document_title: 2012 Aurora shooting

question_text: what theater number was the aurora shooting in

text: 2012 Aurora shooting

text: Detail[edit]

text: Shooting[edit]

text: The shooting occurred in Theater 9 at the Century 16 multiplex (operated by Cinemark), located at the Town Center at Aurora shopping mall[5] at 14300 E. Alameda Avenue.[6] Police said Holmes bought a ticket, entered the theater, and sat in the front row. About 20 minutes into the film, he left theater 9 through an emergency exit door beside the movie screen, with direct access to the lightly used parking area at the back of the complex, while propping the door slightly open with a plastic tablecloth holder.[7] There were about 400 people inside theater 9.[8]

text: Holmes then went to his car, which was parked near the exit door, changed into protective clothing, and retrieved his guns.[9][10] About 30 minutes into the movie, police say, around 12:30 a.m.,[11] he reentered the theater through the exit door. He was dressed in black and wore a gas mask, a load-bearing vest (not to be confused with a bulletproof vest), a ballistic helmet, bullet-resistant leggings, a bullet-resistant throat protector, a groin protector, and tactical gloves.[12] He was also listening to techno music through a set of headphones so the reactions in the theater could not be heard.[13] Initially, few in the audience considered Holmes to be a threat. According to witnesses, he appeared to be wearing a costume, like other audience members who had dressed up for the screening. Some believed he was playing a prank,[14] while others thought he was part of a special effects installation setup for the film's premiere or a publicity stunt by the studio or theater management.[15]

text: It was reported that Holmes threw two canisters emitting a gas or smoke, partially obscuring the audience members' vision, making their throats and skin itch, and causing eye irritation.[16] He then fired a 12-gauge Remington 870 Express Tactical shotgun, first at the ceiling and then at the audience. He also fired a Smith & Wesson M&P15 Sport[17] semi-automatic rifle with a 100-round drum magazine, which eventually malfunctioned.[17][18][19] Finally, he fired a Glock 22 .40-caliber handgun.[20][21] He shot first to the back of the room, and then toward people in the aisles.[15] A bullet passed through the wall and hit three people in the adjacent theater 8, which was screening the same film.[2][5] Witnesses said the multiplex's fire alarm system began sounding soon after the attack began and staff told people in Theater 8 to evacuate.[22] One witness said she was hesitant to leave because someone yelled that someone was shooting in the lobby.[23]

text: Holmes fired 76 shots in the theater: six from the shotgun, 65 from the semi-automatic rifle, and five from the .40-caliber handgun.[24]

text: Police response[edit]

text: The first phone calls to emergency services via 9-1-1 were made at 12:39 a.m. Police arrived within 90 seconds[25] and found at least three .40-caliber handgun magazines, a shotgun, and a large drum magazine on the floor of the theater.[26] Some people reported the shooting via Twitter or text messaging rather than calling the police; officers were already at the theater when tweets were sent.[18] When ambulances were hindered by chaos and congestion in the parking lot, unable to reach the back side of the complex where police had pulled the injured out the emergency exit doors of Theatre 9, Sgt. Stephen Redfearn, one of the first police officers on the scene, sent victims to area hospitals in squad cars.[27]

text: About 12:45 a.m., police officer Jason Oviatt handcuffed Holmes behind his back[10][28] behind the cinema, next to his car, without resistance. He was initially mistaken for another police officer because of the tactical clothing he was wearing.[29] He was described as being calm and "disconnected" during his arrest.[28] According to two federal officials, he had dyed his hair red and called himself "the Joker", although authorities later declined to confirm this.[30][31] Three days later, at his first court appearance in Centennial, Colorado, Holmes had reddish-orange hair.[30][32][33] The officers found several firearms in the theater and inside the car, including another Glock 22 handgun.[34] He was also carrying a first aid kit and spike strips, which he later admitted in an interview he planned to use if police shot at or chased him.[35]

text: Following his arrest, Holmes was initially jailed at Arapahoe County Detention Center, under suicide watch.[36] The police interviewed more than 200 witnesses.[37] Speaking on behalf of himself and FBI agent James Yacone, who was in charge of the investigation, Aurora Police Chief Dan Oates said he was confident that the shooter acted alone.[25]

text: Explosive devices[edit]

text: When apprehended, Holmes told the police he had booby-trapped his apartment with explosive devices before heading to the movie theater.[12] Police then evacuated five buildings surrounding his Aurora residence, about 8 km (5 mi) north of the cinema.[38] The apartment complex is limited to University of Colorado Medical Center students, patients, and employees.[39][40] One day after the shooting, officials disarmed an explosive device wired to the apartment's front entrance, allowing a remotely controlled robot to enter and disable other explosives.[41] The apartment held more than 30 homemade grenades, wired to a control box in the kitchen, and 110 L (30 US gal) of gasoline.[42]

text: Neighbors reported loud music from the apartment around midnight on the night of the massacre, and one went to his door to tell him she was calling the police; she said the door seemed to be unlocked, but she chose not to open it.[43][44][45]

text: A police official said a Batman mask was found in the apartment.[46] On July 23, police finished collecting evidence from the apartment.[47] Two days later, residents were allowed to return to the four surrounding buildings, and six days later, residents were allowed to move back into the formerly booby-trapped building.[48]

text: Casualties[edit]

text: Eighty-two casualties were reported.[49][50] Seventy were hit by bullets, reported by mainstream news as the most victims of any mass shooting in United States history.[51][52] This figure would not be surpassed until the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting, which killed 49 people and injured 58 others for a combined total of 107 casualties.[53] Four people's eyes were irritated by the tear gas grenades, while eight others injured themselves while fleeing the theater.[2] The massacre was the deadliest shooting in Colorado since the Columbine High School massacre on April 20, 1999.[54]

text: Fatalities[edit]

text: Ten victims died at the scene and two more in local hospitals. Four — Jonathan Blunk, John Larimer, Matt McQuinn, and Alexander Teves — died protecting their girlfriends.[55][56] Gordon Cowden died saving the life of his daughter and her friend. The dead were:[57][58]

text:
Jonathan Blunk, age 26, shot once in the back (fatally) and once in the head
Alexander J. Boik, age 18, shotgunned once in the head (fatally), chest, and shoulder
Jesse Childress, age 29, shotgunned once in the torso (fatally), both legs, and right arm
Gordon Cowden, age 51, shot once in the chest
Jessica Ghawi (a.k.a. Jessica Redfield[59][60]), a sports journalist, age 24, shot six times, four in the torso and limbs and once in the head (fatally). Seven weeks earlier, while on vacation, she left the food court minutes prior to the Toronto Eaton Centre shooting[61]
John Larimer, age 27, shot twice in the chest and abdomen (both fatally)
Matt McQuinn, age 27, shot nine times, including in the chest and neck (both fatally)
Micayla Medek, age 23, shot once in the chest
Veronica Moser-Sullivan, age 6, shot four times, including in the chest (fatally), limbs, and lower right side[62]
Alex Sullivan, age 27, shot once in the chest
Alexander C. Teves, age 24, shot once in the head
Rebecca Wingo, age 31, shot and shotgunned in the head (both fatally), shot once in the torso, and once in a limb

text: Injuries[edit]

