document_title: The Passion of the Christ

question_text: when did the passion of the christ come out

question_tokens: when did the passion of the christ come out

text: The Passion of the Christ

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the late hours of night at the forested garden of Gethsemane, Jesus Christ (Caviezel), at the height of his cause, prays while his disciples Peter, James, and John (James's brother) sleep. After he wakes them and tells them to pray, Jesus walks to a secluded portion of the forest wherein during his prayer, Satan appears in a hooded ghost-like androgynous, albino form, and tempts him with reasonable doubt, stating - "it is not right for one man to die for their (humanity's) sins." Ignoring it and praying on, Jesus' sweat turns into blood and drips to the ground while a snake emerges from Satan's guise. Jesus hears his disciples call out for him, and he rebukes Satan by crushing the snake's head with his heel, and Satan vanishes.

text: Meanwhile, Judas Iscariot, another of Jesus' disciples, having received a bribe of thirty pieces of silver, leads a group of temple guards to the forest and betrays Jesus (by confirmation of his identity) with a simple kiss on the cheek. As the armed guards move in to arrest Jesus, Peter draws his dagger and slashes off the ear of Malchus, one of the guards and a servant of the high priest Caiaphas. Jesus, in turn, heals the ear as he reprimands Peter for his actions. As the disciples flee, the guards secure Jesus, and beat him during the journey to the Sanhedrin.

text: John informs Mary, mother of Jesus and Mary Magdalene of the arrest, while Peter follows Jesus and his captors at a distance. Caiaphas holds trial over the objection of some of the other priests, who are expelled from the court. When questioned by Caiaphas if he is the Son of God, Jesus replies, "I am". A horrified Caiaphas tears his robes in outrage and Jesus is condemned to death for blasphemy. Peter, secretly watching, is confronted by the surrounding mob for being a follower of Jesus, and he angrily denies this three times. But after cursing at the mob during the third denial, a sobbing Peter flees after remembering that Jesus had foretold this coping of a defense. At the same time, a guilt-ridden Judas attempts to return the money he was paid to have Jesus freed, but is refused by the priests. Tormented by demons, he flees the city, finds solitude. By sunrise, he hangs himself from a tree with a rope he finds on a decaying donkey corpse.

text: Caiaphas brings Jesus before Pontius Pilate to be condemned to death, but after questioning Jesus and finding no fault, a sympathetic Pilate instead relays him to the court of Herod Antipas, as Jesus is from Antipas' ruling town of Nazareth, Galilee. After Jesus is again found not guilty and returned, Pilate offers the crowd options for either him to chastise Jesus, or release him. He then attempts to have Jesus freed by the peoples' choice, between Jesus and a violent criminal Barabbas. To his dismay and anger, the crowd demands to have Barabbas freed and Jesus killed. In an attempt to appease the moment, Pilate orders that he simply be punished but not killed. Jesus is brutally scourged, abused, and mocked by the Roman guards as "king of the Jews" with a crown of thorns until Abenader, the general, angrily stops them. However, Caiaphas, with the crowds' verbal backing, continues to demand that Jesus be crucified as a heretic and Barabbas released. Admonished, Pilate washes his hands, takes no responsibility of the incident, and reluctantly orders Jesus' crucifixion. During the course of events, Satan watches Jesus' bloody sufferings with great interest. A dismayed Pilate watches the march, while his wife Claudia, who knows of Jesus' status as a holy man, comforts him.

text: As Jesus labors to carry a heavy wooden cross along the Via Dolorosa to Calvary, a woman avoids the escort of soldiers, and wipes Jesus' face with her veil. Jesus is beaten and pressed by the guards until the unwilling Simon of Cyrene is forced into carrying the cross with him. At the end of their travel, with his mother Mary, Mary Magdalene, and others witnessing, Jesus is crucified. The very act seems to affect the weather conditions of the earth itself.

text: Hanging from the cross, Jesus prays to God asking forgiveness for the people who did this to him, and redeems a criminal as a saint who is crucified beside him. Succumbing to impending death, Jesus gives up his spirit and dies. A single droplet of rain falls from the sky to the ground, triggering a sudden earthquake which destroys the temple and rips the cloth covering the Holy of Holies in two, to the horror of Caiaphas and the other priests. Satan is shown screaming in agonized defeat. Jesus' lifeless body is taken down from the cross, and entombed. In the end, the healed body of Jesus rises from the dead and exits the tomb resurrected.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Caviezel as Jesus Christ
Maia Morgenstern as Mary
Hristo Zhivkov as John
Monica Bellucci as Mary Magdalene
Francesco De Vito as Peter
Mattia Sbragia as Caiphas
Toni Bertorelli as Annas ben Seth
Luca Lionello as Judas Iscariot
Hristo Shopov as Pontius Pilate
Rosalinda Celentano as Satan
Claudia Gerini as Claudia Procles
Fabio Sartor as Abenader
Luca De Dominicis as Herod Ántipas
Chokri Ben Zagden as James
Jarreth Merz as Simon of Cyrene
Sergio Rubini as Dismas
Francesco Cabras as Gesmas
Giovanni Capalbo as Cassius
Roberto Bestazoni as Malchus
Sabrina Impacciatore as Seraphia
Pietro Sarubbi as Barabbas
Matt Patresi as Janus
Ted Rusoff as Chief Elder
Giacinto Ferro as Joseph of Arimathea
Aleksander Mincer as Nicodemus

text: Themes[edit]

text: In The Passion: Photography from the Movie "The Passion of the Christ", director Mel Gibson says: "This is a movie about love, hope, faith and forgiveness. He [Jesus] died for all mankind, suffered for all of us. It's time to get back to that basic message. The world has gone nuts. We could all use a little more love, faith, hope and forgiveness."

text: Source material[edit]

text: New Testament[edit]

text: According to Mel Gibson, the primary source material for The Passion of the Christ is the four canonical Gospel narratives of Christ's passion. The film includes a trial of Jesus at Herod's court, which is only found in the Gospel of Luke. Many of the utterances from Jesus in the film cannot be directly sourced to the Gospel and are part of a wider Christian narrative. The film also draws from other parts of the New Testament. The line spoken by Jesus in the film, "I make all things new," is found in the Book of Revelation.[13]

text: Tanakh[edit]

text: The film also refers to the Tanakh. The film begins with an epigraph from the Fourth Song of the Suffering Servant from Isaiah.[14] In the opening scene set in the Garden of Gethsemane, Jesus crushes a serpent's head in direct visual allusion to Genesis 3:15.[15] Throughout the film, Jesus quotes from the Psalms, beyond the instances recorded in the New Testament.

text: Traditional iconography and stories[edit]

text: Many of the depictions in the film deliberately mirror traditional representations of the Passion in art. For example, the fourteen Stations of the Cross are central to the depiction of the Via Dolorosa in The Passion of the Christ. All the stations are portrayed except for the eighth station (Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem, a deleted scene on the DVD) and the fourteenth station (Jesus is laid in the tomb). Gibson was also visually inspired by the representation of Jesus on the Shroud of Turin.[16]

text: At the suggestion of actress Maia Morgenstern, the Passover Seder is quoted early in the film. Mary asks "Why is this night different from other nights?", and Mary Magdalene replies with the traditional response: "Because once we were slaves and we are slaves no longer".[17]

text: The conflation of Mary Magdalene with the adulteress saved from stoning by Jesus has some precedent in tradition, and according to the director was done for dramatic reasons. The names of some characters in the film are traditional and extra-Scriptural, such as the thieves crucified alongside the Christ, Dismas and Gesmas (also Gestas).

text: Catholic devotional writings[edit]

text: Screenwriters Gibson and Benedict Fitzgerald said that they read many accounts of Christ's Passion for inspiration, including the devotional writings of Roman Catholic mystics. A principal source is The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ[18] the visions of the stigmatic German nun Anne Catherine Emmerich (1774–1824), as written by the poet Clemens Brentano.[5][6][7] A careful reading of Emmerich's book shows the film's high level of dependence on it.[5][6][19]

text: However, Brentano's attribution of the book The Dolorous Passion to Emmerich has been subject to dispute, with allegations that Brentano wrote much of the book himself; a Vatican investigation concluding that: "It is absolutely not certain that she ever wrote this".[20][21][22] In his review of the movie in the Catholic publication America, Jesuit priest John O' Malley used the terms "devout fiction" and "well-intentioned fraud" to refer to the writings of Clemens Brentano.[4][20]

text: Among the many elements taken from The Dolorous Passion are scenes such as the suspension of Jesus from a bridge after his arrest by the Temple guards, the torment of Judas by demons after he had handed over Jesus to the Sanhedrin, the wiping up of the blood of Jesus after his scourging, and the dislocation of Jesus' shoulder so that his palm would reach the hole bored for the nail.[18]

text: Differences from traditional Passion story[edit]

text: Certain elements of The Passion of the Christ do not have precedent in earlier depictions of the Passion. In the Garden of Gethsemane scene at the beginning of the movie, Satan appears and attempts to distract Jesus while he is praying. Jesus then crushes a serpent beneath his heel (a reference to the protoevangelium, Genesis 3:15 – a prophecy of Messiah); this does not occur in any of the gospels. In another example, Judas Iscariot is tormented by children who appear as demons to him. The film gives focus to the fragile relationship of Tiberius Caesar with Pontius Pilate through Pilate's discussion with his wife about imperial orders to avert further Judean revolts. The movie clearly identifies Simon of Cyrene as Jewish, although the Synoptic Gospels provide only his name and place of origin. In the film, a Roman soldier derides Simon (who helps Jesus bear the cross) by derisively calling him Jew. In contrast, Simon is described as a pagan in The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ.[18] Another major difference that passes most unnoticed is the INRI titulus on Christ's cross which is written only in two languages (however occupying three lines), instead of three as mentioned in the Gospels.

