document_title: Filename extension

question_text: what is the filename extension used for all java source files

text: Filename extension

text: Usage[edit]

text: Filename extensions may be considered a type of metadata.[1] They are commonly used to imply information about the way data might be stored in the file. The exact definition, giving the criteria for deciding what part of the file name is its extension, belongs to the rules of the specific filesystem used; usually the extension is the substring which follows the last occurrence, if any, of the dot character (example: txt is the extension of the filename readme.txt, and html the extension of mysite.index.html). On file systems of some mainframe systems such as CMS in VM, VMS, and of PC systems such as CP/M and derivative systems such as MS-DOS, the extension is a separate namespace from the filename. Under Microsoft's DOS and Windows, extensions such as EXE, COM or BAT indicate that a file is a program executable. In OS/360 and successors, the part of the dataset name following the last period is treated as an extension by some software, e.g., TSO EDIT, but it has no special significance to the operating system itself; the same applies to Unix files in MVS.

text: Filesystems for UNIX-like operating systems do not separate the extension metadata from the rest of the file name. The dot character is just another character in the main filename, and filenames can have multiple extensions, usually representing nested transformations, such as files.tar.gz (the .tar indicates that the file is a tar archive of one or more files, and the .gz indicates that the tar archive file is compressed with gzip). Programs transforming or creating files may add the appropriate extension to names inferred from input file names (unless explicitly given an output file name), but programs reading files usually ignore the information; it is mostly intended for the human user. It is more common, especially in binary files, for the file itself to contain internal metadata describing its contents. This model generally requires the full filename to be provided in commands, whereas the metadata approach often allows the extension to be omitted.

text: The VFAT, NTFS, and ReFS file systems for Windows also do not separate the extension metadata from the rest of the file name, and allow multiple extensions.

text: With the advent of graphical user interfaces, the issue of file management and interface behavior arose. Microsoft Windows allowed multiple applications to be associated with a given extension, and different actions were available for selecting the required application, such as a context menu offering a choice between viewing, editing or printing the file. The assumption was still that any extension represented a single file type; there was an unambiguous mapping between extension and icon.

text: The classic Mac OS disposed of filename-based extension metadata entirely; it used, instead, a distinct file type code to identify the file format. Additionally, a creator code was specified to determine which application would be launched when the file's icon was double-clicked. macOS, however, uses filename suffixes, as well as type and creator codes, as a consequence of being derived from the UNIX-like NeXTSTEP operating system.

text: Improvements[edit]

text: The filename extension was originally used to easily determine the file's generic type.[citation needed] The need to condense a file's type into three characters frequently led to abbreviated extensions. Examples include using .GFX for graphics files, .TXT for plain text, and .MUS for music. However, because many different software programs have been made that all handle these data types (and others) in a variety of ways, filename extensions started to become closely associated with certain products—even specific product versions. For example, early WordStar files used .WS or .WSn, where n was the program's version number. Also, filename extensions began to conflict between separate files. One example is .rpm, used for both RPM Package Manager packages and RealPlayer Media files;[2] others being .qif, shared by DESQview fonts, Quicken financial ledgers, and QuickTime pictures,[3] and .gba, shared between GrabIt scripts and Game Boy Advance ROM images, and[4].sb used for SmallBasic and Scratch.

text: Some other operating systems such as Multics that used filename extensions generally had much more liberal sizes for filenames. Many allowed full filename lengths of 14 or more characters, and maximum name lengths up to 255 were not uncommon. The file systems in operating systems such as UNIX stored the file name as a single string, not split into base name and extension components, with the "." is just another character allowed in file names. Such systems generally allow for variable-length filenames, permitting more than one dot, and hence multiple suffixes. Some components of Multics and UNIX, and applications running on them used suffixes, in some cases, to indicate file types, but they did not use them as much—for example, executables and ordinary text files had no suffixes in their names.

text: The High-Performance File System (HPFS), used in Microsoft and IBM's OS/2 also supported long file names and did not divide the file name into a name and an extension. The convention of using suffixes continued, even though HPFS supported extended attributes for files, allowing a file's type to be stored in the file as an extended attribute.

text: Microsoft's Windows NT's native file system, NTFS, supported long file names and did not divide the file name into a name and an extension, but again, the convention of using suffixes to simulate extensions continued, for compatibility with existing versions of Windows.

text: When the Internet age first arrived, those using Windows systems that were still restricted to 8.3 filename formats had to create web pages with names ending in .HTM, while those using Macintosh or UNIX computers could use the recommended .html filename extension. This also became a problem for programmers experimenting with the Java programming language, since it requires source code files to have the four-letter suffix .java and compiles object code output files with the five-letter .class suffix.[5]

text: Eventually, Windows 95 introduced support for long file names, and removed the 8.3 name/extension split in file names from non-NT Windows, in an extended version of the commonly used FAT file system called VFAT. VFAT first appeared in Windows NT 3.5 and Windows 95. The internal implementation of long file names in VFAT is largely considered to be a kludge, but it removed the important length restriction and allowed files to have a mix of upper case and lower case letters, on machines that would not run Windows NT well. However, the use of three-character extensions under Microsoft Windows has continued, originally for backward compatibility with older versions of Windows and now by habit, along with the problems it creates.

text: Command name issues[edit]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: intractable construction Please help improve this section if you can. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The use of a filename extension in a command name appears occasionally, usually as a side effect of the command having been implemented as a script, e.g., for the Bourne shell or for Python, and the interpreter name being suffixed to the command name, a practice common on systems that rely on associations between filename extension and interpreter, but sharply deprecated[6] in UNIX-derived systems like Linux and Apple's macOS, where the interpreter is normally specified as a header in the script ("shebang").

text: On association-based systems, the filename extension is generally mapped to a single, system-wide selection of interpreter for that extension (such as ".py" meaning to use Python), and the command itself is runnable from the command line even if the extension is omitted (assuming appropriate setup is done). If the implementation language is changed, the command name extension is changed as well, and the OS provides a consistent API by allowing the same extension-less version of the command to be used in both cases. This method suffers somewhat from the essentially global nature of the association mapping, as well as from developers' incomplete avoidance of extensions when calling programs, and that developers can't force that avoidance. Windows is the only remaining widespread employer of this mechanism.

text: On systems with interpreter directives, including virtually all versions of Unix, command name extensions have no special significance, and are by standard practice not used, since the primary method to set interpreters for scripts is to start them with a single line specifying the interpreter to use (which could be viewed as a degenerate resource fork). In these environments, including the extension in a command name unnecessarily exposes an implementation detail which puts all references to the commands from other programs at future risk if the implementation changes. For example, it would be perfectly normal for a shell script to be reimplemented in Python or Ruby, and later in C or C++, all of which would change the name of the command were extensions used. Without extensions, a program always has the same extension-less name, with only the interpreter directive and/or magic number changing, and references to the program from other programs remain valid.

text: Security issues[edit]

text: The default behavior of File Explorer, the file browser provided with Microsoft Windows, is for filename extensions to not be displayed. Malicious users have tried to spread computer viruses and computer worms by using file names formed like LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT.vbs. The hope is that this will appear as LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT, a harmless text file, without alerting the user to the fact that it is a harmful computer program, in this case, written in VBScript. Default behavior for ReactOS is to display file extensions in ReactOS Explorer.

text: Later Windows versions (starting with Windows XP Service Pack 2 and Windows Server 2003) included customizable lists of filename extensions that should be considered "dangerous" in certain "zones" of operation, such as when downloaded from the web or received as an e-mail attachment. Modern antivirus software systems also help to defend users against such attempted attacks where possible.

text: Some viruses take advantage of the similarity between the ".com" top-level domain and the ".COM" file extension by emailing malicious, executable command-file attachments under names superficially similar to URLs (e.g., "myparty.yahoo.com"), with the effect that some naive users click on email-embedded links that they think lead to websites but actually download and execute the malicious attachments.

text: There have been instances of malware crafted to exploit vulnerabilities in some Windows applications which could cause a stack-based buffer overflow when opening a file with an overly long, unhandled filename extension.

text: Alternatives[edit]

text: In many Internet protocols, such as HTTP and MIME email, the type of a bitstream is stated as the media type, or MIME type, of the stream, rather than a filename extension. This is given in a line of text preceding the stream, such as Content-type: text/plain.

text: There is no standard mapping between filename extensions and media types, resulting in possible mismatches in interpretation between authors, web servers, and client software when transferring files over the Internet. For instance, a content author may specify the extension svgz for a compressed Scalable Vector Graphics file, but a web server that does not recognize this extension may not send the proper content type application/svg+xml and its required compression header, leaving web browsers unable to correctly interpret and display the image.

text: BeOS, whose BFS file system supports extended attributes, would tag a file with its media type as an extended attribute. The KDE and GNOME desktop environments associate a media type with a file by examining both the filename suffix and the contents of the file, in the fashion of the file command, as a heuristic. They choose the application to launch when a file is opened based on that media type, reducing the dependency on filename extensions. macOS uses both filename extensions and media types, as well as file type codes, to select a Uniform Type Identifier by which to identify the file type internally.


