document_title: Red Bull

question_text: when did red bull come to the united states

text: Red Bull

text: History[edit]

text: In 1976, Chaleo Yoovidhya introduced a drink called Krating Daeng in Thailand, which means "red gaur" in English. It was popular among Thai truck drivers and labourers. While working for German manufacturer Blendax (later acquired by Procter & Gamble) in 1982, Dietrich Mateschitz travelled to Thailand and met Chaleo, owner of T.C. Pharmaceutical. During his visit, Mateschitz discovered that Krating Daeng helped cure his jet lag.[17] In 1984, Mateschitz co-founded Red Bull GmbH with Yoovidhya and turned it into an international brand. Each partner invested US$500,000 of savings to found the company. Yoovidhya and Mateschitz each held a 49 percent share of the new company. They gave the remaining two percent to Yoovidhya's son, Chalerm, but it was agreed that Mateschitz would run the company.[18] The product was launched in Austria in 1987.

text: In Thailand, energy drinks are most popular with blue-collar workers. Red Bull re-positioned the drink as a trendy, upscale drink, first introducing it at Austrian ski resorts. Pricing was a key differentiator, with Red Bull positioned as a premium drink and Krating Daeng as a lower cost item. In many countries both drinks are available, dominating both ends of the price spectrum.[19]

text: In 1992, the product expanded to international markets: Hungary and Slovenia.[20] It entered the United States via California in 1997[20] and the Middle East in 2000.[21] In 2008, Forbes magazine listed both Chaleo and Mateschitz as the 250th richest people in the world with an estimated net worth of US$4 billion.[22][23]

text: Red Bull GmbH is headquartered in Fuschl am See, an Austrian village of about 1,500 inhabitants near Salzburg. The company is 51 percent controlled by the Yoovidhya family who, for technical reasons, own the trademark in Europe and the US.[19]

text: In 1995, Krating Daeng authorized its drink. labelled as Red Bull, to be sold in China. Since 2014, the Austrian Red Bull (carbonated) has also been exported to China. This has created confusion since both drinks use the same brand name, in both English and Chinese.

text: Similarly, in Southeast Asia, Red Bull and Krating Daeng are often confused as both use the Red Bull name in their packaging, although they are two separate products aimed at different markets. The main difference is that Red Bull comes in a tall blue and silver can while the Thailand Red Bull, or Krating Daeng, is in a smaller gold can. The two drinks also differ in terms of taste —- Red Bull has less sugar and is carbonated. The flavouring used for Red Bull is still produced in Bangkok and exported worldwide.[19]

text: Ingredients[edit]

text: Red Bull contains caffeine, taurine, B vitamins (B3, B5, B6, B12), sucrose, and glucose.[24][25] To produce Red Bull Sugarfree, sugars sucrose and glucose have been replaced by the sweeteners acesulfame K and aspartame/sucralose.[26]

text: Health effects[edit]

text: Claims about the drink's effects and performance have been challenged on various occasions, with the UK's Advertising Standards Authority imposing advertising restrictions in 2001 in response to complaints recorded as early as 1997.[27]

text: The latest dietary guidelines from the U.S. suggest that moderate caffeine intake may not only be safe, but also healthy. Studies from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services show that daily consumption of the amount of caffeine contained in three to five cups of coffee is not only safe, but also appears to reduce the risk of Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adults. Caffeine may even protect against Parkinson's disease, the evidence suggests.[28][29]

text: Energy drinks have the effects that caffeine and sugar provide, but experts still argue about the possible effects of the other ingredients.[16] Most of the effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine.[30] Still there is evidence that energy drinks can increase mental [31][32][33] and athletic [34][35] performance. Performance of prolonged driving, for example is increased significantly after consumption of Red Bull.[33] Other tests for physical performance showed results such as increased endurance and power. Red Bull energy drink significantly increased upper body muscle endurance during repeated Wingate tests in young healthy adults.[36] Excessive or repeated consumption of energy drinks can lead to cardiac and psychiatric conditions.[13][14]

text: The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) concluded that exposure to taurine and glucuronolactone at the levels presently used in energy drinks is no safety concern.[37] In a separate analysis, they also concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support a number of commercial health claims about taurine.[38] A review published in 2008 found no documented reports of negative or positive health effects associated with the amount of taurine used in energy drinks, including Red Bull. The review also states that though the caffeine and sugar levels in the energy drink are comparable to those present in coffee and fruit juice respectively, these levels have been shown to cause adverse health effects.[39]

text: In its scientific opinion on the safety of caffeine of 2015 the EFSA concludes, that "Consumption of other constituents of energy drinks at concentrations commonly present in such beverages would not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg." Also the consumption of alcohol, leading to a blood alcohol content of about 0.08%, would, according to the EFSA, not affect the safety of single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg. Up to these levels of intake, caffeine is unlikely to mask the subjective perception of alcohol intoxication. Habitual use of caffeine up to 400 mg per day does not.[15]

text: According to SAMHSA, the number of people hospitalized due to energy drinks doubled between 2007 and 2014 in the US.[40]

text: Caffeine content[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The caffeine content of a single can of Red Bull is 80 mg/250 ml (32 mg/100 ml).[41][42] This is about the same as one cup of coffee, or slightly less depending on the brewing method.[43] The actual caffeine level in Red Bull can vary depending on country, as some countries have legal restrictions on how much caffeine is allowed in drinks. As is the case with other caffeinated beverages, Red Bull drinkers may experience adverse effects as a result of overuse. Excessive consumption may induce mild to moderate euphoria primarily caused by stimulant properties of caffeine and may also induce agitation, anxiety, irritability and insomnia.[44][medical citation needed] [30]

text: The general population of healthy adults is not at risk for potential adverse effects from caffeine if they limit their consumption to 400 mg per day, which is the equivalent of 5 standard cans, with one can being 250ml in volume.[45] Consumption of a single energy drink will not lead to excessive caffeine intake.[15][46] Adverse effects associated with caffeine consumption in amounts greater than 400 mg include nervousness, irritability, sleeplessness, increased urination, abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmia), and dyspepsia. Consumption also has been known to cause pupil dilation when taken with certain antidepressants or SSRIs.[46][medical citation needed] Caffeine dosage is not required to be on the product label for food in the United States, unlike drugs, but some advocates are urging the FDA to change this practice.[47]

text: Market approval and legal status[edit]

text: Authorities in France, Denmark, and Norway initially kept Red Bull from being sold domestically.[48] However, as of 2014[update], it is on sale in all 28 member states of the European Union and in more than 167 countries around the world.