text: The injured were treated at Children's Hospital Colorado, Denver Health Medical Center, The Medical Center of Aurora, Parker Adventist Hospital, Rose Medical Center, Swedish Hospital, and University Hospital.[63] On July 25, three of the five hospitals treating victims announced they would limit medical bills or forgive them entirely.[64]

text: Ashley Moser, Veronica Moser-Sullivan's mother, suffered critical injuries after being shot in the chest and was rendered a paraplegic.[65] She miscarried a week after the attack.[63][66]

text: Caleb Medley, the last victim discharged, left University Hospital on September 12. He had serious brain damage and an eye injury from a shotgun blast to the head, and underwent three brain surgeries. He requires a feeding tube, has severely impaired movement, and can no longer speak.[67][68][69]

text: The Community First Foundation collected more than $5 million for a fund for victims and their families.[70] In September, victims and their families received surveys asking about their preferences for how collected funds should be distributed, either by dividing it equally among victims or through a needs-assessment process.[71]

text: On November 16, 2012, the Aurora Victim Relief Fund announced that each claimant would receive $220,000.[72]

text: Court proceedings[edit]

text: Holmes' booking photo was released and he first appeared in court on July 23, 2012. According to press reports, he seemed dazed and largely unaware of his surroundings.[73][74][75]

text: On July 30, Colorado prosecutors filed formal charges against Holmes, including 24 counts of first degree murder, 116 counts of attempted first degree murder and one count of illegal possession of explosives. Two charges were filed for each victim to expand the opportunities for prosecutors to obtain convictions.[76] Colorado State District Court Judge William B. Sylvester, who is the trial judge overseeing the case, has placed a gag order on lawyers and law enforcement, sealing the court file and barring the University of Colorado from releasing public records relating to Holmes' year at the school. Media organizations are challenging the sealing of the court file.[77]

text: On August 9, Holmes' attorneys said he is mentally ill and they needed more time to assess the nature of his illness. The disclosure was made at a court hearing in Centennial, Colorado, where news media organizations asked a judge to unseal court documents in the case.[78] Prosecutors alleged on August 24, 2012, that Holmes told a classmate he wanted to kill people four months before the shooting.[79]

text: A judge ruled on August 30 that a notebook written by Holmes, in which he allegedly described a violent attack, was covered by physician–patient privilege, because it was addressed to his psychiatrist. This made it inadmissible as evidence unless Holmes' mental health became an issue in the case. Prosecutors dropped their request for access to the notebook on September 20, 2012.[80] Due to suicide attempts made by Holmes, Judge Sylvester agreed to postpone proceedings until December 2012.

text: On January 2, 2013, prosecutors and defense attorneys in the case returned to court in advance of the crucial preliminary hearing, the first officially sanctioned look for the people at the evidence, due to the gag order. The hearing was scheduled to begin on January 7. At the hearing, prosecutors offered their case as to why the trial should proceed, and defense lawyers argued that it should not. At the conclusion of the hearing, Judge Sylvester decided there was enough relevant, admissible evidence to proceed to a trial.[81][clarification needed]

text: Also on January 7, lawyers for both sides argued whether to admit four unspecified prescription bottles and immunization records investigators had seized from Holmes' apartment when they searched it in July 2012, considering doctor-patient confidentiality laws. The judge ruled in October that prosecutors could keep the items.[82]

text: On March 27, Holmes' lawyers offered a guilty plea in exchange for prosecutors not seeking the death penalty.[83] On April 1, the prosecution announced it had declined the offer. Arapahoe County district attorney George Brauchler said "It's my determination and my intention that in this case for James Eagan Holmes justice is death."[84]

text: On February 10, 2014, the presiding Arapahoe County District Court Judge, Carlos Samour, denied the last of the defense's motions to keep evidence from trial. Jurors were permitted to hear about evidence found in Holmes' computers through disputed warrants and his illegally obtained credit union records. The trial, originally set for February 2014, was placed on hold while Judge Samour decided whether Holmes, who pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity, should undergo a second psychiatric evaluation.[85]

text: Jury selection started on January 20, 2015.[86] It ended on April 15, 2015.[87]

text: Trial[edit]

text: The trial started on April 27, 2015. The jury consisted of nineteen women and five men, two of whom had connections to the Columbine High School massacre. Arapahoe County prosecutors say Holmes was sane during the shooting and aimed to kill all 400 people in the theater, while Holmes' lawyers said he had a psychotic episode during the attack.[88] On May 7, an FBI agent displayed pieces of evidence at the trial, including Holmes' body armor, arsenal of weapons, unfired ammunition, and helmet with strands of his dyed orange hair.[87][89] Jurors examined the evidence for thirty minutes.[90] Holmes was represented by the Colorado State Public Defender.[91]

text: On May 26, details of Holmes' notebook, reportedly found in a university mail room addressed to his psychiatrist Lynne Fenton, were entered into evidence at the trial for the first time. The notebook elaborated on Holmes' obsession to kill since ten years prior to the shooting and his dissatisfaction with life and finding work, as well as health issues. It also had details of planning for the shooting, which prosecutors said indicated Holmes premeditated the attack.[92][93] On May 27, Dr. William Reid, a court-appointed psychiatrist, testified that Holmes was mentally ill but legally sane. Reid and another doctor evaluated Holmes in December 2013 and determined that he understood what he was doing.[94] On June 8, a second psychiatrist, Jeffrey Metzner, testified that Holmes was mentally ill but legally sane during the shooting, and suffers from schizoaffective disorder.[95]

text: On June 9, three jurors were dismissed from the trial due to concerns of them violating orders not to talk about news reports about the case.[96] In the following week, this was followed by two additional jurors; the first was dismissed due to emotional problems in the wake of the shooting of a family member, the second for recognizing a survivor who was wounded in the massacre.[97][98]

text: On July 9, Judge Carlos Samour asked Holmes if he would testify in court, and advised him of his rights to do so. Holmes chose not to testify.[99]

text: By July 10, the prosecution and the defense rested their cases. Closing statements were made on July 14, with formal deliberations beginning the following morning.[100]

text: Verdict and sentencing[edit]

text: On July 16, after jury deliberations, Holmes was found guilty of twenty-four counts of first-degree murder, 140 counts of attempted first-degree murder, one count of possessing illegal explosives, and a sentence enhancement of a crime of violence.[101]

text: The sentencing phase began on July 22.[102][103] On July 23, the jury ruled that Holmes acted in a cruel manner, was lying in wait, and ambushed his victims during the shooting, which constitute as aggravating factors. However, the jurors decided that Holmes did not intend to kill children when he opened fire.[104]

text: On July 27, Holmes' sister stated in her testimony that her brother became withdrawn from the family after they moved from Salinas to San Diego during his early teenage years. On July 28, Holmes' father pleaded for his son's life, stating that he is severely mentally ill. He displayed photos of camping trips and family vacations with Holmes to the jury.[105] On July 30, Holmes' lawyers made a final appeal to the jurors, urging them to consider mental illness in his sentencing despite their rejection of the insanity defense used in the trial.[106] The appeal for clemency was rejected on August 3 under the basis that mitigating factors such as mental illness did not outweigh aggravating factors such as the number of casualties in the massacre.[107][108]