text: Other scenes unique to the film include the one in which the crucified thief who taunted Christ has his eye pecked out by a crow (in some Catholic iconography a crow is represented above the bad thief and a dove or angel above the good thief) and the flashback of Christ at an earlier time building an elevated, four-legged table for a Roman. The scene of Satan carrying a demonic baby during Christ's flogging has been construed as a perversion of traditional depictions of the Madonna and Child, and also as a representation of Satan and the Antichrist. Gibson described this scene:

text: It's evil distorting what's good. What is more tender and beautiful than a mother and a child? So the Devil takes that and distorts it just a little bit. Instead of a normal mother and child you have an androgynous figure holding a 40-year-old 'baby' with hair on his back. It is weird, it is shocking, it's almost too much – just like turning Jesus over to continue scourging him on his chest is shocking and almost too much, which is the exact moment when this appearance of the Devil and the baby takes place.[23]

text: Production[edit]

text: Script and language[edit]

text: Gibson originally announced that he would use two old languages without subtitles and rely on "filmic storytelling". Because the story of the Passion is so well-known, Gibson felt the need to avoid vernacular languages in order to surprise audiences: "I think it's almost counterproductive to say some of these things in a modern language. It makes you want to stand up and shout out the next line, like when you hear 'To be or not to be' and you instinctively say to yourself, 'That is the question.'"[24] The script was written in English by Gibson and Benedict Fitzgerald, then translated by William Fulco, S.J., a professor at Loyola Marymount University, into Latin and reconstructed Aramaic. Gibson chose to use Latin instead of Greek, which was the lingua franca of that particular part of the Roman Empire at the time, since there is no source for the Koine Greek spoken in that region. The street Greek spoken in the ancient Levant region of Jesus' day is not the exact Greek language used in the Bible.[25] Fulco sometimes incorporated deliberate errors in pronunciations and word endings when the characters were speaking a language unfamiliar to them, and some of the crude language used by the Roman soldiers was not translated in the subtitles.[26]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was produced independently and shot in Italy, primarily at Cinecittà Studios in Rome, in the old city of Matera, and in the ghost town of Craco (Basilicata).[27] The estimated US$30 million production cost, plus an additional estimated $15 million in marketing costs, were fully borne by Gibson and his company, Icon Productions. According to the DVD Special Feature, Martin Scorsese had recently finished his film, Gangs of New York, and Gibson and his production designers constructed part of their set using Scorsese's set. This saved Gibson a lot of time and money.

text: Gibson's film was released on Ash Wednesday, February 25, 2004. It was rated R by the Motion Picture Association of America for "sequences of graphic violence". Icon Entertainment distributed the theatrical version of the film, and 20th Century Fox distributed the VHS/DVD/Blu-ray version of the film.

text: Gibson consulted several theological advisers during filming, including Fr. Jonathan Morris. During filming, assistant director Jan Michelini was struck twice by lightning. Minutes later, Jim Caviezel was also struck.[28][29][30]

text: Music[edit]

text: Three albums were released with Mel Gibson's co-operation: (1) the film soundtrack of John Debney's original orchestral score conducted by Nick Ingman; (2) The Passion of the Christ: Songs, by producers Mark Joseph and Tim Cook, with original compositions by various artists, and (3) The Passion of the Christ: Songs Inspired By. The first two albums each received a 2005 Dove award, and the soundtrack received an Academy Award nomination of Best Original Music Score.

text: A preliminary score was composed and recorded by Lisa Gerrard and Patrick Cassidy, but was incomplete at film's release. Jack Lenz was the primary musical researcher and one of the composers;[31] several clips of his compositions have been posted online.[32]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Title change[edit]

text: Although Mel Gibson wanted to call his film The Passion, on October 16, 2003, his spokesman announced that the title used in the United States would be The Passion of Christ because Miramax Films had already registered the title The Passion with the MPAA for the 1987 novel by Jeanette Winterson.[33] Later, the title was changed again to The Passion of the Christ for all markets.

text: Distribution and marketing[edit]

text: Gibson began production on his film without securing outside funding or distribution. In 2002, he explained why he could not get backing from the Hollywood studios: "This is a film about something that nobody wants to touch, shot in two dead languages. In Los Angeles they think I am insane, and maybe I am."[34] Gibson and his Icon Productions company provided the film's sole backing, spending about $30 million on production costs and an estimated $15 million on marketing.[35] After early accusations of anti-Semitism, it became difficult for Gibson to find an American distribution company. 20th Century Fox had a first-look deal with Icon and passed on the film in response to public protests.[36] In order to avoid the spectacle of other studios turning down the film and to avoid subjecting the distributor to the same intense public criticism he had received, Gibson decided to distribute the movie in the United States himself, with Newmarket Films.[37]

text: Gibson departed from the usual film marketing formula. He employed a small-scale television advertising campaign with no press junkets.[38] The Passion of the Christ was heavily promoted by many church groups, both within their organizations and to the public.[39] The United Methodist Church stated that many of its members, like other Christians, felt that the movie was a good way to evangelize non-believers.[40] As a result, many congregations planned to be at the theaters, some of whom set up tables to answer questions and share prayers.[40] Rev. John Tanner, pastor of Cove United Methodist Church, Hampton Cove, Alabama has said: "They feel the film presents a unique opportunity to share Christianity in a way today's public can identify with."[40]

text: Evangelical support[edit]

text: The Passion of the Christ received enthusiastic support from the American evangelical community.[41] Prior to the film's release, Gibson actively reached out to evangelical leaders seeking their support and feedback.[42] With their help, Gibson organized and attended a series of prerelease screenings for evangelical audiences and discussed the making of the film and his personal faith. In June 2003 he screened the film for 800 pastors attending a leadership conference at New Life Church, pastored by Ted Haggard, then president of the National Association of Evangelicals.[43] Gibson gave similar showings at Joel Osteen's Lakewood Church, Greg Laurie's Harvest Christian Fellowship, and to 3,600 pastors at a conference at Rick Warren's Saddleback Church in Lake Forest.[44] From the summer of 2003 to the film's release in February 2004, portions or rough cuts of the film were shown to over eighty audiences—many of which were evangelical audiences.[45] Gibson received numerous public endorsements from evangelical leaders, including Billy Graham, Robert Schuller, Darrell Bock, and David Neff, editor of Christianity Today.[45] In an open letter published prior to the film's release, James Dobson, the founder and chairman of Focus on the Family, endorsed the film and defended it against its detractors.[46] Similar public endorsements of the film were received from evangelical leaders Pat Robertson, Rick Warren, Lee Strobel, Jerry Falwell, Max Lucado, Tim LaHaye and Chuck Colson.[47]

text: Release[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Passion of the Christ opened in the United States on February 25, 2004 (Ash Wednesday, the beginning of Lent). It earned $83,848,082 in its opening weekend, ranking it fourth overall in domestic opening weekend earnings for 2004. It went on to earn $370,782,930 overall in the United States,[2] and remained the highest grossing R-rated film in the domestic market. (U.S. & Canada).[48][49][50][51][52] The film sold an estimated 59,625,500 tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[53]

text: In Malaysia, government censors initially banned it completely, but after Christian leaders protested, the restriction was lifted, but only for Christian audiences, allowing them to view the film in specially designated theatres.[54] In Israel, the film was not banned. However, it never received theatrical distribution because no Israeli distributor would market the movie.[55]

text: Despite the various controversies and refusals of certain governments to allow the film to be viewed in wide release, The Passion of the Christ earned $611,899,420 worldwide.[2] The film was also a relative success in certain countries with large Muslim populations,[56] such as in Egypt, where it ranked 20th overall in its box office numbers for 2004.[57] The film was the highest grossing non-English-language film of all time[58] until 2017, when it was surpassed by Wolf Warrior 2.[59]

text: Theatrical re-release[edit]

text: An edited version titled The Passion Recut was released on March 11, 2005, with five minutes of the most explicit violence deleted to broaden the audience. Gibson explained his reasoning for the new version of the film:

text:
“
After the initial run in movie theaters, I received numerous letters from people all across the country. Many told me they wanted to share the experience with loved ones but were concerned that the harsher images of the film would be too intense for them to bear. In light of this I decided to re-edit The Passion of the Christ.[60]
”

text: Despite the attempt to tone down the content, the Motion Picture Association of America deemed the film too violent to rate PG-13, so Gibson released it as unrated.[60] The re-release showed for three weeks.[61]

text: Home media[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: On August 31, 2004, the film was released on DVD,[62] VHS, and later D-VHS in North America by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. As with the original theatrical release, the film's release on home video formats proved to be very popular. Early reports indicated that over 2.4 million copies of the film were sold by the middle of the day. The film was available on DVD with English and Spanish subtitles and on VHS tape with English subtitles. The film was released on Blu-ray in North America as a two-disc Definitive Edition set on February 17, 2009.[63] It was also released on Blu-ray in Australia a week before Easter.[citation needed]

text: Although the original DVD release sold well, it contained no extra materials other than soundtrack language selections. The no-frills edition provoked speculation about when a special edition would be released. On January 30, 2007, a two-disc Definitive Edition was released in the North American markets, and March 26 elsewhere. It contains several documentaries, soundtrack commentaries, deleted scenes, outtakes, the 2005 unrated version, and the original 2004 theatrical version.[64]

text: The British version of the two-disc DVD contains two additional deleted scenes. In the first, Jesus meets the women of Jerusalem (at the eighth station of the cross) and falls to the ground as the women wail around him, and Simon of Cyrene attempts to hold up the cross and help up Jesus simultaneously. Afterwards, while both are holding up the cross, Jesus says to the women weeping for him, "Do not weep for me, but for yourselves and for your children". In the second, Pilate washes his hands, turns to Caiaphas, and says: "Look you to it" (i.e., the Pharisees wish to have Jesus crucified). Pilate then turns to Abanader and says: "Do as they wish". The scene next shows Pilate calling to his servant, who is carrying a wooden board on which Pilate writes, "Jesus of Nazareth king of the Jews", in Latin and Hebrew. He[who?] then holds the board above his head in full view of Caiaphas, who after reading it challenges Pilate on its content. Pilate replies angrily to Caiaphas in non-subtitled Hebrew. The disc contains only two deleted scenes in total. No other scenes from the movie are shown on disc 2.[65]

text: On February 7, 2017, 20th Century Fox re-released the film on Blu-Ray and DVD featuring both cuts. Only the original theatrical version is dubbed in English,Spanish[66] this marks the first time the film has ever been dubbed in another language.