document_title: North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball

question_text: when was the last time unc did not make the ncaa tournament

root

text: Team history[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: North Carolina played its first basketball game on January 27, 1910, beating Virginia Christian 42-21.[14] In 1921, the school joined the Southern Conference.[19] The 1924 Tar Heels squad went 26–0, and was retroactively awarded a 'national championship' by the Helms Athletic Foundation in 1943 and later by the Premo-Porretta Power Poll.[2][20] Overall, the Tar Heels played 32 seasons in the Southern Conference from 1921 to 1953. During that period they won 304 games and lost 111 for a winning percentage of 73.3%. The Tar Heels won the Southern Conference regular season 9 times and the Southern Conference Tournament Championship 8 times.

tag: p

text: Frank McGuire (1953–1961)[edit]

text: In 1953, North Carolina split from the Southern Conference and became a founding member of the Atlantic Coast Conference.[21] The Tar Heels won their first NCAA Championship in 1957 under fifth year head coach Frank McGuire, who led an undefeated 32-0 squad dominated by Lennie Rosenbluth and several other transplants from the New York City area to a 54-53 triple overtime victory over Wilt Chamberlain's Kansas Jayhawks. C.D. Chesley, a Washington, D.C. television producer, piped the 1957 championship game in Kansas City to a hastily created network of five stations across North Carolina—the ancestor to the current syndicated ACC football and basketball package from Raycom Sports—which helped prove pivotal in basketball becoming a craze in the state.[22] The title game was the only triple overtime final game in championship history,[23] which followed a triple overtime North Carolina defeat of Michigan State 74-70 the previous night.

text: In 1960, the Tar Heels were placed on NCAA probation for "improper recruiting entertainment" of basketball prospects. As a result, they were barred from the 1961 NCAA tournament[24] and also withdrew from the 1961 ACC Tournament. Following the season, Chancellor William Aycock forced McGuire to resign. As a replacement, Aycock selected one of McGuire's assistants, Kansas alumnus Dean Smith.

text: Dean Smith (1961–1997)[edit]

text: Smith's early teams were not nearly as successful as McGuire's had been. His first team went only 8–9, and his first five teams never won more than 16 games. This grated on a fan base used to winning; in 1965 some of them even hanged him in effigy. However, Smith would go on to take the Tar Heels to a reign of championships and national dominance.[25] When he retired in 1997, Smith's 879 wins were the most ever for any NCAA Division I men's basketball coach, and his 77.61% winning percentage ninth best.[26] During his tenure, North Carolina won the ACC regular season championship 17 times, the ACC tournament 13 times, and the NIT in 1971, went to the NCAA tournament 27 times, appeared in 11 Final Fours, and won NCAA national tournament titles in 1982 and 1993.[27] The 1982 National Championship team was led by James Worthy, Sam Perkins, and a young Michael Jordan. The 1993 National Championship team starred Donald Williams, George Lynch and Eric Montross. While at North Carolina, Smith helped promote desegregation by recruiting the University’s first African American scholarship basketball player Charlie Scott.[28]

text: Bill Guthridge (1997–2000)[edit]

text: Smith unexpectedly retired before the start of practice for the 1997–98 season. He was succeeded by Bill Guthridge, who had been an assistant coach at the school for 30 years, the last 25 as Smith's top assistant. During Guthridge's three seasons as head coach he posted an 80–28 record, making him tied for the then-NCAA record for most wins by a coach after three seasons.[29] The Tar Heels reached the NCAA Final Four twice, in the 1998 tournament and again in the 2000 tournament. North Carolina reached the Final Four in 2000 as an 8-seed, their lowest seeding in a Final Four appearance.[30]

text: Matt Doherty (2000–03)[edit]

text: Guthridge retired in 2000 and North Carolina turned to Matt Doherty, the head coach at Notre Dame and a player on the 1982 championship team, to lead the Tar Heels.[31] Doherty had little success while at North Carolina. In his first season, the Heels were ranked #1 in the polls in the middle of the Atlantic Coast Conference schedule and finished with a 26–7 record. But Doherty's second season was the worst in recent history as the Tar Heels finished the season with a record of 8–20, missing postseason play entirely for the first time since the 1965–66 season (including a record 27 straight NCAA Tournament appearances) and finishing with a losing record for the first time since 1962 (Dean Smith's first year as coach). They also finished 4–12 in the ACC—only the program's second losing ACC record ever. The 12 losses were six more than the Tar Heels had ever suffered in a single season of ACC play, and placed them in a tie for 7th place—the program's first finish below fourth place ever. The season also saw the end of UNC's run of 31 straight 20-win seasons and 35 straight seasons of finishing third or higher in the ACC. After bringing in one of the top 5 incoming classes for the 2002–2003 season, the Tar Heels started the season by knocking off a top 5 Kansas team and going on to win the Preseason NIT and returning to the AP top 25. North Carolina went on to finish the season 17–15, missing the NCAA tournament. Matt Doherty led the Tar Heels to the third round of the NIT, where they ended their season with a loss to Georgetown.

text: Roy Williams (2003–present)[edit]

text: Despite the turnaround from the year before and the NIT appearance, at the end of the season Matt Doherty was replaced as head coach by Roy Williams. Williams had served as an assistant to Smith for 11 years before leaving to spend the first 15 years of his Hall of Fame head coaching career leading Kansas to 9 conference regular season championships and four Final Fours before Smith convinced him to return home. It was hoped that Williams would restore a measure of stability to the program. Williams was UNC's third coach in six years. The two previous to Guthridge (McGuire and Smith) had covered a 45-year period.

text: In Williams' first season, the Tar Heels finished 19–11 and were ranked in a final media poll for the first time in three years. They returned to the NCAA tournament and were ousted in the second round by Texas. The following year, the Tar Heels won their fourth NCAA title and Williams' first as a head coach.[32] After winning the championship, Williams lost his top seven scorers, but the 2005–06 season saw the arrival of freshman Tyler Hansbrough and Williams was named Coach of the Year. The Tar Heels swept the ACC regular season and tournament titles in 2007 and 2008. The 2008 ACC Tournament was the first time North Carolina has ever won the ACC Tournament without defeating at least one in-state rival during the tournament.[33] North Carolina lost in the national semifinals of the 2008 NCAA tournament to Williams' former program Kansas.

text: In the 2008–09 season, the Tar Heels won their fifth NCAA title by defeating Michigan State in the championship of the 2009 NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament. The Tar Heels won all six of that year's tournament games by at least 12 points, for an average victory margin of 20.2 points, and only trailed for a total of 10 minutes out of 240 through the entire tournament.[34] Wayne Ellington was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player, the fourth Tar Heel so honored.

text: The 2009–2010 Tar Heels struggled throughout the regular season finishing with a 16–15 record,[35] and dropped to #3 in Division I in all-time wins. They later lost in the first round of the ACC Tournament, playing in the first "play-in" Thursday game for the first time since the ACC grew to 12 teams. The Tar Heels did not receive an NCAA tournament bid, and instead accepted a bid to the NIT.[36] During the season, the Tar Heels reached the 2,000-win milestone with a home win over Miami on March 2, 2010, becoming the second fastest college team to do so (North Carolina was in its 100th season of basketball at the time of this accomplishment). The Tar Heels were able to make it to the final game of the NIT, losing to Dayton in the final game finishing with a 20-17 record.

text: The 2010–2011 Tar Heels, with the addition of Harrison Barnes, Kendall Marshall, and Reggie Bullock, eighth in the preseason polls, struggled out the gates, starting with a 2-2 record, the worst start since the 2001–02 season. After losses to Illinois and Texas, the Tar Heels fell out of the rankings. The losses of senior Will Graves, to dismissal, and Larry Drew II, to transfer and also the unexpected off-season transfers of David and Travis Wear did not help matters. However, the Tar Heels improved greatly during the conference season, finishing first in the ACC regular season with a 14-2 record. Williams was named Conference Coach of the Year for his efforts of getting his team to work through the adversity to finish strong in the regular season.[37] Also during the season, the term Tar Heel Blue Steel was coined, referencing the Tar Heel men's basketball walk-ons. The term was started by one of the players, Stewart Cooper, in hopes that it would be a replacement for "walk-ons" and other less catchy names and soon enough Roy Williams caught on, as well as the rest of the Tar Heel Nation. North Carolina lost to Duke in the ACC Tournament Finals and made a significant run in the NCAA Tournament until they were eliminated in the Elite Eight by Kentucky, finishing with a 29-8 record.[38]

text: The 2011–2012 Tar Heels finished the regular season with a final record of 32-6, including a 14–2 record in ACC regular season play which allowed the team to win the conference regular season championship outright. The team fell to Florida State in the championship game of the 2012 ACC Men's Basketball Tournament. The team was a #1 seed in the Midwest Regional of the 2012 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament; the team reached the Elite Eight and was defeated by Kansas 80-67. This defeat was the second time UNC lost to Kansas in the NCAA Tournament with Roy Williams as UNC head coach. He previously coached Kansas from 1988 to 2003. The loss to Kansas was also UNC's second straight loss in the Elite Eight, after losing to Kentucky the year before. Kansas later fell to Kentucky 67-59 in the National Championship Game. Before the Kansas game, the Tar Heels won their previous three games in the NCAA Tournament by an average of 13.7 points. In the second-round game versus Creighton, starting UNC point guard Kendall Marshall broke his right wrist with 10:56 remaining[39] in the second half with UNC leading 66-50. Marshall continued to play by dribbling primarily with his left hand, including getting fouled on a drive to the basket with 7:09 left in the second half. He left the game against Creighton with two minutes left with UNC leading 85-69. Williams announced Kendall Marshall's injury at the Creighton post-game press conference.[40] Kendall Marshall did not play in UNC's two following games in the NCAA Tournament, a 73-65 overtime win over Ohio in the Sweet 16 and the aforementioned 67-80 loss to Kansas in the Elite Eight.

