document_title: The Next Iron Chef

question_text: who wins the next iron chef super chefs

question_tokens: who wins the next iron chef super chefs

root

text: The Next Iron Chef

text: Judges[edit]

text:
Judges
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5

Donatella Arpaia
♦
♦
♦

♦

Michael Ruhlman
♦

Andrew Knowlton
♦

Jeffrey Steingarten

♦

Anya Fernald

♦

Simon Majumdar

♦
♦
♦

Michael Symon

♦
♦

Judy Joo

♦

Geoffrey Zakarian

♦

tag: table

text: Season 1: 2007[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
John Besh (New Orleans, LA); defeated Mario Batali in Battle Andouille in Season 3 of Iron Chef America.
Chris Cosentino (San Francisco, CA); lost to Batali in Battle Garlic, in Season 4.
Jill Davie (Santa Monica, CA) Chef de Cuisine at Josie in Santa Monica, California, and co-host of Fine Living's Shopping with Chefs.
Traci Des Jardins (San Francisco, CA); defeated Batali in Battle Shrimp in Season 2.
Gavin Kaysen (San Diego, CA) Chef de Cuisine at El Bizcocho at the Rancho Bernardo Inn in California.
Morou Ouattara (Washington, D.C.) who lost to Bobby Flay in Battle Peas in Season 3.
Aarón Sanchez (New York, NY) who tied Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Black Bass in Season 2.
Michael Symon (Cleveland, OH) who lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Asparagus in Season 2.

tag: ul

text: Judges[edit]

text: The contest was judged by food writer Michael Ruhlman, Bon Appétit restaurant editor Andrew Knowlton, and restaurateur Donatella Arpaia.[4]

tag: p

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode
1
2
3
4
5
6
Comments

Challenge
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Symon
IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
The Next Iron Chef

Besh
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT
Elimin: Attain Greatness

Cosentino
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

Elimin: Lead and Inspire

Sanchez
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elimin: Pressure

Ouattara
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elimin: Resourcefulness

Kaysen
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Davie
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elimin: Simplicity and Innovation

Des Jardins
IN
OUT

Elimin: Speed and Artistry

text: Results[edit]

text: Episode 1[edit]

text: Challenge 1: Speed

text:
A speed challenge in which chefs are required to debone a chicken, fillet a salmon, open enough coconuts to produce two cups of coconut milk, shuck six oysters and clams, french a rack of lamb, and slice off a 4-inch (100 mm) strip of daikon thin enough to read newsprint through within 15 minutes.
WINNER: Aarón Sanchez

text: Challenge 2: Artistry

text:
Chefs are challenged to make desserts: one with any available ingredient and the second featuring savory ingredients. Each chef selects one of the following savory ingredients: catfish, tripe, beef shoulder, chorizo, duck confit, bacon, salmon roe, or squid based on the order of their finish in the Speed challenge. The chefs are not allowed to use butter, sugar, or cheese unless they make it themselves.
WINNER: John Besh
ELIMINATED: Traci Des Jardins

text: First aired: October 7, 2007

text: Episode 2[edit]

text: Challenge 3: Simplicity

text:
The chefs have 30 minutes to prepare six one-bite (amuse-bouche) dishes that best exemplify their style of cooking. Because of his win in the Artistry challenge in Episode 1, Chef Besh is given the advantage of selecting his ingredients first, and also selecting the order in which the chefs present their dishes. The chefs serve as judges for each other's dishes. Chef Sanchez misunderstands the rules and fails to finish plating more than a single serving of his dish, deciding during the judging to give his dish to Chef Besh for tasting.
WINNER: Michael Symon

text: Challenge 4: Innovation

text:
After a brief introduction to the special ingredients and appliances (and with some tutelage by chef Wylie Dufresne in a special guest appearance), the chefs have 90 minutes to "play" with these items in order to incorporate them into their cooking style. The chefs then have 90 minutes to prepare a dish using innovative ingredients (e.g., xanthan gum, liquid nitrogen) and innovative appliances (e.g., thermal immersion circulator, Anti-griddle) to prepare a single dish for the judges. With his win in Challenge 1 of this round, Chef Symon is able to select his ingredients first and had a dedicated set of cooking equipment, while the other contestants have to share a common set.
WINNER: Chris Cosentino[5]
ELIMINATED: Jill Davie

text: First aired: October 14, 2007

text: Episode 3[edit]

text: Challenge 5: Resourcefulness (Double Elimination)

text:
The chefs are divided into pairs. Each chef selects ingredients for his partner and places the ingredients in a sealed cooler. The chefs are taken outdoors, where each chef has 60 minutes to prepare two dishes with the items located in his cooler and the limited ingredients at his individual station. In addition, the chefs are only able to use a single charcoal grill to cook their dishes. With his win in the previous challenge, Chris Cosentino is given the privilege of deciding the pairings of contestants.
WINNER: Michael Symon
ELIMINATED: Gavin Kaysen and Morou Ouattara

text: First aired: October 21, 2007

text: Episode 4[edit]

text: Challenge 6: Creativity Under Pressure

text:
The remaining four chefs learn that they will be traveling to Germany for this week's challenge. At the Munich airport, the chefs are taken to Lufthansa's catering facilities where their next challenge is to create the ultimate first class meal for passengers, to be finished and presented to the first class cabin of a long-haul jet. They have 90 minutes to prepare a minimum of three dishes.
WINNER: Michael Symon
ELIMINATED: Aarón Sanchez

text: First aired: October 28, 2007

text: Episode 5[edit]

text: Challenge 7: Lead and Inspire

text:
The remaining three chefs continue the overseas portion of the competition as they fly to Paris for the next challenge. The chefs must create a meal representing their interpretations of classic American foods, to be served at a dinner hosted by the United States Ambassador to France, with guests including a number of noted French culinary figures.
WINNER: Neither remaining chef was declared the winner.
ELIMINATED: Chris Cosentino

text: First aired: November 4, 2007

text: Episode 6[edit]

text: Challenge 8: Attain Greatness

text:
The final competition tales the form of a head-to-head competition in Kitchen Stadium in a traditional Iron Chef America battle. The secret ingredient was swordfish. Judges Ruhlman, Knowlton and Arpaia are replaced in the on-air tasting portion of the judging by current Iron Chefs Bobby Flay, Cat Cora and Masaharu Morimoto. The three judges and the three Iron Chefs collaborate to determine the winner.
WINNER: Michael Symon
ELIMINATED: John Besh

text: First aired: November 11, 2007

text: Season 2: 2009[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Nate Appleman (Executive Chef and partner, Pulino's Bar and Pizzeria, New York City); lost to Michael Symon in Battle Suckling Pig in Season 7
Dominique Crenn (Chef de Cuisine, Luce at The Intercontinental Hotel, San Francisco)
Brad Farmerie (Executive Chef, Double Crown, Madam Geneva, PUBLIC, The Monday Room, New York City); defeated Cat Cora in Battle Maple Syrup in Season 7
Amanda Freitag (Executive Chef, The Harrison, New York City); lost to Bobby Flay in Battle Alaskan King Crab in Season 7
Jose Garces (Executive Chef and owner, Amada, Tinto, Distrito, Chifa, Village Whiskey, Garces Trading Company, JG Domestic, Philadelphia; Mercat a la Planxa, Chicago); defeated Bobby Flay in Battle Melon in Season 6
Eric Greenspan (Executive Chef and owner, The Foundry on Melrose, Los Angeles)
Jehangir Mehta (Executive Chef and owner, Graffiti, New York City); lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Coconut in Season 7
Seamus Mullen (Executive Chef and partner, Boqueria Flatiron and Boqueria Soho, New York City)
Holly Smith (Chef and owner, Cafe Juanita, Poco Carretto Gelato, Kirkland, WA)
Roberto Trevino (Executive Chef and owner, Budatai, San Juan, Puerto Rico); lost to Mario Batali in Battle Catfish in Season 1

text: Judges[edit]

text: The judges are restaurateur Donatella Arpaia, food author and long-time Iron Chef America judge Jeffrey Steingarten and sustainable food expert Anya Fernald.[6]