text: The French food safety agency was concerned about taurine. A Red Bull drink that did not contain taurine was introduced. The French refusal of market approval was challenged by the European Commission, and partially upheld by the European Court of Justice in 2004.[48] The French food safety agency relented in 2008, because it was unable to prove a definite health risk, taurine-related or not.[49]

text: In 2012, the Kuwaiti Ministry of Commerce banned Red Bull for people under 16 after it had allegedly caused heart attacks for a 16-year-old and a 21-year-old national squash team player.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]

text: Litigation[edit]

text: In 2013, Red Bull told the Redwell Brewery, a Norfolk micro brewery, to change its name or face legal action, because it sounded too similar to Red Bull. The eight-man brewery in Norwich was told its name could "confuse" customers and "tarnish" its trademark.[57] The two companies reached a settlement permitting Redwell to continue using its name.[58]

text: In 2014, Red Bull faced a US$13 million settlement addressing two consumer class action lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.[59] The listed plaintiffs were Benjamin Careathers, David Wolf, and Miguel Almarez[60] who sued the company for Red Bull's marketing and labeling, claiming that the company violated "express warranty and unjust enrichment" since their products were first launched. The court hearing took place the morning of 1 May 2015 in an attempt to determine approval for the settlement. Customers that submitted claims then have the opportunity to receive a US$10 cash reimbursement or product option of US$15 in Red Bull products[61] within 150 days of the approved appeals.[62]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: It has been suggested that this article be split into a new article titled Red Bull GmbH. (Discuss) (March 2016)

text: Red Bull's slogan was "Gives you wings" until they were hit with a $13 million class-action lawsuit in late 2014.[63] This was Red Bull's slogan for over 20 years until one consumer, Benjamin Careathers, decided to sue the company for 'false advertising', arguing that after 10 years drinking Red Bull he neither had wings nor any enhanced athletic or intellectual performance.[64]

text: Red Bull's international marketing campaign targets young men mostly with extreme sports. These range from mountain biking,[65] BMX,[66] motocross,[67] windsurfing,[68] snowboarding,[69] skateboarding,[70] kayaking,[71] rowing,[72] wakeboarding,[73] cliff-diving,[74] parkour,[75] surfing,[76] skating,[77] freestyle motocross,[78] rallycross,[79] Formula 1 racing,[80] NASCAR racing,[81] to breakdancing.[82] Red Bull uses music and videogames, and has enlisted celebrities, such as Eminem (sponsoring the Red Bull "EmSee Battle Rap championships").[83] It hosts events like art shows and the "Red Bull Flugtag" (German for "flight day" or "flying day").[84]

text: Red Bull owns football teams, with clubs in Austria,[85] Germany,[86] the United States[86] and Brazil[87] featuring the Red Bull trademark in their names. By associating the drink's image with these activities, the company seeks to promote a "cool" public image and raise brand power. The energy drink has created a market for over 150 related types of products.[88]

text: In the PlayStation 3's social gaming platform, PlayStation Home, Red Bull developed its own in-game island, specifically advertising its energy drink and the Red Bull Air Race event (for which the space is named) released in January 2009.[89] In late November 2009, Red Bull produced two new spaces, the Red Bull Illume space, and the Red Bull Beach space featuring the Red Bull Flugtag, both released on the same day.[90] In January 2012, Red Bull released its first personal space called the "Red Bull House of Skate" featuring an indoor skate park.[91]

text: On the Apple App store Red Bull also has a few apps which include: RedBull.com, Red Bull TV, The Red Bulletin, RBMA Radio, Red Bull iFunk, Wings For Life- Selfie Run. As well as some games on the app store which are: Bike Unchained, Red Bull Kart Fighter 3, Red Bull Air Race The Game, Red Bull Racers.[92]

text: In 2010, the company enlisted Adrian Newey to design a prototype racing car, the Red Bull X2010, for the videogame Gran Turismo 5.[93]

text: Red Bull House of Art[edit]

text: The Red Bull House of Art is an art fellowship program that was launched by Red Bull.[94][95] The program is held in multiple cities, most notably the Red Bull House of Art programs in Detroit, Michigan and São Paulo, Brazil, and the program typically consists of a three-month period during which time six to eight participants will create new artwork with the intent to display it in a final exhibition.[96][97] During the fellowship the artists receive unlimited access to the galleries and a stipend for art supplies.[98]

text: The program has received criticism as being an "elaborate advertising scheme",[99] as some of the artwork has been used in Red Bull advertising campaigns.[100]

text: Sports sponsorships and acquisitions[edit]

text:
RB Leipzig: a football club currently playing in the German 1. Bundesliga
New York Red Bulls (officially Red Bull New York):[101] a football franchise competing in Major League Soccer of the United States
Red Bull Racing—a Formula One team based in Milton Keynes, England, World Constructor's Championship winner of 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, and produced the car for the 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 F1 World Champion Sebastian Vettel.
Red Bull Sailing Team: an Extreme Sailing Series racing team.
Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian translation of Team Red Bull): Another Formula One team based in Faenza, Italy.
Team Red Bull: a Toyota racing team competing in the U.S.-based stock car racing competition NASCAR Red Bull Racing Team competed in NASCAR beginning in 2007. The team ceased operations after the Sprint Cup Series' 2011 season.
FC Red Bull Salzburg: an Austrian football club based in Salzburg and competing in the Austrian Bundesliga
EC Red Bull Salzburg: a member of the Austrian Hockey League based in Salzburg, Austria
EHC Red Bull München: a member of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga based in Munich, Germany
Red Bull Brasil: a football club currently playing in the Brazilian Campeonato Paulista based in Campinas, Brazil
Red Bull Holden Racing Team - Run by Triple Eight Race Engineering – since 2013, Red Bull has sponsored the V8 Supercars team.[102]
Red Bull Racing Brasil, a Stock Car Brasil team, since 2007.
Red Bull KTM Factory Racing, a team competing in MotoGP.
Red Bull Ghana: was a Ghanaian professional football club located in Sogakope that played in the Poly Tank Division One League.
Škoda Motorsport rally team
Red Bulls, a League of Legends team currently playing in the European League of Legends Challenger Series
Esports team OG Dota 2.[103]

text: Sponsorships[edit]

text:
Abt Sportsline
Arrows F1 team from 2001 to 2002
Audi Sport for the A4 DTM
Batalla de los Gallos
Cacá Bueno's speed record Vectra
Carlin Motorsport Dallara-Renault
Citroën World Rally Team (2008-2012)
EKS RX
Enrique Cedeño Martinez (xPeke), professional League of Legends player[104][105]
Ford Fiesta WRC
Hansen Motorsport rallycross team
Hyundai Genesis Coupe Pikes Peak edition
Hyundai Veloster rallycross car
Iveco Dakar rally trucks
JMB Racing Maserati MC12 GT
KTM road, MXGP and Dakar rally bikes
Red Bull Ajo Motorsport
Red Bull Youth America's Cup
Repsol Honda Team
OG Dota 2 eSports team
Oracle Team USA
Olsbergs MSE Ford rallycross team
Peugeot 208 T16
Peugeot 2008 DKR (2015)
Sauber F1 team (1995–2004)
SEAT Sport WTCC team
Škoda Fabia S2000
Red Bull Honda World Superbike Team
Volkswagen Passat DARPA Grand Challenge edition
Andrew Dickson, pro BMX rider
Volkswagen Polo R WRC
Volkswagen Race Touareg Dakar edition
Volkswagen V10 TDI Touaregs Pikes Peak edition

text: Endorsements[edit]

text: In 2009, Red Bull added mainstream sport athletes to its roster of endorsements, which also includes persons involved in non-sporting activities.

text:
Reggie Bush, US NFL athlete announced at the 2009 Super Bowl.[106]
Ryan Dungey American Supercross, Motocross rider for Red Bull KTM Factory Racing.