text: With the departures of several stars from the 2012 team, The Tar Heels would begin a slow climb back to the top following the Elite Eight loss. The 2012-13 season ended with a disappointing loss to Kansas in the tournament for the second year in a row. In 2013-14, the Tar Heels became the only team in men's college basketball history to beat every team ranked in the top 4 in the preseason.[41][citation needed] The Tar Heels would finish 24-10 that year, ending the year in heartbreak by losing to Iowa State in the final seconds of the Round of 32. The 2014-15 team would improve, finishing the year 4th in the ACC Standings that year and advanced to the Sweet 16, where they would lose to the Wisconsin Badgers. It was also the year that North Carolina would recruit Joel Berry II and Justin Jackson, who were both key contributors to the 2017 National Championship squad.

text: In 2015-2016, led by seniors Marcus Paige and Brice Johnson, the Tar Heels earned their 30th ACC regular season title, 18th ACC tournament title, and 19th Final Four.[42][better source needed] They also appeared in their 10th NCAA title game, in which they lost on a buzzer beater to Villanova, despite Marcus Paige's dramatic three-pointer to tie the game with 4.7 seconds left.[43][better source needed] The Tar Heels finished with a 33-7 overall record and a 14-4 ACC record.

text: The following year, the Tar Heels were ranked #6 in the AP preseason poll, having lost Paige and Johnson but retaining 2016 ACC Tournament MVP Joel Berry II as well as forwards Kennedy Meeks and Isaiah Hicks. After early season losses to Indiana and Kentucky, the Tar Heels won their 31st ACC regular season title. Despite never being ranked #1 in the AP Poll and losing to Duke in the semifinals of the ACC tournament, the Heels earned a #1 seed in the NCAA tournament, where they advanced to their record 20th Final Four and 11th NCAA tournament title game. They beat Gonzaga 71-65 to give Williams his 3rd national championship, surpassing mentor Dean Smith for most NCAA tournament championships at Carolina, and behind only John Wooden, Mike Krzyzewski, and Adolph Rupp for most NCAA tournament championships overall. Just as in the previous year, the Tar Heels finished with a 33-7 overall record and a 14-4 ACC record.

text: The Carolina Way[edit]

text: Dean Smith was widely known for his idea of "The Carolina Way," in which he challenged his players to, “Play hard, play smart, play together.”[44] “The Carolina Way” was an idea of excellence in the classroom, as well as on the court. In Coach Smith’s book, The Carolina Way, former player Scott Williams said, regarding Dean Smith, “Winning was very important at Carolina, and there was much pressure to win, but Coach cared more about our getting a sound education and turning into good citizens than he did about winning.“[45]

text: Academic scandal[edit]

text: On June 6, 2014, the ESPN program Outside the Lines aired an interview with Rashad McCants, a starter on the NCAA championship-winning 2004–05 team, in which he claimed to have taken phony classes and had tutors write his classwork to stay academically eligible.[46] Coach Roy Williams, separately interviewed by ESPN, as well as McCants's teammates, disputed McCants's claims.[47] Four months later, Kenneth L. Wainstein, a former federal prosecutor hired by the university to investigate academic fraud reported by the media, issued a 131-page report showing at least 3,100 students took independent study classes, some receiving artificially high grades, over an 18-year period with some athletes being funneled to these classes by academic advisers. Wainstein reported that students who had participated in varsity athletics one or more semesters made up 1,871 of the total enrollment in courses investigated, with the men's basketball team accounting for 12.1 percent (226) the athletes.[48] There is no evidence the coaches knew the classes were irregular, and Williams denied knowledge (Dean Smith and Bill Guthridge, Williams' predecessors, were not interviewed because of poor health).[49]

text: The NCAA formally notified UNC of a formal investigation on May 22, 2015.[50] The notice made five allegations against the university, including providing impermissible academic benefits to athletes and what the NCAA terms "lack of institutional control". The university would meet with the NCAA in three months and receive a ruling within six to nine months.[48] Neither Williams nor any member of his staff was specifically accused of violating NCAA rules.[51] On October 13, 2017, the NCAA found that North Carolina did not violate any NCAA academic rules with regards to the school's African studies and Afro-American Studies independent study courses.[52]

text: Streaks[edit]

text: The Tar Heels own several notable streaks in the history of college basketball. They appeared in either the NCAA Tournament or National Invitation Tournament (NIT) every year from 1967 to 2001. This includes 27 straight appearances in the NCAA tourney from 1975 (the first year that competition allowed more than one team from a conference to get a guaranteed bid) to 2001—the longest such streak in tournament history until it was broken by Kansas in March 2017. The Tar Heels also notched 37 straight winning seasons from 1964 to 2001, the third-longest such streak in NCAA history, behind UCLA's streak of 54 consecutive winning seasons from 1948 to 2001, and Syracuse's currently active streak of 46 seasons from 1971 to date. They also finished .500 or better for 39 years in a row from 1962 (Dean Smith's second year) to 2001, the third-longest such streak in NCAA history, behind Kentucky's streak of 61 consecutive seasons from 1926 to 1988 (the Wildcats were barred from playing in 1952–53 due to NCAA violations) and UCLA's 54-season streak.

text: From the ACC's inception in 1953 to 2001, the Tar Heels did not finish worse than a tie for fourth place in ACC play. By comparison, all of the ACC's other charter members finished last at least once in that time. From 1965 to 2001, they did not finish worse than a tie for third, and for the first 21 of those years they did not finish worse than a tie for second.

text: All of these streaks ended in the 2001–02 season, when the Tar Heels finished 8–20 on the season under coach Matt Doherty. They also finished tied for 7th in conference play, behind Florida State and Clemson—only their second losing conference record ever (the first being in the ACC's inaugural season).

text: Additionally, the Tar Heels are 59-0 all-time in home games played against the Clemson Tigers (the NCAA record for the longest home winning streak against a single opponent).[53] Until the 2010 ACC Tournament, North Carolina was the only program to have never played a Thursday game in the ACC Tournament since it expanded to a four-day format.

text: By the numbers[edit]

text:
All Time Wins- 2,206[54]
All Time Winning Percentage- .738[54]
NCAA Championships- 6[54]
NCAA Tournament Runner Up- 5[54]
All Americans- 49 players chosen 78 times[54]
ACC Regular Season Titles- 30[4][54]
ACC Tournament Titles- 18[54]
NCAA Championship Games- 11[55]
NCAA Final Fours- 20 (This is the most Final Four appearances of all time)[55]
NCAA Tournament Appearances- 48[55]
NCAA Tournament Wins- 123[55]
#1 Seeds in the NCAA Tournament- 15[55]
Number of Weeks Ranked All Time in the Top-25 of the AP Poll- 808[56]
Number of Times Defeating the #1 Ranked Team in the Country- 13[56]

tag: ul

text: Victories over AP Number 1 team[edit]

text: North Carolina has thirteen victories over the AP number one ranked team.[57][58][59][60]

text:
Jan. 14, 1959 - UNC 72, No. 1 NC State 68
Jan. 12, 1980 - No. 15 UNC 82, No. 1 Duke 67
Nov. 21, 1987 - UNC 96, No. 1Syracuse 93
Jan 18, 1989 - No. 13 UNC 91, No. 1 Duke 71
Mar. 17, 1990 - NR UNC 79, No. 1 Oklahoma, 77
Feb. 5, 1992 - No. 9 UNC 75, No. 1 Duke 73
Feb. 3, 1994 - No. 2 UNC 89, No. 1 Duke 78
Feb. 5, 1998 - No. 2 UNC 97, No. 1 Duke 73
Mar. 8, 1998 - UNC 83, No. 1 Duke 68
Jan. 17, 2004 - UNC 86, No. 1 Connecticut 83
Apr. 4, 2005 - No. 2 UNC 75, No. 1 Illinois 70
Mar. 4, 2006 - No. 13 UNC 83, No. 1 Duke 76
Dec. 4, 2013 - NR UNC 79, No. 1 Michigan State 65

text: Honored and retired jerseys[edit]