text: Holmes was sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole on August 7 after jurors failed to reach a unanimous decision over sentencing him to death.[109][110] Formal sentencing began on August 24 and was expected to last for three days.[111] At the end of the hearing on August 26, Samour formally sentenced Holmes to twelve life imprisonment sentences without parole and a maximum 3,318 additional years on attempted murder and explosives possession convictions.[112]

text: Responses to the shooting[edit]

text: Government[edit]

text: The evening after the shooting, a candlelight vigil was held at the site in Aurora.[113] President Barack Obama ordered flags at government buildings flown at half-staff, in tribute to the victims, until July 25.[114] Both Obama's and Mitt Romney's campaigns temporarily suspended television advertising in Colorado for the 2012 presidential election.[115][116] On July 22, President Obama met with victims and local and state officials and gave a nationally televised speech from Aurora.[117][118][119][120][121] Many world leaders sent their condolences, including Queen Elizabeth II,[122] French President François Hollande,[123] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu,[124] Russian President Vladimir Putin,[125] and Pope Benedict XVI.[126]

text: Entertainment industry[edit]

text:
"I would not presume to know anything about the victims of the shooting but that they were there last night to watch a movie. I believe movies are one of the great American art forms and the shared experience of watching a story unfold on screen is an important and joyful pastime. The movie theatre is my home, and the idea that someone would violate that innocent and hopeful place in such an unbearably savage way is devastating to me. Nothing any of us can say could ever adequately express our feelings for the innocent victims of this appalling crime, but our thoughts are with them and their families."

—Director Christopher Nolan's reaction to the theater shooting in Aurora, Colorado.[127]

text: Warner Bros., the distributor of The Dark Knight Rises, said it was deeply saddened by the shooting. The studio canceled the film's gala premieres in France, Mexico, and Japan,[128][129] scaled down its marketing campaign in Finland,[130][131] and decided not to report box office figures for the movie until July 23.[132] Some television advertisements for the film were also canceled.[133] Other major film studios joined Warner Bros. in withholding early box office numbers on July 21.[134] Warner Bros. reportedly made a "substantial" donation to Colorado's Community First Foundation to benefit victims.[135]

text: Christopher Nolan, the film's director, spoke on behalf of his cast and crew and called the event "savage" and "devastating."[136] Christian Bale, who plays Batman in the film series, privately visited victims on July 24.[137] Members of the Colorado Rockies baseball team also visited victims.[138] Members of the Denver Broncos also called and/or visited individuals at the hospitals.[139]

text: Warner Bros. instructed cinemas to stop screening a trailer for the film Gangster Squad, which preceded The Dark Knight Rises screenings in some cities (though not in Aurora),[140] because it contained a scene involving the main characters shooting at a movie theater audience with machine guns.[141][142] The film's release date was rescheduled to January 2013, and the theater scene was replaced by a new sequence in a different setting.[143]

text: In the wake of the shooting, DC Comics delayed the release of Batman Incorporated #3,[144] which includes a scene in which a female Leviathan agent brandishes a handgun in a classroom full of children while disguised as a schoolteacher.[145] Warner Bros. Animation reportedly edited the Cartoon Network series Beware the Batman to make the firearms look less realistic.[146]

text: Hans Zimmer, who composed the soundtrack for The Dark Knight Rises, recorded a choral song entitled "Aurora" in honor of the victims.[147] The song was sold for donations that went to a fund for the victims.[148]

text: Cinemark agreed to pay any funeral expenses incurred by the deceased victims' families not covered by the Crime Victims' Compensation Fund.[149] Cinemark closed the entire Century Aurora 16 multiplex in the wake of the shooting but reopened January 17, 2013 with a 40-minute ceremony led by Aurora Mayor Steve Hogan.[150] As of April 2, 2015, Cinemark Theatres has not released any photographs or video evidence.[151]

text: Soon after the shooting, police departments and cinemas across the United States and around the world increased security for fear of copycat incidents.[152][153] In New York City, police officers were deployed to theaters screening the new film.[154]

text: The National Association of Theatre Owners distributed checklists from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to its members and said in a July 21 statement that members were "working closely with local law enforcement agencies and reviewing security procedures."[155][156] AMC Theatres announced it would "not allow any guests into our theatres in costumes that make other guests feel uncomfortable and we will not permit face-covering masks or fake weapons inside our buildings."[157] Security Director News raised the possibility in a July 23 article that "the massacre could be a Virginia Tech for movie theaters, causing security to become a bigger part of the conversation and more stringent security procedures to be adopted at theaters across the country." Several theaters subsequently held tighter security on allowing unaccompanied singles to see films.[158]

text: Civil litigation[edit]

text: Cinemark Theaters[edit]

text: Three victims sued Cinemark in the U.S. District Court for the District of Colorado on September 21, 2012 for the company's alleged negligence in failing to provide adequate safety and security measures.[159] Their attorneys released the statement "Readily available security procedures, security equipment and security personnel would likely have prevented or deterred the gunman from accomplishing his planned assault on the theater's patrons."[160]

text: In response, Cinemark's representation filed a motion to dismiss on September 27, 2012, on the grounds that there was no liability under Colorado law for failure to prevent an unforeseeable criminal act.[161] Cinemark's motion quoted extensively from the landmark California appellate opinion[162] that held McDonald's had no duty of care to prevent the 1984 San Ysidro McDonald's massacre. On October 30, 2012, the court hearing the criminal case against Holmes denied a motion by some of the survivors that would have let them access sealed evidence for review in their civil action against the theater chain.[163][164] On January 24, 2013, U.S. Magistrate Judge Michael Hegarty issued a recommendation that most of the claims be thrown out, as they were not allowable under Colorado law. He also said claims alleging violations of the Colorado Premises Liability Act could proceed.[165]

text: Judge R. Brooke Jackson stated that for theaters today, "One might reasonably believe that a mass shooting incident in a theater was likely enough (that is, not just a possibility) to be a foreseeable next step in the history of such acts by deranged individuals".[166] Attorney Christina Habas, who represents several theater victims, has said "We essentially don't have a single photograph, a single piece of evidence that we can show to a jury". A trial date against Cinemark Theaters was set for July 2016.[167]

text: University of Colorado[edit]

text: On January 14, 2013, Chantel Blunk, widow of victim Jonathan Blunk, filed a lawsuit against the University of Colorado in federal court. She alleged that a school psychiatrist could have prevented the slaughter by having Holmes detained after he admitted he "fantasized about killing a lot of people."[168] This type of lawsuit had been anticipated in an August 2012 article co-authored by bioethicist Arthur Caplan which discussed the applicability of the landmark California Supreme Court decision in Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976) to the facts of the Aurora shooting.[169]

text: Community center[edit]

text: A grassroots community center, Aurora Strong Resilence Center, was established by community leaders, elected officials, and mental health professionals, as a response to the shooting. The center offers therapy for people who experienced traumatic stress from the theater shooting, and also people who were victims of other crimes and refugees who experienced a traumatic event in their country of origin before coming to the U.S.[170][171]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Related incidents[edit]

text: In the days following the attack, several people around the U.S. were arrested for threats and suspicious activities at or near screenings of The Dark Knight Rises.