text: Television broadcast[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: On April 17, 2011 (Palm Sunday), Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN) presented a world television premiere of the film at 7:30 pm ET/PT, with multiple showings scheduled. The network has continued to air the film throughout the year, and particularly around Easter.[67]

text: On March 29, 2013 (Good Friday), as a part of their special Holy Week programming, TV5 presented the Filipino-dubbed version of the film at 2:00 pm (PST, UTC+8) in the Philippines. Its total broadcast ran for two hours, but excluding the advertisements, it would only run up for approximately one hour instead of its full run time of two hours and six minutes. It ended exactly at 4:00 p.m. It has been rated SPG by the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) for themes, language and violence with some scenes censored for television. TV5 is the first broadcast network outside of the United States and dubbed the Vernacular Hebrew and Latin language to Filipino (through translating its supplied English subtitles).

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Passion of the Christ polarized critics: Jim Caviezel's performance, the musical score, the sound, the makeup, and the cinematography were praised, while the film's graphic violence and alleged antisemitic undertones were singled out for criticism. The film has a "rotten" rating of 49% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 268 reviews with an average score of 5.9 out of 10. The consensus states "The graphic details of Jesus' torture make the movie tough to sit through and obscure whatever message it is trying to convey."[68] The film's Metacritic score of 47 out of 100, based on 43 critics, indicates "mixed or average reviews".[69] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[70]

text: In a positive review for Time, Richard Corliss called The Passion of the Christ "a serious, handsome, excruciating film that radiates total commitment."[69] New York Press film critic Armond White praised Gibson's direction, comparing him to Carl Theodor Dreyer in how he transformed art into spirituality.[71] Roger Ebert from the Chicago Sun-Times gave the movie four out of four stars, calling it "the most violent film [he] ha[s] ever seen" as well as reflecting on how the film personally impacted him as a former altar boy saying "What Gibson has provided for me, for the first time in my life, is a visceral idea of what the Passion consisted of. That his film is superficial in terms of the surrounding message -- that we get only a few passing references to the teachings of Jesus -- is, I suppose, not the point. This is not a sermon or a homily, but a visualization of the central event in the Christian religion. Take it or leave it."[72] In a negative review, Slate magazine's David Edelstein called it "a two-hour-and-six-minute snuff movie",[73] while Jami Bernard of the New York Daily News felt it was "the most virulently anti-Semitic movie made since the German propaganda films of World War II".[74] Writing for the Dallas Observer, Robert Wilonsky said he found the movie "too turgid to awe the nonbelievers, too zealous to inspire and often too silly to take seriously, with its demonic hallucinations that look like escapees from a David Lynch film; I swear I couldn't find the devil carrying around a hairy-backed midget anywhere in the text I read."[69]

text: The June 2006 issue of Entertainment Weekly named The Passion of the Christ the most controversial film of all time, followed by Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange (1971).[8] In 2010, Time listed it as one of the most "ridiculously violent" films of all time.[75]

text: Independent promotion and discussion[edit]

text: A number of independent websites such as MyLifeAfter.com and Passion-Movie.com were launched to promote the film and its message and to allow people to discuss the film's effect on their lives. Documentaries such as Changed Lives: Miracles of the Passion chronicled stories of miraculous savings, forgiveness, new-found faith, and the story of a man who confessed to murdering his girlfriend after authorities determined her death was due to suicide.[76] Another documentary, Impact: The Passion of the Christ, chronicled the popular response of the film in the United States, India, and Japan and examined the claims of antisemitism against Mel Gibson and the film.[citation needed]

text: Accolades[edit]

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text: Wins

text:
National Board of Review – Freedom of Expression (tie)
People's Choice Awards – Favorite Motion Picture Drama
Satellite Awards – Best Director
Moviefone Moviegoer Awards – Best Picture[citation needed]
Ethnic Multicultural Media Academy (EMMA Awards) – Best Film Actress – Maia Morgenstern
Motion Picture Sound Editors (Golden Reel Awards) – Best Sound Editing in a Feature Film – Music – Michael T. Ryan
Golden Knight Film Festival – Grand Prix – Mel Gibson; Best Actor – Hristo Shopov[citation needed]
ShoWest / USA Today / Coca-Cola – Consumers Choice for Favorite Movie Award[citation needed]
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers – ASCAP Henry Mancini Award – John Debney[citation needed]
Hollywood Film Festival, USA – Hollywood Producer of the Year – Mel Gibson[citation needed]
Catholics in Media Associates – Film Award – Mel Gibson[citation needed]
Cinema Writers Circle Awards – Spain – Best Foreign Film[citation needed]
GMA Dove Award, The Passion of the Christ Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, Instrumental Album of the Year

text: Nominations

text:
Academy Awards

Best Cinematography – Caleb Deschanel
Best Makeup – Keith Vanderlaan, Christien Tinsley
Best Original Score – John Debney

American Society of Cinematographers – Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases – Caleb Deschanel
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards – Best Popular Movie
Irish Film and Television Awards – Jameson People's Choice Award for Best International Film
MTV Movie Awards – Best male performance – Jim Caviezel

text: Other honors The film was nominated in the following categories for American Film Institute recognition:

text:
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[77]
2008: AFI's 10 Top 10: – Nominated Epic Film[78]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Questions of historical and biblical accuracy[edit]

text: Despite criticisms that Gibson deliberately added additional material to the historical accounts of first-century Judea and biblical accounts of Christ's crucifixion, some scholars defend the film as not being primarily concerned with historical accuracy. Biblical scholar Mark Goodacre protested that he could not find one documented example of Gibson explicitly claiming the film to be historically accurate.[79][80] Gibson has been quoted as saying: "I think that my first duty is to be as faithful as possible in telling the story so that it doesn't contradict the Scriptures. Now, so long as it didn't do that, I felt that I had a pretty wide berth for artistic interpretation, and to fill in some of the spaces with logic, with imagination, with various other readings."[81]

text: When asked about the film's faithfulness to the account given in the New Testament, Father Augustine Di Noia of the Vatican's Doctrinal Congregation replied: "Mel Gibson's film is not a documentary... but remains faithful to the fundamental structure common to all four accounts [of the Gospels]" and "Gibson's film is entirely faithful to the New Testament".[82]

text: Disputed papal endorsement[edit]

text: In early December 2003, Passion of the Christ co-producer Stephen McEveety provided the film to Archbishop Stanisław Dziwisz, the pope's secretary. Archbishop Dziwisz returned the film to McEveety and said he had watched it with John Paul II. On December 16, Daily Variety reported that the pope had seen the film, and on December 17, The Wall Street Journal columnist Peggy Noonan reported that John Paul II had said: "It is as it was," sourcing McEveety, who said he heard it from Dziwisz.[3] National Catholic Reporter journalist John Allen published a similar account on the same day, quoting an unnamed senior Vatican official.[83] The following day, Reuters and the Associated Press each independently confirmed the story, citing Vatican sources.[83][84] On December 24, an anonymous Vatican official told Catholic News Service, "There was no declaration, no judgment from the pope." On January 9, John Allen defended his earlier reporting, saying that his official source was adamant about the veracity of the original story.[85] In a January 18 column, Frank Rich interviewed the Italian translator who quoted Dziwisz as saying that the pope called the film "incredible" and said "it is as it was." Rich attacked the marketing of the film and suggested Dziwisz wielded too much influence over the pope. The next day Archbishop Dziwisz told CNS, "The Holy Father told no one his opinion of this film."[86] This denial resulted in a round of commentators who accused the film producers of fabricating a papal quote to market their movie.

text: However, the Icon Productions spokesman stood by the story, and a source close to the situation said McEveety had asked for and received Vatican officials' permission to repeat the "It is as it was" statement before speaking to Noonan.[87] Journalist Rod Dreher reported that McEveety had received an e-mail from papal spokesman Dr. Joaquin Navarro-Valls on December 28, backing the Noonan account and ending: "I would try to make the words 'It is as it was' the leit motive  [sic] in any discusion  [sic] on the film. Repeat the words again and again and again."[88]

text: Peggy Noonan had also received e-mail confirmation of the quote from Navarro-Valls before writing her December 17 column. Complicating the situation, Navarro-Valls told Dreher that the e-mail sent to McEveety was not genuine, suggesting it was fabricated. However, Noonan later verified that all of the Navarro-Valls e-mails came from the same Vatican IP address.[84] The Los Angeles Times reported that they had previously confirmed the accuracy of the quote from Navarro-Valls when the story first broke. On CNN, John Allen reported Vatican sources who claim to have heard Dziwisz on other occasions affirm the accuracy of the quotation.[89]

text: On January 22, Navarro-Valls released the following official statement:

text: The film is a cinematographic transposition of the historical event of the Passion of Jesus Christ according to the accounts of the Gospel. It is a common practice of the Holy Father not to express public opinions on artistic works, opinions that are always open to different evaluations of aesthetic character.[83]

text: Allegations of antisemitism[edit]

text: Before the film was released, there were prominent criticisms of perceived antisemitic content in the film. 20th Century Fox told New York Assemblyman Dov Hikind they had passed on distributing the film in response to a protest outside the News Corporation building. Hikind warned other companies that "they should not distribute this film. This is unhealthy for Jews all over the world."[36]

