document_title: Arachidonic acid

question_text: where is arachidonic acid found in the body

text: Arachidonic acid

text: Chemistry[edit]

text: In chemical structure, arachidonic acid is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and four cis-double bonds; the first double bond is located at the sixth carbon from the omega end.

text: Some chemistry sources define 'arachidonic acid' to designate any of the eicosatetraenoic acids.  However, almost all writings in biology, medicine and nutrition limit the term  to all-cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid.

text: Biology[edit]

text: Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the phospholipids (especially phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositides) of membranes of the body's cells, and is abundant in the brain, muscles, and liver. Skeletal muscle is an especially active site of arachidonic acid retention, accounting for roughly 10-20% of the phospholipid fatty acid content on average.[3]

text: In addition to being involved in cellular signaling as a lipid second messenger involved in the regulation of signaling enzymes, such as PLC-γ, PLC-δ, and PKC-α, -β, and -γ isoforms, arachidonic acid is a key inflammatory intermediate and can also act as a vasodilator.[4] (Note separate synthetic pathways, as described in section below.)

text: Conditionally essential fatty acid[edit]

text:
Arachidonic acid is not one of the essential fatty acids. However, it does become essential if there is a deficiency in linoleic acid or if there is an inability to convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid.
Some mammals lack the ability to, or have a very limited capacity to convert linoleic acid in to arachidonic acid, making it an essential part of their diets. Since little or no arachidonic acid is found in common plants, such animals are obligate carnivores; the cat is a common example having inability to desaturate essential fatty acids .[5][6] A commercial source of arachidonic acid has been derived, however, from the fungus Mortierella alpina.[7]

text: The synthesis and cascade in humans[edit]

text: Arachidonic acid is freed from a phospholipid molecule by the enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2), which cleaves off the fatty acid, but can also be generated from  DAG by diacylglycerol lipase.[4]

text: Arachidonic acid generated for signaling purposes appears to be derived by the action of group IVA cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, 85 kDa), whereas inflammatory arachidonic acid is generated by the action of a low-molecular-weight secretory PLA2 (sPLA2, 14-18 kDa).[4]

text: Arachidonic acid is the precursor that is metabolized by various enzymes to a wide range of biologically and clinically important eicosanoids and metabolites of these eicosanoids:

text:
The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (i.e. prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 {PTGS1 and PTGS2}) metabolize arachidonic acid to Prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2, which in turn may be converted to various prostaglandins, to prostacyclin, to thromboxanes, and to the 17-carbon product of thromboxane metabolism of prostaglandin G2/H2, 12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid (12-HHT).[8][9]
The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase metabolizes arachidonic acid to 5-hydroperoxyicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), which in turn is metabolized to various leukotrienes (i.e. leukotriene B4, leukotriene C4, leukotriene D4, and leukotriene E4 as well as to 5-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) which may then be further metabolized to 5-HETE's more potent 5-keto analog, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE) (also see 5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid.[10]
The enzymes 15-lipoxygenase-1 (ALOX15 and 15-lipoxygenase-2 (ALOX15B metabolize arachidonic acid to 15-hydroperoxyicosatetraemoic acid (15-HPETE) which may then be further metabolized to 15-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and lipoxins;[11][12][13] 15-Lipoxygenase-1 may also further metabolize 15-HPETE to eoxins in a pathway analogous to (and presumably using the same enzymes as used in) the pathway which metabolizes 5-HPETE to leukotrienes.[14]
The enzyme 12-lipoxygenase (ALOX12) metabolizes arachidonic acid to 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE0 which may then be metabolized to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) and to hepoxilins.[15]
Arachidonic acid is also used in the biosynthesis of anandamide.[16]
Some arachidonic acid is converted into hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) by epoxygenase.[17]

text: The production of these derivatives and their action in the body are collectively known as the "arachidonic acid cascade"; see essential fatty acid interactions and the enzyme and metabolite linkages given in the previous paragraph for more details.

text: PLA2 activation[edit]

text: PLA2, in turn, is activated by ligand binding to receptors, including:

text:
5-HT2 receptors [18]
mGLUR1[18]
bFGF receptor[18]
IFN-α receptor[18]
IFN-γ receptor[18]

text: Furthermore, any agent increasing intracellular calcium may cause activation of some forms of PLA2.[19]

text: PLC activation[edit]

text: Alternatively, arachidonic acid may be cleaved from phospholipids after phospholipase C (PLC) cleaves off the inositol trisphosphate group, yielding diacylglycerol (DAG), which subsequently is cleaved by DAG lipase to yield arachidonic acid.[18]

text: Receptors that activate this pathway include:

text:
A1 receptor[19]
D2 receptor[19]
α-2 adrenergic receptor[19]
5-HT1 receptor[19]

text: PLC may also be activated by MAP kinase. Activators of this pathway include PDGF and FGF.[19]

text: In the body[edit]

text: Muscle growth[edit]

text: Arachidonic acid promotes the repair and growth of skeletal muscle tissue via conversion to prostaglandin PGF2alpha during and following physical exercise.[20] PGF2alpha promotes muscle protein synthesis by signaling through the Akt/mTOR pathway,[20] similar to leucine, β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid, and phosphatidic acid.

text: Brain[edit]

text: Arachidonic acid is one of the most abundant fatty acids in the brain, and is present in similar quantities to docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The two account for approximately 20% of its fatty acid content.[21] Like DHA, neurological health is reliant upon sufficient levels of arachidonic acid. Among other things, arachidonic acid helps to maintain hippocampal cell membrane fluidity.[22] It also helps protect the brain from oxidative stress by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.[23] ARA also activates syntaxin-3 (STX-3), a protein involved in the growth and repair of neurons.[24]

text: Arachidonic acid is also involved in early neurological development. In one study funded by the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, infants (18 months) given supplemental arachidonic acid for 17 weeks demonstrated significant improvements in intelligence, as measured by the Mental Development Index.[25] This effect is further enhanced by the simultaneous supplementation of ARA with DHA.

text: In adults, the disturbed metabolism of ARA may contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Bipolar disorder.[26] There is evidence of significant alterations in the conversion of arachidonic acid to other bioactive molecules (overexpression or disturbances in the ARA enzyme cascade) in these conditions.

text: Alzheimer's disease[edit]

text: Studies on arachidonic acid and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is mixed, with one study of AA and its metabolites that suggests they are associated with the onset of Alzheimer's disease,[27] whereas another study suggests that the supplementation of arachidonic acid during the early stages of this disease may be effective in reducing symptoms and slowing the disease progress.[28] Additional studies on arachidonic acid supplementation for Alzheimer's patients are needed. Another study indicates that air pollution is the source of inflammation and arachidonic acid metabolites promote the inflammation to signal the immune system of the cell damage.[29]

text: Bodybuilding supplement[edit]

text: Arachidonic acid is marketed as an anabolic bodybuilding supplement in a variety of products. Supplementation of arachidonic acid (1,500 mg/day for 8 weeks) has been shown to increase lean body mass, strength, and anaerobic power in experienced resistance-trained men. This was demonstrated in a placebo-controlled study at the University of Tampa. Thirty men (aged 20.4 ± 2.1 years) took arachidonic acid or a placebo for 8 weeks, and participated in a controlled resistance-training program. After 8 weeks, Lean Body Mass (LBM) had increased significantly, and to a greater extent, in the ARA group (1.62 kg) vs. placebo (0.09 kg) (p<0.05). The change in muscle thickness was also greater in the ARA group (.47 cm) than placebo (.25 cm) (p<0.05). Wingate anaerobic power increased to a greater extent in ARA group as well (723.01 to 800.66 W) vs. placebo (738.75 to 766.51 W). Lastly, the change in total strength was significantly greater in the ARA group (109.92 lbs.) compared to placebo (75.78 lbs.). These results suggest that ARA supplementation can positively augment adaptations in strength and skeletal muscle hypertrophy in resistance-trained men.[30]

text: An earlier clinical study examining the effects of 1,000 mg/day of arachidonic acid for 50 days found supplementation to enhance anaerobic capacity and performance in exercising men. During this study, a significant group–time interaction effect was observed in Wingate relative peak power (AA: 1.2 ± 0.5; P: -0.2 ± 0.2 W•kg-1, p=0.015). Statistical trends were also seen in bench press 1RM (AA: 11.0 ± 6.2; P: 8.0 ± 8.0 kg, p=0.20), Wingate average power (AA:37.9 ± 10.0; P: 17.0 ± 24.0 W, p=0.16), and Wingate total work (AA: 1292 ± 1206; P: 510 ± 1249 J, p=0.087). AA supplementation during resistance-training promoted significant increases in relative peak power with other performance related variables approaching significance. These findings support the use of AA as an ergogenic.[31]

text: Dietary arachidonic acid and inflammation[edit]

text: Increased consumption of arachidonic acid will not cause inflammation during normal metabolic conditions unless lipid peroxidation products are mixed in. Arachidonic acid is metabolized to both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids during and after the inflammatory response, respectively. Arachidonic acid is also metabolized to inflammatory and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids during and after physical activity to promote growth. However chronic inflammation from exogenous toxins and excessive exercise should not be confused with acute inflammation from exercise and sufficient rest that is required by the inflammatory response to promote the repair and growth of the micro tears of tissues.[32] However, the evidence is mixed. Some studies giving between 840 mg and 2,000 mg per day to healthy individuals for up to 50 days have shown no increases in inflammation or related metabolic activities.[32][33][34][35] However, others show that increased arachidonic acid levels are actually associated with reduced pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IL-1 levels and increased anti-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-beta.[36] This may result in a reduction in systemic inflammation.[medical citation needed]

text: Arachidonic acid does still play a central role in inflammation related to injury and many diseased states. How it is metabolized in the body dictates its inflammatory or anti-inflammatory activity. Individuals suffering from joint pains or active inflammatory disease may find that increased arachidonic acid consumption exacerbates symptoms, presumably because it is being more readily converted to inflammatory compounds[medical citation needed]. Likewise, high arachidonic acid consumption is not advised for individuals with a history of inflammatory disease, or who are in compromised health. Of note, while ARA supplementation does not appear to have proinflammatory effects in healthy individuals, it may counter the anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.[37]

text: Health effects of arachidonic acid supplementation[edit]

text: Arachidonic acid supplementation in daily dosages of 1,000–1,500 mg for 50 days has been well tolerated during several clinical studies, with no significant side effects reported. All common markers of health, including kidney and liver function,[34] serum lipids,[38] immunity,[39] and platelet aggregation[33] appear to be unaffected with this level and duration of use. Furthermore, higher concentrations of ARA in muscle tissue may be correlated with improved insulin sensitivity.[40] Arachidonic acid supplementation of the diets of healthy adults appears to offer no toxicity or significant safety risk.

