document_title: They Think It's All Over (TV series)

question_text: who hosted they think it's all over

question_tokens: who hosted they think it 's all over

text: They Think It's All Over (TV series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: The show was originally presented by comedian Nick Hancock. Ex-England football team captain Gary Lineker and ex-England cricket team captain David Gower were team captains from 1995 until they announced their retirement from the show in 2003. They were replaced as team captains by ex-England football goalkeeper David Seaman and ex-England cricketer Phil Tufnell. Former footballer Ian Wright took over from David Seaman in autumn 2004. From October 2005, Boris Becker replaced Tufnell and Lee Mack took over from Hancock as host.

text: Occasionally, a team captain was unable to appear on the show due to other commitments so guest captains were drafted in. Six times World Snooker Champion Steve Davis was a regular choice as guest captain, while Matthew Pinsent, Mark Lawrenson, Mick McCarthy, Sam Torrance, Steve Backley, Sharron Davies, Linford Christie and Michael Johnson also appeared in this role. Additionally, Ian Wright was a guest captain before becoming a permanent team captain.

text: Each team also had a regular panellist. For the team which was originally captained by Gary Lineker this was Rory McGrath for the show's entire run. David Gower was originally teamed up with Lee Hurst. Hurst left the show in 1997 (although he made a reappearance in 2004 on David Seaman's team) and was replaced for the next two series by a rotating line-up of comedians – Jonathan Ross, Jo Brand, Alan Davies, Julian Clary and Phill Jupitus. Despite regularly admitting to having limited sporting knowledge, Ross became the permanent panellist until leaving the show in 2006, and was replaced by Sean Lock for the World Cup and summer sports special editions. The third member of each team varied from week to week, and would typically be a notable sportsperson, broadcaster or comedian.

text: The show was originally produced for BBC Radio 5, where it was hosted by Des Lynam. The devisers, Simon Bullivant and Bill Matthews, started work on a TV version in 1993 but it was two years before it made it to air. Des Lynam did record a pilot in early 1994 but decided not to do the already commissioned series, which was then put on hold.

text: In 1999 and 2001, as part of the BBC's Comic Relief broadcasts, one-off special programmes were made called Have I Got Buzzcocks All Over. They combined elements of the show with Have I Got News for You and Never Mind the Buzzcocks, with Angus Deayton as host.

text: Kenneth Wolstenholme was unhappy with the use of the phrase for the title of the show.[2] He wrote in his autobiography that he had contacted the BBC to find out what relevance the title had to his most famous line, uttered 30 years earlier. However, when the show was first commissioned, he did accept a fee to re-record his famous commentary for the opening titles, as the original was unusable.

text: Rounds[edit]

text: Throughout the series, the rounds varied each week. Examples include:

text:
Excuses, where the teams are shown a clip of a sportsperson or a team, and are asked what excuse they gave for a sporting or personal misdemeanour. Examples include Tommy Docherty explaining that Scotland lost 7–0 in the 1954 World Cup to Uruguay because "they were shattered just standing for the National Anthem", and Scottish tennis player Andy Murray claimed that he vomited on the court at the US Open in 2005 because he'd been drinking an isotonic drink to stop him from cramping, but he drank too much too quickly. On a special edition video-only episode of No Holds Barred, Gary's team was asked for Tommy Docherty's excuse for Manchester United's infamous relegation of 1973–74, with Lineker's answer "He wanted to bring pleasure to millions?". Another edition of the excuses round saw the 1992 Manchester United team blame Rod Stewart for ruining their Old Trafford pitch at a concert a week before the season ended. Even though the gig was on 7 June 1991, a full year earlier.[3]
Celebrations, where the teams are shown a clip of a sportsperson celebrating in a fanciful way, and are asked what the celebration is in aid of. Examples include Arsenal striker Thierry Henry celebrating a goal by recreating the Budweiser "Whassup?" advert, and Manchester United midfielder Lee Sharpe celebrating a goal by recreating a pose of his boyhood hero Elvis Presley. One of the more memorable reactions to not winning this round occurred when Matthew Corbett and Sooty were guests and when denied points, Sooty went on to squirt Nick in the face with a water pistol.
Sporting Bluff, in which the teams are given three statements about a sportsperson and have to guess which one is true.
What's Going On?, where the teams are shown a sporting clip and are asked to decipher what's going on, quite literally. Examples include former cricket umpire Dickie Bird taking part in a photo opportunity with the Yorkshire players picked for the England cricket team, dressed in a chef's outfit and cooking them Yorkshire puddings, and serial practical joker (and Eric Cantona lookalike) Karl Power joining the Manchester United team for a photo before a Champions League match in 2001.
Photo-fit, where the teams are shown a picture of three sportspersons merged into one. The teams then have to guess who they are. Sometimes after the sportspersons are revealed, they are asked for the connection between them for a bonus point. On many occasions, Rory McGrath liked to joke that he recognised the person in the photo as an ex-girlfriend he'd previously had sexual encounters with.
Author Author, in which the teams hear an extract from a sporting autobiography and attempt to identify the author. Quotes include former Liverpool F.C. manager Gérard Houllier on why he turns down offers of international coaching and a quote from athlete Roger Black's autobiography on his admiration of David Gower.
Sing When You're Winning, in which the teams must complete the lyrics to a chant performed by football fans or the Barmy Army. A memorable moment from this round saw Chris Eubank complete a poem by the Barnsley F.C. poet, with the line "I'm having a laugh", when the line was "We'll be champions come May".
Handbags, where the teams must work out the reasons for a rift between sportspersons. Examples of rifts include football team Peterborough United F.C. and Victoria Beckham over the rights to use the nickname "Posh", and athlete David Bedford and communications company InfoNXX over the 118 118 runners looking like him.
Grandstand, in which the teams are shown a bizarre multi-sport event and are asked to come up with events played in them. These include the Eskimo Olympics, the Naked Olympics and the Tough Guy Sports.
The Treble, where the teams are shown three sportspersons and three items, and have to link each sportsperson to an item.
The Beckham Challenge, where the teams are asked an on-the-buzzer question about David Beckham and his family. The first team to get the answer right gets further bonus questions, similar to University Challenge. This was later changed to having separate questions for each team. Variants to this round include Sven-Mania (with questions about then-England manager Sven-Göran Eriksson), Rooney-Mania (with questions about Wayne Rooney) and Gaffer-Mania (with questions about football managers in general).
Electronic Pencil, where the teams are shown a brief sporting clip, which is then paused, or a doctored photo of a sportsperson with items removed. The teams use the electronic pencil to predict the direction of the athlete or the ball, or what the missing items were. The round was dropped after series 2 but revived for the 100th show in 2001.
Injury Board, in which the teams pick a number between 1 and 12. Behind each number is a sports person and another person or item. The teams try to work out how the latter injured the former. Examples include Newbury rugby club and some Vaseline (to which guest Julian Clary suggested "maybe there was sand in it,") and Dennis Wise and a toilet seat. This round was also a parody of A Question of Sport, another BBC TV quiz show.
Feel The Sportsman, one of the most popular rounds of the show, in which the regular panellists have to try to identify a mystery guest, or their sporting notability, by touch whilst blindfolded. Guests subjected to a groping include Will Carling, Ashia Hansen, Victor Ubogu, Jonah Lomu (who infamously appeared minutes after Chris Eubank expressed his dislike for him), Andy Fordham, Manc Union Paintball Team, Arsenal Women's Football Team (which Rory guessed right on the whistle), Aylesbury United F.C. in their infamous 1995 FA Cup conga goal celebration. One notable variant in 2001 saw the regulars feeling an animal, having been shown a clip of Sven-Göran Eriksson on the Italian version of the show in a "Feel the Animal" round. David Gower and Jonathan Ross correctly guessed their animal (a zebra) but Gary Lineker and Rory McGrath failed to get theirs (an alligator – they failed to even touch it), with McGrath removing his blindfold and running off the set in panic. Another famous example involved a slight change in the rules, in that Sharron Davies, who was a guest (rather than a regular) contestant took part in the feeling. The sportsman was her then husband Derek Redmond, whom she recognised.
Claim To Fame, introduced in 2005, saw a sportsperson subjected to a line of questioning by the panel to determine their claim to fame. Mystery people include Paul Barber (a member of the gold medal winning British 1988 Olympic hockey team), Judy Grinham (gold medal winning 100m backstroke swimmer at the 1956 Olympics) and Tommy Gemmell, from the Celtic European Cup winning team of 1967.
The Physical Challenge, where the teams are subject to displaying their physique on an exercise bike, tricycle or other exercise apparatus. The harder they pedal, the faster an image appears on screen, and the teams must name the image before moving onto the next one. The team captain starts off before a klaxon is sounded, then the regular sidekick takes over.
The Name Game, in which the regular sidekick has to give clues about a famous sportsperson for the other team members to guess. Variants include the sidekick having to draw the clues, giving clues as to team names and performing impressions mimes of the sportsperson. One famous incident in this round saw Rory get a point deduction for giving clues like "Same first name as Ian Rush, same last name as Ian Botham". Rory also got away with pretending Gary gave an answer when he didn't, by saying "That's right, speak up!". He also criticised the media hype over Ryan Giggs's winning FA Cup semi-final goal against Arsenal, by giving the clue "Welsh football player, scored what is probably the most overrated goal of the season".
Sporting Vogue, introduced in 2005, where the team captain has to strike a famous pose by a sportsperson for their teammates to guess.
School Sports Day, shown only on the video-exclusive No Holds Barred episode, was a pre-recorded segment featuring the regulars participating in a school sports day at King's College School as though it was covered by Grandstand, with Nick as the presenter and Gerald Sinstadt as the commentator. The events were the Egg-and-spoon race, the Three-legged race, the Egg Catching (with England cricketer Nasser Hussain throwing the eggs), the Obstacle course and the Sack race. Although Gary won the individual contest, David's team earned more points in the sports day and back in the studio were awarded one point for their efforts.
Grand Prix, shown only on the video-exclusive Full Throttle episode, was another pre-recorded segment featuring the regulars participating in a six-lap race in "Formula 27 dinky cars" at Silverstone, using similar on-screen graphics to Formula 1 coverage on ITV at the time (even breaking into a "commercial break" for the No Holds Barred video near to the climax of the race, only to return just before Lee span off the track, which was ripping on ITV holding commercial breaks during key moments in the races), and a commentator imitating Murray Walker. Lee and David raced in Williams-coloured cars, while Gary and Rory raced in Jordan-coloured cars. Lee span out on the final lap and was disqualified. David won the race, winning 10 points for his team. Gary and Rory finished joint second, winning 5 points each, thus leading to Nick back in the studio declaring the race "a complete waste of a day".