text: A joint committee of the Secretariat for Ecumenical and Inter-religious Affairs of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops and the Department of Inter-religious Affairs of the Anti-Defamation League obtained a version of the script before it was released in theaters. They released a statement, calling it

text: one of the most troublesome texts, relative to anti-Semitic potential, that any of us had seen in twenty-five years. It must be emphasized that the main storyline presented Jesus as having been relentlessly pursued by an evil cabal of Jews, headed by the high priest Caiaphas, who finally blackmailed a weak-kneed Pilate into putting Jesus to death. This is precisely the storyline that fueled centuries of anti-Semitism within Christian societies. This is also a storyline rejected by the Roman Catholic Church at Vatican II in its document Nostra aetate, and by nearly all mainline Protestant churches in parallel documents. ... Unless this basic storyline has been altered by Mr. Gibson, a fringe Catholic who is building his own church in the Los Angeles area and who apparently accepts neither the teachings of Vatican II nor modern biblical scholarship, The Passion of the Christ retains a real potential for undermining the repudiation of classical Christian anti-Semitism by the churches in the last forty years.[90]

text: The ADL itself also released a statement about the yet-to-be-released film:

text: For filmmakers to do justice to the biblical accounts of the passion, they must complement their artistic vision with sound scholarship, which includes knowledge of how the passion accounts have been used historically to disparage and attack Jews and Judaism. Absent such scholarly and theological understanding, productions such as The Passion could likely falsify history and fuel the animus of those who hate Jews.[91]

text: Rabbi Daniel Lapin, the head of the Toward Tradition organization, criticized this statement, and said of Abraham Foxman, the head of the ADL, "what he is saying is that the only way to escape the wrath of Foxman is to repudiate your faith".[92]

text: In The Nation, reviewer Katha Pollitt said: "Gibson has violated just about every precept of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops own 1988 'Criteria' for the portrayal of Jews in dramatizations of the Passion (no bloodthirsty Jews, no rabble, no use of Scripture that reinforces negative stereotypes of Jews, etc.) [...] The priests have big noses and gnarly faces, lumpish bodies, yellow teeth; Herod Antipas and his court are a bizarre collection of oily-haired, epicene perverts. The 'good Jews' look like Italian movie stars (Italian sex symbol Monica Bellucci is Mary Magdalene); Jesus's mother, who would have been around 50 and appeared 70, could pass for a ripe 35."[93] Jesuit priest Fr. William Fulco, S.J., of Loyola Marymount University—and the film's Hebrew dialogue translator—specifically disagreed with that assessment, and disagreed with concerns that the film accused the Jewish community of deicide.[94]

text: One specific scene in the film perceived as an example of anti-Semitism was in the dialogue of Caiaphas, when he states "His blood [is] on us and on our children!", a quote historically interpreted by some as a curse taken upon by the Jewish people. Certain Jewish groups asked this be removed from the film. However, only the subtitles were removed; the original dialogue remains in the Hebrew soundtrack.[95] When asked about this scene, Gibson said: "I wanted it in. My brother said I was wimping out if I didn't include it. But, man, if I included that in there, they'd be coming after me at my house. They'd come to kill me."[96] In another interview when asked about the scene, he said, "It's one little passage, and I believe it, but I don't and never have believed it refers to Jews, and implicates them in any sort of curse. It's directed at all of us, all men who were there, and all that came after. His blood is on us, and that's what Jesus wanted. But I finally had to admit that one of the reasons I felt strongly about keeping it, aside from the fact it's true, is that I didn't want to let someone else dictate what could or couldn't be said."[97]

text: Additionally, the film's suggestion that the Temple's destruction was a direct result of the Jews' actions towards Jesus could also be interpreted as an offensive take on an event which Jewish tradition views as a tragedy, and which is still mourned by many Jews today on the fast day of Tisha B'Av.[98]

text: Asked by Bill O'Reilly if his movie would "upset Jews", Gibson responded, "It's not meant to. I think it's meant to just tell the truth. I want to be as truthful as possible."[99] In a Globe and Mail newspaper interview, he added: "If anyone has distorted Gospel passages to rationalize cruelty towards Jews or anyone, it's in defiance of repeated Papal condemnation. The Papacy has condemned racism in any form. ... Jesus died for the sins of all times, and I'll be the first on the line for culpability".[100]

text: Conservative columnist Cal Thomas also disagreed with allegations of anti-Semitism, saying "To those in the Jewish community who worry that the film [...] might contain anti-Semitic elements, or encourage people to persecute Jews, fear not. The film does not indict Jews for the death of Jesus."[101] Two Orthodox Jews, Rabbi Daniel Lapin and conservative talk-show host and author Michael Medved, also vocally rejected claims that the film is anti-Semitic. They have noted the film's many sympathetic portrayals of Jews: Simon of Cyrene (who helps Jesus carry the cross), Mary Magdalene, the Virgin Mary, St. Peter, St. John, Veronica (who wipes Jesus' face and offers him water) and several Jewish priests who protest Jesus' arrest (Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea) during Caiaphas' trial of Jesus.

text: Bob Smithouser of Plugged in Online believed that film was trying to convey the evils and sins of humanity rather than specifically targeting Jews, stating: "The anthropomorphic portrayal of Satan as a player in these events brilliantly pulls the proceedings into the supernatural realm—a fact that should have quelled the much-publicized cries of anti-Semitism since it shows a diabolical force at work beyond any political and religious agendas of the Jews and Romans."[102]

text: Moreover, Senior Vatican officer Cardinal Darío Castrillón Hoyos, who has seen the film, addressed the matter so:

text: Anti-Semitism, like all forms of racism, distorts the truth in order to put a whole race of people in a bad light. This film does nothing of the sort. It draws out from the historical objectivity of the Gospel narratives sentiments of forgiveness, mercy, and reconciliation. It captures the subtleties and the horror of sin, as well as the gentle power of love and forgiveness, without making or insinuating blanket condemnations against one group. This film expressed the exact opposite, that learning from the example of Christ, there should never be any more violence against any other human being.[103]

text: South Park parodied the controversy in the episodes "Good Times with Weapons", "Up the Down Steroid" and "The Passion of the Jew", all of which aired just a few weeks after the film's release.

text: Criticism of excessive violence[edit]

text: Several critics were troubled by the film's extensive, detailed violence, and especially cautioned parents to avoid taking their children to the cinema. Film critic Roger Ebert, who gave a four-out-of-four-star rating, said in his review:

text: The movie is 126 minutes long, and I would guess that at least 100 of those minutes, maybe more, are concerned specifically and graphically with the details of the torture and death of Jesus. This is the most violent film I have ever seen.[104]

text: Ebert also stated that the R-rated film should have instead been rated NC-17 (an MPAA rating even harsher than the R rating) in a "Movie Answer Man" response, adding that no level-minded parent should ever allow children to see it.[105]

text: Film historian Michael Gurnow, in an April 2008 cover story for American Atheists, stated much the same, labeling the work a mainstream snuff film.[106]

text: A. O. Scott, in The New York Times, said: "The Passion of the Christ is so relentlessly focused on the savagery of Jesus' final hours that this film seems to arise less from love than from wrath, and to succeed more in assaulting the spirit than in uplifting it."[107] David Edelstein, Slate's film critic, dubbed the film "a two-hour-and-six-minute snuff movie — The Jesus Chainsaw Massacre — that thinks it's an act of faith", and further criticized Gibson for focusing on the brutality of Jesus' execution, instead of his religious teachings.[108]

text: During Diane Sawyer's interview of him, Gibson said:

text: I wanted it to be shocking; and I wanted it to be extreme ... So that they see the enormity — the enormity of that sacrifice; to see that someone could endure that and still come back with love and forgiveness, even through extreme pain and suffering and ridicule. The actual crucifixion was more violent than what was shown on the film, but I thought no one would get anything out of it.

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In June 2016, it was announced that Mel Gibson is working on a sequel to The Passion of the Christ, focusing on the resurrection of Jesus. The screenwriter is Randall Wallace, who wrote the screenplay for Braveheart (1995).[109] Gibson has expressed an interest in directing the film. He also said that the film will come out in a few years since it is a big project.[110] In November 2016, Gibson confirmed that the title of the sequel would be Resurrection and implied that part of the movie would be taking place in hell, stating that the film would explore what happened in the three-day period between the death of Jesus and his return. He also revealed that the film would probably be about three years away, because of its massive undertaking.[111]


document_title: Assyrian captivity

question_text: who did the assyrians conquer in 722 bce

root

text: Assyrian captivity

text: Biblical account[edit]

text: The captivities began in approximately 740 BCE (or 733/2 BCE according to other sources).[1]

tag: p

text: And the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, and the spirit of Tilgathpilneser king of Assyria, and he carried them away, even the Reubenites, and the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, and brought them unto Halah, and Habor, and Hara, and to the river Gozan, unto this day. (1 Chronicles 5:26)

text: In the days of Pekah king of Israel came Tiglathpileser king of Assyria, and he took Ijon, and Abelbethmaachah, and Janoah, and Kedesh, and Hazor, and Gilead, and Galilee, all the land of Naphtali, and carried them captive to Assyria. (2 Kings 15:29)

text: In 722 BCE, nearly ten to twenty years after the initial deportations, the ruling city of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, Samaria, was finally taken by Sargon II after a three-year siege started by Shalmaneser V.

text: Against him came up Shalmaneser king of Assyria; and Hoshea became his servant, and gave him presents.

text: And the king of Assyria found conspiracy in Hoshea: for he had sent messengers to So king of Egypt, and brought no present to the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year: therefore the king of Assyria shut him up, and bound him in prison. Then the king of Assyria came up throughout all the land, and went up to Samaria, and besieged it three years.