text:
On July 22 in Norwalk, California, a man at a The Dark Knight Rises screening who yelled, "Does anyone have a gun?" and "I should go off like in Colorado." was arrested for making criminal threats.[172] He served three months in jail and was sentenced to three years on probation.[173]
On July 22 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a man faced criminal charges for being involved in a fight in a cinema restroom. During the fight, a moviegoer shouted "Gun!", causing panic inside the theater showing The Dark Knight Rises.[174]
On July 23 in San Jose, California, someone threw a package into a theater showing The Dark Knight Rises and reportedly yelled that it was a bomb, leading to an evacuation.[175]
On July 23 in Sierra Vista, Arizona, a moviegoer's confrontation with an intoxicated man with a backpack at a The Dark Knight Rises screening led to "mass hysteria" and 50 people evacuating the theater.[176]
On August 4 in Westlake, Ohio, a man was arrested for carrying several weapons in a satchel into a screening of The Dark Knight Rises.[177] The suspect later received six months imprisonment over the incident.[178]

text: Sale of guns and gun control debate[edit]

text: Colorado gun sales spiked after the shooting, with the number of background checks for people seeking to purchase a firearm in the state increasing to 2,887, up 43% from the previous week.[179] Gun sales in Washington, Florida, California, and Georgia also increased.[180] The shooting reignited the political debate on gun control, with one issue being the "easy access" Holmes had to semi-automatic rifles and high-capacity magazines, which were banned federally from 1994 to 2004.[181][182] The results of a survey released on July 30, 2012 by the Pew Research Center suggested the incident did not change Americans' views on the issue.[183]

text: Campaign against media coverage[edit]

text: In 2015, a campaign entitled "No Notoriety" was started by the parents of Alexander Teves, who died in the shooting. According to Teves' father, the campaign's incentive is to encourage media outlets to limit the usage of the suspect's name and photos when reporting about the Aurora shooting, as well as other mass shootings that receive national media coverage. In an interview on CNN, Teves' parents said they and the relatives of other victims believe the mass media coverage of Holmes' name and photo may inspire others to commit mass shootings for notoriety.[184][185]


document_title: As Told by Ginger

question_text: who sang the them song for as told by ginger

root

text: As Told by Ginger

text: Premise[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: The show focuses mainly on the life of junior high school student Ginger Foutley (Melissa Disney).[7] She, along with her friends, Darren Patterson (Kenny Blank), Deirdre Hortense "Dodie" Bishop (Aspen Miller), and Macie Lightfoot (Jackie Harris), try to rise from the position of school geeks as they solve many conflicts that come their way.[8]

tag: p

text: Luckily for Ginger, the most popular girl in school, Courtney Gripling (Liz Georges), has taken a liking to her and often includes her in her social plans.[9] She is intrigued by her "gingerisms", as Courtney calls them. However, Miranda Killgallen (Cree Summer), Courtney's right-hand woman, makes sure that she is not bumped down from her position thanks to Ginger. At home, Ginger records her lively adventures in her diary. Her little brother, Carl (Jeannie Elias), is often scheming with Robert-Joseph "Hoodsey" Bishop (Tress MacNeille) in his own side plots, and her mother, Lois (Laraine Newman), is always there for advice to which Ginger is always open to listen.

text: Setting[edit]

text: The series takes place in the fictional suburban town of Sheltered Shrubs, located in Connecticut.[10] Sheltered Shrubs is based on the real town of Larchmont, New York, where series creator Emily Kapnek moved to when she was in junior high.[6] She said the town became "sort of the basis for this show".[6] Other towns noted in the series are Protected Pines, a gated community in which Courtney lives, Brittle Branches, where Ginger's father resides, and Heathered Hills, the town of Ginger's summer camp crush, Sasha.

text: Continuity and themes[edit]

text: As Told by Ginger has been recognized by fans and Nickelodeon alike for its character development, most of which is unusual for a cartoon.[1][11][12]

text: In the first season, Ginger's age group is hinted as being in seventh grade. By the second season, they move up to eighth grade rather than remaining the same age. In this season, Darren had his unwieldy orthodontia that he had been wearing for the entire first season removed, which resulted in rising popularity. They graduate junior high in the middle of the third season and move on to becoming freshmen in high school. Carl's age group works in a similar way, as they become junior high students by the third season. Many episodes have references to previous episodes, giving the episodes a definite order.

text: One of the most noticeable developments is that the characters change clothes every episode and often every new day within the same episode, a highly unusual characteristic of animated cartoons.[11] Most animated cartoons have their characters remain in the same outfits throughout the series to save time and money. This was most conspicuous amongst the girls in Ginger's age group (Dodie, Courtney, Macie, Miranda and Ginger herself) and some of the adults such as Ginger's mother. After Darren got his orthodontia removed, he changed clothes as well. Carl's age group only changes clothes infrequently and with little changes. Hoodsey's coat rack has identical purple hooded-sweatshirts, mocking cartoons whose characters always remain in the same outfits. Unlike most live-action shows whose characters only wear an outfit once, As Told by Ginger characters wear their outfits in rotation, and new outfits are added every few episodes.

text: The series also deals with several deeper themes.[11][13] In "Wicked Game", Ginger's two best friends betray her after feeling jealousy toward her new boyfriend, Darren.[14] In "And She Was Gone", the staff and students at school think Ginger is suicidally depressed after she writes a disturbing poem which worries them.[11] In the episode "No Hope for Courtney", Carl's pranks cause his teacher to retire. After she agrees to come back, Mrs. Gordon passes on.[15] In actuality, Mrs. Gordon's voice actress, Kathleen Freeman, died before the episode's completion, and the script was rewritten to be dedicated to her. "A Lesson in Tightropes" has Ginger going through an emotional break-up with Darren while, at the same time, having to get surgery for appendicitis.[11][16] Furthermore, the episode "Stuff'll Kill Ya" shows Ginger dealing with a coffee and caffeine addiction.[11]

text:
In the TV film The Wedding Frame, when the Foutleys are driving to their soon-to-be home, they pass a cemetery park. One tombstone reads "ATBG" while the other reads "RIP". ATBG is short for As Told by Ginger and RIP is short for "Rest in Peace". This is a nod to the fact that this film is the series finale.
A girl named Leandra, who had a bone marrow illness and was a Make-A-Wish patient, was a fan of the series and watched it during her treatments. Her wish was to be a character on the show, so she appeared and voiced a character named after her in a scene of the episode "Butterflies are Free", where Ginger, Macie and Dodie greet her by name.[17]

tag: ul

text: Unlike most other Nicktoons, the series was aired on the TEENick block.[18]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Original airings

Season premiere
Season finale

Pilot
1998

1
20
October 25, 2000
December 10, 2001

2
20
February 11, 2002
June 29, 2003

3
20
August 9, 2003
October 23, 2016

tag: table

text: Sixty episodes (not including the pilot episode) were produced for the show.

text: Television films[edit]

text: There were four television films that aired during the series' run.

