document_title: Prime Minister of Australia

question_text: when was the first australian prime minister elected

text: Prime Minister of Australia

text: Constitutional basis and appointment[edit]

text:
Australia

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Australia

Constitution[show]

Constitution of Australia

Statute of Westminster Adoption Act

Australia Act

The Crown[show]

Monarch: Elizabeth II

Governor-General: Sir Peter Cosgrove

Executive[show]

Prime Minister: Malcolm Turnbull

Deputy Prime Minister: Barnaby Joyce

Federal Executive Council

Ministry

Current (71st)
Cabinet

Legislature[show]

Parliament

Senate

President: Scott Ryan

House of Representatives

Speaker: Tony Smith

Opposition

Leader: Bill Shorten

Shadow Ministry

Judiciary[show]

High Court
Lower Courts
Laws of Australia

Elections[show]

Federal electoral system

Electoral divisions

Political parties
Recent elections

Federal: 2016
2013
2010

Federal by-elections
Referendums

States and territories[show]

Governors and Administrators
Premiers and Chief Ministers
Parliaments and Assemblies
State courts
State electoral systems

Local government[show]

NSW
Vic
Qld
WA
SA
Tas
NT

Related topics[show]

Regions
Foreign relations
Defence Force
Public holidays
Republicanism

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: The Prime Minister of Australia is appointed by the Governor-General of Australia under Section 64 of the Australian Constitution, which empowers the Governor-General, as the official representative of the monarch, to appoint government ministers of state and requires them to be members of the House of Representatives or the Senate, or become members within three months of the appointment. The Prime Minister and Treasurer are traditionally members of the House, but the Constitution does not have such a requirement.[8] Before being sworn in as a Minister of the Crown, a person must first be sworn in as a member of the Federal Executive Council if they are not already a member. Membership of the Federal Executive Council entitles the member to the style of The Honourable (usually abbreviated to The Hon) for life, barring exceptional circumstances. The senior members of the Executive Council constitute the Cabinet of Australia.

text: The Prime Minister is, like other ministers, normally sworn in by the Governor-General and then presented with the commission (Letters patent) of office. When defeated in an election, or on resigning, the Prime Minister is said to "hand in the commission" and actually does so by returning it to the Governor-General. In the event of a Prime Minister dying in office, or becoming incapacitated, or for other reasons, the Governor-General can terminate the commission. Ministers hold office "during the pleasure of the Governor-General" (s. 64 of the Constitution of Australia), so theoretically, the Governor-General can dismiss a minister at any time, by notifying them in writing of the termination of their commission; however, their power to do so except on the advice of the Prime Minister is heavily circumscribed by convention.

text: Despite the importance of the office of Prime Minister, the Constitution does not mention the office by name. The conventions of the Westminster system were thought to be sufficiently entrenched in Australia by the authors of the Constitution that it was deemed unnecessary to detail them. The formal title of the portfolio has always been simply "Prime Minister", except for the period of the Fourth Deakin Ministry (June 1909 to April 1910), when it was known as "Prime Minister (without portfolio)".[9]

text: If a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the House of Representatives, or the House passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the Prime Minister is bound by convention to immediately advise the Governor-General to dissolve the House of Representatives and hold a fresh election.

text: Following a resignation in other circumstances, or the death of a Prime Minister, the governor-general will generally appoint as Prime Minister the person elected as leader by the governing party or, in the case of a coalition, the senior party in the coalition. There have been four notable exceptions to this:

text:
When Joseph Lyons, Prime Minister and leader of the United Australia Party (UAP), died suddenly in April 1939, the governor-general, Lord Gowrie, called on Sir Earle Page to become caretaker Prime Minister. Page was the leader of the smaller party in the governing coalition, the Country Party. He held the office for three weeks until the UAP elected a new leader, Robert Menzies.
In August 1941 Menzies resigned as Prime Minister. The UAP was so bereft of leadership at this time that the Country Party leader Arthur Fadden was invited to become Prime Minister, although the Country Party was the smaller of the two coalition parties. The government depended on support from two independents, who two months later voted against Fadden's budget and brought the government down, paving the way for John Curtin to be appointed as Labor Prime Minister.
In July 1945 John Curtin died suddenly. His deputy, Frank Forde, was sworn in the next day as Prime Minister, although the Labor Party had not had an opportunity to meet and elect a new leader. Forde served for eight days until Ben Chifley was elected leader. Chifley was then sworn in, replacing Forde, who became Australia's shortest-serving Prime Minister.
Harold Holt disappeared while swimming on 17 December 1967 and was declared presumed dead on 19 December. The governor-general, Lord Casey, commissioned the Leader of the Country Party, John McEwen, to form a government until the Liberal Party elected a new leader. McEwen was Prime Minister for 23 days, until the election of (then Senator) John Gorton.

text: Excluding the brief transition periods during changes of government or leadership elections, there have only been a handful of cases where someone other than the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives was Prime Minister:

text:
Federation occurred on 1 January 1901, but elections for the first parliament were not scheduled until late March. In the interim, an unelected caretaker government was necessary. In what is now known as the Hopetoun Blunder, the governor-general, Lord Hopetoun, invited Sir William Lyne, the premier of the most populous state, New South Wales, to form a government. Lyne was unable to do so and returned his commission in favour of Edmund Barton, who became the first Prime Minister and led the inaugural government into and beyond the election.
During the second parliament, three parties (Free Trade, Protectionist and Labor) had roughly equal representation in the House of Representatives. The leaders of the three parties, Alfred Deakin, George Reid and Chris Watson each served as Prime Minister before losing a vote of confidence.
As a result of the Labor Party's split over conscription, Billy Hughes and his supporters were expelled from the Labor Party in November 1916. He subsequently continued on as prime minister at the head of the new National Labor Party, which had only 14 members out of a total of 75 in the House of Representatives. The Commonwealth Liberal Party – despite still forming the Official Opposition – provided confidence and supply until February 1917, when the two parties agree to merge and form the Nationalist Party.
During the 1975 constitutional crisis, on 11 November 1975, the governor-general, Sir John Kerr, dismissed the Labor Party's Gough Whitlam as Prime Minister. Despite Labor holding a majority in the House of Representatives, Kerr appointed the Leader of the Opposition, Liberal leader Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister, conditional on the passage of the Whitlam government's Supply bills through the Senate and the calling of an election for both houses of parliament. Fraser accepted these terms and immediately advised a double dissolution. An election was called for 13 December, which the Liberal Party won in its own right (although the Liberals governed in a coalition with the Country Party).

text: Powers and role[edit]

text: Most of the Prime Minister's powers derive from being head of Government. In practice, the Federal Executive Council will act to ratify all decisions made by the cabinet and decisions of the cabinet will always require the support of the Prime Minister. The powers of the governor-general to grant Royal Assent to legislation, to dissolve and prorogue parliament, to call elections and to make appointments are exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister.

text: The Prime Minister is also the responsible minister for the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, which is tasked with supporting the policy agendas of the Prime Minister and Cabinet through policy advice and the coordination of the implementation of key government programs, to manage Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander policy and programs and to promote reconciliation, to provide leadership for the Australian Public Service alongside the Australian Public Service Commission, to oversee the honours and symbols of the Commonwealth, to provide support to ceremonies and official visits, to set whole of government service delivery policy, and to coordinate national security, cyber, counterterrorism, regulatory reform, cities, population, data, and women's policy.[10]

text: The formal power to appoint the Governor-General lies with the Queen of Australia, but this appointment is done on the formal advice of the Prime Minister. By convention, this advice is provided by the Prime Minister alone, and thus the appointment is effectively the Prime Minister's personal choice. The Prime Minister may also advise the monarch to dismiss the Governor-General, though it remains unclear how quickly the monarch would act on such advice in a constitutional crisis. This uncertainty, and the possibility of a "race" between the Governor-General and Prime Minister to sack the other, was a key question in the 1975 constitutional crisis.