Marvin Musquin French Supercross, Motocross rider for Red Bull KTM Factory Racing.

text:
Dani Pedrosa, Marc Márquez, John Reynolds, Andrea Dovizioso, Casey Stoner, and Nicky Hayden
Red Bull Junior Team, a program which sponsors young drivers competing in single seater racing. Since 2001 many young drivers developed careers in professional motorsport, with 13 participants having competed in Formula One, including quadruple F1 world champion Sebastian Vettel, Daniel Ricciardo, and Max Verstappen
Skijumpers Gregor Schlierenzauer, Thomas Morgenstern, Adam Małysz, and Andreas Goldberger, snowboarders Mark McMorris, Torah Bright and Nathan Johnstone, and skiers Kaya Turski, Lindsey Vonn, Axel Lund Svindal and Alexis Pinturault.
Dion Phaneuf NHL defenseman, currently with the Ottawa Senators.
Young professional golfer Rickie Fowler.
Racing driver Andrew Jordan.
Drift racing driver "Mad" Mike Whiddett.
Professional chess player Hikaru Nakamura.[107][108]
Super Smash Bros. Melee player William "Leffen" Hjelte[109]
Street Fighter players Daigo Umehara,[110] Masato "Bonchan" Takahashi,[111] Darryl "Snake Eyez" Lewis[112] and Olivier "Luffy" Hay.[113]

text: Events[edit]

text:
Red Bull sports events
Red Bull 400
Red Bull Battle Grounds: An eSports competition in popular video games Dota 2 and StarCraft 2
Red Bull Stratos
Red Bull Straight Rhythm
Red Bull Double Pipe
Red Bull Global Rallycross Championship
Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series
Red Bull Drifting World Championship
Red Bull Rampage
Red Bull Road Rage
Red Bull King of the Rock Tournament
Red Bull Romaniacs Hard Enduro Rallye
Red Bull Crashed Ice
Red Bull X-Fighters
Red Bull X-Alps
Red Bull Air Race World Championship
Red Bull Flugtag
Red Bull Frozen Rush
Red Bull Foxhunt
Red Bull Cape Fear
Red Bull Paperwings
Red Bull Training Grounds[114]
Red Bull Art of Motion
Red Bull BC One
Red Bull Cold Rush[115]
Red Bull Dolomitenmann - A 4-man relay competition including trail running, paragliding, kayaking, mountainbiking[116]
Red Bull Elements - A 4-man relay competition including rowing, trail running, paragliding, mountainbiking[117]
Red Bull MotoGP Rookies Cup
Indianapolis motorcycle Grand Prix
Motorcycle Grand Prix of the Americas
Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix (2014-2015)
Spanish motorcycle Grand Prix
Red Bull Storm Chase - A worldwide windsurfing competition in storm conditions with wind speeds of at least force ten[118]
Red Bull Supernatural - A "backcountry boarding competition designed to challenge, then crown the best all-around snowboarder on the planet."[119]
Red Bull Soapbox Race[120]
Red Bull Unleashed - A surfing event at Surf Snowdonia, north Wales[121]
Red Bull World Bridge Series[122]
Red Bull Drift Shifters - Drifting event held on a pinball inspired street course in Auckland, New Zealand
Red Bull Music Academy
Red Bull Can You Make It
Red Bull Timelaps

text: Locations[edit]

text:
Red Bull Ring, a motorsport circuit in Spielberg, Styria, Austria.
Red Bull Arena (Leipzig), home stadium of German football club RB Leipzig.
Red Bull Arena (New Jersey), home stadium of the American soccer club New York Red Bulls.
Red Bull Arena (Salzburg), home stadium of Austrian football club FC Red Bull Salzburg.
Hangar-7 (Salzburg), a multifunctional building with a collection of historical airplanes.
Red Bull bridge, a recurring distinctly branded footbridge at race events such as the World Enduro Championship and Rally Deutschland.


document_title: Adelaide Football Club

question_text: when was the last time the crows were in the grand final

root

text: Adelaide Football Club

text: History[edit]

text: 1990s: Foundation and back-to-back triumph[edit]

text: After the VFL was renamed the AFL for the 1990 season, the SANFL clubs unanimously resolved, in May 1990, that a team would not be entered into the AFL until season 1993.[7] The AFL refused to accept this, and revised negotiations with individual clubs Port Adelaide and Norwood. Two months later, the Port Adelaide Football Club reached terms of agreement with the AFL to enter a team into its competition in season 1991. The other nine SANFL clubs reacted strongly and entered into litigation in an endeavour to halt Port's bid. As the terms offered were more favourable than previously offered, talks were resumed. On 19 September 1990, the AFL approved the bid for a new South Australian club to enter to the league, rather than a single existing SANFL club.[7]

tag: p

text: The Adelaide Crows played their first season in the AFL in 1991. Inaugural coach Graham Cornes[10] and captain Chris McDermott led Adelaide to a respectable ninth place out of 15 in the league, with 10 wins and 12 losses and a percentage of 89.44.[11] Adelaide's first AFL game was against Hawthorn on Friday 22 March at their then home ground, Football Park. The Crows defeated the eventual premiers by a hefty 86-point margin, winning 24.11 (155) to 9.15 (69).[12] The club reached its first finals series in 1993 AFL season, eventually losing to Essendon in the preliminary final.

text: Premiership glory in 1997 and 1998[edit]

text: The year 1997 marked the entry of a second South Australian club, Port Adelaide. The Crows easily qualified for the finals series and hosted fifth-placed West Coast in the First Elimination Final. In the first final ever to be played at Football Park, the Crows won 14.15 (99) to 9.12 (66). The next week, Adelaide hosted Geelong, who had come second but lost the previous week to North Melbourne, in the Second Semi Final, winning narrowly: 11.10 (76) to 9.14 (68). This set up an away Preliminary Final against the Western Bulldogs at the MCG. Despite losing Coleman Medallist Tony Modra, who had kicked 84 goals for the season, to an ACL injury in the first quarter and trailing by 31 points at half time, the Crows kicked four unanswered goals in the last quarter to record a two-point victory, 12.21 (93) to 13.13 (91), with Darren Jarman kicking a goal to put Adelaide in front with less than two minutes remaining. This allowed the Crows to qualify for their first AFL Grand Final, to be played against St Kilda at the MCG a week later.