text: While studies looking at arachidonic acid supplementation in sedentary subjects have failed to find changes in resting inflammatory markers in doses up to 1,500 mg daily, strength-trained subjects may respond differently. One study at Baylor University reported a significant reduction in resting inflammation (via marker IL-6) in young men supplementing 1,000 mg/day of arachidonic acid for 50 days in combination with resistance training. This suggests that rather being pro-inflammatory, supplementation of ARA while undergoing resistance training may actually improve the regulation of systemic inflammation.[41]

text: A meta-analysis by Cambridge University looking for associations between heart disease risk and individual fatty acids reported a significantly reduced risk of heart disease with higher levels of EPA and DHA (Omega-3 fats), as well as the Omega-6 Arachidonic Acid.[42] A scientific advisory from the American Heart Association has also favorably evaluated the health impact of dietary omega-6 fats, including arachidonic acid.[32] The group does not recommend limiting this essential fatty acid. In fact, the paper recommends individuals follow a diet that consists of at least 5–10% of calories coming from omega-6 fats, including arachidonic acid. It suggests dietary ARA is not a risk factor for heart disease, and may play a role in maintaining optimal metabolism and reduced heart disease risk. It is, therefore, recommended to maintain sufficient intake levels of both omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids for optimal health.

text: Arachidonic acid is not carcinogenic, and studies show dietary level is not associated (positively or negatively) with risk of cancers.[43][44][45][46] ARA remains integral to the inflammatory and cell growth process, however, which is disturbed in many types of disease including cancer. Therefore, the safety of arachidonic acid supplementation in patients suffering from cancer, inflammatory, or other diseased states is unknown, and supplementation is not recommended.


document_title: Padawan

question_text: how do you spell padawan from star wars

question_tokens: how do you spell padawan from star wars

root

text: Padawan

text: Padawan may refer to:

tag: p

text: Locations in Malaysia:

text:
Padawan, Sarawak
Padawan municipality
Padawan (Non federal constituency), formerly represented in the Dewan Rakyat (1971–99)
Padawan (Star Wars), an apprentice of the fictional Jedi Order in the Star Wars franchise

tag: ul

text:
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Padawan.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

tag: table

text: Disambiguation pages

text: All article disambiguation pagesAll disambiguation pages


document_title: Australia's Got Talent

question_text: who are the australia's got talent judges

question_tokens: who are the australia 's got talent judges

text: Australia's Got Talent

text: Overview[edit]

text: Australia's Got Talent is a talent show that features singers, dancers, magicians, comedians and other performers of all ages competing for a top prize of A$250,000

text: In the first season there were four heats which saw about 20 to 25 acts competing in each heat. Approximately 60 acts in total got the approval from the judges, but only 40 were selected to compete in the semi-finals. In addition, only a fraction of the acts that progress are actually featured in full on the televised episodes. Also in the first series, during the semi-finals stage, each judge buzzed either a cross, or a tick.

text: The fourth season in 2010 featured a major revamp in the format, now being in tune with the nationwide audition tour conducted in the UK and US versions of the show, where nearly 500 people auditioned in total. In addition, the two existing judges Red Symons and Tom Burlinson were replaced by Brian McFadden and Kyle Sandilands. The production and filming was moved from Regent Theatre, Melbourne to Docklands Studios Melbourne, with a larger sound stage and set.

text: The logo used for the first and seventh seasons of Australia's Got Talent is similar to the logo used by America's Got Talent. The logo during the second to sixth seasons and season eight is similar to that used by Britain's Got Talent.

text: Judges and hosts[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Seven Network
Nine Network

Tom Burlinson
Judge

Red Symons
Judge

Grant Denyer
Host

Dannii Minogue
Judge

Brian McFadden

Judge

Kyle Sandilands

Judge

Todd McKenney

Guest1

Julia Morris

Host

Geri Halliwell

Judge

Timomatic

Judge

Dawn French

Judge

Dave Hughes

Host

Kelly Osbourne

Judge

Sophie Monk

Judge

Eddie Perfect

Judge

Ian Dickson

Judge

text: ^ Todd McKenney served as a temporary replacement for Kyle Sandilands at the Melbourne auditions and filled in for Brian McFadden during the second final showdown during the sixth season.

tag: ol

text: Judges[edit]

text: The original three judges were Dannii Minogue, Tom Burlinson and Red Symons.[5] For the second series, all judges returned, though Minogue was absent for numerous episodes as she was busy filming The X Factor in the United Kingdom.[1] The judges later returned for series 3.[6]

text: In January 2010, it was made known that the judging panel would undergo a new line-up to accommodate Minogue's pregnancy.[7] Judge Red Symons was strongly tipped to return to the Nine Network to be part of the revived Hey Hey It's Saturday, while Tom Burlinson was rumoured to be dumped from the judging panel.[7] Rumours then began to circulate that Kyle Sandilands and Brian McFadden would be the new judges.[7] On 4 February 2010, Sandilands confirmed on his 2Day FM breakfast radio show that he would be a judge.[8] A press release from the Seven Network on 17 February, confirmed McFadden would also join the new judging panel.[9] All judges returned for the fifth and sixth series of the programme.[10][11][12]

text: Due to the programme's move to Nine Network in 2013, Sandilands returned as a judge, whilst Minogue and McFadden were axed.[13] Timomatic, Geri Halliwell and Dawn French were announced as the new judges.[14][15]

text: After it was announced that Australia's Got Talent would be returning to screens in 2016, it was announced that there would be a complete new judging panel, with Sandilands, Timomatic, Halliwell and French being axed.[3][4] It was later confirmed that Kelly Osbourne, Sophie Monk, Eddie Perfect and Ian Dickson would become the new judges.[16]

text:
Judges gallery

Dannii Minogue (2007–12)

Tom Burlinson (2007–09)

Red Symons (2007–09)

Brian McFadden (2010–12)

Kyle Sandilands (2010–13)

Timomatic (2013)

Geri Halliwell (2013)

Dawn French (2013)

Kelly Osbourne (2016)

Sophie Monk (2016)

Eddie Perfect (2016)

Ian Dickson (2016)

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Start
Finish
Winner
Runner-up
Host
Judges
Network

1
18 February 2007
28 April 2007
Bonnie Anderson
Herb Patten
Grant Denyer
Dannii Minogue
Tom Burlinson
Red Symons
Seven Network

2
29 April 2008
1 July 2008
"Smokin'" Joe Robinson
Jourdain

3
4 February 2009
22 April 2009
Mark Vincent
Jal Joshua

4
13 April 2010
15 June 2010
Justice Crew
Cameron Henderson
Dannii Minogue
Kyle Sandilands
Brian McFadden

5
3 May 2011
2 August 2011
Jack Vidgen
Cosentino

6
16 April 2012
25 July 2012
Andrew De Silva
The Wolfe Brothers

7
11 August 2013
10 November 2013
Uncle Jed
Greg Gould
Julia Morris
Geri Halliwell
Timomatic
Dawn French
Kyle Sandilands
Nine Network

8
1 February 2016
14 March 2016
Fletcher Pilon
Chris Tamwoy
Dave Hughes
Kelly Osbourne
Sophie Monk
Eddie Perfect
Ian Dickson

King Social

Matt McClaren

Sisters Doll

text: Season 1 (2007)[edit]

text: The first season of Australia's Got Talent premiered on Seven Network on 18 February 2007, becoming the second incarnation of the Got Talent franchise. The original judges were Dannii Minogue, Tom Burlinson and Red Symons. Singer Bonnie Anderson was crowned the winner of the first season on 28 April 2007, followed by Herb Patten finishing in second place.

text: Season 2 (2008)[edit]

text: The second season of Australia's Got Talent began broadcasting on 29 April 2008 and finished airing on 1 July. Minogue, Burlinson and Symons all returned as judges. The winner was announced as guitarist Joe Robinson, with Jourdain as runner-up.

text: Season 3 (2009)[edit]

text: Auditions for the third season started in late 2008 and successful contestants were notified in December 2008. Filming began on 15 January 2009.

text: The winner was declared on 22 April 2009. This grand finale followed the same format as the 2008 one: acts were eliminated in pairs, as well as each judge picking their favorite act to reappear on the show once more. Mark Vincent won the season, while Jal Joshua became the runner-up. On the grand finale, international opera singer and winner of Britain's Got Talent series one, Paul Potts performed live in the studio.