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Comments

Challenge
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Garces
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
The Next Iron Chef

Mehta
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT
Elim: Imagination

Mullen
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Integrity

Freitag
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Umami

Appleman
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

Elim: Pressure

Trevino
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Crenn
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

Elim: Adaptability

Farmerie
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Innovation

Smith
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Simplicity and Interpretation

Greenspan
IN
OUT

Elim: Memory and Fearlessness

text: Results[edit]

text: Episode 1[edit]

text: Challenge 1: Memory

text:
The Chairman presents each chef with an ingredient associated with their past, and challenges them to make a dish, to be presented family-style, that represents who they are.
WINNER: Jose Garces

text: Challenge 2: Fearlessness

text:
The Chairman assigns each chef an exotic ingredient he or she may not have used before. Exercising his advantage, Chef Garces was allowed to exchange the ingredients of two chefs: Chef Crenn and Chef Mullen.
WINNER: Nate Appleman (Unlaid Eggs)
ELIMINATED: Eric Greenspan (Grasshoppers)

text: First aired: October 4, 2009

text: Episode 2[edit]

text: Challenge 3: Simplicity

text:
In this challenge, the Chairman gives each chef the choice of one traditional cooking vessel from one of a variety of countries; each is designed for a one-pot style of cooking. After 45 minutes of cook time, the contestants must taste and judge their fellow competitors' dishes.
WINNER: Jehangir Mehta

text: Challenge 4: Interpretation

text:
In the next challenge, Alton Brown assigns each chef a specific traditional dish from one of three countries; Greece, France and Italy. Each chef is given one hour to create their own interpretation of the dish they were assigned.
WINNER: Seamus Mullen

text: ELIMINATED: Holly Smith

text: First aired: October 11, 2009

text: Episode 3[edit]

text: Challenge 5: Innovation, Part I

text:
In this challenge, the chefs are sent in pairs to various restaurants in the Los Angeles area where they must taste the restaurant's signature dish, and then are tasked to duplicate the dish from scratch in 10 minutes. The owners of the restaurant determine which of the two competitors' dishes are closest to the original. The winner is allotted an additional 5 minutes in the next challenge.
Assignments:

Vietnamese: Beef Pho (Chefs Crenn and Garces)
Korean: Dolsot-bibimbap (Chefs Appleman and Mullen)
Thai: Green Curry with Fish Balls (Chefs Freitag and Mehta)
Chinese: Pork and Vegetarian Dumplings (Chefs Trevino and Farmerie)

WINNERS: Chefs Appleman, Crenn, Frietag and Trevino

text: Challenge 6: Innovation, Part II

text:
The chefs must use inspiration from their visit to local restaurants to re-interpret a traditional American dish.
WINNER: Seamus Mullen

text: ELIMINATED: Brad Farmerie

text: First aired: October 18, 2009

text: Episode 4[edit]

text: Challenge 7: Adaptability

text:
The Chairman presents the chefs with a challenge to test their ability to adapt: prepare two Mexican-inspired dishes, one sweet and one savory, using a surprise ingredient: tamarind imported from Mexico. Each chef has 90 minutes total to shop at Los Angeles's Grand Central Market and to cook their dishes. Late in the cooking period, host Alton Brown added a twist, when he conveyed the Chairman's wish to have a drink featuring tamarind added to the meal.
WINNER: Jehangir Mehta

text: ELIMINATED: Dominique Crenn

text: First aired: October 25, 2009

text: Episode 5[edit]

text: Challenge 8: Pressure, Part I

text:
An Indian chef tests how well the remaining contenders perform under pressure. The chefs are to make a one-bite vegetarian representation of the taste of India. As winner of the previous challenge, Chef Mehta has first choice of ingredients.
WINNER: Nate Appleman

text: Challenge 9: Pressure, Part II

text:
The chefs are to make a 5 course Indian dinner. This is a double-elimination challenge. As winner of the previous challenge, Chef Appleman has first choice of the protein ingredients and takes all of the red snapper.
WINNER: Jose Garces
ELIMINATED: Roberto Trevino and Nate Appleman
The remaining 4 chefs receive plane tickets to travel to Tokyo where the next episode takes place.

text: First aired: November 1, 2009

text: Episode 6[edit]

text: Challenge 10: Umami (Deliciousness), Part I: Yakitori

text:
The chefs must create five yakitori, each with umami.
Guest Judge: Iron Chef Masaharu Morimoto
WINNER: Jehangir Mehta

text: Challenge 11: Umami (Deliciousness), Part II: Five Flavors of Rice

text:
The chefs must create five dishes featuring five flavors: sweet, sour, salty, bitter and umami. Each dish must feature rice in some fashion, and be served in a traditional Japanese Bentō box.
Guest Judge: Dr. Yukio Hattori, Director of the Hattori Nutrition College. Dr. Hattori was a commentator on the original Japanese Iron Chef.
WINNER: Jose Garces
ELIMINATED: Amanda Freitag

text: First aired: November 8, 2009

text: Episode 7[edit]

text: Challenge 12: Integrity

text:
Personal expression through food.
Guest Judges: The Chairman, Dr. Yukio Hattori
FINALISTS: Jose Garces, Jehangir Mehta
ELIMINATED: Seamus Mullen

text: First aired: November 15, 2009

text: Episode 8[edit]

text: Challenge 13: Imagination

text:
The final challenge was a traditional head-to-head Iron Chef battle. The secret ingredient was racks and ribs, and featured beef, pork and buffalo meat.
Guest Judges: The Chairman, Masaharu Morimoto, Bobby Flay, Michael Symon
WINNER: Jose Garces
ELIMINATED: Jehangir Mehta

text: First aired: November 22, 2009

text: Season 3: 2010[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Marco Canora (chef and owner of Hearth, Terroir and Terroir TriBeca in New York City)
Bryan Caswell (chef and owner of Reef, Stella Sola and Little Bigs in Houston, Texas)
Maneet Chauhan (chef at Vermillion in Chicago, Illinois and New York), lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Leeks in Season 8
Mary Dumont (Executive Chef at Harvest in Cambridge, Massachusetts), lost to Cat Cora in Battle Milk and Cream in Season 5
Duskie Estes (chef and owner of Zazu Restaurant and Farm, Bovolo and Black Pig Meat Company in Sonoma County, California)
Marc Forgione (chef and owner of Marc Forgione in New York), sous chef for Laurent Tourondel, winner of Battle Goat Cheese in Season 3
Andrew Kirschner (Executive chef at Wilshire in Santa Monica, California)
Mario Pagán (chef and owner of Chayote and Lemongrass in Puerto Rico)
Celina Tio (chef and owner of Julian in Kansas City, Missouri)
Ming Tsai (chef and owner of Blue Ginger in Wellesley, Massachusetts), defeated Bobby Flay in Battle Duck in Season 1

text: Judges[edit]

text: The judges are restaurateur Donatella Arpaia, food writer and broadcaster Simon Majumdar and current Iron Chef Michael Symon, winner of the Season 1 competition.[6]

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Comments

Challenge
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

Forgione
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
The Next Iron Chef

Canora
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT
Elim: Honor

Tsai
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Seduction

Tio
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Caswell
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Inspiration

