document_title: Mayflower

question_text: who was the captain of the mayflower when it took the pilgrims to the new world

text: Mayflower

text: Mayflower structure and layout

text: The Pilgrim ship Mayflower was square-rigged and beak-bowed with high, castle-like structures fore and aft that served to protect the ship's crew and the main deck from the elements—designs that were typical with English merchant ships of the early 17th century. Her stern carried a 30-foot high, square aft-castle which made the ship extremely difficult to sail against the wind and unable to sail well against the North Atlantic's prevailing westerlies, especially in the fall and winter of 1620, and the voyage from England to America took more than two months as a result. The Mayflower's return trip to London in April–May 1621 took less than half that time, with the same strong winds now blowing in the direction of the voyage.[4][5]

text: No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly, since this was many years before such measurements were standardized. She probably measured about 100 feet (30 m) in length from the forward end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft. She was about 25 feet (7.6 m) at her widest point, with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet (3.6 m) below the waterline. William Bradford estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons. Surviving records from that time indicate that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold. The casks were great barrels holding hundreds of gallons of claret wine each.[5]

text: This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe, due to the possibility of encountering pirates and privateers of all types. And with its armament, the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations.[6] By 1620, the Mayflower was aging, nearing the end of the usual 15-year working life of an English merchant ship in that era.

text: General layout

text: The general layout of the ship was as follows:

text:
Three masts: mizzen (aft), main (midship), and fore, and also a spritsail in the bow area.[7]
Three primary levels: main deck, gun deck, and cargo hold.

text: Main deck

text: Aft on the main deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones, measuring about ten by seven feet (3 m × 2.1 m). Forward of that was the steerage room, which housed a whipstaff (tiller extension) for sailing control; not a wheel, as in later ships. Also here was the ship's compass and probably also berths for the ship's officers. Forward of the steerage room was the capstan, a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables. Far forward on the main deck, just aft of the bow, was the forecastle space where the ship's cook prepared meals for the crew; it may also have been where the ship's sailors slept.[6]

text: The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones, on the ship's highest level above the stern on the aft castle. The poop house was on this deck, which may have been for passengers' use either for sleeping or cargo. On normal merchant ships, this space was probably a chart room or a cabin for the master's mates.[8][9]

text: Gun deck

text: The gun deck was where the passengers resided during the voyage, in a space measuring about 50 by 25 feet (15.2 m × 7.6 m) with a five-foot (1.5 m) overhead (ceiling). But it was also a dangerous place in conflict, as it had port and starboard gun ports from which cannon could be run out to fire on the enemy. The gun room was in the stern area of the gun deck, to which passengers had no access due to it being the storage space for powder and ammunition for the ship's cannons and any other weapons belonging to the ship. The gun room might also house a pair of stern chasers, small cannons used to fire out the stern of the ship. Forward on the gun deck in the bow area was a windlass, equipment similar in function to the capstan in steerage, which was used to raise and lower the ship's main anchor. There were no stairs for the passengers on the gun deck to go up through the gratings to the main deck. To get up to the main deck, passengers were required to climb a wooden or rope ladder.[8][9]

text: There was no facility for a latrine or privy on the Mayflower, and ship's crew had to fend for themselves in that regard. Gun deck passengers most likely used a bucket as a chamber pot, affixed to the deck or bulkhead to keep it from being jostled at sea.[9][10]

text: Gun deck armament

text: The largest gun was a minion cannon which was brass, weighed about 1,200 pounds (545 kg), and could shoot a 3.5 pound (1.6 kg) cannonball almost a mile (1,600 m). The Mayflower also had on board a saker cannon of about 800 pounds (360 kg), and two base cannons that weighed about 200 pounds (90 kg) which shot a 3 to 5 ounce ball (85–140 g). She carried at least ten pieces of ordnance on the port and starboard sides of her gun deck: seven cannons for long range purposes, and three smaller guns often fired from the stern at close quarters that were filled with musket balls. Later at New Plymouth, Mayflower Master Jones unloaded four of the pieces to help fortify the colony against invaders, and would not have done so unless he was comfortable with the armament that he still had on board.[5]

text: Cargo hold

text: Below the gun deck was the cargo hold where the passengers kept most of their food stores and other supplies. Other items included most of their clothing and bedding. The hold also stored the passengers' personal weapons and military equipment – armor, muskets, gunpowder, and shot, as well as swords and bandoliers. It also stored all the tools that the Pilgrims would need, as well as all the equipment and utensils needed to prepare meals in the New World. It is also known that some Pilgrims loaded trade goods on board, including Isaac Allerton, William Mullins, and possibly others; these also most likely were stored in the cargo hold.[10]

text: Early history

text: It is not known when and where the Mayflower was built, but it is likely that she was launched at Harwich in the county of Essex, England. She was designated as "of Harwich" in the Port Books of 1609–11, although later known as "of London". Harwich was also the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones about 1570.[11]

text: Captain Jones became master of the Mayflower 11 years prior to the Pilgrims' voyage, sailing the ship cross-Channel taking English woolens to France and bringing French wine to London. In addition, he had also transported hats, hemp, Spanish salt, hops, and vinegar to Norway, and may have taken the Mayflower whaling in the North Atlantic in the Greenland area. She had traveled to Mediterranean ports, being then owned by Christopher Nichols, Robert Child, Thomas Short, and Christopher Jones, the ship's master. In 1620, Jones and Robert Child still owned their quarter shares in the ship, and it was from them that Thomas Weston chartered her in the summer of 1620 to undertake the Pilgrim voyage. Weston had a significant role in the Mayflower voyage, due to his membership in the Company of Merchant Adventurers, and he eventually traveled to the Plymouth Colony himself.[4][12][13]