text: Tie-Breakers[edit]

text: All episodes ending with a tie score or series ending with the number of episodes tied finish with a tie-breaker. Sometimes, the tie-breaker refers to incidents from previously in the episode. These have included:

text:
A sports general knowledge question, sometimes from the quiz books endorsed by team captains Gary Lineker or David Gower.
An episode featuring England cricket captain Nasser Hussain ended with Nick tossing a coin and getting Nasser, who had previous bad luck with coin tosses, to call Heads or Tails.
A game of musical chairs featuring the regulars.
A mechanical bull or surfboard, which the panellists (usually Jonathan Ross versus Rory McGrath, or Jonathan versus his brother Paul in the surfboard example) ride, with the panellist who stays on for the longest before falling off winning.
A game of round-the-table table tennis between all the panellists.
An arm-wrestling match between David and Gary.
A "pseudo sumo" match between David and Gary, with the two captains in inflatable sumo suits.
A race between David and Gary on tea trays with wheels, in honour of British Winter Olympic bronze medallist skeleton racer Alex Coomber
A wrestling match in a pool of mashed potato between David and Gary, with the audience cheering for who they thought won.
A coconut shy-type game where, following a dressing room incident between Alex Ferguson and David Beckham where Ferguson reportedly kicked a football boot which hit Beckham in the head, all the panellists took turns to kick a football boot at cardboard cut-outs of Beckham's face.
A toy fishing game between Phil Tufnell and David Seaman.
A game of blow football between Boris Becker and Ian Wright.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: DVD and video releases[edit]

text: DVD[edit]

text:
The Very Best of They Think Its All Over – 10th Anniversary (2005)
The Very Best of They Think Its All Over Interactive DVD Game (2007)

text: Video[edit]

text:
They Think It's All Over – No Holds Barred (1996)
They Think It's All Over – Full Throttle (aka Grand Prixxx) (1997)
They Think It's All Over – Below The Belt (aka Off The Bone) (1998)
They Think It's All Over – Complete (1999) – Existing No Holds Barred and Full Throttle videos re-packaged as a double video set.
They Think It's All Over- Ungentlemanly Conduct (aka New Balls) (2000)

text: Other releases[edit]

text:
The "They Think It's All Over" Annual (1997) – an annual which parodied the style of children's comic annuals.
They Think It's All Over (1998) – audiobook highlights compilation, part of the Canned Laughter series of releases.


document_title: Proof of Life

question_text: where does the movie proof of life take place

root

text: Proof of Life

text: Plot[edit]

text: Alice Bowman (Meg Ryan) moves to the (fictional) South American country of Tecala because her engineer husband, Peter Bowman (David Morse), has been hired to help build a new dam for oil company Quad Carbon. Though Alice is unhappy at this most recent move, she agrees to stay. While driving one morning through the city, Peter is caught in traffic and then ambushed and abducted by guerrilla rebels of the Liberation Army of Tecala (ELT). Believing that Peter is working on Quad Carbon's oil pipeline, ELT soldiers lead him through the jungle.

tag: p

text: Terry Thorne (Russell Crowe), a former member of the British Special Air Service, arrives in Tecala fresh from a successful hostage rescue in Chechnya. As an expert negotiator in kidnapping-and-ransom cases, he is assigned by his company, Luthan Risk, to bargain for Peter's safe return. Unfortunately, it is learned that Quad Carbon is on the verge of bankruptcy and takeover, and therefore has no insurance coverage for kidnapping, so they cannot afford Thorne's services. Despite Alice's pleas to stay, Thorne leaves the country. Alice is then assigned a corrupt local hostage negotiator, who immediately urges her to pay the ELT's first ransom demand: a $50,000 "good faith" payment. Not knowing what to do, Alice agrees, but the transaction is stopped by Thorne who (due to his conscience) has returned to help. He is aided by Dino (David Caruso), a competing negotiator and ex–Green Beret. Over the next few months, Thorne uses a radio to speak with an ELT contact, and the two argue over terms for Peter's release—including a ransom payment that Alice can afford. Thorne and Alice bond through the ordeal, forming an implicit attraction. They eventually negotiate a sum of $650,000.

text: Meanwhile, Peter has become a prisoner at the ELT's jungle base camp. There, he befriends another hostage named Kessler (Gottfried John)—a missionary and former member of the French Foreign Legion—who has lived in the camp for nineteen months. The two concoct an escape plan, but during their attempt they are quickly tracked by the ELT. Kessler falls into a river after being shot in the shoulder and manages to escape, but Peter steps on a trap and is recaptured. Kessler is found and hospitalized. In the hospital he claims he heard a gunshot at the time Peter was recaptured, and thus believes he is dead. Thorne can not believe this, but his ELT contact refuses to respond to his calls. Luckily, one of Alice's young maids recognized his voice over the radio and reveals he is a government official. Thorne goes to a parade ceremony and confronts the contact; he confirms that Peter is indeed alive, but because of the ELT's escalating war with the government and Peter's knowledge of the terrain, the ELT will no longer negotiate.

text: At Thorne's urging Alice convinces the Tecala government that the ELT is mounting an attack on the pipeline being built through their territory. This forces the government army to mobilize, thus forcing a bulk of the camp's ELT troops to mobilize for a counter-attack. Thorne, Dino, and several associates are then inserted by helicopter and raid the weakened ELT base. They overcome the camp's soldiers, free Peter and another hostage, and then fly back to the city, where Alice happily reunites with her husband. Thorne and Alice share a final intimate moment before the latter departs with Peter on an immediate flight to the U.S.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Meg Ryan as Alice Bowman
Russell Crowe as Terry Thorne
David Morse as Peter Bowman
Pamela Reed as Janis Goodman
David Caruso as Dino
Anthony Heald as Ted Fellner
Michael Byrne as Lord Luthan
Stanley Anderson as Jerry
Gottfried John as Eric Kessler
Alun Armstrong as Wyatt
Michael Kitchen as Ian Havery
Margo Martindale as Ivy
Mario Ernesto Sánchez as Arturo Fernandez
Pietro Sibille as Juaco
Vicky Hernández as Maria
Norma Martínez as Norma
Carlos Blanchard as Carlos
Rowena King as Pamela
Diego Trujillo as Eliodoro

tag: ul

text: Background[edit]

text: Although the producers wanted to film in Colombia, due to the dangers that guerrillas posed in that country at the time, the movie was mainly filmed in Ecuador. The large piles of money used to pay for the rescue were sucres, the Ecuadorian national currency at the time of the filming. Tecala's geographic and urban appearance and its political characteristics were based loosely on a mix of several Andean countries.

text: The ELT's characterization appears to be primarily based on the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Coincidentally, Colombia's second largest guerrilla group is the Ejército de Liberación Nacional or ELN.

text: Control Risks, a risk consulting firm, was hired to provide security for the cast and crew while filming on location. The firm also served as inspiration for kidnap and ransom consulting seen in the film.[7]

text: The movie end credit and post-script says: "Inspired by the VANITY FAIR article 'Adventures in the Ransom Trade' by William Prochnau and by the book Long March to Freedom by Thomas Hargrove.

text: Tecala[edit]

text: The Republic of Tecala, where most of Proof of Life is set, is a fictional South American country. Tecala has long been the scene of an internal conflict between its government forces and the Liberation Army of Tecala (ELT). The ELT was originally a Marxist guerrilla group supported by the Soviet Union, but after the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991, the ELT's primary source of funding fell through, and they began kidnapping people for ransom to fund their operations. A map seen in the film is that of Ecuador. The country's capital Quito was chosen along with the eastern jungle and the nearby city of Baños de Agua Santa in the Ecuadorian Andes.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film opened in wide release in the United States on December 8, 2000 for 2,705 screens. The opening weekend's gross was $10,207,869 and the total receipts for the U.S. run were $32,598,931. The international box-office receipts were $30,162,074, for total receipts of $62,761,005. The film was in wide release in the U.S. for twelve weeks (eighty days). In its widest release, the film was featured in 2,705 theaters across the country.[1]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Stephen Holden, film critic for The New York Times, did not think the film worked well and opined that the actors did not connect. He wrote, "[the film displays] a gaping lack of emotional connection among the characters in a romantic triangle that feels conspicuously unromantic... what ultimately sinks this stylish but heartless film is a flat lead performance by the eternally snippy Meg Ryan... Ms. Ryan expresses no inner conflict, nor much of anything else beyond a mounting tension. Even when her wide blue eyes well up with tears, the pain she conveys is more the frustration of a little girl who has misplaced her doll than any deep, empathetic suffering."[8]

text: Critic David Ansen gave the film a mixed review, writing,

text: Taylor Hackford's thriller Proof of Life leaves a lot to be desired, but it's got its hands on a fascinating subject...To be fair, Tony Gilroy's screenplay keeps the romance on the back burner...Thorne is the most compelling aspect of Proof of Life, thanks to Crowe's quiet, hard-bitten charisma. It's a part Bogart once would have played—the amoral tough guy who rises to the moral occasion—and Crowe gives it just the right note of gravel-voiced masculinity. But neither Crowe, Ryan nor the topical subject keeps Proof of Life from feeling recycled. For all the up-to-the-minute research, the movie still gives off the musty scent of Hollywood contrivance.[9]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 40% based on 115 reviews; the average rating is 5.3/10. The consensus is: "Despite its promising premise and superstar cast, Proof of Life is just a routine thriller that doesn't offer anything new."[10]

text: Awards[edit]

text: The film was nominated for four Blockbuster Entertainment Awards; Favorite Actor – Suspense, Favorite Actress - Suspense, Favorite Supporting Actress – Suspense and Favorite Supporting Actress – Suspense. Danny Elfman was also nominated for a Satellite Award for Best Original Score at the 5th Golden Satellite Awards, but lost out to Gladiator (Hans Zimmer).