Chauhan
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Respect

Estes
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Transformation

Dumont
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Resourcefulness

Pagán
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Innovation

Kirschner
IN
OUT

Elim: Ingenuity

text: Results[edit]

text: Episode 1: Ingenuity[edit]

text: Secret Ingredient Challenge (Secret Ingredient: Bread): Each chef must make a sandwich expressing his or her culinary style

text: WINNER: Duskie Estes

text: Chairman's Challenge: Cook a dish on the beach, using tropical ingredients. Their dish must feature the one food they would want to have on a deserted island.

text: As the winner of the Secret Ingredient Challenge, Chef Estes was able to have a five-minute advantage to grab ingredients from the "pantry" and start cooking.

text:
WINNER: Ming Tsai
ELIMINATED: Andrew Kirschner

text: First aired: October 3, 2010

text: Episode 2: Innovation[edit]

text: Secret Ingredient Challenge (Secret Ingredients: Coffee and Donuts): Create a breakfast transforming these two ingredients.

text:
WINNER: Maneet Chauhan
DISADVANTAGE: Mary Dumont

text: Chairman's Challenge: Roadside diner classics

text: As the winner of the previous challenge, Maneet Chauhan was able to assign the dishes to prepare to each chef. Mary Dumont, having come in last, received a one-minute penalty assessed at the beginning.

text:
WINNER: Marc Forgione
ELIMINATED: Mario Pagán

text: First aired: October 10, 2010

text: Episode 3: Resourcefulness[edit]

text: Secret Ingredient Challenge (Secret Ingredients: Pickles): Create a "portable snack" expressing the ingredient's versatility.

text:
WINNER: Marc Forgione
DISADVANTAGE: Duskie Estes

text: Chairman's Challenge: Create two dishes that revolve around the fishes the chefs caught. Chefs who were short on fish were also allowed to use sardines as a focus ingredient too.

text: As the winner of the previous challenge, Marc Forgione was able to replace one of his caught fishes with someone else. He replaced one of his scorpion fishes with Celina Tio's caught snapper as a result. Duskie Estes, having come in last, received a one-minute penalty assessed at the beginning.

text:
WINNER: Marco Canora
ELIMINATED: Mary Dumont

text: First aired: October 17, 2010

text: Episode 4: Transformation[edit]

text: Secret Ingredient Challenge (Secret Ingredients: Condiments): Each chef is assigned to transform a selected condiment, such as mayonnaise, ketchup, or ranch dressing, into a dish featuring the condiment.

text:
WINNER: Celina Tio
DISADVANTAGE: Maneet Chauhan

text: Chairman's Challenge: At the San Diego County Fair, each chef must transform ingredients found at the fair's concession stands into three dishes: one fried, one on a stick, and one grilled. All dishes must be prepared on a large outdoor grill.

text: As the winner of the previous challenge, Celina Tio had a five-minute head start in the 30-minute hunt for ingredients on the fair grounds. Maneet Chauhan, having come in last, received a one-minute penalty assessed at the beginning of cooking.

text:
WINNER: Celina Tio
ELIMINATED: Duskie Estes

text: First aired: October 24, 2010

text: Episode 5: Respect[edit]

text: Secret Ingredient Challenge (Secret Ingredient: Potatoes)

text:
WINNER: Marco Canora
DISADVANTAGE: Marc Forgione

text: Chairman's Challenge: Each chef was challenged to cook four dishes; one each representing the northern, southern, eastern and western regions of the United States.

text:
WINNER: Ming Tsai
ELIMINATED: Maneet Chauhan

text: First aired: October 31, 2010

text: Note: In this episode, Iron Chef Jose Garces served as a guest judge, substituting for fellow Iron Chef Michael Symon.

text: Episode 6: Inspiration[edit]

text: Secret Ingredient Challenge (Secret Ingredient: Chocolate): The chefs were given two hours to create a dessert display.

text: WINNER: Ming Tsai

text: Chairman's Challenge: Each chef was tasked with creating his or her own buffet display and was given 3 hours to create three hot and two cold entrees. As winner of the previous challenge, Ming Tsai was given a one-minute head start on selecting his ingredients.

text:
WINNER: Marco Canora
ELIMINATED: Bryan Caswell

text: (This episode was originally intended to be a double elimination. However, because there was a three-way tie for the second chef to be eliminated, the remaining four chefs were allowed to continue to the next round.)

text: First aired: November 7, 2010

text: Episode 7: Seduction[edit]

text: Secret Ingredient Challenge (Secret Ingredient: Liquor): Create a cocktail along with a suitable bar food snack to associate with the drink.

text: WINNER: Marco Canora

text: Chairman's Challenge: Seduce the judges by creating three luxurious dishes featuring one luxury protein. Each chef selected a safe containing an unknown quality ingredient in turn, before collecting additional ingredients from four fine dining restaurants in 30 minutes. Marco Canora had the advantage to trade his unopened safe for another chef's ingredient, along with selecting at which restaurant each chef will begin gathering ingredients. Canora traded his unopened safe for Tsai's ingredient: Wagyū beef.

text:
WINNER: Marco Canora
ELIMINATED: Celina Tio, Ming Tsai

text: First aired: November 14, 2010

text: Episode 8: Honor[edit]

text: Secret Ingredient: Thanksgiving Feast (heritage turkey, white pekin duck, venison, lobster)

text:
WINNER: Marc Forgione
ELIMINATED: Marco Canora

text: First aired: November 21, 2010

text: Season 4: 2011: Super Chefs[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Anne Burrell (Host of Secrets of a Restaurant Chef and Worst Cooks in America, also sous-chef for Mario Batali on Iron Chef America); while being partnered with Michael Symon both defeated Cat Cora and Robert Irvine in Battle Deep Freeze in Season 9
Michael Chiarello (Owner of Bottega Restaurant, Napa Valley; host of Easy Entertaining with Michael Chiarello)
Elizabeth Falkner (Owner of Citizen Cake and Orson, San Francisco); lost to Cat Cora in Battle Honey in Season 3. Also has appeared on Food Network Challenge
Alex Guarnaschelli (Chef and Owner, Butter and The Darby, New York; Host, Alex’s Day Off, Judge, Chopped); lost to Cat Cora in Battle Farmers' Market in Season 5
Chuck Hughes (Chef and Owner, Garde Manger, Montreal; Host, Chuck’s Day Off Cooking Channel); defeated Bobby Flay in Battle Canadian Lobster in Season 9
Robert Irvine (Chef and Owner, Robert Irvine’s eat!, Hilton Head Island; Host, Dinner: Impossible, Restaurant: Impossible, Worst Cooks in America); has lost twice while being partnered on special holiday episodes of Iron Chef America
Beau MacMillan (Executive Chef, Sanctuary on Camelback Mountain, Phoenix; Host, Worst Cooks in America); defeated Bobby Flay in Battle American Kobe Beef in Season 3
Spike Mendelsohn (Chef and Owner, Good Stuff Eatery, Washington D.C.; Host, Kelsey & Spike Cook [Food2.com]; contestant on Top Chef (season 4)); lost to Michael Symon in Battle Prosciutto in Season 8
Marcus Samuelsson (Chef and Owner, Red Rooster Harlem, New York; Judge, 24 Hour Restaurant Battle, Chopped, Next Food Network Star); lost to Bobby Flay in Battle Corn in Season 6
Geoffrey Zakarian (Chef and Owner, The National and The Lambs Club, New York; Judge, 24 Hour Restaurant Battle, Chopped); lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Sardines in Season 8

text: Judges[edit]

text: The judges for season four were current Iron Chef Michael Symon, food writer and broadcaster Simon Majumdar, and Iron Chef Judy Joo from Iron Chef UK.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Comments