text: Season 4 (2010)[edit]

text: The fourth season of Australia's Got Talent returned on 13 April 2010.[17] Grant Denyer continued as host, while radio DJ Kyle Sandilands and Irish singer Brian McFadden joined Dannii Minogue on the judging panel as replacements for Red Symons and Tom Burlinson.[17] Auditions for the season took place throughout February 2010 in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth and Adelaide.[18]

text: The show was revamped to look more like Britain's Got Talent, in terms of the stage and the shape of the X's used. The opening was also changed to look similar to Britain's Got Talent's opening, with Australian landmarks instead of British landmarks. Previously, the Australia's Got Talent opening was simply a display of the title. The live shows began on 11 May 2010 and ended on 15 June 2010, where dance troupe Justice Crew were crowned the winners.[19] They were awarded a prize of $250,000,[19] while runner-up Cameron Henderson was awarded a runner-up prize of performing at the 2010 AFL Grand Final.[19]

text: Season 5 (2011)[edit]

text: The fifth season of Australia's Got Talent returned on 3 May 2011.[20] All judges (Dannii Minogue, Kyle Sandilands and Brian McFadden) returned for the season, including host Grant Denyer.[20] The producer auditions took place in 16 cities, throughout New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory.[21] The successful acts from the auditions were then invited to a second audition in front of the judges and a live audience. These auditions began in Gold Coast on 19 February 2011, followed by three days in Melbourne from 25 February 2011.[22] They also took place in Sydney on 12–13 March 2011, and ended in Perth on 20 March 2011.[22]

text: The season was won by 14-year-old singer Jack Vidgen.[23]

text: Season 6 (2012)[edit]

text: Auditions began in October 2011 and concluded in December 2011.[24] The sixth season aired on the Seven Network from 16 April 2012 to 25 July 2012. Once again, Dannii Minogue, Kyle Sandilands and Brian McFadden returned as judges and Grant Denyer returned as host.[25] Sandilands was sick during the Melbourne auditions, so Todd McKenney replaced him.[26] McKenney took the place of McFadden during the finals showdown 2. The winner was singer Andrew de Silva with country rock band, The Wolfe Brothers becoming the runner-up.

text: Season 7 (2013)[edit]

text: Auditions began in March 2013 and concluded in June 2013.[27] The seventh season aired on the Nine Network in 2013.[28] Kyle Sandilands returned to the judging panel, while Dannii Minogue and Brian McFadden were replaced by three new judges Dawn French, Timomatic and Geri Halliwell.[29] Julia Morris replaced Grant Denyer as the host.[29] Mel B was originally due to join the judging panel, however an injunction sought by the Seven Network in the Supreme Court of New South Wales in March 2013 blocked her from appearing.[30] The winner was "Funk/Soul/Jazz/Reggae" band Uncle Jed,[31] with band Greg Gould and The Chase becoming the runner-up.

text: Season 8 (2016)[edit]

text: On 8 July 2015, Nine announced that the show would be returning in 2016 for an eighth season. On Monday 4 January, it was announced that Season eight will be on Monday 1 February.[3][4] It is the second season to air on Nine after it was axed in 2013.[32][33] Auditions are open for September and October 2015.[34] On 28 October 2015, it was announced that Halliwell, French, Timomatic and Sandilands have been replaced with a new panel of judges, they are Kelly Osbourne, Ian "Dicko" Dickson, Sophie Monk and Eddie Perfect.[16] Morris will not return as host as she is committed to another show and will be replaced by Dave Hughes as the host. For the first time, it will now include the Golden Buzzer.[35][36] It premiered on 1 February 2016, and ended on 14 March 2016.[37] The winner was Fletcher Pilon. It has been confirmed the series has yet again been cancelled.[38]

text: Viewership[edit]

text:
Season
Network
Premiere date
Finale date
Episodes
Premiere
ratings
Rank
Finale ratings
(Grand final)
Rank
Finale ratings
(Winner announced)
Rank
Average
series rating
Average
rank

One
Seven Network
18 February 2007
28 April 2007
11
N/A

Two
29 April 2008
1 July 2008
10
1.358
#4
1.733[a]
#1[a]
1.587[a]
#1[a]
1.306
#2

Three
4 February 2009
22 April 2009
12
1.314
#3
1.510[a]
#1[a]
1.610[a]
#1[a]
1.342
#3

Four
13 April 2010
15 June 2010
10
1.493
#2
1.831[a]
#1[a]
1.939[a]
#1[a]
1.561
#3

Five
3 May 2011
2 August 2011
18
1.563
#2
2.316[b]
#2[b]
2.855[b]
#1[b]
1.702
#1

Six
16 April 2012
25 July 2012
21
1.196
#6
1.109[a]
#4[a]
0.998[a]
#7[a]
1.031
#8

Seven
Nine Network
11 August 2013
10 November 2013
14
1.044
#6
1.116[b]
#4[b]
1.391[b]
#1[b]
1.026
#5

Eight
1 February 2016
14 March 2016
13
0.865
#10
0.761[b]
#12[b]
0.908[b]
#6[b]
0.740
#10

Overall Average
109
1.250
#5
1.482
#4
1.611
#3
1.244
#5

text:
a The Grand Final & Winner Announced are separated into 2 episodes
b The Grand Final & Winner Announced are in one episode

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2009
Logie Awards[39]
Most Popular Light Entertainment Program
Australia's Got Talent
Nominated

Most Popular Presenter
Grant Denyer
Nominated

2012
Logie Awards[40]
Most Popular Light Entertainment Program
Australia's Got Talent
Nominated

Most Outstanding Light Entertainment Program
Nominated

2014
Logie Awards[41]
Most Popular New Talent
Timomatic
Nominated


document_title: General election

question_text: when are general elections held in the us

text: General election

text: India[edit]

text: The elections held to elect the members of the Lok Sabha after expiry of the normal term of five years are called the General Elections. Elections to some State Legislative Assemblies may be held along with the Parliamentary Elections. Earlier up to 1957 simultaneous elections were held for both the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies. However, on account of early dismissal and mid-term elections the two got separated.The Indian National Congress won the most elections.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The term general election in the United Kingdom often refers to the elections held on the same day in all constituencies of their Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons. Under the terms of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, the period between one general election and the next is fixed at 5 years, unless the Commons passes a motion of no confidence in the Government sooner than that, or if the House of Commons, with the support of at least two thirds of its members, resolves that a general election should take place sooner.

text: The term may also be used to refer to elections to any democratically elected body in which all of the members are up for election. Section 2 of the Scotland Act 1998, for example, specifically refers to ordinary elections to the Scottish Parliament as general elections.[1]

text: Originally, British elections took place over a period of several weeks, with individual constituencies holding polling on separate days. The Parliament Act 1911 introduced the requirement that elections in all parliamentary constituencies be held on the same day. There has been a convention since the 1930s that general elections in Britain should take place on a Thursday; the last general election to take place on any other weekday was that of 1931.

text: The five-year limit on the time of a Parliament can be varied by an Act of Parliament implemented by several bodies. This was done during both World Wars; the Parliament elected in December 1910 was prolonged to November 1918, and that elected in November 1935 lasted until June 1945. The House of Lords has an absolute veto on any Bill to extend the life of Parliament.

text: United States[edit]

text: In U.S. politics, general elections are elections held at any level (e.g. city, county, congressional district, state) that involve competition between at least two parties. General elections occur every two to six years (depending on the positions being filled with most positions good for four years) and include the presidential election, but unlike parliamentary systems the term can also refer to special elections that fill out positions prematurely vacated by the previous office holder (e.g. through death, resignation, etc.). Some parallels can be drawn between the general election in parliamentary systems and the biennial elections determining all House seats, although there is no analogue to "calling early elections" in the U.S., and the members of the elected U.S. Senate face elections of only one-third at a time at two-year intervals including during a general election.

text: Unlike parliamentary systems where the term is distinguished from by-elections, a general election in the US is used in reference to and distinguished from primaries or caucuses, which are intra-party elections meant to select a party's official candidate for a particular race.

text: In the State of Louisiana the expression general election means the runoff election which occurs between the two highest candidates as determined by the jungle primary.[2]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Scotland Act 1998".
Jump up ^ Chapter 5 of the Louisiana Election Code, incorporating Section 18:401 of the Louisiana Revised Statutes.


document_title: List of local winds

question_text: dry cold wind in south america that blows south west from the andes to the atlantic

text: List of local winds

text: The list covers regional and local winds and local weather phenomena including seasonal wind

text:
A B
C D E
F G H
I J K L
M N
O P Q R
S
T U V W X Y Z

text: Notes

text: A-B[edit]

text:
Abrolhos (Portuguese elisionast of Brazil)
Alisio (easterly trade wind in the Caribbean)[1]
Alize (northeasterly across central Africa and the Caribbean)
Alizé Maritime (wet, fresh northerly wind across west central Africa)[2]
Amihan (northeasterly wind across the Philippines)[3]
Autan (warm, föhn-type southeasterly wind in the Mediterranean Languedoc region)
Barguzin wind (steady, strong wind on Lake Baikal in Russia)
Bayamo (violent wind on Cuba's southern coast)
Berg (South African katabatic wind)
Bise (cold, northern wind in France and northeastern wind in Switzerland)
Brickfielder (hot and dry wind in Southern Australia)
Bora (northeasterly from eastern Europe to northeastern Italy)
Brisote (the northeast trade wind when it is blowing more strongly than usual, in Cuba)[4]
Brookings Effect (off-shore wind on the southwestern Oregon coast, USA)
Buran (a wind which blows across eastern Asia. It is also known as Purga when over the tundra)

text: C-E[edit]

text:
Caju (stormy gale-force north-westerly in the Atlantic coast of Brazil)
Calima (dust-laden south to southeasterly wind blowing in the Saharan Air Layer across the Canary Islands)
Carpinteiro (strong southeasterly wind along the southern Atlantic coast of Brazil)
Cape Doctor (dry south-easterly wind that blows on the South African coast in summer)
Cers (strong, very dry northeasterly wind in the bas-Languedoc region in southern France)
Chetco Effect (alternate term for Brookings Effect, off-shore wind on the southwestern Oregon coast, USA)
Chinook (warm dry westerly off the Rocky Mountains)
Cierzo (cool north/northwesterly wind on Ebro Valley in Spain)
Cordonazo, also referred to as el cordonazo de San Francisco or the Lash of St Francis (southerly hurricane winds along the west coast of Mexico)
Coromuel (south to south-west wind in the La Paz area of the Baja California peninsula and the Gulf of California)
Crivăț (strong, very cold north-easterly wind in Moldavia, Dobruja, and the Bărăgan Plain parts of Romania.)
Diablo (hot, dry, offshore wind from the northeast in the San Francisco bay)
Elephanta (strong southerly or southeasterly wind on the Malabar coast of India)
Etesian (Greek name) or Meltem (Turkish name) (northerly across Greece and Turkey)
Euroclydon (a cyclonic tempestuous northeast wind in the Mediterranean)