text:
Summer of Camp Caprice (also titled Season of Caprice) had Ginger, Dodie, Macie and Courtney heading to summer camp, with Darren and Miranda going to military camp (where, as it happens, Miranda's father works) and Carl and Hoodsey on the trail of dog nappers.[19]
Foutleys on Ice (aired in the US as Far from Home), following up on the Emmy-nominated episode "And She Was Gone", dealt with Ginger winning a scholarship to an arts school, and Carl and Hoodsey making friends with a new character, the telekinetic Noelle Sussman (voiced by series creator Emily Kapnek).[6][20] This episode was released on DVD.[21]
Butterflies are Free follows Ginger and her friends graduating junior high.[22]
The Wedding Frame closed out the third season and the series as a whole, and features Lois marrying one of the doctors at her hospital.[23]

text: Nickelodeon had originally asked for the ending of The Wedding Frame to be changed to something less conclusive in case they wished to order more episodes, however, perhaps due to that situation being very unlikely, the original ending was eventually retained.[citation needed] It was released directly to DVD in the United States in November 2004,[24] but it was not broadcast in the US; also, one of the episodes leading up to the film has never aired in the US either, resulting in some continuity problems.[citation needed]

text: In international airings, the films were divided in two (for Butterflies are Free) and three parts (for the other three films) in reruns.

text: Production[edit]

text: The pilot for the show was completed in September 1999.[citation needed] The show premiered in October 2000 on Nickelodeon.[25] The show was greatly popular at first, making its way into the teenager-aimed block TEENick.[18] After the second season, the show's popularity began to decline, partially due to constant scheduling changes. Nickelodeon then took the show off the air after airing less than half the episodes of the third and final season. The show was a part of the Nicktoons channel since its inception in 2002, and started airing the remaining third season episodes in November 2004, when "Ten Chairs" premiered. The "high school" episodes were slated to premiere during November 2006, but only one, "Stuff'll Kill Ya", premiered. The aforementioned Season 3 episodes remain unaired, however, they instead aired on teen-oriented block The N on Saturday nights, on January 20, 2007.[citation needed]

text: Show airings[edit]

text:
Network
Time
In effect

Nickelodeon
Wednesdays at 8 pm
October 2000 – January 2001

Nickelodeon
Sundays 7:30 pm
January 2001 – June 2003

Nickelodeon on CBS
Saturday mornings
September 2002 – January 2003

Nickelodeon
Selected Weekday Mornings
November 2005

Nicktoons Network
Weekday mornings
November 2006 – May 2007

The N
Saturday nights
January 2007

Nicktoons Network
Sunday and Monday mornings
May 2007 – July 2007

Nickelodeon
Monday mornings
August 2007

Nicktoons Network
Tuesday – Saturday mornings
October 2007 – March 2008

Nickelodeon
6am Tuesdays
March 2008

Nicktoons Network
4:00am Tuesday – Saturday mornings
March 2008 – January 2009

The Splat
Fridays at 12am
October 9, 2015 – Present

Four (New Zealand TV Channel)
Every Morning 7.30am and later Sunday – Friday Mornings 7.30am
February 7, 2011 – April 13, 2011

Indus Vision
Daily 5.30pm
August 2003 – November 2004

Spacetoon
Weekday mornings
March 2005 – January 2014

Spacetoon English
Tuesday mornings
April 2005 – January 2011

YTV
Unknown
2000 – 2005

Nickelodeon Canada
Weekdays at 4 & 4:30pm
Fall 2014 – February 2015; November 2016 – January 2017

text:
The episodes "I Spy a Witch", "Déjà Who?", "An "Even Steven" Holiday Special" and "Piece of My Heart" were all made for the first season line-up, but aired during the second season in the U.S.
"Never Can Say Goodbye", "Gym Class Confidential", "Fast Reputation" and "The Nurses' Strike" all premiered in the same week during the TEENick block. They aired February 11–14, 2002 (which were the days between Monday and Thursday).
The episodes "Detention", "Kiss Today Good-bye", "A Lesson in Tightropes", "Dodie's Big Break" and "Battle of the Bands" are all high school episodes that were unaired in the United States. They were at one time scheduled to air during the second week of November 2006, but were immediately removed from the schedule after the first high school episode, "Stuff'll Kill Ya", was aired. In most other countries, especially in the United Kingdom, they are part of the common reruns.

text: DVD and iTunes releases[edit]

text:
The TV films Far from Home and The Wedding Frame are available in the USA on Region 1 DVDs. Far from Home comes with the bonus episodes "Ginger the Juvey" and "The Pilot".[21] The Wedding Frame includes "Stealing First" and "Dare I, Darren".[26]
The complete series used to be available on iTunes;[27] the 60 episodes were divided into six volumes. As of January 2015, the episodes are no longer available for download.
The episode "An Even Steven Holiday Special" is available on Holly Jolly Holiday Specials '07.[28]
The episodes 1 through 45 are available on Russian DVD sets with each DVD containing 5 episodes. The As Speaks Ginger DVDs, as they are known in Russia (Cyrillic: Как говорит Джинджер), are produced and distributed by Russobit-M and are only available with a Russian soundtrack.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The opening theme, "I'm in Between", was written for the show by series composer, Jared Faber, and Emily Kapnek.[29] The song was first recorded with vocals by Melissa Disney, in character as Ginger. But this version was replaced before initial North American broadcasts with another version performed by Cree Summer. This would be used for half of the first season before a third version, featuring vocals by R&B artist Macy Gray,[2] which was used for the rest of the series' run.

text: In international English speaking broadcasts, the Melissa Disney and Cree Summer versions were used for seasons one and two broadcasts, while the Macy Gray version was used for season three. Internationally, the Macy Gray version is the more recognizable version.

text: Closing credits[edit]

text: The closing credits are generally designed backgrounds with the show's signature font. These backgrounds include the ice cream cones from Ginger's bedroom walls, ladybugs from Dodie's bedroom walls, pencils, lizards and more. In most episodes, the ending theme is an instrumental rock-based song, although there have been exceptions. "Piece of My Heart" ends with a different and softer instrumental melody. The episode "Never Can Say Goodbye" ended with a song called "Wrong", sung by voice actor Kenny Blank as Darren Patterson, and "And She Was Gone" ended with a musical version of Ginger's poem during the credits. The episode "Come Back, Little Seal Girl" featured the songs "Courtney's World" and "The Little Seal Girl" blended together. In "About Face", a song called "Diamonds Are Expensive", presumably sung by the engaged Lois and Dr. Dave, is played over the credits. "Next Question" ended with "The Teen Seal Girl" song. Finally, the episode "No Hope for Courtney" had no music during the credits, being dedicated to the memory of Kathleen Freeman.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Three Emmy nominations for "Hello Stranger" (in 2001), "Lunatic Lake" (in 2002), and "And She Was Gone" (in 2003) (all three times As Told By Ginger were beaten by Fox shows). All three were nominated in the Outstanding Animated Program (Less than One Hour) category.[30]
"Best Cartoon" at Nickelodeon Netherlands Kids Choice Awards in 2005.
Two episodes of As Told by Ginger were ranked in Nickelodeon's "100 Greatest Moments in Nicktoons History", a special presented by Nickelodeon in November 2007. The episodes "Gym Class Confidential" and "Stealing First" were ranked at 97 and 95.


document_title: Agriculture in the United States

question_text: how many farmers are there in the usa

question_tokens: how many farmers are there in the usa

text: Agriculture in the United States

text: History[edit]

text: Corn, turkeys, tomatoes, potatoes, peanuts, and sunflower seeds constitute some of the major holdovers from the agricultural endowment of the Americas.