Zakarian
WIN
IN
IN
CO
IN
CO
WIN
WIN
The Next Iron Chef

Falkner
IN
IN
WIN
IN
CO
WIN
CO
OUT
Elim: Pressure

Chiarello
IN
CO
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Passion

Guarnaschelli
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Burrell
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

Elim: Risk

Samuelsson
CO
IN
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Storytelling

MacMillan
WIN
IN
CO
OUT

Elim: Improvisation

Hughes
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Ingenuity

Irvine
IN
OUT

Elim: Transformation

Mendelsohn
OUT

Elim: Resourcefulness

text: Results[edit]

text: Episode 1: Resourcefulness[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Primal: Heat and Meat"

text:
Spike Mendelsohn and Marcus Samuelsson
Anne Burrell and Robert Irvine
Alex Guarnaschelli and Elizabeth Falkner
Geoffrey Zakarian and Beau MacMillan
Michael Chiarello and Chuck Hughes

text: WINNERS: Geoffrey Zakarian and Beau MacMillan

text: BOTTOM TWO: Spike Mendelsohn and Marcus Samuelsson

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Scallops

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Marcus Samuelsson

text: ELIMINATED: Spike Mendelsohn

text: First aired: October 30, 2011

text: Episode 2: Transformation[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Take Me Out to the Ballgame"

text: WINNER: Alex Guarnaschelli

text: BOTTOM TWO: Robert Irvine and Michael Chiarello

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Peanuts

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Michael Chiarello

text: ELIMINATED: Robert Irvine

text: First Aired: November 6, 2011

text: Episode 3: Ingenuity[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Let's All Go to the Lobby"

text: Ingredient Order:

text:
Chocolate Covered Raisins: Chef Guarnaschelli
Malt Balls: Chef Falkner
Popcorn: Chef Hughes
Gummy Candy: Chef Chiarello
Cinnamon Candy: Chef Zakarian
Root Beer: Chef Burrell
Chocolate Covered Caramels: Chef Samuelsson
Sweet and Sour Candy: Chef MacMillan

text: WINNER: Elizabeth Falkner

text: BOTTOM TWO: Chuck Hughes and Beau MacMillan

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Tofu

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Beau MacMillan

text: ELIMINATED: Chuck Hughes

text: First Aired: November 13, 2011

text: Episode 4: Improvisation[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Food is Funny"

text: WINNER: Michael Chiarello

text: BOTTOM TWO: Geoffrey Zakarian and Beau MacMillan

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Coconuts

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Geoffrey Zakarian

text: ELIMINATED: Beau MacMillan

text: First Aired: November 20, 2011

text: Episode 5: Storytelling[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "New York on a Plate"

text: Landmark Order:

text:
Statue of Liberty : Chef Chiarello
Times Square: Chef Zakarian
Broadway: Chef Samuelsson
Empire State Building: Chef Guarnaschelli
Central Park : Chef Burrell
Brooklyn Bridge : Chef Falkner

text: WINNER: Anne Burrell

text: BOTTOM TWO: Marcus Samuelsson and Elizabeth Falkner

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Bagels

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Elizabeth Falkner

text: ELIMINATED: Marcus Samuelsson

text: First Aired: November 27, 2011

text: Episode 6: Risk[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Food Auction"

text: Ingredient Order:

text:
Canned Sardines: Chef Burrell (50 minutes)
Wagyu Beef: Chef Zakarian (30 minutes)
Maine Lobster: Chef Chiarello (25 minutes)
Tuna Jerky: Chef Falkner (25 minutes)
Leg of Lamb: Chef Guarnaschelli (20 minutes)

text: WINNER: Elizabeth Falkner

text: BOTTOM TWO: Anne Burrell and Geoffrey Zakarian

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Ponzu and Panko Bread Crumb Dessert

text: ELIMINATED: Anne Burrell

text: First Aired: December 4, 2011

text: Episode 7: Passion[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Hamptons Beach Cookout"

text: WINNER (advances to the Finale): Geoffrey Zakarian

text: ELIMINATED: Alex Guarnaschelli

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Three-Bite Crackers and Wine Appetizer Course

text: ELIMINATED: Michael Chiarello

text: First Aired: December 11, 2011

text: Episode 8: Pressure[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Holiday Meal"

text: WINNER: Geoffrey Zakarian

text: ELIMINATED: Elizabeth Falkner

text: First Aired: December 18, 2011

text: Season 5: 2012: Redemption[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Duskie Estes (chef and owner of Zazu Restaurant and Farm, Bovolo and Black Pig Meat Company in Sonoma County, California); Redemption from Season 3
Elizabeth Falkner (Owner of Citizen Cake and Orson, San Francisco); lost to Cat Cora in Battle Honey in Season 3. Also has appeared on Food Network Challenge; Redemption from Season 4
Alex Guarnaschelli (Chef and Owner, Butter and The Darby, New York; Host, Alex’s Day Off, Judge, Chopped); lost to Cat Cora in Battle Farmers' Market in Season 5; Redemption from Season 4
Spike Mendelsohn (Chef and Owner, Good Stuff Eatery, Washington D.C.; Host, Kelsey & Spike Cook [Food2.com]; lost to Michael Symon in Battle Prosciutto in Season 8; Redemption from Season 4
Nate Appleman (Executive Chef and partner, Pulino's Bar and Pizzeria, New York City); lost to Michael Symon in Battle Suckling Pig in Season 7; Redemption from Season 2
Amanda Freitag (Executive Chef, The Harrison, New York City); lost to Bobby Flay in Battle Alaskan King Crab in Season 7; Judge, Chopped; Redemption from Season 2
Eric Greenspan (Executive Chef and owner, The Foundry on Melrose, Los Angeles); beat Bobby Flay in Battle Goose in Season 8; Redemption from Season 2
Jehangir Mehta (Executive Chef and owner, Graffiti, New York City); lost to Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Coconut in Season 7; Redemption from Season 2
Marcel Vigneron (Owner of the catering company Modern Global Tasting, Los Angeles, California)
Tim Love (Executive Chef and owner, The Lonesome Dove Western Bistro, Fort Worth, Texas); beat Masaharu Morimoto in Battle Chile in Season 4

text: Judges[edit]

text: The judges for this season are: Iron Chef Geoffrey Zakarian, restaurateur Donatella Arpaia, and food writer Simon Majumdar.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Comments

Challenge
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Guarnaschelli
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
CO
IN
WIN
The Next Iron Chef

Freitag
IN
CO
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
OUT
Elim: Respect

Appleman
IN
IN
IN
IN
CO
CO
WIN
OUT

Elim: Passion

Vigneron
IN
IN
CO
CO
WIN
IN
OUT

Elim: Transcendence

Mehta
IN
WIN
CO
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Fusion

Falkner
IN
CO
CO
WIN
OUT

Elim: Risk

Mendelsohn
CO
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Transformation