text: And the king of Assyria did carry away Israel unto Assyria and put them in Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes: because they obeyed not the voice of the LORD their God, but transgressed his covenant, and all that Moses the servant of the LORD commanded and would not hear them, nor do them. (2 Kings 18:11–12)

text: The term "cities of the Medes" mentioned above may be a corruption from an original text "Mountains of Media".[2][3]

text: The Book of Kings states several times that the entire people of the Kingdom of Israel had been taken into exile by the Assyrians. Some believe that the Books of Chronicles information about the fate of the Northern Kingdom adds up differently. What is often cited is 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 15, which mentions that there had been people from the hill-country cities of Ephraim and Manasseh who were captured by the Judean king, Asa of Judah. And Asa, sojourning among the Judean kingdom population, returned practicing the Hebrew belief. However, this is a mis-characterization of the events. Since those scriptures clearly declare that it was at a time when the Northern Kingdom was still intact, this happened in an era before the Assyrian Captivity.

text: And when Asa heard these words, even the prophecy of Oded the prophet, he took courage, and put away the detestable things out of all the land of Judah and Benjamin, and out of the cities which he had taken from the hill-country of Ephraim; and he renewed the altar of the LORD, that was before the porch of the LORD.

text: And he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and them that sojourned with them out of Ephraim and Manasseh, and out of Simeon; for they fell to him out of Israel in abundance, when they saw that the LORD his God was with him.

text: According to 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 30, there is evidence that at least some people of the Northern Kingdom of Israel were not exiled. These were invited by king Hezekiah to keep the Passover in a feast at Jerusalem with the Judean population. (The holiday was set one month forward from its original date.) Hezekiah sent his posts to spread the word among the remnant of the Northern kingdom; the posts were mocked during their visit to the country of Ephraim, Manasseh and Zebulun. However, some people of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves and came to Jerusalem. In a later part of the chapter, even people from the Tribe of Issachar and the strangers that "came out from the land of Israel" were said to take part in the passover event. Biblical scholars such as Umberto Cassuto and Elia Samuele Artom claimed that Hezekiah might have annexed these territories, in which inhabitants of the Kingdom of Israel remained, into his own kingdom.

text: And Hezekiah sent to all Israel and Judah, and wrote letters also to Ephraim and Manasseh, that they should come to the house of the LORD at Jerusalem, to keep the passover unto the LORD, the God of Israel. (2 Chronicles 30:1)

text: So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beer-sheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the passover unto the LORD, the God of Israel, at Jerusalem; for they had not kept it in great numbers accordingly, as it is written.

text: So the posts went with the letters from the king and his princes throughout all Israel and Judah, according to the commandment of the king, saying: 'Ye children of Israel, turn back unto the LORD, the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, that He may return to the remnant that are escaped out of the hand of the kings of Assyria. And be ye not like your fathers and like your brethren who acted treacherously against the LORD, the God of their fathers, so that He delivered them to desolation, as ye see. Now be ye not stiffnecked as your fathers were, but yield yourselves unto the LORD and enter into His sanctuary which He hath sanctified for ever; and serve the LORD your God that His fierce anger may turn away from you.

text: So the posts passed from city to city through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh, even unto Zebulun; but they laughed them to scorn, and mocked them. Nevertheless certain men of Asher and Manasseh and of Zebulun humbled themselves, and came to Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30:11–12)

text: For a multitude of the people, even many of Ephraim and Manasseh, Issachar and Zebulun, had not cleansed themselves, yet did they eat the passover otherwise than it is written. For Hezekiah had prayed for them, saying: 'The good LORD pardon ...' (2 Chronicles 30:18)

text: And all the congregation of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, and all the congregation that came out of Israel, and the strangers that came out of the land of Israel, and that dwelt in Judah, rejoiced. So there was great joy in Jerusalem; for since the time of Solomon the son of David king of Israel there was not the like in Jerusalem. (2 Chronicles 30:25–26)

text: In 2nd Chronicles, Chapter 31, it is said that the remnant of the Kingdom of Israel returned to their homes, but not before destroying Ba'al and Ashera places of Idol worship left in "all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh".

text: Now when all this was finished, all Israel that were present went out to the cities of Judah, and broke in pieces the pillars, and hewed down the Asherim, and broke down the high places and the altars out of all Judah and Benjamin, in Ephraim also and Manasseh, until they had destroyed them all. Then all the children of Israel returned, every man to his possession, into their own cities. (2 Chronicles 31:1)

text: Assyrian cuneiform[edit]

text: Assyrian cuneiform states that 27,290 captives were taken from Samaria,[4] the capital of the Northern Kingdom of Israel, by the hand of Sargon II.

text: Sargon records his first campaign on the walls of the royal palace at Dur-Sharrukin (Khorsabad):

text: In my first year of reign *** the people of Samaria *** to the number of 27,290 ... I carried away.

text: Fifty chariots for my royal equipment I selected. The city I rebuilt. I made it greater than it was before.

text: The description of the final defeat of the Northern Kingdom of Israel above appears to be a minor event in Sargon's legacy. Some historians attribute the ease of Israel's defeat to the previous two decades of invasions, defeats, and deportations.

text: Some estimates assume a captivity numbering in the hundreds of thousands, minus those who died in defense of the kingdom and minus those who fled voluntarily before and during the invasions.

text: However, it has also been suggested that the numbers deported by the Assyrians were rather limited and the bulk of the population remained in situ.[5] There is also evidence that significant numbers fled south to the Kingdom of Judah.

text: Return[edit]

text: Unlike the Kingdom of Judah, which was able to return from its Babylonian captivity, the ten tribes of the Northern Kingdom never had a foreign edict granting permission to return and rebuild their homeland. Many centuries later, rabbis of the restored Kingdom of Judah were still debating the return of the lost ten tribes.[6] [7] However, Assyria had been conquered by Babylon, and Babylon had been conquered by the Medo-Persians.

text: According to the Books of Chronicles chapter 9 line 3, the Israelites, who took part in The Return to Zion, are stated to be from the Tribe of Judah alongside the Tribe of Simeon that was absorbed into it, the Tribe of Benjamin, the Tribe of Levi (Levites and Priests) alongside the tribes of Ephraim and Manasseh, which according to the Book of Kings 2 Chapter 7 were supposedly exiled by the Assyrians (The Biblical scholars Umberto Cassuto and Elia Samuele Artom claimed these two tribes' names to be a reference to the remant of all Ten Tribes that was not exiled and absorbed into the Judean population).[1]

text: And in Jerusalem dwelt of the children of Judah, and of the children of Benjamin, and of the children of Ephraim and Manasseh. This particular verse is often misconstrued, since the obvious declaration being made in 1 Chronicles 9:1 are that of a genealogical reference. The clear indication is seen when directing the readers attention to 1 Chronicles 9:2 when mentioning the Nethinims of which were a people conquered by Joshua (Joshua 9:27. This thereby dictates that it's referring to a completely different time and era, as further seen with the description in verse 2 where it indicates that the Israelites were gaining their land-designated possessions attributed to their God YHWH and his General in charge Joshua. (1 Chronicles 9:3)

text: The scriptures of the titled "Old Testament" are not accurately complete without the records of those Hebrew writers that penned them. This points to the complete records that declare the clarity of the Grecian conquests of the Judeans during and after the reign of Alexander, as indicated by the book of Maccabbees.[8] The historical accuracy by the prophet Ezra is complete only when the details of the Apocrypha's 1st and 2nd Esdras are referenced, since there is where the complete history of the dispersion of the Northern Kingdom tribes is seen, in 2 Esdras 13:40–48.[9]


document_title: Sports in St. Louis

question_text: how many nfl teams has st louis had

question_tokens: how many nfl teams has st louis had

text: Sports in St. Louis

text: Major league teams[edit]

text:
Team
Sport
League
Established
Venue
Championships

St. Louis Cardinals
Baseball
Major League Baseball
1882
Busch Stadium
11

St. Louis Blues
Hockey
National Hockey League
1967
Scottrade Center
0

tag: table

text: Baseball[edit]

text: St. Louis is represented in Major League Baseball by the Cardinals, founded in 1882 and playing in the league since 1892. The team won its first World Series in 1926, winning its 11th and most recent in 2011. The team plays at the 43,795-seat Busch Stadium (the third ground to bear that name), and has a view of the city's Gateway Arch.

text: The 2009 Major League Baseball All-Star Game between the American League (AL) and the National League (NL)[6] was held on July 14, 2009, at Busch Stadium.[7][8] The game was the first All-Star Game held in St. Louis since 1966.[9]

text: The St. Louis Browns played in the AL from 1902 to 1953.

text: Football[edit]

text: St. Louis has been the home of four National Football League (NFL) franchises:

text: The NFL was founded in 1920, and three years later, the league had accepted the St. Louis All-Stars as a franchise for the 1923 NFL season. The team finished 1–4–2 in league play, and a 2–5–2 overall record while finishing fourteenth in the standings. The team's first NFL game was on October 7, 1923 and it ended in a 0-0 tie as they played on the road against the Green Bay Packers. A week later they would finish in another 0-0 tie as the All-Stars hosted their first home game against the Hammond Pros, a traveling team from Hammond, Indiana. St. Louis played their games at Sportsman's Park, a facility that was also for both of the professional baseball teams in the city – the Cardinals and the Browns. The only win would come November 11, 1923 when they defeated the Oorang Indians (from LaRue, Ohio) by a 14–7 final.

text: The second franchise was the St. Louis Gunners. The Gunners were an independent professional football team based that played the last three games of the 1934 National Football League season, replacing the Cincinnati Reds on the league schedule after the Reds' league membership was suspended. They won their first game against the Pittsburgh Pirates (now Steelers) 6–0, but lost the last two to the Detroit Lions (40–7) and the Green Bay Packers (21–14). Six of the Reds players joined the team for the last two games. The team was headquartered at the St. Louis National Guard Armory, which accounts for its nickname the 'Gunners'.