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Actor – Suspense
Russell Crowe
Nominated

Favorite Actress - Suspense
Meg Ryan

Favorite Supporting Actor – Suspense
David Caruso

Favorite Supporting Actress – Suspense
Pamela Reed

Satellite Awards
Best Original Score
Danny Elfman
Nominated

tag: table


document_title: Monkey's uncle

question_text: where did the saying monkey's uncle come from

question_tokens: where did the saying monkey 's uncle come from

text: Monkey's uncle

text: The term monkey's uncle, most notably seen in the idiom "(well) I'll be a monkey's uncle", is used to express complete surprise, amazement or disbelief.[1] It can also be used to acknowledge the impossibility of a situation, in the same way that "pigs might fly" is used. An example is if one says: "I may agree that if two plus two equals five, then I am a monkey's uncle". "I'll be a monkey's uncle" has been said to date from after 1925, the date of the widely publicized Scopes Trial in the United States, where the term first appears.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest example is the phrase If that's a joke I'm a monkey's uncle, from an Ohio newspaper on 8 February 1925.[3] It was originally a sarcastic remark made by creationists.[4] The notion "that [people] were descended from apes was considered blasphemous...by Darwin's contemporaries", and it was for this reason that the sarcastic phrase came into use.[5]

text: Michael Quinion notes that the phrase Monkey's uncle occurs in a parody of Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha which was reprinted in James Parton's The Humorous Poetry of the English Language, published in 1881, and observes This may be just an accident of invention, but the date fits.[6] Monkey's Uncle is the name of a song by the Selecter on their album Reel to Real criticizing religious dogma that contradicts scientific evidence.


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders

question_text: who scored the most points in a single game in the nba

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA

*
Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

Player's team lost the game

MP
Minutes played
FGM
Field goals made
FGA
Field goal attempts

3PM
3-point field goals made
3PA
3-point field goal attempts
DNP
Did not play

FTM
Free throws made
FTA
Free throw attempts

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Points
Player
Date
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Team
Opponent
Score
MP
FGM
FGA
3PM
3PA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.

Scoring by quarter

1
100
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-03-02-0000March 2, 1962
23
18
28
31
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
169–147
48
36
63
—
—
28
32
[A]
[1][2] [3][4][5]

2
81
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002006-01-22-0000January 22, 2006
14
12
27
28
Los Angeles Lakers
Toronto Raptors
122–104
41:56
28
46
7
13
18
20
[B]
[6][7][8]

3
78
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
147–151
63
31
62
—
—
16
31
[C]
[5]

4
73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-13-0000January 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–117
48
29
48
—
—
15
25
[D]
[5]

73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-16-0000November 16, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
127–111
48
29
43
—
—
15
19
[E]
[9]

73
Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
32
21
9
11
Denver Nuggets
Detroit Pistons
137–139
43
28
38
—
—
17
20
[F]

7
72
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-03-0000November 3, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
115–127
—
29
48
—
—
14
18

[9]

8
71
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001960-11-15-0000November 15, 1960
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
123–108
45
28
48
—
—
15
18
[G]

71
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
000000001994-04-24-0000April 24, 1994
18
6
19
28
San Antonio Spurs
Los Angeles Clippers
112–97
44
26
41
1
2
18
25
[H]
[10][11]

10
70
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-03-10-0000March 10, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
148–163
48
27
38
—
—
16
22

[9]

70
Booker, DevinDevin Booker^
000000002017-03-24-0000March 24, 2017
10
9
23
28
Phoenix Suns
Boston Celtics
120–130
45
21
40
4
11
24
26
[I]

12
69
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001990-03-28-0000March 28, 1990
16
15
20
18
Chicago Bulls
Cleveland Cavaliers
117–113
50
23
37
2
6
21
23
[J]
[12][13][14]

13
68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001967-12-16-0000December 16, 1967
14
15
15
24
Philadelphia 76ers
Chicago Bulls
143–123
—
30
40
—
—
8
22

68
Maravich, PetePete Maravich*
000000001977-02-25-0000February 25, 1977
17
14
17
20
New Orleans Jazz
New York Knicks
124–107
43
26
43
—
—
16
19

15
67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-03-09-0000March 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–126
—
27
37
—
—
13
17

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-17-0000February 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
121–128
48
26
44
—
—
15
20

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-25-0000February 25, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–149
48
25
38
—
—
17
22

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-11-0000January 11, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
129–134
—
28
47
—
—
11
17

[9]

19
66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-02-09-0000February 9, 1969
17
17
22
10
Los Angeles Lakers
Phoenix Suns
134–116
48
29
35
—
—
8
18
[K]

20
65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-13-0000February 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
132–152
48
24
40
—
—
17
30

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-27-0000February 27, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
147–137
48
25
43
—
—
15
20

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-02-07-0000February 7, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
Los Angeles Lakers
132–125
—
28
43
—
—
9
20

65
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-16-0000March 16, 2007
4
19
9
24
Los Angeles Lakers
Portland Trail Blazers
116–111
49:58
23
39
8
12
11
12
[L]
[15]

24
64
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001959-11-08-0000November 8, 1959
13
12
17
22
Minneapolis Lakers
Boston Celtics
136–115
—
25
47
—
—
14
19
[M]

64
Barry, RickRick Barry*
000000001974-03-26-0000March 26, 1974
—
—
23
22
Golden State Warriors
Portland Trail Blazers
143–120
43
30
45
—
—
4
5

64
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001993-01-16-0000January 16, 1993
22
8
11
16
Chicago Bulls
Orlando Magic
124–128
47
27
49
1
5
9
11
[N]
[16]

27
63
Fulks, JoeJoe Fulks*
000000001949-02-10-0000February 10, 1949
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Indianapolis Jets
108–87
—
27
56
—
—
9
14
[O]

63
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
Philadelphia Warriors
151–147
—
23
55
—
—
17
24
[P]
[17]

63
West, JerryJerry West*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
129–121
39
22
36
—
—
19
22

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-14-0000December 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
118–120
—
24
41
—
—
15
20

[9]

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-26-0000November 26, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Philadelphia 76ers
117–128
—
27
58
—
—
9
20

63
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
20
33
10
DNP
San Antonio Spurs
New Orleans Jazz
132–153
33
23
49
—
—
17
20
[Q]

63
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001986-04-20-0000April 20, 1986
17
6
13
18
Chicago Bulls
Boston Celtics
131–135
53
22
41
0
0
19
21
[R]

34
62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-14-0000January 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Boston Celtics
136–145
48
27
45
—
—
8
10

[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
136–130
53
24
48
—
—
14
20
[S]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-21-0000January 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
139–132
53
25
42
—
—
12
17
[T]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-29-0000January 29, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
123–103
—
27
44
—
—
8
17

[9]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-15-0000November 15, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
122–106
—
26
44
—
—
10
21

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-03-03-0000March 3, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
San Francisco Warriors
135–125
—
26
39
—
—
10
19

62
McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady*
000000002004-03-10-0000March 10, 2004
7
21
24
10
Orlando Magic
Washington Wizards
108–99
45:50
20
37
5
14
17
26

[18]

62
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002005-12-20-0000December 20, 2005
15
17
30
DNP
Los Angeles Lakers
Dallas Mavericks
112–90
32:53
18
31
4
10
22
25
[U]
[19][20]

62
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
000000002014-01-24-0000January 24, 2014
20
17
19
6
New York Knicks
Charlotte Bobcats
125–96
38:39
23
35
6
11
10
10
[V]
[21]

43
61
Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
000000001952-01-20-0000January 20, 1952
18
18
—
—
Minneapolis Lakers
Rochester Royals
91–81
—
22
45
—
—
17
21
[W]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-09-0000December 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–113
48
28
48
—
—
5
10

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-22-0000February 22, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
139–121
48
21
36
—
—
19
34

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-28-0000February 28, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
128–119
48
24
46
—
—
13
17

[5]

61
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001962-04-14-0000April 14, 1962
18
15
13
15
Los Angeles Lakers
Boston Celtics
126–121
—
22
46
—
—
17
19
[X]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-21-0000November 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
139–143
—
27
52
—
—
7
15

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-11-0000December 11, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
136–124
—
27
57
—
—
7
11

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-18-0000December 18, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
130–110
—
26
53
—
—
9
14

[9]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-03-04-0000March 4, 1987
14
10
7
26
Chicago Bulls
Detroit Pistons
125–120
43
22
39
0
0
17
18
[Y]
[22][23][24]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-04-16-0000April 16, 1987
15
17
16
13
Chicago Bulls
Atlanta Hawks
114–117
41
22
38
0
3
17
21
[Z]
[25][26][27][28][29]

61
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
000000001990-01-27-0000January 27, 1990
17
13
20
11
Utah Jazz
Milwaukee Bucks
144–96
33
21
26
0
0
19
23

[30]

61
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
000000002000-03-06-0000March 6, 2000
10
16
16
19
Los Angeles Lakers
Los Angeles Clippers
123–103
44:52
24
35
0
0
13
22
[AA]
[31]

61
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002009-02-02-0000February 2, 2009
18
16
12
15
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
126–117
36:48
19
31
3
6
20
20

[32]

61
James, LeBronLeBron James^
000000002014-03-03-0000March 3, 2014
11
13
25
12
Miami Heat
Charlotte Bobcats
124–107
41:12
22
33
8
10
9
12
[AB]
[33][34]

57
60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-01-0000December 1, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
138–117
48
22
47
—
—
16
26

[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-29-0000December 29, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
123–118
48
24
43
—
—
12
19
[AC]
[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-01-26-0000January 26, 1969
18
9
10
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Cincinnati Royals
126–113
—
22
36
—
—
16
24
[AD]

60
King, BernardBernard King*
000000001984-12-25-0000December 25, 1984
21
19
11
9
New York Knicks
New Jersey Nets
114–120
41
19
30
0
0
22
26

[35]

60
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
000000001985-03-12-0000March 12, 1985
12
11
19
18
Boston Celtics
Atlanta Hawks
126–115
43
22
36
1
4
15
16
[AE]
[36]

60
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
000000001990-03-24-0000March 24, 1990
14
21
14
11
Phoenix Suns
Seattle SuperSonics
121–95
42
22
32
0
0
16
18

[37][38][39][40]

60
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
000000002005-02-12-0000February 12, 2005
17
12
11
20
Philadelphia 76ers
Orlando Magic
112–99
42:01
17
36
2
5
24
27

[41][42]

60
Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas
000000002006-12-17-0000December 17, 2006
12
5
12
15
Washington Wizards
Los Angeles Lakers
147–141
49:00
17
32
5
12
21
27
[AF]
[43]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-22-0000March 22, 2007
13
11
19
17
Los Angeles Lakers
Memphis Grizzlies
121–119
45:11
20
37
3
7
17
18
[AG]
[44]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002016-04-13-0000April 13, 2016
15
7
15
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Utah Jazz
101–96
42
22
50
6
21
10
12
[AH]
[45][46]