text: There were 26 vessels bearing the same name as the Pilgrim ship in the Port Books of England in the reign of James I (1603–1625), and the reason for this popularity of the name has never been found.[14] One particular Mayflower that has caused historical confusion is a Mayflower erroneously identified as one of the 1620 Pilgrims. This ship was partly owned by John Vassall and was outfitted for Queen Elizabeth in 1588, during the time of the Spanish Armada, a war for which Vassall outfitted several ships. However, there are no records of Vassall's Mayflower after 1594.[15] The identity of Captain Jones's Mayflower is based on records of the time of her home port, her tonnage (est. 180–200 tons), and the master's name in 1620 in order to avoid confusion with the many other Mayflower ships.[14]

text: Records dating from August 1609 first note Christopher Jones as master and part owner of the Mayflower when his ship was chartered for a voyage from London to Trondheim in Norway and back to London. The ship lost an anchor on her return, due to bad weather, and made short delivery of her cargo of herrings. Litigation resulted, and this was still proceeding in 1612.

text: Christopher Jones is described in a document of January 1611 as being "of Harwich", and his ship is called the Mayflower of Harwich (in the county of Essex). Records of Jones's ship Mayflower show that the ship was twice on the Thames at London in 1613, once in July and again in October and November. Records of 1616 again state that Jones's ship was on the Thames, carrying a cargo of wine, which suggests that the ship had recently been on a voyage to France, Spain, Portugal, the Canaries, or some other wine-producing land.

text: After 1616, there is no further record which specifically relates to Jones's Mayflower until 1624. This is unusual for a ship trading to London, as it would not usually disappear from the records for such a long time. And no Admiralty court document can be found relating to the pilgrim fathers' voyage of 1620, although this might be due to the unusual way in which the transfer of the pilgrims was arranged from Leyden to New England. Or some of the records of the period may have been lost.

text: Voyage

text: Speedwell and Mayflower

text: Approximately 65 passengers embarked the Mayflower in the middle of July 1620 at its home port in the Rotherhithe district of London on the Thames river. The ship then proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to the south coast of England to anchor at Southampton Water. The Mayflower waited there for a rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell. Speedwell was coming from Holland with English separatist Puritans, members of the Leiden congregation who had been living in Holland to escape religious persecution in England.

text: The two ships set sail for America around August 5, but the Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after, and the two ships were brought into Dartmouth for repairs. They made a new start after the repairs, and they were more than 200 miles (320 km) beyond Land's End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak. It was now early September, and they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers. This was a dire event, as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America. Both ships returned to Plymouth, where some of the Speedwell passengers joined the Mayflower and others returned to Holland. The Mayflower then continued on her voyage to America, and the Speedwell was sold soon afterwards.

text: Mayflower carried 102 passengers plus a crew of 25 to 30 officers and men, bringing the total to approximately 130.[16] According to William Bradford, Speedwell was refitted and "made many voyages... to the great profit of her owners." Bradford later implied that the Speedwell's master used "cunning and deceit" to abort the voyage, possibly by causing leaks in the ship and motivated by a fear of starving to death in America.[17]

text: Mayflower sets sail

text: In early September, western gales began to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place for sailing. The Mayflower's provisions were already quite low when departing Southampton, and they became lower still by delays of more than a month. The passengers had been on board the ship for this entire time, and they were quite worn out and in no condition for a very taxing, lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in cramped spaces in a small ship. But the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth on September 6, 1620 with what Bradford called "a prosperous wind".[18]

text: Aboard the Mayflower were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and future lives. It is assumed that they carried tools and weapons, including cannon, shot, and gunpowder, as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Horses and cattle came later. The ship also carried two boats: a long boat and a "shallop", a 21-foot boat powered by oars or sails. She also carried 12 artillery pieces (eight minions and four sakers), as the Pilgrims feared that they might need to defend themselves against enemy European forces, as well as the natives.[19]

text: The passage was a miserable one, with huge waves constantly crashing against the ship's topside deck until a key structural support timber fractured. The passengers had already suffered agonizing delays, shortages of food, and other shortages, and they were now called upon to provide assistance to the ship's carpenter in repairing the fractured main support beam. This was repaired with the use of a metal mechanical device called a jackscrew, which had been loaded on board to help in the construction of settler homes. It was now used to secure the beam to keep it from cracking further, making the ship seaworthy enough.[19][20]

text: The crew of the Mayflower had some devices to assist them en route, such as a compass for navigation, as well as a log and line system to measure speed in nautical miles per hour (knots). Time was measured with the ancient method of an hourglass.

text: Arrival in America

text: On November 9, 1620, they sighted present-day Cape Cod. They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers. However, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November 11. The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor, in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks.[21][22][23][24]

text: On Monday, November 27, an exploring expedition was launched under the direction of Capt. Christopher Jones to search for a suitable settlement site. As master of the Mayflower, Jones was not required to assist in the search, but he apparently thought it in his best interest to assist the search expedition. There were 34 persons in the open shallop: 24 passengers and 10 sailors. They were obviously not prepared for the bitter winter weather which they encountered on their reconnoiter, the Mayflower passengers not being accustomed to winter weather much colder than back home. They were forced to spend the night ashore due to the bad weather which they encountered, ill-clad in below-freezing temperatures with wet shoes and stockings that became frozen. Bradford wrote, "Some of our people that are dead took the original of their death here" on that expedition.[25]

text: The settlers explored the snow-covered area and discovered an empty native village, now known as Corn Hill in Truro. The curious settlers dug up some artificially made mounds, some of which stored corn, while others were burial sites. The modern writer Nathaniel Philbrick claims that the settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the graves,[26] sparking friction with the locals.[27] Philbrick goes on to say that they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks as they moved down the coast to what is now Eastham, and he claims that the Pilgrims were looting and stealing native stores as they went.[28] He then writes about how they decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the Nausets at First Encounter Beach in December 1620.

