document_title: iPhone 5S

question_text: how many inches is the iphone 5s screen

question_tokens: how many inches is the iphone 5s screen

text: iPhone 5S

text: History[edit]

text: Before its official unveiling, media speculation primarily centered on reports that the next iPhone would include a fingerprint scanner; including Apple's July 2012 acquisition of AuthenTec, a developer of mobile security products,[19] references to a fingerprint sensor on the home button in the beta release of iOS 7[20] and leaked packaging for an iPhone 5S showing that the traditional home button now had a metallic "ring" around it. Similar ring-based imagery was seen on the official invitation to Apple's iPhone press event in September 2013, where the new device was unveiled.[21] Shortly before its official unveiling, The Wall Street Journal also reported the rumor.[22][23]

text: Apple announced the iPhone 5C and the iPhone 5S during a media event at its Cupertino headquarters on September 10, 2013.[12][24] While the iPhone 5C became available for preorder on September 13, 2013, the iPhone 5S was not available for preorder. Both devices were released on September 20, 2013.[25] While most of the promotion focused on Touch ID, the 64-bit Apple A7 processor was also a highlight during the event.

text: This is the first-ever 64-bit processor in a phone of any kind. I don’t think the other guys are even talking about it yet. Why go through all this? The benefits are huge. The A7 is up to twice as fast as the previous-generation system at CPU tasks, and up to twice as fast at graphics tasks, too.

text: Schiller then showed demos of Infinity Blade III to demonstrate the A7's processing power and the device's camera using untouched photographs.[27] The release of iOS 7 on September 18, 2013 was also announced during the keynote.[27]

text: The iPhone 5S was released on September 20, 2013, in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, China, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore.[28] It was released in 25 additional countries on October 25, 2013, and in 12 countries on November 1, 2013. Indonesia was the last country to receive the iPhone 5S, on January 26, 2014.[29]

text: On September 19, 2014, the iPhone 5S was succeeded as Apple's flagship smartphone by the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, but the older model remained available for purchase at a reduced price,[30] while the 64GB version was discontinued. The gold edition of the iPhone 5S was discontinued on September 9, 2015, when Apple revealed the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus[31][32][33][34]

text: The iPhone 5S was discontinued on March 21, 2016, and succeeded by the iPhone SE, which continues the same form factor but features vastly upgraded internals similar to the flagship iPhone 6S.[35] This was a break with Apple's product positioning trend (in North America and Western Europe), starting with iPhone 4S released in October 2011, which gave each newly released model one year as the flagship phone, then moving it to midrange for its second year of production, with the third and final year as the entry-level offering before discontinuation. While iPhone 5S was expected to continue on sale until September 2016, replacing it and its A7 processor early means that Apple "just reduced its long-term chip support window by a year" for iOS. In addition, a new iPhone launch was meant to stimulate demand, as sales of iPhone 6S and 6S Plus had not met expectations since their September 2015 release and the iPhone family may suffer its first ever negative growth quarter in 2016.[36][37]

text: Specifications[edit]

text: Design[edit]

text: The iPhone 5S maintains a similar design to the iPhone 5, with a 4 in (10 cm) LCD multi-touch Retina display and a screen resolution of 640×1136 at 326 ppi.[38] Its home button has been updated with a new flat design using a laser-cut sapphire cover surrounded by a metallic ring; the button is no longer concave, nor does it contain the familiar squircle icon seen on previous models.[39] The phone itself is 0.30 in (7.6 mm) thick and weighs 112 grams (4.0 oz).[40] The phone uses an aluminum composite frame.[41] The device is available in three color finishes; "space-gray" (replacing black with slate trim on the iPhone 5), white with silver trim, and white with gold trim.[42][43] The iPhone 5S was the first iPhone to be available in gold color; this decision was influenced by the fact that gold is seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among Chinese customers.[44]

text: Hardware[edit]

text: The iPhone 5S is powered by the Apple A7 system-on-chip, the first 64-bit processor ever used on a smartphone. The device's operating system and pre-loaded software were optimized to run in 64-bit mode, promising increased performance, although third-party app developers would need to optimize their apps to take advantage of these enhanced capabilities.[45] The A7 processor is designed by Apple and manufactured by Samsung.[46] The A7 processor is accompanied by a new M7 "motion co-processor", a dedicated processor for processing motion data from the iPhone's accelerometer and gyroscopes without requiring the attention of the main processor, which integrates with iOS 7's new CoreMotion APIs.[47][48][49][50][51] The same A7 SoC and M7 motion co-processor are also found in the iPad Air and iPad Mini 2 which were released in the same quarter as the iPhone 5S.

text: The phone includes a 1560 mAh battery, which provides 10 hours of talk time and 250 hours of standby time.[52][53][54]

text: While the camera is still 8 megapixels in resolution with the image capture size of 3264 × 2448 (4:3), the lens has a larger aperture (f/2.2) and larger sized pixels in its image sensor than previous iPhone models. The flashlight has dual "True Tone" flashes, consisting of an amber LED and a white LED, which are variably used based on the color temperature of the photo to improve color balancing. The camera also includes automatic image stabilization, dynamic tone mapping, 10 fps burst mode, "best shot" mode and slow motion video at 120 fps.[55]

text: The home button on the iPhone 5S incorporates a fingerprint recognition system known as Touch ID, based on technology from AuthenTec,[56] a company which Apple had acquired in 2012. The sensor uses a capacitive CMOS-based sensor which can detect the "sub-epidermal layers" of fingers at 500 pixels per inch, and uses a 360-degree design that can read the print at any angle. The sensor itself is activated by a touch-sensitive metallic ring surrounding the button. Touch ID can be used for various authentication activities within the operating system, such as unlocking the device or authenticating App Store and iTunes purchases instead of an Apple ID password. The sensor can be trained to recognize the fingerprints of multiple fingers and multiple users. Fingerprint data is stored in an encrypted format within a "secure enclave" of the A7 chip itself, and is not accessible to any other apps or servers (including iCloud).[57][58][59][60]

text: Accessories[edit]

text: Earphones known as Apple EarPods are included with the iPhone 5S.[61] According to technology commentators, the design of the earphones is aimed to improve sound quality by allowing air to travel in and out more freely.[62][63] Apple states that the design of their earphones allows it to "rival high-end headphones that cost hundreds of dollars more".[62] Reviews by Gizmodo and TechRadar reported that although the earphones sounded better than its predecessor, reviewers felt that quality of sound produced is poor.[64] TechRadar further opined that the EarPods are inferior to other earphones of a similar price.[63]

text: Operating system and software[edit]

text: The iPhone 5S is supplied with iOS 7, released on September 20, 2013.[65] Jonathan Ive, the designer of iOS 7's new elements, described the update as "bringing order to complexity", highlighting features such as refined typography, new icons, translucency, layering, physics, and gyroscope-driven parallaxing as some of the major changes to the design. The design of both iOS 7 and OS X Yosemite (version 10.10) noticeably departs from skeuomorphic elements such as green felt in Game Center, wood in Newsstand, and leather in Calendar, in favor of flat, colorful design.[66][67]

text: iOS 7 adds AirDrop, an ad-hoc Wi-Fi sharing platform. Users can share files with the iPhone 5 onwards, the iPod Touch (5th generation), iPad (4th generation) onwards, or iPad Mini (1st generation) onwards.[66][68] The operating system also adds Control Center, a control panel accessed by swiping up from the bottom of the screen. Control Center contains a number of commonly used functions, such as volume and brightness controls, along with toggles for enabling Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Airplane mode, and for using the rear camera's flash LED as a flashlight.[69]

text: iTunes Radio, an Internet radio service, is also included on the iPhone 5S. It is a free, ad-supported service available to all iTunes users, featuring Siri integration on iOS. Users are able to skip tracks, customise stations, and purchase the station's songs from iTunes Store. Users can also search through their history of previous songs.[70]

text: Apple accessories[edit]

text: During the keynote, Apple announced a case for the iPhone 5 that is made of soft microfiber on the inside and leather on the outside. This case was announced along with iPhone 5C's case, both of which are the first cases Apple has announced since the iPhone 4 Bumpers.[71]