60
Klay Thompson^
000000002016-12-05-0000December 5, 2016
17
23
20
DNP
Golden State Warriors
Indiana Pacers
142–106
29
21
33
8
14
10
11
[AI]
[47]

60
James Harden^
000000002018-01-30-0000January 30, 2018
16
13
13
18
Houston Rockets
Orlando Magic
114–107
46:26
19
30
5
14
17
18
[AJ]
[48]


document_title: Natural gas in the United States

question_text: where is natural gas found in the us

question_tokens: where is natural gas found in the us

text: Natural gas in the United States

text: Industry structure[edit]

text: The United States oil and gas industry is often informally divided into "upstream" (exploration and production), "midstream" (transportation and refining), and "downstream" (distribution and marketing). Petroleum and natural gas share a common upstream (exploration and production) sector, but the midstream and downstream sectors are largely separate. All large oil companies in the US produce both oil and gas. However, the relative amounts of oil and gas produced vary greatly. Of the top ten natural gas-producing companies in the US 2009, only three (BP, ConocoPhiillips, and XTO) were also among the top ten oil producers.

text: Top natural gas producers in the United States, 2009

text:
Rank
Company
Billion cubic ft./Year

1
BP
907

2
XTO Energy
855

3
ConocoPhillips
850

4
Chesapeake Energy
835

5
Anadarko Petroleum
817

6
Devon Energy
743

7
Encana
590

8
Exxon Mobil
566

9
Williams Companies
435

10
EOG Resources
422

Annual owned production, 2009. Source:[8]

text: In 2009, the production owned by the top ten companies was 31% of total US natural gas production.[8]

text: Natural gas exploration[edit]

text: In 2010, the industry drilled and completed 16,696 wells primarily for gas, slightly more than the number of wells drilled primarily for oil (15,753). Many wells produced both oil and gas, and oil wells produced 18 percent of US gas production in 2013. Of the gas wells, 1,105 were exploratory wells, and 15,591 development wells.[9]

text: The number of actively drilling gas rigs was once regarded as a reliable leading indicator of near-future gas production. However, the average number of active gas drill rigs has fallen each year for four straight years from 2010 (942 rigs) to 2014 (332 rigs), a drop of 65 percent, even while gas production rose each year for the same period, from 21.3 trillion cubic feet (TCF) in 2010 to 25.7 TCF in 2014, an increase of 21 percent. Remaining proved reserves increased overall, from 301 TCF in 2013 to 338 TCF in 2013 (the last year for which reserves are available), an increase of 11 percent. The rise in gas production despite fewer rigs drilling has been explained by the greater efficiency in drilling, and the greater productivity of shale gas wells.[10]

text: Natural gas production[edit]

text: Top producing gas fields in the United States, 2013

text:
Rank
Field
State
Discovery Year
Billion cubic ft./Year

1
Marcellus natural gas trend
Pennsylvania and West Virginia
2008
2,836

2
Newark East Barnett Shale
Texas
1981
1,952

3
Haynesville Shale
Louisiana and Texas
2008
1,426

4
Eagle Ford Formation
Texas
1962
1,112

5
Fayetteville Shale
Arkansas
2005
1,025

6
San Juan Basin
New Mexico and Colorado
1927
1,025

7
Carthage
Texas
1936
653

8
Pinedale Gas Field
Wyoming
1955
568

9
Sprayberry
Texas
1949
307

10
Wattenberg Gas Field
Colorado
1970
305

Annual production 2013. Source:[11]

text: Most oil fields produce some gas, and vice versa, but the ratio of oil and gas varies considerably. Some gas fields, such as coalbed methane wells, and some other gas fields, called "dry gas" fields, produce only gas. Of the top ten gas-producing fields in the US, only one, the Eagle Ford trend, is also among the top ten oil fields.

text: Coalbed methane[edit]

text: Coalbed methane production in the US peaked at 1.97 BCF in 2008, when it made up 7.8 percent of US gas production. By 2013, coalbed methane production had declined to 1.47 BCF.[12]

text: Shale gas[edit]

text: Since 2000, shale gas has become a key source of natural gas in the US. Production rose sixfold from 2007 to 2013, when shale gas contributed 11.4 TCF, 38 percent of US gas production, and was still increasing.[12]

text: Gas prices[edit]

text: The most commonly quoted producer price for natural gas is the Louisiana-based Henry Hub price, which is futures-traded on NYMEX.

text: A barrel of oil releases about 5.8 million BTU when burned, so that 5.8 MCF of gas (at the standard one thousand BTU per cubic foot) releases about the same energy as a barrel of oil. Sometimes gas containing 5.8 million BTU is defined as a "barrel of oil equivalent for energy calculation purposes.[13] When describing reserves or production, however, the oil and gas industry more commonly uses the rounded number of 6 MCF of gas (or 6 million BTU in the natural gas) as equal to one barrel of oil equivalent.[14]

text: Since the price of natural gas was deregulated in the 1990s, its price has tended to parallel that of oil, with oil usually at a premium on a BTU basis. But starting in the late 2000s, an abundance of natural gas in North America has caused the price of a unit of energy from gas to be much lower than the price of energy from oil.

text: Natural gas pipelines[edit]

text: When oil and natural gas are brought to the surface, they are usually separated at the wellhead, after which the oil and the gas are treated separately. Gas flows through a gathering system into a pipeline to a gas processing plant. As of 2014, there were 189,000 miles of interstate natural gas pipelines in the United States[15]

text: Gas processing[edit]

text: Natural gas has a variety of chemical constituents that must be removed or diluted with other gas to achieve consistent pipeline quality. Pipeline gas specifications vary from line to line, but generally the gas must contain no appreciable hydrogen sulfide (which is toxic), less than a few percent carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid, which is corrosive to iron and steel pipe), and a British thermal unit (BTU) content of 900 or more. Natural gas delivered to consumers generally has a BTU content of about 1020 to 1050 per standard cubic foot, slightly higher than that of pure methane (1010 BTU).[16]

text: Natural gas liquids[edit]

text: Natural gas is composed primarily of methane, but often contains longer-chain hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon compounds from hexane (each molecule of which is a simple chain containing six carbon atoms, hence called C6) and heavier generally separate out ("condense") from the gas at the wellhead; this mixture is called condensate, and is usually reported as oil production, and sold to refineries the same as oil. The C2 through C5 hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane, and pentane) are known as natural gas liquids (NGLs), and remain in gaseous form until they are extracted at a gas processing plant.[17] The division between the two classes is not perfect: some hexane, and heptane remain in the gas to be separated out as NGLs, while some butane and pentane, may separate out with the condensate.

text: Natural gas which contains NGLs is called "wet gas." Gas which naturally contains no NGLs, or gas from which the NGLs have been removed, is called "dry gas."

text: Natural gas liquids are used either for fuel (sold as propane, or liquid petroleum gas (LPG), or for feedstock to the petrochemical industry.

text: The United States has been the world's top producer of NGLs since 2010, and is far above second place Saudi Arabia, which produced 1.82 million barrels per day in 2015.

text: Increased production of NGLs since 2000 has lowered the price of NGLs in the North American market, leading to a surge in construction and expansion of petrochemical plants to convert ethane and propane into ethylene and propylene, which are used to make plastics.[18] The United States has the world's largest ethylene-manufacturing capacity, 28.4 million tons per year in 2015, with projects to add another 7.6 million tons from 2015 through 2017.[19] As of 2015, the reduction in NGL prices had turned North America from one of the high-cost places to manufacture petrochemical, into the lowest-cost area outside the Middle East.[20]

text: Other byproducts[edit]

text: Some natural gas contains enough helium to be extracted as a byproduct.

text: Sulfur, which must be removed from natural gas for safety, aesthetic, and environmental reasons, is recovered and sold as a byproduct. In 2013, natural gas processing plants recovered 1.02 million metric tons of sulfur, which was 12 percent of US supply of elemental sulfur (the remaining sulfur production came from oil refineries).[21]

text: Gas storage[edit]

text: Consumption of natural gas in the US is strongly seasonal, higher in the winter than the summer by between 50% to 90%, depending on severity of the winter. To make larger volumes of gas available in the winter, companies have established underground gas storage facilities. There are three types of natural gas storage units currently in service in the US: salt domes, depleted gas reservoirs, and deep aquifers.[23]

text: The largest volume held in storage was 8.29 trillion cubic feet in October 2012. This was equivalent to 26 percent of the total US production in 2014. The small mid-summer increase shown on the consumption graph is due to increased gas use for electrical power in the summer. Unlike residential, commercial, and industrial use, all of which are higher in winter, electrical power generation uses more gas in the summer.

text: Natural gas marketing[edit]

text: From the processing plant, natural gas is sold mostly to gas utility companies. In 2014, 46% of the marketed gas was used by commercial and industrial users, 33% by electrical power generators, and 21% by residential consumers.[24]

text: Natural gas electricity generation[edit]

text: Since 2009, electricity generation has been the largest use of natural gas in the US. Electricity generated by natural gas has been by far the fastest-growing source of electricity in the US since the 1990s. Natural gas became the second-largest source of US electricity in 2006, when it surpassed nuclear power. In late 2015, natural gas surpassed coal as the largest source of electricity generated in the United States.

text: In the decade 2005 to 2015, electricity generated by natural gas increased by 574 billion kilowatt-hours, more than triple the increase of the second-fastest-growing source, wind energy, which increased 173 billion kilowatt-hours over the same period. Natural gas-generated electricity increased its share of total US electricity from 18.8 percent in 2005, to 32.6 percent in 2015. The increase in gas-generated electricity was mostly at the expense of coal power, which fell from 49.6 percent of US electricity in 2005, to 33.2 percent in 2015. Natural gas surpassed coal as the number one generator of US electricity in late 2015. During the 12-month period through August 2016, natural gas generated 34.5 percent of US electricity, versus 29.8 percent for coal.[25]

text: Unlike the other sectors of natural gas consumption, the electrical power industry uses more natural gas in the summer, when electricity demand is increased by air conditioning, and when natural gas prices are at seasonal lows.[26]

text: The increased use of natural gas for electricity is driven by three factors. First, pressure on utilities to decrease greenhouse gas emissions has favored the substitution of coal generation by natural gas generation, which, according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory,[27] and the IPCC,[28] has significantly less life-cycle GHG emissions than coal-powered electricity. Second, gas power plants are able to ramp up and down quickly, making them well suited to complement intermittent power sources such as wind and solar.[29] Third, since late 2008, the price of natural gas has been relatively cheap on the North American market, especially compared to oil. Electricity from oil-powered generators in the US declined 81 percent from 2005 to 2014.