text: European agricultural practices greatly affected the New England landscape. Colonists brought livestock over from Europe which caused many changes to the land. Grazing animals required a lot of land and food and the act of grazing itself destroyed native grasses, which were being replaced by European species. New species of weeds were introduced and began to thrive as they were capable of withstanding the grazing of animals, whereas native species could not.[4]

text: The practices associated with keeping livestock also contributed to the deterioration of the forests and fields. Colonists would cut down the trees and then allow their cattle and livestock to graze freely in the forest and never plant more trees. The animals trampled and tore up the ground so much as to cause long-term destruction and damage.[4]

text: Soil exhaustion was a huge problem in New England agriculture. Farming with oxen did allow the colonist to farm more land but it increased erosion and decreased soil fertility. This was due to deeper plow cuts in the soil that allowed the soil more contact with oxygen causing nutrient depletion. In grazing fields, the large number of cattle in the New England, the soil was being compacted by the cattle and this did not give the soil enough oxygen to sustain life.[4]

text: In the United States, farms spread from the colonies westward along with the settlers. In cooler regions, wheat was often the crop of choice when lands were newly settled, leading to a "wheat frontier" that moved westward over the course of years. Also very common in the antebellum Midwest was farming corn while raising hogs, complementing each other especially since it was difficult to get grain to market before the canals and railroads. After the "wheat frontier" had passed through an area, more diversified farms including dairy cattle generally took its place. Warmer regions saw plantings of cotton and herds of beef cattle. In the early colonial south, raising tobacco and cotton was common, especially through the use of slave labor until the Civil War. In the northeast, slaves were used in agriculture until the early 19th century.[citation needed] In the Midwest, slavery was prohibited by the Freedom Ordinance of 1787.

text: The introduction and broad adoption of scientific agriculture since the mid-19th century contributed to economic growth in the United States. This development was facilitated by the Morrill Act and the Hatch Act of 1887 which established in each state a land-grant university (with a mission to teach and study agriculture) and a federally funded system of agricultural experiment stations and cooperative extension networks which place extension agents in each state.

text: Soybeans were not widely cultivated in the United States until the early 1930s, and by 1942 it became the world's largest soybean producer, due in part to World War II and the "need for domestic sources of fats, oils, and meal". Between 1930 and 1942, the United States' share of world soybean production skyrocketed from 3% to 46.5%, and by 1969 it had risen to 76%. By 1973 soybeans were the United States' "number one cash crop, and leading export commodity, ahead of both wheat and corn".[5]

text: Significant areas of farmland were abandoned during the Great Depression and incorporated into nascent national forests. Later, "Sodbuster" and "Swampbuster" restrictions written into federal farm programs starting in the 1970s reversed a decades-long trend of habitat destruction that began in 1942 when farmers were encouraged to plant all possible land in support of the war effort. In the United States, federal programs administered through local Soil and Water Conservation Districts provide technical assistance and partial funding to farmers who wish to implement management practices to conserve soil and limit erosion and floods.

text: Major agricultural products[edit]

text: Tonnes of United States agriculture production, as reported by the FAO in 2003 and 2013 (ranked roughly in order of value):[6]

text:
Millions of Tonnes in
2003
2013

Corn
256.0
354.0

Cattle meat
12.0
11.7

Cow's milk, whole, fresh
77.0
91.0

Chicken meat
14.7
17.4

Soybeans
67.0
89.0

Pig meat
9.1
10.5

Wheat
64.0
58.0

Cotton lint
4.0
2.8

Hen eggs
5.2
5.6

Turkey meat
2.5
2.6

Tomatoes
11.4
12.6

Potatoes
20.8
19.8

Grapes
5.9
7.7

Oranges
10.4
7.6

Rice, paddy
9.1
8.6

Apples
3.9
4.1

Sorghum
10.4
9.9

Lettuce
4.7
3.6

Cottonseed
6.0
5.6

Sugar beets
30.7
29.8

text: The only other crops to ever appear in the top 20 in the last 40 years were, commonly: tobacco, barley, and oats, and, rarely: peanuts, almonds, and sunflower seeds. Alfalfa and hay would both be in the top ten in 2003 if they were tracked by FAO.

text: Crops[edit]

text: Value of production[edit]

text:
Major Crops in the USA

1997(in US$ billions)

2014(in US$ billions)

Corn
$24.4
$52.4

Soybeans
$17.7
$40.3

Wheat
$8.6
$11.9

Alfalfa
$8.3
$10.8

Cotton
$6.1
$5.1

Hay, (non-Alfalfa)
$5.1
$8.4

Tobacco
$3.0
$1.8

Rice
$1.7
$3.1

Sorghum
$1.4
$1.7

Barley
$.9
$.9

Source

1997 USDA-NASS reports,[7]

2015 USDA-NASS reports,[8]

text: Note alfalfa and hay are not tracked by the FAO and the production of tobacco in the United States has fallen 60% between 1997 and 2003.

text: Yield[edit]

text: Heavily mechanized, U.S. agriculture has a high yield relative to other countries. As of 2004:[9]

text:
Corn for grain, average of 160.4 bushels harvested per acre (10.07 t/ha)
Soybean for beans, average of 42.5 bushels harvested per acre (2.86 t/ha)
Wheat, average of 43.2 bushels harvested per acre (2.91 t/ha, was 44.2 bu/ac or 2.97 t/ha in 2003)

text: Livestock[edit]

text: The major livestock industries in the United States:

text:
Dairy cattle
Beef cattle
Pig
Poultry
Seafood
Sheep

text:
U.S. livestock and poultry inventory[10][11][12]

Type

1997

2002

2007

2012

Cattle and calves

99,907,017

95,497,994

96,347,858

89,994,614

Hogs and pigs

61,188,149

60,405,103

67,786,318

66,026,785

Sheep and lambs

8,083,457

6,341,799

5,819,162

5,364,844

Broilers& other meat chickens

1,214,446,356

1,389,279,047

1,602,574,592

1,506,276,846

Laying hens

314,144,304

334,435,155

349,772,558

350,715,978

text: Goats, horses, turkeys and bees are also raised, though in lesser quantities. Inventory data is not as readily available as for the major industries. For the three major goat-producing states—Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas—there were 1.2 million goats at the end of 2002. There were 5.3 million horses in the United States at the end of 1998. There were 2.5 million colonies of bees at the end of 2002.

text: Farm type or majority enterprise type[edit]

text: Farm type is based on which commodities are the majority crops grown on a farm. Nine common types include:[13][14][15]

text:
Cash grains includes corn, soybeans and other grains (wheat, oats, barley, sorghum), dry edible beans, peas, and rice.
Tobacco
Cotton
Other field crops includes peanuts, potatoes, sunflowers, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, broomcorn, popcorn, sugar beets, mint, hops, seed crops, hay, silage, forage, etc. Tobacco and cotton can be included here if not in their own separate category.
High-value crops includes fruits, vegetables, melons, tree nuts, greenhouse, nursery crops, and horticultural specialties.
Cattle
Hogs
Dairy
Poultry and eggs

text: Governance[edit]

text: Agriculture in the United States is primarily governed by periodically renewed U.S. farm bills. Governance is both a federal and a local responsibility with the United States Department of Agriculture being the federal department responsible. Government aid includes research into crop types and regional suitability as well as many kinds of subsidies, some price supports and loan programs. U.S. farmers are not subject to production quotas and some laws are different for farms compared to other workplaces.