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text: To have his number retired, a player must win one of the following six widely recognized player of the year awards:[61]

text:
Associated Press Player of the Year
Oscar Robertson Trophy, formerly known as the United States Basketball Writers Association National Player of the Year
National Association of Basketball Coaches Player of the Year
Sporting News Player of the Year
John R. Wooden Award
Naismith College Player of the Year

text: Eight players (including Jack Cobb, whose jersey did not have a number) have had their numbers retired. Tyler Hansbrough's number 50 is the eighth to be retired, after he won all six major player of the year awards during the 2007–08 season.[62]

text:
North Carolina Tar Heels retired numbers[63]

No.
Player
Position
Tenure

10
Lennie Rosenbluth
SF
1954-57

12
Phil Ford
PG
1974–78

20
George Glamack
F
1938–41

23
Michael Jordan
SG
1981–84

33
Antawn Jamison
F
1995–98

50
Tyler Hansbrough
PF, C
2005–09

52
James Worthy
SF
1979–82

-
Jack Cobb
F
1923–26

tag: table

text: 49 former North Carolina men's basketball players are honored in the Smith Center with banners representing their numbers hung from the rafters. Of the 49 honored jerseys, eight are retired.

text: Honored jerseys[edit]

text: In addition to the 8 retired jerseys, an additional 41 jerseys are honored. An additional 2 players, Joel Berry II and Justin Jackson, have qualified to have their jerseys honored during the 2017-2018 basketball season.[64][65]

text: To have his jersey honored, a player must have met one of the following criteria:[66]

text:
MVP of a National Championship-winning team
Member of a gold medal-winning Olympic team
First- or second-team All-America
ACC Player of the Year
NCAA Tournament MOP

text: Notable players and coaches[edit]

text: Tar Heels inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame[edit]

text: To date ten Tar Heels have been inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame.

text:
Year
Player(s)
Inducted As a

1970
Ben Carnevale
Coach

1977
Frank McGuire
Coach

1983
Dean Smith
Coach

1986
Billy Cunningham
Player

2000
Bob McAdoo
Player

2002
Larry Brown
Coach

2003
James Worthy
Player

2007
Roy Williams
Coach

2009
Michael Jordan
Player

2018
Charlie Scott
Player

text: Tar Heels in the Olympics[edit]

text:
Year
Tar Heel
As a
Country

1964
Larry Brown
Player
 United States

1968
Charles Scott
Player
 United States

1972
Bobby Jones
Player
 United States

1976
Walter Davis
Player
 United States

1976
Phil Ford
Player
 United States

1976
Bill Guthridge
Asst. Coach
 United States

1976
Mitch Kupchak
Player
 United States

1976
Tommy LaGarde
Player
 United States

1976
Dean Smith
Head Coach
 United States

1980
Al Wood
Player
 United States

1984
Michael Jordan
Player
 United States

1984
Sam Perkins
Player
 United States

1988
J.R. Reid
Player
 United States

1992
Michael Jordan
Player
 United States

1992
Henrik Rödl
Player
 Germany

2000
Vince Carter
Player
 United States

2000
Larry Brown
Asst. Coach
 United States

2004
Larry Brown
Head Coach
 United States

2004
Roy Williams
Asst. Coach
 United States

2016
Harrison Barnes
Player
 United States

text: McDonald's All-Americans[edit]

text: The following 72 McDonald's All-Americans have played for North Carolina:[67]

text:
Year
Player
Hometown

1977
Pete Budko
Lutherville, MD

1977
Al Wood
Gray, GA

1979
James Worthy
Gastonia, NC

1979
Jim Braddock
Chattanooga, TN

1980
Matt Doherty
East Meadow, NJ

1980
Sam Perkins
Latham, NY

1981
Buzz Peterson
Asheville, NC

1981
Michael Jordan
Wilmington, NC

1982
Brad Daugherty
Black Mountain, NC

1982
Curtis Hunter
Durham, NC

1983
Kenny Smith
Queens, NY

1983
Dave Popson
Ashley, PA

1983
Joe Wolf
Kohler, WI

1985
Jeff Lebo
Carlisle, PA

1985
Kevin Madden
Staunton, VA

1986
Steve Bucknall
London, GB

1986
Pete Chilcutt
Eutaw, AL

1986
Scott Williams
Hacienda Heights, CA

1986
J.R. Reid
Virginia Beach, VA

1987
King Rice
Binghamton, NY

1989
Matt Wenstrom
Katy, TX

1989
George Lynch
Roanoke, VA

1990
Eric Montross
Indianapolis, IN

1990
Brian Reese
The Bronx, NY

1990
Derrick Phelps
Pleasantville, NY

1991
Donald Williams
Garner, NC

1992
Serge Zwikker
Maassluis, NL

1993
Jerry Stackhouse
Kinston, NC

1993
Rasheed Wallace
Philadelphia, PA

1993
Jeff McInnis
Charlotte, NC

1995
Antawn Jamison
Charlotte, NC

1995
Vince Carter
Daytona Beach, FL

1996
Ed Cota
Brooklyn, NY

1996
Vasco Evtimov
Sofia, BG

1997
Brendan Haywood
Greensboro, NC

1998
Ronald Curry
Hampton, VA

1998
Jason Capel
Chesapeake, VA

1998
Kris Lang
Gastonia, NC

1999
Joseph Forte
Greenbelt, MD

2000
Neil Fingleton
Durham, UK

2001
Jawad Williams
Cleveland, OH

2002
Rashad McCants
Asheville, NC

2002
Sean May
Bloomington, IN

2002
Raymond Felton
Latta, SC

2004
Marvin Williams
Bremerton, WA

2005
Tyler Hansbrough
Poplar Bluff, MO

2005
Danny Green
North Babylon, NY

2005
Bobby Frasor
Blue Island, IL

2006
Brandan Wright
Brentwood, TN

2006
Ty Lawson
Clinton, MD

2006
Wayne Ellington
Wynnewood, PA

2008
Larry Drew II
Woodland Hills, CA

2008
Ed Davis
Richmond, VA

2008
Tyler Zeller
Washington, IN

2009
David Wear
Santa Ana, CA

2009
Travis Wear
Santa Ana, CA

2009
Dexter Strickland
Elizabeth, NJ

2009
John Henson
Tampa, FL

2010
Kendall Marshall
Dumfries, VA

2010
Reggie Bullock
Kinston, NC

2010
Harrison Barnes
Ames, IA

2011
James Michael McAdoo
Norfolk, VA

2011
P. J. Hairston
Greensboro, NC

2012
Marcus Paige
Marion, IA

2013
Kennedy Meeks
Charlotte, NC

2013
Isaiah Hicks
Oxford, NC

2014
Justin Jackson
Tomball, TX

2014
Joel Berry II
Apopka, FL

2014
Theo Pinson
Greensboro, N.C.

2016
Tony Bradley
Bartow, FL

2018
Coby White
Wilson, NC

2018
Nassir Little
Orlando, FL

text: Mr. Basketball[edit]

text: The following players won their state's Mr. Basketball award in high school.

text:
Year
Player
State
Notes

1973
Tom LaGarde
Michigan

1976
Dave Colescott
Indiana

1983
Joe Wolf
Wisconsin

1986
Scott Williams
California

1987
Henrik Rodl
North Carolina

1987
King Rice
New York

1990
Clifford Rozier
Florida
Transferred to Louisville

1991
Larry Davis
South Carolina

1991
Donald Williams
North Carolina

1995
Vince Carter
Florida

1995
Antawn Jamison
North Carolina

1998
Kris Lang
North Carolina

2000
Adam Boone
Minnesota
Transferred to Minnesota

2002
Raymond Felton
South Carolina

2002
Sean May
Indiana

2004
2005
2006
Brandan Wright
Tennessee
Div. II A

2005
Tyler Hansbrough
Missouri

2006
Will Graves
North Carolina

2008
2009
Leslie McDonald
Tennessee
Div. II AA

2008
Tyler Zeller
Indiana

2010
Reggie Bullock
North Carolina

2010
Harrison Barnes
Iowa

2012
Marcus Paige
Iowa

2012
Brice Johnson
South Carolina

2012
2013
2014
Joel Berry II
Florida

2013
Isaiah Hicks
North Carolina

2014
Theo Pinson
North Carolina

2016
Tony Bradley
Florida

2016
Seventh Woods
South Carolina

2017
Jalek Felton
South Carolina

2018
Coby White
North Carolina

text: Current players in the NBA[edit]

text:
Harrison Barnes, Dallas Mavericks
Tony Bradley, Utah Jazz
Reggie Bullock, Detroit Pistons
Vince Carter, Sacramento Kings
Ed Davis, Portland Trail Blazers
Wayne Ellington, Miami Heat
Raymond Felton, Oklahoma City Thunder
Danny Green, San Antonio Spurs
John Henson, Milwaukee Bucks
Isaiah Hicks, New York Knicks
Justin Jackson, Sacramento Kings
Brice Johnson, Los Angeles Clippers
James Michael McAdoo, Philadelphia 76ers
Marcus Paige, Charlotte Hornets
Marvin Williams, Charlotte Hornets
Brandan Wright, Memphis Grizzlies
Tyler Zeller, Milwaukee Bucks

text: NBA coaches and executives[edit]

