 829
September 7, 1974: Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–415, 88 Stat. 1109
November 26, 1974: National Mass Transportation Assistance Act, Pub.L. 93–503, 88 Stat. 1565
December 3, 1974: Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act, Pub.L. 93–508, 88 Stat. 1578
December 16, 1974: Safe Drinking Water Act, Pub.L. 93–523, 88 Stat. 1660
December 31, 1974: Privacy Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–579, 88 Stat. 1896
January 3, 1975: Trade Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–618, 88 Stat. 1978
January 3, 1975: Federal Noxious Weed Act of 1974, Pub.L. 93–629, 88 Stat. 2148
January 3, 1975: Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, Pub.L. 93–633, title I, 88 Stat. 2156
January 4, 1975: National Health Planning and Resources Development Act, Pub.L. 93–641, 88 Stat. 2225

text: 94th United States Congress[edit]

text:
December 23, 1975: Metric Conversion Act, Pub.L. 94–168
December 23, 1975: Revenue Adjustment Act (Earned Income Tax Credit), Pub.L. 94–164, 89 Stat. 970
November 29, 1975: Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, Pub.L. 94–142, 89 Stat. 773
February 5, 1976: Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act, Pub.L. 94–210, 90 Stat. 31
September 13, 1976: Government in the Sunshine Act, Pub.L. 94–409, 90 Stat. 1241
September 30, 1976: Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act, Pub.L. 94–435, 90 Stat. 1383
October 8, 1976: Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1976, Pub.L. 94–460
October 11, 1976: Toxic Substances Control Act, Pub.L. 94–469, 90 Stat. 2003
October 12, 1976: Overhaul of vocational education programs Pub.L. 94–482, 90 Stat. 2169
October 19, 1976: Copyright Act of 1976, Pub.L. 94–553, 90 Stat. 2541
October 21, 1976: Federal Land Policy and Management Act, Pub.L. 94–579, 90 Stat. 2744
October 21, 1976: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Pub.L. 94–580, 90 Stat. 2795
October 22, 1976: Water Resources Development Act of 1976, Pub.L. 94–587
October 22, 1976: National Forest Management Act, Pub.L. 94–588, 90 Stat. 2949

text: 95th United States Congress[edit]

text:
August 3, 1977: Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, Pub.L. 95–87, 91 Stat. 445
August 4, 1977: Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, Pub.L. 95–91, 91 Stat. 565
October 12, 1977: Community Reinvestment Act, Pub.L. 95–128, title VIII, 91 Stat. 1147
December 19, 1977: Unlawful Corporate Payments Act of 1977, Pub.L. 95–213, including title I: Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 91 Stat. 1494
December 27, 1977: Clean Water Act, Pub.L. 95–217, 91 Stat. 1566
December 28, 1977: International Emergency Economic Powers Act, Pub.L. 95–223, title II, 91 Stat. 1626
March 10, 1978: Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, Pub.L. 95–242, 92 Stat. 120
October 10, 1978: Susan B. Anthony Dollar Coin Act of 1979, Pub.L. 95–447, 92 Stat. 1072
October 13, 1978: Civil Service Reform Act, Pub.L. 95–454, 92 Stat. 1111
October 13, 1978: Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Act, Pub.L. 95–461, 92 Stat. 1268
October 24, 1978: Airline Deregulation Act, Pub.L. 95–504, 92 Stat. 1705
October 25, 1978: Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, Pub.L. 95–511, 92 Stat. 1783
October 26, 1978: Ethics in Government Act, Pub.L. 95–521, 92 Stat. 1824
October 27, 1978: Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act, Pub.L. 95–523, 92 Stat. 1887
October 31, 1978: Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Pub.L. 95–555, 92 Stat. 2076
November 1, 1978: Contract Disputes Act, Pub.L. 95–563, 92 Stat. 2383
November 6, 1978: Bankruptcy Act of 1978, Pub.L. 95–598, 92 Stat. 2549
November 9, 1978: National Energy Conservation Policy Act, Pub.L. 95–619, 92 Stat. 3206

text: 96th United States Congress[edit]