Greenspan
IN
IN
OUT

Elim: Simplicity

Estes
IN
OUT

Elim: Innovation

Love
OUT

Elim: Resourcefulness

text: Results[edit]

text: Episode 1: Resourcefulness[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Resourcefulness"

text:
Alex Guarnaschelli: Lobster
Amanda Freitag: Shiitake Mushrooms
Duskie Estes: Calamari
Elizabeth Falkner: Black Garlic
Eric Greenspan: Grasshoppers
Jehangir Mehta: Buffalo
Marcel Vigneron: Avocado
Nate Appleman: Banana
Spike Mendelsohn: Scallops
Tim Love: Kale

text: WINNER: Alex Guarnaschelli

text: BOTTOM TWO: Spike Mendelsohn and Tim Love

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Pineapple

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Spike Mendelsohn

text: ELIMINATED: Tim Love

text: First aired: November 4, 2012

text: Episode 2: Innovation[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Innovation"

text:
Tacos: Alex Guarnaschelli, Spike Mendelsohn, Duskie Estes
Banh Mi: Eric Greenspan, Nate Appleman, Elizabeth Falkner
Falafel: Jehangir Mehta, Marcel Vigneron, Amanda Freitag

text: WINNER: Jehangir Mehta (Eric Greenspan and Alex Guarnaschelli were top in their respective groups)

text: BOTTOM THREE: Elizabeth Falkner, Amanda Freitag, and Duskie Estes

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: White bread

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Elizabeth Falkner and Amanda Freitag

text: ELIMINATED: Duskie Estes

text: First aired: November 11, 2012

text: Episode 3: Simplicity[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Simplicity"

text:
Alex Guarnaschelli and Marcel Vigneron
Elizabeth Falkner and Amanda Freitag
Nate Appleman and Eric Greenspan
Jehangir Mehta and Spike Mendelsohn

text: WINNER: Amanda Freitag (Spike Mendelsohn, Alex Guarnaschelli and Nate Appleman won their respective matchups)

text: BOTTOM FOUR: Elizabeth Falkner, Jehangir Mehta, Marcel Vigneron and Eric Greenspan

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Cereal

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Elizabeth Falkner, Marcel Vigneron and Jehangir Mehta

text: ELIMINATED: Eric Greenspan

text: First aired: November 18, 2012

text: Episode 4: Transformation[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Transformation"

text:
Vigneron: Canned Clams
Mehta: Mystery Can (Chicken)
Mendelsohn: Canned Vienna Sausage
Guarnaschelli: Canned Spiced Ham
Falkner: Mystery Can (Roast Beef)
Appleman: Mystery Can (Tuna)
Freitag: Canned Corned Beef

text: WINNER: Elizabeth Falkner

text: BOTTOM TWO: Marcel Vigneron and Spike Mendelsohn

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Lobster

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Marcel Vigneron

text: ELIMINATED: Spike Mendelsohn

text: First aired: November 25, 2012

text: Episode 5: Risk[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Risk"

text:
Cow Heads: Marcel Vigneron (50 minutes)
Paiche: Elizabeth Falkner (50 minutes)
Bison Ribs: Alex Guarnaschelli (45 minutes)
Wheel of Parmesan: Amanda Freitag (40 minutes)
Ostrich Eggs: Jehangir Mehta (25 minutes)
Mortadella: Nate Appleman (20 minutes)

text: WINNER: Marcel Vigneron

text: BOTTOM TWO: Nate Appleman and Elizabeth Falkner

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Anchovies

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Nate Appleman

text: ELIMINATED: Elizabeth Falkner

text: First aired: December 2, 2012

text: Episode 6: Fusion[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Fusion"

text:
Blue Cheese and Peanut Butter: Marcel Vigneron
Bone Marrow and Rainbow Candies: Jehangir Mehta
Clams and Strawberries: Nate Appleman
Chicken Liver and Peppermint Candies: Alex Guarnaschelli
Calamari and Miniature Marshmallows: Amanda Freitag

text: WINNER: Amanda Freitag

text: BOTTOM TWO: Nate Appleman and Jehangir Mehta

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Shrimp

text: ELIMINATED: Jehangir Mehta

text: First aired: December 9, 2012

text: Episode 7: Transcendence[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenge: "Transcendence"

text:
Amanda Freitag and Nate Appleman
Alex Guarnaschelli and Marcel Vigneron

text: WINNERS: Amanda Freitag and Nate Appleman

text: BOTTOM TWO: Alex Guarnaschelli and Marcel Vigneron

text: Secret Ingredient Showdown: Chocolate

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Alex Guarnaschelli

text: ELIMINATED: Marcel Vigneron

text: First aired: December 16, 2012

text: Episode 8: Passion and Respect[edit]

text: Chairman's Challenges: "Passion" and "Respect"

text:
Farm-raised Chicken (Geoffrey Zakarian): Amanda Freitag
Haddock (Simon Majumdar): Nate Appleman
Sea Urchin (Donatella Arpaia): Alex Guarnaschelli

text: CONTINUING IN THE COMPETITION: Amanda Freitag and Alex Guarnaschelli

text: ELIMINATED: Nate Appleman

text:
Bobby Flay: Corn, Avocado, Limes, Chili Peppers
Masaharu Morimoto: Panko, Ponzu, Soy Sauce, Miso, Daikon Radish, Wasabi
Michael Symon: Eggplant, Feta Cheese, Olives, Phyllo Dough

text: WINNER: Alex Guarnaschelli

text: ELIMINATED: Amanda Freitag

text: First aired: December 23, 2012

text: Vietnamese version[edit]

text: A Vietnamese version of The Next Iron Chef premiered on November 18, 2012 on VTV3 which also broadcasts Iron Chef Vietnam. It premiered a week after Iron Chef Vietnam ended the first series.


document_title: Pertussis

question_text: when did they start vaccinating for whooping cough

text: Pertussis

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: The classic symptoms of pertussis are a paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, and fainting, or vomiting after coughing.[18] The cough from pertussis has been documented to cause subconjunctival hemorrhages, rib fractures, urinary incontinence, hernias, and vertebral artery dissection.[18] Violent coughing can cause the pleura to rupture, leading to a pneumothorax. Vomiting after a coughing spell or an inspiratory whooping sound on coughing, almost doubles the likelihood that the illness is pertussis. The absence of a paroxysmal cough or posttussive emesis, though, makes it almost half as likely.[18]

text: The illness usually starts with mild respiratory symptoms, mild coughing, sneezing, or a runny nose. This is known as the catarrhal stage. After one to two weeks, the coughing classically develops into uncontrollable fits, each with five to ten forceful coughs, followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound in younger children, or a gasping sound in older children, as the person tries to inhale (paroxysmal stage).

text: Coughing fits can occur on their own or can be triggered by yawning, stretching, laughing, eating, or yelling; they usually occur in groups, with multiple episodes on an hourly basis throughout the day. This stage usually lasts two to eight weeks, or sometimes longer. A gradual transition then occurs to the convalescent stage, which usually lasts one to four weeks. This stage is marked by a decrease in paroxysms of coughing, both in frequency and severity, and a cessation of vomiting. A tendency to produce the "whooping" sound after coughing may remain for a considerable period after the disease itself has cleared up.

text: Incubation period[edit]

text: The time between exposure and the development of symptoms is on average 7–14 days (range 6–20 days),[19] rarely as long as 42 days.[20]

text: Cause[edit]

text: Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person.[4]

text: Spread from other animals[edit]

text: Uncertainties have existed of B. pertussis and whooping cough as a zoonotic disease since around 1910[21][22] but in the 1930s, knowledge was gained that the bacteria lost their virulent power when repeatedly spread on agar media. This explained the difficulties to reproduce results from different studies as the pre-inoculating handlings of the bacteria were not standardized among scientists.[23]

text: Today it is established that at least some primate species are highly susceptible to B. pertussis and develop clinical whooping cough in high incidence when exposed to low inoculation doses.[24][25] The bacteria may be present in wild animal populations, but this is not confirmed by laboratory diagnosis, although whooping cough is known among wild gorillas.[26] Several zoos also have a long-standing custom of vaccinating their primates against whooping cough.[27]

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: It acts primarily via its pertussis toxin but also via invasion of tissues and alveolar macrophages. B. pertussis attaches to the cilia of respiratory epithelial cells, where it produces cilia-paralyzing toxins, and causes inflammation of the respiratory tract, thereby interfering with the "mucociliary escalator" by which pulmonary secretions (i.e., mucus) are cleared.[citation needed]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: A physician's overall impression is most effective in initially making the diagnosis.[28] Single factors are much less useful.[28]

text: Methods used in laboratory diagnosis include culturing of nasopharyngeal swabs on a nutrient medium (Bordet-Gengou medium), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), and serological methods (e.g. complement fixation test).[29] The bacteria can be recovered from the person only during the first three weeks of illness, rendering culturing and DFA useless after this period, although PCR may have some limited usefulness for an additional three weeks.

