document_title: Computer data storage

question_text: where is most data stored on a computer

question_tokens: where is most data stored on a computer

text: Computer data storage

text: Functionality[edit]

text: Without a significant amount of memory, a computer would merely be able to perform fixed operations and immediately output the result. It would have to be reconfigured to change its behavior. This is acceptable for devices such as desk calculators, digital signal processors, and other specialized devices. Von Neumann machines differ in having a memory in which they store their operating instructions and data.[1]:20 Such computers are more versatile in that they do not need to have their hardware reconfigured for each new program, but can simply be reprogrammed with new in-memory instructions; they also tend to be simpler to design, in that a relatively simple processor may keep state between successive computations to build up complex procedural results. Most modern computers are von Neumann machines.

text: Data organization and representation[edit]

text: A modern digital computer represents data using the binary numeral system. Text, numbers, pictures, audio, and nearly any other form of information can be converted into a string of bits, or binary digits, each of which has a value of 1 or 0. The most common unit of storage is the byte, equal to 8 bits. A piece of information can be handled by any computer or device whose storage space is large enough to accommodate the binary representation of the piece of information, or simply data. For example, the complete works of Shakespeare, about 1250 pages in print, can be stored in about five megabytes (40 million bits) with one byte per character.

text: Data are encoded by assigning a bit pattern to each character, digit, or multimedia object. Many standards exist for encoding (e.g., character encodings like ASCII, image encodings like JPEG, video encodings like MPEG-4).

text: By adding bits to each encoded unit, redundancy allows the computer to both detect errors in coded data and correct them based on mathematical algorithms. Errors generally occur in low probabilities due to random bit value flipping, or "physical bit fatigue", loss of the physical bit in storage of its ability to maintain a distinguishable value (0 or 1), or due to errors in inter or intra-computer communication. A random bit flip (e.g., due to random radiation) is typically corrected upon detection. A bit, or a group of malfunctioning physical bits (not always the specific defective bit is known; group definition depends on specific storage device) is typically automatically fenced-out, taken out of use by the device, and replaced with another functioning equivalent group in the device, where the corrected bit values are restored (if possible). The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) method is typically used in communications and storage for error detection.  A detected error is then retried.

text: Data compression methods allow in many cases (such as a database) to represent a string of bits by a shorter bit string ("compress") and reconstruct the original string ("decompress") when needed. This utilizes substantially less storage (tens of percents) for many types of data at the cost of more computation (compress and decompress when needed). Analysis of trade-off between storage cost saving and costs of related computations and possible delays in data availability is done before deciding whether to keep certain data compressed or not.

text: For security reasons certain types of data (e.g., credit-card information) may be kept encrypted in storage to prevent the possibility of unauthorized information reconstruction from chunks of storage snapshots.

text: Hierarchy of storage[edit]

text: This article appears to contradict the  article Memory hierarchy. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Generally, the lower a storage is in the hierarchy, the lesser its bandwidth and the greater its access latency is from the CPU. This traditional division of storage to primary, secondary, tertiary and off-line storage is also guided by cost per bit.

text: In contemporary usage, "memory" is usually semiconductor storage read-write random-access memory, typically DRAM (dynamic RAM) or other forms of fast but temporary storage. "Storage" consists of storage devices and their media not directly accessible by the CPU (secondary or tertiary storage), typically hard disk drives, optical disc drives, and other devices slower than RAM but non-volatile (retaining contents when powered down).[2]

text: Historically, memory has been called core memory, main memory, real storage or internal memory. Meanwhile, non-volatile storage devices have been referred to as secondary storage, external memory or auxiliary/peripheral storage.

text: Primary storage[edit]

text: Primary storage (also known as main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.

text: Historically, early computers used delay lines, Williams tubes, or rotating magnetic drums as primary storage. By 1954, those unreliable methods were mostly replaced by magnetic core memory. Core memory remained dominant until the 1970s, when advances in integrated circuit technology allowed semiconductor memory to become economically competitive.

text: This led to modern random-access memory (RAM). It is small-sized, light, but quite expensive at the same time. (The particular types of RAM used for primary storage are also volatile, i.e. they lose the information when not powered).

text: As shown in the diagram, traditionally there are two more sub-layers of the primary storage, besides main large-capacity RAM:

text:
Processor registers are located inside the processor. Each register typically holds a word of data (often 32 or 64 bits). CPU instructions instruct the arithmetic logic unit to perform various calculations or other operations on this data (or with the help of it). Registers are the fastest of all forms of computer data storage.
Processor cache is an intermediate stage between ultra-fast registers and much slower main memory. It was introduced solely to improve the performance of computers. Most actively used information in the main memory is just duplicated in the cache memory, which is faster, but of much lesser capacity. On the other hand, main memory is much slower, but has a much greater storage capacity than processor registers. Multi-level hierarchical cache setup is also commonly used—primary cache being smallest, fastest and located inside the processor; secondary cache being somewhat larger and slower.

text: Main memory is directly or indirectly connected to the central processing unit via a memory bus. It is actually two buses (not on the diagram): an address bus and a data bus. The CPU firstly sends a number through an address bus, a number called memory address, that indicates the desired location of data. Then it reads or writes the data in the memory cells  using the data bus. Additionally, a memory management unit (MMU) is a small device between CPU and RAM recalculating the actual memory address, for example to provide an abstraction of virtual memory or other tasks.

text: As the RAM types used for primary storage are volatile (uninitialized at start up), a computer containing only such storage would not have a source to read instructions from, in order to start the computer. Hence, non-volatile primary storage containing a small startup program (BIOS) is used to bootstrap the computer, that is, to read a larger program from non-volatile secondary storage to RAM and start to execute it. A non-volatile technology used for this purpose is called ROM, for read-only memory (the terminology may be somewhat confusing as most ROM types are also capable of random access).

text: Many types of "ROM" are not literally read only, as updates to them are possible; however it is slow and memory must be erased in large portions before it can be re-written. Some embedded systems run programs directly from ROM (or similar), because such programs are rarely changed. Standard computers do not store non-rudimentary programs in ROM, and rather, use large capacities of secondary storage, which is non-volatile as well, and not as costly.

text: Recently, primary storage and secondary storage in some uses refer to what was historically called, respectively, secondary storage and tertiary storage.[3]

text: Secondary storage[edit]

text: It has been suggested that Auxiliary memory be merged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2017.

text: Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage), differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile. Per unit, it is typically also two orders of magnitude less expensive than primary storage. Modern computer systems typically have two orders of magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage and data are kept for a longer time there.

text: In modern computers, hard disk drives are usually used as secondary storage. The time taken to access a given byte of information stored on a hard disk is typically a few thousandths of a second, or milliseconds. By contrast, the time taken to access a given byte of information stored in random-access memory is measured in billionths of a second, or nanoseconds. This illustrates the  significant access-time difference which distinguishes solid-state memory from rotating magnetic storage devices: hard disks are typically about a million times slower than memory. Rotating optical storage devices, such as CD and DVD drives, have even longer access times. With disk drives, once the disk read/write head reaches the proper placement and the data of interest rotates under it, subsequent data on the track are very fast to access. To reduce the seek time and rotational latency, data are transferred to and from disks in large contiguous blocks.

text: When data reside on disk, accessing them in large blocks to hide latency offers an opportunity to design efficient external memory algorithms. Sequential or block access on disks is orders of magnitude faster than random access, and many sophisticated paradigms have been developed to design efficient algorithms based upon sequential and block access. Another way to reduce the I/O bottleneck is to use multiple disks in parallel in order to increase the bandwidth between primary and secondary memory.[4]

text: Some other examples of secondary storage technologies are flash memory (e.g. USB flash drives or keys), floppy disks, magnetic tape, paper tape, punched cards, standalone RAM disks, and Iomega Zip drives.