text:
July 10, 1979: Joint resolution to amend the Public Health Services Act and related health laws to correct printing and other technical errors, Pub.L. 96–32
September 27, 1979: Panama Canal Act of 1979, Pub.L. 96–70, 93 Stat. 452
October 17, 1979: Department of Education Organization Act, Pub.L. 96–88, 93 Stat. 668
March 17, 1980: Refugee Act, Pub.L. 96–212, 94 Stat. 102
September 19, 1980: Regulatory Flexibility Act, Pub.L. 96–354, 94 Stat. 1164
September 29, 1980: Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act of 1980, Pub.L. 96–366, 94 Stat. 1322
October 14, 1980: Staggers Act, Pub.L. 96–448, 94 Stat. 1895
December 2, 1980: Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, Pub.L. 96–487, 94 Stat. 2371
December 11, 1980: Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or Superfund), Pub.L. 96–510, 94 Stat. 2767
December 11, 1980: Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, Pub.L. 96–511, 94 Stat. 2812
December 12, 1980: Bayh–Dole Act, Pub.L. 96–517, 94 Stat. 3018

text: 97th United States Congress[edit]

text:
August 13, 1981: Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA or Kemp-Roth Tax Cut), Pub.L. 97–34, 95 Stat. 172
August 13, 1981: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, Pub.L. 97–35, 95 Stat. 357
September 20, 1982: Bus Regulatory Reform Act, Pub.L. 97–261, 96 Stat. 1102
October 13, 1982: Job Training Partnership Act, Pub.L. 97–300, 96 Stat. 1322
October 15, 1982: Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act, Pub.L. 97–320, 96 Stat. 1469
January 6, 1983: Surface Transportation Assistance Act, Pub.L. 97–424, 96 Stat. 2140
January 7, 1983: Nuclear Waste Policy Act, Pub.L. 97–425, 96 Stat. 2201
January 12, 1983: Internal Revenue Code of 1954 and Social Security Act, amendments Pub.L. 97–455, 96 Stat. 2497

text: 98th United States Congress[edit]

text:
September 28, 1984: Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act, Pub.L. 98–435, 98 Stat. 1678
October 12, 1984: Comprehensive Crime Control Act, Pub.L. 98–473, title II, 98 Stat. 1976
October 30, 1984: Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984, Pub.L. 98–875, 98 Stat. 3055

text: 99th United States Congress[edit]

text:
December 12, 1985: Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985 (Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act) Pub.L. 99–177 (title II), 99 Stat. 1038
December 17, 1985: Gold Bullion Coin Act of 1985, Pub.L. 99–185, 99 Stat. 1177
April 7, 1986: Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) Pub.L. 99–272, 100 Stat. 82 (including Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act)
October 1, 1986: Goldwater–Nichols Act (Defense Reorganization), Pub.L. 99–433, 100 Stat. 992
October 2, 1986: Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act, Pub.L. 99–440, 100 Stat. 1086, H.R. 4868
November 6, 1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (Simpson-Mazzoli Act), Pub.L. 99–603, S. 1200
October 17, 1986: Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, Pub.L. 99–499 (title III), 100 Stat. 1728
October 21, 1986: Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986, Pub.L. 99–508, 100 Stat. 1848
October 22, 1986: Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub.L. 99–514, 100 Stat. 2085
October 27, 1986: Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, Pub.L. 99–570, 100 Stat. 3207
October 31, 1986: Age Discrimination in Employment Act, Pub.L. 99–572, 100 Stat. 3342
November 17, 1986: Water Resources Development Act of 1986, Pub.L. 99–662

text: 100th United States Congress[edit]