text: F-H[edit]

text:
Föhn or foehn (a warm, dry, southerly wind off the northern side of the Alps and North Italy. The name gave rise to the fén-fēng (焚風 'burning wind') of Taiwan)
Fremantle Doctor (afternoon sea breeze from the Indian Ocean which cools Perth, Western Australia during summer)
Garua, la garúa, or garoa (dry winds hitting the lower western slopes of the Andes)
Ghibli (hot dry southeasterly wind of Libya)
Gilavar (south wind in the Absheron Peninsula of the Azerbaijan Republic)
Gregale (northeasterly from Greece)
Habagat (southwesterly wind across the Philippines)[5]
Halny (in northern Carpathians)
Harmattan (dry northerly wind across central Africa)
Helm (north-easterly wind in Cumbria, England)

text: I-L[edit]

text:
Kaimai Breeze (turbulent wind with strong downdrafts in the Kaimai Range)
Kali Andhi or simply Andhi (the violent dust squalls that occur before monsoon in the northwestern parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain region of the Indian Subcontinent)
Karaburan ("power storm") (a spring and winter katabatic wind of central Asia)[6]
Karakaze (strong cold mountain wind from Gunma Prefecture in Japan)
Khamsin (hot dry southeasterly wind of Egypt)
Khazri (cold, coastal gale-force wind of north Caspian Sea)
Kona (southeast wind in Hawaii, replacing trade winds, bringing high humidity and often rain)[7]
Košava (strong and cold southeasterly season wind in Serbia)[8]
Leste (hot, dry easterly wind of the Madeira and Canary Islands)
Viento de Levante or Levanter (easterly through Strait of Gibraltar)
Leveche (Spanish name for a warm southwest wind in parts of coastal Mediterranean Spain)
Libeccio (southwesterly towards Italy)
Llevantades (north-north-east and east-north-east on the east coast of Spain)
Lodos (southwesterly towards Turkey. Strong "Lodos" events occur 6 - 7 times a year bringing 35 kt winds into Marmara Sea. The winds are funnelled SE from the Mediterranean and through the Dardanelles Strait.)
Loo (hot wind which blows over plains of India and Pakistan.)

text: M-N[edit]

text:
Maestro (cold northerly in the Adriatic sea)
Marin (south-easterly from Mediterranean to France)
Meltemi μελτέμι (Greek), or meltem (Turkish) (etesian northerly across Greece, Turkey, and Aegean sea)[citation needed]
Minuano (southern Brazil)
Mistral (cold northerly from central France and the Alps to Mediterranean)
Monsoon (mainly south-westerly winds combined with heavy rain in various areas close to the equator)

East Asian Monsoon, known in Korea as jangma (장마), and in Japan as tsuyu (梅雨) when advancing northwards in the spring and shurin (秋霖) when retreating southwards in autumn.
Monsoon of South Asia

N'aschi (northeastern wind on the Iranian coast of the Persian Gulf, and on the Makran coast)
Nigeq (a strong wind from the east in Greenland)[9]
Norte (strong cold northeasterly wind in Mexico)
North wind (northern cold winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec)
Nor'easter (strong storm with winds from the northeast on the north eastern coast of the United States (particularly New England states) and the east coast of Canada (Atlantic Canada))
Nor'wester (wind that brings rain to the West Coast, and warm dry winds to the East Coast of New Zealand's South Island, caused by the moist prevailing winds being uplifted over the Southern Alps, often accompanied by a distinctive arched cloud pattern)

text: O-R[edit]

text:
Oroshi (颪) (strong katabatic wind across the Kanto Plain)
Ostro (southerly wind in the Mediterranean)
Pampero (Argentina), very strong wind which blows in the Pampa
Papagayo (periodic wind which blows across Nicaragua and Costa Rica and out over the Gulf of Papagayo)
Passat (medium strong, constant blowing wind at sea in tropical areas)
Piteraq (cold katabatic wind on the Greenlandic east coast)
Plough Wind (straight line wind which precedes thunderstorms or thunderstorm clusters)[10]
Poniente (strong west to east wind formed by the wind tunnel effect of the Gibraltar Strait; see Levante for the opposite)
Puelche (on the western slope of the Andes in south-central Chile)[11]
Rashabar (or Rashaba) ("black wind") (a strong wind in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, particularly in Sulaimaniya)[12]
Roaring Forties (strong westerly winds in the Southern Hemisphere)

text: S[edit]

text:
Santa Ana winds (southern California)
Santa Lucia winds (a downslope wind affecting southern San Luis Obispo and northern Santa Barbara Counties, California)
Sarma (cold strong wind at the western shore of Lake Baikal)
Shamal (a summer northwesterly wind blowing over Iraq and the Persian Gulf states)
Sharqi (seasonal dry, dusty Middle Eastern wind coming from the south and southeast)
Simoom (strong, dry, desert wind that blows in Israel, Jordan, Syria, and the desert of Arabia)
Sirocco (southerly from north Africa to southern Europe)
Solano (south to south-easterly wind in the southern sector of Spain)
Southerly Buster (rapidly arriving low pressure cell that dramatically cools Sydney, Australia during summer)
Sou'wester (strong wind which blows from the southwest, and also a type of waterproof hat designed to protect from wind and rain)[13]
Squamish (strong, violent wind occurring in many of the fjords of British Columbia)
Sudestada, (strong offshore wind from the Southeast associated with most of the shipwrecks in Uruguay's Rio de la Plata coast)
Les Suêtes (western Cape Breton Highlands) high speed southeasterly winds[14]
Sukhovey (hot dry wind in the steppes, semi-deserts, and deserts of the Kazakhstan and the Caspian region)
Sundowner, (strong offshore wind off the California coast)

text: T-Z[edit]

text:
Tehuantepecer, or Tehuano wind (periodic wind which blows across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in southern Mexico and out over the Gulf of Tehuantepec)
Tramontane (cold northwesterly from the Pyrenees or northeasterly from the Alps to the Mediterranean, similar to Mistral)
Vendavel (westerly through the Strait of Gibraltar)
Warm Braw (foehn wind in the Schouten Islands, north of New Guinea)
Washoe Zephyr (seasonal diurnal wind in parts of western Nevada)
Williwaw (strong, violent wind occurring in the Strait of Magellan, the Aleutian Islands, and the coastal fjords of Southeast Alaska)
Witch of November, or November Witch (strong winds blowing across the Great Lakes in autumn)
Wreckhouse (strong downslope winds off the Long Range Mountains in south-western Newfoundland)
Zonda wind (on the eastern slope of the Andes in Argentina)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Lizano, Omar (2007). "Climatología del viento y oleaje frente a las costas de Costa Rica" (PDF). Ciencia y Tecnología. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
Jump up ^ Le climat du Senegal (in French)
Jump up ^ English, Fr. Leo James (2004). Tagalog-English Dictionary. Manila: Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer. ISBN 971-08-4357-5.
Jump up ^ Forrester, Frank H. (1981). 1001 Questions Answered about the Weather. Courier Corporation. p. 135. ISBN 9780486242187.
Jump up ^ PAGASA Archived 2013-07-05 at WebCite
Jump up ^ Kotliakov, Vladimir Mikhaĭlovich and Komarova, Anna Igorevna (2006) Elsevier's dictionary of geography: in English, French, Spanish and German Elsevier, Boston, page 392, ISBN 978-0-444-51042-6
Jump up ^ Malo, David (1903) Hawaiian antiquities (Moolelo Hawaii) Hawaiian Gazette Company, Honolulu, Hawaii, page 34 OCLC 13734333
Jump up ^ Romanić D. Ćurić M. Jovičić I. Lompar M. 2015. Long-term trends of the ‘Koshava’ wind during the period 1949–2010. International Journal of Climatology 35(2):288-302. DOI:10.1002/joc.3981.
Jump up ^ Stephen Pax Leonard, "Life in Greenland's polar desert", The Observer 2011-10-30
Jump up ^ Government of Canada (2003-05-01), Twister Sisters Environment Canada, archived from the original on 2009-09-24, retrieved 2009-08-05
Jump up ^ Miller A. World Survey of Climatology. Volume 12. Chapter 3. Climate of Chile.
Jump up ^ Rudloff, Willy (1981) World-climates, with tables of climatic data and practical suggestions" Wissensdraftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart, Germany, page 242, ISBN 3-8047-0509-X
Jump up ^ "sou'wester". Cambridge Dictionaries Online. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Jump up ^ Bowyer, Peter J. and Gray, John M. (1995) Where the wind blows: a guide to marine weather in Atlantic Canada Breakwater, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, ISBN 1-55081-119-3

text: Continent Wise Classification and Distribution of Local Winds

text: Winds

text: Articles with French-language external linksWebarchive template webcite linksAll articles with unsourced statementsArticles with unsourced statements from March 2010Articles containing Japanese-language text


document_title: Chief Election Commissioner of India

question_text: who has been appointed as the election commissioner of india

text: Chief Election Commissioner of India

text: Suggested reforms[edit]

text: In June 2012, Lal Krishna Advani, a veteran Indian politician and former Deputy Prime Minister of India (as well as former Leader of the Opposition in Indian Parliament),[3] suggested that appointment of CEC (as well as the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)) should be made by a bipartisan collegium consisting of the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the Law Minister and the Leaders of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.[4][5] Subsequently, M Karunanidhi, the head of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) party and five times Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu[6] supported the suggestion. Advani made this demand to remove any impression of bias or lack of transparency and fairness because, according to him, the current system was open to "manipulation and partisanship".[4][5] Similar demand was made by many former CEC's such as B B Tandon, N Gopalaswamy and S Y Quraishi.[7][8]

text: Compensation[edit]

text: By the "Election Commission (Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business) Act, 1991", the salary of the chief election commissioner is the same as salary of a Judge of Supreme Court of India.[1]

text:
Salary of the Chief Election Commissioner

Salary

₹250,000 (US$3,800) monthly [1][2]