text: The secondary storage is often formatted according to a file system format, which provides the abstraction necessary to organize data into files and directories, providing also additional information (called metadata) describing the owner of a certain file, the access time, the access permissions, and other information.

text: Most computer operating systems use the concept of virtual memory, allowing utilization of more primary storage capacity than is physically available in the system. As the primary memory fills up, the system moves the least-used chunks (pages) to secondary storage devices (to a swap file or page file), retrieving them later when they are needed. As more of these retrievals from slower secondary storage are necessary, the more the overall system performance is degraded.

text: Tertiary storage[edit]

text: Tertiary storage or tertiary memory[5] provides a third level of storage. Typically, it involves a robotic mechanism which will mount (insert) and dismount removable mass storage media into a storage device according to the system's demands; such data are often copied to secondary storage before use. It is primarily used for archiving rarely accessed information since it is much slower than secondary storage (e.g. 5–60 seconds vs. 1–10 milliseconds). This is primarily useful for extraordinarily large data stores, accessed without human operators. Typical examples include tape libraries and optical jukeboxes.

text: When a computer needs to read information from the tertiary storage, it will first consult a catalog database to determine which tape or disc contains the information. Next, the computer will instruct a robotic arm to fetch the medium and place it in a drive. When the computer has finished reading the information, the robotic arm will return the medium to its place in the library.

text: Tertiary storage is also known as nearline storage because it is "near to online". The formal distinction between online, nearline, and offline storage is:[6]

text:
Online storage is immediately available for I/O.
Nearline storage is not immediately available, but can be made online quickly without human intervention.
Offline storage is not immediately available, and requires some human intervention to become online.

text: For example, always-on spinning hard disk drives are online storage, while spinning drives that spin down automatically, such as in massive arrays of idle disks (MAID), are nearline storage. Removable media such as tape cartridges that can be automatically loaded, as in tape libraries, are nearline storage, while tape cartridges that must be manually loaded are offline storage.

text: Off-line storage[edit]

text: Off-line storage is a computer data storage on a medium or a device that is not under the control of a processing unit.[7] The medium is recorded, usually in a secondary or tertiary storage device, and then physically removed or disconnected. It must be inserted or connected by a human operator before a computer can access it again. Unlike tertiary storage, it cannot be accessed without human interaction.

text: Off-line storage is used to transfer information, since the detached medium can be easily physically transported. Additionally, in case a disaster, for example a fire, destroys the original data, a medium in a remote location will probably be unaffected, enabling disaster recovery. Off-line storage increases general information security, since it is physically inaccessible from a computer, and data confidentiality or integrity cannot be affected by computer-based attack techniques. Also, if the information stored for archival purposes is rarely accessed, off-line storage is less expensive than tertiary storage.

text: In modern personal computers, most secondary and tertiary storage media are also used for off-line storage. Optical discs and flash memory devices are most popular, and to much lesser extent removable hard disk drives. In enterprise uses, magnetic tape is predominant. Older examples are floppy disks, Zip disks, or punched cards.

text: Characteristics of storage[edit]

text: Storage technologies at all levels of the storage hierarchy can be differentiated by evaluating certain core characteristics as well as measuring characteristics specific to a particular implementation. These core characteristics are volatility, mutability, accessibility, and addressability. For any particular implementation of any storage technology, the characteristics worth measuring are capacity and performance.

text: Volatility[edit]

text: Non-volatile memory retains the stored information even if not constantly supplied with electric power.[8] It is suitable for long-term storage of information. Volatile memory requires constant power to maintain the stored information. The fastest memory technologies are volatile ones, although that is not a universal rule. Since the primary storage is required to be very fast, it predominantly uses volatile memory.

text: Dynamic random-access memory is a form of volatile memory that also requires the stored information to be periodically reread and rewritten, or refreshed, otherwise it would vanish. Static random-access memory is a form of volatile memory similar to DRAM with the exception that it never needs to be refreshed as long as power is applied; it loses its content when the power supply is lost.

text: An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) can be used to give a computer a brief window of time to move information from primary volatile storage into non-volatile storage before the batteries are exhausted.  Some systems, for example EMC Symmetrix, have integrated batteries that maintain volatile storage for several minutes.

text: Mutability[edit]

text: Accessibility[edit]

text: Addressability[edit]

text: Capacity[edit]

text: Performance[edit]

text: Energy use[edit]

text:
Storage devices that reduce fan usage, automatically shut-down during inactivity, and low power hard drives can reduce energy consumption by 90 percent.[9]
2.5-inch hard disk drives often consume less power than larger ones.[10][11] Low capacity solid-state drives have no moving parts and consume less power than hard disks.[12][13][14] Also, memory may use more power than hard disks.[14] Large caches, which are used to avoid hitting memory wall, may also consume a large amount of power.[15]

text: Storage media[edit]

text: As of  2011[update], the most commonly used data storage media are semiconductor, magnetic, and optical, while paper still sees some limited usage. Some other fundamental storage technologies, such as all-flash arrays (AFAs) are proposed for development.

text: Semiconductor[edit]

text: Semiconductor memory uses semiconductor-based integrated circuits to store information. A semiconductor memory chip may contain millions of tiny transistors or capacitors. Both volatile and non-volatile forms of semiconductor memory exist. In modern computers, primary storage almost exclusively consists of dynamic volatile semiconductor memory or dynamic random-access memory. Since the turn of the century, a type of non-volatile semiconductor memory known as flash memory has steadily gained share as off-line storage for home computers. Non-volatile semiconductor memory is also used for secondary storage in various advanced electronic devices and specialized computers that are designed for them.

text: As early as 2006, notebook and desktop computer manufacturers started using flash-based solid-state drives (SSDs) as default configuration options for the secondary storage either in addition to or instead of the more traditional HDD.[16][17][18][19][20]

text: Magnetic[edit]

text:
[show]vteMagnetic storage media
Wire (1898)
Tape (1928)
Drum (1932)
Ferrite core (1949)
Hard disk (1956)
Stripe card (1956)
MICR (1956)
Thin film (1962)
CRAM (1962)
Twistor (~1968)
Floppy disk (1969)
Bubble (~1970)
MRAM (1995)
Racetrack (2008)

text: Magnetic storage uses different patterns of magnetization on a magnetically coated surface to store information. Magnetic storage is non-volatile. The information is accessed using one or more read/write heads which may contain one or more recording transducers. A read/write head only covers a part of the surface so that the head or medium or both must be moved relative to another in order to access data. In modern computers, magnetic storage will take these forms:

text:
Magnetic disk
Floppy disk, used for off-line storage
Hard disk drive, used for secondary storage
Magnetic tape, used for tertiary and off-line storage
Carousel memory (magnetic rolls)

text: In early computers, magnetic storage was also used as:

text:
Primary storage in a form of magnetic memory, or core memory, core rope memory, thin-film memory and/or twistor memory.
Tertiary (e.g. NCR CRAM) or off line storage in the form of magnetic cards.
Magnetic tape was then often used for secondary storage.

text: Optical[edit]

text:
[show]vteOptical storage mediaBlu-ray (2003)
BD-R (2006)
BD-RE (2006)
BD-R XL (2010)
BD-RE XL (2010)
DVD (1995)
DVD-R (1997)
DVD-RW (1999)
DVD+RW (2001)
DVD+R (2002)
DVD+R DL (2004)
DVD-R DL (2005)
Compact disc (1982)
CD-R (1988)
CD-RW (1997)
Discontinued
Microform (1870)
Optical tape (20th century)
Optical disc (20th century)
LaserDisc (1978)
WORM (1979)
UDO (2003)
ProData (2003)
UMD (2004)
HD DVD (2006)
Magneto-optic Kerr effect (1877)
MO disc (1980s)
MiniDisc (1992)
Hi-MD (2004)
Optical Assist
Laser turntable (1986)
Floptical (1991)
Super DLT (1998)

text: Optical storage, the typical optical disc, stores information in deformities on the surface of a circular disc and reads this information by illuminating the surface with a laser diode and observing the reflection. Optical disc storage is non-volatile. The deformities may be permanent (read only media), formed once (write once media) or reversible (recordable or read/write media). The following forms are currently in common use:[21]

text:
CD, CD-ROM, DVD, BD-ROM: Read only storage, used for mass distribution of digital information (music, video, computer programs)
CD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R, BD-R: Write once storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage
CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, BD-RE: Slow write, fast read storage, used for tertiary and off-line storage
Ultra Density Optical or UDO is similar in capacity to BD-R or BD-RE and is slow write, fast read storage used for tertiary and off-line storage.