text: The power of the Prime Minister is subject to a number of limitations. Prime Ministers removed as leader of their party, or whose government loses a vote of no-confidence in the House of Representatives, are expected to advise an election of the lower house or resign the office. If they fail to do this they will be dismissed by the Governor-General.[11]

text: The Prime Minister's party will normally have a majority in the House of Representatives and party discipline is exceptionally strong in Australian politics, so passage of the government's legislation through the House of Representatives is mostly a formality. Attaining the support of the Senate can be more difficult as government usually lacks an absolute majority because the Senate's representation is based on overall proportion of votes and often includes minor parties.

text: Privileges of office[edit]

text: Salary[edit]

text:
Prime Ministerial salary history

Effective date
Salary

2 June 1999
$289,270

6 September 2006
$309,270

1 July 2007
$330,356

1 October 2009
$340,704[12]

1 August 2010
$354,671[13]

1 July 2011
$366,366

1 December 2011
$440,000

15 March 2012
$481,000[14]

1 July 2012
$495,430[15]

1 July 2013
$507,338[16]

1 January 2016
$517,504[17]

1 July 2017
$527,852[18]

text: On 1 July 2017, the Australian Government's Remuneration Tribunal adjusted the Prime Ministerial salary, raising it to its current amount of $527,852.[18]

text: Allowances[edit]

text: Whilst in office, the Prime Minister has two official residences. The primary official residence is The Lodge in Canberra. Most Prime Ministers have chosen The Lodge as their primary residence because of its security facilities and close proximity to Parliament House. There have been some exceptions, however. James Scullin preferred to live at the Hotel Canberra (now the Hyatt Hotel) and Ben Chifley lived in the Hotel Kurrajong. More recently, John Howard used the Sydney Prime Ministerial residence, Kirribilli House, as his primary accommodation. On her appointment on 24 June 2010, Julia Gillard said she would not be living in The Lodge until such time as she was returned to office by popular vote at the next general election. (She became Prime Minister mid-term after replacing the incumbent, Kevin Rudd, who resigned in the face of an unwinnable party-room ballot.) During his first term, Rudd had a staff at The Lodge consisting of a senior chef and an assistant chef, a child carer, one senior house attendant, and two junior house attendants. At Kirribilli House in Sydney, there is one full-time chef and one full-time house attendant.[19] The official residences are fully staffed and catered for both the Prime Minister and their family. In addition, both have extensive security facilities. These residences are regularly used for official entertaining, such as receptions for Australian of the Year finalists.

text: The Prime Minister receives a number of transport amenities for official business. The Royal Australian Air Force's No. 34 Squadron transports the Prime Minister within Australia and overseas by specially converted Boeing Business Jets and smaller Challenger aircraft. The aircraft contain secure communications equipment as well as an office, conference room and sleeping compartments. The call-sign for the aircraft is "Envoy". For ground travel, the Prime Minister is transported in an armoured BMW 7 Series model. It is referred to as "C-1", or Commonwealth One, because of its licence plate. It is escorted by police vehicles from state and federal authorities.[20]

text: After office[edit]

text: Prime Ministers are usually granted certain privileges after leaving office, such as office accommodation, staff assistance, and a Life Gold Pass, which entitles the holder to travel within Australia for "non-commercial" purposes at government expense.

text: Only one Prime Minister who had left the Federal Parliament ever returned. Stanley Bruce was defeated in his own seat in 1929 while Prime Minister, but was re-elected to parliament in 1931. Other Prime Ministers were elected to parliaments other than the Australian federal parliament: Sir George Reid was elected to the UK House of Commons (after his term as High Commissioner to the UK); and Frank Forde was re-elected to the Queensland Parliament (after his term as High Commissioner to Canada, and a failed attempt to re-enter the Federal Parliament).