text: Chief Election Commissioners[edit]

text: The following have held the post of the Chief Election Commissioner of India.[9]

text:
List of Chief Election Commissioners

No.
Name
Took office
Left office

1
Sukumar Sen
21 March 1950
19 December 1958

2
Kalyan Sundaram
20 December 1958
30 September 1967

3
SP Sen Verma
1 October 1967
30 September 1972

4
Nagendra Singh
1 October 1972
6 February 1973

5
T. Swaminathan
7 February 1973
17 June 1977

6
S. L. Shakdhar
18 June 1977
17 June 1982

7
R. K. Trivedi
18 June 1982
31 December 1985

8
R. V. S. Peri Sastri
1 January 1986
25 November 1990

9
V. S. Ramadevi
26 November 1990
11 December 1990

10
T. N. Seshan
12 December 1990
11 December 1996

11
M. S. Gill
12 December 1996
13 June 2001

12
J. M. Lyngdoh
14 June 2001
7 February 2004

13
T. S. Krishnamurthy
8 February 2004
15 May 2005

14
B. B. Tandon
16 May 2005
29 June 2006

15
N. Gopalaswami
30 June 2006
20 April 2009

16
Navin Chawla
21 April 2009
29 July 2010

17
S. Y. Quraishi
30 July 2010
10 June 2012

18
V. S. Sampath
11 June 2012
15 January 2015

19
H. S. Brahma
16 January 2015
18 April 2015

20
Nasim Zaidi
19 April 2015[10]
5 July 2017

21
Achal Kumar Jyoti
6 July 2017[11]
22 January 2018

22
Om Prakash Rawat
23 January 2018[12]
Incumbent


document_title: Conan the Destroyer

question_text: who played the virgin in conan the destroyer

text: Conan the Destroyer

text: Plot[edit]

text: Conan (Schwarzenegger) and his companion, the thief Malak (Walter), are confronted by Queen Taramis (Sarah Douglas) of Shadizar. She tests their combat ability with several of her guards. Satisfied, she tells Conan that she has a quest for him. He refuses her, but when she promises to resurrect his lost love, Valeria, Conan agrees to the quest. He is to escort the Queen's niece, Jehnna (Olivia d'Abo), a virgin, who is destined to restore the jeweled horn of the dreaming god Dagoth; a magic gem must first be retrieved that will locate the horn. Conan and Malak are joined by Bombaata (Chamberlain), the captain of Taramis's guard. Bombaata has secret orders to kill Conan once the gem is obtained.

text: The gem is secured in the fortress of a powerful wizard, so Conan seeks the help of his friend, Akiro (Mako), the Wizard of the Mounds. Akiro has been captured by a tribe of cannibals, and must first be rescued. The adventurers encounter Zula (Grace Jones), a powerful bandit warrior being tortured by vengeful villagers. Freeing Zula at Jehnna's request, Conan accepts the indebted warrior's offer to join their quest.

text: The adventurers travel to the castle of Toth-Amon (Pat Roach), where the gem is located. As they camp for the night, the wizard takes the form of a giant bird and kidnaps Jehnna. The others wake in time to see the bird enter the castle. Sneaking in through a water gate, they search the castle, but Conan is separated from the group, and the others are forced to watch him battle a fierce man-beast. Conan mortally wounds the creature, which is revealed as another form of Toth-Amon. With the wizard's death, the castle begins to disintegrate, forcing the group's hasty retreat. They are ambushed by Taramis's guards, but drive them off. Bombaata feigns ignorance about the attack. The gem reveals the location of the jeweled horn. Jehnna expresses romantic interest in Conan, but he rebuffs her and declares his devotion to Valeria.

text: They reach an ancient temple, where the horn is secured. Jehnna obtains it while Akiro deciphers engravings. He learns that Jehnna will be ritually sacrificed to awaken Dagoth. They are attacked by the priests who guard the horn. A secret exit is revealed, but Bombaata blocks the others' escape and seizes Jehnna. Despite this treachery, Conan and his allies escape from the priests and trek to Shadizar to rescue Jehnna.

text: Malak shows them a secret route to the throne room. Conan confronts Bombaata and kills him in combat. Zula impales the Grand Vizier (Jeff Corey) before he can sacrifice Jehnna. The rising Dagoth (André the Giant) becomes distorted from a beautiful human form into a monstrous entity. Dagoth kills Taramis, then attacks Conan. Zula and Malak join the fight, but are effortlessly swept aside by the entity. Grappling with the monster, Conan tears out Dagoth's horn, weakening the creature enough to kill it.

text: The newly crowned Queen Jehnna offers each of her companions a place in her new court: Zula will be the new captain of the guard, Akiro the queen's advisor, and Malak the court jester. Jehnna offers Conan marriage and the opportunity to rule the kingdom with her, but he declines and departs to find further adventures and his own place in the world.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Arnold Schwarzenegger as Conan
Grace Jones as Zula
Wilt Chamberlain as Bombaata
Mako as Akiro
Tracey Walter as Malak
Sarah Douglas as Queen Taramis
Olivia d'Abo as Princess Jehnna
Pat Roach as Toth-Amon
Jeff Corey as Grand Vizier
Sven-Ole Thorsen as Togra
André the Giant as Dagoth
Ferdy Mayne as The Leader

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Toning down the violence[edit]

text: When John Milius, director of Conan the Barbarian, was unavailable, Dino De Laurentiis suggested Richard Fleischer to his daughter Raffaella De Laurentiis, who was producing Conan the Destroyer. Fleischer had already made Barabbas (1961) and Mandingo (1975) for Dino De Laurentiis.

text: Conan the Barbarian made about $40 million at the U.S. box office when it was released in 1982 with an R-rating, and an additional $50 million in other markets. Because Universal Pictures and producer Dino De Laurentiis thought it would have been even more successful if it had been less violent, they wanted to tone down the violence in the sequel. Conan the Destroyer originally received an R-rating like its predecessor, but the film was recut to secure a PG-rating. Fleischer delivered a movie that was less violent (and somewhat more humorous) than the first, although some scenes of violence have bloody results (the PG-13 rating did not exist until August of that same year). Carlo Rambaldi created the Dagoth monster.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Arnold Schwarzenegger and Mako Iwamatsu, who played the Wizard of the Mound and narrator in the first film, return from the first film, and Mako's character is now named. Sven-Ole Thorsen, who played Thorgrim in the first film, also returned, but this time he had to partially cover his face with a mask, as he was playing a different (yet more bearded) character. Singer Grace Jones performed the female warrior Zula, the last of her tribe. This was the first major role for seven-foot, one-inch-tall basketball player Wilt Chamberlain and the debut of Olivia d'Abo, who played the petulant teenaged princess.[3] David L. Lander was originally cast to play the foolish thief Malak, but due to his deteriorating health from the onset of multiple sclerosis, he was forced to quit the project, and the part was recast with Tracey Walter.[4] André the Giant played Dagoth, but was not credited in the film, as he was in costume.[5]

text: Photography[edit]

text: Conan the Destroyer was the fourth film on which British director of photography Jack Cardiff worked with Fleischer. Cardiff had already photographed The Vikings (1958), Crossed Swords (1977), and Amityville 3-D (1983) for the director. They worked together twice more on Million Dollar Mystery (1987), and Fleischer’s last film, the short Call from Space (1989), which was shot in the 65-mm Showscan process. Cardiff’s other notable films include John Huston's The African Queen (1951), King Vidor's War and Peace (1956), and Rambo: First Blood Part II (1985). However, he is best known for his extraordinary Technicolor photography on three films directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger in the 1940s — A Matter of Life and Death (1946), Black Narcissus (1947, for which Cardiff won an Oscar), and The Red Shoes (1948).

text: Locations[edit]

text: Shooting took place in Mexico from November 1 to February 10, 1984.[3]

text: Deleted scenes[edit]

text: In the film, a camel is knocked to the ground, and after struggling to get back up, its hind legs are drawn forward with wires so that it is forced to sit down before falling to the ground. This sequence is cut from the U.K. version, although a later scene in which Conan apologizes to the camel is left in. Also cut is a double horse-fall in the opening battle.[citation needed] To secure a PG rating, Sarah Douglas said several scenes involving her character were cut, including a sex scene with Schwarzenegger, slapping Chamberlain, a virgin sacrifice, and the seduction of a statue.[6]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score of Conan The Destroyer was composed, conducted, and produced by Basil Poledouris, and it was performed by the orchestra Unione Musicisti Di Roma.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Conan the Destroyer grossed $31 million in the U.S.[1] Schwarzenegger, Fleischer, and De Laurentiis subsequently teamed up again to make Red Sonja a year later. The film was nominated for two Razzie Awards, including Worst Supporting Actress and won Worst New Star for D'Abo.[7]

text: Roger Ebert rated the film 3 out of 4 stars and wrote that Conan the Destroyer is "sillier, funnier, and more entertaining" than the first film. In praising the film's use of character actors, Ebert singled out Jones, who he said brings rock star charisma to her role.[8] Variety called it "the ideal sword and sorcery picture" and also praised Jones.[9] Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that Schwarzenegger struggles with the film's more comedic tone.[10]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, which collects both contemporary and modern reviews, reports that 26% of 23 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.4/10.[11]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Marvel Comics published a comic-book adaptation of the film by writer Michael Fleisher and artist John Buscema in Marvel Super Special #35 (Dec. 1984).[12] The adaptation was also available as a two-issue limited series.[13]

text: Roy Thomas and Gerry Conway wrote the original story treatment but were dissastified with the final screenplay by Stanley Mann and the finished film. They made their story into the graphic novel Conan the Barbarian: The Horn of Azoth, published in 1990, with art by Mike Docherty.[14] The names of the characters were changed to distance the graphic novel from the movie: Dagoth became Azoth, Jehnna became Natari, Zula became Shumballa, Bombaata became Strabo, Thoth-Amon became Rammon, and the characters of Queen Taramis and The Leader were combined into sorcerer Karanthes, father of Natari.