text: Magneto-optical disc storage is optical disc storage where the magnetic state on a ferromagnetic surface stores information. The information is read optically and written by combining magnetic and optical methods. Magneto-optical disc storage is non-volatile, sequential access, slow write, fast read storage used for tertiary and off-line storage.

text: 3D optical data storage has also been proposed.

text: Light induced magnetization melting in magnetic photoconductors has also been proposed for high-speed low-energy consumption magneto-optical storage.[22]

text: Paper[edit]

text:
[show]vtePaper data storage mediaAntiquity
Writing on papyrus (c. 3000 BCE)
Paper (105 CE)
Modern
Index card (1640s)
Punched tape (mid-1800s)
Punched card (1880s)
Edge-notched card (1904)
Optical mark recognition (1930s)
Barcode (1948)
Optical character recognition (1950s)

text:
Paper data storage, typically in the form of paper tape or punched cards, has long been used to store information for automatic processing, particularly before general-purpose computers existed. Information was recorded by punching holes into the paper or cardboard medium and was read mechanically (or later optically) to determine whether a particular location on the medium was solid or contained a hole.
A few technologies allow people to make marks on paper that are easily read by machine—these are widely used for tabulating votes and grading standardized tests. Barcodes made it possible for any object that was to be sold or transported to have some computer readable information securely attached to it.

text: Other storage media or substrates[edit]

text: Related technologies[edit]

text: Redundancy[edit]

text: While a group of bits malfunction may be resolved by error detection and correction mechanisms (see above), storage device malfunction requires different solutions. The following solutions are commonly used and valid for most storage devices:

text:
Device mirroring (replication) – A common solution to the problem is constantly maintaining an identical copy of device content on another device (typically of a same type). The downside is that this doubles the storage, and both devices (copies) need to be updated simultaneously with some overhead and possibly some delays. The upside is possible concurrent read of a same data group by two independent processes, which increases performance. When one of the replicated devices is detected to be defective, the other copy is still operational, and is being utilized to generate a new copy on another device (usually available operational in a pool of stand-by devices for this purpose).
Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) – This method generalizes the device mirroring above by allowing one device in a group of N devices to fail and be replaced with the content restored (Device mirroring is RAID with N=2). RAID groups of N=5 or N=6 are common. N>2 saves storage, when comparing with N=2, at the cost of more processing during both regular operation (with often reduced performance) and defective device replacement.

text: Device mirroring and typical RAID are designed to handle a single device failure in the RAID group of devices. However, if a second failure occurs before the RAID group is completely repaired from the first failure, then data can be lost. The probability of a single failure is typically small. Thus the probability of two failures in a same RAID group in time proximity is much smaller (approximately the probability squared, i.e., multiplied by itself). If a database cannot tolerate even such smaller probability of data loss, then the RAID group itself is replicated (mirrored). In many cases such mirroring is done geographically remotely, in a different storage array, to handle also recovery from disasters (see disaster recovery above).

text: Network connectivity[edit]

text: A secondary or tertiary storage may connect to a computer utilizing computer networks. This concept does not pertain to the primary storage, which is shared between multiple processors to a lesser degree.

text:
Direct-attached storage (DAS) is a traditional mass storage, that does not use any network. This is still a most popular approach. This retronym was coined recently, together with NAS and SAN.
Network-attached storage (NAS) is mass storage attached to a computer which another computer can access at file level over a local area network, a private wide area network, or in the case of online file storage, over the Internet. NAS is commonly associated with the NFS and CIFS/SMB protocols.
Storage area network (SAN) is a specialized network, that provides other computers with storage capacity. The crucial difference between NAS and SAN, is that NAS presents and manages file systems to client computers, while SAN provides access at block-addressing (raw) level, leaving it to attaching systems to manage data or file systems within the provided capacity. SAN is commonly associated with Fibre Channel networks.

text: Robotic storage[edit]

text: Large quantities of individual magnetic tapes, and optical or magneto-optical discs may be stored in robotic tertiary storage devices. In tape storage field they are known as tape libraries, and in optical storage field optical jukeboxes, or optical disk libraries per analogy. Smallest forms of either technology containing just one drive device are referred to as autoloaders or autochangers.

text: Robotic-access storage devices may have a number of slots, each holding individual media, and usually one or more picking robots that traverse the slots and load media to built-in drives. The arrangement of the slots and picking devices affects performance. Important characteristics of such storage are possible expansion options: adding slots, modules, drives, robots. Tape libraries may have from 10 to more than 100,000 slots, and provide terabytes or petabytes of near-line information. Optical jukeboxes are somewhat smaller solutions, up to 1,000 slots.

text: Robotic storage is used for backups, and for high-capacity archives in imaging, medical, and video industries. Hierarchical storage management is a most known archiving strategy of automatically migrating long-unused files from fast hard disk storage to libraries or jukeboxes. If the files are needed, they are retrieved back to disk.


document_title: Reveille

question_text: what song is played while raising the american flag

root

text: Reveille

text: Commonwealth of Nations and the United States[edit]

text: The tune used in the Commonwealth of Nations is different from the one used in the United States, but they are used in analogous ways: to ceremonially start the day.

tag: p

text: In modern times, the U.S. military plays (or sounds) "Reveille" in the morning, generally near sunrise, though its exact time varies from base to base. On U.S. Army posts and Air Force bases, "Reveille" is played by itself or followed by the bugle call "To the Colors" at which time the national flag is raised and all U.S. military personnel outdoors are required to come to attention and present a salute in uniform, either to the flag or in the direction of the music if the flag is not visible. While in formation, soldiers are brought to the position of parade rest while "Reveille" plays then called to attention and present arms as the national flag is raised. On board U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard facilities, the flag is generally raised at 0800 (8 am) while "The Star Spangled Banner" or the bugle call "To the Colors" is played. On some U.S. military bases, "Reveille" is accompanied by a cannon shot.

text: In Commonwealth Remembrance Day and Remembrance Sunday services, "The Last Post" begins the period of silent reflection, and "Reveille" ends it. The two tunes symbolize sunset and sunrise respectively, and therefore, death and resurrection. ("Reveille" is often replaced by "The Rouse", a bugle call commonly mistaken for "Reveille", although these are actually two different tunes.)

text: "To Reveille" or "to sound Reveille" is often used among military personnel as a term meaning "to notify personnel that it is time to wake up," whether the bugle call is actually sounded or not. Units lacking the personnel or equipment necessary to play the tune will often assign the duty to "sound Reveille" to the last watch of the night, who must ensure that others are roused at the proper time, by any appropriate means (often by actually shouting the word "reveille" until everyone is awake).