text:
Larry Brown, former head coach of the Charlotte Bobcats, New York Knicks, Detroit Pistons, Philadelphia 76ers, Indiana Pacers, Los Angeles Clippers, San Antonio Spurs, New Jersey Nets, Denver Nuggets, Carolina Cougars
Michael Jordan, owner and chairman of the Charlotte Hornets
George Karl, former head coach of the Sacramento Kings, Denver Nuggets, Milwaukee Bucks, Seattle SuperSonics, Golden State Warriors, Cleveland Cavaliers
John Kuester, former head coach of the Detroit Pistons
Mitch Kupchak, former general manager of the Los Angeles Lakers
Donnie Walsh, former president of basketball operations for the Indiana Pacers and New York Knicks
Doug Moe, former head coach of the Philadelphia 76ers, Denver Nuggets, San Antonio Spurs
Billy Cunningham, former head coach of the Philadelphia 76ers
Rasheed Wallace, former assistant coach of the Detroit Pistons
James Worthy, assistant coach of the Los Angeles Lakers
Jerry Stackhouse, head coach of the Raptors 905

text: Other fields[edit]

text:
James Delany, commissioner of the Big Ten Conference (1967–1970)
Julius Peppers, Defensive End for the Carolina Panthers (2017–present)
Ronald Curry, former Wide Receiver for the Oakland Raiders (2002-2008)
Richard Vinroot, former mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina (1961–1963)
Brad Daugherty, ESPN and NASCAR television analyst and part-owner of JTG Daugherty Racing NASCAR race team (2008–Present)
Brendan Haywood, college basketball announcer for CBS Sports
Antawn Jamison, analyst for Time Warner Cable SportsNet.

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: Traditional rivalries[edit]

text:
Team
UNC Record
First Meeting
Notes

Duke
135–110
1920
Carolina–Duke rivalry

NC State
155–77
1913
Carolina–State Game

Wake Forest
159–66
1911
Carolina–Wake rivalry

text: Other major programs[edit]

text:
Team
UNC Record
First Meeting
Notes

UCLA
8–3[68]
1968

Kentucky
24–15
1924
Kentucky–North Carolina basketball rivalry

Kansas
6–5[69]
1957
First meeting was the 1957 national championship game.

Indiana
6–9[70]
1961

text: Carolina Basketball Museum[edit]

text: The Carolina Basketball Museum[71][72] is located in the Ernie Williamson Athletics Center and contains 8,000 square feet.[73] It was built to replace the old memorabilia room in the Dean Smith Center.[73] Designed by Gallagher & Associates, the cost of construction was $3.4 million.[73] The museum opened in January 2008.[74][75]

text: UNC junior varsity basketball team[edit]

text: The UNC junior varsity basketball team was originally used at North Carolina as freshmen teams because freshmen were not allowed to play on the varsity team until the NCAA granted freshmen eligibility in the Fall of 1972.

text: After most schools decided to disband their J.V. squads, North Carolina's athletic department opted to keep the team so that non-scholarship students were given the chance to play basketball for UNC. North Carolina also uses their J.V. team as a way for varsity assistant coaches to gain experience as head coaches. Roy Williams was a J.V. coach for eight years before he was hired at Kansas.

text: Students at UNC are only allowed to play on the team for two years, and then they are given a chance to try out for the varsity. The J.V. team also serves as a way for coaches to evaluate players for two years on the J.V. so they will better know what to expect when they try out for varsity later in their careers.

text: UNC's J.V. team plays a combination of teams from Division II and III schools, some community colleges, and a few prep schools from around the North Carolina area.

text: Seasons[edit]

text: Records[edit]

text:
NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament Consecutive Appearances
Most All time Final Four Appearances

text: Home venues[edit]

text:
Bynum Gymnasium (1910–1924)
Tin Can (1924–1938)
Woollen Gymnasium (1938–1964)
Carmichael Auditorium (1965–1986)
Dean Smith Center (1986–present)


document_title: House of Representatives (Nigeria)

question_text: how many house of representative do we have in nigeria

text: House of Representatives (Nigeria)

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
House of Representatives

8th National Assembly

Type

Type

Lower house of the National Assembly of Nigeria

Leadership

Speaker of the House of Representatives

Yakubu Dogara , APC
Since 6 June 2015

Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives

Yusuf Sulaiman Lasun, APC
Since 6 June 2015

Structure

Seats
360

Political groups

Governing Party

  All Progressives Congress (225)

Opposition Parties

  People's Democratic Party (125)

  Other parties (10)

Elections

Voting system

First-past-the-post

Last election

April 2015

Meeting place

Abuja

Website

http://www.nass.gov.ng

text:
Nigeria

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Nigeria

Constitution[show]

Human rights

Government[show]

President (list)

Muhammadu Buhari

Vice President

Yemi Osinbajo

Cabinet
Federal Parastatals

National Assembly[show]

Senate
House of Representatives

Judiciary[show]

Supreme Court

Subdivisions[show]

States

State governors

Local Government Areas

Elections[show]

Recent elections

Presidential: 2011
2015
2019

Parliamentary: 2011
2015
2019

Political parties

Foreign relations[show]

Minister of Foreign Affairs
Diplomatic missions

of Nigeria
to Nigeria

Passport

Visa requirements

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: The House of Representatives is the lower house of Nigeria's bicameral National Assembly. The Senate is the upper house.

text: The current House of Representatives, formed following elections held in April 2015, has a total of 360 members who are elected in single-member constituencies using the simple majority (or first-past-the-post) system. Members serve four-year terms. The Speaker of the Nigerian House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the house.

text: Nigerian state delegations[edit]

text:
Map legend
State
Senators
Federal constituencies

1
Abia State
3
8

2
Adamawa State
3
8

3
Akwa-Ibom State
3
10

4
Anambra State
3
11

5
Bauchi State
3
12

6
Bayelsa State
3
5

7
Benue State
3
11

8
Borno State
3
10

9
Cross River State
3
8

10
Delta State
3
10

11
Ebonyi State
3
6

12
Edo State
3
9

13
Ekiti State
3
6

14
Enugu State
3
8

15
Gombe State
3
6

16
Imo State
3
10

17
Jigawa State
3
11

18
Kaduna State
3
16

19
Kano State
3
24

20
Katsina State
3
15

21
Kebbi State
3
8

22
Kogi State
3
9

23
Kwara State
3
6

24
Lagos State
3
24

25
Nasarawa State
3
5

26
Niger State
3
10

27
Ogun State
3
9

28
Ondo State
3
9

29
Osun State
3
9

30
Oyo State
3
14

31
Plateau State
3
8

32
Rivers State
3
13

33
Sokoto State
3
11

34
Taraba State
3
6

35
Yobe State
3
6

36
Zamfara State
3
7

37
Federal capital territory (Abuja)
1
2

All

109
360

text: Members (since 1979)[edit]

text:
List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 1979–1992
List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 1992–1998
List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 1998–1999
List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 1999–2003
List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 2003–2007
List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 2007–2011
List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 2011–2015
List of members of the House of Representatives of Nigeria, 2015–present


document_title: Blame It on the Bossa Nova

question_text: who sings blame it on the bossa nova

question_tokens: who sings blame it on the bossa nova

text: Blame It on the Bossa Nova

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Blame it on the Bossa Nova"

Eydie Gormé on album cover

Single by Eydie Gormé

from the album Blame it on the Bossa Nova

A-side
"Blame It on the Bossa Nova"

B-side
"Guess I Should Have Loved Him More"

Released
January 4, 1963

Format
7" single

Genre
Traditional pop, rock and roll

Length
2:25

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
Cynthia Weil and Barry Mann

Producer(s)
Al Kasha

Eydie Gormé singles chronology

"Yes My Darling Daughter"
(1962)
"Blame it on the Bossa Nova"
(1963)
"Don't Try to Fight It Baby"
(1962)

"Yes My Darling Daughter"
(1962)
"Blame It on the Bossa Nova"
(1963)
"Don't Try to Fight It Baby"
(1962)

text: "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" is a song written by Cynthia Weil (lyrics) and Barry Mann which was a 1963 hit single for Eydie Gormé, reaching number 7 on the Hot 100 in Billboard in March 1963. The song also peaked at number 23 in the UK, whereas "Yes, My Darling Daughter" became the biggest hit for Eydie there, reaching number 10.

text: Background[edit]

text: Produced by Al Kasha who had been responsible for the No. 1 hit "Go Away Little Girl" by Gormé's husband Steve Lawrence, "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" featured backing vocals by The Cookies. "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" merges the sensibilities of the Brill Building Sound with the Latin music which Gormé had previously specialized in, as the song describes a romantic relationship inaugurated by a couple dancing to the bossa nova - "the dance of love." The bossa nova is a Brazilian music style in vogue in the United States from the late 1950s.