text: However, the only contemporary account of events, William Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, records only that the pilgrims took "some" of the corn, to show to others back at the boat, leaving the rest. They later took what they needed from another store of grain, but paid the natives back in six months, and there was no resulting conflict.

text: Also there was found more of their corn and of their beans of various colors; the corn and beans they brought away, purposing to give them full satisfaction when they should meet with any of them as, about some six months afterward they did, to their good content.[29]

text: First winter

text: During the winter, the passengers remained on board the Mayflower, suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described[by whom?] as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. When it ended, only 53 passengers remained—just over half; half of the crew died, as well. In the spring, they built huts ashore, and the passengers disembarked from the Mayflower on March 21, 1621.

text: The settlers decided to mount "our great ordnances" on the hill overlooking the settlement in late February 1621, due to the fear of attack by the natives. Christopher Jones supervised the transportation of the "great guns"—about six iron cannons that ranged between four and eight feet (1.2 to 2.4 m) in length and weighed almost half a ton. The cannon were able to hurl iron balls 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) in diameter as far as 1,700 yards (1.5 km). This action made what was no more than a ramshackle village almost into a well-defended fortress.[30]

text: Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site. But his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims, and he realized that he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor "till he saw his men began to recover."[31] The Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through the winter of 1620–21, then set sail for England on April 5, 1621, her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore. As with the Pilgrims, her sailors had been decimated by disease. Jones had lost his boatswain, his gunner, three quartermasters, the cook, and more than a dozen sailors.

text: The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. The westerly winds that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home, and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6, 1621,[32] less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America."[33]

text: Jones died after coming back from a voyage to France on March 5, 1622, at about age 52. For the next two years, the Mayflower lay at her berth in Rotherhithe, not far from Jones' grave at St. Mary's church. By 1624, she was no longer useful as a ship; her subsequent fate is unknown, but she was probably broken up about that time.[34]

text: Passengers

text: Some families traveled together, while some men came alone, leaving families in England and Leiden. Two wives on board were pregnant; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to son Oceanus while at sea, and Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor. He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England area. One child died during the voyage, and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony.

text: According to the Mayflower passenger list, just over a third of the passengers were Puritan Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society along the lines of their religious ideals. Others were hired hands, servants, or farmers recruited by London merchants, all originally destined for the Colony of Virginia. Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims as indentured servants. The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618.[35] Until relatively recently, the children were thought to be orphans, foundlings, or involuntary child labor. At that time, children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies. Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were overridden by the Privy Council.[36][37] For instance it was proven that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate.[38] Three of the four More children died in the first winter in the New World, but Richard lived to be approximately 81, dying in Salem, probably in 1695 or 1696.[39]

text: The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low-ceilinged great cabins and on the main deck, which was 75 by 20 feet large (23 m × 6 m) at most. The cabins were thin-walled and extremely cramped, and the total area was 25 ft by 15 ft (7.6 m × 4.5 m) at its largest. Below decks, any person over five feet (150 cm) tall would be unable to stand up straight. The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed.[40]

text: Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games such as Nine Men's Morris.[19] Meals on board were cooked by the firebox, which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built. This was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship. Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued daily and food was cooked for a group at a time.[40]

text: Upon arrival in America, the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food were exacerbated by the shortness of provisions due to the delay in departure. Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters, several passengers developed scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. At the time the use of lemons or limes to counter this disease was unknown, and the usual dietary sources of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables had been depleted, since these fresh foods could not be stored for long periods without their becoming rotten. Passengers who developed scurvy experienced symptoms such as bleeding gums, teeth falling out, and stinking breath.[41]

text: Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol such as beer with meals. This was known to be safer than water, which often came from polluted sources causing diseases. All food and drink was stored in barrels known as "hogsheads".[41]

text: The passenger William Mullins brought 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots in his luggage. Other items included oiled leather and canvas suits, stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches, shirts, jerkins, doublets, neckcloths, hats and caps, hose, stockings, belts, piece goods, and haberdasherie. At his death, his estate consisted of extensive footwear and other items of clothing, and made his daughter Priscilla and her husband John Alden quite prosperous.[19][42][43]

text: No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey, but there were pigs, goats, and poultry. Some passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds. Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff, and John Goodman brought along his spaniel.[19]

text: Mayflower officers, crew, and others

text: According to author Charles Banks, the officers and crew of the Mayflower consisted of a captain, four mates, four quartermasters, surgeon, carpenter, cooper, cooks, boatswains, gunners, and about 36 men before the mast, making a total of about 50. The entire crew stayed with the Mayflower in Plymouth through the winter of 1620–1621, and about half of them died during that time. The remaining crewmen returned to England on the Mayflower, which sailed for London on April 5, 1621.[44][45]

text: Crew members per various sources

text: Banks states that the crew totaled 36 men before the mast and 14 officers, making a total of 50. Nathaniel Philbrick estimates between 20 and 30 sailors in her crew whose names are unknown. Nick Bunker states that Mayflower had a crew of at least 17 and possibly as many as 30. Caleb Johnson states that the ship carried a crew of about 30 men, but the exact number is unknown.[2][46][47][48]

text: Officers and crew

text:
Captain: Christopher Jones. About age 50, of Harwich, a seaport in Essex, England, which was also the port of his ship Mayflower. He and his ship were veterans of the European cargo business, often carrying wine to England, but neither had ever crossed the Atlantic. By June 1620, he and the Mayflower had been hired for the Pilgrims voyage by their business agents in London, Thomas Weston of the Merchant Adventurers and Robert Cushman.[49][50]

Historical marker in London honoring the Mayflower and Captain Jones.