text: Docks for both the iPhone 5S[72] and 5C were found on the Apple online store after the announcement. Because of the casing difference between the iPhone 5S and 5C, they have separate docks, each made specifically for each respective phone.[73]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The iPhone 5S received a mostly positive reception from reviewers and commentators. Walt Mossberg of All Things Digital gave the phone a favorable review, saying that Touch ID "sounds like a gimmick, but it’s a real advance, the biggest step ever in biometric authentication for everyday devices," and labeled it "the best smartphone on the market."[13] David Pogue of The New York Times praised Touch ID, but said that the innovation of the smartphone market has been saturated, and "maybe the age of annual mega-leaps is over." He focused much of his review on iOS 7, which he believed was the biggest change of the device over previous generations, praising new Siri features, Control Center, and AirDrop.[74] In an editorial, Pogue stated that iOS 7 was the biggest change in the iPhone series, citing utilitarian interface changes as the main contributor to this.[75] Scott Stein of CNET criticized the lack of design change over iPhone 5 and said that although the iPhone 5S "is not a required upgrade, but it's easily the fastest and most advanced Apple smartphone to date."[14] Although praised the new iPhone for its camera, 64-bit A7 chip, M7 motion-chip, and fingerprint scanning capabilities, some investors thought that the iPhone 5S, although a notable improvement over the iPhone 5, was still relatively unchanged from its predecessor, and worried that the iPhone line had become a stagnant, dull product. Apple's share price fell 5.4% after the launch to close at a month low of $467.71 on the NASDAQ.[76]

text: Darrell Etherington of TechCrunch who praised the iPhone 5S as the best smartphone available said "looks may not be different from the iPhone 5, but the internal components have a dramatic impact on day-to-day activities normal for a smartphone user," and went into detail explaining the impact of the improved camera and specifications on the phone. Etherington suggested that the 64-bit A7 processor will not reach its full potential until developers create applications supporting it.[77] Myriam Joire of Engadget found that the iPhone 5S could benefit significantly from the A7 if developers created applications optimized for the 64-bit processor.[78] Anand Lal Shimpi of AnandTech praised the phone's A7 processor, describing it as "seriously impressive", and stated that it was the most "futureproof of any iPhone ever launched. As much as it pains me to use the word futureproof, if you are one of those people who likes to hold onto their device for a while - the iPhone 5S is as good a starting point as any."[79] Scott Lowe of IGN also speaking highly of its 64-bit processor, "which has a substantial lead in processing power over the HTC One and Samsung Galaxy S4, accounting for a graphics boost of up to 32% and 38% in CPU benchmarks." The debut of Apple's 64-bit A7 processor took rival Android smartphone makers by surprise, particularly Qualcomm whose own 64-bit system-on-chip was not released until 2015.[80][81]

text: Most reviewers recommended the iPhone 5S over the iPhone 5C which was released at the same time. The 5C retained almost the same hardware as the discontinued iPhone 5, while the iPhone 5S featured substantially improved performance/features thanks to its new 64-bit A7 processor, as well as extra storage space, all for a relatively small additional upfront cost over the iPhone 5C (US$650 versus US$550 in March 2014). This was especially the case when iOS 8 was released and both iPhone 5S and iPhone 5C were moved to the mid and low end of the iPhone range, respectively; the iPhone 5S still had 16 or 32 GB storage available while the iPhone 5C had to make do with 8 GB storage with only 4.9GB available to the user after installing iOS 8. Furthermore, the 5C's polycarbonate exterior received a mixed reception and was seen as a cost-cutting downgrade compared to the iPhone 5's aluminum/glass case; the 5S retained the latter design and looked even more premium due its additional gold finish.[82][83]

text: As of 2015–16, there were still a significant number of customers who preferred the 4-inch screen size of iPhone 5S, which remained the second-most popular iPhone after the iPhone 6 and ahead of the iPhone 6S. Apple stated in their event that they sold 30 million 4-inch iPhones in 2015, even as that form factor was succeeded as the flagship iPhone by the redesigned larger display 4.7/5.5-inch iPhone 6 and 6 Plus back in September 2014. Furthermore, the 5 and 5S design was regarded as "long been the golden child of Apple phone design and a benchmark for phones in general" (with the 5S's gold finish adding a premium touch to the 5's already well-regarded look), while the succeeding 6 and 6S design was less critically acclaimed as it "felt a little bit wrong, as though you were holding a slick $650 bar of soap". The iPhone 5 was described as "elegance rooted in the way the aluminum and glass work together. It felt streamlined, yet substantial, which is different from iPhone 6, which feels substantial in size alone. Plus, unlike the ubiquitous rounded corners of the 6, iPhone 5 didn’t really look like anything else on the market at the time". However, the iPhone 5/5S design was not suited to scaling up, in contrast to the iPhone 6/6S which could better accommodate the growing consumer trend towards larger screen sizes and indeed spawned the 6/6S Plus phablet models. When Apple discontinued the iPhone 5S, it was replaced by the iPhone SE which outwardly appears almost identical to the 5S even as the SE's internal hardware has been upgraded significantly.[36][37]

text: Commercial reception[edit]

text: The iPhone 5S and 5C sold over nine million units in the first three days, setting a record for first weekend smartphone sales,[16] with the 5S selling three times more units than the 5C. After the first day of release, 1% of all iPhones in the US were iPhone 5Ss, while 0.3% were iPhone 5Cs.[84] Gene Munster of Piper Jaffray reported that the line at the Fifth Avenue Apple Store contained 1,417 people on release day, compared to 1,300 for the iPhone 4 in 2010, and 549 for the iPhone 3G in 2008 on their respective release days.[85] This was the first time that Apple launched two models simultaneously. The first-day release in China also contributed to the record sales result.[86]

text: On launch day, major in-stock shortages were reported in most stores, across all countries where the iPhone 5S initially went on sale.[87] A great many customers in line outside Apple Stores worldwide were left disappointed due to severe shortages across all 5S models, with the gold model in particular being in highly limited supply.[88] While this situation eased in the US in the days following the launch, other countries reported receiving few restocks.[89] Some commentators questioned how Apple handled the initial release, as online pre-orders were not offered for the iPhone 5S, meaning large numbers of people queuing outside physical stores, with most in line not receiving a unit.[90] In the US, Apple offered an online reservation system, so customers could keep checking for units available at their local Apple Stores, and order for pickup.[91] Online orders were also in short supply on launch day, with the shipping date across all model sizes and colors changing from "7-10 working days" to "October" in all countries, within hours of online orders being taken.[92][93]

text: The iPhone 5S was the best selling phone on AT&T, Sprint, Verizon, and T-Mobile in September 2013 in the United States, outselling the iPhone 5C and Samsung Galaxy S4.[17] According to Consumer Intelligence Research Partners, the iPhone 5S outsold the 5C by a two-to-one margin during its September release, confirming Apple CEO Tim Cook's view that the high-end smartphone market was not reaching a point of market saturation.[94] While commentators viewed the 5C as a flop because of supply chain cuts signifying a decline in demand, the 5S was viewed as a massive success. Apple admitted that it had failed to anticipate the sales ratio, leading to an overstocking of the 5C and shortages of the 5S.[83][95]

text: Six months after the release of the iPhone 5S, on March 25, 2014, Apple announced that sales of the iPhone brand had exceeded 500 million units.[96] By May 2014, despite having been on the market for eight months, the iPhone 5S reportedly outsold the newly released Samsung Galaxy S5 by 40%, with 7 million iPhone 5S units versus 5 million Galaxy S5 units. The Galaxy S5's failure to oust the iPhone 5S from the top selling spot was a major setback for Samsung Mobile, as the preceding Samsung Galaxy SIII and Samsung Galaxy S4, in the first quarter of their releases, had outsold the iPhone 4S and iPhone 5 respectively.[97]

text: Impact of Touch ID[edit]

text: A number of technology writers, including Adrian Kingsley-Hughes[98] and Kevin Roose of New York believed that the fingerprint scanning functionality of the iPhone 5S could help spur the adoption of the technology as an alternative to passwords by mainstream users (especially in "bring your own device" scenarios), as fingerprint-based authentication systems have only enjoyed wider usage in enterprise environments. However, citing research by biometrics engineer Geppy Parziale,[99] Roose suggested that the CMOS-based sensor could become inaccurate and wear out over time unless Apple had designed the sensor to prevent this from occurring.[100] Brent Kennedy, a researcher of the United States Computer Emergency Readiness Team, recommended that users not immediately rely on the technology, citing the uncertainty over whether the system could properly reject a spoofed fingerprint.[101]

text: Following the release of the iPhone 5S, the German Chaos Computer Club announced on September 21, 2013 that they had bypassed Apple's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by using "easy everyday means". The group explained that the security system had been defeated by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image to make a latex model thumb which was then pressed against the sensor to gain access. The spokesman for the group stated, "We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics. It is plain stupid to use something that you can't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token."[15][57] However, in 2013, 39% of American smartphone users used no security measures at all to protect their smartphone.[102] Others have also tried Chaos Computer Club's method, but concluded that it is not an easy process in either time or effort, given that the user has to use a high resolution photocopy of a complete fingerprint, special chemicals and expensive equipment, and because the spoofing process takes some time to achieve.[103]