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: Although there are no official lyrics to "Reveille", these unofficial lyrics for the Commonwealth "Reveille" have been recently popularized:[2]

text: Rev-eil-lee! Rev-eil-lee is sounding

text:
The bugle calls you from your sleep; it is the break of day.
You've got to do your duty or you will get no pay.
Come, wake yourself, rouse yourself out of your sleep
And throw off the blankets and take a good peek at all
The bright signs of day are here, so get up and do not delay.

text: Get Up!

text:
Or-der-ly officer is on his round!
And if you're still a-bed he will send you to the guard
And then you'll get a drill and that will be a bitter pill:
So be up when he comes, be up when he comes,

text: The first lines of the British Cavalry "Reveille" were for many years rendered as:

text:
Soldiers arise!
Scrub the bloody muck out of your eyes...

text: The infantry and general "Reveille" ran:

text: Get out of bed,

text:
Get out of bed,
You lazy bastards! (repeat)

text: In the Royal Navy, "Reveille" was usually verbalised as:

text: To the U.S. tune:

text:
I can't get 'em up,
I can't get 'em up,
I can't get 'em up this morning;
I can't get 'em up,
I can't get 'em up,
I can't get 'em up at all!

The corporal's worse than the privates,
The sergeant's worse than the corporals,
Lieutenant's worse than the sergeants,
And the captain's worst of all!

< repeat top six lines >

An alternate rendition to the U.S. tune above:

I can't get 'em up
I can't get 'em up
I can't get 'em up this morning;
I can't get 'em up
I can't get 'em up
I can't get 'em up at all!

And tho' the sun starts peeping,
And dawn has started creeping,
Those lazy bums keep sleeping,
They never hear my call!

< repeat top six lines >

Still another U.S. version goes:

You've got to get up
You've got to get up
You've got to get up this morning
You've got to get up
You've got to get up
Get up with the bugler's call

The major told the captain
The captain told the sergeant
The sergeant told the bugler
The bugler told them all

< repeat top six lines >

Irving Berlin cited the lyrics in part of his song "Oh! How I Hate to Get Up in the Morning" from the musical This Is the Army:

The hardest blow of all
Is to hear the bugler call--

You gotta get up
You gotta get up
You gotta get up this morning

tag: table

text: Music[edit]

text: Reveille and Rouse are composed, like all bugle music, solely from the notes of the major triad, usually notated in C as: C, the tonic; E, the mediant; and G, the dominant.

text: Both the Commonwealth and United States "Reveilles" can be played with any combination of valves (or all open valves), because they were first played on a bugle, which lacks valves and plays only notes from the harmonic series.

text: Denmark[edit]

text: The reveille, was previously used throughout the Royal Danish Army, but is now only played at sunrise and sunset at the Guard Hussar Regiment barracks, by buglers from mounted squadron's drum and bugle corps.

text: Germany[edit]

text: Reise Reise is the wake up call on ships of the German Navy, the Deutsche Marine. It comes from the Low German word for rise. Every day on a German Navy ship starts with a wake-up call, the purren, which is started by the Locken, a whistle from the boatswain's call given 5 minutes before the main wake-up call. The wake-up call is given by a long whistle and the call: Reise, reise, aufstehen, überall zurrt Hängematten. "Rise, rise, wake up, get your hammock ready".

text: India[edit]

text: In the Indian Army, "reveille" is sounded at 06:00 (or sunrise), and the regimental colours are hoisted. As this also signals the start of the physical training parade, for practical reasons, servicemen must awake prior to the sounding of reveille.

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In the Irish Army, reveille is sounded at dawn and at military wreath-laying ceremonies, as on the National Day of Commemoration.

text: In Mountjoy Prison a large metal triangle was formerly beaten to wake the prisoners; this was immortalised in the song "The Auld Triangle."

text: Sweden[edit]

text: In Sweden, revelj (reveille) can be played on bugle, trumpet or drum. Today, it is usually played from a recording. There is also a reveille for military band composed by Johann Heinrich Walch that is used as the reveille of the Swedish Armed Forces.

text: Boy Scouts of America[edit]

text: Within the Boy Scouts of America, it is common for reveille to be sounded as a "wake up" for a large encampment of scouts, usually a camporee, jamboree or summer camp. The music may be played over the camp's intercom or bugled or trumpeted by the camp bugler. An individual scout unit may also sound reveille to rouse the scouts and scouters on a weekend trip,[citation needed] though this is less common.

text: Troop Bugler is a position of leadership in some Troops.[3][4]

text: An instrumental rock version of the melody was recorded as "Reveille Rock" in 1959 by Johnny and The Hurricanes and released on Warwick Records, catalog number M-513. The record charted Billboard number 25 and number 14 in the UK.


document_title: List of Spanish football champions

question_text: who won la liga in the last 10 years

question_tokens: who won la liga in the last 10 years

text: List of Spanish football champions

text: Champions[edit]

text:
Key

Champions also won the Copa del Rey that season

*
Champions also won the Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League that season

†
Champions also won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League that season

‡
Champions also won the UEFA Cup that season

text:
The "Top scorer(s)" column refers to the player who scored the most goals during that season
The "Goals" column refers to the number of goals scored by the top scorer in the league in that season

tag: ul

text:
Season
Winner[3]
Runner-up[6][7]
Third place[6][7]
Top scorer(s)[8]
Top scorer's club(s)[8]
Goals[8][9]

1929
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Bienzobas, PacoPaco Bienzobas
Real Sociedad
14

1929–30
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
Arenas
Gorostiza, GuillermoGuillermo Gorostiza
Athletic Bilbao
19

1930–31
Athletic Bilbao
Racing Santander
Real Sociedad
Arana, Agustín SautoAgustín Sauto Arana
Athletic Bilbao
27

1931–32
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
Gorostiza, GuillermoGuillermo Gorostiza
Athletic Bilbao
12

1932–33
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Espanyol
Olivares, ManuelManuel Olivares
Real Madrid
16

1933–34
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Racing Santander
Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
27

1934–35
Real Betis
Real Madrid
Real Oviedo
Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
26

1935–36
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Real Oviedo
Langara, IsidroIsidro Lángara
Real Oviedo
27

1936–37
Spanish Civil War (League Cancelled)

1937–38

1938–39

1939–40
Atlético Aviación[A]
Sevilla
Athletic Bilbao
Unamuno, VictorVíctor Unamuno
Athletic Bilbao
22

1940–41
Atlético Aviación
Athletic Bilbao
Valencia
Pruden, Pruden
Atlético Aviación
30

1941–42
Valencia
Real Madrid
Atlético Aviación
Suarez, EdmundoEdmundo Suárez
Valencia
27

1942–43
Athletic Bilbao
Sevilla
Barcelona
Martin, MarianoMariano Martín
Barcelona
32

1943–44
Valencia
Atlético Aviación
Sevilla
Suarez, EdmundoEdmundo Suárez
Valencia
27

1944–45
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Atlético Aviación
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Atlético Bilbao
19

1945–46
Sevilla
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Atlético Bilbao
24

1946–47
Valencia
Athletic Bilbao
Atlético Aviación
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Atlético Bilbao
34

1947–48
Barcelona
Valencia
Atlético Madrid
Pahino Pahiño
Celta de Vigo
23

1948–49
Barcelona
Valencia
Real Madrid
AlvarezCésar Rodríguez Álvarez
Barcelona
28

1949–50
Atlético Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Valencia
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
25

1950–51
Atlético Madrid
Sevilla
Valencia
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
38

1951–52
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Pahino Pahiño
Real Madrid
28

1952–53
Barcelona
Valencia
Real Madrid
Zarra, TelmoTelmo Zarra
Athletic Bilbao
24

1953–54
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
27

1954–55
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Arza, JuanJuan Arza
Sevilla
28

1955–56
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
24

1956–57
Real Madrid†
Sevilla
Barcelona
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
31

1957–58
Real Madrid†
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Badenes, ManuelManuel Badenes
Alfredo Di Stéfano
Ricardo
Valladolid
Real Madrid
Valencia
19

1958–59
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Stefano, Alfredo DiAlfredo Di Stéfano
Real Madrid
23

1959–60
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
26

1960–61
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Real Zaragoza
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
27

1961–62
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Seminario, JuanJuan Seminario
Zaragoza
25