text: The states which use the most natural gas for electricity production are, in descending order, Texas, Florida, California, and New York.

text: Liquified petroleum gas[edit]

text: Liquefied petroleum gas includes the butane and propane natural gas liquids removed in gas processing. They are sold for home heating, cooking, and increasingly for motor fuel. The industry segment is represented by the National Propane Gas Association.

text: Vehicle fuel[edit]

text: Natural gas, in the forms of compressed natural gas, liquified natural gas, and liquified petroleum gas, is being increasingly used for motor vehicle fuel, especially in fleet vehicles. It has the advantages over gasoline and diesel fuel of being cheaper and emitting less air pollution. It has the disadvantage of having few retail outlets. As of 2011, 262,000 vehicles in the US ran on natural gas. Although natural gas used for vehicle fuel increased 60 percent in the decade 2004-2014, in 2014 it still made up only 3.7 percent on a BTU-basis of fossil fuel use (gasoline, diesel, and natural gas) as transportation fuel in the US.[30] Transportation fuel made up 0.13 percent of natural gas consumption in 2014.

text: History[edit]

text: Pipeline technology[edit]

text: The natural gas industry in the United States goes back to 1821, when natural gas was discovered and used in Fredonia, New York. From the start, the market for natural gas was limited by pipeline technology. The gas for Fredonia, New York in 1821 was supplied through wooden pipes, which were incapable of carrying gas for long distances.[31]

text: In the 1800s, residences in most cities were supplied with town gas generated from coal at local "gashouses." The gas was carried in cast iron pipes, introduced in 1843, typically with bell-and-spigot joints sealed with rope and molten lead.[32]

text: In the 1800s and early 1900s, most natural gas discoveries were made while exploring for oil. Natural gas was usually an unwanted byproduct of oil production. In the 1870s steel pipe replaced cast iron. In 1883, Pittsburgh became the first major city supplied with natural gas.[33] Other cities followed, but only if they were close to natural gas wells. Because natural gas was a byproduct, it was priced cheaply, and, where available, undercut the market for town gas. In 1891, one of the longest pipelines of the time was built, a 120-mile long pipeline from the gas fields of Indiana to Chicago, without compression.

text: Long-distance high-pressure gas pipelines became feasible after oxyacetylene welding was introduced in 1911, and especially after electric arc welding became popular in the 1920s[31] This allowed remote gas deposits to be supplied to big cities. Natural gas increasingly became a sought-for commodity.

text: Price regulation[edit]

text: The prices charged by utilities delivering natural gas to customers have always been subject to state regulation. With the construction of interstate gas pipelines in the 1920s and 1930s, city utilities became dependent on natural gas supplies beyond the regulatory power of state and local governments. In 1935, the federal trade commission, believing that interstate pipelines had too much power to control the downstream gas market, recommended federal controls. Congress passed the Natural Gas Act of 1938 to regulate the rates charged by interstate pipelines.

text: Federal regulations at first included only the rates interstate pipelines charged to carry gas. When the market price of natural gas at the wellhead increased in the 1950s, gas utilities complained that the gas producers should be regulated as well. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled in Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Wisconsin that regulation of the wellhead price was within the intent of the Natural Gas Act of 1938 to control prices to utilities, and therefore the federal government could control wellhead prices of any natural gas going into an interstate pipeline.

text: By the early 1970s, the artificially low price set by the federal government had created a shortage, but only of interstate gas. Gas consumed within the state where it was produced was plentiful, but more expensive. By 1975, about half the natural gas produced went to the intrastate market. In 1975 and 1976, some schools and factories in the Midwest shut down periodically when the local utility could not find any natural gas to buy at the controlled price. The Federal Power Commission tried to allocate the scarce gas by identifying "high-priority" and "low-priority" customers, but this caused extensive litigation.

text: The federal government responded to gas shortages with the Natural Gas Policy Act of 1978, which both increased federal regulation by extended price controls to all existing natural gas wells, and promised to end price controls on all new wells by 1985.[34] Under the new rules, natural gas was subject to a complicated set of prices, depending on when the well was drilled, the size of the company that owned the well, the permeability of the formation, and the distance of the well from previous wells. Gas production from some types of gas reservoirs received tax subsidies. In 1976, the federal government established the Eastern Gas Shales Project, a large research effort to find ways to produce gas from shale.

text: Price controls grew even more complex with the Energy Act of 1980, which exempted Devonian gas shales (shales deposited during the Devonian geologic period) from price controls (but not gas shales deposited during other geologic periods), as well as low-permeability formations and coalbed methane. In addition, production from these sources earned tax credits for the producers for qualified wells drilled before January 1, 1992; the tax credits expired at the end of 2002.[35]

text: The Natural Gas Wellhead Decontrol Act of 1989 mandated that all remaining price controls on natural gas were to be eliminated as of January 1, 1993.

text: Shortages and surplus[edit]

text: As with petroleum, the future supply of natural gas has long been the subject of concern, and predictions of shortages. In 1952, Dr. Edward Steidle, Dean of the School of Mineral Industries at Pennsylvania State College, predicted that gas production would soon decline significantly from 1952 rates, so that gas would cease to be a significant energy source by 2002, and possibly as early as 1975.[36]

text: In 1956, M King Hubbert used an estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of 850 trillion cubic feet (24,000 km3) (an amount postulated by geologist Wallace Pratt) to predict a US production peak of about 14 trillion cubic feet (400 km3) per year to occur "approximately 1970".[37] Pratt, in his EUR estimate (p. 96), explicitly included what he called the "phenomenal discovery rate" that the industry was then experiencing in the offshore Gulf of Mexico.[38]

text: US marketed gas production reached a peak in 1973 at about 22.6 trillion cubic feet (640 km3), and declined to a low of 16.9 trillion cubic feet (480 km3) in 1986. But then instead of declining further, as predicted by the Hubbert curve, natural gas production rose slowly but steadily for the next 15 years, and reached 20.6 TCF in 2001. Then it dropped again for a few years, and in 2005 was down to 18.9 TCF.

text: After 2005, natural gas production rose rapidly, exceeded its old 1973 peak, and set new records for high production in each year 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015, when marketed production was 28.8 trillion cubic feet (820 km3).[39]

text: International trade[edit]

text: Natural gas depends on pipelines for economical transport. Without pipeline connections, natural gas must be transported as liquefied natural gas (LNG), an expensive process. For this reason, the price of natural gas tends to differ between regions not connected by gas pipelines. The North American market, consisting of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, all connected by a common pipeline network, has had much lower gas prices in recent years than some other major world gas markets, such as Europe (since 2010), Japan (since 2008), and Korea.

text: The United States is connected by pipeline to Canada and Mexico. The US has long imported large quantities of gas from Canada, and exported smaller quantities to some parts of eastern Canada. In 2014, the US imported 2,634 BCF from Canada, and exported 769 BCF, so that net imports from Canada totaled 1,865 BCF. The United States has exported increasing volumes to Mexico over the past decade. In 2014, the US exported 728.5 BCF to Mexico, and imported 1.4 BCF, so that net exports to Mexico totaled 727 BCF.

text: The cost of net imports peaked at US$29.7 billion in 2005; the cost of net imports was $5.9 billion in 2014.

text: Liquified natural gas[edit]

text: In past years, when experts were projecting gas shortages in North America, utility companies built liquified natural gas (LNG) import terminals along the coast. Net imports of LNG peaked in 2007, but have since decreased. In 2014, the US imported 59 BCF of LNG gas, and exported 16 BCF, so that net LNG imports amounted to 43 BCF. Most imported LNG was from Trinidad and Tobago.

text: Long-term LNG contracts usually tie the price of LNG to the oil price.

text: In 2010, after the price of US natural gas fell below that of world markets, US companies have proposed establishing a number of LNG export terminals. A number of these proposals involve converting inactive LNG import terminals to handle LNG exports. Any proposals to export natural gas must be approved by the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which gives its approval only if the project receives a satisfactory environmental review, and if FERC finds that the export terminal would be in the public interest.[40] As of August 2015, 24 new LNG export terminals have been proposed, of which FERC has so far approved 6.[41] Cheniere Energy expects to begin exporting LNG through its Sabine Pass terminal in January 2016.[42]

text: As of 2014, the only active LNG export terminal in the US was in Kenai, Alaska. The plant, with a capacity of 0.2 BCF per day, is owned by ConocoPhillips, and has been exporting LNG since 1969.[43][44] Most exported LNG went to Japan.

text: The New England States are connected by pipeline to the rest of the US and to Canada, but the existing pipelines are insufficient to supply the winter demand. For this reason, a quarter of New England's demand for gas is supplied by more-expensive LNG. Four LNG import terminals serve New England, but most LNG imported to New England arrives through the Everett terminal in Boston, and the Canaport terminal in New Brunswick, Canada.[45] As of 2015, pipelines were under construction to carry cheaper gas from Pennsylvania to New England.


document_title: Zippo

question_text: what type of fuel goes in a zippo

question_tokens: what type of fuel goes in a zippo

text: Zippo

text: Company history[edit]

text: American George G. Blaisdell founded Zippo Manufacturing Company in 1932, and produced the first Zippo lighter in early 1933, being inspired by an Austrian cigarette lighter of similar design made by IMCO.[9] It got its name because Blaisdell liked the sound of the word "zipper" and "zippo" sounded more modern.[10] On March 3, 1936, a patent was granted for the Zippo lighter.[11]

text: Zippo lighters became popular in the United States military, especially during World War II—when, as the company's web site says, Zippo "ceased production of lighters for consumer markets and dedicated all manufacturing to the US military".[12] Period Zippos were made of brass, but Zippo used a black crackle finished steel during the war years because of metal shortages. While the Zippo Manufacturing Company never had an official contract with the military, soldiers and armed forces personnel insisted that base exchange (BX) and post exchange (PX) stores carry this sought-after lighter.[13][14] While it had previously been common to have Zippos with authorized badges, unit crests, and division insignias, it became popular among the American soldiers of the Vietnam War to get their Zippos engraved with personal mottos. These lighters are now sought after collector's items and popular souvenirs for visitors to Vietnam.[15]

text: After World War II, the Zippo lighter became increasingly used in advertising by companies large and small through the 1960s.[16] Much of the early Zippo lighter advertising are works of art painted by hand, and as technology has evolved, so has the design and finish of the Zippo lighter. The basic mechanism of the Zippo lighter has remained unchanged.

