document_title: History of the Bahamas

question_text: who explored waters of cuba the bahamas and hispaniola

text: History of the Bahamas

text: Pre-history[edit]

text: Sometime between 500 and 800 AD, Taínos began crossing in dugout canoes from Hispaniola and/or Cuba to the Bahamas. Suggested routes for the earliest migrations have been from Hispaniola to the Caicos Islands, from Hispaniola or eastern Cuba to Great Inagua Island, and from central Cuba to Long Island (in the central Bahamas). William Keegan argues that the most likely route was from Hispaniola or Cuba to Great Inagua. Granberry and Vescelius argue for two migrations, from Hispaniola to the Turks and Caicos Islands, and from Cuba to Great Inagua.[1]

text: From the initial colonization(s), the Lucayan expanded throughout the Bahamas in some 800 years (c. 700 – c. 1500), growing to a population of about 40,000. Population density at the time of first European contact was highest in the south-central area of the Bahamas, declining towards the north, reflecting the migration pattern and progressively shorter time of occupation of the northern islands. Known Lucayan settlement sites are confined to the nineteen largest islands in the archipelago, or to smaller cays located less than one km. from those islands. Population density in the southern-most Bahamas remained lower, probably due to the drier climate there (less than 800 mm of rain a year on Great Inagua Island and the Turks and Caicos Islands and only slightly higher on Acklins and Crooked Islands and Mayaguana).[2]

text: In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed from Spain on his first voyage with three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and the flagship, Santa Maria, seeking a direct route to Asia. On 12 October 1492 Columbus reached an island in the Bahamas and claimed it for Spain, an event long regarded by Europeans as the 'discovery' of America. This island was called Guanahani by the Lucayan, and San Salvador by the Spanish. The identity of the first American landfall by Columbus remains controversial, but many authors accept Samuel E. Morison's identification of Columbus' San Salvador as what was later called Watling (or Watling's) Island. Its name has been officially changed to San Salvador. Columbus visited several other islands in the Bahamas before sailing to present-day Cuba and afterwards to Hispaniola.[3]

text: The Bahamas held little interest to the Spanish except as a source of slave labor. Nearly the entire population of Lucayan (almost 40,000 people total) were transported to other islands as laborers over the next 30 years. When the Spanish decided to remove the remaining Lucayans to Hispaniola in 1520, they could find only eleven. The islands remained abandoned and depopulated for 130 years afterwards. With no gold to be found, and the population removed, the Spanish effectively abandoned the Bahamas. They retained titular claims to them until the Treaty of Paris in 1783, when they ceded them to Britain in exchange for East Florida.[4][5]

text: When Europeans first landed on the islands, they reported the Bahamas were lushly forested. Cleared to develop the land for sugarcane plantations, the forests have not regrown and have not been replanted.

text: Early English settlement[edit]

text: For many years, historians believed that The Bahamas was not colonized until the 17th century. However, recent studies show that there may have been attempts of colonization by groups from Spain, France, Britain, the Netherlands, and other Amerindians. The French settled in Abaco in 1565, and tried again in 1625. In 1648 a group from Bermuda called 'The Company of Adventurers for the Plantation of the Islands of Eleutheria,' which was led by William Sayle, sailed to the Bahamas to found a colony. These early settlers were Puritans and republicans. Bermuda was becoming overcrowded, and the Bahamas offered both religious and political freedom and economic opportunity. The larger of the company's two ships, the William, wrecked on the reef at the north end of what is now called Eleuthera Island, with the loss of all provisions. Despite the arrival of additional settlers, including Europeans, slaves and former African slaves from Bermuda and the receipt of relief supplies from Virginia and New England, the Eleuthera colony struggled for many years. It was hampered because of poor soil, fighting between settlers, and conflict with the Spanish. In the mid-1650s many of the settlers returned to Bermuda. The remaining settlers founded communities on Harbour Island and Saint George's Cay (Spanish Wells) at the north end of Eleuthera. In 1670 about 20 families lived in the Eleuthera communities.[6]

text: In 1666 other colonists from Bermuda settled on New Providence, which soon became the center of population and commerce in the Bahamas, with almost 500 people living on the island by 1670. Unlike the Eleutherians, who were primarily farmers, the first settlers on New Providence made their living from the sea, salvaging (mainly Spanish) wrecks, making salt, and taking fish, turtles, conchs and ambergris. Farmers from Bermuda soon followed the seamen to New Providence, where they found good, plentiful land. Neither the Eleutherian colony nor the settlement on New Providence had any legal standing under English law. In 1670 the Proprietors of Carolina were issued a patent for the Bahamas, but the governors sent by the Proprietors had difficulty imposing their authority on the independent-minded residents of New Providence.[7]

text: The early settlers continued to live much as they had in Bermuda, fishing, hunting turtles, whales, and seals, finding ambergris, making salt on the drier islands, cutting the abundant hardwoods of the islands for lumber, dyewood and medicinal bark; and wrecking, or salvaging wrecks. The Bahamas were close to the sailing routes between Europe and the Caribbean, so shipwrecks in the islands were common, and wrecking was the most lucrative occupation available to the Bahamians.[8]

text: Wreckers, privateers and pirates[edit]

text: The Bahamians soon came into conflict with the Spanish over the salvaging of wrecks. The Bahamian wreckers drove the Spanish away from their wrecked ships, and attacked Spanish salvagers, seizing goods the Spanish had already recovered from the wrecks. When the Spanish raided the Bahamas, the Bahamians in turn commissioned privateers against Spain, even though England and Spain were at peace. In 1684 the Spanish burned the settlements on New Providence and Eleuthera, after which they were largely abandoned. New Providence was settled a second time in 1686 by colonists from Jamaica.

text: In the 1690s English privateers (England was then at war with France) made a base in the Bahamas. In 1696 Henry Every (or Avery), using the assumed name Henry Bridgeman, brought his ship Fancy, loaded with pirates' loot, into Nassau harbor. Every bribed the governor, Nicholas Trott (uncle of the Nicholas Trott who presided at the trial of Stede Bonnet), with gold and silver, and by leaving him the Fancy, still loaded with 50 tons of elephant tusks an average haul for a slaver and 100 barrels of gunpowder exceedingly rare. Following peace with France in 1697, many of the privateers became pirates. From this time the pirates increasingly made Nassau, the Bahamian capital founded in 1694, their base. The governors appointed by the Proprietors usually made a show of suppressing the pirates, but most were accused of dealing with them. By 1701 England was at war with France and Spain. In 1703 and in 1706 combined French-Spanish fleets attacked and sacked Nassau, after which some settlers left, and the Proprietors gave up on trying to govern the islands.[9]

text: With no functioning government in the Bahamas, English privateers operated from Nassau as their base, in what has been called a "privateers' republic," which lasted for eleven years. The raiders attacked French and Spanish ships, while French and Spanish forces burned Nassau several times. The War of the Spanish Succession ended in 1714, but some privateers were slow to get the news, or reluctant to accept it, and slipped into piracy. One estimate puts at least 1,000 pirates in the Bahamas in 1713, outnumbering the 200 families of more permanent settlers.[10]

text: The "privateers' republic" in Nassau became a "pirates' republic". At least 20 pirate captains used Nassau or other places in the Bahamas as a home port during this period, including Henry Jennings, Edward Teach (Blackbeard), Benjamin Hornigold and Stede Bonnet. Many settler families moved from New Providence to Eleuthera or Abaco to escape harassment from the pirates. On the other hand, residents of Harbor Island were happy to serve as middlemen for the pirates, as merchants from New England and Virginia came there to exchange needed supplies for pirate plunder.[10] As mentioned above, the activities of pirates provoked frequent and brutal retaliatory attacks by the French and Spanish.

text: Reclaiming Bahamas for the Crown[edit]

text: Starting in 1713, Woodes Rogers had conceived the idea of leading an expedition to Madagascar to suppress the pirates there and establish it as a British colony. Rogers' friends Richard Steele and Joseph Addison eventually convinced him to tackle the pirates nest in the Bahamas, instead. Rogers and others formed a company to fund the venture. They persuaded the Proprietors of Carolina to surrender the government of the Bahamas to the king, while retaining title to the land. In 1717 King George appointed Rogers governor of the Bahamas and issued a proclamation granting a pardon to any pirate who surrendered to a British governor within one year.[11]

text: Word of the appointment of a new governor and of the offer of pardons reached Nassau ahead of Rogers and his forces. Some of the pirates were willing to accept a pardon and retire from piracy. Henry Jennings and Christopher Winter, sailed off to find British authorities to confirm their acceptance of the amnesty.