text: The third franchise was the St. Louis Cardinals and they played in St. Louis 1960 to 1987. They advanced to the playoffs just three times (1974, 1975 & 1982), never hosting or winning in any appearance. In 1987, the team moved to Phoenix, Arizona and became the Phoenix Cardinals; the team changed its geographic location name to Arizona in 1994. Before moving to St. Louis, the Cardinals were based in Chicago. The Chicago Cardinals played there from their founding in 1920 until their move to Missouri in 1959.

text: The St. Louis Rams, founded in 1936 in Cleveland, Ohio, won the pre-merger NFL Championship twice, in 1945 and 1951. After playing in Los Angeles from 1946 to 1994, the Rams moved to St. Louis in 1995. The Rams defeated the Tennessee Titans 23–16 to win Super Bowl XXXIV in 1999. The team also appeared in Super Bowl XXXVI in 2001, which they lost 20–17 to the New England Patriots. The team's former home in St. Louis (the Edward Jones Dome) hosted 66,965 spectators. On January 13, 2016, it was announced that NFL owners voted 30–2 to allow Rams ownership to move the team back to Los Angeles for the 2016 season.[10][11]

text: Saint Louis University football coach Eddie Cochems developed the first modern passing offense in American football history in 1906. Cochems' star halfback, Bradbury Robinson, threw the first legal forward pass on September 5, 1906, in a 22-0 victory over Carroll College at Waukesha, Wisconsin.

text: Ice hockey[edit]

text: The St. Louis Blues are a professional ice hockey team in St. Louis. They are members of the Central Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The team is named after the famous W. C. Handy song "Saint Louis Blues", and plays in the 19,150-seat Scottrade Center in downtown St. Louis. The franchise was founded in 1967 as one of the expansion teams during the league's original expansion from six to twelve teams. The Blues are the only surviving Expansion Six NHL team that has not won the Stanley Cup.

text: The first NHL team to call St. Louis its home was the St. Louis Eagles. The franchise moved, from Ottawa, in time for the 1934–35 NHL season. The Ottawa Senators had played in the NHL from 1917–1934. During that time the team had won the Stanley Cup in 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1920, 1921, 1923, and 1927. Following the Cup win in 1927 the team went on a sharp decline and in December 1933 rumors surfaced that the Senators would merge with the equally strapped New York Americans. This information was denied by Ottawa club president Frank Ahearn, who had sought financial help from the league. The team played the full 1933–34 season, transferring one home game to Detroit. Near the end of the season, reports surfaced that the club had entered into a deal with St. Louis "interests" to move the club. The team lost its last home game by a score of 3–2 to the Americans on March 15, 1934, before a crowd of 6,500. The final game of the season was a 2–2 tie with the Maroons at the Montreal Forum on March 18, 1934.

text: The Eagles would survive only one season, as the team continued to lose money due to high travel costs. At that time, the league only had nine teams, with St. Louis playing in the Canadian Division. The division consisted of two teams in Montreal (the Canadiens and Maroons), one team in Toronto (Toronto) and the New York Americans. The American Division hosted the Boston Bruins, Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Black Hawks and the New York Rangers. The Eagles would finish with a league-worse record of 11-31-6.

text: Basketball[edit]

text: St. Louis was home to two National Basketball Association (NBA) teams, the St. Louis Bombers (1949–50) and the St. Louis Hawks (1955–1968), and also to the American Basketball Association (ABA)'s Spirits of St. Louis (1974–76), before the ABA–NBA merger.

text: Soccer[edit]

text: St. Louis has long had a reputation as being one of America's soccer hotbeds, and is home to arguably the richest soccer history in the nation, although it does not host a Major League Soccer franchise. The city has a strong tradition of prep and select soccer, which is followed very closely by many area residents. The Saint Louis University men's soccer team has won 10 national championships, appeared in 16 NCAA Final Fours, and consistently ranks among the top-10 Division I soccer teams by attendance.

text: In 2013, Chelsea and Manchester City played to a sellout crowd of 48,000 at Busch Stadium.[12] Later that year, on August 10, the Edward Jones Dome hosted a friendly between Real Madrid and Internazionale before 54,184 fans, who set a St. Louis record for attendance for a soccer match.[12]

text: Every U.S. team in World Cup history has included at least one St. Louisan on its roster, and 29 St. Louisans have been inducted into the National Soccer Hall of Fame.[13] Five St. Louisans, including many from the historically Italian neighborhood of The Hill, played on the U.S. team for the 1950 World Cup, which defeated England 1-0 in one of the most noted upsets in World Cup history. This event was chronicled in the 2005 film The Game of Their Lives (released on DVD as The Miracle Match). Several recent American soccer players are from St. Louis, including Brad Davis, Chris Klein, Pat Noonan, Matt Pickens, Steve Ralston, Mike Sorber, Tim Ream, and Taylor Twellman. Additionally, current Bosnia and Herzegovina player Vedad Ibišević attended high school in the city and played a season for SLU.

text: St. Louis is the former home of several professional teams, including the St. Louis Stars, which played in St. Louis from 1967–1977 in the North American Soccer League. St. Louis also was the home of the St. Louis Steamers, an indoor soccer team that played in St. Louis from 1979–1988. The Steamers averaged over 17,000 fans during their peak, outdrawing the St. Louis Blues NHL team.[14] The St. Louis Ambush stole the scene from 1992–2000. Featuring mainly local talent, the team won the 1995 NPSL championship, which was and still is the only professional soccer championship in the history of St. Louis.

text: Officials attempted to pave the way for a St. Louis-area expansion team based in Collinsville, Illinois, to enter Major League Soccer in 2009; however, MLS awarded the 16th franchise to Philadelphia instead. The Saint Louis Athletica competed in Women's Professional Soccer from 2009 to 2010. Athletica played its home matches on the campus of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and later moved to Scott Gallagher Soccer Park in west county. The team folded in May 2010 when donors did not continue to fund the team.

text: The St. Louis Soccer Hall of Fame, established in 1971, is located at the Midwest Soccer Academy and includes a museum with various exhibits.[15] The first annual dinner was held in 1971.[15]

text: St. Louis is represented in the IPL by the St. Louis Ambush in the USL by Saint Louis FC.

text: Corkball[edit]

text: St. Louis has several recreational corkball leagues. A variant of baseball, corkball is played with a 1.6-oz. ball and a bat whose barrel is 1.5" wide. It has many of the features of baseball, yet can be played in a very small area because there is no base-running. Invented on the streets and alleys of St. Louis in the early 1900s, the game has leagues around the country, thanks to servicemen who introduced the game to their buddies during World War II and the Korean War.[16]

text: Individual sports[edit]

text: St. Louis was home to four prominent twentieth-century boxers: Sonny Liston, Henry Armstrong, and brothers Leon and Michael Spinks. The Spinkses are the only brothers to have captured the heavyweight boxing title. Leon's son Cory Spinks has also held a world title.

text: The Gateway Cross Cup is an international professional competition in cyclo-cross, a combination of mountain bike racing and road bicycle racing.

text: Gateway International Raceway hosts NHRA Drag Racing and NASCAR racing events 5 miles (8 km) east of the city in Madison, Illinois.

text: College sports[edit]

text: Saint Louis University (SLU) plays NCAA Division I sports as a member of the Atlantic 10 Conference. SLU dropped football as an intercollegiate sport in 1949, but SLU is best known for its men's basketball and men's soccer programs. SLU men's soccer led the NCAA in average attendance in 1999, 2001, and 2003, drawing over 2,700 fans per match each season.[17] In 2006, the College Cup was played at Hermann Stadium on the SLU campus.

text: The Metro East region, across the Mississippi River in Illinois, is home to Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (SIUE), whose teams play as the SIU Edwardsville Cougars in the Division I Ohio Valley Conference. Like SLU, SIUE does not sponsor football, but unlike SLU has never had a football program. SIUE is also known for its men's soccer program, and has an active rivalry with the Billikens.

text: The main campus of Lindenwood University, located in the suburb of St. Charles, also fields a number of sports teams, most of them in the NCAA Division II Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association. Three Lindenwood programs compete as effective Division I members in sports that have no Division II national championship. The women's ice hockey team competes in College Hockey America, the women's gymnastics team competes in the Midwest Independent Conference, and the men's volleyball team plays in the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association. Lindenwood's rugby program, despite having started only in 2011, is one of the top ranked rugby programs in the country.[18]

text: Lindenwood also has a sister campus on the Illinois side of the river in Belleville; that school is currently a dual member of the NAIA and USCAA.

text: The University of Missouri–St. Louis, located just outside the city limits in St. Louis County, also has an NCAA Division II athletic program in the UMSL Tritons. All of the school's sports compete in the Great Lakes Valley Conference.

text: In NCAA Division III, the Washington University Bears, representing Washington University in St. Louis, have won 18 national titles in four different sports.

text: In March 2005, The Dome at America's Center, then known as Edward Jones Dome, in St. Louis hosted the final two rounds of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, also known as the Final Four. In April 2009, the Edward Jones Dome hosted the NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship Final Four. The Scottrade Center also hosts the annual "Braggin' Rights" game, a men's college basketball rivalry game between the universities of Illinois and Missouri. St. Louis is roughly equidistant from the two campuses.

text: The Scottrade Center hosted the 2007 Frozen Four college ice hockey tournament on April 5 and April 7, 2007.

text: Minor league teams[edit]

text:
Team
Sport
League
Established
Location
Venue
Champs

River City Rascals
Baseball
Frontier League
1999
O'Fallon, Missouri
T.R. Hughes Ballpark
2*

St. Louis Slam
Women's football
Women's Football Alliance
2003
St. Louis, Missouri
St. Mary's High School
1