text: Labor laws prohibiting children in other workplaces provide some exemptions for children working on farms with complete exemptions for children working on their family's farm. Children can also gain permits from vocational training schools or the 4-H club which allow them to do jobs they would otherwise not be permitted to do.

text: A large part of the U.S. farm workforce is made up of migrant and seasonal workers, many of them recent immigrants from Latin America. Additional laws apply to these workers and their housing which is often provided by the farmer.

text: Employment[edit]

text: In 1870, almost 50 percent of the US population was employed in agriculture.[16] As of  2008[update], less than 2 percent of the population is directly employed in agriculture.[17][18]

text: In 2012, there were 3.2 million farmers,[19] ranchers and other agricultural managers and an estimated 757,900 agricultural workers were legally employed in the US. Animal breeders accounted for 11,500 of those workers with the rest categorized as miscellaneous agricultural workers. The median pay was $9.12 per hour or $18,970 per year.[20] In 2009, about 519,000 people under age 20 worked on farms owned by their family. In addition to the youth who lived on family farms, an additional 230,000 youth were employed in agriculture.[21] In 2004, women made up approximately 24% of farmers; that year, there were 580,000 women employed in agriculture, forestry, and fishing.[22]

text: From 1999–2009, roughly 50% of hired crop farmworkers in the US were noncitizens working without legal authorization.[23]

text: Occupational safety and health[edit]

text: Agriculture ranks among the most hazardous industries due to the use of chemicals and risk of injury.[24][25] Farmers are at high risk for fatal and nonfatal injuries (general traumatic injury and musculoskeletal injury), work-related lung diseases, noise-induced hearing loss, skin diseases, chemical-related illnesses, and certain cancers associated with chemical use and prolonged sun exposure.[25][26][27] In an average year, 516 workers die doing farm work in the U.S. (1992–2005). Every day, about 243 agricultural workers suffer lost-work-time injuries, and about 5% of these result in permanent impairment.[28] Tractor overturns are the leading cause of agriculture-related fatal injuries, and account for over 90 deaths every year. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommends the use of roll over protection structures on tractors to reduce the risk of overturn-related fatal injuries.[28]

text: Farming is one of the few industries in which families (who often share the work and live on the premises) are also at risk for injuries, illness, and death. Agriculture is the most dangerous industry for young workers, accounting for 42% of all work-related fatalities of young workers in the U.S. between 1992 and 2000. In 2011, 108 youth, less than 20 years of age, died from farm-related injuries.[21] Unlike other industries, half the young victims in agriculture were under age 15.[29] For young agricultural workers aged 15–17, the risk of fatal injury is four times the risk for young workers in other workplaces[30] Agricultural work exposes young workers to safety hazards such as machinery, confined spaces, work at elevations, and work around livestock. The most common causes of fatal farm-related youth injuries involve machinery, motor vehicles, or drowning. Together these three causes comprise more than half of all fatal injuries to youth on U.S. farms.[31] Women in agriculture (including the related industries of forestry and fishing) numbered 556,000 in 2011.[25]

text: Agriculture in the US makes up approximately 75% of the country's pesticide use. Agricultural workers are at high risk for being exposed to dangerous levels of pesticides, whether or not they are directly working with the chemicals.[27]

text: Research centers[edit]

text: Some US research centers are focused on the topic of health and safety in agricultural practices. These centers not only conduct research on the subject of occupational disease and injury prevention, but also promote agricultural health and safety through educational outreach programs. Most of these groups are funded by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the US Department of Agriculture, or other state agencies.[32] Centers include:

text:
Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE [33]
Great Plains Center for Agricultural Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA[34]
High Plains Intermountain Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO[35]
National Children's Center for Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety, Marshfield, WI[36]
Northeast Center for Agricultural and Occupational Health, New York Center for Agricultural Medicine and Health, Cooperstown, NY[37]
Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA[38]
Southeast Center for Agricultural Health and Injury Prevention, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY[39]
Southwest Center for Agricultural Health, Injury Prevention and Education, University of Texas, Tyler, TX[40]
Upper Midwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center, a collaboration between the University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St. Paul, MN, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul, MN and the National Farm Medicine Center, Marshfield, WI with Migrant Clinicians Network, Salisbury, MD[41]
Western Center for Agricultural Health and Safety, University of California, Davis, CA[42]

text: Women in agriculture in the U.S.[edit]

text: It has been suggested that this section be split out  into another article titled Women In Agriculture - United States. (Discuss) (November 2016)

text: Women who work in agriculture face different occupational hazards than men. Women in agriculture are poisoned by pesticides at twice the rate of their male counterparts. Exposure to pesticides can also affect fertility; women exposed to pesticides take longer to conceive (men are unaffected). Women are also at risk for bronchitis from exposure to grain, pesticides, and dust.[27]

text: Pesticide exposure in relationship to female agricultural workers[edit]

text: In many developing countries worldwide, women make up a significant proportion of agricultural workers, accounting for between 44-75% of agricultural workers, depending on which country is being examined.[43] In developed countries, approximately 36% of the entire agricultural workforce are women, with approximately one in five agricultural workers in the United States being women.[43] Women agricultural workers in the United States are exposed to various categories of pesticides, which include insecticides, fungicides, disinfectants, herbicides, and fumigants. These pesticides are applied in order to protect a multitude of crops, including but not limited to, fruits, vegetables, grains, and fiber crops.[44] The exposures can occur via application as well as residues left in the soil and on the crops after application has occurred; pesticide may also be present in ambient air.[43] Women may acquire acute pesticide poisoning, which has classified as being based on three criteria. These criteria include the strength of evidence that a pesticide exposure occurred, whether adverse health effects were observed by a healthcare professional, and if there is sufficient evidence that the known toxicology of the agent was consistent with the observed health effects.[45] The WHO defines acute pesticide poisoning as any illness or health effect resulting from suspected or confirmed exposure to a pesticide within 48 hours.[46] Female agricultural workers are less likely to wear Personal Protective Equipment, which is made of chemical resistance material that prevents chemicals from coming in contact with skin for a limited period of time,.[47][48] Only 51% of women pesticide handlers utilize PPE, while 26% of women non-handlers use PPE; this is significantly less than male workers in the agricultural field and is largely a result of ill-fitting equipment, including glasses, gloves, respirators, and protective outerwear,.[49][50]

text: Acute Pesticide Poisoning Case Definition Matrix

text: Health effects[edit]

text:
Surveillance for occupational pesticide-related illnesses and injuries are tracked by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the SENSOR-Pesticides program.[51] The EPA estimates between 10,000 - 20,000 physician related pesticide poisonings are reported among hired US agricultural workers each year.[51] "While poisonings comprise a relatively small portion of total agricultural worker occupational illness, this is likely underestimated due to inadequate state surveillance programs, lack of physician training to recognize poisonings, lack of health insurance among farm workers, worker reluctance to report poisonings, and the transient nature of agricultural workers".[52]
Female agricultural workers face the same potential acute exposure and chronic conditions as do their male counterparts.