Masters Mate: John Clark (Clarke), Pilot. By age 45 in 1620, Clark already had greater adventures than most other mariners of that dangerous era. His piloting career began in England about 1609. In early 1611, he was pilot of a 300-ton ship on his first New World voyage, with a three-ship convoy sailing from London to the new settlement of Jamestown in Virginia. Two other ships were in that convoy, and the three ships brought 300 new settlers to Jamestown, going first to the Caribbean islands of Dominica and Nevis. While in Jamestown, Clark piloted ships in the area carrying various stores. During that time, he was taken prisoner in a confrontation with the Spanish; he was taken to Havana and held for two years, then transferred to Spain where he was in custody for five years. In 1616, he was finally freed in a prisoner exchange with England. In 1618, he was back in Jamestown as pilot of the ship Falcon. Shortly after his return to England, he was hired as pilot for the Mayflower in 1620.[47][51][52][53]
Masters Mate: Robert Coppin, Pilot. Coppin had prior New World experience; he previously hunted whales in Newfoundland and sailed the coast of New England.[47][51][54] He was an early investor in the Virginia Company, being named in the Second Virginia Charter of 1609. He was possibly from Harwich in Essex, the hometown of Captain Jones.
Masters Mate: Andrew Williamson
Masters Mate: John Parker[51]
Surgeon: Doctor Giles Heale. The surgeon on board the Mayflower was never mentioned by Bradford, but his identity was well established. He was essential in providing comfort to all who died or were made ill that first winter. He was a young man from Drury Lane in the parish of St. Giles in the Field, London who had completed his apprenticeship with the Barber-Surgeons in the previous year. On February 21, 1621, he was a witness to the death-bed will of William Mullins. He survived the first winter and returned to London on the Mayflower in April 1621, where he began his medical practice and worked as a surgeon until his death in 1653.[55][56][57]
Cooper: John Alden. Alden was a 21-year-old from Harwich in Essex and a distant relative of Captain Jones. He hired on apparently while the Mayflower was anchored at Southampton Waters. He was responsible for maintaining the ship's barrels, known as hogsheads, which were critical to the passengers' survival and held the only source of food and drink while at sea; tending them was a job which required a crew member's attention. Bradford noted that Alden was "left to his own liking to go or stay" in Plymouth rather than return with the ship to England. He decided to remain.[58][59]
Quartermaster: (names unknown), 4 men. These men were in charge of maintaining the ship's cargo hold, as well as the crew's hours for standing watch. Some of the "before the mast" crewmen may also have been in this section. These quartermasters were also responsible for fishing and maintaining all fishing supplies and harpoons. The names of the quartermasters are unknown, but it is known that three of the four men died the first winter.[51][53]
Cook: (name unknown). He was responsible for preparing the crew's meals and maintaining all food supplies and the cook room, which was typically located in the ship's forecastle (front end). The unnamed cook died the first winter.[60]
Master Gunner: (name unknown). He was in charge of the ship's guns, ammunition, and powder. Some of those "before the mast" were likely in his charge. He is recorded as going on an exploration on December 6, 1620, and was "sick unto death and so remained all that day, and the next night". He died later that winter.[61]
Boatswain: (name unknown). He was the person in charge of the ship's rigging and sails, the anchors, and the ship's longboat. The majority of the crew members "before the mast" were most likely under his supervision, working the sails and rigging. The operation of the ship's shallop was also probably under his control, a light open boat with oars or sails (see seaman Thomas English). William Bradford made this comment about the boatswain: "the boatswain... was a proud young man, who would often curse and scoff at the passengers, but when he grew weak they had compassion on him and helped him." But despite such assistance, the unnamed boatswain died the first winter.[60]
Carpenter: (name unknown). He was responsible for making sure that the hull was well-caulked and the masts were in good order. He was the person responsible for maintaining all areas of the ship in good condition and being a general repairman. He also maintained the tools and all necessary items to perform his carpentry tasks. His name is unknown, but his tasks were quite important to the safety and seaworthiness of the ship.[51][62]
Swabber: (various crewmen). This was the lowliest position on the ship, responsible for cleaning (swabbing) the decks. The swabber usually had an assistant who was responsible for cleaning the ship's beakhead (extreme front end), which was also the crew's toilet.[63]

text: Known Mayflower seamen

text:
John Allerton: A Mayflower seaman who was hired by the company as labor to help in the Colony during the first year, then to return to Leiden to help other church members seeking to travel to America. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on ship's shallop with Thomas English on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the Mayflower returned to England in April 1621.[64][65]
____ Ely: A Mayflower seaman who was contracted to stay for a year, which he did. He returned to England with fellow crewman William Trevor on the Fortune in December 1621. Genealogist Dr. Jeremy Bangs believes that his name was either John or Christopher Ely (or Ellis), both of whom are documented in Leiden, Holland.[66]
Thomas English: A Mayflower seaman who was hired to be the master of the shallop (see Boatswain) and to be part of the company. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on the ship's shallop with John Allerton on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the departure of the Mayflower for England in April 1621. He appeared in Leiden records as "Thomas England".[67][68]
William Trevore (Trevor): A Mayflower seaman who was hired to remain in Plymouth for one year. One reason for his hiring was his prior New World experience. He was one of those seamen to crew the shallop used in coastal trading. He returned to England with _____ Ely and others on the Fortune in December 1621. In 1623, Robert Cushman noted that Trevor reported to the Adventurers about what he saw in the New World. He did at some time return as master of a ship and was recorded living in Massachusetts Bay Colony in April 1650.[69][70][71]