text: Problems[edit]

text: Several problems were experienced with the iPhone 5S's hardware after its release. The most widely reported issue is that the angle reported by the phone's level sensor had drifted by several degrees, which caused the gyroscope, compass, and accelerometer to become inaccurate. Reports suggested that this is a hardware-induced problem.[104][105] Some encountered other problems such as crashing with a blue screen and then restarting, the power button making a rattling noise when the phone was shaken, overheating, the microphone not working, and Touch ID not working for iTunes purchases. Some of these issues have been fixed by software updates.[106]

text: Timeline of models[edit]


document_title: History of Delhi

question_text: who made delhi as capital for the first time

root

text: History of Delhi

text: Cities of Delhi[edit]

text: It is popularly said that Delhi was the site for a total of seven different cities between 3000 BCE and the 17th century BCE, although taking smaller towns and strongholds into account, as many as 15 settlements can be identified. All the earlier locations of Delhi fall within an area commonly called the 'Delhi Triangle,' bounded on the south and the west by the Aravalli Range, known as the Delhi Ridge, and to the east by the Yamuna River.[6][7]

tag: p

text: Notable settlements to have been established in the region include:[6][7]

text:
Indraprastha, supposedly built by the Pandavas.
Surajkund (Anangpur), Tomar city dating from the 9th or 10th century, where a large masonry tank can be found.
Lalkot, built ca. 1052 A.D. by the Tomara ruler, Anangpal. In ca. 1180 A.D. Prithviraj Chauhan extended and fortified it as a defence against invaders; the city then became known as Qila Rai Pithora. This area, now called as Mehrauli, was also the seat of the Mamluk (Slave) dynasty.
Siri, first established as a camp for protection against invading Mongols by Alauddin Khalji, and fortified in about ca. 1303 A.D.
Tughluqabad, built by Ghiyasuddin Tughluq in ca. 1320 A.D. A subsidiary fort Adilabad was built by his son Muhammad bin Tughlaq in ca. 1325 A.D.
Jahanpanah, Refuge of the World, name given to the area enclosed by walling-in of the suburbs between Qila Rai Pithora and Siri, built by Muhammad bin Tughluq in ca. 1325 A.D.
Ferozabad, built by Firuz Shah Tughluq in ca. 1354 A.D.; all that remains is the palace, known as Feroz Shah Kotla. Feroz Shah’s building activity indicates that the suburbs were still occupied; major mosques were built inside Jahanpanah (Khirki and Begumpur) and Nizamuddin; and the area around Khalji reservoir Hauz Khas was developed.
Dinpanah built by Humayun and Shergarh built by Sher Shah Suri, both in the area near the speculated site of the legendary Indraprastha (1538–1545).
Shahjahanabad, the walled city built by Shah Jahan from 1638 to 1649, containing the Lal Qila and the Chandni Chowk. It was the capital of the Mughal Empire during Shah Jahan's reign. It is presently referred to as "Old Delhi".
Lutyens' Delhi or New Delhi, the city built by the British on the south-west, declared Capital on 12 December 1911. On 12 December 2011 New Delhi celebrated 100 years of serving as India's National Capital.[8]

tag: ol

text: Modern Delhi, referred to as 'Dilli' locally, derived from its historical name Dhili, is an amalgam all of the above. Officially, however, only seven of the above-mentioned settlements are recognised.[9] as historical cities with distinct identities and indigenous heritage: Qila Rai Pithora, Mehrauli, Siri, Tughlaqabad, Ferozabad, Dinpanah and Shahjahanabad.

text: The rest are not officially identified as Cities of Delhi because of some specific reasons.

text:
Indraprastha, the legendary Ancient City is believed to have been established 5000 years ago (c. 2800 BC), as per the ancient Indian text- the Mahabharata. Though very much a part of India's very Ancient history, it lacks any tangible evidence to say without doubt that it existed. Archaeological evidence exists, but in such scarcity as be inconclusive. As acknowledged by British historian Michael Wood in his BBC documentary The Story of India,[10] the excavated ceramic pottery from the site of today's Purana Qila in Delhi and the excavated layers of the ancient city seem to match what the verses of the Mahabharata indicate. More possible evidence in its favour is the existence of a village named Indraprastha very close to the Purana Qila that was destroyed by the British during the construction of Lutyens' Delhi.[11]
Jahanpanah is not considered as a City of Delhi because it is very much in ruins and too diffused now to be considered a distinct city. Moreover, sections of the city still standing are now counted in Siri or Mehrauli.
Lodi Complex is not counted as a distinct city because their architectures are too few to be counted as a whole city. The Sayyid and Lodhi dynasties that followed the Tughlak dynasty were far more concerned with restoring stability than patronisation of arts or architecture. Tombs erected in the honour of the rulers are the only monuments of these times and these are scattered all over current South and Central Delhis.[12]
New Delhi, the Capital city of modern India is also not counted as a City of Delhi because the structures of those times are still in use as government buildings. So there seems no such thing as "history" about it.

tag: ul

text: Early history[edit]

text: According to Indian folklore, Delhi was the site of the magnificent and opulent Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas in the Indian epic Mahabharata, founded around 3500 BC. It was, one of the five prasthas or `plains', which included Sonepat, Panipat, Tilpat (near Faridabad), and Baghpat.[15] 16th-century, Persian historian, Firishta, recorded a tradition that Delhi or Dilli was founded by a Raja Dhilu before the Yavana (Greek) invasions. However, it should be noted that the kings then referred to the initial Muslim invaders as Yavanas.[15]

text: Hindu texts state that the city of Delhi used to be referred to in Sanskrit as Hasthinapur, which means "elephant-city". The name Delhi may be derived from the word 'Dhillika', though there are other theories. According to Satyarth Prakash (1874) of Swami Dayanand, Raja Dhilu (King Dihlu) founded ancient Delhi in 800 BCE.[16] It was the name of the first medieval township of Delhi, located on the southwestern border of the present Delhi, in Mehrauli. This was the first in the series of seven medieval cities. It is also known as Yoginipura, that is, the fortress of the Yoginis (female divinities). It gained importance during the time of Anangpal Tomar. In the 12th century, the city was included in the dominions of Prithviraj Chauhan.

text: Pasanaha Chariu of Vibudh Shridhar (VS 1189-1230) an Apabhramsha writer, provides the first reference to the legend of the origin of the name Dhilli for Delhi.[17]

text:
हरियाणए देसे असंखगाम, गामियण जणि अणवरथ काम|
परचक्क विहट्टणु सिरिसंघट्टणु, जो सुरव इणा परिगणियं|
रिउ रुहिरावट्टणु बिउलु पवट्टणु, ढिल्ली नामेण जि भणियं|

text: Translation: There are countless villages in Haryana country. The villagers there work hard. They don't accept domination of others, and are experts in making the blood of their enemies flow. Indra himself praises this country. The capital of this country is Dhilli.

text:
जहिं असिवर तोडिय रिउ कवालु, णरणाहु पसिद्धउ अणंगवालु ||
वलभर कम्पाविउ णायरायु, माणिणियण मणसंजनीय ||

text: Translation: The ruler Anangapal is famous, he can slay his enemies with his sword. The weight (of the Iron pillar) caused the Nagaraj to shake.

text: A VS 1383 inscription in Delhi Museum confirms the founding of Delhi by the Tomars:

text:
देशोऽस्ति हरियानाख्यो पॄथिव्यां स्वर्गसन्निभः |
ढिल्लिकाख्या पुरी तत्र तोमरैरस्ति निर्मिता ||

text: Prithviraj Raso also confirms the founding by the Tomars and the legend of the loose nail:

text:
हुं गड्डि गयौ किल्ली सज्जीव हल्लाय करी ढिल्ली सईव |
फिरि व्यास कहै सुनि अनंगराइ भवितव्य बात मेटी न जाइ ||

text: 8th century to 16th century[edit]

text: The Tomar dynasty founded Lal Kot in 736. The Prithviraj Raso names the Tomar Anangpal as the founder of Lal Kot, whose name is inscribed on Iron Pillar of Delhi at Qutb complex, ascribed to Chandra or Chandragupta II.[18] Anangpal Tomar, who, according to historian Augustus Hoernle, was a Rajput [19] ruler of Delhi, often described as the founder of Delhi, built the citadel some 10 kilometres from Suraj Kund.