text: St Kilda, chasing their second Premiership in VFL/AFL history, were warm favourites to win the Grand Final, having come first in the minor round and won both of their finals by margins of 46 and 31 points, against an Adelaide side without Tony Modra, Mark Ricciuto and goalsneak Peter Vardy due to injury.[1] However, the Crows again overcame a half-time deficit, kicking 14 second-half goals to win by 31 points, 19.11 (125) to 13.16 (94). Darren Jarman kicked six goals, five of which came in the last quarter, whilst utility Shane Ellen kicked a career-best five and Troy Bond kicked four. Andrew McLeod, who gathered 31 possessions across half-back and in the midfield, won the Norm Smith Medal for the best player on-field in the Grand Final. The win is arguably one of the finest moments in South Australian sporting history.

text: Adelaide often struggled in close matches during the 1998 AFL season; seven of their nine losses were by 13 points or less, compared to only three wins by corresponding margins (they finished the regular season 13-9). The Crows showed mixed form in their opening two finals matches, though they were good enough to, for the second year in a row, play the Western Bulldogs in a Preliminary Final at the MCG. In contrast to the thriller that took place the previous year, however, the Crows defeated the Bulldogs soundly, 24.17 (161) to 13.15 (93). Matthew Robran kicked six goals and Andrew McLeod, opposed to renowned tagger Tony Liberatore, booted seven.

text: Like the previous year, Adelaide went into the Grand Final as underdogs, playing against North Melbourne, who had won the Premiership in 1996 and had won eleven consecutive matches leading up to the Grand Final. North Melbourne led by 24 points at half-time, 6.15 (51) to 4.3 (27), with only their inaccurate goalkicking keeping Adelaide in the contest. However, as they had in the previous year, Adelaide dominated the second half to win by 35 points, 15.15 (105) to 8.22 (70). Darren Jarman kicked five goals, while Andrew McLeod won his second successive Norm Smith Medal, an unprecedented feat. Club legend Mark Ricciuto won the Crows' Club Champion award in 1998. Following a disappointing year in 1999, premiership coach Malcolm Blight resigned from the role and the Crows entered the new millennium with two premierships under their belt.

text: 2000s: Finals and near misses[edit]

text: The Crows next made the finals in 2001 AFL season, this after losing their opening three matches for the season. Adelaide played fifth-placed Carlton at the MCG in the First Elimination Final and were roundly defeated, 17.16 (118) to 6.14 (50). High-profile forward Darren Jarman announced his retirement after the match. Adelaide's impressive 2002 AFL season (in which they achieved a 15-7 win-loss record) came undone at the penultimate stage, losing the Collingwood in the Preliminary Final at the MCG. Ben Hart won his second Malcolm Blight Medal in 2002, with Tyson Edwards finishing runner-up. Brett Burton led the Crows' goalkickers with 51. Hart and Mark Ricciuto were both named as All-Australians. Adelaide then extracted some revenge by defeating Collingwood in the pre-season competition in 2003, a first win of its kind for the club. The Crows' impressive 2003 season was eventually halted by the Brisbane Lions at the Gabba in the semi-finals. That season Adelaide captain Mark Ricciuto became the first Crow to win the Brownlow Medal for the best and fairest player in the AFL in a three-way tie with Adam Goodes and Nathan Buckley.[13] The Crows returned to finals in 2005 and recorded a famous win in what to this day remains the only Showdown match against rivals Port Adelaide in the semi-finals. They then lost once more at the penultimate stage (preliminary final), to West Coast at Subiaco Oval by 16 points. This was a feat the club unfortunately repeated in 2006 when they again lost to West Coast in the preliminary final, this time at home and by an even smaller margin.

text: Remarkably, Adelaide went on to qualify for finals for each of the remaining seasons in the 2000s, falling short at the elimination or semi-final on each occasion. Collingwood proved to be the most obvious of villains, knocking the Crows out of the finals race successively in 2008 and 2009. Andrew McLeod and Bernie Vince won club best and fairest awards in that time.

text: Adelaide's finals runs in the 2000s

text:
Year
Lost in
Opponent
Margin of defeat

2001
Elimination Final
Carlton
68 points

2002
Preliminary Final
Collingwood
28 points

2003
Semi Final
Brisbane Lions
42 points

2005
Preliminary Final
West Coast
16 points

2006
Preliminary Final
West Coast
10 points

2007
Elimination Final
Hawthorn
3 points

2008
Elimination Final
Collingwood
31 points

2009
Semi Final
Collingwood
5 points

tag: table

text: 2010s: Rebuilding and tragedy[edit]

text: Adelaide had a disastrous start to the 2010 season, losing their first six matches of the home and away season. They did recover to some extent in the back half of the year, finishing 11th with nine wins and thirteen losses, the first time under coach Neil Craig that the team did not make the finals. The season marked a turning point, with the likes of McLeod, Simon Goodwin and fellow stars Brett Burton, Tyson Edwards and Trent Hentschel all announcing their retirements during the season.[14] Long-term defender and club stalwart Nathan Bock announced he was leaving the club to join new side Gold Coast.[15] These changes led to a disastrous 2011 campaign, which proved to be the worst season in the club's history. After a 103-point loss to fading champions St Kilda, the club's longest-serving coach Neil Craig stepped down, handing the reins to assistant coach and former premiership captain Mark Bickley as caretaker for the remainder of the season.[16] Under Bickley the club won three of their next four games, but lost their final two to Richmond and West Coast, finishing in 14th place with 7 wins and 15 losses, both club worsts. Scott Thompson won the Malcolm Blight Medal (best and fairest award) for the season. New coach Brenton Sanderson began his era at the club with a pre-season premiership in 2012 and followed up that success with an above-expectations regular season; the Crows finishing 17-5 and never once losing consecutive matches. Adelaide eventually qualified to face minor premiers Hawthorn at the MCG in the First Preliminary Final. Hawthorn led for most of the match and despite Adelaide taking the lead with five minutes remaining, the Hawks responded to win the match by five points, yet another heartbreaking finals series loss for the Crows. Adelaide would then fall under the weight of expectations to some degree in the 2013 and 2014 seasons, narrowly missing the top 8 on both occasions. This led to Sanderson being sacked at the end of the 2014 season. The club moved home matches to the newly redeveloped Adelaide Oval at the start of the 2014 season, though to this day the Crows retain their training and administrative headquarters at their old home stadium, Football Park.