text: Unidentified passenger

text: "Master" Leaver: Another passenger not mentioned by Bradford is a person called "Master" Leaver. He was named in Mourt's Relation, London 1622, under a date of January 12, 1621 as a leader of an expedition to rescue Pilgrims lost in the forest for several days while searching for housing-roof thatch. It is unknown in what capacity he came to the Mayflower and his given name is unknown. The title of "Master" indicates that he was a person of some authority and prominence in the company. He may have been a principal officer of the Mayflower. No more is known of him; he may have returned to England on the Mayflower's April 1621 voyage or died of the illnesses that affected so many that first winter.[72]

text: Later history

text: Three of Mayflower's owners applied to the Admiralty court for an appraisal of the ship on May 4, 1624, two years after Captain Jones' death in 1622; one of these applicants was Jones' widow Mrs. Josian (Joan) Jones. This appraisal probably was made to determine the valuation of the ship for the purpose of settling the estate of its late master. The appraisal was made by four mariners and shipwrights of Rotherhithe, home and burial place of Captain Jones, where the Mayflower was apparently then lying in the Thames at London. The appraisement is extant and provides information on ship's gear on board at that time, as well as equipment such as muskets and other arms. The ship may have been laid up since Jones' death and allowed to get out of repair, as that is what the appraisal indicates.[14][73] The vessel was valued at one hundred and twenty-eight pounds, eight shillings, and fourpence.[74]

text: What finally became of the Mayflower is an unsettled issue. Charles Edward Banks, an English historian of the Pilgrim ship, claims that the ship was finally broken up, with her timbers used in the construction of a barn at Jordans village in Buckinghamshire. Tradition claims that this barn still exists as the Mayflower Barn, located within the grounds of Old Jordan in South Buckinghamshire. In 1624, Thomas Russell supposedly added to part of a farmhouse already there with timbers from a ship, believed to be from the Pilgrim ship Mayflower, bought from a shipbreaker's yard in Rotherhithe. The well-preserved structure was a tourist attraction, receiving visitors each year from all over the world and particularly from America, but it is now privately owned and not open to the public.[14]

text: Second Mayflower

text: Another ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying 35 passengers, many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden that organized the first voyage. This was not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers. This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August. This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630 (as part of the Winthrop Fleet), 1633, 1634, and 1639. It attempted the trip again in 1641, departing London in October of that year under master John Cole, with 140 passengers bound for Virginia. It never arrived. On October 18, 1642, a deposition was made in England regarding the loss.[75]

text: Place in history

text: The Pilgrim ship Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future United States.[76]

text: The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from the letters and journal of William Bradford, who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony.

text: The 400th anniversary of the Mayflower sailing will take place in 2020. The Harwich Mayflower Project is hoping to build a replica of the ship at Harwich, England.[77]


question_text: who won the national championship in volleyball 2017

root

text: Competition structure[edit]

text: Before the 2011–12 school year (2012 championship), men's volleyball did not have an official divisional structure; even now, that structure is truncated. The National Collegiate Championship remains as the NCAA's top-level championship, but Division III members now have their own championship, officially known as the NCAA Division III Men's Volleyball Championship.

tag: p

text: With the introduction of an official Division III championship, schools in that division are no longer eligible for the National Collegiate Championship. The last exception was Rutgers–Newark, whose men's volleyball program had been a grandfathered scholarship program, and could compete for the National Collegiate Championship through 2014. Rutgers–Newark completed a transition to Division III men's volleyball at the end of that season, and joined the D-III Continental Volleyball Conference effective with the 2015 season.

text: There are three general regions for men's volleyball: "West", "Midwest", and "East". The three major conferences that currently represent these regions are the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF), Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA), and Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (EIVA). After the creation of the D-III national championship, the only other conference whose members are eligible to compete for the National Collegiate Championship is Conference Carolinas, a Division II league. Members of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), a separate athletics governing body whose members are primarily smaller institutions, regularly play matches against NCAA teams.

text: Because of the historic lack of an official divisional structure in men's volleyball, all three major conferences have members that normally compete in Division II. Before the creation of the Division III national championship, the EIVA had several Division III members, but all of those schools now compete in D-III men's volleyball.

text: Through the 2013 tournament, each of the three major conferences (MPSF, MIVA and EIVA) received an automatic bid to the Final Four, with one additional at-large bid. The remaining bid was an at-large bid that could be awarded to any team in Division I or II (including Rutgers–Newark). Generally, the best team not receiving an automatic bid (usually from one of the three major conferences) received the at-large bid.

text: Beginning with the 2014 championship, the field expanded to six teams, with the two new teams being the champion of Conference Carolinas and one extra at-large entry. The new format features two quarterfinal matches involving the four lowest-seeded teams in the field, with the winners joining the two top seeds in the semifinals. Originally, the quarterfinals were to be played at campus sites, with the Final Four at a separate predetermined site, but it was decided instead to have the entire championship tournament at one site.

text: Division I participation[edit]

text: The number of Division I schools sponsoring men's volleyball has fluctuated between 20 and 24 teams since 1986.[1] None of the traditional D-I conferences sponsor volleyball. Two of the three major conferences, the Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (EIVA) and Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association (MIVA), are volleyball-specific conferences. The third major conference is the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF), a multi-sport conference of schools whose primary conferences do not sponsor its ten sports. In addition to the 22 D-I schools, 24 Division II schools are competing in D-I volleyball in the current 2017 men's volleyball season:

text:
Charleston (WV) competes in the EIVA.
Lindenwood, Lewis, McKendree, and Quincy compete in the MIVA.
California Baptist and UC San Diego compete in the MPSF. The 2017 season is the last for UC San Diego in the MPSF, as it will leave to join the new men's volleyball league to be established by the Big West Conference in 2017–18.
Conference Carolinas, the first all-sports conference in either Division I or II to sponsor men's volleyball, has 10 competing teams.