text: Robert Jordan wrote a novelization of the film in 1984 for Tor Books.

text: Conan the Conqueror[edit]

text: The third film in the Conan trilogy had been planned for a 1987 release with the title Conan the Conqueror. The director was to have been either Guy Hamilton or John Guillermin. Arnold Schwarzenegger was committed to the film Predator, and De Laurentiis's contract with the star had expired after his obligation to Red Sonja and Raw Deal, and he was not keen to negotiate a new one. The third Conan film fell into development hell. The script was eventually turned into Kull the Conqueror.[15][16]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Kim Wayans' spoof portrayals of Grace Jones on the show In Living Color are based on Grace's performance of Zula in this film. In 1985, Australian heavy metal music group Prowler changed its name to Taramis after the character from this film.[17]


document_title: NCAA Division II

question_text: how many scholarships do division 2 football teams get

text: NCAA Division II

text: Membership[edit]

text: There are currently 300 full and 20 provisional members of Division II with seven institutions moving to full membership in September 2015.[2] Division II schools tend to be smaller public universities and many private institutions. A large minority of Division II institutions (133 schools / 42%) have fewer than 2,499 students. Only 12 institutions have more than 15,000 undergraduates, and only UC San Diego (which is set to move to Division I in 2020) has more than 25,000. Division II has a diverse membership, with two active member institutions in Alaska and four in Hawaii. Additionally, it is the only division that has member institutions in Puerto Rico and the only division that has expanded its membership to include an international member institution. Simon Fraser University became the first institution outside the US to enter the NCAA membership process. This occurred after the Division II Membership Committee accepted the institution's application during a July 7–9 meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana. Simon Fraser, located in the Vancouver suburb of Burnaby, British Columbia, began a two-year candidacy period September 1, 2009. Prospective members also must complete at least one year of provisional status before being accepted as full-time Division II members. In the fall of 2012, the NCAA President's Council officially approved Simon Fraser University as the organization's first international member.[3] In April 2017, the NCAA made permanent the pilot program under which Simon Fraser was admitted to the NCAA,[4] allowing each division to determine whether to allow Canadian or Mexican schools to join.[5] In January 2018, Division II became the first NCAA division to officially allow Mexican schools to apply for membership, provided that they meet the same standards as US-based D-II members, including US regional accreditation.[5] The Mexican school CETYS, which is fully accredited in both countries, is seeking to join the NCAA with the backing of the California Collegiate Athletic Association.[4]

text: Overview[edit]

text: Men's team sports[edit]

text:
Number
Sport
Teams[6]
Conferences
Scholarships
per team
Season
Most Championships

1
Football
173
16
7001360000000000000♠36.0
Fall
Disputed

2
Basketball
320
24
7001100000000000000♠10.0
Winter
Kentucky Wesleyan (8)

3
Baseball
270
24
7000900000000000000♠9.0
Spring
Florida Southern (9)

4
Soccer
215
24
7000900000000000000♠9.0
Fall
Southern Connecticut State University (6)

5
Lacrosse
65
24
7001108000000000000♠10.8
Spring
Adelphi (7)

6
Volleyball*
24
4
7000450000000000000♠4.5
Spring
UCLA (19)

7
Water polo*
7
4
7000450000000000000♠4.5
Fall
California (13)

text: * Championships are combined with DI

text: Sports are ranked according to total possible scholarships (number of teams x number of scholarships per team). Scholarship numbers for head-count sports are indicated without a decimal point. Numbers for equivalency sports are indicated with a decimal point, with a trailing zero if needed.

text: Men's individual sports[edit]

text:
No.
Sport
Teams[6]
Athletes[6]
Season

1
Track (outdoor)
210
7,189
Spring

2
Track (indoor)
166
5,826
Winter

3
Cross country
280
3,679
Fall

4
Swimming & diving
73
1,500
Winter

5
Golf
237
2,470
Spring

6
Tennis
174
1,749
Spring

7
Wrestling
60
1,946
Winter

text: Women's team sports[edit]

text:
No.
Sport
Teams[6]
Conferences
Scholarships
per team
Season
Most Championships

1
Basketball
321
24
7001100000000000000♠10.0
Winter
Cal Poly Pomona and North Dakota State (5)

2
Soccer
267
24
7000990000000000000♠9.9
Fall
Grand Valley State and Franklin Pierce (5)

3
Volleyball
308
24
7000800000000000000♠8.0
Fall
Concordia St. Paul (8)

4
Softball
299
24
7000720000000000000♠7.2
Spring
Cal State Northridge (4)

5
Rowing
16
24
7001200000000000000♠20.0
Spring
Western Washington (8)

6
Lacrosse
100
24
7000990000000000000♠9.9
Spring
Adelphi (8)

7
Field Hockey
30
24
7000630000000000000♠6.3
Fall
Bloomsburg (13)

8
Water Polo*
10
6
7000800000000000000♠8.0
Spring
UCLA (7)

text: Championships are combined with D-I

text: Women's individual sports[edit]

text:
No.
Sport
Teams[6]
Athletes[6]
Season

1
Track (outdoor)
236
7,104
Spring

2
Track (indoor)
189
5,921
Winter

3
Cross country
307
3,897
Fall

4
Swimming & diving
94
1,853
Winter

5
Golf
195
1,561
Spring

6
Tennis
232
2,067
Spring

7
Gymnastics
7
130
Winter

text: Requirements[edit]

text: Division II institutions have to sponsor at least five sports for men and five for women (or four for men and six for women), with two team sports for each sex, and each playing season represented by each sex. Teams that consist of both men and women are counted as men's teams for sports sponsorship purposes.[7] There are contest and participant minimums for each sport,[8] as well as scheduling criteria—football and men's and women's basketball teams must play at least 50 percent of their games against Division II or Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) or Football Championship Subdivision (formerly Division I-AA) opponents. For sports other than football and basketball there are no scheduling requirements, as long as each contest involves full varsity teams. The only NCAA sport in which contests against club teams can count toward a team's contest minimum is women's rugby, in which two such contests per school year can be counted.[9] There are not attendance requirements for football, nor arena size requirements for basketball. There are maximum financial aid awards for each sport, as well as a separate limit on financial aid awards in men's sports, that a Division II school must not exceed. Division II teams usually feature a number of local or in-state student-athletes. Many Division II student-athletes pay for school through a combination of scholarship money, grants, student loans and employment earnings. Division II athletics programs are financed in the institution's budget like other academic departments on campus. Traditional rivalries with regional institutions dominate schedules of many Division II athletics programs.[10]

text: Athletic scholarships are offered in most sponsored sports at most institutions, but with more stringent limits as to the numbers offered in any one sport than at the Division I level. For example, Division II schools may give financial aid in football equivalent to 36 full scholarships (whereas each school in Division I FBS, the highest level, is allowed 85 individuals receiving financial aid for football), although some Division II conferences limit the number of scholarships to a lower level. Division II scholarship programs are frequently the recipients of student-athletes transferring from Division I schools; a transfer student does not have to sit out a year before resuming sports participation as would usually be the case in the event of transferring from one Division I institution to another. Several exceptions to this rule currently exist, of which three are the most significant. First, football players transferring from a Division I FBS school to a Division I FCS school do not have to sit out a year, provided that the player has at least two remaining seasons of athletic eligibility. The same also applies to players transferring from scholarship-granting FCS schools to non-scholarship FCS schools.[11][a] Second, in sports other than football, baseball, men's and women's basketball, and men's ice hockey, a first-time transfer does not have to sit out a year, provided that the player's former institution grants a scholarship release.[11] Additionally, student-athletes in any sport who complete a bachelor's degree and still have athletic eligibility remaining can transfer to another school and be immediately eligible, provided that they enroll in a graduate or professional degree program at the new institution.[12]

text: Conferences competing in Division II[edit]

text:
California Collegiate Athletic Association
Central Atlantic Collegiate Conference
Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association^
Conference Carolinas
East Coast Conference
Great American Conference^
Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference^
Great Lakes Valley Conference^
Great Midwest Athletic Conference
Great Northwest Athletic Conference^
Gulf South Conference^
Heartland Conference
Lone Star Conference^
Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association^
Mountain East Conference^
Northeast Ten Conference^
Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference^
Pacific West Conference
Peach Belt Conference
Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference^
Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference^
South Atlantic Conference^
Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference^
Sunshine State Conference

text: ^ Conferences that sponsor football

text: The newest D-II conference is the Mountain East Conference, formed in 2012 after the football-sponsoring schools in the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WVIAC) announced that they would leave to form a new league,[13][14] a move that led to the demise of the WVIAC. The Mountain East was approved by the NCAA Division II Membership Committee in February 2013, and became an official conference on September 1 of that year.[15]

text: Independents[edit]

text: Division II Independent schools

text: Scholarship limits by sport[edit]

text: The NCAA imposes limits on the total financial aid each Division II member may award in each sport that the school sponsors. All Division II sports are classified as "equivalency" sports, meaning that the NCAA restricts the total financial aid that a school can offer in a given sport to the equivalent of a set number of full scholarships.[16] This differs from Division I, in which some sports are "head-count" sports in which the NCAA limits the total number of individuals who can receive athletic aid. In another practice that differs from Division I, Division II members are limited to a combined total of 60 scholarship equivalents for men's sports apart from football and basketball.[17]

text: Scholarship limits in bold are identical to those for Division I members in the same sport for the same sex. Most, but not all, of these sports have a single championship open to schools from all divisions (for example bowling and rifle), or a combined Division I/II national championship and a separate Division III championship (as in women's ice hockey and men's volleyball). Examples of sports with identical scholarship numbers in the two divisions, but separate national championships for each, include men's cross-country and women's rowing.