text: Others were not ready to give up. Many of those were Jacobites, supporters of the House of Stuart, who identified as enemies of the Hanoverian King George. Still others simply identified as rebels, or thought they were better off as pirates than trying to earn an honest living. When a Royal Navy ship brought official word to Nassau of the pardon offer, many pirates planned to accept. Soon, however, the recalcitrant parties gained the upper hand, eventually forcing the Navy ship to leave.[12]

text: Blackbeard, Stede Bonnet, Nicholas Brown and Edmond Condent left the Bahamas for other territories. Charles Vane, with "Calico Jack" Rackham and Edward England in his crew, came to prominence at this time. Vane worked to organize resistance to the anticipated arrival of Royal authority, even appealing to the James Francis Edward Stuart, the Stuart pretender, for aid in holding the Bahamas and capturing Bermuda for the Stuarts. As aid from the Stuarts failed to materialize and the date for Rogers' arrival approached, Vane and his crew prepared to leave Nassau.[13]

text: Woodes Rogers arrived in Nassau in late July 1718, with his own 460-ton warship, three ships belonging to his company, and an escort of three ships of the Royal Navy. Vane's ship was trapped in Nassau harbor. His crew set that ship on fire, sending it towards Rogers' ships, and escaped in the ensuing confusion in a smaller ship they had seized from another pirate. The remaining population welcomed Rogers; they comprised about 200 settlers and 500 to 700 pirates who wanted to receive pardons, most prominently Benjamin Hornigold.[14] After the pirates' surrender, the Proprietors leased their land in the Bahamas to Rogers' company for 21 years.

text: Rogers controlled Nassau, but Charles Vane was loose and threatening to drive the governor and his forces out. Learning that the King of Spain wanted to expel English from the islands, Rogers worked to improve the defenses of Nassau. He lost nearly 100 men of the new forces due to an unidentified disease, and the Navy ships left for other assignments. Rogers sent four of his ships to Havana to assure the Spanish governor that he was suppressing piracy and to trade for supplies. The crews of ex-pirates and men who had come with Rogers all turned to piracy. The ex-pirate Benjamin Hornigold later caught ten men at Green Turtle Cay as part of Rogers' suppression effort. Eight were found guilty and hanged in front of the fort.[15]

text: Vane attacked several small settlements in the Bahamas but, after he refused to attack a stronger French frigate, he was deposed for cowardice and replaced as captain by "Calico Jack" Rackham. Vane never returned to the Bahamas; he was eventually caught, convicted and executed in Jamaica. After nearly being captured by Jamaican privateers, and hearing that the king had extended the deadline for pardons for piracy, Rackham and his crew returned to Nassau to surrender to Woodes Rogers.

text: In Nassau Rackham became involved with Anne Bonny; he tried to arrange an annulment of her marriage to another ex-pirate, James Bonny. Rogers blocked the annulment, and Rackham and Bonny left Nassau to be pirates again, taking a small crew and Bonny's friend Mary Read with them. Within months, Rackham, Bonny and Read were captured and taken to Jamaica. They were convicted of piracy, and Rackham was executed. Bonny and Read were sent to prison, as both were pregnant and therefore excluded from execution. Read died in prison, while Bonny's fate is unknown.[16]

text: When Britain and Spain went to war again in 1719, many of the ex-pirates were commissioned by the British government as privateers. A Spanish invasion fleet set out for the Bahamas, but was diverted to Pensacola, Florida when it was seized by the French. Rogers continued to improve the defenses of Nassau, spending his personal fortune and going heavily into debt to do so. A second Spanish invasion fleet in 1720 was deterred by the defenses (and the accidental presence of a Royal Navy ship in Nassau). Rogers returned to Britain in 1722 to plead for repayment of the money he had borrowed to build up Nassau, only to find he had been replaced as governor. He was sent to debtors' prison, although his creditors later absolved his debts, gaining him release.

text: After the publication in 1724 of A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates, which praised Rogers' efforts to suppress piracy in the Bahamas, his fortunes began to improve. The king awarded him a pension, retroactive to 1721. In 1728 Rogers was appointed Governor of the Bahamas for a second term. He dissolved the colony's assembly when it would not approve taxes to repair Nassau's defenses. He died in Nassau in 1732.[17]

text: Mid-century[edit]

text: In 1741, Governor John Tinker and Peter Henry Bruce constructed Fort Montague. Additionally, the Governor also reported a privateering boom in the Thirteen Colonies in North America. He also reported that over 2300 sumptuous houses were built and in 1768 Governor William Shirley filled in Mosquito breeding swamps and extended Nassau.

text: Loyalists, slaves and Black Seminoles[edit]

text: During the American War of Independence the Bahamas fell to Spanish forces under General Galvez in 1782. A British-American Loyalist expedition led by Colonel Andrew Deveaux, recaptured the islands in 1783. After the American Revolution, the British issued land grants to American Loyalists who went into exile. The sparse population of the Bahamas tripled within a few years. The Loyalists developed cotton as a commodity crop, but it dwindled from insect damage and soil exhaustion. In addition to slaves they brought with them, the planters' descendants imported more African slaves for labour.

text: Most of the current inhabitants in the islands are descended from the slaves brought to work on the Loyalist plantations. In addition, thousands of captive Africans, who were liberated from foreign slave ships by the British navy after the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, were resettled as free persons in the Bahamas.

text: In the early 1820s, hundreds of African slaves and Black Seminoles escaped from Florida, most settling on Andros Island in the Bahamas. Three hundred escaped in a mass flight in 1823.[18] While the flow was reduced by federal construction of a lighthouse at Cape Florida in 1825, slaves continued to find freedom in the Bahamas.[18]

text: In August 1834, the traditional plantation life ended with the British emancipation of slaves throughout most of its colonies. Freedmen chose to work on their own small plots of land when possible.

text: Post-emancipation[edit]

text: In the 1830s and 1840s, tensions rose between Britain and the United States after American merchant ships, part of the coastwise slave trade, put into Nassau or were wrecked on its reefs. These included the Hermosa (1840) and the Creole (1841), the latter brought in after a slave revolt on board. Britain had notified nations that slaves brought into Bahama and Bermuda waters would be forfeited and freed the slaves, refusing US efforts to recover them.[19] In 1853 Britain and the US signed a claims treaty and submitted to arbitration for claims dating to 1814; they paid each other in 1855.

text: During the American Civil War, the Bahamas prospered as a base for Confederate blockade-running, bringing in cotton to be shipped to the mills of England and running out arms and munitions. None of these provided any lasting prosperity to the islands, nor did attempts to grow different kinds of crops for export.

text: With emancipation, Caribbean societies inherited a rigid racial stratification that was reinforced by the unequal distribution of wealth and power. The three-tier race structure, of whites, mixed-race, and primarily blacks, who comprised the large majority, existed well into the 1940s and in some societies beyond. Like African Americans, many also have European and Native American ancestry. Caribbean societies continue to struggle with racial issues.

text: Late-colonial period[edit]

text: In 1911, there was a short-lived movement to make the Bahamas part of Canada. Although the movement enjoyed the support of many in Nassau and from the head of Sun Life, a Canadian insurance company, the movement failed. The failure of the movement was, in part, due to the British government's opposition to uniting a predominantly Black colony with a predominantly white country.[20]

text: The Bahamas at War[edit]

text: In World War I organizations such as the Imperial Order of the Daughters of Empire and the Bahamas Red Cross Guild, began collecting money, food and clothing for soldiers and civilians in Europe. "The Gallant Thirty" Bahamians set out to join the British West Indies Regiment as early as 1915 and as many as 1,800 served in the armed forces of Canada, Britain and the United States.

text: Riot[edit]

text: Oakes Field the Bahamas first airport was opened in Nassau in January 1940, named after Harry Oakes, a millionaire who made a large contribution to its creation. Prior to that aviation in the Bahamas was largely carried out by seaplanes.[21][22]

text: The Duke of Windsor was installed as Governor of the Bahamas, arriving at that post in August 1940 with his new Duchess. They were appalled at the condition of Government House, but they "tried to make the best of a bad situation."[23] He did not enjoy the position, and referred to the islands as "a third-class British colony".[24] He opened the small local parliament on October 29, 1940, and they visited the 'Out Islands' that November, which caused some controversy because of on whose yacht they were cruising.[25] The British Foreign Office strenuously objected when the Duke and Duchess planned to tour aboard a yacht belonging to a Swedish magnate, Axel Wenner-Gren, whom American intelligence wrongly believed to be a close friend of Luftwaffe commander Hermann Göring.[25][26] The Duke was praised, however, for his efforts to combat poverty on the islands, although he was as contemptuous of the Bahamians as he was of most non-white peoples of the Empire.[27] He was also praised for his resolution of civil unrest over low wages in Nassau in June 1942, when there was a "full-scale riot,"[28] even though he blamed the trouble on "mischief makers – communists" and "men of Central European Jewish descent, who had secured jobs as a pretext for obtaining a deferment of draft".[29] The Duke resigned the post on 16 March 1945.[30][31]

text: During World War II, the Allies centred their flight training and antisubmarine operations for the Caribbean in the Bahamas.