text: The Chauhan kings of Ajmer conquered Lal Kot in 1180 and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora.

text: The Chauhan king Prithviraj III was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori.

text: From 1206, Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate under the Slave Dynasty. The first Sultan of Delhi, Qutb-ud-din Aybak, was a former slave who rose through the ranks to become a general, a governor and then Sultan of Delhi. Qutb-ud-din started the construction of the Qutub Minar, a recognisable symbol of Delhi, to commemorate his victory but died before its completion. In the Qutb complex he also constructed the Quwwat-al-Islam (might of Islam), which is the earliest extant mosque in India. He was said to have destroyed twenty-seven Jain temples initially housed in the Qutb complex and pillaged exquisitely carved pillars and building material from their debris for this mosque, many of which can still be seen.[20] After the end of the Slave dynasty, a succession of Turkic Central Asian and Afghan dynasties, the Khalji dynasty, the Tughluq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty and the Lodi dynasty held power in the late medieval period and built a sequence of forts and townships in Delhi.[21]

text: In 1398, Timur Lang invaded India on the pretext that the Muslim sultans of Delhi were too tolerant of their Hindu subjects. After defeating the armies of Nasiruddin Mahmud of Tughlaq dynasty, on 15 December 1398, Timur entered Delhi on 18 December 1398, and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins, and over 100,000 war prisoners were killed as well.[22][23] In 1526, following the First Battle of Panipat, Zahiruddin Babur, the former ruler of Fergana, defeated the last Afghan Lodi sultan and founded the Mughal dynasty which ruled from Delhi, Agra and Lahore.

text: 16th century to 19th century[edit]

text: In the mid-16th century there was an interruption in the Mughal rule of India as Sher Shah Suri defeated Babur's son Humayun and forced him to flee to Persia. Sher Shah Suri built the sixth city of Delhi, as well as the old fort known as Purana Qila, even though this city was settled since the ancient era. After Sher Shah Suri’s death in 1545, his son Islam Shah took the reins of north India from Delhi. Islam Shah ruled from Delhi till 1553 when Hindu king Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, also called Hemu, became the Prime Minister and Chief of Army of Adil Shah. Hem Chandra fought and won 22 battles in all against rebels and twice against Akbar's army in Agra and Delhi, without losing any. After defeating Akbar's army on 7 October 1556 at Tughlakabad fort area in Battle of Delhi (1556), Hemu acceded to Delhi throne and established Hindu Raj in North India for a brief period, and was bestowed with the title 'Vikramaditya', at his coronation in Purana Quila, Delhi.

text: The third and greatest Mughal emperor, Akbar, moved the capital to Agra, resulting in a decline in the fortunes of Delhi. In the mid-17th century, the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan (1628–1658) built the city that sometimes bears his name Shahjahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi that is more commonly known as the old city or old Delhi. This city contains a number of significant architectural features, including the Red Fort (Lal Qila) and the Jama Masjid. The old city served as the capital of the later Mughal Empire from 1638 onwards, when Shah Jahan transferred the capital back from Agra. Aurangzeb (1658–1707) crowned himself as emperor in Delhi in 1658 at the Shalimar garden ('Aizzabad-Bagh) with a second coronation in 1659. After 1680, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire rose to prominence.[24]

text: In 1737, Bajirao I marched towards Delhi with a huge army. The Marathas defeated the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi.[25][26] The Maratha forces sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but military superior Persian army led by Nader Shah during his invasion after which he completely sacked and looted Delhi, the Mughal capital, followed by massacre for 2 days, killing over 30,000 civilians and carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury.[27] A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi.[28]

text: Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded North India for the fourth time in early 1757. He entered Delhi in January 1757 and kept the Mughal emperor under arrest. In August 1757, the Marathas once again attacked Delhi, decisively defeating Najib-ud-Daula and his Rohilla Afghan army in the Second Battle of Delhi.[29] Thus, the Marathas established full control over the city.

text: In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Third Battle of Delhi, ending the Maratha rule over the city.[30] As a result, Delhi came under the control of British East India Company. Between 1836 and 1858, Delhi was a part of what then known as the North-Western Provinces.

text: Delhi passed into the direct control of British Government in 1857 after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The city received significant damage during the 1857 siege. Afterwards, the last titular Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar II was exiled to Rangoon and the remaining Mughal territories were annexed as a part of British India.

text: Calcutta was declared the capital of British India but in 1911 at the Delhi Durbar of 1911, held at the Coronation Park, King George V announced the shifting of the capital back to Delhi. Parts of the old city were New Delhi, a monumental new quarter of the city designed by the British architect Edwin Lutyens to house the government buildings was inaugurated in 1931 after its construction was delayed due to World War I.[31] New Delhi was officially declared as the seat of the Government of India after independence in 1949. During the Partition of India thousands of Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Punjab migrated to Delhi, and subsequently settled in North and West Delhi areas, while Hindus from East Pakistan, settled in the late 1960s at EPDP Colony (EPDP: East Pakistan Displaced Persons) in South Delhi, later named Chittaranjan Park in the 1980s.

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
Hartcourt, A., Assistant Commissioner Delhi (1873). The New guide to Delhi. Lahore, Victoria Press.
Fanshawe, H. C. (1902). Delhi - Past and Present. London, J. Murray.
Fraser, Lovat (1903). At Delhi (An account of the Delhi Durbar, 1903). Bombay : Times of India Press and Thacker.
Bardiar, Nilendra. Urban, Cultural, Economic and Social Transformation: History of New Delhi 1947-65). New Delhi, Ruby Press & Co. Archived from the original on 15 April 2014.
Hearn, Gordon Risley (1906). The Seven Cities of Delhi. W. Thacker & Co., London.


document_title: List of Australian capital cities

question_text: what was the first capital city of australia

text: List of Australian capital cities

text: There are eight capital cities in Australia, each of which functions as the seat of government for the state or territory in which it is located. Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia. In 1927, the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra, which continues to serve as the national capital.

text: Each capital city hosts the judicial, administrative and legislative functions for its jurisdiction. In each state and internal territory, the capital is also the jurisdiction's most populous city.

text: The Australian external territory of Norfolk Island has its official capital at Kingston, although this acts merely as the administrative centre of government; its de facto capital is Burnt Pine.[1]

text:
WESTERN
AUSTRALIA
NORTHERN
TERRITORY
SOUTH
AUSTRALIA
QUEENSLAND
NEW
SOUTH
WALES
VICTORIA
TASMANIA
●Perth
●Adelaide
●Melbourne
★Canberra (ACT)
●Sydney
●Brisbane
●Hobart
●Darwin

tag: table

text:
State and Territory Capitals of Australia

Jurisdiction
Capital
City Population[2]
State/Territory Population[3]
Percentage of State/Territory population in capital city
Date of statehood
Capital since
Image

Australia and
Australian Capital Territory
Canberra
403,468
403,468
100.00%
Must remain a territory as per s.125 of the Australian Constitution [N 1]
1913

View of Civic from Mount Ainslie, with Telstra Tower in the background

New South Wales
Sydney
5,029,768
7,759,274
64.82%
1788
1788

Skyline of the Sydney central business district

Victoria
Melbourne
4,725,316
6,179,249
76.47%
1851
1851

The Melbourne skyline on the Yarra River

Queensland
Brisbane
2,360,241
4,848,877
48.68%
1859
1860

Brisbane's CBD, with the Story Bridge in the foreground

Western Australia
Perth
2,022,044
2,558,951
79.02%
1829
1829

View of Perth CBD skyline

South Australia
Adelaide
1,324,279
1,713,054
77.31%
1836
1836

View of Adelaide Skyline

.

Tasmania
Hobart
224,462
517,588
43.37%
1825
1826

View of the Hobart downtown district and Mount Wellington from Constitution Dock

Northern Territory
Darwin
145,916
245,740
59.38%
Has not attained Statehood[N 2]
1911

View of Darwin CBD

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Although the ACT has its own government, it remains a territory ultimately under Commonwealth rule.
Jump up ^ in 1911, South Australia transferred responsibility for governing the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth Government of Australia. It was granted self-governance in 1978, however the Northern Territory is still considered a territory under Commonwealth rule, not a state.


document_title: List of Ray Donovan episodes

question_text: how many episodes of ray donovan series 3 are there

text: List of Ray Donovan episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
June 30, 2013 (2013-06-30)
September 22, 2013 (2013-09-22)

2
12
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)

3
12
July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)

4
12
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)

5
12
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Bag or the Bat"
Allen Coulter
Ann Biderman
June 30, 2013 (2013-06-30)
1.35[2]

Ray Donovan fixes problems for a powerful LA law firm. Originally from South Boston, he now lives in the affluent city of Calabasas, California. While dealing with his troubled family, including his wife Abby, daughter Bridget and son Conor, he learns of the return of his father, Mickey, released from prison on parole.