text: Serology may be used for adults and adolescents who have already been infected for several weeks to determine whether antibody against pertussis toxin or another virulence factor of B. pertussis is present at high levels in the blood of the person.[30] By this stage, they have been contagious for some weeks and may have spread the infection to many people. Because of this, adults, who are not in great danger from pertussis, are increasingly being encouraged to be vaccinated.

text: A similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis.[31]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: The primary method of prevention for pertussis is vaccination.[32] Evidence is insufficient to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics in those who have been exposed, but are without symptoms.[33] Preventive antibiotics, however, are still frequently used in those who have been exposed and are at high risk of severe disease (such as infants).[6]

text: Vaccine[edit]

text: Pertussis vaccines are effective at preventing illness[34] and are recommended for routine use by the World Health Organization[35] and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.[36] The vaccine saved an estimated half a million lives in 2002.[35]

text: The multicomponent acellular pertussis vaccine is 71–85% effective, with greater effectiveness for more severe strains.[34] Despite widespread vaccination, however, pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is today "one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in Western countries".[37] The 21st-century resurgences in pertussis infections are attributed to a combination of waning immunity and bacterial mutations that elude vaccines.[37][38]

text: Immunization does not confer lifelong immunity; a 2011 CDC study indicated that protection may only last three to six years. This covers childhood, which is the time of greatest exposure and greatest risk of death from pertussis.[18][39]

text: An effect of widespread immunization on society has been the shift of reported infections from children aged 1–9 years to infants, adolescents, and adults, with adolescents and adults acting as reservoirs for B. pertussis and infecting infants with fewer than three doses of vaccine.[40]

text: Infection induces incomplete natural immunity that wanes over time.[41] A 2005 study said estimates of the duration of infection-acquired immunity range from 7 to 20 years and the different results could be the result of differences in levels of circulating B. pertussis, surveillance systems, and case definitions used. The study said protective immunity after vaccination wanes after 4–12 years.[42] Vaccination exemption laws appear to increase cases.[43][44]

text: Both WHO and the CDC found that the acellular pertussis vaccines were effective at prevention of the disease, but had a limited impact on infection and transmission, meaning that vaccinated people could act as asymptomatic reservoirs of infection.[45][46]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: The antibiotics erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin are typically the recommended treatment.[33] Newer macrolides are frequently recommended due to lower rates of side effects.[6] Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) may be used in those with allergies to first-line agents or in infants who have a risk of pyloric stenosis from macrolides.[6]

text: A reasonable guideline is to treat people age >1 year within 3 weeks of cough onset and infants age <1 year and pregnant women within 6 weeks of cough onset. If the person is diagnosed late, antibiotics will not alter the course of the illness, and even without antibiotics, they should no longer be spreading pertussis.[6] Antibiotics when used early decrease the duration of infectiousness, and thus prevent spread.[6] Short-term antibiotics (azithromycin for 3–5 days) are as effective as long-term treatment (erythromycin 10–14 days) in eliminating B. pertussis with fewer and less severe side effects.[47]

text: People with pertussis are infectious from the beginning of the catarrhal stage (a runny nose, sneezing, low-grade fever, symptoms of the common cold) through the third week after the onset of paroxysms (multiple, rapid coughs) or until 5 days after the start of effective antimicrobial treatment.

text: Effective treatments of the cough associated with this condition have not been developed.[48]

text: Prognosis[edit]

text: Common complications include pneumonia, bronchitis, encephalopathy, earache, and seizures. Most healthy older children and adults fully recover, but those with comorbid conditions have a higher risk of morbidity and mortality.

text: Infection in newborns is particularly severe. Pertussis is fatal in an estimated 1.6% of hospitalized US infants under one year of age.[49] First-year infants are also more likely to develop complications, such as: pneumonia (20%), encephalopathy (0.3%), seizures (1%), failure to thrive, and death (1%)[49]—perhaps due to the ability of the bacterium to suppress the immune system.[50] Pertussis can cause severe paroxysm-induced cerebral hypoxia, and 50% of infants admitted to hospital suffer apneas.[49] Reported fatalities from pertussis in infants increased substantially from 1990 to 2010.[51]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Worldwide, whooping cough affects around 16 million people yearly.[16] One estimate for 2013 stated it resulted in about 61,000 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990.[17] Another estimated 195,000 child deaths yearly from the disease worldwide.[52] This is despite generally high coverage with the DTP and DTaP vaccines. Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide.[53] About 90% of all cases occur in developing countries.[53]

text: Before vaccines, an average of 178,171 cases was reported in the U.S., with peaks reported every two to five years; more than 93% of reported cases occurred in children under 10 years of age. The actual incidence was likely much higher. After vaccinations were introduced in the 1940s, pertussis incidence fell dramatically to approximately 1,000 by 1976. Incidence rates have increased since 1980. In 2015, rates in the United States were 20,762 people.[54]

text: Pertussis is the only vaccine-preventable disease that is associated with increasing deaths in the U.S. The number of deaths increased from four in 1996 to 17 in 2001, almost all of which were infants under one year.[55] In Canada, the number of pertussis infections has varied between 2,000 and 10,000 reported cases each year over the last ten years, and it is the most common vaccine-preventable illness in Toronto.[56]

text: In 2009 Australia reported an average of 10,000 cases a year, and the number of cases had increased.[57] In the U.S. pertussis in adults has increased significantly since about 2004.[58]

text: US outbreaks[edit]

text: In 2010 ten infants in California died, and health authorities declared an epidemic encompassing 9,120 cases.[59][60] They found that doctors had failed to correctly diagnose the infants' condition during several visits.[61] Statistical analysis identified significant overlap in communities with a cluster of nonmedical child exemptions and cases. The number of exemptions varied widely among communities, but tended to be highly clustered. In some schools, more than three-fourths of parents filed for vaccination exemptions. The data suggest vaccine refusal based on nonmedical reasons and personal belief exacerbated the outbreak. Other factors included reduced duration of the current vaccine and that most vaccinated adults and older children had not received a booster shot.[62][63]

text: In April and May 2012 pertussis was declared to be at epidemic levels in Washington, with 3,308 cases.[64][65][66] In December 2012 Vermont declared an epidemic of 522 cases.[67] Wisconsin had the highest incidence rate, with 3,877 cases, although it did not make an official epidemic declaration.[66]

text: History[edit]

text: Discovery[edit]

text: B. pertussis was discovered in 1906 by Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou, who also developed the first serology and vaccine. Efforts to develop an inactivated whole-cell vaccine began soon after B. pertussis was cultured that year. In the 1920s, Louis W. Sauer developed a weak vaccine for whooping cough at Evanston Hospital (Evanston, IL). In 1925 Danish physician Thorvald Madsen was the first to test a whole-cell vaccine on a wide scale.[68] Madsen used the vaccine to control outbreaks in the Faroe Islands in the North Sea.