text: In April 1942 the United Kingdom asked Canada to provide military support in Nassau, in part to provide protection services to H.R.H. the Duke of Windsor. No. 33 company of the Veterans Guard of Canada was raised and arrived in June. No 33 company were relieved in 1943 by a company of The Pictou Highlanders. The Canadian garrison left Nassau in 1946 [32]

text: Post-war period[edit]

text: The wartime airfield became Nassau's international airport in 1957 and helped spur the growth of mass tourism, which accelerated after Havana was closed to American tourists in 1961. Freeport, on the island of Grand Bahama, was established as a free trade zone in the 1950s and became the Bahama‘s second city. Bank secrecy combined with the lack of corporate and income taxes led to a rapid growth in the offshore financial sector during the postwar years.

text: The fourth James Bond film, Thunderball, was partly filmed in 1965 in Nassau.

text: By the early 1980s, the islands had become a major center for the drug trade, with 90% of all the cocaine entering the United States reportedly passing through the Bahamas. Diplomatic relations were established with Cuba in 1974. A decade later, as increased Cuban immigration to the islands strained the Bahamas’ resources, Cuba refused to sign a letter of repatriation.

text: In September 2004, Hurricane Frances swept through the Bahamas, leaving widespread damage in its wake. Just three weeks later, Hurricane Jeanne uprooted trees, blew out windows, and sent seawater flooding through neighborhoods on the islands of Abaco and Grand Bahama. Receding floodwaters left boats tossed on roads and homes battered.

text: The College of the Bahamas was founded in 1974 and provided the nation’s higher or tertiary education. The College was chartered in 2016 as the University of the Bahamas, offering baccalaureate, masters and associate degrees, on three campuses and teaching and research centres throughout the Bahamas.

text: Based on the twin pillars of tourism and offshore finance, the Bahamian economy has prospered since the 1950s. However, there remain significant challenges in areas such as education, health care, housing, international narcotics trafficking and illegal immigration from Haiti.

text: Political developments[edit]

text: Modern political development began after World War II. The first political parties were formed in the 1950s. The Progressive Liberal Party was formed in 1953, and the United Bahamian Party was formed in 1956.

text: Bahamians achieved self-government in 1964, with Sir Roland Symonette, of the United Bahamian Party, as the first Premier. The Bahamas achieved full independence as a Commonwealth realm within the Commonwealth of Nations on 10 July 1973. Sir Lynden O. Pindling, leader of the Progressive Liberal Party, became the first black Premier of the colony in 1967, and in 1968 the title was changed to Prime Minister. Sir Milo Butler was appointed the first Governor-General of the Bahamas (the official representative of Queen Elizabeth II) shortly after independence. Pindling was prime minister until 1992, during which the Bahamas benefited from tourism and foreign investment. He was succeeded by Hubert Ingraham, leader of the Free National Movement, who was prime minister until 2002.


document_title: Jenny Humphrey

question_text: when does jenny come back to gossip girl

root

text: Jenny Humphrey

text: Novel series[edit]

text: Gossip Girl[edit]

text: Jennifer Humphrey is the daughter of Rufus Humphrey, an editor of Beat poets who has never been published himself, and Jeanette Humphrey, who ran off with a European aristocrat. She has an older brother, Dan Humphrey, an aspiring writer. Jenny is a student at the Constance Billard School for Girls, a small, elite, all-girls school on the Upper East Side that Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf also attend. In the book series, Jenny is described as a short, well-endowed brunette, but the television show depicts her as tall, skinny and blonde.

tag: p

text: In the Gossip Girl prequel It Had To Be You, Jenny is noted for having a rather flat chest until she begins taking breast enlargement supplements, which are the cause of her DD cup size.

text: The It Girl[edit]

text: Jenny is the protagonist of the book series The It Girl, which shows her new life after she gets expelled from Constance Billard and starts at Waverly Academy in upstate New York. In The It Girl, Jenny tries to reinvent herself as a "popular and sophisticated city girl" and leave behind the person she was at Constance. When Jenny arrives at Waverly, she finds the students even more attractive, athletic, and intimidating than she had imagined. Jenny then meets her two new exceptionally beautiful and popular roommates: lithe and blonde Southern girl Callie Vernon, and red-headed, green-eyed, sophisticated New Jerseyan Brett Messerschmidt. She quickly learns that she has replaced their old best friend, the extremely attractive and notorious Tinsley Carmichael. Jenny can't help but feel that sleeping in such a lucky bed must rub off.

text: TV series[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: Jenny Humphrey is introduced in Season 1. A pretty, blonde freshman at Constance Billard,[2] she tries desperately to fit in with Blair's clique, but Blair makes it difficult for her, subjecting Jenny to the rules of high school hierarchy. A possible friendship ends when Blair discovers Nate's lingering feelings for Serena and Jenny's interest in Nate, entailing further cruelty to Jenny. When Blair's affair with Chuck Bass is exposed, Nate approaches Jenny and Blair's affair is made public. Blair's friends shun her for her hypocrisy and establish Jenny as the new Queen Bee of Constance Billard.[3] Despite being one of the school It Girls, she is driven to prove herself. Lacking self-confidence because she is not as rich as the other girls, she sells her sewing machine and barters an expensive dress she stole from one of her friends. When Blair throws her a surprise birthday party, the other girls discover that Jenny stole the dress, bringing Blair's scheme to fruition. Jenny retaliates by bringing Nate with her to Blair's victory party and winning the girls to her side.[4] Jenny and Blair then struggle for the position of Queen Bee. Jenny thinks she's found true love with Asher Hornsby, but their romance is short-lived when she discovers that he is gay. He convinces her to say that she lost her virginity to him in order to dispel the rumors that he is gay, promising that as long as she pretends it's true, he'll give her privileges that the Upper East Side can offer. But Blair and Eric out Asher at his own party, and Jenny confesses that she lied about having sex with him. Blair's clique abandons her once again, and she later finds Blair to tell her that she's won as it's "not worth it".[5] In the season finale, Jenny receives an internship at Blair's mother Eleanor's company.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: At the beginning of season 2, Jenny spends her summer working hard as a new intern for Eleanor Waldorf Designs. She apologizes to Eric for her behavior the previous season. He forgives her and invites her to the White Party in the Hamptons, where he introduces her to Tinsley Mortimer and she proves her worth to one of Eleanor's supervisors.[6]

text: Eleanor fires Jenny after a critical remark about one of her dresses, but during a citywide blackout, Eleanor realizes her talent and hires Jenny. After constant harassment by Blair’s minions, Jenny decides to skip school to pursue a future in fashion.

text: Blair and Serena have another fight about Serena's growing popularity, and Jenny is dragged into it during Eleanor's fashion show. When she changes the seating arrangement Blair had planned, Blair retaliates by telling Rufus that Jenny has been skipping school, and he confronts her. Blair attempts to sabotage Jenny’s work in the show but Jenny improvises, proposing that Serena and the socialites walk the runway. In an effort to ruin Serena, Blair switches the final dress with one that Jenny made, drawing Eleanor's ire. The dress is a huge hit with the audience and the fashion show is a big success. Jenny realizes Blair's frustrations with her friendship with Serena, commenting that they have worked hard for what they’ve wanted and Serena just glides through. Eleanor later praises Jenny for her work.[7]

text: Rufus eventually agrees to Jenny being home-schooled after seeing how committed and good at her job she is. At work, Jenny befriends Agnes Andrews (Willa Holland), a model who convinces her to start her own fashion line. Realizing that working for Eleanor won't help her develop as a designer and that Eleanor has begun to take advantage of her talents, Jenny leaves.[8] Jenny also begins a short relationship with Nate when they share a passionate kiss after he rescues her from being taken advantage of by an older photographer. Jenny and Rufus argue over her quitting Eleanor’s and Jenny moves out of the Humphreys' apartment and moves in with Agnes, who suggests that they plan a guerrilla fashion show at the charity gala honoring Lily and Bart.[9] The show is a big success but Vanessa witnesses her kissing Nate, thereby straining their friendship. Rufus tries to get her arrested but is stopped by Lily. Agnes's fiery temper and their growing disagreements over the clothing line make it hard for them to close a business deal. Jenny steals Agnes’s contact list, attempting to make a deal by herself. Upon learning of Jenny’s betrayal, Agnes burns all her dresses and kicks her out of her apartment, leaving her with nothing.[10]

text: Upon learning that she is too young to start her own business, she attempts to file for emancipation, but Rufus refuses. On Thanksgiving, Lily finds the papers after discovering that Jenny has been hiding in their apartment with Eric, and warns Rufus. Rufus and Jenny reconcile after a little persuasion from Eleanor and she returns home.[11] During the Snowflake Ball, Jenny learns that Vanessa and Nate are back together even though Vanessa was aware of Nate's feelings for her. Nate breaks up with her after she helps to humiliate Vanessa at the ball. Jenny returns to Constance and is forced to contend with Blair’s minions.