text: 2012: Scandal and Investigation[edit]

text: At the end of 2012, it was revealed that Adelaide had been found guilty of breaching the salary cap and tampering with the draft. As a sign of cooperation with the AFL, Adelaide forfeited themselves from the first two rounds of the 2012 draft.[17] At a hearing at AFL House in Melbourne, both the Adelaide Crows and current CEO at the time, Steven Trigg, were both fined $300,000 and $50,000 respectively.[18] The Adelaide Football Club were also suspended from participating in the first two rounds of the 2013 draft.[19] It's widely accepted to be the leagues biggest salary cap and list management scandal since Carlton in 2002.[18]

text: 2014: Transfer of SANFL licence[edit]

text: In March 2014, on the eve of the new season, the South Australian Football Commission announced it had struck a deal with the Adelaide Football Club which required the SANFL to transfer its ownership of the Crows' licence to the club, in exchange for payments totalling $11.326 million between 2013 and 2028. The arrangement marked the first time the Adelaide Football Club had independent control of its own administration and came in conjunction with measures designed to solidify the SANFL's control of game development and the sport in South Australia.[20][21]

text: 2015: Death of Phil Walsh[edit]

text: The 2015 season started successfully for the Adelaide Football Club with a 77-point win over reigning preliminary finalists North Melbourne. Newly appointed coach Phil Walsh oversaw a rapidly improving team that became known for their skilled ball use and ability to grind out wins. During the season, Adelaide was cleared of any wrongdoing by the AFL in the Eddie Betts affair, which became newsworthy following an allegation that Betts's transfer to the Crows from Carlton had been illegally signed and approved as much as 18 months prior to his move.[22]

text: On 3 July, two days prior to Adelaide's then-scheduled round 14 match against Geelong, coach Phil Walsh was the victim of murder by his son and died from multiple stab wounds at the age of 55.[8] The tragedy was followed by an outpouring of sympathy and tributes from the club's fans and the wider AFL community.[23] The match against the Cats was cancelled, with both teams receiving two premiership points each.[24] Adelaide's SANFL team's match against South Adelaide, scheduled for the next day, was postponed until later in the season.[25] On 6 July, assistant coach Scott Camporeale was appointed interim coach for the remainder of the season, while West Coast premiership coach John Worsfold was hired as coaching director to support Camporeale.[26] Inspiringly, the team rebounded to win six of their next seven games and qualify for the 2015 finals series, where they defeated the Western Bulldogs by seven points in a thrilling elimination final at the MCG. Their season ended when they lost to eventual premiers Hawthorn the next week.

text: 2016–present: Don Pyke era[edit]

text: Star midfielder for many years Patrick Dangerfield left the club at the end of the 2015 season (a season in which he won the club's best and fairest) and Don Pyke, a former premiership player and assistant coach with West Coast who had also been an assistant coach at Adelaide from 2005 to 2006, was appointed Adelaide's senior coach for at least three years.[9] Adelaide was widely tipped to slide out of the finals in 2016[27][28][29] but the Crows proved to be one of the successes of the season, comfortably qualifying for a home elimination final and defeating North Melbourne by 62 points, before being eliminated the next week by eventual beaten grand finalists, Sydney in the semi-finals. The club had a dominant 2017 season, winning their opening six games and never falling below second place for the entire season. Adelaide claimed their second McClelland Trophy as minor premiers.[30] The Adelaide Crows entered the 2017 finals series as favourites for the premiership; they defeated Greater Western Sydney and Geelong by 36 and 61 points respectively to qualify for the Grand Final, their first since 1998, where they faced Richmond. Despite starting as favourites, the Crows lost the match by 48 points.

text: Club symbols[edit]

text: Club guernsey[edit]

text: Adelaide currently has three guernsey designs which are used in different matches throughout the season.

text: Present[edit]

text: The home guernsey features navy blue, red and gold hoops.[31] It is worn at all matches designated as home games for the club as well as in selected away games (currently only Geelong, Port Adelaide and Sydney). The jumper is worn with navy shorts at all home and away games, except for away Showdowns, where it is paired with white shorts. It has had minor variations through its history since debuting with the club in 1991, including adding a white outline to the numbers in 1996, and the removal of yellow cuffs and addition of navy blue panels down the sides (due to manufacturers template design) in 2006. In 2009 the yellow cuffs and full hoops returned. In 2010 the hoops were cut off again at the sides. For 2016, the club removed the side panels, returning to the full hoops of the original design. The original base design/idea has never changed in the clubs 27-year history.[32]

text: The clash guernsey is a predominantly white based design,[33] worn in away games where the standard home guernsey may cause a clash of colours with the home team. It features three hoops around the sternum in the clubs colours of red, yellow and navy blue, and is always worn with white shorts. The current clash guernsey was introduced in 2016, and is more similar to the home strip than those of previous years.

text: The alternative guernsey is the same design as the clash guernsey, but with a gold base instead of white.[34] It is worn in away games in which it provides a greater contrast with the home team than either the home or white clash guernseys. These team are North Melbourne, Carlton, Fremantle and Western Bulldogs football clubs. It is always worn with white shorts.

text: Past[edit]

text: In previous seasons, the Crows have had variations of alternate guernseys.

text: The club briefly used an alternate design in the pre-season competition. It was still in the club colours, but featured the club logo prominently on the front and continuing over onto the back.[35]

text: The away guernsey was originally intended for use in all matches designated as away games, except finals. The design had changed several times over the years since it was first used in 1999.[36] From 2006 the red was removed from the top of the guernsey, moving it closer to the home guernsey. Its usage had waned since the introduction of the "clash" guernsey, to the point where it was only used twice in 2007, against the Western Bulldogs in round 2 and Collingwood in round 22. In a few away matches that year, the club also continued to use the traditional "home" guernsey, something which had rarely been done since the away strip was introduced. In response to this, a new away guernsey was introduced in 2008 featuring more red and yellow with a flying crow on the front – similar in design to the mid-90s pre-season jumper.

text: The clash guernsey was first introduced for season 2006 and was radically different from the "home" and "away" designs at the time.[36] It was worn at all away games where the AFL deemed there to be a clash with the home team's guernsey design. Those clubs officially on the "clash list" included Carlton, Essendon, Fremantle, Melbourne and Richmond. Despite this, the AFL forced the club to wear it against other teams, such as Hawthorn and St Kilda in 2007, West Coast in 2008 and the Brisbane Lions in 2008 and 2009. The first clash guernsey was red, and was worn from 2006-2009. The club first adopted a white clash guernsey in 2010, which is worn in the majority of away games, meaning the traditional home jumper was rarely worn away from home. It featured the club logo on the front with stylised curves in club colours on the front and back with navy stripes down the sides. The design has been changed a number of times over the years, but has remained predominately white. The club now wears the clash guernsey in away games against all clubs aside from the Sydney, Geelong and Port Adelaide football clubs.

text: Membership base and sponsorship[edit]

text: In 2006, the club made history becoming the first club in VFL/AFL history to have more than 50,000 members. They broke that record in 2007, signing up 50,146 members after only round one of the season. The club failed to continue this record run and subsequently signed 48,720 members in 2008. The club has enjoyed a long-standing partnership with the Toyota Camry brand since its inception, leading the club to be known in promotional materials as the "Camry Crows".