2
2
"A Mouth Is a Mouth"
Allen Coulter
Ann Biderman
July 7, 2013 (2013-07-07)
1.56[3]

Ray tries to send Mickey back to prison. Angry with Ray, Abby allows her kids to spend the day with Mickey. Ray handles two crises involving movie star clients: A-list actor Sean Walker receives a threatening message and a home invasion, while action hero Tommy Wheeler is blackmailed with a video of his sexual exploits.

3
3
"Twerk"
Greg Yaitanes
Ron Nyswaner
July 14, 2013 (2013-07-14)
1.45[4]

Mickey spends time with his sons. Ray "buys" a talented hip-hop artist, Marvin Gaye Washington, for his rapper neighbor. Bridget becomes friendly with Marvin. Ezra holds a fundraiser, in honor of his late wife, due to being haunted by past mistakes. Meanwhile, the real reason for Mickey's early parole is revealed.

4
4
"Black Cadillac"
John Dahl
David Hollander
July 21, 2013 (2013-07-21)
1.52[5]

Ray is forced by Abby to visit Bel Air Academy to see Bridget's potential new school, while trying to deal with a work situation. Meanwhile, Mickey meets his ex, Claudette, leading to old memories being relived.

5
5
"The Golem"
Dan Attias
Sean Conway
July 28, 2013 (2013-07-28)
1.46[6]

Bunchy receives his money from the settlement with the Church. Mickey and Ezra reminisce about old events while Mickey wears a wire. Ezra has an accident while driving at night, and believes he has killed someone. Terry and Frances' relationship grows stronger.

6
6
"Housewarming"
Michael Uppendahl
Brett Johnson
August 4, 2013 (2013-08-04)
1.45[7]

Ray tries to shut down Van Miller's investigation by drugging him, and using this to create an incriminating video. Bunchy throws a housewarming party, but it gets out of control. Ray finds out that Mickey put his kids in danger and retaliates.

7
7
"New Birthday"
Lesli Linka Glatter
David Hollander
August 11, 2013 (2013-08-11)
1.44[8]

Ray finds out about Bridget's relationship with Marvin and forbids her from seeing him, but she visits him anyway, leading to emotional upset. Meanwhile, Ray flies to Boston to search for Bostonian mobster, Sully. Abby and Deb enjoy themselves too much, which turns into trouble. Mickey makes Sean let him work on a movie project.

8
8
"Bridget"
Guy Ferland
Ann Biderman
August 18, 2013 (2013-08-18)
1.47[9]

The three Donovan brothers remember the anniversary of their sister's demise. Ray and Avi get the money back that Bunchy spent on his house. Terry goes after Frances' husband after he sees evidence she has been abused. Mickey has trouble relating to an actress he meets at the spa.

9
9
"Road Trip"
Jeremy Podeswa
Brett Johnson
August 25, 2013 (2013-08-25)
1.33[10]

Accepting Ray's offer to kill Mickey, Sully travels to Los Angeles, but the journey does not go as planned, forcing Avi to step in. Asked by Coner to attend an award show with Tommy Wheeler, Ray must first obtain a series of incriminating photographs of the actor; Miller steps up his efforts in his investigation.

10
10
"Fite Nite"
Tucker Gates
Sean Conway
September 8, 2013 (2013-09-08)
1.25[11]

The Donovans attend Daryll's fight at Terry's club. Meanwhile, Ray's deal with Sully is put into action. Mickey has a rendezvous. Bunchy encounters his abuser, sending him into a tailspin.

11
11
"Bucky Fuckn' Dent"
Dan Minahan
Ron Nyswaner
September 15, 2013 (2013-09-15)
1.41[12]

Horrible secrets are revealed when the Donovan boys encounter the priest who abused Bunchy and Ray when they were boys. Ray executes him. Ray sends Avi to protect his family, much to Abby's anger; Mickey asks a favor from Claudette when he finds himself under investigation for the murder of Sean Walker.

12
12
"Same Exactly"
Michael Apted
Ann Biderman
September 22, 2013 (2013-09-22)
1.41[13]

With Sully on the run, Ray suggests to Frank a bold strategy in finding him; Abby leaves Ray a heartfelt message; Lena convinces Bridget to forgive her father; An empowered Bunchy kicks Mickey out of his apartment; Terry feels guilty of his role in the priest's death; a final showdown at the docks has long-lasting effects.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Yo Soy Capitán"
Tucker Gates
Ann Biderman
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
1.22[14]

Ray's life returns to normal. The FBI demands that Mickey be brought to them. Abby, concerned for their marriage, forces Ray into therapy with her. Meanwhile, Bunchy attempts to recover from his abuse and applies for a job, Terry obsesses over Frances and Coner is in trouble after assaulting a classmate.

14
2
"Uber Ray"
Michael Uppendahl
Ann Biderman & David Hollander
July 20, 2014 (2014-07-20)
1.27[15]

Having difficulty in controlling Mickey upon returning him to LA, Ray bribes corrupt parole officer Ronald Keith to keep an eye on his father. As Ed Cochran holds a press conference declaring the FBI caught Sully, Boston Globe reporter Kate McPherson launches her own investigation on what happened at the docks.

15
3
"Gem and Loan"
Phil Abraham
Michael Tolkin
July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)
1.38[16]

Desperate to get Bridget into the prestigious Bel-Air Academy, Ray is forced to do an unusual favor for old rival Stu Feldman, which involves a married couple; Mickey's attempts to see his old lover are thwarted by Keith; Kate arrives at Terry's Fight Club looking for answers; Abby's therapist tries to convince her that Ray is bribing her. Marvin reenters Bridget's life.

16
4
"S U C K"
Tucker Gates
David Hollander
August 3, 2014 (2014-08-03)
1.45[17]

Ray and the FBI must deal with Tiny, Sully's nephew who spoke to the cops about his involvement in Sully's death. After sleeping with Kate, Ray purchases a new house for Abby, who befriends a police officer at a shooting range. Bunchy makes friends with a woman and her child at his new job; Kate attempts to talk to Mickey.

17
5
"Irish Spring"
Dan Attias
Ron Nyswaner
August 10, 2014 (2014-08-10)
1.42[18]

Ray gets compromising information on Cochran, who enjoys wife-swapping with one of his subordinates. Avi follows Kate as she investigates, but Ray will need to give her a new story. Meanwhile, Abby tries to enjoy her prospective new neighbors, but their comments lead to a violent outburst. Marvin takes Bridget to a party at the house of a hip-hop mogul. Coner "apologizes" to Alex - but it doesn't go well.

18
6
"Viagra"
John Dahl
Brett Johnson
August 17, 2014 (2014-08-17)
1.44[19]

Ashley introduces Ray to a new client; Ray turns to an unlikely source in finding dirt on Ed Cochran; Mickey sets his sights on a bigger payday; Terry and Potato Pie help Bunchy out when he gets a date with a single mother.

19
7
"Walk This Way"
Liev Schreiber
Ann Biderman
August 24, 2014 (2014-08-24)
1.35[20]

Coner requests that the Donovan family come together for his birthday, which Ray and Abby have forgotten; Ashley's stalker returns; Mickey's gift angers Daryl and strains his relationship with Claudette; An awkward incident leaves Bunchy confused; Terry learns an awful secret about his gym.

20
8
"Sunny"
John Dahl
David Hollander & Cheo Hodari Coker
August 31, 2014 (2014-08-31)
1.49[21]

Ray learns the truth about Abby's absences, and confronts Jim (the cop) about their affair. Cookie wants Marvin back for himself because he feels that his initial investment entitles him to all the money that the boy will make. Mickey gets the opportunity to sell his life story into a trilogy, but ends up losing it. Bridget is the sole witness to Cookie's brutality, who murders Marvin and Re-Kon.

21
9
"Snowflake"
Guy Ferland
Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson
September 7, 2014 (2014-09-07)
1.63[22]

Ray and Abby have different opinions on how to handle Bridget's dangerous situation, where Cookie is trying to murder her. Kate turns to a new source for answers; Bunchy has an awkward moment with his girlfriend's son; Mickey and Shorty plan a heist.