The 2017 season is the last for Pfeiffer in Conference Carolinas and Division II; it is transitioning to Division III and will join the D-III USA South Athletic Conference starting in 2017–18. Should Pfeiffer continue to sponsor men's volleyball, it must do so as a D-III member because that division has its own national championship.

Seven schools compete as men's volleyball independents. Three of these are campuses of the University of Puerto Rico. The other four are Alderson Broaddus, which began play in 2016; established D-II program Coker; Concordia–Irvine, transitioning from the NAIA to D-II; and Lincoln Memorial, which started play in the 2017 season. Concordia–Irvine will join the MPSF in 2017–18. Queens (NC) will add men's volleyball for the 2018 season.

tag: ul

text: Division II does not have a separate national championship, and neither Division I nor II has a sufficient number of teams to sponsor a national championship without the other.

text: Following the 2017 season, the MPSF men's volleyball league will lose half of its 12 members when the Big West Conference adds the sport. The five full Big West members that field men's volleyball teams will be joined by UC San Diego, which has been announced as a future full member of the Big West. At the same time, the MPSF will add Concordia–Irvine from the independent ranks and Grand Canyon from the MIVA.

text: Champions[edit]

text:
NCAA Men's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship[2]

Year
Site
(Host)
Host Arena

Final

Third Place Final / Other participants

Winner
Score
Runner-up
Third Place
Score
Fourth Place

1970
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
UCLA (24–1) 1
3–0
Long Beach State
UC Santa Barbara
2–0
Ball State

1971
Details
UCLA (29–1) 2
3–2
UC Santa Barbara
Ball State
2–0
Springfield

1972
Details
Muncie, Indiana
(Ball State)
Irving Gymnasium
UCLA (27–7) 3
3–2
San Diego State
Ball State
2–0
UC Santa Barbara

1973
Details
San Diego
(San Diego State)
Peterson Gym
San Diego State (21–5)
3–1
Long Beach State
Ball State
2–0
Army

1974
Details
Santa Barbara, California
(UCSB)
Robertson Gymnasium
UCLA (30–5) 4
3–2
UC Santa Barbara
Ball State
2–1
Springfield

1975
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
UCLA (27–8) 5
3–1
UC Santa Barbara
Ohio State
2–0
Yale

1976
Details
Muncie, Indiana
(Ball State)
Irving Gymnasium
UCLA (15–2) 6
3–0
Pepperdine
Ohio State
2–0
Springfield

1977
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
USC (18–1) 1
3–1
Ohio State
Pepperdine
2–0
Rutgers–Newark

1978
Details
Columbus, Ohio
(Ohio State)
St. John Arena
Pepperdine (21–4) 1
3–2
UCLA
Ohio State
2–0
Rutgers–Newark

1979
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
UCLA (30–0) 7
3–1
USC
Rutgers–Newark
3–2
Ball State

1980
Details
Muncie, Indiana
(Ball State)
Irving Gymnasium
USC (22–6) 2
3–1
UCLA
Ohio State
3–0
Rutgers–Newark

1981
Details
Santa Barbara, California
(UCSB)
UCSB Events Center
UCLA (32–3) 8
3–2
USC
Penn State
3–1
Ohio State

1982
Details
University Park, Pennsylvania
(Penn State)
Rec Hall
UCLA (29–0) 9
3–0
Penn State
USC
2–1
Ohio State

1983
Details
Columbus, Ohio
(Ohio State)
St. John Arena
UCLA (27–4) 10
3–0
Pepperdine
Ohio State
3–1
Penn State

1984
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
UCLA (38–0) 11
3–1
Pepperdine
George Mason
3–0
Ball State

1985
Details
Pepperdine (25–2) 2
3–2
USC
George Mason
3–0
Ball State

1986
Details
University Park, Pennsylvania
(Penn State)
Rec Hall
Pepperdine (22–7) 3
3–2
USC
Penn State
3–0
Ohio State

1987
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
UCLA (28–3) 12
3–0
USC
Penn State
3–0
Ohio State

1988
Details
Fort Wayne, Indiana
(IPFW)
ACWMC
USC (34–4) 3
3–2
UC Santa Barbara
Ball State
3–1
George Mason

1989
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
UCLA (29–5) 13
3–1
Stanford
Penn State
3–0
Ball State

1990
Details
Fairfax, Virginia
(George Mason)
Patriot Center
USC (26–7) 4
3–1
Long Beach State
Ball State
3–1
Rutgers–Newark

1991
Details
Honolulu, HI
(Hawaii)
Neal S. Blaisdell Center
Long Beach State (31–4)
3–1
USC
IPFW
3–1
Penn State

1992
Details
Muncie, Indiana
(Ball State)
John E. Worthen Arena
Pepperdine (24–4) 4
3–0
Stanford
Penn State
3–0
IPFW

1993
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
UCLA (24–3) 14
3–0
Cal State Northridge
Penn State
3–2
Ohio State

1994
Details
Fort Wayne, Indiana
(IPFW)
ACWMC
Penn State (26–3) 1
3–2
UCLA
Ball State
3–0
IPFW

1995
Details
Springfield, Massachusetts
(Springfield)
Springfield Civic Center
UCLA (31–1) 15
3–0
Penn State
Ball State
3–1
Hawaii

1996
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
UCLA (26–5) 16
3–2
Hawaii
Lewis and Penn State

1997
Details
Columbus, Ohio
(Ohio State)
St. John Arena
Stanford (27–4) 1
3–2
UCLA
Ball State and Penn State

1998
Details
Honolulu, HI
(Hawaii)
Stan Sheriff Center
UCLA (28–4) 17
3–0
Pepperdine
Lewis and Princeton

1999
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
BYU (30–1) 1
3–0
Long Beach State
IPFW and Penn State