text: Two-time Grand Slam tennis champion Lleyton Hewitt has been the club's number one ticket holder since December 2002.[37] Federal politician Kate Ellis is the number 1 female ticket holder and Greg Champion, a musician and radio broadcaster, is the Melbourne number 1 ticket holder.[38] Australian golfer Adam Scott is also an honorary member of the club.[39] Inaugural Australian idol winner and musician Guy Sebastian is also a supporter of the crows.

text:
Year
Members
Change
Home &
Away
Finish
Finish
after
finals
Average
home
crowd^
Change
Major
sponsor
Kit
sponsor

1991
25,087
-
9th
-
40,479
-
Toyota
Sekem

1992
38,673

9th
-
38,275
 2,204

1993
40,100

5th
3rd
46,128
 7,853

1994
40,611

11th
-
42,864
 3,264

1995
41,654

11th
-
38,552
 4,312

1996
42,283

12th
-
39,428
 876
Puma

1997
41,395

4th
Premiers
40,116
 688
Adidas

1998
41,985

5th
Premiers
41,203
 1,087

1999
42,120

13th
-
39,386
 1,817

2000
42,896

11th
-
38,447
 939

2001
42,014

8th
8th
39,627
 1,180
Fila

2002
46,620

3rd
3rd
43,068
 3,441

2003
47,097

6th
5th
44,524
 1,456
Russell Athletic

2004
45,642

12th
-
39,879
 4,645

2005
43,256

1st
3rd
42,336
 2,457

2006
50,138

2nd
3rd
42,329
 7
Adidas

2007
50,976

8th
8th
42,042
 287

2008
48,720

5th
7th
40,678
 1,364

2009
46,472

5th
5th
38,801
 1,877

2010
45,545

11th
-
35,773
 3,028
Reebok

2011
46,520

14th
-
35,020
 753

2012
45,105

2nd
3rd
36,829
 1,809

2013
46,405

11th
-
33,703
 3,126
Puma

2014
54,249

10th
-
48,046
 14,343

2015
52,920

7th
6th
46,487
 1,569
BLK

2016
54,307

5th
6th
47,056
 569

2017
56,865

1st
Runners Up
 47,675
  619
ISC

text: Club honour board[edit]

text: Club achievements[edit]

text:
Club achievements

Competition
Level
Wins
Year won

AFL
Premiers
2
1997, 1998

Runners up
1
2017

McClelland Trophy
2
2005, 2017

text: Records[edit]

text:
Highest score for: 30.8 (188) – vs Essendon at Football Park on 2 June 2006 (Round 10)
Lowest score for: 3.6 (24) – vs St Kilda at Etihad Stadium on 22 July 2011 (Round 18)
Highest score against: 32.18 (210) – Geelong at Kardinia Park on 9 May 1992 (Round 8)
Lowest score against: 1.7 (13) – Fremantle at Football Park on 11 July 2009 (Round 15)
Highest aggregate score: 44.33 (297) – vs Geelong at Kardinia Park on 9 May 1992 (Round 8)
Lowest aggregate score: 11.19 (85) – vs Melbourne at the MCG on 26 April 2009 (Round 5)
Lowest winning score: 6.12 (48) – vs Collingwood at Football Park on 25 August 1997 (Round 21)
Highest losing score: 19.11 (125) – vs Kangaroos at Football Park on 6 May 2000 (Round 9)
Highest quarter score: 14.2 (86) – vs Fitzroy at Football Park on 28 July 1996 (Round 17, second quarter)
Greatest winning margin: 139 points – vs Richmond at Football Park on 16 July 1993 (Round 16)
Greatest losing margin: 141 points – vs Brisbane Lions at the Gabba on 24 July 2004 (Round 17)
Longest winning streak: 10 matches – from 18 June 2005 (Round 13, vs Richmond at Telstra Dome) to 27 August 2005 (Round 22, vs West Coast at Subiaco Oval)
Longest losing streak: 9 matches – from 8 August 1999 (Round 19, vs Brisbane Lions at Football Park) to 8 April 2000 (Round 5, vs Brisbane Lions at the Gabba)
Longest winning streak against an opponent: 10 matches – vs Gold Coast from 14 May 2011 (Round 8, at Football Park) to 22 April 2017 (Round 5, at Metricon Stadium; streak ongoing)
Longest losing streak against an opponent: 7 matches – vs Port Adelaide from 6 August 2000 (Round 22, at Football Park) to 31 August 2003 (Round 22, at Football Park), vs Hawthorn from 15 April 2012 (Round 3, at the MCG) to 22 April 2016 (Round 5, at the MCG)
Largest home attendance: 53,817 – vs Geelong at the Adelaide Oval on 22 September 2017 (Preliminary Final)
Largest non-finals attendance: 54,790 – vs Collingwood at the MCG on 12 July 2013 (Round 16)
Largest attendance: 100,021 – vs Richmond at the MCG on 30 September 2017 (Grand Final)
Most goals in a match by an individual: 13 – Tony Modra vs Richmond at Football Park on 16 July 1993 (Round 16), Tony Modra vs Carlton at Football Park on 27 March 1994 (Round 1)
Most disposals in a match by an individual: 51 – Scott Thompson vs Gold Coast at Metricon Stadium on 20 August 2011 (Round 22)

tag: ul

text: Premierships[edit]

text:
1997 AFL Grand Final

Saturday, 27 September (2:30 pm)
St Kilda
def. by
Adelaide
MCG (crowd: 99,645 [40])

3.6 (24)
7.11 (53)
9.13 (67)
 13.16 (94)
Q1
Q2
Q3
 Final
3.8 (26)
5.10 (40)
11.11 (77)
 19.11 (125)
Umpires: Kennedy (7), Sheehan (9), Nash (14)
Norm Smith Medal: Andrew McLeod (Adelaide)
Television broadcast: Seven Network
National anthem: Marina Prior

Heatley 3, Hall 3, Loewe 2, Jones, Burke, Winmar, Peckett, Harvey
Goals
Jarman 6, Ellen 5, Bond 4, Smart, Goodwin, Rintoul, Caven

Harvey, Jones, Burke, Hall, Cook, Keogh
Best
McLeod, Jarman, Johnson, Ellen, Goodwin, Caven

St Kilda won the coin toss and kicked to the Punt Road end in the first quarter.

text:
1998 AFL Grand Final

Saturday, 26 September (2:30pm)
Adelaide
def.
North Melbourne
MCG (crowd: 94,431)

3.2 (20)
4.3 (27)
9.11 (65)
 15.15 (105)
Q1
Q2
Q3
 Final
4.4 (28)
6.15 (51)
8.15 (63)
 8.22 (70)
Umpires: Coates (6), Kennedy (7), Goldspink (32)
Norm Smith Medal: Andrew McLeod
Television broadcast: Seven Network
National anthem: Rob Guest

Jarman 5, Smart 3, Vardy 2, James, Pittman, Johnson, Thiessen, Ricciuto
Goals
Blakey, Pike, Abraham, Carey, Roberts, Bell, Allison, Simpson