text: During the season finale and Serena’s hunt for Gossip Girl, Jenny decides to compete to be the next Queen Bee after Blair leaves. She almost drops out, but Blair gives her a touching speech about keeping her eye on the prize. In the end Blair chooses Jenny and crowns her queen of Constance.[12]

text: Season 3[edit]

text: After Jenny fails to bring about egalitarianism at Constance, she resolves to rule as Queen Bee with her own group of minions.[13] With her new position and wealth, Jenny’s social-climbing persona resurfaces and she begins to erase her former Brooklyn self, throwing away her homemade clothes and sewing machine. Worried that Jenny is turning into a typical Queen Bee, Eric and Jonathon attempt an intervention, but are humiliated by Jenny and her clique.[14] Eric teams up with Blair to take down Jenny at the Cotillion Ball by sabotaging her escort. The plan backfires, and Jenny instead secures Nate to escort her, winning her the respect of the Queens at every prep school on the Upper East Side. As a consequence of Eric’s scheming, Jonathan breaks up with him and a rift emerges in Jenny and Eric’s relationship.[15]

text: Chuck introduces her to Damien Dalgaard, son of the Belgian ambassador, who deals drugs.[16] Liking his wild lifestyle, Jenny strikes up a relationship with him and helps him supply drugs to his customers while sharing in some of the profit, even stealing some of Lily’s “headache pills”.[17] Lily and Rufus find out about the drugs, which Damien covers up with a story about his father.[18] Against Rufus’s will, Jenny continues her relationship with Damien, who seems interested in taking it further. Jenny, who is a virgin, backs out at the last minute, causing Damien to break up with her, leaving her to face her family.[19]

text: At Rufus’s suggestion, Eleanor reemploys Jenny to help out with her upcoming fashion show. Jenny is happy to be back, but is shocked to learn that one of the models she’ll be working with is Agnes, who, after the show finishes, takes revenge on Jenny by drugging her and leaving her in a bar to be taken advantage of. Nate rescues Jenny before anything happens to her. Because of this, Jenny’s feelings for Nate reawaken and she aspires to win him over.[20] She tries to kiss him but he resists her advances because he sees her only as a friend and because he is dating Serena. Jenny attempts to sabotage Serena and Nate’s relationship by lying to Serena and implying to Nate that she is having an affair with Carter Baizen. Jenny’s attempts fail, and her relationship with both is left tenuous after Nate kicks her out of his apartment.

text: At a gala event where Serena’s recently returned father William Van Der Woodsen is making a speech, a former client of Damien’s approaches Jenny, angrily telling her the drugs she sold her (Lily’s cancer medication) gave her a yeast infection. Rufus overhears this and grounds Jenny to the Humphrey apartment in Brooklyn.[21] During her punishment, Jenny researches Lily’s medicine and tells Chuck there is something very wrong with the medication Serena’s father is prescribing her. It is discovered that William has lied to Lily about her condition and been giving her drugs that make her sick in a plot to win her back from Rufus. Seeing an opportunity to break up Rufus and Lily and return her family to the way it was before, Jenny attempts to sabotage Blair, Chuck, and Nate’s plan to unveil William’s deception. When William is about to be held accountable, she quickly runs to William and warns him, telling him the police are coming to get him, and urges him to escape. Back at the van der Woodsen penthouse she reveals that she warned William and says she wishes her family could go back to normal: "When I lived in Brooklyn, I may have had to ride the subway to school, and make my own clothes, but at least our family was happy". Rufus says the only thing that needs to return to normal is Jenny. Eric is hurt by Jenny's attempt to leave the family, and says that if she wants out, no one is forcing her to stay.[22]

text: Jenny hits rock bottom after sending Gossip Girl a picture of Dan and Serena in bed together, jeopardizing Dan and Nate’s friendship, Dan and Vanessa's relationship, and breaking up Nate and Serena’s relationship. Blair confronts Jenny, telling her, “Nate loves Serena, Dan loves Vanessa — God knows why — and Chuck loves me. But you, Jenny? No one loves you except your daddy. And after what you pulled yesterday, who knows if that's even true anymore?”[23] Emotionally distressed, Jenny goes to Nate’s apartment but instead finds Chuck devastated over his break-up with Blair and in her state of vulnerability, Jenny loses her virginity to Chuck. Afterward, Blair arrives willing to take Chuck back and Jenny sneaks out. She breaks down in tears to Eric, telling him that everyone hates her and that she slept with Chuck. Eric tells Dan, who confronts Chuck just as he is about to propose to Blair. Jenny, in tears, leaves with Rufus and Lily. A week later, she says her goodbyes to her family and leaves to finish high school with her mother in Hudson.[24]

text: Season 4[edit]

text: Jenny has been living in Hudson with her mother since May. Blair finds Jenny preparing for an interview with Tim Gunn, and grants her a special day pass. When Chuck steals Jenny's portfolio, she is forced to visit The Empire Hotel, where Blair had forbidden her to go. This results in Blair and Jenny scheming against each other, and Jenny eventually telling Gossip Girl that she lost her virginity to Chuck, not Damien Dalgaard. While Jenny is left feeling victorious, a defeated Blair blames Chuck. Jenny ultimately realises the damage of her return and decides to leave for good, telling Blair and Chuck that their vindictive games against each other will soon destroy them both.

text: Juliet and Vanessa Skype Jenny, asking for help to take down Serena. Jenny doesn't want to go back to her old tricks but also feels Serena is to blame for everything that happened last year and can never take blame for anything, so she agrees to help with the scheme. But when Serena ends up in the hospital after being drugged by Juliet, Jenny tells Juliet that she is going to come clean with everyone about their scheme. Juliet warns her that she will be going down alone. When Jenny appears at the hospital, Vanessa has already pinned the entire scheme on her; unable to defend herself, she leaves, showing up at Blair's later that night, telling her that Juliet was behind everything and that she and Vanessa were merely accomplices. To prove her story, she hands Blair Juliet's masquerade mask and earns Blair's forgiveness. After confessing to Blair, she says she would love to help her take down Juliet, but she should return to Hudson rather than become involved in another scheme.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: In the premiere episode of season 5, "Yes, Then Zero," Rufus reveals that Jenny moved to London to attend Central Saint Martins.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: In the final episode of the series, it is revealed that Jenny knew that her brother, Dan Humphrey, was the mysterious blogger behind Gossip Girl. She returns to the Upper East Side, appearing in the five-year time jump for her brother's wedding to Serena van der Woodsen. Jenny works as a designer for Blair's fashion empire, implying that they have gotten over their past animosity. Together they create their own clothing line, "J for Waldorf".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Rumors have been made throughout Gossip Girl's first few seasons that Jenny would be given her own spin-off, in line with the character leaving for boarding school just like the novels. News later confirmed that producers did not pick up the spin-off.[25]

text: Jenny's character further gained prominence during the show's third season. Enid Portugez of the LA Times praised Jenny's fashionable skills, stating that "Jenny capped off the drama by showing us she's becoming extremely adept at becoming a drug dealer. Her brilliant idea to sew pills into jacket paillettes could have easily won her a "Project Runway" challenge! Despite the illegality of it all, it was nice to see Jenny put her wit and wiles to use..." [26] Following the dramatic events during the third season finale, Michael Ausiello praised both Leighton Meester and Taylor Momsen's performance.[27] L.J. Gibbs, from TV Fanatic, gave the episode a 3.5 rating star out of 5, and said that he felt that Chuck being shot at the end of the episode was a very "cheap move by the writers", and that the storyline involving Chuck and Jenny having sex was very "unlikely".[28] Mark O. Estes, from TV Overmind, had also praised Taylor Momsen's performance in the episode and said that he "wish that Jenny had of gotten her own spin-off", and questions that if her send-off in this episode means that the show's writers have a "Katherine Heigl" situation on their hands".[29] However, Jenny was included in TV Guide's list of The Most Loathed TV Characters.[30]

text: When asked during a Vanity Fair interview if "real" girls could afford the looks from the show, costume designers Eric Daman and Meredith Markworth-Pollack commented on Jenny's style and stated "Of course! Have fun with it like Jenny Humphrey does, and listen to your fashion sense. Go to a vintage or thrift store and have it tailored so it looks like Marc Jacobs [...] but it’s all about individuality." [31]


document_title: There's a Riot Going On

question_text: yo la tengo theres a riot going on release date

text: There's a Riot Going On

text:
There's a Riot Going On
Studio album by Yo La TengoReleased
March 16, 2018Length
63:31Label
MatadorProducer
Yo La Tengo
Yo La Tengo chronology

Murder in the Second Degree  (2016) Murder in the Second Degree2016

There's a Riot Going On  (2018) There's a Riot Going On2018

tag: table

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1]The Guardian[2]

text: There's a Riot Going On is the fifteenth full-length studio album by the American band Yo La Tengo, and was released through Matador Records on March 16, 2018.[3][4]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Yo La Tengo except Polynesia #1 by Michael Hurley.