text: "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" was an international hit for Gormé, reaching No. 1 in Australia, South Africa and Sweden and No. 2 in Norway. In the UK the single reached No. 32. Rendered in Spanish by Gormé as "Cúlpale a la bossa nova",[1] the track sold 250,000 units in Spain and Latin America and 100,000 units in Italy.[2]

text: Gormé consequently recorded several Top 40-oriented releases but "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" would be her last solo Top 40 hit although partnered with Lawrence as Steve & Eydie she reached No. 28 and No. 35 with respectively "I Want To Stay Here" and "I Can't Stop Talking About You" in 1964. Gormé reached No. 43 with Mann-Weil's "I Want You to Meet My Baby" in September 1964; that track's B-side : "Can't Get Over (the Bossa Nova)", written by Gormé and Lawrence with Marilyn Gins, gained enough attention to chart at No. 87. Gormé subsequently shifted back to the easy listening musical style of the first phase of her career.

text: Cover versions and soundtrack appearances[edit]

text: "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" was also recorded by Caterina Valente for her 1965 album Latin Melodies Old and New (featuring Edmundo Ros) and by Cliff Richard for his 1966 album Kinda Latin. Nancy Boyd remade "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" for her 1987 album of classic hit songs entitled Let's Hang On (credited to Nancy Boyd & the Cappello's), with the track issued as the B-side of the single "Maybe I Know" which charted at No. 56 in the Netherlands.

text: A recording of "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" by Manuela, with lyrics in German as "Schuld war nur der Bossa Nova" written by Georg Buschor, was on the German Charts for 27 weeks (21 weeks Top 10) during the period 27 April - 2 November 1963, peaking at No. 1 for five weeks. Also in 1963, the comedian Jackie Mason recorded a parody version entitled "Don't Blame the Bossa Nova" [3][4]

text: Lola Novaković recorded the Serbian rendering "Bosa Nova" in 1964.

text: A recording by Anna-Lena Löfgren, with lyrics in Swedish as "Det finns ingenting att hämta" written by Stig Andersson, was at Svensktoppen for 11 weeks during the period 14 May - 23 July 1967, peaking at No. 3.[5] Another recording of the Swedish language version by Lotta Engbergs in 1997 appeared on the album "Tolv i topp", and as B-side of the 2000 single "En liten stund på Jorden".[6]

text: In Québec, the song was recorded in French by Margot Lefebvre as "C'est la faute au bossa nova", written by Pierre Nolès.

text: The song has appeared from time to time in television programs, commercials, and films, often for comic effect. For example, in the TV show The West Wing, new White House Assistant Counsel Ainsley Hayes (played by Emily Procter) is dancing joyfully to a recording of the song by Annette Funicello, wearing a bathrobe, and drinking a cocktail to celebrate a successful television appearance when she is shocked to see President Jed Bartlet (Martin Sheen) enter her office to meet her for the first time. Former San Francisco 49ers head coach George Seifert performs the song karaoke-style in a Visa commercial that aired during the 1990s. Jack Mac Ferland from Will and Grace sings it too when he prepares his "garlic jazz" in season one.

text: Movie soundtrack appearances for "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" include The Big Picture (1989), Mermaids (1990) and Doubt (2008). "Blame It on the Bossa Nova" is also featured in episode seven of the first season of the HBO program Big Love.[7] It is playing on the car stereo when character Alby Grant solicits a male prostitute.

text: David Alan Grier's character, Don 'No Soul' Simmons, covered the song in the end credits for Amazon Women on the Moon.

text: In the 1993 film Needful Things (based on the Stephen King novel of the same name), the lead character says of the havoc he causes in the town of Castle Rock, "Hey, don't blame me. Blame it on the bossa nova."[8]


document_title: State of the Union

question_text: when is the state of the union addressed

text: State of the Union

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:

text: He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.

text: Although the language of this State of the Union Clause[5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[6] and as late as February 12.[7]

text: While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]

text: Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union".[6]

text: What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]

text: For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]

text:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.

text: The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.

text: In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]

text: Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[2] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16]

text: Delivery of the speech[edit]

text: A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]

text: Invitations[edit]

text: Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address. The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box. The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker’s box. Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.

text: Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]

text: By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]

text: The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[20]

text: Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!"[21]

text: As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[21] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.

text: After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[20][21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[21]

text: At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out.

text: Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]

text: Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend the speech, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[22] Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor.[23][24]

text: Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.

text: In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[26] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[27][28]

text: State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.

text: For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[29] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[30]

text: Opposition response[edit]

text: Since 1966,[31] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[32] The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[33] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[34] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[35]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[28]

text: Local versions[edit]

text: Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor.

text: Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[36][37] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[38]

text: The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[39] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.

text: Historic speeches[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work... We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." Ford said he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."

text: In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[40][41][42]

text:
Date
President
Viewers,
millions

Households,
millions

Rating
Networks

1/30/2018
Donald Trump
45.551
32.168
26.9
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, ESTRELLA, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, PBS

2/28/2017
Donald Trump
47.741
33.857
28.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, UNIVISION, PBS, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, NBC UNIVERSO

1/12/2016
Barack Obama
31.334
23.040
19.6
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, NBC, NBC UNIVERSO, UNIVISION**

1/20/2015
Barack Obama
31.710
23.137
19.9
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUNDOFOX, NBC, UNIVISION**

1/28/2014
Barack Obama
33.299
23.949
20.7
CBS, ABC, NBC, FOX, AZTECA, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, GALAVISION, MUN2, UNIVISION**

2/12/2013
Barack Obama
33.497
24.767
21.8
FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, AZTECA, UNIVISION, MFX, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, CURRENT, CENTRIC, GALAVISION

1/24/2012
Barack Obama
37.752
27.569
24.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, TF, UNIVISION, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUN2

1/25/2011
Barack Obama
42.789
30.871
26.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, CENTRIC, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2010
Barack Obama
48.009
34.182
29.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/24/2009
Barack Obama
52.373
37.185
32.5
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

1/28/2008
George W. Bush
37.515
27.702
24.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO**, UNIVISION

1/24/2007
George W. Bush
45.486
32.968
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

2/01/2006
George W. Bush
43.179
30.528
31.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, AZTECA AMERICA, TELFUTURA

2/02/2005
George W. Bush
39.432
28.359
35.3
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA

1/20/2004
George W. Bush
43.411
30.286
28.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/28/2003
George W. Bush
62.061
41.447
38.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/29/2002
George W. Bush
51.773
35.547
33.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/27/2001
George W. Bush
39.793
28.201
27.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2000
Bill Clinton
31.478
22.536
22.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/19/1999
Bill Clinton
43.500
30.700
31.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/1998
Bill Clinton
53.077
36.513
37.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC

2/04/1997
Bill Clinton
41.100
27.600
28.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/23/1996
Bill Clinton
40.900
28.400
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/24/1995
Bill Clinton
42.200
28.100
29.5
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

1/25/1994
Bill Clinton
45.800
31.000
32.9
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

2/17/1993
Bill Clinton
66.900
41.200
44.3
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN


document_title: List of National Basketball Association career free throw scoring leaders

question_text: who made the most free throws in nba history

text: Free Throws Made Leaders[edit]

text: This is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season free throws made.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration [2]

text:
Rank
Player
Position(s)
Team(s) played for (years)[3]
Total free throws
made
Total free throws
attempted
Free throw
percentage

1
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
PF
Utah Jazz (1985–2003)
Los Angeles Lakers (2003–2004)
9,787
13,188
.742

2
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
C
Buffalo Braves (1976)
Houston Rockets (1976–1982)
Philadelphia 76ers (1982–1986, 1993–1994)
Washington Bullets (1986–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1991)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991–1993)
San Antonio Spurs (1994–1995)
8,531
11,090
.769

3
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2016)
8,378
10,011
.837

4
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
PG
Cincinnati Royals (1960–1970)
Milwaukee Bucks (1970–1974)
7,694
9,185
.838

5
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
SG
Chicago Bulls (1984–1993, 1995–1998)
Washington Wizards (2001–2003)
7,327
8,772
.835

6
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
PF
Dallas Mavericks (1999–present)
7,201
8,189
.879

7
West, JerryJerry West*
PG/SG
Los Angeles Lakers (1960–1974)
7,160
8,801
.814

8
Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
SF
Boston Celtics (1999–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2014)
Washington Wizards (2014–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015–2017)
6,918
8,578
.806

9
James, LeBronLeBron James^
SF
Cleveland Cavaliers (2003–2010, 2014–present)
Miami Heat (2010–2014)
6,862
9,283
.739

10
Dantley, AdrianAdrian Dantley*
SF
Buffalo Braves (1976–1977)
Indiana Pacers (1977)
Los Angeles Lakers (1977–1979)
Utah Jazz (1979–1986)
Detroit Pistons (1986–1989)
Dallas Mavericks (1989–1990)
Milwaukee Bucks (1991)
6,832
8,351
.818

11
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[4]
C
Milwaukee Bucks (1969–1975)
Los Angeles Lakers (1975–1989)
6,712
9,304
.721

Schayes, DolphDolph Schayes*
PF
Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1949–1964)
7,904
.849

13
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
SG/PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1996–2006, 2009–2010)
Denver Nuggets (2006–2008)
Detroit Pistons (2008–2009)
Memphis Grizzlies (2009)
6,375
8,168
.780