text: In 2002, Zippo expanded its product line to include a variety of utility-style multi-purpose lighters, known as Zippo MPLs. This was followed in 2005 with the Outdoor Utility Lighter, known as the OUL. These lighters are fueled with butane. In August 2007, Zippo released a new butane lighter called the Zippo BLU.[17]

text: A museum called "Zippo/Case visitors center" is located in Bradford, Pennsylvania, at 1932 Zippo Drive. This 15,000-square-foot (1,400 m2) building contains rare and custom made Zippo lighters, and also sells the entire Zippo line. The museum was featured on the NPR program Weekend Edition on Sunday, January 25, 2009. The museum also contains an enormous collection of Case knives. Since the Zippo company's 60th anniversary in 1992, annual editions have been produced for Zippo collectors.

text: From 1949 to 2002, Zippos were also produced in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada.[18] Since 1933, over 500,000,000 Zippo lighters have been produced.

text: In 2009, Zippo announced plans to purchase Ronson Consumer Products Corporation, a long-time competitor in the lighter market.[19] On February 3, 2010, the deal was finalized.[20]

text: In March 2011, due to significant decrease of sales from 18 million lighters a year in the mid-1990s to about 12 million lighters a year recently, combined with increasing pressure on people not to smoke, Zippo Manufacturing Co. tried offering a wider variety of products using the Zippo name, such as watches, leisure clothing and eau de cologne. This strategy is similar to the success Victorinox Swiss Army Brands Inc. has had selling watches, luggage, clothing, and fragrance.[21]

text: On June 5, 2012, the company manufactured its 500,000,000th lighter and celebrated its 80th anniversary.

text:
Zippo's flint-wheel Ignition

A lit 1968 slim model Zippo

An open full-size Navy Zippo

Brass-based case design with matched insert coloring

Zippo point of sale display

text: Usage[edit]

text: Zippo lighters, which have gained popularity as “windproof” lighters, are able to stay lit in harsh weather, due to the design of the windscreen and adequate rate of fuel delivery.

text: A consequence of the windproofing is that it is hard to extinguish a Zippo by blowing out the flame. However, if the flame is blown from the top down, it will be easily extinguished. The proper way to extinguish the lighter is to close the top half, which starves the flame of oxygen, but unlike other lighters, this does not cut the fuel. One of the recognizable features of Zippo is the fact that it burns with a wick. Opening the top lid produces an easily recognizable "clink" sound for which Zippo lighters are known, and a different but similarly recognizable "clunk" when the lighter is closed. This noise is produced by the spring-loaded toggling cam, a little lever that keeps the lid closed or opened securely.

text: Unlike disposable lighters, Zippo lighters purchased new do not contain fuel. Instructions for safely fueling the Zippo are included in its packaging. Zippo also offers for sale a name brand lighter fluid.

text: Vietnam War[edit]

text: Morley Safer, in his August 5, 1965 CBS News report of the Cam Ne affair[22] and Private First Class Reginald "Malik" Edwards, the rifleman 9th Regiment, US Marine Corps Danang (June 1965 – March 1966) whose profile comprises chapter one of Wallace Terry's book, Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans (1984), describe the use of Zippo lighters in search and destroy missions during the Vietnam War. Edwards stated: "when you say level a village, you don't use torches. It's not like in the 1800s. You used a Zippo. Now you would use a Bic. That's just the way we did it. You went in there with your Zippos. Everybody. That's why people bought Zippos. Everybody had a Zippo. It was for burnin' shit down."[23][24]

text: "Zippo squad" became a phrase of American military jargon for being assigned to burn a village.[25] The M132 Armored Flamethrower was referred to as a "Zippo".[26]

text: Price[edit]

text: Current Zippos carry a suggested retail price between US$14.95 and US$11,893.95 (for the 18k solid gold model).[27] In 2001, according to the fall 2003 issue of IUP Magazine, a 1933 model was purchased for $18,000 at a swap meet in Tokyo, and in 2002 the company bought one valued at $12,000 for its own collection.[28] During the 2007 75th anniversary celebrations, Zippo sold a near mint 1933 model for $37,000.[29]

text: All Zippo windproof lighters carry an unlimited lifetime guarantee, promoted using the trademarked phrase "It works or we fix it for free." The corporate web site boasts: "in almost 75 years, no one has ever spent a cent on the mechanical repair of a Zippo lighter regardless of the lighter’s age or condition."[30]

text: Date codes[edit]

text: In mid-1955, Zippo started year coding their lighters by the use of dots. From 1966 until 1973 the year code was denoted by combinations of vertical lines. From 1974 until 1981 the coding comprised combinations of forward slashes. In 1979 an error was inadvertently introduced into fabrication, with some lighters reading / on the left and // on the right instead of // on the left and / on the right, but was fixed within the year. From 1982 until June 1986 the coding was by backslash.

text: After July 1986, Zippo began including a date code on all lighters showing the month and year of production. On the left of the underside was stamped a letter A–L, denoting the month (A = January, B = February, C = March, etc.). On the right was a Roman numeral which denoted the year, beginning with II in 1986.[31] However, in 2001, Zippo altered this system, changing the Roman numerals to more conventional Arabic numerals. Thus a Zippo made in August 2004 was stamped H 04.

text: Construction[edit]

text: The cases of Zippo lighters are typically made of brass and are rectangular with a hinged top. On most models, the top of the case is slightly curved.

text: Inside the case are the works of the lighter. The insert contains the spring-toggle lever that keeps the top closed, the wick, windscreen chimney, flintwheel, and flint, all of which are mounted on an open-bottom metal box that is slightly smaller than the bottom of the outer case, and into which it slips snugly.

text: The hollow part of the interior box encloses five rayon balls (similar to cotton balls) which are in contact with the wick. The bottom of this is covered by a piece of felt approximately 1/4 of an inch thick. Printed on the bottom of the felt (in modern Zippos, not on older models[year needed]) are the words, "LIFT TO FILL," to indicate one must lift the felt away from the "cotton" in order to refuel it. The fuel, light petroleum distillate or synthetic isoparaffinic hydrocarbon (commonly referred to as lighter fluid or naphtha), is poured into the rayon balls (sometimes called the "cotton," or the "batting"), which absorbs it. It also contains a tube that holds a short, cylindrical flint. The tube has an interior spring and exterior cap-screw that keeps the flint in constant contact with the exterior flint-wheel. Spinning this rough-surfaced wheel against flint results in a spark that ignites the fluid in the wick.

text: All parts of the lighter are replaceable. The Zippo lighter requires 108 manufacturing operations.

text: Zippo BLU & Zippo BLU 2[edit]

text: Zippo released the Zippo BLU in 2007 (although there are many 2005 pre-release models). These are butane torch lighters, which Zippo has gone to great lengths to make sure are still "identifiable as a Zippo". Specifically, the lid and cam were "tuned" so that the lighter still makes the distinctive "Zippo click", and also it is one of the only butane torch lighters that uses a flint and striker wheel.[citation needed] There is also the BLU2, which features a more square frame and eliminates the fuel gauge on the side of the original Zippo BLU.[citation needed]

text: As of January 1, 2016, the BLU line of lighters are discontinued. Zippo has stated that they will continue to service all previously sold BLU lighters.[32] [33]

text: Zippo subsidiaries[edit]

text: In addition to its 2010 purchase of the Ronson brand in the US and Canada, Zippo also owns W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co. of Bradford, Pennsylvania, Zippo UK, Ltd. of London, England, and Zippo Fashion Italia of Vicenza, Italy.


document_title: G. Sankara Kurup

question_text: first jnanpith award was an autor of which language

text: G. Sankara Kurup

text: This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
G. Sankara Kurup

Drawing of G. Shankarakurup

Born
(1901-06-03)3 June 1901
Nayathode, Kingdom of Cochin

Died
2 February 1978(1978-02-02) (aged 76)
Vappalassery, Angamaly, Ernakulam, Kerala, India

Occupation
Teacher, Poet, Essayist, Translator, Lyricist, Member of Indian Parliament

Notable works
Odakkuzhal (1950)

text: G. Sankara Kurup, (3 June 1901, Nayathode, Kingdom of Cochin (now in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India) – 2 February 1978, Vappalassery, Angamaly, Ernakulam district, Kerala), better known as Mahakavi G (The Great Poet G), was the first winner of the Jnanpith Award, India's highest literary award.[1][2] He won the prize in 1965 for his collection of poems in Malayalam Odakkuzhal (The Bamboo Flute, 1950). With part of the prize money he established the literary award Odakkuzhal in 1968. He was also the recipient of the Soviet Land Nehru Award, in 1967, and the Padma Bhushan in 1968.[3] His poetry collection Viswadarshanam won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1961 and Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award in 1963.

text: After completing his education, Kurup worked as the Malayalam teacher in a secondary school in Thiruvillwamala in 1921. Later he became a teacher in the Government Secondary Teacher Training Institute near Trichur. He worked as the Malayalam Pandit in Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, and retired as Professor of Malayalam from the College in 1956.

text: Kurup published his first poem, called Salutation to Nature in 1918, while still a student. Apart from 25 collections of poetry, Kurup also wrote verse dramas and collections of literary essays—in all about 40 works in Malayalam. He also translated the Rubáiyát (1932) of Omar Khayyám, the Sanskrit poem Meghaduta (1944) of Kalidas, and the collection of poems Gitanjali (1959) of Rabindranath Tagore into Malayalam. Indeed, one often speaks of the influence of Tagore and Gandhi on the humanism and nationalism of Kurup. He has also been described as a "bard of science" who explored the role of science in achieving the human potential.

text: He also penned the lyrics for P.J.Cherian’s Nirmala, (1948), the first Malayalam film to incorporate music and songs. Kurup also led an active public life as a member (1968–72) of Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian parliament.

text: Sankara Warrier was his father and Vadakkani Lakshmikutty Amma was his mother. G's uncle was a good Sanskrit scholar and astrologer, who had a significant influence in shaping his literary life. In 1931 G married Subhadra Amma from an ancient Nair family - Purathu Veedu in Thiruvanchikulam, capital of the old Chera empire.