text: In sports that conduct "National Collegiate" championships open to schools from multiple divisions, Division II schools are allowed to award the same number of scholarships as Division I members.[18] If the Division I scholarship limit is higher than the Division II limit, the D-II member must annually file a declaration of intent to compete under Division I rules with the NCAA prior to June 1.[19]

text: Additionally, if the NCAA sponsors a Division I championship but not a Division II championship in a given sport, D-II members are allowed to compete in the D-I championship,[20] and are also allowed to operate under D-I scholarship limits.[21] An example of this situation can be seen in men's ice hockey, which has not had a Division II championship in the 21st century. Several schools in the Northeast-10 Conference compete under Division II scholarship limits; other Division II schools with programs in that sport choose to play as Division I programs under the higher Division I scholarship limits.

text: Rifle is classified by the NCAA as a men's sport, but allows competitors of both sexes.

text:
Sport
Men's
Women's

Baseball

9.0

-

Basketball

10.0

10.0

Beach volleyball

-

5.0

Bowling

-

5.0

Cross-country/track & field

12.6[s 1]

12.6[s 2]

Equestrian

-

15.0

Fencing

4.5

4.5

Field hockey

-

6.3

Football

36.0

-

Golf

3.6

5.4

Gymnastics

5.4

6.0

Ice hockey

13.5

18.0

Lacrosse

10.8

9.9

Rifle

3.6

-

Rowing

-

20.0

Rugby

-

12.0

Skiing

6.3

6.3

Soccer

9.0

9.9

Softball

-

7.2

Swimming and diving

8.1

8.1

Tennis

4.5

6.0

Triathlon

-

5.0

Volleyball

4.5

8.0

Water polo

4.5

8.0

Wrestling

9.0

-

text:
Jump up ^ Schools that do not sponsor men's indoor or outdoor track, but do sponsor men's cross-country, are allowed 5.0 equivalents.[22]
Jump up ^ Schools that do not sponsor women's indoor or outdoor track, but do sponsor women's cross-country, are allowed 6.0 equivalents.[22]

text: Interaction with other divisions[edit]

text: The NCAA does not strictly prevent its member institutions from playing outside of their own division, or indeed playing against schools that are not members of the NCAA, but it is discouraged in many sports.

text: NAIA[edit]

text: Many Division II schools frequently schedule matches against members of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), which consists of colleges and universities across the United States and Canada that promote competitive and character-based athletics that is controlled by its membership, as opposed to the NCAA that serves as a regulating body.

text: Division I[edit]

text: Division II schools also frequently schedule "money games", usually in football and men's basketball, against Division I schools.

text: In football, D-II teams once occasionally played games against schools that are now in Division I FBS, but this practice has ended because under current NCAA rules, FBS schools cannot use victories over schools below FCS level for establishing bowl eligibility. Today, D-II "money games" are exclusively against FCS schools, whose postseason eligibility is less seriously impacted by scheduling a D-II opponent. In basketball, where conference tournaments play a large role in determining postseason participants, D-I schools have less of a penalty for scheduling an occasional D-II opponent, resulting in more "money games".

text: In any event, the D-II school is almost invariably the visiting team, and is invited to play with knowledge that it will likely be defeated but will receive a substantial (at least by Division II standards) monetary reward which will help to finance much of the rest of the season and perhaps other sports as well. Such games are funded by Division I schools which can afford such games.

text: In recent years, "money games" in men's basketball have also included preseason exhibitions against D-I programs, typically in the same region, that do not count in official statistics for either team. Under NCAA rules, Division I teams are allowed to play two exhibition games in a season, and must host these games.[23]

text: The University of Kansas helps the state's four Division II members by rotating them onto the Jayhawks' exhibition schedule annually. Milwaukee, which has been a Division I member since 1990, has continued its series with their former Division II rival Wisconsin-Parkside as part of their exhibition schedule.

text: When these exhibition games do happen, there are times when the Division II team does win, and against a well-respected Division I program. In 2009, a Division II team beat the eventual Big East regular season champion.[24] In 2010, two other Division II teams beat teams that reached the NCAA Division I tournament.[24] In 2011, another Division II team defeated a Division I team that finished in the top half of the Pac-12 Conference. In 2012, another Division II team beat[24] eventual Atlantic Coast Conference regular-season and tournament champion Miami.[25]

text: Also in basketball, one of the best-known early-season tournaments for D-I men's teams, the Maui Invitational, is hosted by D-II member Chaminade. Through the 2017 edition, Chaminade competed in every tournament, but in the future will compete only in odd-numbered years. The now-defunct Great Alaska Shootout, which had men's and women's tournaments, was also hosted by a D-II member, namely Alaska–Anchorage. Chaminade typically loses all games it plays in Maui; Alaska–Anchorage also typically lost all of its men's Shootout games, but was frequently competitive in the women's version.

text: Non-revenue sports competition[edit]

text: Matches between the different collegiate divisions in non-revenue sports are often quite competitive. Indeed, in some sports, among them ice hockey and men's volleyball, there is no Division II national championship. In hockey, many schools whose athletic programs are otherwise Division II compete in Division I, and men's volleyball has a truncated divisional structure with a Division III championship but no Division II championship (as opposed to the NAIA, which fully includes men's volleyball in its divisional structure). In any sport that does not have a Division II national championship, Division II members are allowed to award the same number of scholarships as Division I members.


document_title: Jennifer Jareau

question_text: criminal minds what episode does jj find out she pregnant

text: Jennifer Jareau

text: Character background[edit]

text: During various episodes, Jareau has described growing up in a small town near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. When she was eleven, her seventeen-year-old sister Rosaline committed suicide[1] by cutting.[2] Rosaline's death was a particularly painful topic for her and she initially chose not to tell her young son about Rosaline, until her mother Sandy reminded her that avoidance was not the solution to dealing with the pain. A high school athlete, Jareau graduated valedictorian[3] from East Allegheny High School, where she was the captain of the varsity soccer team her senior year and earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh. She also attended Georgetown, presumably for graduate studies.

text: JJ decided to join the FBI after attending a book reading by BAU founder and then-Unit Chief Agent David Rossi. She once told Rossi that she had not known what to do with her life until she listened to his reading, which was held in the campus bookstore during her senior year in college. The next fall, she applied to the FBI Academy.

text: Storylines[edit]

text: In the FBI's Behavioral Analysis Unit (BAU), JJ acted as the team's liaison with the media and local police agencies.[4] Though talented and helpful, she was not actually a profiler, having once declined Unit Chief Aaron Hotchner's suggestion to take the necessary classes in behavioral analysis.[5] She works mostly out of the confines of the police stations and field offices the team visits. However, she does accompany the team on raids, and is proficient with firearms. This is made particularly clear when JJ resolves a hostage situation inside the BAU by killing the hostage-taker, Jason Clark Battle, with a single shot (Battle is a serial perpetrator of hero homicide, who lured Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia onto a date, and then shot her, in an attempt to keep his crimes from being discovered). During season six, JJ is given a promotion to the Pentagon; however, she returns in season seven as a full-time profiler, having received the necessary training. In season 9 ("200"), she is then kidnapped, and it is revealed that her year as the DOD Liaison at the Pentagon was a cover story. It turns out she was on a task force in Afghanistan, in search for Bin Laden. The team saves her, and in season 10, it is revealed she has PTSD, and hasn't been dealing with her ordeal being tortured when she was kidnapped, as well as 2 main events that happened when she was in Afghanistan, one of which includes her having a miscarriage, after a convoy was attacked. She tries to work through it with the help of Reid, who calls her on it when she disappears into the morgue one day, for almost a half-hour, after seeing herself on the table, in place of the victim.

text: Promotion to Pentagon and brief return[edit]

text: It is revealed in "JJ", that JJ had twice rejected a promotion to The Pentagon and hid the offers from her superiors. However, she is finally forced to transfer by "the brass."[6] JJ's departure reflects that Cook was let go at the beginning of season six, for financial reasons relating to the premiere of the spin-off Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior.[7] JJ's time at the Pentagon was revealed in depth in season nine.

text: Cook later returned for the departure of Paget Brewster (Agent Emily Prentiss).[8] In the episode titled "Lauren", JJ receives a call and returns to help the BAU find Emily and capture Ian Doyle. The episode ends with Emily presumed dead after being stabbed with a broken chair leg in the stomach. It is later revealed that Emily is alive and in Paris with JJ's help, providing her passports from three different countries and a bank account in each "to keep her comfortable". In the season six finale, JJ returns in order to tell David Rossi that she is "coming back".

text: In "200", it was revealed that JJ's transfer was a backstop and that she was actually put on a task force in the Middle East with Mateo Cruz (who later became the section chief of the BAU following Strauss's death). During this time, she witnessed a mission she had pushed for fail and discovered one of the task force's informants dead. In February 2011, while overseas, she discovered that she was pregnant. However, in April 2011, following the events of "Lauren", during an attack on the task force, she was wounded and miscarried the baby. She didn't initially tell Will of the pregnancy, and it remained a secret between her and Cruz. In "The Forever People", when she starts showing signs of PTSD, Reid calls her on it, and he tries to help her and talk to her. She eventually admits she had a miscarriage due to the attack on her convoy, and asks him to keep it between them.

text: Return to the BAU[edit]

text: The season seven premiere reveals that JJ has returned to the Behavioral Analysis Unit, having received the training to become a full-time profiler, instead of the Media Liaison, a position which has been split between Hotch and Garcia.

text: She is initially against summoning Prentiss "back from the dead," but Hotch insists on telling the team the truth. Also, she learns Reid is emotionally hurt by her deception, as she knew he cried for ten weeks after losing Prentiss and she never said a word, and Reid revealed he considered taking Dilaudid again.

text: In season nine, the events during her departure in 2010–11 returned when Mateo Cruz was promoted to Section Chief. In "The Road Home", while waiting to meet Cruz, she is suddenly kidnapped. In "200", it is revealed that she was kidnapped by a man named Tivon Askari, who was a traitor in the task force, in order to access files from her mission in the Middle East. She was held hostage alongside Cruz and was tortured into giving up the code. She discovered that Askari was not working alone when he mentioned her miscarriage, revealing the true enemy to be Michael Hastings, a man she worked with on the task force. He threatened to rape JJ in order to get Cruz to give up his access code. She is rescued by Hotch and Prentiss, and she proceeds to chase after Hastings. Prentiss accompanies her and they both take on Hastings, resulting in Hastings falling off a roof to his death. JJ is left traumatized by the situation and promises to stop the lies and give only the truth.