text:
Privileges of office

The Lodge

Kirribilli House

Prime Ministerial car

Official aircraft

text: Acting and interim Prime Ministers[edit]

text: From time to time Prime Ministers are required to leave the country on government business and a deputy acts in their place during that time. In the days before jet aircraft, such absences could be for extended periods. For example, William Watt was acting prime Minister for 16 months, from April 1918 until August 1919, when Prime Minister Billy Hughes was away at the Paris Peace Conference,[21] and Senator George Pearce was acting Prime Minister for more than seven months in 1916.[22] An acting Prime Minister is also appointed when the prime minister takes leave. The Deputy Prime Minister most commonly becomes acting Prime Minister in those circumstances.

text: Three Prime Ministers have died in office – Joseph Lyons (1939), John Curtin (1945) and Harold Holt (1967) – and Robert Menzies resigned as Prime Minister in 1941. In each of these cases the Deputy Prime Minister (an unofficial office at the time) became an interim Prime Minister, pending an election of a new leader of the government party. In none of these cases was the interim Prime Minister successful at the subsequent election.

text: Former Prime Ministers[edit]

text: As of April 2018, there are six living former Australian Prime Ministers.[23]

text:
Bob Hawke
In office: 1983–1991
Age: 88

Paul Keating
In office: 1991–1996
Age: 74

John Howard
In office: 1996–2007
Age: 78

Kevin Rudd
In office: 2007–2010; 13
Age: 60

Julia Gillard
In office: 2010–2013
Age: 56

Tony Abbott,
In office: 2013–2015
Age: 60

text: The greatest number of living former Prime Ministers at any one time was eight. This has occurred twice:

text:
Between 7 October 1941 (when John Curtin succeeded Arthur Fadden) and 18 November 1941 (when Chris Watson died), the eight living former Prime Ministers were Bruce, Cook, Fadden, Hughes, Menzies, Page, Scullin and Watson.
Between 13 July 1945 (when Ben Chifley succeeded Frank Forde) and 30 July 1947 (when Sir Joseph Cook died), the eight living former Prime Ministers were Bruce, Cook, Fadden, Forde, Hughes, Menzies, Page and Scullin.

text: Of the other Prime Ministers, Ben Chifley died only one year and six months after leaving the Prime Ministership and Alfred Deakin lived another nine years and five months.[24]

text: All the others who have left office have lived at least another 10 years. Nine of them (Bruce, Cook, Fadden, Forde, Fraser, Gorton, Hughes, Watson, and Whitlam) lived more than 25 years after leaving the office, and all but one of them have survived longer than 30 years (Hughes lived for 29 years and 8 months following service). Bob Hawke, who is, as of 2017[update], still alive, has also lived 25 years beyond the end of his prime ministership.

text: The longest-surviving was Gough Whitlam, who lived 38 years and 11 months after office, surpassing Stanley Bruce's previous record of 37 years and 10 months after leaving the office.[25]

text: Ages[edit]

text: The three youngest people when they first became Prime Minister were:

text:
Chris Watson – 37[26]
Stanley Bruce – 39[27]
Robert Menzies – 44[28]

text: The three oldest people when they first became Prime Minister were:

text:
John McEwen – 67[29]
William McMahon – 63[30]
Malcolm Turnbull – 60

text: The three youngest people to last leave the office of Prime Minister were:

text:
Chris Watson – 37
Arthur Fadden – 46 years 5 months 22 days[31]
Stanley Bruce – 46 years 6 months 7 days

text: The three oldest people to last leave the office of Prime Minister were:

text:
Robert Menzies – 71
John Howard – 68
John McEwen – 67

text: List and timeline[edit]

text: The longest-serving Prime Minister was Sir Robert Menzies, who served in office twice: from 26 April 1939 to 28 August 1941, and again from 19 December 1949 to 26 January 1966. In total Robert Menzies spent 18 years, 5 months and 12 days in office. He served under the United Australia Party and the Liberal Party respectively.

text: The shortest-serving Prime Minister was Frank Forde, who was appointed to the position on 6 July 1945 after the death of John Curtin, and served until 13 July 1945 when Ben Chifley was elected leader of the Australian Labor Party.