text: Works[edit]

text: Poetry

text:
Suryakaanthi (Sunflower) (1933)
Nimisham (The Moment) (1945)
Odakkuzhal (Flute) (1950)
Padhikante Paattu (The Traveler's Song) (1955)
Vishwadarshanam (The Sight of the Universe) (1960)
Moonnaruviyum Oru Puzhayum (Three Streams and a River) (1963)
Jeevana Sangeetham (The Music of Life) (1964)
Sahithya Kauthukam (The Sweetness of Literature), in 3 Volumes (1968)
Ente Veil

text: - Perunthachan

text: Essays

text:
Gadhyopahaaram (Honouring with Prose) (1947)
Mutthum Chippiyum (Pearl and Oyster) (1958)
Ormayude Olangalil (In the Waves of Memory) (1978)


document_title: List of Batman television series cast members

question_text: who played the mad hatter in the batman tv show

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Batman, a fictional superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics, has appeared in numerous filmed works, with a variety of casts. The list below presents the casts of the television series in which Batman was the eponymous starring character.

text: Television series[edit]

text:
Character
Series (all except Batman (1966–1968) and Gotham are animated)

Batman
(1966–1968)
The Adventures of Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder
(1968–1969)
The New Adventures of Batman
(1977–1978)
Batman: The Animated Series
(1992–1995)
The New Batman Adventures
(1997–1999)
Batman Beyond
(1999–2001)
The Batman
(2004–2008)
Batman: The Brave and the Bold
(2008–2011)
Beware the Batman
(2013–2014)
Gotham
(2015–present)

CAST

Bruce Wayne
Batman
Adam West
Olan Soule
Adam West
Kevin Conroy
Rino Romano
Diedrich Bader
Zachary Gordon (young)
Mikey Kelley (pre-teen)
Dee Bradley Baker (infant)
Anthony Ruivivar
David Mazouz

Terry McGinnis
Batman

Will Friedle

Alfred Pennyworth
Alan Napier
Olan Soule

Clive Revill
Efrem Zimbalist, Jr.

Alastair Duncan
James Garrett
JB Blanc
Sean Pertwee

Commissioner James Gordon
Neil Hamilton
Ted Knight
Lennie Weinrib
Bob Hastings

Mitch Pileggi

Kurtwood Smith
Ben McKenzie

Dick Grayson
Robin
Nightwing
Burt Ward
Casey Kasem
Burt Ward
Brianne Siddall

Evan Sabara
Jeremy Shada
Grey DeLisle
Jason Marsden

Loren Lester
Jerry O'Connell
Crawford Wilson

Tim Drake
Robin

Mathew Valencia

Carrie Kelly
Robin

Anndi McAfee

Barbara Gordon
Batgirl
Yvonne Craig
Jane Webb
Melendy Britt
Melissa Gilbert
Tara Strong
Stockard Channing
Danielle Judovits
Mae Whitman
Tara Strong

Katana

Vyvan Pham
Kim Mai Guest
Sumalee Montano

The Joker
Cesar Romero
Larry Storch
Lennie Weinrib
Mark Hamill
Michael McKean

Kevin Michael Richardson
Jeff Bennett
Corey Burton

Cameron Monaghan

The Penguin
Burgess Meredith
Ted Knight
Lennie Weinrib
Paul Williams

Tom Kenny
Stephen Root
Jeff Bennett

Robin Lord Taylor

The Riddler
Frank Gorshin
John Astin
Ted Knight

John Glover

Robert Englund
John Michael Higgins

Cory Michael Smith

Two-Face

Richard Moll

James Remar
Richard Moll

Nicholas D'Agosto

Catwoman
Julie Newmar
Eartha Kitt
Jane Webb
Melendy Britt
Adrienne Barbeau

Gina Gershon
Nika Futterman

Camren Bicondova

Mr. Freeze
George Sanders
Otto Preminger
Eli Wallach

Lennie Weinrib
Michael Ansara
Clancy Brown
John Di Maggio

Nathan Darrow

Ra's al Ghul

David Warner

Peter Woodward
Lance Reddick
Alexander Siddig

Clock King
Walter Slezak

Alan Rachins

Dee Bradley Baker

Scarecrow

Henry Polic II

Dee Bradley Baker

Charlie Tahan

Mad Hatter
David Wayne

Roddy McDowall

Benedict Samuel

False Face
Malachi Throne

Townsend Coleman

Corey Burton

Harley Quinn

Arleen Sorkin

Hynden Walch
Meghan Strange

Meggie Vilcina

Man-Bat

Marc Singer

Peter MacNicol

Killer Moth

Jeff Bennett
Corey Burton

Killer Croc

Aron Kincaid

Ron Perlman
Stephen Root

Poison Ivy

Diane Pershing

Piera Coppola
Jennifer Hale

Clare Foley
Maggie Geha
Peyton List

Scarface / The Ventriloquist

George Dzundza

Dan Castellaneta

Bane

Henry Silva

Joaquim de Almeida
Ron Perlman
Clancy Brown
Michael Dorn

Firefly

Mark Rolston

Jason Marsden

Michelle Veintimilla
Camila Perez

Dr. Hugo Strange

Ray Buktenica

Frank Gorshin
Richard Green

B. D. Wong

Rupert Thorne

John Vernon

Victor Brandt

Tony Zucco

Thomas F. Wilson

Mark Hamill

Fox

Bill Mumy

David Faustino
Phil Morris

Shark

Peter Scolari

Googy Gress

Vulture

David Jolliffe

Grey DeLisle
Edoardo Ballerini

Count Vertigo

Michael York

Greg Ellis

Spellbinder

Jon Cypher
Michael Massee

Blockbuster

Kevin Michael Richardson
Gary Anthony Williams

Black Mask

James Remar
John Di Maggio

Todd Stashwick

Thomas Wayne

Kevin Conroy

Corey Burton
Greg Ellis
Adam West

Grayson McCouch

Martha Wayne

Adrienne Barbeau

Pat Musick
Julie Newmar

Brette Taylor

Chief O'Hara
Stafford Repp

Harvey Bullock

Robert Costanzo

Donal Logue

Renee Montoya

Ingrid Oliu
Liane Schirmer

Victoria Cartagena

Aunt Harriet Cooper
Madge Blake

Lucius Fox

Brock Peters
Mel Winkler

Louis Gossett, Jr.

Chris Chalk

Green Arrow

Chris Hardwick
James Arnold Taylor

Hal Jordan
Green Lantern

Dermot Mulroney
Loren Lester

Zatanna

Julie Brown

Jennifer Hale

Hawkman

Robert Patrick
William Katt

Rex Mason
Metamorpho

Scott Menville
Adam Baldwin

Sinestro

Miguel Ferrer
Xander Berkeley

Solomon Grundy

Kevin Grevioux
Diedrich Bader

Drew Powell

Jason Blood
Etrigan

Billy Zane

Dee Bradley Baker

Jonah Hex

Bill McKinney

Phil Morris

Summer Gleeson

Mari Devon

Mayor Hamilton Hill

Lloyd Bochner

Dr. Leslie Thompkins

Diana Muldaur

Morena Baccarin

Bat-Mite

Lou Scheimer

Paul Reubens

Ace the Bat-Hound

Frank Welker

Dee Bradley Baker

Dana Tan

Lauren Tom

Mrs. Mary McGinnis

Teri Garr

Delia & Deidre Dennis

Melissa Joan Hart


document_title: Cracker Barrel

question_text: how many cracker barrels in the united states

text: Cracker Barrel

text: History[edit]

text: First location and early company history[edit]

text: Cracker Barrel was founded in 1969 by Dan Evins, a sales representative for Shell Oil, who developed the restaurant and gift store concept initially as a plan to improve gasoline sales.[5] Designed to resemble the traditional country store that he remembered from his childhood, with a name chosen to give it a Southern country theme,[6] Cracker Barrel was intended to attract the interest of highway travelers.[5] The first restaurant was built close to Interstate 40, in Lebanon, Tennessee.[7] It opened in September 1969,[8] serving Southern cuisine including biscuits, grits, country ham, and turnip greens.[7]

text: Evins incorporated Cracker Barrel in February 1970,[5] and soon opened more locations. In the early 1970s, the firm leased land on gasoline station sites near interstate highways to build restaurants.[6] These early locations all featured gas pumps on-site; during gasoline shortages in the mid to late 1970s, the firm began to build restaurants without pumps.[5] Into the early 1980s, the company reduced the number of gas stations on-site, eventually phasing them out altogether as the company focused on its restaurant and gift sales revenues.[8] Cracker Barrel became a publicly traded company in 1981 to raise funds for further expansion.[5][7] It floated more than half a million shares, raising $4.6 million.[6] Following the initial public offering, Cracker Barrel grew at a rate of around 20 percent per year;[9] by 1987, the company had become a chain of more than 50 units in eight states, with annual net sales of almost $81 million.[5]

text: New markets and refocus[edit]

text: The company grew consistently through the 1980s and 1990s, attaining a $1 billion market value by 1992.[7][10][11] In 1993, the chain's revenue was nearly twice that of any other family restaurant.[6]

text: In 1994, the chain tested a carry-out-only store, Cracker Barrel Old Country Store Corner Market, in suburban residential neighborhoods.[11] In addition, it expanded into new markets through the establishment of more traditional Cracker Barrel locations, the majority of them outside the South, and tested alterations to its menus to adapt to new regions.[12] The chain added regional dishes to its menus, including eggs and salsa in Texas and Reuben sandwiches in New York, but continued to offer its original menu items in all restaurants.[10]

text: By September 1997, Cracker Barrel had 314 restaurants, and aimed to increase the number of stores by approximately 50 per year over the following five years.[12] The firm closed its Corner Market operations in 1997 and refocused on its restaurant and gift store locations. Its then president, Ron Magruder, stated that the chain was concentrating on strengthening its core theme, offering traditional foods and retail in a country store setting, with good service and country music.[9] The chain opened its first restaurant and gift store not located near a highway in 1998, in Dothan, Alabama.[13] In the 2000s, in the wake of incidents including charges of racial discrimination and controversy over its policy of firing gay employees, the firm launched a series of promotional activities including a nationwide book drive and a sweepstakes with trips to the Country Music Association Awards and rocking chairs among the prizes.[14]

text: Recent operations[edit]

text: The number of combined restaurants and stores owned by Cracker Barrel increased between 1997 and 2000, to more than 420 locations. In 2000 and 2001, the company addressed staffing and infrastructure issues related to this rapid growth by implementing a more rigorous recruitment strategy and introducing new technology, including an order-placement system.[15] From the late 1990s to the mid-2000s, the company focused on opening new locations in residential areas to attract local residents and workers as customers.[13] It updated its marketing in 2006 to encourage new customers, changing the design of its highway billboard advertisements to include images of menu items. Previously the signs had featured only the company's logo.[16] By 2011, Cracker Barrel had opened more than 600 restaurants in 42 states.[17][18][19] On January 17, 2012, company founder Dan Evins died of bladder cancer.[20]