22
10
"Volcheck"
Michael Uppendahl
David Hollander
September 14, 2014 (2014-09-14)
1.80[23]

Kate's return to Los Angeles sets off a violent chain of events involving Ray's past; Cochran is offered directorship of the FBI, but discovers the horrifying video made by Ray. Mickey and Shorty welcome two new members to their heist crew; Abby gives Jim a startling ultimatum;

23
11
"Rodef"
Michael Uppendahl
Ron Nyswaner & Brett Johnson
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
1.68[24]

Ray prepares his loved ones for the event of his arrest; Mickey's heist does not go according to plan, and Terry is arrested and put into jail. Ray obtains the video of Marvin's murder; Jim cannot bring himself to follow through on Abby's plan; Ezra turns to Avi in dealing with Kate.

24
12
"The Captain"
Michael Uppendahl
Ann Biderman
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)
1.97[25]

Kate's murder at the hand of Avi (on Ezra's orders) forces Ray into action against several of his enemies; After the stolen safe yields less than expected, Mickey comes up with a new source for money; Jim gives Abby an enticing offer; An imprisoned Terry refuses to accept bail; Bunchy reveals his past to Patty; Ray kills Cookie in order to protect his daughter.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

25
1
"The Kalamazoo"
Colin Bucksey
David Hollander
July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)
1.04[26]

Ezra is visited in his hospital bed by sinister Father Thomas Romero. A confused Ezra protests his presence. Romero quizzes Ezra about the buried priest. Deborah ushers the priest away and Ezra demands that Ray is called and warned, Ray does not take these calls, soon afterward, Ezra dies. Ray rescues a client from a potential sex scandal with his usual style and heads to a bar where Abby calls him to tell him of Ezra’s passing. Ray consoles himself with some rough sex with a stranger. Mickey, at his apartment complex, looks after the daughter of call girl Ginger who lives there. Mickey dislikes Ginger’s pimp and after attempting to convince him to change his ways or location resorts to drugging him and tossing him into the pool to drown. Ray meets Andrew Finney in his enormous house. Ray is engaged to recover Finney’s kidnapped son and is provided with ransom money. Ray later meets with the kidnappers and rescues the son, who had originally planned the kidnapping with a friend to get the cash, but the drug dealers they enlisted took over murdering his friend. Finney approves of the outcome and pays Ray. A smartened but broke Bunchy (Brendan) Donovan is trying to manage the Gym whilst Terry is in jail. Abby visits for a drink and helps out. Bridget rejects a ride home from school from her drunken mother and complains about this to Coner when at home. Abby stops to rescues a huge dog from the highway and takes it home with her. Romero convinces a police officer to give him a box of evidence relating to the deceased Father Danny.

26
2
"Ding"
Ed Bianchi
William Wheeler
July 19, 2015 (2015-07-19)
1.26[27]

Mickey tries to take over Gary’s girls, gets a loan secured on Daryll’s car, and buys coke for the girls to sell. He takes Audrey to her audition where she is not successful. Ray takes on a job from Paige Finney. He is to find Carl LaFell, the husband of a woman that a football star has been having an affair with and pay him off. She tricks Donovan into bringing Carl to a meeting only to see his wife in flagrante delicto with the quarterback – whose arm LaFell then breaks. When Ray realises this, he demands a check for the money – which Malcolm Finney pays out. Finney also offers to buy Ray and his firm, but Donovan says he is not for sale. Ray takes the check to LaFell who says he doesn’t want it. Ray persists, only to be rewarded with a series of punches. Avi offers Lena a partnership in his new business. When she tells Ray, he says she should take it. When Bridget calls Ray about Abby’s behaviour, he visits briefly. Later, Abby catches Connor watching porn and pleasuring himself. She calls Ray to tell him and invites Ray to dinner. He tentatively accepts but ends up not attending. Bunchy falls for the female member of the Mexican team, training at the gym in a big way. Her outfits and demeanor, especially towards Bunchy, are suggestive of a dominatrix. The group’s manager suggests using the gym as a venue for their show. Father Romero, posing as a member of Bunchy's support group, joins the gym. Terry is involved in a fight in prison, despite Ray paying a guard to protect him. Terry floors his opponent, but a rematch is arranged where Terry is stabbed with a shank. Terry still prevails, but ends up in solitary.

27
3
"Come and Knock on Our Door"
Dan Attias
David Hollander
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
1.44[28]

A beaten-up Ray returns home in the early morning to surprise Bridget and apologize for missing dinner. While talking, Ray sees the ghost of his dead sister in the room and leaves. This apparition will haunt him throughout the day. Mickey explains his plan to the reluctant girls who agree to try it for one day, but Mickey receives a call from the prison and leaves Daryll to look after business. Daryll is soon overwhelmed with the role but Bunchy arrives and helps out. Ray is visited by Finney’s men who try, but fail, to bring him onto the payroll. Mickey and Ray try different approaches to get Terry out of prison before he is killed by the Aryan gang for killing one of their members in a prison fight. Both try and fail at the prison and Mickey ends up inadvertently killing the judge, who had already turned down cash from Ray. In desperation, Ray turns to Finney, who, in turn, leans on a reluctant Governor Verona, ensuring Terry is released that evening. Ray repays Finney by signing up to work for him. The girls return to a troubled Mickey, who is glum even upon seeing his large cut of the action. Ray calls, saying Terry will be freed. Mickey then cheers up, and claims joint responsibility for the release to Bunchy and Daryll. Ray collects Terry from the prison.

28
4
"Breakfast of Champions"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Brett Johnson
August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)
1.37[29]

Abby visits her family in Boston, flirting with old flame Gus, in her brother Dave’s bar. Margaret, her sister, and Abby don’t get along. Abby spends most of the day drinking and bonding with Margaret’s daughter, Lauren, and resists Ray's demand she return home. After a brief war of words the sisters patch things up. Bridget has a bad day at school and tries to get her teacher on-side. Coner skips school and borrows Abby’s car; some girls ask to come round for the day but Coner ends up disappointed when they all bring their boyfriends. Coner and one of the guys come to blows with Coner eventually beating him with a bat; Bridget arrives before things get too ugly. Mickey tries to patch things up with Terry, though, as usual, his ways only serve to make things worse. Ray spends the day at Finney’s Imperial Studios. He shepherds Casey around as required and helps Paige overcome some personnel issues so that she can best portray the studio to a potential buyer. Andrew Finney first says the deal is off but after interjections from Paige says it is back on again. Alone, Finney tells Ray that he works only for him –- and suggests things will get ugly with the rest of the brood. Paige later calls Ray asking to meet, Ray declines, stating that he works only for her father. Going home, Ray gets a frosty reception from Bridget but stays at the family home in Abby’s absence.

29
5
"Handshake Deal"
Colin Bucksey
Gina Welch
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)
1.32[30]

Mickey sets up a girls and gear party for PJ and his tech company Kwip. All goes well until more product than agreed is consumed, leaving Mickey $10,000 down. One of the girls gets busy with Coner. Ray is tasked by Finney with retrieving a phone which contains damaging evidence of Governor Verona’s dalliances. He enlists Lena to help and brings her back on staff. The phone recovered, Ray discovers that Paige was among Verona’s indiscretions. Bunchy’s heart is broken when Teresa and family leave after Terry spikes the wrestling deal. Romero tries further to befriend Bunchy. Bridget is having trouble with her college application; Ray’s attending a meeting with her doesn’t help so she phones her Mom. Abby, who has agreed to buy the bar and put in Margaret’s name, agrees to come home. On hearing from her sister that she needs Ray to agree to the bar deal Margaret becomes angry. Mickey tries to extend his loan with the Armenians and ends up agreeing to give them 50% of the business. Paige wants the phone but Ray insists his loyalties lie with her father. On meeting Finney he implies that the phone has been destroyed, Finney is displeased but seems content that his daughter does not have it. Ray later meets with Paige and offers the phone for 5% of the NFL deal, but settles for 3%. Ray comes home to find Mickey and Coner there, sending Coner to bed; Ray shares a quick drink with his father. After Mickey leaves Ray watches TV with the dog and then Abby comes home.