14
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
PF
Philadelphia 76ers (1984–1992)
Phoenix Suns (1992–1996)
Houston Rockets (1996–2000)
6,349
8,643
.735

15
Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
SG
Indiana Pacers (1987–2005)
6,237
7,026
.888

16
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
PF
Milwaukee/St. Louis Hawks (1954–1965)
6,182
8,119
.761

17
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
C
Philadelphia/San Francisco Warriors (1959–1965)
Philadelphia 76ers (1965–1968)
Los Angeles Lakers (1968–1973)
6,057
11,862
.511

18
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
C
San Antonio Spurs (1989–2003)
6,035
8,201
.736

19
Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins*
SF
Atlanta Hawks (1982–1994)
Los Angeles Clippers (1994)
Boston Celtics (1994–1995)
San Antonio Spurs (1996–1997)
Orlando Magic (1999)
6,031
7,438
.811

20
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
C
Orlando Magic (1992–1996)
Los Angeles Lakers (1996–2004)
Miami Heat (2004–2008)
Phoenix Suns (2008–2009)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2009–2010)
Boston Celtics (2010–2011)
5,935
11,252
.527

21
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
SF
Denver Nuggets (2003–2011)
New York Knicks (2011–2017)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2017–present)
5,900
7,268
.812

22
Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
PF/C
San Antonio Spurs (1997–2016)
5,896
8,468
.696

23
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
SF
Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (1958–1971)
5,763
7,391
.780

24
Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
SG
Miami Heat (2003–2016, 2018–present)
Chicago Bulls (2016–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–2018)
5,543
7,230
.767

25
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[5]
C
Houston Rockets (1984–2001)
Toronto Raptors (2001–2002)
5,423
7,621
.712

26
Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens*
PG
St. Louis Hawks (1960–1968)
Seattle SuperSonics (1968–1972)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1972–1974)
Portland Trail Blazers (1974–1975)
5,394
6,973
.774

27
Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
C
New York Knicks (1985–2000)
Seattle SuperSonics (2000–2001)
Orlando Magic (2001–2002)
5,392
7,289
.740

28
Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
SF
Boston Celtics (1962–1978)
5,369
6,589
.815

29
Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
PF
San Diego/Houston Rockets (1968–1972)
Baltimore/Capital/Washington Bullets (1972–1981)
Houston Rockets (1981–1984)
5,356
7,999
.670

30
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
SF/SG
Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (2007–2016)
Golden State Warriors (2016–present)
5,294
6,000
.882

31
Bellamy, WaltWalt Bellamy*
C
Chicago Packers/Zephyrs//Baltimore Bullets (1961–1965)
New York Knicks (1965–1968)
Detroit Pistons (1968–1970)
Atlanta Hawks (1970–1974)
New Orleans Jazz (1974)
5,113
8,088
.632

32
Walker, ChetChet Walker*
SF
Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1962–1969)
Chicago Bulls (1969–1975)
5,079
6,384
.796

33
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
PF
San Diego Clippers (1981–1983)
Seattle SuperSonics (1983–1988)
Phoenix Suns (1988–1993)
Utah Jazz (1993–1995)
Charlotte Hornets (1997)
Philadelphia 76ers (1997)
5,066
6,274
.807

34
Arizin, PaulPaul Arizin*
SF
Philadelphia Warriors (1950–1962)
5,010
6,189
.810

35
Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
C
Orlando Magic (2004–2012)
Los Angeles Lakers (2012–2013)
Houston Rockets (2013–2016)
Atlanta Hawks (2016–2017)
Charlotte Hornets (2017–present)
5,005
8,837
.566

36
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
PG
Los Angeles Lakers (1979–1991, 1996)
4,960
5,850
.848

37
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
PF
Minnesota Timberwolves (1995–2007, 2015–2016)
Boston Celtics (2007–2013)
Brooklyn Nets (2013–2015)
4,887
6,190
.789

38
Harden, JamesJames Harden^
SG
Oklahoma City Thunder (2009–2012)
Houston Rockets (2012–present)
4,850
5,678
.854

39
Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
PG
Utah Jazz (1984–2003)
4,788
5,796
.826

40
Carter, VinceVince Carter^
SG/SF
Toronto Raptors (1999–2004)
New Jersey Nets (2004–2009)
Orlando Magic (2009–2010)
Phoenix Suns (2010–2011)
Dallas Mavericks (2011–2014)
Memphis Grizzlies (2014–2017)
Sacramento Kings (2017–present)
4,782
5,987
.799

41
Howell, BaileyBailey Howell*
SF
Detroit Pistons (1959–1964)
Baltimore Bullets (1964–1966)
Boston Celtics (1966–1970)
Philadelphia 76ers (1970–1971)
4,740
6,224
.762

42
Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
C/PF
Memphis Grizzlies (2001–2008)
Los Angeles Lakers (2008–2014)
Chicago Bulls (2014–2016)
San Antonio Spurs (2016–present)
4,727
6,271
.754

43
Free, World B.World B. Free[6]
PG
Philadelphia 76ers (1975–1978, 1987)
San Diego Clippers (1978–1980)
Golden State Warriors (1980–1982)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1982–1986)
Houston Rockets (1987–1988)
4,718
6,264
.753

44
Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
SG
Portland Trail Blazers (1983–1995)
Houston Rockets (1995–1998)
4,698
5,962
.788

45
Archibald, NateNate Archibald*
PG
Cincinnati Royals/Kansas City(-Omaha) Kings (1970–1976)
New York Nets (1976–1977)
Boston Celtics (1978–1983)
Milwaukee Bucks (1983–1984)
4,664
5,760
.810

46
Theus, ReggieReggie Theus
SG
Chicago Bulls (1978–1984)
Kansas City/Sacramento Kings (1984–1988)
Atlanta Hawks (1988–1989)
Orlando Magic (1989–1990)
New Jersey Nets (1990–1991)
4,663
5,644
.826

47
Stackhouse, JerryJerry Stackhouse
SG
Philadelphia 76ers (1995–1997)
Detroit Pistons (1997–2002)
Washington Wizards (2002–2004)
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2009)
Milwaukee Bucks (2010)
Miami Heat (2010)
Atlanta Hawks (2011–2012)
Brooklyn Nets (2012–2013)
4,649
5,659
.822

48
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
PG
Boston Celtics (1950–1963)
Cincinnati Royals (1970)
4,624
5,756
.803

49
Maggette, CoreyCorey Maggette
SF
Orlando Magic (1999–2000)
Los Angeles Clippers (2000–2008)
Golden State Warriors (2008–2010)
Milwaukee Bucks (2010–2011)
Charlotte Bobcats (2011–2012)
Detroit Pistons (2012)
4,605
5,599
.822

50
Greer, HalHal Greer*
SG
Syracuse Nationals/Philadelphia 76ers (1958–1973)
4,578
5,717
.801

text: Progressive List of Career Free Throw Leaders[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of free throw scoring leaders showing how the record has increased through the years.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[2]

text:
Team Abbreviations
Team listed is the one player was on when he established the record.

BOS
Boston Celtics
HOU
Houston Rockets
NOJ
New Orleans Jazz
SAC
Sacramento Kings

BUF
Buffalo Braves
IND
Indiana Pacers
NOP
New Orleans Pelicans
SDC
San Diego Clippers

CHI
Chicago Bulls
KCO
Kansas City-Omaha Kings
OKC
Oklahoma City Thunder
SFW
San Francisco Warriors

CIN
Cincinnati Royals
LAC
Los Angeles Clippers
PHI
Philadelphia 76ers
STL
St. Louis Hawks

CLE
Cleveland Cavaliers
LAL
Los Angeles Lakers
PHO
Phoenix Suns
SYR
Syracuse Nationals

DAL
Dallas Mavericks
MIA
Miami Heat
PHW
Philadelphia Warriors
TOR
Toronto Raptors

DEN
Denver Nuggets
MIL
Milwaukee Bucks
POR
Portland Trail Blazers
UTA
Utah Jazz

DET
Detroit Pistons
MNL
Minneapolis Lakers
SAS
San Antonio Spurs
WSB
Washington Bullets

text:
Free Throw Leader at the end of every season

Season
Year-by-Year
FT
Active Player
FT
Career Record
FT
Single Season Record
FT
Season

1946–47
Joe Fulks*000PHW
439
Joe Fulks*000PHW
439
Joe Fulks*000PHW
439
Joe Fulks*000PHW
439
1946–47

1947–48
297
736
736
1947–48

1948–49
George Mikan*000MNL
532
1,238
1,238
George Mikan*000MNL
532
1948–49

1949–50
567
1,531
1,531
567
1949–50

1950–51
576
1,909
1,909
576
1950–51

1951–52
Paul Arizin*000PHW
578
2,159
2,159
Paul Arizin*000PHW
578
1951–52

1952–53
Neil Johnston*000PHW
556
George Mikan*000MNL
2,550
George Mikan*000MNL
2,550
1952–53

1953–54
577
2,974
2,974
1953–54

1954–55
589
Ed Macauley*000BOS
2,703
Neil Johnston*000PHW
589
1954–55

1955–56
Bob Pettit*000STL
557
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
3,206
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
3,206
1955–56