text: Vaccine[edit]

text: In 1932 an outbreak of whooping cough hit Atlanta, Georgia, prompting pediatrician Leila Denmark to begin her study of the disease. Over the next six years her work was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, and in partnership with Emory University and Eli Lilly & Company, she developed the first pertussis vaccine.[69] In 1942 American scientists Grace Eldering, Loney Gordon, and Pearl Kendrick combined the whole-cell pertussis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to generate the first DTP combination vaccine.[70] To minimize the frequent side effects caused by the pertussis component, Japanese scientist Yuji Sato developed an acellular vaccine consisting of purified haemagglutinins (HAs: filamentous strep throat and leukocytosis-promoting-factor HA), which are secreted by B. pertussis. Sato's acellular pertussis vaccine was used in Japan starting in 1981.[71] Later versions of the acellular vaccine in other countries consisted of additional defined components of B. pertussis and were often part of the DTaP combination vaccine.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, a controversy erupted related to the question of whether the whole-cell pertussis component caused permanent brain injury in rare cases, called pertussis vaccine encephalopathy. Despite this allegation, doctors recommended the vaccine due to the overwhelming public health benefit, because the claimed rate was very low (one case per 310,000 immunizations, or about 50 cases out of the 15 million immunizations each year in the United States), and the risk of death from the disease was high (pertussis killed thousands of Americans each year before the vaccine was introduced).[72] No studies showed a causal connection, and later studies showed no connection of any type between the DPT vaccine and permanent brain injury. The alleged vaccine-induced brain damage proved to be an unrelated condition, infantile epilepsy.[73] In 1990, the Journal of the American Medical Association called the connection a "myth" and "nonsense".[74]

text: However, before that point, criticism of the studies showing no connection and a few well-publicized anecdotal reports of permanent disability that were blamed on the DPT vaccine gave rise to 1970s anti-DPT movements.[75] Negative publicity and fear-mongering caused the immunization rate to fall in several countries, including the UK, Sweden, and Japan. A dramatic increase in the incidence of pertussis followed.[76]

text: In the United States, low profit margins and an increase in vaccine-related lawsuits led many manufacturers to stop producing the DPT vaccine by the early 1980s.[72] In 1982, the television documentary DPT: Vaccine Roulette depicted the lives of children whose severe disabilities were incorrectly blamed on the DPT vaccine by reporter Lea Thompson.[77] The ensuing negative publicity led to many lawsuits against vaccine manufacturers.[78] By 1985, vaccine manufacturers had difficulty obtaining liability insurance. The price of DPT vaccine skyrocketed, leading providers to curtail purchases, limiting availability. Only one manufacturer remained in the US by the end of 1985. To correct the situation, Congress in 1986 passed the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act (NCVIA), which established a federal no-fault system to compensate victims of injury caused by mandated vaccines.[79] The majority of claims that have been filed through the NCVIA have been related to injuries allegedly caused by the whole-cell DPT vaccine.

text: The concerns about side effects led Sato to introduce an even safer acellular vaccine for Japan in 1981 that was approved in the US in 1992 for use in the combination DTaP vaccine. The acellular vaccine has a rate of adverse events similar to that of a Td vaccine (a tetanus-diphtheria vaccine containing no pertussis vaccine).[80]


document_title: Majority Leader of the New York State Senate

question_text: who is the new york state senate majority leader

text: History[edit]

text: The position of President pro tempore of the New York State Senate was created as a standing office by a constitutional amendment in 1873. The President pro tempore was elected for the duration of the biennial senatorial term which comprised two sessions, the first in an even-numbered year, the other in the following odd-numbered year.

text: Before this time, a President pro tempore was elected only in case of vacancy (the President pro tem acting as lieutenant governor for the remainder of the term), or if the lieutenant governor was absent. In practice, this new arrangement transferred much power from the lieutenant governor to the President pro tempore, whose political position became comparable to that of the Speaker of the New York State Assembly.

text: After the impeachment of Governor William Sulzer in October 1913, Lt. Gov. Martin H. Glynn became governor, and President pro tempore Robert F. Wagner became acting lieutenant governor. At the time Wagner – as acting lieutenant governor – was considered to be President of the Senate and it was deemed necessary to elect another member as President pro tempore/Majority Leader,[4] and John F. Murtaugh was chosen.

text: The precedent of 1913–14 caused some confusion after the death of Lt. Gov. Thomas W. Wallace in 1943. It was unclear if the Majority Leader had to give up his post upon becoming acting lieutenant governor, and if such an acting lieutenant governor became President of the Senate for the remainder of the unexpired term.[5]

text: Traditionally, the positions of acting lieutenant governor and acting governor were considered to be tied to the post of Majority Leader. This means that if the Majority Leader resigns,[6] or is ousted from office, or if the majority changes[7] and a new Majority Leader is chosen, the offices of acting lieutenant governor or acting governor were transferred at the same time to the new Majority Leader.

text: Presidents pro tempore 1874 - 1938[edit]

text:
President pro tem
Party
Took office
Left office
Notes

William H. Robertson
Republican
1874
July 23, 1881
resigned his seat during his fourth term to accept appointment as Collector of the Port of New York

Dennis McCarthy
Republican
July 23, 1881
December 31, 1881
elected for the remainder of the term

vacant

January 3, 1882
December 31, 1882
John C. Jacobs was the candidate of the Democratic majority but, due to the split of the Democrats, no President pro tem was chosen by a senate with 14 regular Democrats, 3 Tammany men and 15 Republicans

John C. Jacobs
Democrat
January 11, 1883
December 31, 1883
elected for the remainder of the term

Dennis McCarthy
Republican
1884
December 31, 1885
Acting Lieutenant Governor 1885

Edmund L. Pitts
Republican
January 4, 1886
December 31, 1887

Henry R. Low
Republican
January 1888
December 1, 1888
died in office

Jacob Sloat Fassett
Republican
January 1889
August 1, 1891
vacated his seat during his second term when appointed Collector of the Port of New York

Jacob A. Cantor
Democratic
January 1892
December 31, 1893
Minority Leader 1888-1891 and 1894–1898

Charles T. Saxton
Republican
January 1894
December 31, 1894
vacated his seat when taking office as Lieutenant Governor of New York

Edmund O'Connor
Republican
January 1895
December 31, 1895
elected for the remainder of the term

Timothy E. Ellsworth
Republican
January 1896
December 31, 1902
three terms (1896–98,[8] 1899–1900, 1901–02)

John Raines
Republican
January 1903
December 16, 1909
Acting Lieutenant Governor 1906; died in office during his fourth term

Jotham P. Allds
Republican
January 5, 1910
February 23, 1910
elected for the remainder of the term; resigned during bribery investigation, later found guilty by Senate vote

George H. Cobb
Republican
March 11, 1910
December 31, 1910
elected for the remainder of the term; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1910

Robert F. Wagner
Democratic
January 1911
January 6, 1914
two terms; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1913-1914; Minority Leader 1915-1918

John F. Murtaugh
Democratic
January 6, 1914
December 31, 1914
chosen Majority Leader while Acting Lt. Gov. Wagner continued as Temporary President/Acting Lieutenant Governor[9]

Elon R. Brown
Republican
January 1915
December 31, 1918
two terms

J. Henry Walters
Republican
January 1919
December 31, 1920

Clayton R. Lusk
Republican
January 1921
December 31, 1922
Acting Lieutenant Governor 1922; Minority Leader 1923-1924

Jimmy Walker
Democratic
January 1923
December 31, 1924
Minority Leader 1919-1922 and 1925

John Knight
Republican
January 1925
March 30, 1931
vacated his seat during his fourth term when appointed U.S. Judge for the Western District of NY

George R. Fearon
Republican
April 9, 1931
December 31, 1932
elected for the remainder of the term

John J. Dunnigan
Democratic
January 4, 1933
December 31, 1938
three terms; Minority Leader 1931-1932 and 1939–1944

text: Majority Leaders since 1939[edit]

text:
Majority Leader
Party
Took office
Left office
Notes

Perley A. Pitcher
Republican
January 3, 1939
February 20, 1939
Minority Leader 1937-1938; died in office

Joe R. Hanley
Republican
February 27, 1939
December 31, 1943
elected for the remainder of the term, then re-elected twice; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1942 and 1943; vacated his seat when taking office as Lieutenant Governor of New York