text:
No.TitleVocalsLength1."You Are Here" 5:432."Shades of Blue"Hubley2:513."She May, She Might"Kaplan5:224."For You Too"Kaplan4:135."Ashes"Hubley3:336."Polynesia #1"Hubley2:267."Dream Dream Away"McNew5:508."Shortwave" 5:449."Above the Sound"
Kaplan
McNew
5:4110."Let's Do It Wrong"
Kaplan
Hubley
3:3411."What Chance Have I Got"Hubley3:0612."Esportes Casual" 1:2613."Forever"
Kaplan
McNew
4:2014."Out of the Pool"Kaplan2:4615."Here You Are"
Kaplan
Hubley
McNew
6:56Total length:63:31

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)

Peak position

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[5]

178

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[6]

63

Scottish Albums (OCC)[7]

21

Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[8]

56

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[9]

47

UK Albums (OCC)[10]

60

US Billboard 200[11]

136


document_title: List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series

question_text: what is the order of the netflix marvel shows

text: ABC series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

1
22
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen, and Jeffrey Bell[1]
Released

2
22
September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)
May 12, 2015 (2015-05-12)

3
22
September 29, 2015 (2015-09-29)
May 17, 2016 (2016-05-17)

4
22
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)

5
22[2]
December 1, 2017 (2017-12-01)
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)[3]
Airing

Marvel's Agent Carter

1
8
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
Tara Butters, Michele Fazekas, and Chris Dingess[4]
Released

2
10
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)

Marvel's Inhumans

1
8
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)[a]
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
Scott Buck[6]

text: Jump up ^ A version of the first two episodes debuted in IMAX theaters on September 1, 2017, and ran for two weeks, before their television premiere on ABC on September 29.[5]

tag: ol

text: Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–)[edit]

text: Agent Phil Coulson assembles a small team of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement and Logistics Division) agents to handle strange new cases.[7] After discovering that Project Centipede and their leader, "The Clairvoyant", were affiliated with Hydra, a terrorist organization, Coulson and his team must deal with Hydra members still at large following Hydra's infiltration of, and the destruction of, S.H.I.E.L.D., while also looking to restore trust from the government and public.[8] In the wake of S.H.I.E.L.D.'s wars with Hydra and the Inhumans, a race of superhumans, Coulson begins a secret mission to protect the world from new threats.[9] After the defeat of the Inhuman Hive and with Hydra destroyed, S.H.I.E.L.D. is made a legitimate organization once again, with Coulson returning to being a field agent, and is tasked with tracking down more enhanced people–including Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider–while Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe complete their work on Life Model Decoys.[10] Coulson and members of his team are eventually abducted to deep space, where they must try and save humanity while figuring out how to get home.[11]

text: In August 2012, ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D., to be written by Joss Whedon, Jed Whedon, and Maurissa Tancharoen, and directed by Joss Whedon.[12] On April 6, 2013, ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[13] and it was officially ordered to series on May 10, 2013.[14] Jed Whedon, Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series' showrunners,[1] while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson.[15] The series was renewed for a second season on May 8, 2014,[16] a third on May 7, 2015,[17] a fourth on March 3, 2016,[18] and a fifth on May 11, 2017.[19]

text: The first season, which premiered on September 24, 2013,[20] aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor: The Dark World and Captain America: The Winter Soldier.[21][22] The revelation in Captain America: The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series. Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film, Loeb said, "It's an extremely unique experience that doesn't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business."[23] The second season, which premiered on September 23, 2014,[24] introduces Inhumans to the MCU,[25] ahead of their own television series.[26] Additionally, a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race, who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy.[27] The third season, which premiered on September 29, 2015,[28] introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors, with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name,[29][30] as well as Life Model Decoys.[31] The fourth season, which premiered on September 20, 2016,[32] sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU,[33] and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange.[34][35] The fifth season premiered on December 1, 2017.[11]

text: In the first season, Samuel L. Jackson,[36] Cobie Smulders,[37] Maximiliano Hernández,[38] Titus Welliver[39] and Jaimie Alexander[40] all reprise their roles as Nick Fury, Maria Hill, Jasper Sitwell, Felix Blake, and Sif, respectively, from previous MCU films and One-Shots. In the second season, Alexander and Smulders return,[41][42] while Hayley Atwell,[43] Neal McDonough, Kenneth Choi,[44] and Henry Goodman[45][46] also reprise their roles as Peggy Carter, Timothy "Dum Dum" Dugan, Jim Morita, and List, respectively, from previous MCU films. In the third season, William Sadler reprises his role as Matthew Ellis from the MCU films,[47] and Powers Boothe recurs as his previously unnamed The Avengers character, Gideon Malick.[48]

text: Marvel's Agent Carter (2015–16)[edit]

text: In 1946, Peggy Carter must balance the routine office work she does for the Strategic Scientific Reserve while secretly assisting Howard Stark, who finds himself framed for supplying deadly weapons to enemies of the United States. Carter is assisted by Stark's butler, Edwin Jarvis, to find those responsible and dispose of the weapons.[49][50] Carter eventually moves from New York City to Los Angeles to deal with the threats of the new atomic age in the wake of World War II, gaining new friends, a new home and potential new love.[51]

text: By September 2013, Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One-Shot, featuring Peggy Carter,[52] and in January 2014, the series was confirmed to be in development, with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America: The First Avenger and Captain America: The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely.[53] On May 8, 2014, ABC officially ordered Marvel's Agent Carter to series.[16] Tara Butters, Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series,[4][53] while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter.[53] The series was renewed for a second season on May 7, 2015,[17] and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12, 2016.[54]

text: The first season, which premiered on January 6, 2015,[55] introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs, which both appear in several MCU films.[56][57][58] The second season, which premiered on January 19, 2016,[59] features the Darkforce, which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange.[60]

text: In the first season, Dominic Cooper reprise his role of Howard Stark from Captain America: The First Avenger.[61] James D'Arcy portrays Edwin Jarvis,[62] Stark's butler in the series who eventually serves as inspiration for Tony Stark's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S.[63] Costa Ronin portrays a young Anton Vanko, the co-creator of the arc reactor with Stark.[64] Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger.[65] McDonough and Toby Jones reprise their roles as Dugan and Arnim Zola, respectively.[66][67] In the second season, Cooper returns to reprise his role.[68]

text: Marvel's Inhumans (2017)[edit]

text: After a military coup, the Inhuman Royal Family, led by Black Bolt, escape to Hawaii where they must save themselves and the world.[69]

text: In November 2016, Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel's Inhumans, to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios.[26][70] The series' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras,[71] and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1, 2017, for two weeks.[5] ABC will then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29, 2017,[5] with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content, outside of the versions screened on IMAX.[26] Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX.[71] The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios, nor a spin-off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[72] Ben Sherwood, president of Disney–ABC Television Group, added that "We’ve worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios—and this is a critical point—to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing" the MCU; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films.[73] In December 2016, Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series.[6] In February 2017, Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt.[70] Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii,[74] and concluded in June.[75]

text: Netflix series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
Originally released
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's Daredevil

1
13
April 10, 2015 (2015-04-10)
Steven S. DeKnight[76]
Released

2
13
March 18, 2016 (2016-03-18)
Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez[77]

3
TBA
2018 (2018)[78]
Erik Oleson[78]
Filming

Marvel's Jessica Jones

1
13
November 20, 2015 (2015-11-20)
Melissa Rosenberg[79]
Released

2
13
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)

3[80]
TBA
TBA
In development

Marvel's Luke Cage

1
13
September 30, 2016 (2016-09-30)
Cheo Hodari Coker[81]
Released

2
13[82]
June 22, 2018 (2018-06-22)[83]
Preparing for release

Marvel's Iron Fist

1
13
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)
Scott Buck[84]
Released

2[85]
TBA
2018 (2018)[86]
Raven Metzner[87]
Filming

Marvel's The Defenders

1
8
August 18, 2017 (2017-08-18)
Marco Ramirez[88]
Released

Marvel's The Punisher

1
13
November 17, 2017 (2017-11-17)
Steve Lightfoot[89]