text: A year after her kidnapping and torture, she starts experiencing PTSD, something that Reid notices. When she is confronted by him, she asks him to provide a term to describe her situation, saying that it's more than PTSD. She breaks down and reveals the source of her PTSD to be Tivon Askari and reveals her miscarriage to Reid. She later takes an extremely large risk against an UnSub in a room with a gas leak, which could have resulted the deaths of herself, the UnSub, and a hostage. Reid approaches her in the BAU to tell her that while he couldn't find a term to describe JJ's condition, he called Emily and managed to obtain Askari's file, revealing his background of his life on the streets of Tikrit, Iraq, and his criminal background. JJ unknowingly hallucinates Askari in the room with her. He taunts her and tells her that he wants to watch her kill herself. He also tells her that he will take her sleep, her smile, and her safety away, as well as change her so that her husband and son won't even recognise her. He explains that the memories will eventually take away everything she holds dear, but JJ snarls a harsh "No" to Askari before realizing it was all a hallucination.

text: Relationships and family[edit]

text: Prior to her courtship and marriage to Will, JJ displayed little interest in dating. She once went on a date with Spencer Reid to a Washington Redskins game, but little came of it romantically, although the two became very good friends. In the season 2 episode "Jones", JJ first meets William "Will" LaMontagne, Jr. a NOPD detective whom the team worked with while in New Orleans after a serial killer presumed dead following Hurricane Katrina resurfaces. It is revealed the following season that he and JJ had been seeing each other for the past year but kept it a secret as she wanted to keep her personal life away from the prying eyes of her colleagues, which Will initially misunderstood as her being ashamed of their relationship.[9] When she finally reveals their relationship by kissing him goodbye in her office with the blinds open, it is apparent that her colleagues already knew about them.

text: In "The Crossing",[10] JJ told Will that she was pregnant with his child. He later asked her to marry him, and indicated that he was willing to give up his detective's shield in order to help take care of the baby and allow JJ to continue to do her job, though he was worried about her safety and the safety of their child.[11] JJ later told Hotch she had found a temporary replacement for the duration of her maternity leave,[12] and soon after gave birth to a baby boy named Henry. Will transfers to the MPDC, and the family live together in Washington.[13] In later seasons, toddler Henry is portrayed by actress A. J. Cook's real-life son Mekhai Andersen. JJ and Will named Reid and Technical Analyst Penelope Garcia as Henry's godparents. When JJ returned from maternity leave, she and Will had exchanged rings with Henry's birthstone, but did not seem to be officially engaged, as she wore her ring on her right hand, not the left. In the season seven finale, JJ tearfully asked Will to propose to her again, and they married the following evening in a small ceremony in David Rossi's backyard.

text: Characterization[edit]

text: JJ is very loyal to her family and friends, as well as very protective. She is also known to be a crack shot. This was demonstrated in many episodes such as "Nanny Dearest" by shooting a fleeing suspect in the head at a faraway distance. In "Revelations", she killed numerous flesh eating dogs in a dark barn. In "Penelope", she kills Garcia's attacker by shooting him directly between the eyes precisely as he turns around to find JJ behind him. Despite her petite frame, she is very athletic and has shown herself to be able to hold her own even if disarmed. In the season 7 finale, she manages to physically fight off a stronger and taller suspect who had tried to kill Will and took their son Henry hostage. She is best friends with Spencer (and is the only one who calls him "Spence"), Penelope, and Emily.

text: Fears and obsessions[edit]

text: In "The Boogeyman", JJ reveals that she is afraid of the woods. When agents Derek Morgan and Dr. Spencer Reid ask her why, she tells them a chilling story about working as a summer camp counselor and discovering her boss's murdered body in his cabin. After telling the story, she admits she was joking, and says she doesn't know why she is afraid of the woods. In the same episode, JJ also states that she has a niece who, at the time, is about 8 years old.

text: When she and Reid unexpectedly came across serial killer Tobias Hankel in the episode "The Big Game", and split up to apprehend the suspect, JJ walked into a dark barn and was attacked by several attack dogs. Although JJ shot and killed the dogs, saving her own life, Reid was abducted by Hankel in the meantime, and would later be tortured and almost killed by Hankel before the BAU team was able to rescue him. After this traumatic experience, it appears that JJ developed a fear of dogs.

text: In the episode "Penelope", it's announced that JJ has never shot someone until she shot the man who had attempted to kill, and who continued to threaten the life of, Penelope Garcia.

text: She also seems to have a slight obsession with Cheetos. She can be seen eating them often, and it was implied that her online Scrabble handle was "Cheeto-breath" when she was playing Emily (who was hiding in Paris at the time).

text: In "Mr. Scratch", JJ tells Hotch that her worst fear as a child was being separated from her parents.


document_title: Epistle to the Philippians

question_text: who was the book of philippians written to

text: Epistle to the Philippians

text: Historical background[edit]

text: The historical background of Philippians is traditionally gathered from two main primary New Testament sources: informative internal data from the letter itself, and related information garnered from the rest of the New Testament Canon, especially from the Acts of the Apostles and the other Pauline Epistles.[2] Other primary information is also derived from external historical sources related to the chronological connections between Paul's association with Philippi, its political and economical setting, and its social and religio-philosophical context.[3]

text: According to the document itself, the Philippians had sent Epaphroditus, their envoy ("messenger [apostolon] and minister [leitourgon]" Phil 2:25), with contributions as an expression of their "partnership" and "concern" to meet the needs of Paul (Phil 1:3–5, Phil 2:30, and Phil 4:10–19).

text: During the execution of his responsibilities of travel to deliver their "gift" (Phil 4:17), Epaphroditus contracted some life-threatening debilitating illness (esthenese, cf. Phil 2:26–27). At some point he recovers. It is at this time, whether premeditated or due to an extended stay with the apostle, various internal matters are revealed to Paul on the part of Epaphroditus (Phil 1:27–30, Phil 2:19–24, Phil 3:2–3, Phil 3:17–20, Phil 4:2–3, and Phil 4:9).

text: Upon Epaphroditus' return to health, Paul sends word to the Philippians through Epaphroditus of his upcoming sentence in Rome and of his optimism in the face of death (1:18b–26), along with exhortations to imitate his capacity to rejoice in the Lord despite one's circumstances (2:14–18). Moreover, Paul sends counsel regarding spiritual adversaries among the Philippians (3:1–21), and conflicts within their fellowship (4:2–3). Lastly, he provides receipt of both Epaphroditus' heroism (2:25–30) and the arrival of "the gift" (4:10), along with his promise of a divine accounting (4:17–20).

text: Within the letter is also found an optimism where Paul's belief of his release is the basis upon which he promises to send Timothy to them for ministry (3:19–23), and an anticipation to also pay them a personal visit (2:24). With this communication Epaphroditus sets out on his homeward journey (2:28–29).

text: There has been ongoing debate regarding where Paul was when he wrote this letter (and therefore the date of the letter's composition). Internal evidence in the letter itself points clearly to it being composed while Paul was in custody (Philippians 1:7,13), but which period of imprisonment is highly debated[citation needed]. Some suggest the Roman imprisonment at the end of the Book of Acts (chapter 28:30,31). Others suggest the earlier Caesarean imprisonment (Acts 23–26). Still others suggest an earlier imprisonment again, and postulate an Ephesian imprisonment during Paul's lengthy stay in that city (Acts 19). Until recently no one seems to have advocated the second period of Roman imprisonment (after the end of the book of Acts, but attested to in the writings of early church fathers).[4] Jim Reiher considered and speculated on this theory in a 2012 article.[5] The main reasons suggested for a later date, include:

text:
The letter's highly developed Ecclesiology
An impending sense of death permeating the letter
The absence of any mention of Luke in a letter to Luke’s home church (when the narrative in Acts clearly suggests that Luke was with Paul in his first Roman imprisonment)
A harsher imprisonment than the open house arrest of his first Roman imprisonment
A similar unique expression that is shared only with 2 Timothy[citation needed]
A similar disappointment with co-workers shared only with 2 Timothy.

text: This second Roman imprisonment theory is still to be rigorously debated in the wider theological community.

text: Authorship[edit]

text: The letter begins in standard form for an ancient Hellenistic letter structure, with author – or senders – first, then recipients with a greeting (Phil. 1.1–2).[6]

text: The address and the greeting is clear:

text: Outline[edit]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Philippians 2:5–11:[8]

text: Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus, who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men. Being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. For this reason also, God highly exalted Him, and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow, of those who are in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and that every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.

text: The letter was written to the church at Philippi, one of the earliest churches to be founded in Europe. They were very attached to Paul, just as he was very fond of them. Of all the churches, their contributions (which Paul gratefully acknowledges) are among the only ones he accepts. (Acts 20:33–35; 2 Cor. 11:7–12; 2 Thess. 3:8). The generosity of the Philippians comes out very conspicuously (Phil. 4:15). "This was a characteristic of the Macedonian missions, as 2 Cor. 8 and 9 amply and beautifully prove. It is remarkable that the Macedonian converts were, as a class, very poor (2 Cor. 8:2), though the very first converts were of all classes (Acts 16); and the parallel facts, their poverty and their open-handed support of the great missionary and his work, are deeply harmonious." (Moule).

text: As with all epistles, the original was composed in Greek.[9]

text: Christology[edit]

text: Philippians has been the subject of much research and Ralph P. Martin argues that Philippians 2 may be considered the beginning of the field of Christology, specifically referring to the rich analysis that Apostle Paul began in Philippians 2:5–6.[10] Veronica Koperski views Philippians 3:10 as the beginning of the analysis of the knowledge of Christ.[11]

text: While Paul's opening prayer is for love (1:9), based on knowledge of Christ, his final prayer is for the peace of God (4:7), which surpasses all understanding. Thus the concepts of love, knowledge and peace are jointly developed in the Epistle.[12]