text: Restaurants[edit]

text: Food and gift shop[edit]

text: As a Southern-themed chain, Cracker Barrel serves traditional Southern comfort food often described as "down-home" country cooking and sells gift items including simple toys representative of the 1950s and 1960s, toy vehicles, puzzles, and woodcrafts. Also sold are country music CDs, DVDs of early classic television, cookbooks, baking mixes, kitchen novelty decor, and early classic brands of candy and snack foods.[21][22] Breakfast is served all day, and there are two menus: one for breakfast, the other for lunch and dinner. Since the first restaurant opened, the menu has featured Southern specialties, including biscuits, fried chicken, and catfish;[5] seasonal and regional menu items were added during the 1980s and 1990s.[5][12] In 2007, Cracker Barrel announced plans to remove artificial trans fats from its menu items.[23][24]

text: Locations, service, and decor[edit]

text: For much of its early history, Cracker Barrel decided to locate its restaurants along the Interstate Highway System,[5] and the majority of its restaurants remain close to interstate and other highways.[25][26][27] Cracker Barrel is known for the loyalty of its customers,[10] particularly travelers who are likely to spend more at restaurants than locals.[12]

text: The locations are themed around the idea of a traditional Southern U.S. general store. Items used to decorate each store are authentic artifacts,[7] including everyday objects from the early 1900s and after.[28] Each restaurant features a front porch lined with wooden rocking chairs, a wooden peg solitaire game on every table,[29] and a stone fireplace with a deer head displayed above the mantel.[30] In fact, each location has five common items: a shotgun, a cookstove, a deer head, a telephone, and a traffic light.[31] The peg games have been present in Cracker Barrel since the opening of the first store, and continue to be produced by the same family in Lebanon, Tennessee.[32] The decor at each location typically includes artifacts related to the local history of the area, including antique household tools, old wall calendars and advertising posters, and antique photographs;[26] these are centrally stored in a warehouse in Tennessee, where they are cataloged and stockpiled for future use by individual store locations.[33]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Destinations magazine has presented the chain with awards for best chain restaurant,[34] and in 2010 and 2011, the Zagat survey named it the "Best Breakfast".[35][36] The chain was selected by the Outdoor Advertising Association of America as the 2011 OBIE Hall of Fame Award recipient for its long-standing use of outdoor advertising.[37] It was also named the "Best Family Dining" restaurant by a nationwide "Choice in Chains" consumer poll in Restaurants & Institutions magazine for 19 consecutive years.[30]

text: Corporate overview[edit]

text: Investment and business model[edit]

text: Cracker Barrel restaurants are aimed at the family and casual dining market as well as retail sales.[9] The chain also advertises to people traveling on the interstate highways, as the majority of its locations are close to highway exits.[11] The company has promoted its cost controls to investors.[38][39] The company has stated its goal to keep employee turnover low, to provide better trained staff.[39]  Since the 1980s, the firm has offered a formal training program with benefits for progressing through it to all of its employees.[5][40]

text: The board of directors of Cracker Barrel has repeatedly been at odds with the largest shareholder, Biglari Holdings Inc.[41]  The owner of Biglari Holdings, Sardar Biglari, controls a 19.9% share of the company,[42] just short of the 20% needed to trigger a shareholder rights plan, more commonly termed a "poison pill".[43]  The poison pill was adopted after Biglari Holdings sought approval to purchase a 49.99% share of the company and join the board of directors.[43]

text: Biglari Holdings purchased shares of Cracker Barrel in 2011, and has been often critical of the transparency to shareholders, overspending on advertising, lack of customer value,[44] capital funds mismanagement,[45] and not maximizing shareholder value.[46]  Biglari has requested to be on the board of directors three times, and has been denied each time by a vote of shareholders.[41]  Biglari Holdings has also put forward a request for a one-time $20/share dividend to address perceived overly conservative capitalization,[46] which was also rejected by shareholders.[45]  Cracker Barrel has responded by claiming Biglari has a "hidden agenda" and a conflict of interest by holding shares in other restaurant chains such as Steak 'n Shake.[47][48]

text: Community involvement[edit]

text: Cracker Barrel has supported a wide range of charities through one-off donations, promotional events, and partnerships with charitable organizations.[49] The chain has supported charities and causes in communities where its restaurants are located, including the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Katrina in 2005[50] and Nashville after severe flooding in 2010. In the same year, Cracker Barrel established Cracker Barrel Cares Inc., an employee-funded non-profit organization that provides support to Cracker Barrel employees.[51] Cracker Barrel has also formed a partnership with the Wounded Warrior Project, a charity for injured veterans.[52] In attempts to rebuild its image after several race-related controversies,[53] the firm has provided a scholarship through the National Black MBA Association,[54] and job skills programs and sponsorships with 100 Black Men of America[53][55] and the Restaurant and Lodging Association.[56]

text: Cracker Barrel sponsored the NASCAR Atlanta 500 race at Atlanta Motor Speedway from 1999 to 2001[57] and the Grand Ole Opry from 2004 to 2009. The company was the first presenting sponsor of the Grand Ole Opry.[58] This sponsorship allowed the company to make connections within the Nashville music industry, following which it entered into partnership with a number of country music performers.[59] The chain has established partnerships with artists including Alison Krauss, Charlie Daniels, Josh Turner, Kenny Rogers, Dolly Parton, Alan Jackson, and Alabama, to offer CD releases and merchandise.[59][60][61]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: LGBT policies[edit]

text: In early 1991, an intra-company memo called for employees to be dismissed if they did not display "normal heterosexual values". According to news reports, at least 11 employees were fired under the policy on a store-by-store basis from locations in Georgia and other states.[6][12] After demonstrations by gay rights groups, the company ended its policy in March 1991 and stated it would not discriminate based on sexual orientation.[62][63] The company's founder, Dan Evins, subsequently described the policy as a mistake.[6] From 1992 onward,[64] the New York City Employees Retirement System, then a major shareholder, put forward proposals to add sexual orientation to the company's non-discrimination policy. An early proposal in 1993 was defeated, with 77 percent against and only 14 percent in support, along with 9 percent abstaining.[65] It was not until 2002 that the proposals were successful; 58 percent of company shareholders voted in favor of the addition.[62]

text: Cracker Barrel achieved the lowest score (15 out of 100) of all rated food and beverage companies in the Human Rights Campaign's 2008 Corporate Equality Index, a measure of LGBT workplace equality.[66] Their score for 2011 had increased to a 55.  The 2011 survey noted that the firm had established a non-discrimination policy and had introduced diversity training that included training related to sexual orientation.[67] However, the company's score for 2013 dropped to a 35 out of 100, not having obtained the points related to non-discrimination toward gender identity and health benefits for partners of LGBT employees and transgender-inclusive benefits.[68]

text: On December 20, 2013, Cracker Barrel announced it would no longer sell certain Duck Dynasty products which it was "concerned might offend some of [its] guests"[69] after Phil Robertson, a star of the reality TV show, remarked in a GQ interview[70]

text: Don't be deceived. Neither the adulterers, the idolaters, the male prostitutes, the homosexual offenders, the greedy, the drunkards, the slanderers, the swindlers—they won't inherit the kingdom of God. Don't deceive yourself. It's not right. --Duck Dynasty's Phil Robertson

text: Robertson also made "comments likening homosexuality to terrorism and bestiality" in the interview, and expressed views about race which attracted criticism. On December 22, less than two days after pulling the products from its shelves, Cracker Barrel reversed its position after protests from customers.[71][72][73]

text: Race- and gender-based discrimination lawsuits[edit]

text: In July 1999, a discrimination lawsuit was filed against Cracker Barrel by a group of former employees, who claimed that the company had discriminated against them on the grounds of race.[74][75] In December 2001, twenty-one of the restaurant's customers, represented by the same attorneys, filed a separate lawsuit, alleging racial discrimination in its treatment of guests.[76][77][78] Regarding both accusations, Cracker Barrel officials disputed the claims and stated that the company was committed to fair treatment of its employees and customers.[75][77][79]

text: In 2004, an investigation by the U.S. Justice Department found evidence that Cracker Barrel had been segregating customer seating by race; seating or serving white customers before seating or serving black customers; providing inferior service to black customers, and allowing white servers to refuse to serve black customers.[80] The Justice Department determined that the firm had violated Title II of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The company was required to sign a five-year agreement to introduce "effective nondiscrimination policies and procedures." The terms included new equal opportunity training; the creation of a new system to log, investigate, and resolve complaints of discrimination; and  the publicizing of its non-discrimination policies. They were required to hire an outside auditor to ensure compliance with the terms of the settlement.[81]

text: In 2006, Cracker Barrel paid a $2 million settlement to end a lawsuit alleging race and sexual harassment at three Illinois restaurants.[82][83] Cracker Barrel stores subsequently began displaying a sign in the front foyer explaining the company's non-discrimination policy,[80] and added to its website and menu the policy and details on how to make a complaint.[84]

text: Since the early 2000s, Cracker Barrel has provided training and resources to minority employees, to improve its image on diversity. These efforts involved outreach to minority employees, along with testing a training plan to help employees whose first language is Spanish to learn English.[53] As of  2002[update], minorities made up 23 percent of the company's employees, including over 11 percent of its management and executives.[54]

text: Cracker Barrel is on the Corporate Advisory Board for the Texas Conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),[85] and is a corporate sponsor of the NAACP Leadership 500 Summit.[86] The company has been praised for its gender diversity, particularly on its board of directors, which includes three women out of eleven total board members.[87] Its chief executive officer (CEO), Sandra Cochran, is the second woman in Tennessee to hold that office in a publicly traded company.[87]

text: Licensed products[edit]

text: In November 2012, Cracker Barrel licensed its name to Smithfield Foods' John Morrell Division in a deal to create a line of meat products to be sold in supermarkets and through other retail channels.

text: In response, Kraft Foods filed a trademark-infringement lawsuit in February 2013. Kraft has sold cheese in retail stores under their Cracker Barrel brand since 1954. The corporation said that Cracker Barrel stores have not made significant sales of retail food products beyond their restaurant menu, and asked that the Smithfield Foods deal be nullified by the U.S. District Court in the Northern District of Illinois.[88]