30
6
"Swing Vote"
John Dahl
Michael Tolkin
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)
1.61[31]

The Minassians take Mickey to visit another of their business partners and show him the punishment that awaits if payment is late. He returns to the apartment complex to find Ginger packed and ready to leave as Mrs Rosenblatt has threatened to call child protection about Audrey, Mickey says he will help and she should stay. Abby asks Ray if he wants a divorce, he doesn’t answer straight away but later calls saying a divorce is not what he wants, he wants to build a better life for them all. Bunchy shares his feelings about losing Teresa with his support group, Romero convinces him they should go and see her in Bakersfield on the trip Romero claims to have stabbed his own abuser in the eyes. Terry receives a weight plate shaped calling card from the Aryans. Ray gets confirmation from Lee Drexler that his contract with Paige is good and signs it. He is then called in by Finney to help delay a potential bidder for the NFL team, so that he misses the deadline. He despatches Lena to intercept this Mr Sylvester, whom they drug and deposit in a motel room. Paige gets the deal signed, though has to agree to a 10% break fee. Bunchy visits Teresa and asks her to marry him, despite her protestations he says he will wait at a diner down the street until she changes her mind. At the diner, Romero tricks Bunchy into saying how his abuser was despatched. Teresa does arrive and agrees to go with Bunchy – but only if he agrees to: tell the truth, be faithful, not hit her and drop the name Bunchy, Brendan agrees. At the election party Abby is introduced to Verona and the Finney clan. Ray leaves for a while to attend to a petrified Terry. On returning, with Verona losing the election and having found out about the deal with Paige, Finney expresses his disappointment at Ray.

31
7
"All Must Be Loved"
Tucker Gates
David Hollander
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)
1.37[32]

Terry’s specialist advises him that recent events are normal for Parkinson’s and he should really have in-home support, Ray agrees with Abby that he could move in with them, Terry later declines. Darryl is beaten and his car is taken by the Armenians who had come after a $30k payment, Mickey says he will sort it out and arranges to meet them with the money. Bunchy tells his family of his intention to marry Teresa and asks Ray for his settlement money. Ray OK’s the financing for Abby’s father’s bar. Paige tells Donovan she is divorcing Varick and fronts Ray $200k to bribe Helen Miller of Fish & Game. Romero calls Ray and asks for a meet, saying he knows about Father O’Connor’s murder. At the meeting he offers forgiveness if Ray confesses, Ray starts to confess then leaves – Romero follows but Ray turns on the priest and beats him until Terry pulls him off – Romero excommunicates them but calls for Ray to repent. Bunchy goes to Mickey looking for more work, Mickey takes him to the meeting with the Armenians, who, on discovering Mickey has given them play money lay in to Mickey and Darryl outnumbering and overwhelming them until Bunchy steps in – Darryl later tells Mickey that reprisals are a certainty. Bridget's crush on her tutor, Greg Donellen, moves to the next level. Paige summons Ray on the pretext of business, but on arriving her motives are clearly more about pleasure.

32
8
"Tulip"
Michael Uppendahl
David Hollander & William Wheeler
August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)
1.44[33]

Paige tells Ray, her overnight guest, that they must seal the deal with Napier that week to keep everything on track. Ray enlists Helen Miller to provide some evidence (snakes which have been used to traffic drugs) which will be planted on Miller. Despite good planning by Ray and Lena, one of the snakes bites Miller, thwarting their plans. Romero shows up at the gym and has Bunchy summon Ray. Armed and ready to dispose of another priest, Ray is surprised when Romero simply hands him all of the evidence that he has gathered and leaves. The Armenians take revenge by torching Daryll’s car. The investigating police officer tells Mickey that she is aware of his activities and that he can either become an informant again or he, Darryl and Bunchy will likely face jail. Mickey later calls her and agrees. A disgruntled Varick is denied access to Finney so sneaks in through a back door. He threatens to expose his relationship with Finney who responds by hitting him, fatally, with a fire poker. Finney calls in Ray who, in turn, brings Avi back to help clean up with Lena. Burning and burying Varick’s body (along with Romero’s evidence) in a deep desert grave, Avi tries to convince Ray that Kate's murder was for Ray’s good. Finney, as agreed with Ray, tells Paige he will pay Napier’s price for the land and that she can take control of the deal going forward. Avi lays a false trail suggesting Varick fled south of the border. Bridget visits Donellen at home. He is on painkillers, and after he falls asleep on the couch Bridget snuggles up alongside him. Abby gets Terry cleaned up somewhat and he ends up staying in the room that Abby had prepared for him.

33
9
"The Octopus"
Colin Bucksey
Brett Johnson
September 6, 2015 (2015-09-06)
1.41[34]

Mickey is required by Detective Muncie to work with them on a sting operation against the Minassians and their Russian supplier of trafficked girls, Ivan Belikov. Preparations for Bunchy’s wedding are underway but at the rehearsal dinner Ray gives less a best man’s speech, more a mumbled couple of sentences. Ray has Lena check out Teresa and family, who are mostly clean. Terry’s Parkinson’s (or meds) give him nightmares and when checking out the noise Abby and Ray find a shaken and embarrassed Terry has wet the bed. The NFL is checking the Finneys' deal and the absence of Varick leads them to have one of their investigators, disgraced former FBI director Ed Cochran, look into the deal. Cochran seems to relish the prospect of encountering Ray again. Mickey hides out in a motel. Muncie goes looking for him and arrests groom-to-be Bunchy when Mickey cannot be located. Ray agrees with Muncie to swap father for brother, then tracks down Mickey and convinces him to return. Mickey meets with the Minassians and sees the pictures of the sex-slaves that Belikov is controlling; he is shaken by these. Bridget is out bowling with Donellen who admits his feelings for her. Bunchy and Teresa are married and the reception is a success with Ray delivering a fine and moving speech. Mickey asks Ray for help with his situation. Ray asks Lena to look into the Minassians.

34
10
"One Night in Yerevan"
Dan Attias
Gina Welch & David Hollander
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
1.43[35]

Ray is planning to get Mickey out of his sticky situation with the cops by working with old employer Lee Drexler. Ray gets Lee to act as a legal representative for Mickey. Their angle is to say that Mickey is senile, which is signed off on by a doctor whom they pay, and then appoint Ray as his guardian. That means that Mickey can’t rightfully participate in Muncie’s sting. Ray also tries to convince the Minassians to let Mickey out of the deal they made, and asks for help from an Armenian pop star whom Ray had helped out in the past. Meanwhile, Cochran is gathering more evidence in his investigation of Ray, using the vetting of the Finney NFL deal as a reason to dig into any potential dirty business. Cochran is getting closer to learning the truth. He meets with Finney, gets a sense of where he stands, and also bribes his way into Avi’s storage locker. Worried about Bridget, Abby searches her room for something that will help her figure out what’s wrong. She finds Mr. Donellen’s pill bottle and confronts Bridget about it. When Abby learns the truth, she first threatens to call the cops. Donellen lies to Abby telling her that Bridget is obsessed with him because they both lost loved ones.

35
11
"Poker"
Colin Bucksey
Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson
September 20, 2015 (2015-09-20)
1.45[36]

Cochran sends the LAPD, via their website, a map of where Varick’s body is buried, his screen observed remotely by Avi and Lena. He then plants the poker at Ray's apartment and has Finney tell the police chief that it was Ray who killed Varick. Finney asks Paige to back him up. Avi calls Ray and they agree the body should be moved. Ray answers some of a detective’s questions about Varick, but Lee Drexler arrives and concludes the conversation. Lee tells Ray that Finney had implicated him; Ray sees Finney’s lawyer and tells him to have Finney recant his statement. Cochran arrives home to find Ray there, Ray asks where the poker is, but it takes a bullet to the leg and some persuasion to get the location. Ray recovers the poker just before the police arrive – Lena speeds it away. Bridget, though grounded, visits Donellen and tells him how she feels but he gently rebuffs her. Abby arrives and takes Bridget away. Terry makes a pass at Abby. Ray intercepts Paige on her way into the LAPD offices and he tries to convince her to tell the truth. She tells the police that Finney killed Varick and that they were lovers. Ray and his team deposit the body and poker in a dumpster at Finney’s home. Paige tells Finney she made her statement, but not its contents, and Lena torches the body. Ray and his team return a bruised Cochran to Dybek. Mickey avoids having to move to Reno by convincing his boys he has Alzheimer’s, and claims that he is scared that Ray will lock him away somewhere. Ray confronts Mickey, and Mickey tells Ray they will all hate him if he is sent away, forcing Ray to relent.