text:
April 2, 1987: Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act, Pub.L. 100–17, 101 Stat. 132
July 22, 1987: McKinney–Vento Homeless Assistance Act, Pub.L. 100–77, 101 Stat. 482
August 20, 1987: Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act of 1987, Pub.L. 100–107, 101 Stat. 724
September 29, 1987: Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Reaffirmation Act of 1987 (Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Balanced Budget Act), Pub.L. 100–119, 101 Stat. 754
December 22, 1987: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987, Pub.L. 100–203, 101 Stat. 1330
January 6, 1988: Agricultural Credit Act of 1987, Pub.L. 100–233, 101 Stat. 1568
January 7, 1988: Computer Security Act of 1987, Pub.L. 100–235, 101 Stat. 1724
March 22, 1988: Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 Pub.L. 100–259
June 27, 1988: Supreme Court Case Selections Act of 1988, Pub.L. 100–352, 102 Stat. 662
July 1, 1988: Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act, Pub.L. 100–360, 102 Stat. 683
August 4, 1988: Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act, Pub.L. 100–379, 102 Stat. 890
August 10, 1988: Civil Liberties Act, Pub.L. 100–383, 102 Stat. 904
October 13, 1988: Family Support Act, Pub.L. 100–485, 102 Stat. 2343
October 17, 1988: Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, Pub.L. 100–497, 102 Stat. 2467
October 24, 1988: Health Maintenance Organization Amendments of 1988, Pub.L. 100–517, 102 Stat. 2578
October 25, 1988: Department of Veterans Affairs Act, Pub.L. 100–527, 102 Stat. 2635
November 17, 1988: Water Resources Development Act of 1988, Pub.L. 100–676
November 18, 1988: Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, Pub.L. 100–690, (including Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act, Alcoholic Beverage Labeling Act)

text: 101st United States Congress[edit]

text:
1989: Government Salary Reform Act of 1989,
April 10, 1989: Whistleblower Protection Act, Pub.L. 101–12, 103 Stat. 16
July 27, 1989: Water Resources Development Act of 1990, Pub.L. 101–64
October 28, 1989: Flag Protection Act, Pub.L. 101–131, 103 Stat. 777
July 26, 1990: Americans with Disabilities Act, Pub.L. 101–336, 104 Stat. 327
August 18, 1990: Oil Pollution Act, Pub.L. 101–380
November 5, 1990: Launch Services Purchase Act of 1990[2]
November 5, 1990: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990, Pub.L. 101–508, 104 Stat. 1388 (including Human Genome Project funding)
November 12, 1990: Water Resources Development Act of 1990, Pub.L. 101–640
November 15, 1990: Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, Pub.L. 101–549, 104 Stat. 2468
November 15, 1990: Administrative Dispute Resolution Act, Pub.L. 101–552, 104 Stat. 2736
November 16, 1990: Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, Pub.L. 101–601, 104 Stat. 3048
November 28,1990: National Indian Forest Resource Management Act
November 28, 1990: Tongass Timber Reform Act, Pub.L. 101–626
November 29, 1990: Negotiated Rulemaking Act, Pub.L. 101–648, 104 Stat. 4969
November 29, 1990: Immigration Act of 1990, Pub.L. 101–649, 104 Stat. 4978
December 1, 1990: Judicial Improvements Act of 1990, Pub.L. 101–650, 104 Stat. 5128 (including Visual Artists Rights Act)

text: 102nd United States Congress[edit]

text:
November 21, 1991: Civil Rights Act of 1991, Pub.L. 102–166, 105 Stat. 1071
December 9, 1991: High Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, Pub.L. 102–194
December 18, 1991: Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act, Pub.L. 102–240
October 9, 1992: Chinese Student Protection Act of 1992, Pub.L. 102–404, 106 Stat. 1969
October 23, 1992: Weapons of Mass Destruction Control Act, Pub.L. 102–484 (div. A, title XV), 106 Stat. 2567
October 31, 1992: Water Resources Development Act of 1992, Pub.L. 102–580

text: 103rd United States Congress[edit]

text:
February 5, 1993: Family and Medical Leave Act, Pub.L. 103–3, 107 Stat. 6
May 20, 1993: National Voter Registration Act of 1993, Pub.L. 103–31, 107 Stat. 77
August 10, 1993: Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Pub.L. 103–66, 107 Stat. 312
November 16, 1993: Religious Freedom Restoration Act, Pub.L. 103–141, 107 Stat. 1488
November 30, 1993: Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (Brady Bill), Pub.L. 103–159, title I, 107 Stat. 1536
November 30, 1993: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1994, Pub.L. 103–160, 107 Stat. 1670 (including elements of Don't ask, don't tell)
December 8, 1993: North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, Pub.L. 103–182, 107 Stat. 2057
May 26, 1994: Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act, Pub.L. 103–259, 108 Stat. 694
September 13, 1994: Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, Pub.L. 103–322, 108 Stat. 1796 (including the Violence Against Women Act)
October 25, 1994: Dietary Supplement Health And Education Act of 1994

text: 104th United States Congress[edit]