1962–63
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Real Oviedo
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
26

1963–64
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Real Betis
Puskas, FerencFerenc Puskás
Real Madrid
20

1964–65
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Zaragoza
Re, CayetanoCayetano Ré
Barcelona
25

1965–66
Atlético Madrid
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Vava Vavá
Elche
19

1966–67
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Espanyol
Machado, WaldoWaldo Machado
Valencia
24

1967–68
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Las Palmas
Uriarte, FidelFidel Uriarte
Athletic Bilbao
22

1968–69
Real Madrid
Las Palmas
Barcelona
Amaro, AmancioAmancio Amaro
José Eulogio Gárate
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
14

1969–70
Atlético Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Sevilla
Amaro, AmancioAmancio Amaro
Luis Aragonés
José Eulogio Gárate
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Atlético Madrid
16

1970–71
Valencia
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Garate, Jose EulogioJosé Eulogio Gárate
Carles Rexach
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
17

1971–72
Real Madrid
Valencia
Barcelona
Porta, EnriqueEnrique Porta
Granada
20

1972–73
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Espanyol
Marianin Marianín
Real Oviedo
19

1973–74
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Zaragoza
Quini, Quini
Sporting de Gijón
20

1974–75
Real Madrid
Zaragoza
Barcelona
Herrero, Carlos RuizCarlos Ruiz Herrero
Athletic Bilbao
19

1975–76
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Quini, Quini
Sporting de Gijón
21

1976–77
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Kempes, MarioMario Kempes
Valencia
24

1977–78
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Kempes, MarioMario Kempes
Valencia
28

1978–79
Real Madrid
Sporting de Gijón
Atlético Madrid
Krankl, HansHans Krankl
Barcelona
29

1979–80
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad
Sporting de Gijón
Quini, Quini
Sporting de Gijón
24

1980–81
Real Sociedad
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Quini, Quini
Barcelona
20

1981–82
Real Sociedad
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Quini, Quini
Barcelona
26

1982–83
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Rincon, HipolitoHipólito Rincón
Real Betis
20

1983–84
Athletic Bilbao
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Silva, Jorge daJorge da Silva
Juanito
Valladolid
Real Madrid
17

1984–85
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Athletic Bilbao
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Atlético Madrid
19

1985–86
Real Madrid‡
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
22

1986–87
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Espanyol
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
34

1987–88
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad
Atlético Madrid
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
29

1988–89
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Baltazar, Baltazar
Atlético Madrid
35

1989–90
Real Madrid
Valencia
Barcelona
Sanchez, HugoHugo Sánchez
Real Madrid
38

1990–91
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Real Madrid
Butragueno, EmilioEmilio Butragueño
Real Madrid
19

1991–92
Barcelona†
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Manolo, Manolo
Atlético Madrid
27

1992–93
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Bebeto, Bebeto
Deportivo La Coruña
29

1993–94
Barcelona
Deportivo La Coruña
Zaragoza
Romario Romário
Barcelona
30

1994–95
Real Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Real Betis
Zamorano, IvanIván Zamorano
Real Madrid
28

1995–96
Atlético Madrid
Valencia
Barcelona
Pizzi, Juan AntonioJuan Antonio Pizzi
Tenerife
31

1996–97
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Deportivo La Coruña
Ronaldo Ronaldo
Barcelona
34

1997–98
Barcelona
Athletic Bilbao
Real Sociedad
Vieri, ChristianChristian Vieri
Atlético Madrid
24

1998–99
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Mallorca
Raul Raúl
Real Madrid
25

1999–2000
Deportivo La Coruña
Barcelona
Valencia
, Salva (footballer)Salva (footballer)
Racing Santander
27

2000–01
Real Madrid
Deportivo La Coruña
Mallorca
Raul Raúl
Real Madrid
24

2001–02
Valencia
Deportivo La Coruña
Real Madrid
Tristan, DiegoDiego Tristán
Deportivo La Coruña
21

2002–03
Real Madrid
Real Sociedad
Deportivo La Coruña
Makaay, RoyRoy Makaay
Deportivo La Coruña
29

2003–04
Valencia‡
Barcelona
Deportivo La Coruña
Ronaldo Ronaldo
Real Madrid
25

2004–05
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Villarreal
Forlan, DiegoDiego Forlán
Villarreal
25

2005–06
Barcelona†
Real Madrid
Valencia
Eto'o, SamuelSamuel Eto'o
Barcelona
26

2006–07
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Sevilla
van Nistelrooy, RuudRuud van Nistelrooy
Real Madrid
25

2007–08
Real Madrid
Villarreal
Barcelona
Guiza, DanielDaniel Güiza
Mallorca
27

2008–09
Barcelona*
Real Madrid
Sevilla
Forlan, DiegoDiego Forlán
Atlético Madrid
32

2009–10
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Valencia
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
34

2010–11
Barcelona†
Real Madrid
Valencia
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
40

2011–12
Real Madrid
Barcelona
Valencia
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
50

2012–13
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
46

2013–14
Atlético Madrid
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
31

2014–15
Barcelona*
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Ronaldo, CristianoCristiano Ronaldo
Real Madrid
48

2015–16
Barcelona
Real Madrid
Atlético Madrid
Suarez, LuisLuis Suárez
Barcelona
40

2016–17
Real Madrid†
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
Messi, LionelLionel Messi
Barcelona
37

text: Total titles won[edit]

text:
Club
Winners
Runners-up

Real Madrid
33
23

Barcelona
24
25

Atlético Madrid
10
8

Athletic Bilbao
8
7

Valencia
6
6

Real Sociedad
2
3

Deportivo La Coruña
1
5

Sevilla
1
4

Real Betis
1
0

text: Titles won by club (%)

text: By city[edit]

text:
City
Championships
Clubs

Madrid

43

Real Madrid (33), Atlético Madrid (10)

Barcelona

24

Barcelona (24)

Bilbao

8

Athletic Bilbao (8)

Valencia

6

Valencia (6)

San Sebastián

2

Real Sociedad (2)

Seville

2

Real Betis (1), Sevilla (1)

A Coruña

1

Deportivo La Coruña (1)

text: By Autonomous Community[edit]

text:
Community
Championships
Clubs

Madrid

43

Real Madrid (33), Atlético Madrid (10)

Catalonia

24

Barcelona (24)

Basque Country

10

Athletic Bilbao (8), Real Sociedad (2)

Valencia

6

Valencia (6)

Andalusia

2

Real Betis (1), Sevilla (1)

Galicia

1

Deportivo La Coruña (1)

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. a Atlético Madrid were known as Atlético Aviación from 1939 until 1947.


document_title: Climate of South Africa

question_text: during which season does cape town receive rainfall

text: Climate of South Africa

text: Temperature[edit]

text: South Africa has typical weather for the Southern Hemisphere, with the coldest days in June–August. On the central plateau, which includes the Free State and Gauteng provinces, the altitude keeps the average temperatures below 40 °C (104 °F); Johannesburg, for example, lies at 1,753 metres (5,751 ft). In winter temperatures can drop below freezing, also due to altitude. During winter it is warmest in the coastal regions, especially on the eastern Indian Ocean coast.

text:
Average temperatures (°C) in South Africa[1]

City
Summer
(January)
Winter
(July)