McLeod, Hart, Jarman, Johnson, Rehn, Caven, Bickley
Best
Pickett, Stevens, Martyn, Abraham

North Melbourne won the coin toss and kicked to the Punt Road end in the first quarter.

text: Premiership teams[edit]

text:
1997 Premiership Team

B:
Ben Hart
Rod Jameson
Peter Caven

HB:
Andrew McLeod
David Pittman
Simon Goodwin

C:
Kym Koster
Kane Johnson
Matthew Connell

HF:
Troy Bond
Matthew Robran
Nigel Smart

F:
Chad Rintoul
Shane Ellen
Clay Sampson

Foll:
Shaun Rehn
Mark Bickley (Capt.)
Darren Jarman

Int:
Tyson Edwards
Aaron Keating
Brett James

Coach:
Malcolm Blight

text:
1998 Premiership Team

B:
Tyson Edwards
Ben Hart
David Pittman

HB:
Simon Goodwin
Peter Caven
Nigel Smart

C:
Kym Koster
Darren Jarman
Andrew Eccles

HF:
Peter Vardy
Matthew Robran
Andrew McLeod

F:
Mark Bickley (Capt.)
Mark Stevens
Shane Ellen

Foll:
Shaun Rehn
Mark Ricciuto
Kane Johnson

Int:
Matthew Connell
Brett James
Ben Marsh

James Thiessen

Coach:
Malcolm Blight

text: "Team of the Decade"[edit]

text: While some sides named their "Team of the Century" to coincide with the AFL centenary celebrations in 1996, Adelaide only joined the league in 1991, and so later on named their "Team of the Decade", covering the period from 1991 to 2000. As well as earning selection in the team, Mark Ricciuto was named 'Player of the Decade' and Mark Bickley 'Team Man of the Decade.'[41]

text:
Adelaide Team of the Decade

B:
Ben Hart
Rod Jameson
Mark Bickley

HB:
Nigel Smart
Peter Caven
Andrew McLeod

C:
Greg Anderson
Andrew Jarman
Simon Tregenza

HF:
Kane Johnson
Matthew Robran
Mark Ricciuto

F:
Darren Jarman
Tony Modra
Matthew Liptak

Foll:
Shaun Rehn
Chris McDermott
Tony McGuinness

Int:
Mark Mickan
Simon Goodwin
Rodney Maynard

David Pittman

Coach:
Malcolm Blight

text: Coaches[edit]

text:
Graham Cornes, 1991–1994
Robert Shaw, 1995–1996
Malcolm Blight, 1997–1999
Gary Ayres, 2000–2004*
Neil Craig, 2004–2011**
Mark Bickley, 2011 (interim)
Brenton Sanderson, 2012–2014
Phil Walsh, 2015***
Scott Camporeale, 2015 (interim)
Don Pyke, 2016–present

text: *Gary Ayres was told that his contract would not be extended when it expired after the 2004 season, and he decided to quit immediately. Assistant coach Neil Craig took over from round 14 as a caretaker coach and was later appointed senior coach for 2005 and beyond.

text: **Neil Craig resigned the day after a 103-point loss to St Kilda, allowing assistant coach Mark Bickley to coach the remaining six games in the season.[16] Post-season, the club underwent a search for a new coach and hired Brenton Sanderson for the role from 2012.

text: ***Phil Walsh died midway through his first year as coach, the victim of stab wounds in a domestic incident.[8] Assistant coach Scott Camporeale was appointed interim coach for the remainder of the season.[26] After the season, Don Pyke was appointed senior coach from 2016.[9]

text: Captains[edit]

text:
Chris McDermott, 1991–1994
Tony McGuinness, 1995–1996
Mark Bickley, 1997–2000
Mark Ricciuto, 2001–2007
Simon Goodwin, 2008–2010
Nathan van Berlo, 2011–2014*
Taylor Walker, 2015–present

text: *Nathan van Berlo missed the entire 2014 season after injuring his right Achilles tendon in pre-season training. Rory Sloane and Patrick Dangerfield acted as co-captains during his absence.[42]

text: Current playing list and coaching staff[edit]

text:
Adelaide Football Club

view
talk
edit

Senior list
Rookie list
Coaching staff

 1 Hugh Greenwood
 2 Brad Crouch
 3 Riley Knight
 4 Josh Jenkins
 5 Matt Crouch
 6 Bryce Gibbs
 7 Jordan Gallucci
 8 Jake Kelly
 9 Rory Sloane (vc)
10 Myles Poholke
11 Paul Seedsman
12 Daniel Talia
13 Taylor Walker (c)
14 David Mackay
15 Kyle Hartigan
16 Luke Brown
17 Curtly Hampton
18 Eddie Betts
20 Sam Gibson

21 Rory Atkins
22 Andy Otten
24 Sam Jacobs
25 Kyle Cheney
26 Richard Douglas
27 Tom Lynch
29 Rory Laird
30 Wayne Milera
32 Darcy Fogarty
33 Brodie Smith
34 Elliot Himmelberg
35 Matthew Signorello
36 Andrew McPherson
38 Harry Dear
39 Tom Doedee
40 Ben Davis
41 Mitch McGovern
42 Alex Keath
43 Reilly O'Brien

19 Jackson Edwards
28 Cameron Ellis-Yolmen
31 Patrick Wilson
37 Paul Hunter
44 Lachlan Murphy
45 Ben Jarman

Head coach

Don Pyke

Assistant coaches

Scott Camporeale (midfield)
Matthew Clarke (ruck)
Ben Hart (defensive)
Josh Francou
Heath Younie (development manager)
Ryan O'Keefe (SANFL coach and midfield development)
Tate Kaesler (team defence specialist coach)
Paul Thomas (defensive development)
Brent Reilly (midfield and stoppage development)

Legend:

(c) Captain
(vc) Vice captain
(B) Category B rookie

Updated: 1 December 2017
Source(s): Senior list, Rookie list, Coaches

text: Past players[edit]

text: See List of Adelaide Football Club players

text: Pre-season competition[edit]

text:
2003 Wizard Cup Grand Final
SG
G
B
Total

Adelaide
2
13
8
104

Collingwood
1
9
10
73

Venue: Telstra Dome, Melbourne
Crowd: 43,571

text:
2012 NAB Cup Grand Final
SG
G
B
Total

Adelaide
2
10
17
95

West Coast
2
5
13
61

Venue: Football Park, Adelaide
Crowd: 27,376

text: AFL Women's team[edit]

text: In April 2016, the football club launched a bid to enter a team in the inaugural AFL Women's season in 2017.[43] The bid was constructed in partnership with AFLNT, with the club to share resources and facilities between its Adelaide base and AFLNT's Darwin location[43] The bid became a success in June of that year when the league announced they had been awarded one of eight inaugural licences.[44]

text: Chelsea Randall and Kellie Gibson were the club's first two signings, announced as marquee players on 27 July 2016.[45] The inaugural team list was completed in October's signing and drafting period.