Gateway Grizzlies
Baseball
Frontier League
2001
Sauget, Illinois
GCS Ballpark
1

St. Louis Bombers
Rugby
Super League
1962
St. Louis, Missouri
Lucier Park
0

St. Louis Ambush
Soccer
Major Arena Soccer League
2013
St. Charles, Missouri
Family Arena
0

St. Louis FC
Soccer
United Soccer League
2014
Fenton, Missouri
World Wide Technology Soccer Park
0

text: Notes:

text: River City Rascals have two championships: one as the Zanesville Greys and one as River City Rascals.

tag: ul

text: Former teams[edit]

text:
Team
Sport
League
Established
Began in
St. Louis
Venue
Titles
in St. Louis
Left
St. Louis

St. Louis Vipers
Roller Hockey
Roller Hockey International
1993
1993
St. Louis Arena/Kiel Center
1
1999

St. Louis Stampede
Arena Football
Arena Football League
1987
1995
Scottrade Center
0
1996

St. Louis Browns
Baseball
American League
1894
1902
Sportsman's Park
0
1954

St. Louis Stars
Baseball
Negro American League
1937
1939
Stars Park
0
1939

St. Louis Terriers
Baseball
Federal League
1914
1914
Handlan's Park
0
1915

St. Louis Maroons
Baseball
National League
1884
1884
Union Base Ball Park
0
1886

St. Louis Stars
Baseball
Negro National League
1922
1931
Stars Park
3
1931

Spirits of St. Louis
Basketball
American Basketball Association
1967
1974
St. Louis Arena
0
1976

St. Louis Hawks
Basketball
National Basketball Association
1946
1955
Kiel Auditorium
1
1968

St. Louis Bombers
Basketball
Basketball Association of America
National Basketball Association
1946
1949
1949
1950
St. Louis Arena
0
1950

St. Louis Cardinals
Football
National Football League
1898
1960
Busch Stadium I (1960–1965)
Busch Stadium II (1966–1987)
0
1988

St. Louis All Stars
Football
National Football League
1923
1923
Sportsman's Park
0
1923

St. Louis Gunners
Football
National Football League
1931
1931
St. Louis National Guard Armory
0
1934

St. Louis Rams
Football
National Football League
1936
1995
Edward Jones Dome
1
2016

St. Louis Saints
Women's football
Lingerie Football League
2008
2012
Family Arena
0
2012

Missouri River Otters
Hockey
United Hockey League
1991
1999
Family Arena
0
2006

St. Louis Flyers
Hockey
American Hockey Association
American Hockey League
1928
1944
1942
1953
St. Louis Arena
5
1953

St. Louis Eagles
Hockey
National Hockey League
1917
1934
St. Louis Arena
0
1936

St. Louis Ambush
Indoor Soccer
National Professional Soccer League
1984
1992
St. Louis Arena/Scottrade Center
1
2000

St. Louis Steamers/
St. Louis Storm
Indoor Soccer
Major Indoor Soccer League
1977
1979
St. Louis Arena
0
1992

St. Louis Steamers
Indoor Soccer
World Indoor Soccer League
Major Indoor Soccer League
1997
2000
Family Arena/Scottrade Center
0
2006

St. Louis Stars
Soccer
National Professional Soccer League
North American Soccer League
1967
1967
Busch Memorial Stadium/Francis Field
0
1978

Saint Louis Athletica
Soccer
Women's Professional Soccer
2007
2009
Soccer Park
0
2010

AC St. Louis
Soccer
USSF Division 2 Professional League
2008
2009
Anheuser-Busch Center
0
2011

Saint Louis Hummers
Softball
International Women's Professional Softball Association
1976
1977
Harrawood Sports Complex
0
1979

St. Louis Surge
Basketball
Women's Blue Chip Basketball League
2004
2015
University of Missouri St. Louis Mark Twain Building
0
2015


document_title: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

question_text: where was the movie a walk among the tombstones filmed

text: A Walk Among the Tombstones (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1991, Detective Matthew "Matt" Scudder (Liam Neeson) is in a car with his partner, who urges him to get help and expresses his concern that Scudder is not a reliable backup. Scudder then enters a bar and buys drinks with a coffee. Two armed men come in and kill the bartender, and Matt fatally shoots one assailant. He pursues and kills the second assailant, as well as their getaway driver.

text: Eight years later, a drug addict named Peter Kristo (Boyd Holbrook) approaches Matt, now retired, and asks him to help his brother Kenny Kristo (Dan Stevens). Kenny is a drug trafficker whose wife was kidnapped and murdered. Kenny told Matt that after he delivered the ransom, the kidnappers directed him to a car containing his wife's dismembered body. Matt ultimately agrees to find the kidnappers.

text: At the library, Matt researches similar killings, and finds victims named Marie Gotteskind and Leila Anderssen. He meets a homeless youth named TJ (Brian "Astro" Bradley), who helps with his search.

text: Based on an article, Matt goes to a cemetery and speaks with the groundskeeper, Jonas Loogan (Olafur Darri Olafsson), who is upset that Matt forces him to remember finding bags containing parts of the dismembered Leila in the cemetery pond.

text: Matt talks to Leila's fiancé Reuben (Mark Consuelos), who claims to have witnessed two men drag her into a van driven by a third person. Out the window, Matt sees Jonas exiting an apartment building. In a tool shed belonging to Jonas on the building's roof, Matt finds photos of Reuben and Leila having sex.

text: Jonas admits that he helped kidnap Leila. He had conspired to take Leila away from Reuben, who is a drug dealer, and help her stop using drugs. Instead, however, the other two men tortured and killed Leila. Jonas gives Matt one name (Ray) and jumps off the roof to his death.

text: The two kidnappers, Ray (David Harbour) and Albert (Adam David Thompson), scout the home of Yuri Landau (Sebastian Roché), another drug trafficker. After realizing Landau's wife is bedridden, they prepare to leave for a new target. However, they see his 14-year-old daughter Lucia (Danielle Rose Russell), and Ray decides to kidnap her.

text: Matt eventually learns that Marie was a DEA agent and realizes that the people who murdered her also got her files, which they have been using to choose their victims. Meanwhile, Matt grows closer to TJ, and encourages the boy to study to avoid a life of crime. During a conversation with TJ, Matt explains why he retired. During the shootout from the opening scene, one of his bullets killed a 7-year-old girl. He has been sober ever since.

text: Kenny brings Matt to Landau's home, where the kidnappers call and arrange a drop. Matt, Kenny, Landau, Peter, and TJ (who earlier brought Matt his old gun) go to the cemetery. After a stand off, Lucia, with a finger hurt down to the bone, is returned to her father. When Albert realizes the ransom money is counterfeit, a shootout ensues. Peter is killed, and Matt wounds Ray. Albert and Ray escape in their van.

text: After Albert and Ray arrive at their place, TJ sneaks out of their van, calls Matt, and tells him the address. Albert garrottes Ray in the basement, and goes back upstairs to find Matt, Kenny, and TJ. Matt overpowers and cuffs Albert. He leaves Albert for Kenny and calls a cab for TJ. While Kenny goes down in the basement, Albert frees himself. Matt goes back inside the house and finds Kenny's corpse. Albert attacks Matt, and after a brief fight, Matt kills him.

text: Matt returns home to find TJ sleeping on the couch and spots a drawing that TJ made of himself as a superhero. He sits down and falls asleep.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Liam Neeson as Matthew Scudder
Dan Stevens as Kenny Kristo
David Harbour as Ray
Boyd Holbrook as Peter Kristo
Ólafur Darri Ólafsson as Jonas Loogan
Brian "Astro" Bradley as TJ
Eric Nelsen as Howie
Mark Consuelos as Reuben Quintana
Adam David Thompson as Albert
Sebastian Roché as Yuri Landau
Laura Birn as Leila Andersen
Danielle Rose Russell as Ludmilla Landau (Lucia)
Whitney Able as Sarah at AA (Twelve Step Girl)
Dennis Jay Funny as Phil Justin (AA Speaker)
Stephanie Andujar as Cashier

text: Development[edit]

text: A film adaptation of Block’s novel had been in development for several years with a script from Scott Frank. In 2002, Harrison Ford was attached to star and D. J. Caruso to direct.[4] In May 2012, Liam Neeson had reportedly signed on to play Matthew Scudder in the film, with Frank himself directing, and production slated to begin February 2013.[5]

text: Filming began on March 3, 2013 in New York City.[6] Producers invited author Block to the set to watch filming. On the casting of Neeson, Block said, "Readers often ask who'd be my ideal Matt Scudder, and I usually change the subject. But now it's safe to tell you that, ever since I saw him in Michael Collins, Neeson has been up at the top of my personal Scudder wish list. I couldn't be happier about either the star or the writer/director, both of them genuine artists and brilliant professionals. My book's in good hands."[7]

text: The film was completed on October 8, 2013 and classified by the MPAA as rated R for "strong violence, disturbing images, language, and brief nudity".[8] On October 18, 2013, Block tweeted that he had seen the film and revealed producers were aiming for a September 2014 release.[9] On January 30, 2014, it was announced the film would be released on September 19, 2014.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: A Walk Among the Tombstones grossed $26 million in North America and $36.1 million in other territories for a total gross of $62.1 million, against its $28 million budget.[3]

text: The film earned $428,000 from Thursday night from 1,918 theaters, and $4.7 million from 2,712 theaters on its opening day.[11][12] It debuted at number two at the box office on its opening weekend earning $13.1 million behind The Maze Runner ($32.5 million).[13]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2014)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 66% based on 147 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A Walk Among the Tombstones doesn't entirely transcend its genre clichés, but it does offer Liam Neeson one of his more compelling roles in recent memory, and that's often enough."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B–" on an A+ to F scale.[16]

text: Richard Roeper gave the film a B+ rating, calling the film "a stylish and smart thriller".[17] Manohla Dargis in The New York Times called it "one of those rare cinematic offerings: intelligent pulp" but also noted that the film "can be tough to watch, particularly its fleeting images of tortured women".[18] In Variety, Andrew Barker found it a well-made thriller "with a good deal of panache and style".[19]


document_title: 1984 Democratic National Convention

question_text: who gave a speech to the democratic national convention in 1984

text: 1984 Democratic National Convention

text: Events of the Convention[edit]

text: Walter Mondale was nominated for President and Geraldine Ferraro was nominated for Vice President.