2000
Details
Fort Wayne, Indiana
(IPFW)
ACWMC
UCLA (29–5) 18
3–0
Ohio State
Penn State and Pepperdine

2001
Details
Long Beach, California
(Long Beach State)
The Pyramid
BYU (23–4) 2
3–0
UCLA
Ohio State and Penn State

2002
Details
University Park, Pennsylvania
(Penn State)
Rec Hall
Hawaii (24–8)†
3–1
Pepperdine
Ball State and Penn State

2003
Details
Long Beach, California
(Long Beach State)
The Pyramid
Lewis (29–6)†
3–2
BYU
Penn State and Pepperdine

2004
Details
Honolulu, HI
(Hawaii)
Stan Sheriff Center
BYU (29–4) 3
3–2
Long Beach State
Lewis and Penn State

2005
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
Pepperdine (25–2) 5
3–2
UCLA
Ohio State and Penn State

2006
Details
University Park, Pennsylvania
(Penn State)
Rec Hall
UCLA (26–12) 19
3–0
Penn State
UC Irvine and IPFW

2007
Details
Columbus, Ohio
(Ohio State)
St. John Arena
UC Irvine (29–5) 1
3–1
IPFW
Penn State and Pepperdine

2008
Details
Irvine, California
(UC Irvine)
Bren Events Center
Penn State (30–1) 2
3–1
Pepperdine
Long Beach State and Ohio State

2009
Details
Provo, Utah
(BYU)
Smith Fieldhouse
UC Irvine (27–5)
3–2
USC (21–11)
Ohio State and Penn State

2010
Details
Stanford, California
(Stanford)
Maples Pavilion
Stanford (24–6) 2
3–0
Penn State (24–8)
Cal State Northridge and Ohio State

2011
Details
University Park, Pennsylvania
(Penn State)
Rec Hall
Ohio State (26–6)
3–2
UC Santa Barbara (18–15)
Penn State and USC

2012
Details
Los Angeles
(USC)
Galen Center
UC Irvine (26–5) 3
3–0
USC (24–6)
Lewis and Penn State

2013
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion
UC Irvine[3] (25–7) 4
3–0
BYU (26–5)
Loyola Chicago and Penn State

2014
Details
Chicago
(Loyola Chicago)
Gentile Arena
Loyola Chicago (29-1) 1
3-1
Stanford (24-9)
3rd–BYU and Penn State
5th–Lewis and Erskine

2015
Details
Stanford, California
(Stanford)
Maples Pavilion
Loyola Chicago[4] (28-2) 2
3-2
Lewis (27-4)
3rd–UC Irvine and Penn State
5th–Hawaii and Pfeiffer

2016
Details
University Park, Pennsylvania
(Penn State)
Rec Hall
Ohio State (31-2) 2
3-0
BYU (27-4)
3rd–UCLA and Long Beach State
5th–Erskine and George Mason

2017
Details
Columbus, Ohio
(Ohio State)
St. John Arena
Ohio State (32–2) 3
3-0
BYU (26-5)
3rd–Hawaii and Long Beach State
5th–Barton and Penn State

2018
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion

2019
Details
Long Beach, California
(Long Beach State)
The Pyramid

2020
Details
Fairfax, Virginia
(George Mason)
EagleBank Arena

2021
Details
Columbus, Ohio
(Ohio State)
Covelli Arena

2022
Details
Los Angeles
(UCLA)
Pauley Pavilion

tag: table

text: †Vacated due to NCAA violations

text: Team titles[edit]

text:
School
#
Year won

UCLA
19
1970, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1979, 1981,
1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996,
1998, 2000, 2006

Pepperdine
5
1978, 1985, 1986, 1992, 2005

Southern California
4
1977, 1980, 1988, 1990

UC Irvine
4
2007, 2009, 2012, 2013

Ohio State
3
2011, 2016, 2017

BYU
3
1999, 2001, 2004

Penn State
2
1994, 2008

Stanford
2
1997, 2010

Loyola Chicago
2
2014, 2015

Vacated
2
2002, 2003

Long Beach State
1
1991

San Diego State
1
1973

text: Past tournaments[edit]

text: Historically, California-based universities have dominated the men's volleyball national championship; Loyola Chicago, Penn State, Ohio State and BYU are the only non-California universities to have won the National Collegiate championship; Hawaii and Lewis also won the championship tournament, but had their victories vacated due to NCAA rules violations. Only seven non-California universities have participated in the National Collegiate championship match (Loyola, BYU, Penn State, Ohio State, IPFW, Hawaii, and Lewis), although other universities such as Princeton and Ball State have participated in the final four. Only three finals have involved two non-California schools: the 2003 final, when Lewis defeated BYU but had its win vacated; the 2015 final, in which Loyola defeated Lewis; and the 2016 final, when Ohio State defeated BYU.

text: UCLA, Southern California, Penn State, Stanford, and Long Beach State are the only schools in Division I to have won an NCAA national championship in both men and women's volleyball. (But for Hawaii's vacated 2002 title, it would have matched this feat with 3 NCAA and 1 AIAW women's national championships.) In addition, Stanford (1996–97) and Penn State (2007–08) are the only universities whose men and women's volleyball programs won the national championship in the same academic year. The 2016 championship tournament took place from May 3–7 at Rec Hall on the campus of Penn State.