text: Former Woodville-West Torrens development coach Bec Goddard was announced as the team's inaugural head coach in August 2016.[46]

text: Harris Scarfe was the team's major sponsor in season 2017.[47]

text: The team played 3 home games in Adelaide and 1 Darwin in 2017.[43]

text: Premiership[edit]

text: Adelaide secured their place in the grand final against undefeated Brisbane with a come-from-behind victory against Collingwood, noted for Sarah Perkins' four-goal performance.[48][49] The only match between Adelaide and Brisbane before the grand final was Adelaide's 3-point loss to Brisbane in round five, which knocked Adelaide off the top of the ladder.[50]

text: Effectively the visiting team at Metricon Stadium, Adelaide took an early lead which they never relinquished. They withstood a fourth quarter burst by Brisbane to win by six points, 4.11 (35) to 4.5 (29), and took the trophy as 2017 AFL Women's Premiers. Co-captain Erin Phillips stood out, kicking two goals alongside 26 touches in a best-on-ground performance.[51]

text: Current squad[edit]

text:
Adelaide Football Club (AFL Women's)

view
talk
edit

Senior list
Rookie list
Coaching staff

 1 Abbey Holmes
 3 Angela Foley (vc)
 4 Georgia Bevan
 5 Jenna McCormick
 6 Talia Radan
 7 Rachael Killian
 8 Sally Riley (vc)
 9 Deni Varnhagen
10 Ebony Marinoff
11 Rhiannon Metcalfe
13 Erin Phillips (c)
14 Stevie-Lee Thompson
16 Sophie Armitstead
17 Jessica Sedunary

22 Courtney Cramey
23 Justine Mules
26 Chelsea Randall (c)
28 Sarah Perkins
31 Dayna Cox
33 Anne Hatchard
39 Sarah Allan
Jessica Allan
Jasmyn Hewett
Eloise Jones
Rheanna Lugg
Marijana Rajcic
Ruth Wallace

Calista Boyd
Becchara Palmer
Brianna Walling

Head coach

Bec Goddard

Assistant coach

Andrew Hodges

Legend:

(c) Captain
(vc) Vice captain

Updated: 28 December 2017
Source(s): Players, Coaches

text: Club Champion winners[edit]

text:
Season
Recipient
Ref.

2017
Erin Phillips
[52]

text: SANFL team[edit]

text: The Adelaide Crows entered a team in the local South Australian National Football League in 2014 under a 15-year commitment.[53] The team is made up of AFL senior listed players and SANFL top up players.

text:
Season
Ladder
Win-Loss
Finals
Coach
Captain
Best and Fairest
Leading Goalkicker

2014
8th
7-11
DNQ
Heath Younie
Ian Callinan
Ian Callinan
Ian Callinan (27)[54]

2015
7th
8-9 (1 draw)
DNQ
Heath Younie
Ian Callinan
Ian Callinan
James Podsiadly (46)[55]

2016
4th
11-7
Preliminary Finalist
Heath Younie
Luke Carey
Jonathon Beech
Harry Dear (37)

2017
8th
7-11
DNQ
Ryan O'Keefe
Alex Keath & Hugh Greenwood
Scott Thompson
Troy Menzel (24)

text: Other ventures[edit]

text: In May 2017, Adelaide announced that they had acquired Australian E-Sports team Legacy eSports, whose divisions include League of Legends and Rocket League.[56]


document_title: Gastrocnemius muscle

question_text: what is the scientific name for the calf muscle

text: Gastrocnemius muscle

text: Structure[edit]

text: The gastrocnemius is located with the soleus in the posterior (back) compartment of the leg. The lateral head originates from the lateral condyle of the femur, while the medial head originates from the medial condyle of the femur. Its other end forms a common tendon with the soleus muscle; this tendon is known as the calcaneal tendon or Achilles Tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bone. Further, it is considered a superficial muscle as it is located directly under skin, so its shape is clearly visible in a normal human being.

text: Deep to the gastrocnemius (farther from the skin) is the soleus muscle. Some anatomists consider both to be a single muscle, the triceps surae or "three-headed [muscle] of the calf", since they share a common insertion via the Achilles tendon. The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles, which is involved in "locking" the knee from the standing position. Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment. The soleus is superficial to the mid-shaft of the tibia.

text: Variation[edit]

text: 10% to 30% of individuals have a sesamoid bone called the "fabella" in the lateral (outer) head of gastrocnemius muscle.

text: Function[edit]

text: Along with the soleus muscle, the gastrocnemius forms half of the calf muscle. Its function is plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint.

text: The gastrocnemius is primarily involved in running, jumping and other "fast" movements of leg, and to a lesser degree in walking and standing. This specialization is connected to the predominance of white muscle fibers (type II fast twitch) present in the gastrocnemius, as opposed to the soleus, which has more red muscle fibers (type I slow twitch) and is the primary active muscle when standing still, as determined by EMG studies.[1][2]

text: Motor pathway[edit]

text: The plan to use the gastrocnemius in running, jumping, knee and plantar flexing is created in the precentral gyrus in the cerebrum of the brain.[3] Once a plan is produced, the signal is sent to and down an upper motor neuron. The signal is passed through the internal capsule and decussates, or crosses, in the medulla oblongata, specifically in the lateral corticospinal tract.[4] The signal continues down through the anterior horn of the spinal cord where the upper motor neuron synapses with the lower motor neuron. Signal propagation continues down the anterior rami (Lumbar 4-5 and Sacral 1-5) of the sacral plexus. The sciatic nerve branches off of the sacral plexus in which the tibial and common fibular nerves are wrapped in one sheath. The tibial nerve eventually separates from the sciatic nerve and innervates the gastrocnemius muscle. Thus, completing the plan the brain had originally started with, so that the actions of running, standing, and jumping could be executed.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The gastrocnemius muscle is prone to spasms, which are painful, involuntary contractions of the muscle that may last several minutes.[5]

text: A severe ankle dorsiflexion force may result in an injury of the muscle, commonly referred to as a "torn" or "strained" calf muscle, which is acutely painful and disabling.

text: The gastrocnemius muscle may also become inflamed due to overuse. Anti-inflammatory medications and physical therapy (heat, massage, and stretching) may be useful.

text: Anatomical abnormalities involving the medial head of gastrocnemius muscle result in popliteal artery entrapment syndrome.

text: History[edit]

text: In a 1967 EMG study, Herman and Bragin concluded that its most important role was plantar flexing in large contractions and in rapid development of tension.[2]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Nerves, arteries and veins surrounding the gastrocnemius and soleus.

Muscle layer under the gastrocnemius

Cross section of the lower leg

Right femur. Posterior surface.

Back of left lower extremity.

Gastrocnemius muscle

Gastrocnemius muscle

Lateral aspect of right leg.