36
12
"Exsuscito"
David Hollander
David Hollander & William Wheeler
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
1.50[37]

TV news covers unfolding events at the Finney house, Paige arrives at Ray’s apartment to ride out the media storm. Ray leaves and goes home. Bridget is in Santa Monica and arranges a liaison with Greg Donellen. Teresa wakes Bunchy and rides him before she takes him to the hills and tells him she is pregnant, Bunchy reacts badly and admits he is worried about how good a parent he would be and doesn’t want to disappoint her. Abby searches for Bridget, hammering on Donellen’s door getting no response. Meanwhile Ray arrives home where Terry, reluctantly, tells him about Donellen. Ray calls Bridget, who does not answer, when Abby texts asking where she is she says at Mickey’s. Terry agrees to collect her; Abby tells Ray who agrees to meet there. Ray is second to arrive but sees two of the Armenians armed for revenge, he gets a gun and finds the Armenians shooting out Mickey’s apartment, Ray shoots at them but they leave quickly. Michelle is killed and Terry is badly hurt. Ray and Mickey rush Terry to the hospital. Avi advises that the Minassians will kill all of Ray's family, so Ray and Avi plan to eliminate them. Waiting as Minassians arrive at their club they are surprised to see Mickey arrive and gun down the doorman before entering the building. They follow and between them dispatch the Armenian men, though Ray is wounded. Mickey slits the throat of Ovsanna Minassian. Ray next goes to rescue Bridget. Donellen has declined Bridget’s advances but this doesn’t stop Ray from punching him a few times hard. He takes Bridget with him to the hospital where Terry is. She says Ray doesn’t love her or anyone, and leaves. She goes home and packs her bags. Terry is in a bad way, wounded and weakened. Ray goes to see Romero so he will visit Terry. Romero awaits his confession, Terry’s heart arrests. Ray confesses and tells of Father O’Connor’s misdeeds against him; Terry regains consciousness. Leaving the confessional Ray collapses. Romero drives him back towards L.A.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

37
1
"Girl with Guitar"
Liev Schreiber
David Hollander
June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20) (online)
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26) (Showtime)
1.11[38]

Ray and Terry have recovered. Ray attends his first abuse survivors' support meeting and tries to get Bridget to move back home. Abby gets alarming medical news that she has cancer. Mickey's new con fizzles. Ray gets a job offer but then has to help a friend out of a jam.

38
2
"Marisol"
John Dahl
Mike Binder & Rob Fresco
July 3, 2016 (2016-07-03)
1.15[39]

Ray helps Hector handle a person from his past who threatens to reveal a secret that could ruin Hector's boxing career. Meanwhile, Abby offers Bunchy a lesson in marital compromise; and Det. Muncie uses incriminating evidence against the Donovans to force Ray's hand, which draws him further in the path of the Russian mob.

39
3
"Little Bill Primm's Big Green Horseshoe"
Michael Apted
David Hollander & Miki Johnson
July 10, 2016 (2016-07-10)
1.34[40]

Ray struggles with not bringing work home, while boxing brings drama to both homes. Meanwhile his fathers paradox luck pulls him closer to his son.

40
4
"Federal Boobie Inspector"
Phil Abraham
Sean Conway
July 17, 2016 (2016-07-17)
1.27[41]

Ray visits a Hollywood power player in an attempt to get the Russian mob off his back and unearths a secret Ezra shared in the past. Meanwhile, Lena and an ex-girlfriend take Abby out on the town to help her confront fears over her recent cancer diagnosis; and Mickey offers his boys a job prospect and tries to assimilate back into the family.

41
5
"Get Even Before Leavin'"
Robert McLachlan
Chad Feehan
July 24, 2016 (2016-07-24)
1.27[42]

With the Russian mob threatening his family, Ray goes on a road trip with Mickey. Meanwhile, Abby has some difficult decisions to make about her cancer, Bridget returns home and Bunchy has serious marital problems.

42
6
"Fish and Bird"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
David Hollander
July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31)
1.24[43]

Mickey takes the blame for the Armenian hit and goes to prison. Belikov is released. Bunchy baptizes his daughter and comes to live with Ray after Teresa left him. Ray settles his debt with the Russian mob, but new troubles arise.

43
7
"Norman Saves the World"
Tricia Brock
Mike Binder & David Sonnenborn
August 7, 2016 (2016-08-07)
1.13[44]

Ray has a confrontation with a Hollywood agent and a former fixer; without the protection of the Russians, Ray helps Mickey secure his own safety.

44
8
"The Texan"
Tucker Gates
David Hollander & Sean Conway
August 14, 2016 (2016-08-14)
1.21[45]

Ray and Abby find out about Conor's gun; Hector's plans get surprisingly interrupted by Marisol.

45
9
"Goodbye Beautiful"
James Whitmore Jr.
Chad Feehan & Miki Johnson
August 21, 2016 (2016-08-21)
1.21[46]

Sonia asks Ray for help. Mickey, Bunchy and Teresa go to Primm. The Russians find out about Belikov.

46
10
"Lake Hollywood"
Stephen Williams
David Hollander & Mike Binder
August 28, 2016 (2016-08-28)
1.00[47]

Hector's wife confronts him and he deals with Marisol. Mickey, Bunchy and Teresa go to Ray's house. Ray does everything he can to ensure his family's safety and save his friend.

47
11
"Chinese Algebra"
John Dahl
Sean Conway & Chad Feehan
September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11)
1.47[48]

Ray's latest attempt to save Avi and square his debts to the mob takes a hit when FBI agent Frank Barnes becomes involved.

48
12
"Rattus Rattus"
David Hollander
David Hollander
September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)
1.34[49]

As the Campos fight gets underway, Ray desperately turns to his family for help.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"Abby"
David Hollander
David Hollander
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.13[50]

Ray begins court-ordered anger management after a family tragedy sparks a bar fight. Meanwhile, Mickey, Bunchy and Daryll prepare for Terry and Maureen's wedding and Bridget looks up a mysterious acquaintance in New York. Conor adjusts to military school and Samantha Winslow, a studio head, hires Ray to do some work for her.

50
2
"Las Vegas"
John Dahl
David Hollander & Miki Johnson
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
1.11[51]

A flashback to Ray and Abby's 21st anniversary when they went to Las Vegas to see Damon's first televised fight. In the present, movie star Natalie James hires Ray to protect her from her abusive manager, who has also impregnated her. Hopes for a beautiful day are dashed at Terry and Maureen's wedding as tensions flare between the Donovans and the Dohertys.

51
3
"Dogwalker"
John Dahl
Sean Conway
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
1.06[52]

Ray cleans up Natalie's mess. At home, however, he struggles to reconnect with his family and complete anger management. Unable to reach Maureen, Terry visits Conor at military school. A surprise visit from Frank Barnes threatens to sink Mickey back into a life of violence. Bunchy happens upon the business opportunity of a lifetime to provide for Teresa and Maria.

52
4
"Sold"
Tucker Gates
Chad Feehan
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
1.07[53]

Mickey's screenwriting dreams stall out - until he's pulled into a gruesome fix for Daryll's movie star client. Abby starts construction on the new bar while Ray searches for a solution to their problem. Terry tries to win back Maureen one last time. Bunchy takes the cash out of his safe for a business deal. However, he stops at a local sandwich shop with all his money in a diaper bag and is robbed. Bridget tells her boyfriend that her father is not a nice man, and intentionally got him sick so that Abby could take his place on an experimental cancer treatment.

53
5
"Shabbos Goy"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
David Hollander & William Wheeler
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
1.08[54]

Tom and Vicky blackmail Winslow, and demand money and one of her Oscar statuettes. Ray is looking for Natalie. Mickey finds Avi, but is unable to murder him for Frank Barnes.

54
6
"Shelley Duvall"
Michael Uppendahl
Miki Johnson & David Sonnenborn
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1.05[55]

Terry visits Bridget, Landry finds out that Natalie is staying with Ray, and asks to see her. Upon confronting Natalie, Landry grabs her roughly, and Ray stops him.

55
7
"If I Should Fall from Grace with God"
Michael Uppendahl
David Hollander & Chad Feehan
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
1.15[56]

For the sake of Bunchy, Ray must save Mickey; Terry comes back to Los Angeles with a confession; Bunchy helps an inmate; Daryll and Mickey clash over the direction of their movie; Donovan goes to the extreme to protect his family.

56
8
"Horses"
Zetna Fuentes
William Wheeler
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
1.22[57]

57
9
"Mister Lucky"
Guy Ferland
Sean Conway
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
1.21[58]

58
10
"Bob the Builder"
Stephen Williams
Chad Feehan
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
1.24[59]

59
11
"Michael"
Carl Franklin
Miki Johnson
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
1.23[60]

Ray searches for Frank Barnes in an attempt to get Bridget out of jail. In New York, Terry deals with the return of Damon's father and takes care of Smitty at Bridget's request.

60
12
"Time Takes a Cigarette"
David Hollander
David Hollander
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
1.18[61]