text: New York Governor Mario Cuomo gave a well-received keynote speech. Mondale's major rivals for the presidential nomination, Senator Gary Hart and Rev. Jesse Jackson, also gave speeches.

text: Jackson's speech referred to the nation as a "quilt" with places for "[t]he white, the Hispanic, the black, the Arab, the Jew, the woman, the Native American, the small farmer, the business person, the environmentalist, the peace activist, the young, the old, the lesbian, the gay, and the disabled".[2] It was the first time anyone mentioned lesbians and gays in a national convention address.[3] Jackson also attempted to move the party's platform farther to the left at the Convention, but without much success. He did succeed in one instance, concerning affirmative action.[4]

text: "AIDS poster boy" Bobbi Campbell gave a speech at the National March for Lesbian and Gay Rights, dying of AIDS complications a month later.[5]

text: Voting[edit]

text: President[edit]

text: The candidates for U.S. president earned the following numbers of delegates:[6]

text:
Democratic National Convention presidential vote, 1984

Candidate
Votes
Percentage

Walter Mondale
2,191
(56.41%)

Gary Hart
1,200
(30.92%)

Jesse Jackson
465
(12.00%)

Thomas Eagleton
18
(0.46%)

George McGovern
4
(0.10%)

John Glenn
2
(0.05%)

Joe Biden
1
(0.03%)

Martha Kirkland
1
(0.03%)

Totals
3,882
100.00%

text: Jesse Jackson unsuccessfully called for the suspension of the party's electoral rules to give him a number of delegates closer to the 20% average share of the vote he garnered during the primaries. The system tended to punish shallow showings as yielding no delegates at all, hence Jackson's smaller delegate count than would be expected (12%).[4]

text: Vice-President[edit]

text: Geraldine Ferraro was nominated by acclamation on a voice vote. She became the first woman to receive a major party nomination in the US.


document_title: Super Bowl ring

question_text: what nfl team has the most expensive super bowl ring

text: Super Bowl ring

text: Details[edit]

text: These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds. They usually include the team name, team logo, and Super Bowl number (usually indicated in Roman numerals). The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for o the winning team; any additional costs are borne by the team.[1] Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens. In 2015, the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each, making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced.[2] The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose, including usually, but not limited to: players (active roster or injured), coaches, trainers, executives, personnel, and general staff. Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season, despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself.[3][4] Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle.[5] Teams can distribute any number of rings. A recent trend over the last 15–20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff. These are commonly called "B" and "C" level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds. The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones (which resemble diamonds). When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII, the players and coaches received rings with a diamond-centered Lombardi trophy. Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the "C" level ring did not contain any diamonds.

text: Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football. Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo. Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won. Also, the rings are customized with the player's name and uniform number.

text: The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring[6] contained more than 100 diamonds. The Packer logo, in the center of the ring, made up 13 diamonds, one for each title the team has won, dating back to 1929. In a break from tradition, this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum, not gold.[citation needed]

text: The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds, to commemorate their comeback from being down 28-3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter.[7]

text: Value and resale[edit]

text: Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles, along with genuine rings. Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay. Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008.[8] Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia.[9] Tight end Shannon Sharpe, meanwhile, gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling, who had his career cut short by injury.[10]

text: In 2011, a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright, a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s, sold for over $73,000 at auction. Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders' great Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction. In 2012, Lawrence Taylor's son sold his father's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000.

text: Most Super Bowl rings[edit]

text:
Seven: Two people:

Bill Belichick: two as defensive coordinator of the Giants and five as head coach of New England
Neal Dahlen:[11][12] five with San Francisco (staff and player personnel) and two with Denver (general manager)

Six: Six people:

Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II: each as an executive with Pittsburgh
Chuck Noll: four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh
Bill Nunn: each as a scout with Pittsburgh[13][14]
"Mean Joe" Greene: four as a defensive tackle, two as a special assistant for player personnel, all with the Pittsburgh Steelers[15]
Conditioning coach Mike Woicik: three with Dallas and three with New England

Five: Twenty people. Only two people have won five Super Bowl rings as a player:

Tom Brady (all with New England). Won five Super Bowl rings as the starting quarterback. He has the most rings of any active player (as of the end of the 2016–17 season), and the first and only player to win five playing for one team.
Charles Haley (who played on two winning teams, the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers)
Robert Kraft, five as owner of New England
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr., five as owner of San Francisco
Keith Simon: five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco
Bobb McKittrick: five as offensive line coach with San Francisco
Ray Rhodes: five as an assistant coach with San Francisco
Bill McPherson: five as defensive line coach with San Francisco
Dick Hoak: each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh
Romeo Crennel: two as a defensive coach with Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England
George Seifert: three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers
Dwight Clark: two as a player and three as a member of the front office, all with San Francisco
Pepper Johnson: two as a linebacker for the Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England
Monsignor Peter Armstrong: five as chaplain for San Francisco
Markus Paul: three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the Patriots, and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the Giants[16]
Tim Rooney: Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants (as Pro Personnel Director/Scout)
Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant, second as defensive coaching assistant, third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator.
Ivan Fears has won five with the New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach.
Ernie Adams has won five with the New England Patriots as a football research director
Brian Daboll has won five with the New England Patriots, one as a defensive coaching assistant, two as wide receivers coach, and two as tight ends coach

Four: at least 39 players, many coaches and staff

The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight-end Marv Fleming, who got a pair with the Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967, and another pair with the Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973.
Twenty-two players earned four rings with the Steelers in the 1970s: Terry Bradshaw, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Mel Blount, Jack Lambert, Jack Ham, Mike Webster, Donnie Shell, L. C. Greenwood, Rocky Bleier, Gerry Mullins, Larry Brown, Mike Wagner, J.T. Thomas, Loren Toews, Jon Kolb, Sam Davis, Steve Furness, Dwight White, Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene (who later added two more rings). At least five coaches were with the team all four years: George Perles, Louis Riecke, Woody Widenhofer and (as noted above) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak. The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley.
Tom Flores: First person to have rings as a player (Kansas City Chiefs), assistant coach and head coach (Oakland Raiders)
Joe Montana, Keena Turner, Jesse Sapolu, Eric Wright, Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers.
Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the Patriots and one with the Colts.
Russ Grimm won three with the Washington Redskins and one with the Pittsburgh Steelers
Ted Hendricks won one with the Baltimore Colts and three with the Raiders
Bill Romanowski won two with the 49ers and two with the Denver Broncos
Coach Charlie Weis won one with the Giants and three with the Patriots
Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams, one with Oakland, one with Los Angeles, one with San Francisco, and one with Washington (only player to earn a ring with four different cities)
Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay.
Willie Davis[17] Won all four rings with the Green Bay Packers. Two as a player, one as a member of the team's board of directors, and one as an emeritus director. He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay's Super Bowl rings. Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961, 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams, bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven, as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl.
Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for the New York Giants
Ken Norton, Jr. was the first member of 3 Super Bowl-winning teams in a row as a player, and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks.
Larry Izzo won three super bowls with the New England Patriots, and one as the special teams assistant coach with the New York Giants
Coach Gary Kubiak won one with the 49ers as quarterbacks coach, two with the Broncos as offensive coordinator, and one as the head coach of the Broncos
Dante Scarnecchia has won four with the New England Patriots as an offensive line coach, along with being assistant head coach for three of them
Brian Pariani has won four rings. One as an offensive assistant coach with the San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos

Three: many players, coaches and staff

Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh, John Elway, Mike Ditka, Mike Shanahan, Art Shell, Jerry Rice, Steve Young, Troy Aikman, Emmitt Smith, Jay Novacek, Michael Irvin, Larry Brown, Eric Mangini, Joe Gibbs, Dave Dalby, Cliff Branch, Roger Craig, Shannon Sharpe, Ed McCaffrey, Mark Schlereth, Forrest Gregg and Tom Coughlin.
Twenty-two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s: Troy Brown, Willie McGinest, Richard Seymour, Ty Law, Mike Vrabel, Tedy Bruschi, Kevin Faulk, Matt Light, Patrick Pass, Ted Johnson, Lonie Paxton, Stephen Neal, Joe Andruzzi, David Patten, Roman Phifer, Tom Ashworth, Adrian Klemm, Je'Rod Cherry, Matt Chatham, the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri who later added a fourth ring with the Colts, the aforementioned Tom Brady who would go on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots, and the afformentioned Larry Izzo would go on to win a fourth with the Giants.

text: Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings[edit]

text: A select few have won championships in both the NFL and Canada’s equivalent Canadian Football League (CFL).

text:
Terry Greer was the first person to win both championships; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983, and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989.
Brandon Browner (cornerback) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders. He then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks, although he did not play in that game due to a suspension. He went on to play against the Seahawks in the next year's Super Bowl, where he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots.
O. J. Brigance won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL’s Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens. He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city.
Harald Hasselbach won a ring in 1992 with the CFL’s Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos.
Tyrone Williams won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993, though he did not participate in either game. He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996.
Alvin Walton (safety) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL's Washington Redskins (1987 and 1991 seasons, but did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory over the Buffalo Bills) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995.
Bobby Singh (guard) is the only player to win a Grey Cup (2006 with the BC Lions), a Super Bowl (1999 with the St. Louis Rams) and the XFL Championship (2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme).
Barry Wilburn (cornerback) won the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions and a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988.