Max
Min
Max
Min

Bloemfontein
31
15
17
-2

Cape Town
26
16
18
7

Durban
28
21
23
11

East London
26
18
21
10

George
25
15
19
7

Johannesburg
26
15
20
4

Kimberley
33
18
19
3

Mthatha
27
16
21
4

Musina
34
21
25
7

Nelspruit
29
19
23
6

Pietermaritzburg
28
18
23
3

Polokwane
28
17
20
4

Port Elizabeth
25
18
20
9

Pretoria
29
18
24
5

Richards Bay
29
21
23
12

Skukuza
33
21
26
6

Thohoyandou
31
20
24
10

Upington
36
20
21
4

text: Precipitation[edit]

text: South Africa is a sunny country, averaging 8-10 daily sunshine hours in most regions.[2] The average annual rainfall for South Africa is 450ml(compared to a global average of 860ml) but large and unpredictable variations are common. Overall, rainfall is greatest in the east and gradually decreases westward, with some semi-desert areas along the western edge of South Africa. For most of the country, rain falls mainly in the summer months with brief afternoon thunderstorms. The exception is the Western Cape and its capital city Cape Town where the climate is Mediterranean and it rains more in the wintertime.[3]In the winter months, snow collects on the high mountains of the Cape and the Drakensberg.

text: Oceans[edit]

text: South Africa's coasts are major tourist attractions and trade locations. This makes the ocean important to South Africa and its citizens. The Indian and Atlantic oceans meet at the southwestern tip of South Africa. The warm Agulhas Current runs south along the east coast and the cold Benguela Current flows north along the western shore. As a result, there is at least a 6 °C difference in the annual temperatures of Durban (on the east) and Port Nolloth (on the west) despite being located at roughly the same latitude.[3]

text: ENSO[edit]

text: Warm season weather is influenced by the Southern Oscillation (ENSO, or El Niño–Southern Oscillation). South Africa experiences hotter and drier weather during the El Niño phase while La Niña brings cooler and wetter conditions.

text: Climatic zones[edit]

text: Climatic zones are often referred to by the seasonal pattern of rainfall (Summer rainfall region, Winter rainfall region, Summer and winter rainfall region, and the Arid region), as shown in Figure 2. The winter rainfall region is confined to a relatively small area in the south-west, the Western Cape area, where gentle rain falls from May to August but the summers are dry. The summer rainfall region is the largest, being most of the country north of the coastal areas and the north west arid desert. Rain fall from October to February and is often heavy, with the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. The summer and winter rainfall region is the Eastern Cape. The arid regions are in the north-west, with the driest areas being the north-west coast. Vegetation tends to vary by climatic zone,[4] and these also correspond to the horticultural zones.[5]

text: Highveld[edit]

text: The Highveld is the eastern plateau area of South Africa. It is typified by Johannesburg, at an elevation of 1,753 metres (5,751 ft). The former CBD is found on the south side of the prominent ridge called the Witwatersrand (Afrikaans: White Water's Ridge) and the terrain falls to the north and south. By and large the Witwatersrand marks the watershed between the Limpopo and Vaal rivers. The north and west of the city has undulating hills while the eastern parts are flatter.

text: The city enjoys a dry, sunny climate, with the exception of occasional late afternoon downpours in the summer months of October to April.[citation needed] Temperatures in Johannesburg are usually fairly mild due to the city's high altitude, with the average maximum daytime temperature in January of 26 °C (78.8 °F), dropping to an average maximum of around 16 °C (60.8 °F) in June. Winter is the sunniest time of the year, with cool days and cold nights. The temperature occasionally drops to below freezing at night, causing frost. Snow is a rare occurrence, with snowfall having been experienced in May 1956, August 1962, June 1964, September 1981, August 2006 (light), on 27 June 2007,[6] accumulating up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in the southern suburbs, and most recently on 7 August 2012.

text: Regular cold fronts pass over in winter bringing very cold southerly winds but usually clear skies. The annual average rainfall is 713 millimetres (28.1 in), which is mostly concentrated in the summer months. Infrequent showers occur through the course of the winter months.

text: Mediterranean[edit]

text: The Western Cape province has a Mediterranean climate with warm to hot, dry, sunny summer weather and mild, rainy conditions in winter.


document_title: Baby Got Back

question_text: who sings my anaconda don't want none

question_tokens: who sings my anaconda do n 't want none

text: Baby Got Back

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The first verse begins with "I like big butts and I cannot lie" and most of the song is about the rapper's attraction to large buttocks. The second and third verse challenge mainstream norms of beauty: "I ain't talkin' 'bout Playboy/'Cause silicone parts are made for toys" and "So Cosmo says you're fat/Well I ain't down with that!"

text: The song came from a meeting between Sir Mix-A-Lot and Amylia Dorsey who saw little representation of full figured women in media. The idea came from the 1980s Budweiser commercial[5] featuring very thin, valley girl-esque models. They decided to dedicate a song to the very opposite, featuring curvy women of color. Mix and Dorsey sought to, "broaden...the definition of beauty."[6]

text: Sir Mix-a-Lot commented in a 1992 interview: "The song doesn't just say I like large butts, you know? The song is talking about women who damn near kill themselves to try to look like these beanpole models that you see in Vogue magazine." He explains that most women respond positively to the song's message, especially black women: "They all say, 'About time.'"[7]

text: In the song's prelude there is a conversation between two (presumably) thin, white valley girls. One girl named Linda (dubbed by Amylia Dorsey)[8] remarks to her friend, "Oh, my God, Becky, look at her butt! It is so big [...] She's just so ... black!", at which point Sir Mix-a-Lot begins rapping of his love for big-bottomed girls.

text: The dialogue of British actress Papillon Soo Soo saying "Me so horny" is sampled from the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket to complete Sir Mix-a-Lot's lyric, "that butt you got makes..." It is one of two popular rap songs of the era (with 2 Live Crew's "Me So Horny") in which her dialogue from the film is featured.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Baby Got Back" (album version)
4:25

2.
"Cake Boy"
4:12

3.
"You Can't Slip"
5:05

4.
"Baby Got Back" (Tekno-Metal Edit)
4:20

5.
"Baby Got Back" (Hard B.W.B. Hip Hop Mix)
4:35

6.
"Baby Got Back" (Hurricane Mix)
5:04

text: Chart performance and awards[edit]

text: Sir Mix-a-Lot's best known song, "Baby Got Back" reached number 1 on the United States Billboard Hot 100 chart for five weeks in the summer of 1992, and won a 1993 Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance. In the years following the song's release on the album Mack Daddy, it has continued to appear in many movies, television shows, and commercials, as detailed below. It was number 6 on VH1's Greatest Songs of the '90s, and number 1 on VH1's Greatest One Hit Wonders of the '90s.

text: Weekly charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1992–93)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[9]
8

Canada Top Singles (RPM)[10]
89

Germany (Official German Charts)[11]
25

Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)[12]
31

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[13]
3

Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[14]
39

UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)
56

US Billboard Hot 100[15]
1

US R&B/Hip-Hop Songs[16]
27

US Dance/Club Play Songs[17]
5

text: Year-end charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1992)
Position

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[18]
47

US Billboard Hot 100[19]
2

text: Jonathan Coulton cover/Glee cover[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2018)

text: Jonathan Coulton released a cover of "Baby Got Back" during his Thing a Week project in October 2005, with the song being released as part of the first Thing A Week compilation album the next year.[20]

text: In late January 2013, a preview of the television show Glee included a cover of "Baby Got Back" that would be part of an upcoming episode. Many, including Coulton, noted that the backing music was extremely similar to his recorded version; Coulton reported that he had not been contacted by the Fox Broadcasting Network about this song, but at the time could only suppose that the Glee version was similar to his own.[21] Coulton had tried to contact Fox for additional details prior to the episode's airing. The episode with the song, "Sadie Hawkins", aired unchanged on January 24, 2013; further analysis of the aired version showed the Glee cover appeared to use Coulton's original musical arrangement as it included Coulton's original melody and a changed line in Coulton's version ("Johnny C's in trouble" instead of the original "Mix-a-Lot's in trouble").[22] Coulton's agents were later contacted by Fox, claiming, in his words, "they're within their legal rights to do this, and that [Coulton] should be happy for the exposure", even though Coulton is not credited within the episode.[22] Coulton has been exploring legal options; while musical covers do not have copyright legal protection in the United States, Coulton may have legal rights if the Glee version is found to have used his audio track or original composition directly.[23] Coulton has since released his cover of "Baby Got Back" to iTunes, what he calls "a cover of Glee's cover of my cover of Sir Mix-a-Lot's song", with proceeds going to charity.[24] Coulton's experience has led other artists who believe that Glee used their cover arrangements as backing within the show to step forward with similar claims.[25]