text: Australian Labor Party   Liberal Party of Australia   Australian Country Party   Nationalist Party of Australia   United Australia Party   Commonwealth Liberal Party   National Labor Party   Free Trade Party   Protectionist Party

text:
No.
Name
(birth–death)
Portrait
Party
Term of office
Electorate served
Elections won
Ministry
Ref

1
Sir Edmund Barton
(1849–1920)

Protectionist
1 January
1901
24 September
1903
Hunter, NSW,
1901–1903 (resigned)
1901
Barton
[32]

2
Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919)

Protectionist
24 September
1903
27 April
1904
Ballaarat, Vic,[Note 1]
1901–1913 (retired)
1903
1st Deakin
[33]

3
Chris Watson
(1867–1941)

Labour
27 April
1904
18 August
1904
Bland, NSW,
1901–1906
South Sydney, NSW,
1906–1910 (retired)
—
Watson
[26]

4
George Reid
(1845–1918)

Free Trade
18 August
1904
5 July
1905
East Sydney, NSW,
1901–1909 (resigned)
—
Reid
[34]

(2)
Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919)

Protectionist
5 July
1905
13 November
1908
Ballaarat, Vic,[Note 1]
1901–1913 (retired)
—
2nd Deakin

1906
3rd Deakin

5
Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928)

Labour
13 November
1908
2 June
1909
Wide Bay, Qld,
1901–1915 (resigned)
—
1st Fisher
[35]

(2)
Alfred Deakin
(1856–1919)

Commonwealth Liberal
2 June
1909
29 April
1910
Ballaarat, Vic,[Note 1]
1901–1913 (retired)
—
4th Deakin

(5)
Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928)

Labor
29 April
1910
24 June
1913
Wide Bay, Qld,
1901–1915 (resigned)
1910
2nd Fisher

6
Joseph Cook
(1860–1947)

Commonwealth Liberal
24 June
1913
17 September
1914
Parramatta, NSW,
1901–1921 (resigned)
1913
Cook
[36]

(5)
Andrew Fisher
(1862–1928)

Labor
17 September
1914
27 October
1915
Wide Bay, Qld,
1901–1915 (resigned)
1914
3rd Fisher

Billy Hughes
(1862–1952)

Labor
27 October
1915
14 November
1916
West Sydney, NSW,
1901–1917
Bendigo, Vic,
1917–1922
North Sydney, NSW,
1922–1949
Bradfield, NSW,
1949–1952 (died)
—
1st Hughes
[37]

7
National Labor
14 November
1916
17 February
1917
—
2nd Hughes

Nationalist
17 February
1917
9 February
1923
—
3rd Hughes

1917
4th Hughes

1919
5th Hughes

8
Stanley Bruce
(1883–1967)

Nationalist
(Coalition)
9 February
1923
22 October
1929
Flinders, Vic,
1918–1929 (defeated) ;
1931–1933 (resigned)
1922
1st Bruce
[27]

1925
2nd Bruce

1928
3rd Bruce

9
James Scullin
(1876–1953)

Labor
22 October
1929
6 January
1932
Corangamite, Vic,
1910–1913 (defeated)
Yarra, Vic,
1922–1949 (retired)
1929
Scullin
[38]

10
Joseph Lyons
(1879–1939)

United Australia
(Coalition)
6 January
1932
7 April
1939†
Wilmot, Tas,
1929–1939 (died)
1931
1st Lyons
[39]

1934
2nd Lyons

—
3rd Lyons

1937
4th Lyons

11
Sir Earle Page
(1880–1961)

Country
(Coalition)
7 April
1939
26 April
1939
Cowper, NSW
1919–1961 (defeated)
—
Page
[40]

12
Robert Menzies
(1894–1978)

United Australia
(Coalition)
26 April
1939
28 August
1941
Kooyong, Vic,
1934–1966 (resigned)
—
1st Menzies
[28]

2nd Menzies

1940
3rd Menzies

13
Arthur Fadden
(1894–1973)

Country
(Coalition)
28 August
1941
7 October
1941
Darling Downs, Qld
1936–1949
McPherson, Qld
1949–1958 (retired)
—
Fadden
[31]