Benjamin F. Feinberg
Republican
January 4, 1944
March 30, 1949
elected for the remainder of the term, then re-elected three times; vacated his seat when appointed Chairman of the Public Service Commission

Arthur H. Wicks
Republican
March 30, 1949
November 19, 1953
elected for the remainder of the term, then re-elected twice, then resigned; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1953

Walter J. Mahoney
Republican
January 6, 1954
December 31, 1964
elected for the remainder of the term, then re-elected five times; Acting Lieutenant Governor 1954

Joseph Zaretzki
Democratic
February 3, 1965
December 31, 1965
elected after a month of deadlock; Minority Leader 1957-1964 and 1966–1974

Earl W. Brydges
Republican
January, 1966
December 31, 1972
four terms (1966, 1967–68, 1969–70, 1971–72); Minority Leader 1965 [10]

Warren M. Anderson
Republican
January, 1973
December 31, 1988
eight terms; longest-serving Majority Leader (16 years); Acting Lieutenant Governor 1973-1974 and 1985–1986

Ralph J. Marino
Republican
January, 1989
November 25, 1994
ousted by his party shortly before the end of his third term

Joseph Bruno
Republican
November 25, 1994
June 24, 2008
elected for the remainder of the term, then re-elected seven times, then resigned; Acting Lieutenant Governor 2008.

Dean Skelos
Republican
June 24, 2008
December 31, 2008
elected for the remainder of the term; Acting Lieutenant Governor 2008.

Malcolm Smith
Democratic
January 7, 2009
June 8, 2009
Acting Lieutenant Governor Jan. 7 - June 8, 2009; Minority Leader 2007-2008 and June 8–15, 2009

Dean Skelos
Republican
June 8, 2009
June 15, 2009
Skelos was chosen Majority Leader, and Pedro Espada Jr. Temporary President/Acting Lieutenant Governor.

Dean Skelos/Malcolm Smith
Disputed
June 15, 2009
July 9, 2009
Pedro Espada Jr. continued as Temporary President/Acting Lieutenant Governor, but after the return of Hiram Monserrate to the Democratic caucus, the Senate was tied, and both leaders claimed to be the Majority Leader during the 2009 New York State Senate leadership crisis.

Pedro Espada Jr.
Democratic
July 9, 2009
December 14, 2010
Malcolm Smith was Temporary President since July 9, 2009, and John L. Sampson was Chairman of the Democratic Conference. As sitting Majority Leader, Espada was indicted on six federal counts of embezzlement and theft on Dec. 14, 2010 and was stripped of his leadership position.

vacant

December 14, 2010
December 31, 2010
While the office of Majority Leader remained vacant, Malcolm Smith continued as Temporary President, and John L. Sampson as Chairman of the Democratic Conference.

Dean Skelos
Republican
January 1, 2011
December 31, 2012

Jeffrey Klein/Dean Skelos
Majority Coalition
January 1, 2013
December 31, 2014
The leaders of the Republican and the Independent Democratic conferences would have joint and equal authority over bills that the Senate takes up, committee assignments, appointments, and state budget negotiations. Senator Skelos and Senator Klein also take turns as temporary president of the Senate, a position defined in the State Constitution that is next in the gubernatorial line of succession after the lieutenant governor.

Dean Skelos
Republican
January 1, 2015
May 11, 2015
Republicans won back an outright majority in the State Senate. Resigned as Temporary President and Majority Leader on May 11, 2015, due to federal corruption charges.

John J. Flanagan
Republican
May 11, 2015
Present

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Special elections for Lieutenant Governor were prohibited by a constitutional amendment after the death of Lt. Gov. Thomas W. Wallace and the subsequent special election of Joe R. Hanley. Lieutenant Governors may be elected now only "at the same time of election of a governor."
Jump up ^ This election occurs in the middle of the gubernatorial term, in presidential-election years; regularly the members of the state legislature are elected.
Jump up ^ Hakim, Danny; Peters, Jeremy W. (June 12, 1009). "Judge Gives State Senators Weekend to Negotiate". New York Times. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Removal Vote Does Not Bar Sulzer From Holding Future Office - Four Acquittal Ballots - High Court Unanimously Finds Sulzer Not Guilty on Remaining Impeachment Counts - Cullen Swears Glynn In - New Governor, In Statement, Promises "Economical, Clean, Orderly" Government - Not To Be A Factionist - Assumes Responsibility for Policy, Since "It Shall Be My Policy" - Wagner Moves Up Also - Now Lieutenant Governor - Frawley or Murtaugh May Be Chosen Senate President Pro Tem". New York Times. October 18, 1913. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ "Issues Are Raised By Wallace Death - Legal and Political Questions Arise in Regard to Naming His Successor - May Not Fill the Place - Republicans Incline to Think It Will Not Be Necessary Until 1946". New York Times. July 18, 1943. p. 30. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
Jump up ^ This happened when Joseph Bruno resigned on June 24, 2008, and Dean Skelos was chosen the new Majority Leader.
Jump up ^ This happened on January 7, 2009, when the newly elected Democratic majority chose Malcolm Smith.
Jump up ^ The senators elected in Nov. 1895 served an exceptional three-year term, see Constitution of 1894, Art. III, § 2
Jump up ^ Previous Presidents pro tempore (Raines, Cobb) had become Acting Lieutenant Governors while the State Senate was not in session. This time, with the State Senate in session, while Wagner as Acting Lt. Gov. became President of the State Senate, it was deemed necessary to elect another senator to the post of Majority Leader to lead the Democrats on the floor while Wagner presided. in NYT on January 7, 1914
Jump up ^ In 1965 and 1966, the senators served one-year terms. The senatorial districts were redistributed twice (in 1965 and 1966), and the whole State Senate was renewed at the State election in Nov. 1965

tag: ol

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Officers in the State of New York

Current offices

Governor
Lieutenant Governor
Speaker of the Assembly
Temporary President of the Senate
Secretary of State
Attorney General
State Comptroller
Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals
Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals
Clerk of the Court of Appeals
Clerk of the State Assembly

Defunct offices

State Treasurer
State Engineer
Superintendent of Public Works
Chancellor
Canal Commissioner
Inspector of State Prisons

text: Majority Leaders of the New York State Senate


document_title: Core (optical fiber)

question_text: the core of an optical fiber has a

question_tokens: the core of an optical fiber has a

text: Core (optical fiber)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The core of a conventional optical fiber is a cylinder of glass or plastic that runs along the fiber's length.[1] The core is surrounded by a medium with a lower index of refraction, typically a cladding of a different glass, or plastic. Light travelling in the core reflects from the core-cladding boundary due to total internal reflection, as long as the angle between the light and the boundary is less than the critical angle. As a result, the fiber transmits all rays that enter the fiber with a sufficiently small angle to the fiber's axis. The limiting angle is called the acceptance angle, and the rays that are confined by the core/cladding boundary are called guided rays.

text: The core is characterized by its diameter or cross-sectional area. In most cases the core's cross-section should be circular, but the diameter is more rigorously defined as the average of the diameters of the smallest circle that can be circumscribed about the core-cladding boundary, and the largest circle that can be inscribed within the core-cladding boundary. This allows for deviations from circularity due to manufacturing variation.

text: Another commonly quoted statistic for core size is the mode field diameter. This is the diameter at which the intensity of light in the fiber falls to some specified fraction of maximum (usually 1/e2 ≈ 13.5%). For single-mode fiber, the mode field diameter is larger than the physical diameter of the core, because the light penetrates slightly into the cladding as an evanescent wave.

text: The three most common core sizes are:

text:
9 µm diameter (single-mode)
50 µm diameter (multi-mode)
62.5 µm diameter (multi-mode)[2]