text: Related songs and allusions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In a 2000 interview, Sir Mix-a-Lot reflected: "There's always butt songs. Hell, I got the idea sitting up here listening to old Parliament records: Motor Booty Affair. Black men like butts. That's the bottom line."[26] The song is part of a tradition of 1970s–90s African-American music celebrating the female posterior, including "Da Butt", "Rump Shaker", and "Shake Your Groove Thing".[27]

text:
Spoken word duo Athens Boys Choir has a parody of the song on their album Rhapsody in T called "Tranny Got Pack". An alternative version was performed at a 2006 Washington Mutual retreat in Hawaii.[28]
A 2009 Burger King commercial promoting SpongeBob SquarePants Kids' Meal toys featured a parody called "I Like Square Butts".[29][30]
The song is played during the credit sequence of the video game Fat Princess while the player is attacking the staff with a scythe.[31]
The song in the main theme for the Are We There Yet? series episode "The Viral Video Episode".[32]
This song was used in a The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon' sketch aired on June 16, 2014. It consisted of clips of NBC Nightly News anchor Brian Williams, edited to create the illusion of him performing the song.[33]
The chorus of Nicki Minaj's 2014 single "Anaconda" heavily samples the song, including the beat, the lyric "My anaconda don't want none unless you got buns hun" as well as "Oh my god, look at her butt" in the beginning of the song. The song's closing line, "little in the middle but she got much back", is also sampled. Sir Mix-a-Lot stated his approval for Minaj's song, saying that he had gained "a whole new level of respect for her" and that he had become a "fan for life" of Minaj.[34]
In June 2014, the Seattle Symphony performed an orchestral rendition of the song, arranged by composer Gabriel Prokofiev, and performed by Sir-Mix-A-Lot.[35]
Country music artist Joe Nichols had been performing a honky-tonk style cover of "Baby Got Back" in concerts since 2012. In 2017, Nichols decided to record his rendition and include it on his album Never Gets Old. On July 31, 2017, Nichols released a music video for his cover, in which he performs the song for Sir Mix-A-Lot.[36]
The song featured in an episode of Apple Music's Carpool Karaoke starring Game of Thrones' Maisie Williams and Sophie Turner. Together they parody the beginning of the song using Sean Bean's distinctive Yorkshire accent.[37]


document_title: The Impalas

question_text: who sang i ran all the way home

question_tokens: who sang i ran all the way home

text: The Impalas

text: The Impalas were an American doo-wop group in the late 1950s, best known for their hit, "Sorry (I Ran All the Way Home)".

text: The group formed in 1958 in Brooklyn, New York, and was composed of lead singer Joe "Speedo" Frazier (September 5, 1943 – April 1, 2014), Richard Wagner, Lenny Renda and Tony Carlucci. They were a racially integrated group--Frazier was the only black member.[1]

text: They recorded for Hamilton Records and were found by songwriters Artie Zwirn and Aristides "Gino" Giosasi, who wrote the song "Sorry (I Ran All The Way Home)". In 1959 disc jockey Alan Freed heard the group, added his name as a writer of the song and got them a deal with MGM Records subsidiary label Cub. In the US, the record reached #2 on the U.S. pop chart, #14 on the R&B chart.[2] Outside the US,"Sorry (I Ran All The Way Home)" peaked at #28 on the UK Singles Chart.[3] The song sold over one million copies, earning gold disc status.[4]

text: The group recorded follow-ups including "'Bye Everybody," "Oh What A Fool," an album for Cub, and one further single for the 20th Century label before disbanding in 1961. Frazier went on to sing with Love's Own in 1973, and in 1980 resurrected the Impalas as a touring act.

text: Joe "Speedo" Frazier died on April 1, 2014, at the age of 70.[5][6]


document_title: Keystone Heights, Florida

question_text: what is the population of keystone heights florida

text: Keystone Heights, Florida

text: History[edit]

text: In 1918, the area that would eventually become known as the city of Keystone Heights was a small community known as Brooklyn located along present day State Road 100, about one mile north of the present location of Keystone Heights on Lake Brooklyn. [6]

text: In those early days Brooklyn consisted of a large unpainted building called the Brooklyn Hotel; a combination general store and post office; and several small houses scattered about. Property Developer John J. Lawrence, who hailed from Pennsylvania, noticed the area on a visit to Lake Brooklyn, and instantly became attracted to the region.[7]

text: In 1921, the Lawrence family completed their home, the first house built in Keystone Heights, which overlooked Lake Geneva, and still lies there today at the corner of Jasmine Street & Lakeview Drive. The town would be incorporated as Keystone Heights, named after Lawrence's home state of Pennsylvania's nickname, the "Keystone" state, in 1925.[8]

text: After hearing of natural wonders and the many different lakes of the area, other families moved to Keystone, putting a strain on those attempting to build structures within the city. Helping to address the issue, in late 1922, C. Ray Lawrence came to Keystone Heights, and began laying out the streets and lots in the town.[9]

text: The next particularly significant event would come on New Year's Day in 1924, when the Keystone Inn opened. The inn was host to many events throughout the community, and essentially became an icon for the town.[10]

text: Tourists visiting the Inn would also frequent the Chautauqua. A large open pit that effectively served as a type of amphitheater, the Chautauqua served as a beacon for various musicians, artists, and speakers from the Chautauqua circuit in New York.[11]

text: Within just two years, people were traveling to the Keystone Inn and the community of Keystone Heights from great distances to experience the town for themselves. The small community boasted a public beach with a pavilion, picnic grounds and a nine-hole golf course. These events brought a variety of travelers, such as the University of Florida football team, which would stay at the Inn before their homecoming games.[12]

text: The inn no longer exists. It burned in October 1954, and was never rebuilt. Today, the former property of the inn is a park in front of City Hall.[13]

text: The city gained the Keystone Heights school in 1926. As the city rapidly grew, the school began to expand as well, and in 1963, Keystone Heights High School and Keystone Heights Elementary were established on the property of what is today the elementary school. In September 1974, the high school moved to its present-day location across the street, and became Keystone Heights Junior/Senior High School.[14] In 2017 local beloved citizen Matt Morris ran and was elected Mayor of Keystone Heights. His impeccable reputation and can do attitude issued in a new era of growth and prosperity in Keystone.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Keystone Heights is located in northeast Florida in the southwest corner of Clay County, at 29°47′14″N 82°1′59″W / 29.78722°N 82.03306°W / 29.78722; -82.03306 (29.787243, -82.033026).[15] The city overlooks the north shore of Lake Geneva. State Road 21 leads northeast 30 miles (48 km) (via SR 16 to Green Cove Springs, the Clay County seat, and south 18 miles (29 km) to Hawthorne. SR 100 crosses SR 21 and leads north 12 miles (19 km) to Starke and southeast 26 miles (42 km) to Palatka.