14
John Curtin
(1885–1945)

Labor
7 October
1941
5 July
1945†
Fremantle, WA,
1928–1931 (defeated) ;
1934–1945 (died)
—
1st Curtin

1943
2nd Curtin

15
Frank Forde
(1890–1983)

Labor
6 July
1945
13 July
1945
Capricornia, Qld,
1922–1946 (defeated)
—
Forde

16
Ben Chifley
(1885–1951)

Labor
13 July
1945
19 December
1949
Macquarie, NSW,
1928–1931 (defeated) ;
1940–1951 (died)
—
1st Chifley

1946
2nd Chifley

(12)
Sir Robert Menzies
(1894–1978)

Liberal
(Coalition)
19 December
1949
26 January
1966
Kooyong, Vic,
1934–1966 (resigned)
1949
4th Menzies

1951
5th Menzies

1954
6th Menzies

1955
7th Menzies

1958
8th Menzies

1961
9th Menzies

1963
10th Menzies

17
Harold Holt
(1908–1967)

Liberal
(Coalition)
26 January
1966
19 December
1967†
Fawkner, Vic,
1935–1949
Higgins, Vic,
1949–1967 (disappeared)
—
1st Holt

1966
2nd Holt

18
John McEwen
(1900–1980)

Country
(Coalition)
19 December
1967
10 January
1968
Echuca, Vic,
1934–1937
Indi, Vic,
1937–1949
Murray, Vic,
1949–1971 (resigned)
—
McEwen

19
John Gorton
(1911–2002)

Liberal
(Coalition)
10 January
1968
10 March
1971
Senator 1950–1968 (resigned)[Note 2]
MP for Higgins, Vic,
1968–1975 (retired)[Note 3]

—
1st Gorton

1969
2nd Gorton

20
William McMahon
(1908–1988)

Liberal
(Coalition)
10 March
1971
5 December
1972
Lowe, NSW,
1949–1982 (resigned)
—
McMahon

21
Gough Whitlam
(1916–2014)

Labor
5 December
1972
11 November
1975
Werriwa, NSW,
1952–1978 (resigned)
1972
1st Whitlam

—
2nd Whitlam

1974
3rd Whitlam

22
Malcolm Fraser
(1930–2015)

Liberal
(Coalition)
11 November
1975
11 March
1983
Wannon, Vic,
1955–1983 (resigned)
—
1st Fraser

1975
2nd Fraser

1977
3rd Fraser

1980
4th Fraser

23
Bob Hawke
(1929–)

Labor
11 March
1983
20 December
1991
Wills, Vic,
1980–1992 (resigned)
1983
1st Hawke

1984
2nd Hawke

1987
3rd Hawke

1990
4th Hawke

24
Paul Keating
(1944–)

Labor
20 December
1991
11 March
1996
Blaxland, NSW,
1969–1996 (resigned)
—
1st Keating

1993
2nd Keating

25
John Howard
(1939–)

Liberal
(Coalition)
11 March
1996
3 December
2007
Bennelong, NSW,
1974–2007 (defeated)
1996
1st Howard

1998
2nd Howard

2001
3rd Howard

2004
4th Howard

26
Kevin Rudd
(1957–)

Labor
3 December
2007
24 June
2010
Griffith, Qld,
1998–2013 (resigned)
2007
1st Rudd

27
Julia Gillard
(1961–)

Labor
24 June
2010
27 June
2013
Lalor, Vic,
1998–2013 (retired)
—
1st Gillard

2010
2nd Gillard

(26)
Kevin Rudd
(1957–)

Labor
27 June
2013
18 September
2013
Griffith, Qld,
1998–2013 (resigned)
—
2nd Rudd

28
Tony Abbott
(1957–)

Liberal
(Coalition)
18 September
2013
15 September
2015
Warringah, NSW,
since 1994
2013
Abbott

29
Malcolm Turnbull
(1954–)

Liberal
(Coalition)
15 September
2015
Incumbent
Wentworth, NSW,
since 2004
—
1st Turnbull

2016
2nd Turnbull