2[90]
TBA
TBA
Filming

text: By October 2013, Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers, with Netflix, Amazon, and WGN America expressing interest.[91] That November, it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live-action series based on Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Iron Fist, and Luke Cage, leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders.[92]

text: Marvel's Daredevil (2015–)[edit]

text: Lawyer-by-day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell’s Kitchen as Daredevil, juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk.[93] Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher, a vigilante with far deadlier methods, and sees the return of his old girlfriend, Elektra Natchios.[94][95]

text: In December 2013, Marvel confirmed that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil, and would write and direct the first episode,[96] though at the end of May 2014, it was announced that Goddard would no longer be the showrunner for the series, being replaced by Steven S. DeKnight. Goddard, who wrote the first two episodes, remained with the show as an executive producer. It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel's Daredevil.[76] A few days later, Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil.[97] A second season was ordered on April 21, 2015, with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight, who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment.[77] A third season was ordered in July 2016,[98] with Erik Oleson announced as the new showrunner of the series in October 2017.[78]

text: The first season, which debuted in its entirety on April 10, 2015,[99] features references to The Avengers and the Battle of New York,[100] as well as mentioning Carl "Crusher" Creel, who appears on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[101] The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season.[102] The second season, which premiered on March 18, 2016,[103] features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell, who appeared on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.,[104] along with numerous references to the events of the first season of Jessica Jones.[105][106][107] The third season is slated to be released in 2018.[78]

text: In the second season, Jon Bernthal was cast in a leading role as Frank Castle / Punisher,[108] before headlining his own series,[89] while Michelle Hurd and Carrie-Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from Jessica Jones.[106][107]

text: Marvel's Jessica Jones (2015–)[edit]

text: Former superhero Jessica Jones suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder, so she opens her own detective agency to help people.[109] She begins to put her life back together after her encounter with Kilgrave, taking on a new case that makes her reluctantly confront her past.[110]

text: In November 2013, Melissa Rosenberg was announced as the writer and executive producer of the series,[79] and the following March, Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil.[111] In December 2014, Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series,[112] officially titled Marvel's Jessica Jones.[113] A second season was ordered on January 17, 2016,[114] and a third on April 12, 2018.[80]

text: The first season, which debuted in its entirety on November 20, 2015,[115] features references to the events and characters of The Avengers.[116] In the first season, Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage,[117] a recurring role in the series before headlining his own series.[109] Rosario Dawson reprises her Daredevil role of Claire Temple,[118] as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney.[119] The second season, which was released on March 8, 2018,[120] sees Elden Henson reprise his role of Franklin "Foggy" Nelson,[121] as well as Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett[122] and Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace.

text: Marvel's Luke Cage (2016–)[edit]

text: When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin, Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem, and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city.[123] After clearing his name, Cage becomes a hero and celebrity in Harlem, only to encounter a new threat that makes him confront the line between hero and villain.[83]

text: Colter reprises his role as Carl Lucas / Luke Cage in his own series,[109][117][124] titled Marvel's Luke Cage.[81] In March 2014, Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after Iron Fist, being the fourth of the individual series.[111] By March 2015, it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series, beginning production after Jessica Jones.[77][125] The series was switched with Iron Fist after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones, becoming that series' breakout star and Marvel wanting to "follow the momentum".[126] Also in March, Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series.[81] A second season was ordered on December 3, 2016.[127]

text: The first season, which premiered on September 30, 2016,[128] features references to The Avengers, the second season of Daredevil, the first season of Jessica Jones, and a flier for Colleen Wing's martial arts class, and mentions Justin Hammer, Wilson Fisk and Frank Castle.[129] Dawson,[130] Morgan, Rachel Taylor, Stephen Rider,[129] Parisa Fitz-Henley,[131] and Danny Johnson[132] reprise their roles as Claire Temple, Turk Barrett, Trish Walker, Blake Tower, Reva Connors and Ben Donovan in the series, respectively.

text: The second season is scheduled to be released on June 22, 2018.[83] Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season.[133]

text: Marvel's Iron Fist (2017–)[edit]

text: Danny Rand returns to New York City, after being missing for fifteen years, to reclaim his family company. However, when a threat emerges, Rand must choose between his family's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist.[134]

text: In March 2014, Loeb initially stated that the series would begin filming after Jessica Jones as the third of the individual series.[111] By March 2015, it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series, entering production following Luke Cage.[77][125] The series was switched with Luke Cage after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones, becoming that series' breakout star and Marvel wanting to "follow the momentum".[126] In April 2015, the title of the series was revealed to be Marvel's Iron Fist.[77] In December 2015, Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series.[84] In February 2016, Finn Jones was cast as Rand.[135][136] A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017,[85] with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season, replacing Buck.[87]

text: The first season, which premiered on March 17, 2017,[134] makes references to the events of The Avengers, the Hulk, Stark Industries, Jessica Jones, Daredevil, Luke Cage, and Seagate Prison,[137] and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang, New York Bulletin editor-in-chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page,[138] Roxxon Oil and Midland Circle.[139][140] Events from the second season of Daredevil are also noted throughout.[137][140] Moss,[141] Dawson,[142] Wai Ching Ho,[143] Marquis Rodriguez,[144] Tijuana Ricks, and Suzanne H. Smart reprise their roles as Jeri Hogarth, Claire Temple, Gao, Darryl, Thembi Wallace, and Shirley Benson, respectively, in the series.

text: The second season will see Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight.[85]

text: Marvel's The Defenders (2017)[edit]

text: The superheroes Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist team-up in New York City.[84]

text: The Defenders sees Cox, Ritter, Colter, and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Danny Rand / Iron Fist, respectively, from the previous television series.[145] In March 2014, Loeb stated that the miniseries, officially titled Marvel's The Defenders, would begin filming after Iron Fist.[146][111][125] In April 2016, Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for The Defenders.[146] However, by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016,[147][148] Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner.[88] Filming concluded in March 2017.[149] The eight-episode event premiered on August 18, 2017.[150][151]

text: The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles, including, Deborah Ann Woll,[152] Henson,[153] Scott Glenn,[154] Élodie Yung,[155] Eka Darville,[156] Moss,[153] Taylor,[154] Simone Missick,[157] Jessica Henwick,[158] Dawson,[154] Ho,[159] Ramón Rodríguez,[160] Peter McRobbie,[161] Morgan,[162] Amy Rutberg, Susan Varon, and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page, Foggy Nelson, Stick, Elektra Natchios, Malcolm Ducasse, Jeri Hogarth, Trish Walker, Misty Knight, Colleen Wing, Claire Temple, Gao, Bakuto, Lantom, Turk Barrett, Marci Stahl, Josie and Nicole, respectively. Midland Circle, which was referenced in previous Netflix series,[163][164] is revealed to be an operation of the Hand, who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property.[164] The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers.[162]

text: Marvel's The Punisher (2017–)[edit]

text: Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as "the Punisher", who aims to fight crime by any means necessary.[89][165]

text: By January 2016, ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil, Netflix was in "very early development" on a spin-off series titled The Punisher, and was looking for a showrunner. The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle, and was described as a stand-alone series, outside of the series leading up to The Defenders.[166][167][168] Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin-off and were focusing on making "the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two" at the time, but did say, "I’m never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more....If we are lucky enough that through the writing, through the direction, through the actor that people want to see more of that person, terrific."[169] In April 2016, Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher, along with confirming Bernthal's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner.[89] Filming began in Brooklyn, New York in October 2016,[170] and concluded in April 2017.[171] A second season was ordered on December 12, 2017.[90]

text: In the first season, which was released on November 17, 2017,[172] Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett, respectively.[173][174]

text: Hulu series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
First released
Last released
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's Runaways

1
10
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage[175]
Released

2
13[176]
TBA
TBA
In development

text: Marvel's Runaways (2017–)[edit]

text: When six teenagers discover their parents are villains, they reluctantly unite to go against them.[175]

text: In August 2016, Marvel announced Marvel's Runaways had received a pilot order, along with additional scripts, from the streaming service Hulu, based on the team of the same name. The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage, who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series.[175] In February 2017, Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways, with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder, Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru, Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean, Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes, Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein, and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez.[177] Shortly after, they announced the cast of the Pride, the parents of the Runaways, with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder, Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder, Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru, James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru, Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes, Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes, Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean, Kip Pardue as Frank Dean, James Marsters as Victor Stein, and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein.[178] Hulu ordered the series in May 2017.[179] Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017,[180][181] and concluded in October 2017.[182] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, premiered on November 21, 2017.[183] Hulu renewed the series for a second season on January 8, 2018.[176]

text: Tina Minoru previously appeared in Doctor Strange, in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts portrayed by Linda Louise Duan.[184][185][186]

text: Freeform series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's Cloak & Dagger

1
10[187]
June 7, 2018 (2018-06-07)[188]
TBA
Joe Pokaski[189]
Preparing to air

text: Marvel's Cloak & Dagger[edit]

text: Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson, two teenagers from different backgrounds, acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship. They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together, "but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging."[190]

text: In April 2016, the ABC-owned network Freeform announced a straight-to-series order for Marvel's Cloak & Dagger, based on the characters of the same name,[190] calling it their "first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe", and describing the show as a "superhero love story".[191] In January 2017, Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak, respectively.[192] Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series.[189] Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017,[193] and concluded in November 2017.[194] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes,[187] is set premiere on June 7, 2018.[188]

text: Roxxon Oil is seen in the series,[195] as is the Darkforce, which fuels Cloak's powers and was previously established in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Agent Carter.[196]

text: Other series[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Showrunner(s)
Status