text:
January 23, 1995: Congressional Accountability Act, Pub.L. 104–1, 109 Stat. 3
November 28, 1995: National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, Pub.L. 104–59, 109 Stat. 568
December 19, 1995: Lobbying Disclosure Act, Pub.L. 104–65, 109 Stat. 691
December 22, 1995: Private Securities Litigation Reform Act, Pub.L. 104–67, 109 Stat. 737
February 8, 1996: Telecommunications Act of 1996, Pub.L. 104–104, 110 Stat. 56 (including the Communications Decency Act)
March 12, 1996: Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act of 1996 (Helms-Burton Act), Pub.L. 104–114, 110 Stat. 785
April 9, 1996: Line Item Veto Act, Pub.L. 104–130, 110 Stat. 1200
April 24, 1996: Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, Pub.L. 104–132, 110 Stat. 1214
July 30, 1996: Taxpayer Bill of Rights 2, Pub.L. 104–168, 110 Stat. 1452
August 3, 1996: National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act, Pub.L. 104–169, 110 Stat. 1482
August 20, 1996: Small Business Job Protection Act, Pub.L. 104–188, 110 Stat. 1755
August 21, 1996: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Pub.L. 104–191, 110 Stat. 1936
August 22, 1996: Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (Welfare Reform Act), Pub.L. 104–193, 110 Stat. 2105
September 21, 1996: Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), Pub.L. 104–199, 110 Stat. 2419
September 30, 1996: Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban, Pub.L. 104–208, 110 Stat. 3001
October 1, 1996: Emerson Good Samaritan Food Donation Act, Pub.L. 104–210, 110 Stat. 3011
October 12, 1996: Water Resources Development Act of 1996, Pub.L. 104–303, 110 Stat. 3658

text: 105th United States Congress[edit]

text:
August 5, 1997: Balanced Budget Act of 1997, Pub.L. 105–33, 111 Stat. 251
August 5, 1997: Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub.L. 105–34, 111 Stat. 788
June 9, 1998: Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, Pub.L. 105–178, 112 Stat. 107
July 22, 1998: Taxpayer Bill of Rights III, Pub.L. 105–206, title III, 112 Stat. 726
August 7, 1998: Workforce Investment Act, Pub.L. 105–220, 112 Stat. 936
October 21, 1998: Child Online Privacy Protection Act, Pub.L. 105–277, div. C, title XIV, 112 Stat. 2681
October 27, 1998: Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Pub.L. 105–298, title I, 112 Stat. 2827
October 28, 1998: Digital Millennium Copyright Act, Pub.L. 105–304, 112 Stat. 2860 (including Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act)
October 31, 1998: Iraq Liberation Act, Pub.L. 105–338, 112 Stat. 3178

text: 106th United States Congress[edit]

text:
May 21, 1999: Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act (Kosovo operations), Pub.L. 106–31, 113 Stat. 57
August 17, 1999: Water Resources Development Act of 1999, Pub.L. 106–53
November 12, 1999: Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Services Modernization Act, Pub.L. 106–102, 113 Stat. 1338
November 29, 1999: American Inventors Protection Act, Pub.L. 106–113, 113 Stat. 1536 (including Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act)
March 14, 2000: Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000, Pub.L. 106–178, 114 Stat. 38
April 5, 2000: Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, Pub.L. 106–181, 114 Stat. 61
May 18, 2000: African Growth and Opportunity Act, Pub.L. 106–200, 114 Stat. 251
June 30, 2000: Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, Pub.L. 106–229, 114 Stat. 464
August 7, 2000: Oceans Act, Pub.L. 106–256, 114 Stat. 644
September 22, 2000: Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act, Pub.L. 106–274, 114 Stat. 803
October 17, 2000: Children's Health Act, Pub.L. 106–310, 114 Stat. 1101
October 30, 2000: Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Pub.L. 106–390, 114 Stat. 1552
October 30, 2000: Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001,Pub.L. 106–398
December 7, 2000: Shark Finning Prohibition Act, Pub.L. 106–557, 114 Stat. 2771
December 11, 2000: Water Resources Development Act of 2000, Pub.L. 106–541, 114 Stat. 2572
December 21, 2000: Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, Pub.L. 106–554, 114 Stat. 2763A (as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001)