1956–57
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
625
3,831
3,831
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
625
1956–57

1957–58
George Yardley*000DET
655
4,460
4,460
George Yardley*000DET
655
1957–58

1958–59
Bob Pettit*000STL
667
4,986
4,986
Bob Pettit*000STL
667
1958–59

1959–60
Jack Twyman*000CIN
598
5,519
5,519
1959–60

1960–61
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
680
6,199
6,199
Dolph Schayes*000SYR
680
1960–61

1961–62
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHW
835
6,485
6,485
Wilt Chamberlain*000PHW
835
1961–62

1962–63
Bob Pettit*000STL
685
6,666
6,666
1962–63

1963–64
Oscar Robertson*000CIN
800
6,712
6,712
1963–64

1964–65
665
Bob Pettit*000STL
6,182
1964–65

1965–66
Jerry West*000LAL
840
Oscar Robertson*
000CIN 1965–70
000MIL 1970–74
4,174
Jerry West*000LAL
840
1965–66

1966–67
Rick Barry*000SFW
753
4,910
1966–67

1967–68
Oscar Robertson*000CIN
576
5,486
1967–68

1968–69
643
6,129
1968–69

1969–70
Jerry West*000LAL
647
6,583
1969–70

1970–71
Dave Bing*000DET
615
6,968
Oscar Robertson*000MIL
6,968
1970–71

1971–72
Tiny Archibald*0CIN
000KCO 1972–73
677
7,244
7,244
1971–72

1972–73
663
7,482
7,482
1972–73

1973–74
Gail Goodrich*000LAL
508
7,694
7,694
1973–74

1974–75
Tiny Archibald*000KCO
652
Lenny Wilkens*000POR
5,394
1974–75

1975–76
Bob McAdoo*000BUF
559
John Havlicek*000BOS
4,904
1975–76

1976–77
Pete Maravich*000NOJ
501
5,139
1976–77

1977–78
Adrian Dantley*000LAL
541
5,369
1977–78

1978–79
World B. Free000SDC
654
Gail Goodrich*000NOJ
4,319
1978–79

1979–80
572
Elvin Hayes*
000WSB 1979–81
000HOU 1981–83
4,523
1979–80

1980–81
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
632
4,794
1980–81

1981–82
648
5,074
1981–82

1982–83
Moses Malone*000PHI
600
5,270
1982–83

1983–84
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
813
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar*000LAL
5,515
1983–84

1984–85
Moses Malone*000PHI
737
5,804
1984–85

1985–86
Adrian Dantley*000UTA
630
6,140
1985–86

1986–87
Michael Jordan*000CHI
833
6,385
1986–87

1987–88
723
Moses Malone*
000WSB 1987–88
000ATL 1988–91
000MIL 1991–93
000PHI 1993–94
000SAS 1994–95
6,636
1987–88

1988–89
Karl Malone*000UTA
703
7,197
1988–89

1989–90
696
7,690
1989–90

1990–91
684
7,999
Moses Malone*
000ATL 1990–91
000MIL 1991–93
000PHI 1993–94
000SAS 1994–95
7,999
1990–91

1991–92
673
8,395
8,395
1991–92

1992–93
619
8,419
8,419
1992–93

1993–94
David Robinson*000SAS
693
8,509
8,509
1993–94

1994–95
656
8,531
8,531
1994–95

1995–96
626
Karl Malone*
000UTA 1995–2003
000LAL 2003–04
5,984
1995–96

1996–97
Karl Malone*000UTA
521
6,505
1996–97

1997–98
628
7,133
1997–98

1998–99
378
7,511
1998–99

1999–00
Jerry Stackhouse000DET
618
8,100
1999–00

2000–01
666
8,636
Karl Malone*
000UTA 2000–2003
000LAL 2003–04
8,636
2000–01

2001–02
Tim Duncan†000SAS
560
9,145
9,145
2001–02

2002–03
Paul Pierce†000BOS
604
9,619
9,619
2002–03

2003–04
Corey Maggette000LAC
526
9,787
9,787
2003–04

2004–05
Allen Iverson*000PHI
656
Reggie Miller*000IND
6,237
2004–05

2005–06
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
696
Shaquille O'Neal*000MIA
5,147
2005–06

2006–07
667
Allen Iverson*
000PHI 2006
000DEN 2006–08
000DET 2008–09
5,355
2006–07

2007–08
Allen Iverson*00DEN
645
6,000
2007–08

2008–09
LeBron James^000CLE
594
6,271
2008–09

2009–10
Kevin Durant^000OKC
756
Kobe Bryant†000LAL
6,543
2009–10

2010–11

Kevin Durant^00OKC
Kevin Martin†00HOU

594
7,026
2010–11

2011–12
Kevin Durant^000OKC
431
7,407
2011–12

2012–13
679
7,932
2012–13

2013–14
703
7,950
2013–14

2014–15
James Harden^000HOU
715
8,146
2014–15

2015–16
720
8,378
2015–16

2016–17
746
Dirk Nowitzki^000DAL
7,104
2016–17

2017-18
624
7,201
Jerry West* 53 years
840
2017-18

Season
Year-by-Year
FT
Active Player
FT
Career Record
FT
Single Season Record
FT
Season


document_title: Ring finger

question_text: which is the ring finger for male in india

text: Ring finger

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The origin of the selection of the fourth finger as the ring finger is not definitively known. According to László A. Magyar, the names of the ring finger in many languages reflect an ancient belief that it is a magical finger. It is named after magic or rings, or called nameless (for example, in Chinese: 无名指, unnamed finger).[1] In Sanskrit and other languages like Finnish or Russian, the ring finger is called respectively - "Anamika", "Nimetön" and "Безымянный" ("nameless"). In Arabic and Hebrew, the ring finger is called respectively - bansur (meaning "victory") - and kmitsa (meaning "taking a handful").

text: In anatomy, the ring finger is called digitus medicinalis, the fourth finger, digitus annularis, digitus quartus, or digitus IV. It may also be referred to as the third finger,[2] excluding the thumb. In Latin, the word anulus means "ring", digitus means "finger", and quartus means "fourth".

text: History[edit]

text: Before medical science discovered how the circulatory system functioned, people believed that a vein ran directly from the fourth finger on the left hand to the heart.[citation needed] Because of the hand–heart connection, they chose the descriptive name vena amoris, Latin for the vein of love, for this particular vein.[3]

text: Based upon this name, their contemporaries, purported experts in the field of matrimonial etiquette, wrote that it would only be fitting that the wedding ring be worn on this finger.[citation needed] By wearing the ring on the fourth finger of the left hand, a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other.

text: Contemporary customs[edit]

text: Western customs[edit]

text: In Western cultures, a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the ring finger. This developed from the Roman "anulus pronubis" when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony. Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride's finger dates from the 11th century. In medieval Europe, during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers of the left hand. The ring was then left on the ring finger. In a few European countries, the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage, then transferred to the right during the ceremony. For example, a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony, then moves it to the right hand after the wedding. In England, the 1549 Prayer Book declared "the ring shall be placed on the left hand". By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony — even on the thumb.

text: The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire, certain parts of Western Europe, certain parts of Catholic Central and Eastern Europe (and some not so), Mexico and Bolivia. These include: Australia, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US; France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, and Finland; Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Romania, Croatia, and Slovenia.

text: The wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the right hand in some Orthodox and a small number of Catholic European countries, some Protestant Western European, as well as some Central and South American Catholic countries.[4] In Eastern Europe, these include: Bulgaria, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Russia, and Serbia. In Central or Western Europe, these include: Austria, Denmark, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Netherlands [if not Catholic], Norway, and (Catholic) Spain. In Central or South America, these include: Colombia, Cuba, Peru, Venezuela.

text: The ring is worn on the right hand until the actual wedding day, when it is moved to the left hand in Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria as well as in Brazil.

text: In a traditional Jewish wedding ceremony, the wedding ring is placed on the bride's left hand index finger, but other traditions place it on the middle finger or the thumb, most commonly in recent times.[5] Today, the ring usually is moved to the left hand ring finger after the ceremony. Some Jewish grooms have adopted wearing a wedding ring.

text: Non-Western customs[edit]

text: In Sinhala and Tamil culture, the groom wears the wedding ring on his right hand and bride wears it on her left hand ring finger. This can be seen in countries like Sri Lanka where there is a rich Sinhala and Tamil cultural influence in the society.[6]

text: A wedding ring is not a traditional part of the religious Muslim wedding and wedding rings are not included in most Islamic countries, However, if a wedding ring is worn in an Islamic country, it may be worn on either the left (such is the custom in Iran) or the right ring finger (as in Jordan). As opposed to the wedding ring, use of a ring to denote betrothal or engagement is quite prevalent in Muslim countries, especially those in West and South Asia. Muslim engagement rings are typically worn on the right finger by men, and the left finger by women.

text: Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding. However, in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage. Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities, a ring (not to be called wedding ring) is still worn on the left hand. Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands. If a wedding ring is worn, the ring is worn on the left ring finger mostly for men.