Marvel's New Warriors

1
10[197]
2018 (2018)[197]
TBA
Kevin Biegel[197]
Pre-production

text: Marvel's New Warriors[edit]

text: Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl, Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal, Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher, Robbie Baldwin / Speedball, Zach Smith / Microbe, and Deborah Fields / Debrii,[198] are superpowered young people with abilities very different from the Avengers, who want to make a positive impact in the world even if they are not quite ready to be heroes.[197]

text: By the end of August 2016, Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half-hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl, with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets.[199] In April 2017, Freeform announced a straight-to-series order for Marvel's New Warriors, with Kevin Biegel serving as the series' showrunner and writing the first script.[197][200] In July 2017, the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal.[201] In November 2017, it was announced that the series would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks, with Marvel intent on airing the series in 2018.[202] The first season, consisting of 10 episodes, is set to air in 2018, with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series.[197][200][201]

text: Recurring cast and characters[edit]

text: ABC series[edit]

text: List indicator(s)

text:
This table includes recurring, main characters, who have appeared in at least two seasons and as a member of the principal ("main") cast for at least one of those. Please see the FAQ for more information.
Series seasons, within the network season, are ordered based on their premiere date.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season, or that the character's presence in the season has not yet been announced.
An R indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role for the season.
A G indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the season.

tag: ul

text:
Character
2013–14 season
2014–15 season
2015–16 season
2016–17 season
2017–18 season

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 1
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 2
Agent Carter
season 1
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 3
Agent Carter
season 2
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 4
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
season 5

Lincoln Campbell

Luke MitchellR [203]

Luke Mitchell[204]

Peggy Carter

Hayley AtwellG [43]
Hayley Atwell[53]

Hayley Atwell[51]

Phil Coulson
Clark Gregg[8][15]

Clark Gregg[9]

Clark Gregg[10][205]

Leo Fitz
Iain De Caestecker[8][206]

Iain De Caestecker[9]

Iain De Caestecker[10][205]

Lance Hunter

Nick Blood[207]

Nick Blood[9]

Nick BloodG [208]

Edwin Jarvis

James D'Arcy[62]

James D'Arcy[209]

Daisy "Skye" Johnson
Quake
Chloe Bennet[8][210][211]

Chloe Bennet[9][212]

Chloe Bennet[10][205]

Alphonso "Mack" MacKenzie

Henry SimmonsR [213]

Henry Simmons[214]

Henry Simmons[10][205]

Melinda May
Ming-Na Wen[8][215]

Ming-Na Wen[9]

Ming-Na Wen[10][205]

Bobbi Morse

Adrianne Palicki[45]

Adrianne Palicki[9]

Holden Radcliffe

John HannahR [216]

John Hannah[217][218]

Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez

Natalia Cordova-BuckleyR [219]

Natalia Cordova-BuckleyR [220]
Natalia Cordova-Buckley[221]

Jemma Simmons
Elizabeth Henstridge[8][206]

Elizabeth Henstridge[9]

Elizabeth Henstridge[10][205]

Daniel Sousa

Enver Gjokaj[222]

Enver Gjokaj[209]

Jack Thompson

Chad Michael Murray[222]

Chad Michael Murray[223]

Grant Ward
Brett Dalton[8][224]

Brett Dalton[9]

Brett DaltonR [225]

text: Netflix series[edit]

text: List indicator(s)

text:
This table includes recurring, main characters, who have appeared in at least two series as a member of the principal ("main") cast for at least one of those. Please see the FAQ for more information.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the series, or that the character's presence in the series has not yet been announced.
An R indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role in the series.
A G indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the series.

text:
Character
Daredevil
Jessica Jones
Luke Cage
Iron Fist
The Defenders
The Punisher

Bakuto

Ramón Rodríguez[226][160]

Luke Cage

Mike Colter[117][124]

Mike Colter[145]

Frank Castle
Punisher
Jon Bernthal[108]

Jon Bernthal[89]

Malcolm Ducasse

Eka Darville[227]

Eka Darville[156]

Jeri Hogarth
Carrie-Anne MossG [107]
Carrie-Anne Moss[228]

Carrie-Anne MossG [141][153]

Jessica Jones

Krysten Ritter[109][112]

Krysten Ritter[145]

Mercedes "Misty" Knight

Simone Missick[229]
Simone MissickG [85]
Simone Missick[157]

Matt Murdock
Daredevil
Charlie Cox[97]

Charlie Cox[145]

Elektra Natchios
Élodie Yung[230]

Élodie Yung[155]

Franklin "Foggy" Nelson
Elden Henson[231]
Elden HensonG [121]

Elden Henson[153]

Karen Page
Deborah Ann Woll[232]

Deborah Ann Woll[152][173]

Danny Rand
Iron Fist

Finn JonesG [133]
Finn Jones[136][145]

Stick
Scott GlennR [233]

Scott Glenn[154]

Claire Temple
Rosario Dawson[234]
Rosario DawsonG [118]
Rosario Dawson[130][142][154]

Blake Tower
Stephen Rider[235]

Stephen RiderG [129]

Patricia "Trish" Walker

Rachael Taylor[236]
Rachael TaylorG [129]

Rachael Taylor[154]

Colleen Wing

Jessica Henwick[237][158]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Total viewers
(in millions)
Last aired
Total viewers
(in millions)
Average total viewers (inc. DVR)
(in millions)
Rank
18–49 rating (rank)

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

1
September 24, 2013 (2013-09-24)
12.12[238]
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
5.45[239]
8.31
43
3.0 (20)[240]

2
September 23, 2014 (2014-09-23)
5.98[241]
May 12, 2015 (2015-05-12)
3.88[242]
7.46
24
2.8 (11)[243]

3
September 29, 2015 (2015-09-29)
4.90[244]
May 17, 2016 (2016-05-17)
3.03[245]
5.52
85
2.0 (47)[246]

4
September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)
3.44[247]
May 16, 2017 (2017-05-16)
2.08[248]
4.22
110
1.5/6 (70)[249]

5
December 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
2.54[250]
TBA
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

Agent Carter

1
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
6.91[251]
February 24, 2015 (2015-02-24)
4.02[252]
7.61
29
2.4 (29)[243]

2
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)
3.18[253]
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
2.35[254]
4.37
109
1.4 (88)[246]

Inhumans

1
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)
3.75[255]
November 10, 2017 (2017-11-10)
1.95[256]
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text:
Series
Season
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.

1
85% (48 reviews)[257]
74 (33 reviews)[258]

2
96% (24 reviews)[259]
N/A

3
100% (14 reviews)[260]
N/A

4
94% (16 reviews)[261]
N/A

5
100% (9 reviews)[262]
N/A

Agent Carter

1
95% (42 reviews)[263]
72 (27 reviews)[264]

2
81% (16 reviews)[265]
N/A

Inhumans

1
10% (41 reviews)[266]
27 (20 reviews)[267]

Daredevil

1
98% (53 reviews)[268]
75 (22 reviews)[269]

2
73% (37 reviews)[270]
68 (13 reviews)[271]

Jessica Jones

1
92% (64 reviews)[272]
81 (32 reviews)[273]

2
87% (68 reviews)[274]
70 (19 reviews)[275]

Luke Cage

1
94% (62 reviews)[276]
79 (30 reviews)[277]

Iron Fist

1
18% (62 reviews)[278]
37 (21 reviews)[279]

The Defenders

1
75% (83 reviews)[280]
63 (30 reviews)[281]

The Punisher

1
62% (60 reviews)[282]
55 (20 reviews)[283]

Runaways

1
83% (58 reviews)[284]
68 (22 reviews)[285]

text: With the release of the second season of Daredevil, Brian Lowery of Variety felt the Netflix series "have already leapfrogged ABC’s forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal, in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and doesn’t need to be spoon-fed plot points. In the process, they have demonstrated that it’s possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics".[286]

text: After the release of the first season of Luke Cage, The Atlantic's David Sims wrote on the pacing issue of Marvel's Netflix series, a common complaint to that point, stating, "After two seasons of Daredevil, one of Jessica Jones, and now one of Luke Cage, the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed, encouraging the kind of molasses-slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew. The problem isn’t that these shows are bad, necessarily... But they all take far too long to get going, by which point many viewers will have already tuned out." He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week, but rather subscribers who, if they lose interest, "can take as long as they want to catch up... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month." The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail, with Sims noting "A lot of this detail [is] good, but it could have been considerably compressed—none of the Marvel Netflix series, so far, would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes, or even 8. If Netflix shaved the 60-minute running time down quite a bit, it would likely inspire more economical—and better—storytelling from its shows." Sims concluded by saying, "What’s most frustrating of all is that Netflix isn’t getting rid of this approach anytime soon. Daredevil season three, Jessica Jones season two, Iron Fist, and The Punisher are all on their way, and each will follow the same 13-episode structure... The only respite may come in the form of The Defenders, a planned crossover series... over the course of just eight episodes. Who knows? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain’s motivations within the first hour. Until then, fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series, while others are deterred from watching at all."[287] In her review for the first season of Iron Fist, Allison Keene of Collider.com spoke more on the pacing of Marvel's Netflix series, stating, "By focusing so intently on making these series... much more grounded in a gritty real world than what we typically expect from a superhero show (like DC's candy-colored [Arrowverse] on The CW), the problem is that they miss out on the key element: this should be fantastical entertainment."[288] With The Defenders, Jeff Jansen of Entertainment Weekly felt many improvements were made to the general complaints the previous seasons received. He said, "The Defenders is far from perfect. But it’s an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward. Shorter seasons. More team-ups. Fewer shows. Start the consolidation by letting go of Iron Fist. If Danny Rand must persist, add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him."[289]