text:
May 5, 2011 – UC Santa Barbara def. Southern California, 29-27, 24-26, 25-15, 25-18; Ohio State def. Penn St., 25-18, 24-26, 25-22, 25-23
May 7, 2011 – Ohio State def. UC Santa Barbara, 20-25, 25-20, 25-19, 22-25, 15-9

text:
Semi-Finals
Thursday, May 5, 2011
Rec Hall, University Park, Pennsylvania

Championship
Saturday, May 7, 2011
Rec Hall, University Park, Pennsylvania

1
Southern California (1)
27
26
15
18

4
UC Santa Barbara (3)
29
24
25
25

4
UC Santa Barbara (2)
25
20
19
25
9

3
Ohio State (3)
20
25
25
22
15

2
Penn State (1)
18
26
22
23

3
Ohio State (3)
25
24
25
25

text:
April 29, 2012 – Selections
May 3, 2012 – Semifinals (6 p.m./8 p.m. PT) at Galen Center, Los Angeles, California: #1 seed UC Irvine defeated #4 seed Penn State 3-1 (18-25, 25-18, 25-15, 25-19); #2 seed Southern California defeated #3 seed Lewis 3-1 (25-18, 25-12, 18-25, 27-25)
May 5, 2012 – Championship (7 p.m. PT) at Galen Center, Los Angeles, California: UC Irvine defeated Southern California 3-0 (25-22, 34-32, 26-24); 9,612 attended (record)

text:
Semi-Finals
Thursday, May 3, 2012
Galen Center, Los Angeles, CA

Championship
Saturday, May 5, 2012
Galen Center, Los Angeles, CA

1
UC Irvine (3)
18
25
25
25

4
Penn State (1)
25
18
15
19

1
UC Irvine (3)
25
34
26

2
Southern California (0)
22
32
24

2
Southern California (3)
25
25
18
27

3
Lewis (1)
18
12
25
25

text:
April 28, 2013 – Selections
May 2, 2013 – Semifinals (6 p.m./8 p.m. PT) at Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles, NCAA.com: No. 2-seed UC Irvine defeated No. 3-seed Loyola-Chicago 3–0; No. 1-seed BYU defeated No. 4-seed Penn State 3–0
May 4, 2013 – National Championship (6 p.m. PT) at Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles, ESPNU: UC Irvine defeated BYU 3-0 ( 25-23, 25-22, 26-24)
May 4, 2013 – Game Notes: UC Irvine head coach David Kniffin became just the second coach in NCAA men's volleyball history to win a national title in his first season; 6,295 attended the title game
May 4, 2013 – All-Tournament Team: Connor Hughes, who had 11 kills in the title game for UC Irvine (Most Outstanding Player); Chris Austin, UC Irvine; Michael Brinkley, UC Irvine Collin Mehring, UC Irvine; Kevin Tillie, UC Irvine; Ben Patch, BYU; Taylor Sander, BYU

text:
Semi-Finals
Thursday, May 2, 2013
Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles

Championship
Saturday, May 4, 2013
Pauley Pavilion, Los Angeles

1
Brigham Young (3)
25
25
25

4
Penn State (0)
21
16
22

1
Brigham Young (0)
23
22
24

2
UC Irvine (3)
25
25
26

2
UC Irvine (3)
26
25
29

3
Loyola University Chicago (0)
24
18
27

text:
The semifinals and finals 2014 tournament were held in the Gentile Arena in Chicago on the campus of Loyola University Chicago. Two quarterfinal "play-in" matches were held at the Gentile Arena two days prior to the national semifinals, as the 2014 tournament expanded to six teams for the first time ever. A second at-large was added to the field, and the champions of the newly-eligible Conference Carolinas men's volleyball division got an automatic qualification. The six teams were seeded according to the same methods used to seed the teams in previous tournaments, with the top two seeds receiving byes into the Final Four, and the third seed facing the sixth seed and the fourth seed facing the fifth seed in the quarterfinals.[5]
Apr. 29: Quarterfinals (#3 vs. #6 seed; #4 vs. #5 seed)
May 1: Semifinals (#1 vs. #4-#5 winner; #2 vs. #3-#6 winner)
May 3: NCAA Championship

text:
Quarterfinals
Tuesday, April 29, 2014
Gentile Arena, Chicago

Semifinals
Thursday, May 1, 2014
Gentile Arena, Chicago

Championship
Saturday, May 3, 2014
Gentile Arena, Chicago

1
Loyola (Chicago) (3)
25
22
25
18
15

4
Lewis (1)
25
25
23
19

5
Penn State (2)
20
25
21
25
11

5
Penn State (3)
27
19
25
25

1
Loyola (Chicago) (3)
25
19
25
25

3
Stanford (1)
17
25
19
15

2
BYU (2)
18
25
25
27
12

3
Stanford (3)
25
25
25

3
Stanford (3)
25
21
22
29
15

6
Erskine (0)
14
16
16

text:
The semifinals and finals of the 2015 tournament were held in the Maples Pavilion on the campus of Stanford University. Two quarterfinal "play-in" matches were held at the Maples Pavilion two days prior to the national semifinals. The six teams were seeded according to the same methods used to seed the four teams in previous tournaments; the top two seeds received byes into the Final Four, while the third seed faced the sixth seed and the fourth seed faced the fifth seed in the quarterfinals.
May 5: Quarterfinals (#3 vs. #6 seed; #4 vs. #5 seed)
May 7: Semifinals (#1 vs. #4-#5 winner; #2 vs. #3-#6 winner)
May 9: NCAA Championship

text:
Quarterfinals
Tuesday, May 5, 2015
Maples Pavilion, Stanford, California

Semifinals
Thursday, May 7, 2015
Maples Pavilion, Stanford, California

Championship
Saturday, May 9, 2015
Maples Pavilion, Stanford, California

1
Lewis (3)
25
22
25
25

4
Hawaii (1)
22
20
25
25

5
Penn State (1)
20
25
16
20

5
Penn State (3)
25
25
17
27

1
Lewis (2)
25
23
15
27
21

3
Loyola (Chicago) (3)
21
25
25
25
23

2
UC Irvine (0)
22
19
17

3
Loyola (Chicago) (3)
25
33
25

3
Loyola (Chicago) (3)
25
25
25

6
Pfeiffer (0)
20
31
15