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.9 km2), of which 0.012 square miles (0.03 km2), or 1.16%, is water.[5]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1930
107

—

1940
145

35.5%

1950
307

111.7%

1960
655

113.4%

1970
800

22.1%

1980
1,056

32.0%

1990
1,315

24.5%

2000
1,349

2.6%

2010
1,350

0.1%

Est. 2016
1,461
[2]
8.2%

U.S. Decennial Census[16]

text: As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 1,349 people, 515 households, and 374 families residing in the city. The population density was 296.9 people per square mile (114.7/km²). There were 562 housing units at an average density of 123.7 per square mile (47.8/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 96.07% White, 0.44% African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.30% Pacific Islander, 1.19% from other races, and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.67% of the population.

text: There were 515 households out of which 36.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 24.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.09.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 28.1% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 21.5% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 86.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.3 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $39,519, and the median income for a family was $47,404. Males had a median income of $37,500 versus $24,886 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,157. About 5.1% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

text: City Council[edit]

text: Keystone Heights has a city manager form of government, with a mayor and four council members, all elected at large. They serve three year terms.


document_title: List of cities and towns in Georgia (country)

question_text: capital of georgia the former soviet republic 7 letters

text: Cities and towns in Georgia[edit]

text: This is a list of the cities and towns (Georgian: ქალაქი, k'alak'i) in Georgia, according to the 2014 census data of the Department of Statistics of Georgia.[1] The list does not include the smaller urban-type settlements categorized in Georgia as daba (დაბა). The list also does not include cities and towns in the disputed territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

text:
Rank
Name
Name in Georgian
Population 1989
Population 2002
Population 2014
Administrative Region

1.
Tbilisi
თბილისი
1,243,200
1,073,300
1,108,717
Tbilisi (capital region)

2.
Batumi
ბათუმი
136,900
121,800
152,839
Adjara

3.
Kutaisi
ქუთაისი
232,500
186,000
147,635
Imereti

4.
Rustavi
რუსთავი
159,000
116,400
125,103
Kvemo Kartli

5.
Gori
გორი
67,800
49,500
48,143
Shida Kartli

6.
Zugdidi
ზუგდიდი
49,600
68,900
42,998
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

7.
Poti
ფოთი
50,600
47,100
41,465
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

8.
Khashuri
ხაშური
31,700
28,600
26,135
Shida Kartli

9.
Samtredia
სამტრედია
34,300
29,800
25,318
Imereti

10.
Senaki
სენაკი
28,900
28,100
21,596
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

11.
Zestafoni
ზესტაფონი
25,900
24,200
20,814
Imereti

12.
Marneuli
მარნეული
27,100
20,100
20,211
Kvemo Kartli

13.
Telavi
თელავი
27,800
21,800
19,629
Kakheti

14.
Akhaltsikhe
ახალციხე
24,700
18,500
17,903
Samtskhe-Javakheti

15.
Kobuleti
ქობულეთი
20,600
18,600
16,546
Adjara

16.
Ozurgeti
ოზურგეთი
23,300
18,700
14,785
Guria

17.
Kaspi
კასპი
17,100
15,200
13,423
Shida Kartli

18.
Chiatura
ჭიათურა
28,900
13,800
12,803
Imereti

19.
Tsqaltubo
წყალტუბო
17,400
16,800
11,281
Imereti

20.
Sagarejo
საგარეჯო
14,400
12,600
10,871
Kakheti

21.
Gardabani
გარდაბანი
17,000
11,900
10,753
Kvemo Kartli

22.
Borjomi
ბორჯომი
17,800
14,400
10,546
Samtskhe-Javakheti

23.
Tqibuli
ტყიბული
22,000
14,500
9,770
Imereti

24.
Khoni
ხონი
14,300
11,300
8,987
Imereti

25.
Bolnisi
ბოლნისი
14,900
9,900
8,967
Kvemo Kartli

26.
Akhalkalaki
ახალქალაქი
15,200
9,800
8,295
Samtskhe-Javakheti

27.
Gurjaani
გურჯაანი
12,600
10,000
8,024
Kakheti

28.
Mtskheta
მცხეთა
8,900
7,700
7,940
Mtskheta-Mtianeti

29.
Qvareli
ყვარელი
11,300
9,000
7,739
Kakheti

30.
Akhmeta
ახმეტა
8,900
8,600
7,105
Kakheti

31.
Kareli
ქარელი
8,300
7,200
6,654
Shida Kartli

32.
Lanchkhuti
ლანჩხუთი
9,000
7,900
6,395
Guria

33.
Tsalenjikha
წალენჯიხა
9,300
9,000
6,388
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

34.
Dusheti
დუშეთი
8,500
7,300
6,167
Mtskheta-Mtianeti

35.
Sachkhere
საჩხერე
7,800
6,700
6,140
Imereti

36.
Dedoplistsqaro
დედოფლისწყარო
10,100
7,700
5,940
Kakheti

37.
Lagodekhi
ლაგოდეხი
9,000
6,900
5,918
Kakheti

38.
Ninotsminda
ნინოწმინდა
6,900
6,300
5,144
Samtskhe-Javakheti

39.
Abasha
აბაშა
7,200
6,400
4,941
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

40.
Tsnori
წნორი
2,900
6,100
4,815
Kakheti

41.
Terjola
თერჯოლა
6,300
5,500
4,644
Imereti

42.
Martvili
მარტვილი
6,000
5,600
4,425
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

43.
Jvari
ჯვარი
5,100
4,800
4,361
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

44.
Khobi
ხობი
6,600
5,600
4,242
Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti

45.
Vani
ვანი
6,400
4,600
3,744
Imereti

46.
Baghdati
ბაღდათი
5,500
4,700
3,707
Imereti

47.
Vale
ვალე
6,300
5,000
3,646
Samtskhe-Javakheti

48.
Tetritsqaro
თეთრი წყარო
8,600
4,000
3,093
Kvemo Kartli

49.
Tsalka
წალკა
8,000
1,700
2,874
Kvemo Kartli

50.
Dmanisi
დმანისი
8,600
3,400
2,661
Kvemo Kartli

51.
Oni
ონი
5,500
3,300
2,656
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti

52.
Ambrolauri
ამბროლაური
2,900
2,500
2,047
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti

53.
Sighnaghi
სიღნაღი
3,100
2,100
1,485
Kakheti

54.
Tsageri
ცაგერი
1,400
2,000
1,320
Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti

text:
Tbilisi, Capital of Georgia

Batumi

text: Cities and towns in Abkhazia[edit]

text: This is a list of the largest cities and towns in Abkhazia. Data for 1989 is official data from the Department of Statistics of Georgia, data for 2010 are unofficial estimates of the World Gazetteer.

text:
Rank
Name
Name in Georgian
Name in Abkhaz
Population 1989
Population 2010
Administrative Region

1.
Sukhumi
სოხუმი
Аҟәа
119,200
39,100
Sukhumi District

2.
Tkvarcheli
ტყვარჩელი
Тҟәарчал
21,700
16,800
Ochamchire District

3.
Ochamchire
ოჩამჩირე
Очамчыра
20,100
14,300
Ochamchire District

4.
Gali
გალი
Гал
15,800
10,800
Gali District

5.
Gudauta
გუდაუთა
Гәдоуҭа
14,900
10,800
Gudauta District

6.
Pitsunda
ბიჭვინთა
Пиҵунда
11,000
8,500
Gagra District

7.
Gulripshi
გულრიფში
Гәылрыҧшь
11,800
8,200
Gulripshi District

8.
Gagra
გაგრა
Гагра
24,000
7,700
Gagra District

9.
New Athos
ახალი ათონი
Афон Ҿыц
3,200
3,700
Gudauta District

text: Cities and towns in South Ossetia[edit]

text: This is a list of the largest cities and towns in South Ossetia. Data for 1989 is official data from the Department of Statistics of Georgia, data for 2010 are unofficial estimates of the World Gazetteer.

text:
Rank
Name
Name in Georgian
Name in Ossetian
Population 1989
Population 2010
Administrative Region

1.
Tskhinvali
ცხინვალი
Цхинвал
42,300
30,000
Gori District

text: Future cities and towns[edit]

text: The intent to construct Lazica, a new city on Georgia's Black Sea littoral, was unveiled by President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili on December 4, 2011. The construction was scheduled to be launched in 2012.[2]