text: Potential projects[edit]

text: Marvel's Damage Control[edit]

text: The show follows the overworked, underpaid, clean up crew of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, who specialize in dealing with the aftermath of superhero conflicts, rescheduling events because of the conflicts, and retrieving lost items.[290]

text: In October 2015, ABC ordered a put pilot for a half-hour live-action comedy series Marvel's Damage Control, based on the comics construction company of the same name. The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television, with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer.[290][291] In January 2016, ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was "going to be coming out this season," seemingly implying it would air in the 2016–17 television season.[292]

text: Other[edit]

text: Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series, "reinventing" an existing Marvel character or property.[293] In January 2016, Ridley confirmed that the project was "still in development". He stated that he was looking to "bring some of the socially conscious nature" of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show, while also creating something that is "straight entertainment".[294] A year later, Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley's project was still progressing, with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script.[295] Ridley added that the rewrite was not because "anything didn't work the first time around", but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series, hoping it would occupy "a space that is not currently being filled" by Marvel. He also stated that he hoped to create the series "in the near term."[296] By August 2017, Dungey was "not sure" if Ridley was still working on the project.[297]

text: In January 2016, Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC,[292] while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that "all the characters in the universe could also spin out" into their own series at some point.[168] That May, Dungey said that there were "a handful of projects in development", after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter, and that Marvel and ABC were looking "at series that would be beneficial to both brands."[298] By November 2017, Disney was developing a Marvel series specifically for release on its new streaming service, which it planned to launch before the end of 2019.[299] In January 2018, Dungey noted Marvel and ABC "tried a few things that haven’t worked out as well as we would’ve liked. We developed a couple things this season that we don’t think are going to end up going forward, so we’re going to look really carefully about what we do next, because the idea for us is to come up with something that works very well for both Marvel and ABC, so we’re going to continue to try there."[300]

text: Abandoned projects[edit]

text: By April 2015, Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series, which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski, would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot.[301] Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter, respectively.[302] By May 7, 2015, when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations, and new series pickups, the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on.[303]

text: In August 2015, the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series, titled Marvel's Most Wanted, with a pilot order.[304] Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series, while also serving as co-writers of the pilot, executive producers, and showrunners, with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer.[305] The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter, with Palicki and Blood both attached, and was described as "a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures."[304] In May 2016, the series was passed on by ABC once again.[306]


document_title: Claims adjuster

question_text: who represents the insured in the investigation of a claim

text: Claims adjuster

text: Classes[edit]

text: Claim service representatives (employed by the insurance company, or an independent adjusting company).

text: In the two first instances, and the fourth, the adjuster operates on behalf of the insurer.

text: Adjusters may handle "property claims" involving damage to buildings and structures, or "liability claims" involving personal injuries or third-person property damage from liability situations, such as motor vehicle accidents, slip and falls, dog bites, or alleged negligent behavior. Some adjusters handle both types of claims and are known as "Multi-Line" adjusters. Also "All Lines Adjusters" may handle "any" type of claim already identified and also include professional liability, Hospital Professional Liability, Excess Liability, Physicians and Surgeons Liability, Aircraft Liability/Hull, Inland Marine, Ocean Marine, Boiler and Machinery, as well as various types of Bond Losses.

text: For a percentage of the settlement amount, Public adjusters work exclusively for the policyholder. This means there should be no inherent conflict of interest when it comes to advocating on the policyholder's behalf to the insurance company.

text: An independent adjuster could be working for multiple insurance companies or self-insured entities. If licensed by state authority they represent pinnacle of property loss knowledge in their field; whether it be residential, vehicular, marine, etc.[citation needed]

text: An adjuster will frequently verify that coverage applies through an insurance policy, investigate liability for the damages caused, and make compensation to the injured person based on their emotional or physical property damages.

text: Specific duties include:

text:
Notifying the insurer of a covered loss as defined under the policy of insurance
Responding to claims in a timely manner
Filing paperwork
Communicating with policy holders
Investigate liability
Assess damages
Research, detail and substantiate each aspect of the claim, including building damage, contents, and extra living expense claims.
Prepare a detailed damages report based on monthly updated insurance cost software for the purpose of making an offer of settlement to the insured.
If needed for specialty cost coding, negotiate with product/service providers on time and cost of repairs for the purpose of making an offer of settlement to the insured.
Ensuring accurate procedures
Protect the interest of the insurance company the adjuster represents, when dealing with claimants.
Computer skills with a high degree of proficiency.

text: Some states now require adjusters disclose to claimants whose interest specifically independent, staff and public adjuster represent, before they proceed with the policyholder.

text: Always check your local chapter of Licensed Public insurance adjusters, or state agency, in order qualify an adjuster is properly licensed and in good standing. Some of the state chapters are AAPIA and NAPIA. In Florida, the chapter is FAPIA.

text: IEA conducts certified online classes for people. The Insurance Institute of America also provides training leading to professional designations. Some states accept the Associate of Claims designation, and will waive the licensing examination, and grant a license by the state insurance commission. Some insurance carriers, and independent adjusting companies provide in house training certified by the state insurance commission. They must be pre-approved by the licensing division. An adjuster license is issued to those that pass the requirements.

text: Education[edit]

text: This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Many insurance companies prefer their claims adjusters to have a 4-year college degree preferably in business related fields. In the past, high school graduates have become claims adjusters by promotion from within the claims department. Since there are no college majors for claims adjusters, many states require a state certification in order to practice as an adjuster. States also require that a certain number of continuing education credits for claims adjusters are earned each year in order to maintain their license. This continuing education is achieved by attending seminars and online training from different claim adjuster educational resources. There are also professional designations that have become prevalent among claims adjusters; for example, The American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters awards the Chartered Property and Casualty Underwriter (CPCU) designation to experienced underwriters.

text: Florida is one of the few states in the United States that has created specific designations for the licensing of insurance claims adjusters. The Accredited Claims Adjuster Designation, created by statute in coordination with Polk State College in 2002, allows an individual to obtain the Florida All Lines Independent or Company license, without taking the state licensing exam.

text: In some instances, such as with collapse insurance, courts have been involved in order to predicate a reasonable understanding of the guidelines of the policy in question. The meaning of terms such as "collapse" have undergone rigorous constitutional assessment.[2] This leads to some ambiguity between what the law says and what is enforceable by modern mandates. The idea of "Structural Integrity" may not always be a universally understood term, but several articles have been published on the topic[3] which suggests the field is evolving toward a continuity in terminology. For those interested in the claims adjustment field, in-depth study of legal principle is a necessity.

text: Most states require licensed adjusters to continue their education through a "continuing education" requirement.[4] Florida requires 24 hours of CE every two years.[5]

text: Working conditions[edit]

text: Claims adjusters work long hours including work nights and weekends. Their work is appointment based and must revolve around the needs of clients.[6]

text: Staff adjusters are those who work for a specific insurance company and may either have a company office provided from which to work or, if they are a resident adjuster, work out of their home. Independent and public claims adjusters often work from home. They receive their work assignments daily by fax machine, email, or by checking into a designated website. Staff adjusters receive their assignments when they arrive at the office first thing in the morning. In the case of a severe natural disaster such as floods or tornadoes, or other catastrophe, independent and public adjusters travel to the area to supplement local adjusters. Often this requires the incoming adjuster's presence in the field for days to weeks at a time.

text: Catastrophe adjusters may spend days to weeks in a hotel or RV near the field of operations. Husband and wife teams often enjoy this type of work as it allows them to work and travel together to different parts of the country. Adjusters should become familiar with the reimbursement rules for each company with whom they work and track all expenses used in the line of work.

text: Computer skills are essential, including keyboard skills. Most insurance companies store all documentation digitally. A digital camera is highly useful in documenting claims visually. Estimates, including auto and property losses, are prepared on computers connected to a corporate network. Laptop computers, pad, and other technologies make claims adjusting easier and consume less time. However, claims adjusting also requires a level of physical strength and stamina.

text: Property adjusters, for example, are often required to operate a 50-pound ladder and must stand, walk, kneel, crawl, and perform other physical demands as they investigate damaged property.[6]