text: Acute Exposure Conditions dizziness; confusion; abnormal skin sensations; contact dermatitis;  eye irritation; chest tightness; gastrointestinal problems; vomiting; convulsions; and even death in cases of acute exposure.[53]

text: Chronic Conditions dermatological sensitivity; respiratory disease including lung fibrosis and chronic bronchitis; asthma-like syndromes; cancer; and neurological symptoms.[54]

text: The issue of preconceptional prenatal exposure is another factor in the health of female agricultural workers. It has been documented in the literature that pesticide exposure before or during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of infertility,[55] perinatal death,[56] spontaneous abortion/stillbirth,[57] premature birth,[58] and congenital malformations.[59] These health ramifications not only impact the physical and mental health of women but also future generations.

text: Epigenetic effects[edit]

text:
The female agricultural workers are not the only ones that suffer damage from pesticide exposure. Husbands of the agricultural worker as well as the children and grandchildren and great-grandchildren are also affected. This is due to exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides because they have been shown to cause damage to DNA in sperm cells.[60] When DNA damage is done in gamete cells (sperm and egg cells) then the future generations will all be affected. The damage may not cause any noticeable abnormalities in the development of the child born to a father with sperm cell DNA damage. However, it could lead to such serious complications as Autism (caused by chromosomal abnormalities) or Leukemia.[61]
Female agricultural workers that are exposed to pesticides can expose their family members by bringing home some of the pesticides from work on their clothes, or skin.[62] The husband's DNA can be compromised through this exposure pathway, as well as any other children already born and living in the house.

text: Scientific limitations[edit]

text:
The two most common limitations in studying the health effects of pesticide exposure in women are the small sample sizes and the lack of toxicological data,.[63][64] Ensuring that the proper exposure is measured relies heavily on the study participants not moving residences throughout the study period. However, this is nearly impossible because migrant workers and seasonal employees do not typically live in the same place throughout the year.[65] Scientific studies require consistency within the group of participants being studied so that confounders are adjusted for, and transient residents do not make for very consistent study participants.
Such living arrangements also make agricultural workers difficult to get in contact with. The most common methods for scientific researchers to find a person's contact information are not available for these populations. Health insurance information is not available and contact information left with an employer may not be correct year-round.[66]
Additionally, there is a very limited amount of quantifiable data on the pesticides the study participants are exposed to.[67] The specific names of the pesticides may not be available.[68] The units of pesticide applied per field may not accurately represent the units that a worker is exposed to.[69] The number of days or hours that an agricultural worker is exposed is rarely recorded. This is due to the inconsistencies in the end of an agricultural work day practices - such as removing work clothing before going home, showering before going home, etc. Additionally, the proximity of agricultural workers' homes to the fields they harvest results in more exposure to the pesticides, and the amount of exposure at home is even more difficult to measure.

text: Challenges and means of exposure[edit]

text: Occupational Safety[edit]

text: In addition to the scientific limitations regarding pesticide exposure data, a variety of challenges exist in the industry for female farmworkers. Occupational safety measures are not always well defined and rarely enforced. This means that not all laborers are subject to safety training through their provider. Furthermore, as many as 35% of female farmworkers do not know of any health risks associated with pesticide spraying at all.[70] When workers are unaware of best practices in pesticide application and the subsequent health risks, they are unable to protect themselves and their families appropriately from pesticide exposure.  One of the first steps of protection against exposure is through personal protective equipment (PPEs). However, PPEs are not regularly used and rarely includes all the recommended protective measures such as goggles and gloves.[71] Some women also report not having the necessary equipment to mix the pesticides and ultimately resort to using household items like broomsticks or even their hands.[71]

text: Home Safety[edit]

text: Home safety provides its own challenges for women. It is possible for non-laborers to be exposed to pesticides through clothing contamination. In order to maintain a safe home environment, clothing from spraying pesticides should be cleaned and stored separately from other clothing in the household.[72] Exposure can also be limited by having workers shower within 15 minutes of returning home at the end of the work day.[70] The pesticides used in the agricultural industry in the United States often have a strong odor that helps to remind families of the presence of toxins which makes it more likely that they PPEs and equipment will be stored appropriately.[73] Family members are also subject to contamination through food and water supplies.[70] Many people reported reusing pesticide containers for laundry or to carry water.[71]

text: Social Determinants of Health[edit]

text: Finally, all of these factors are compounded by social determinants affecting agricultural workers. Studies have shown that as many as 97% of female farm laborers take their children with them to work, thereby directly exposing them to pesticide contamination.[74] Farm workers have literacy rates significantly lower than the rest of the population. This negatively impacts health outcomes because employees that have not received safety training are not able to read the warning labels and instructions on the pesticides. In one study, "Only 85 (23.2%) of the women could read English and 69 (18.9%) reported ever reading the pesticide labels.".[71] Housing is usually cramped without adequate laundry or bathroom facilities to wash and store equipment.[75] Such dwellings are often occupied by multiple laborers thereby multiplying the overall contaminants. Lastly, women in the agricultural industry report accessing prenatal health care services at nearly half the rate of the national average, 42% vs. 76%, respectively.[76]

text: Socioeconomic challenges[edit]

text: Female farm workers may often face social challenges and adverse mental health effects while working, with one of the biggest challenges being social inequality. The number of women working in agriculture has risen and the 2002 census of agriculture recorded a 40% increase in the number of female farm workers.[77] Inequality and respect are common issues for these workers, as many have reported that they are not being respected, listened to, or taken seriously due to traditional views of women as housewives and caretakers.[78]

text: Women may also face resistance when attempting to advance to higher positions. Other issues reported by female farm workers include receiving less pay than their male counterparts and a refusal or reluctance by their employers to offer their female workers the same additional benefits given to male workers such as housing.[79] This inequality in pay can cause some women to seek off-farm jobs, which can be difficult if the women are older or have no education or related experience.[77] The risk of injury for farm workers is high. Studies have shown that safety recautions and regulations tend to focus on the male's work because of the traditional idea that the male farm workers work is more dangerous and risky than the females, despite women also engaging in equally risky work such as caring for farm animals or using farming machinery.[80]

text: Women in the farming industry are more likely than men to experience depression and women who experience higher rates of depression are more likely to have been through traumatic events such as sexual abuse and stress due to gender inequality.[81] They are also at a disadvantage when beginning farm work due to some female workers lacking knowledge about the chemical hazards on farms, which can pose issues for pregnant farm workers who are exposed to chemicals that can harm the pregnancy.[82] Some farm workers may also be immigrants who may not be educated on the importance of prenatal care, especially when being exposed to harmful chemicals, which can cause them to experience complications during pregnancy and have children born with birth defects.[83][82]

text: Policy implications[edit]

text: Protection of women's reproductive health is needed for female agricultural workers. Farm work is one of three most dangerous occupations in the United States.[84]  According to the National Agricultural Workers Survey (1994-1995), the proportion of women in farming declined from 25% in the 1980s to less than 20% in the 1990s.[85]   As a result of "a larger portion of the farm worker population being U.S. born (1994-1995) which means that every third U.S. born farm worker was a woman while only one in eight foreign-born farm workers was a woman.[86]"  Due to their occupation, women and their families are at risk to higher exposure from pesticides than the general population from direct contact and pesticide drift as result of their housing proximity to agricultural lands.[87] To ensure the safety and health of women, they need additional surveillance and monitoring for any toxic effects caused by working and living in close proximity to commercial spraying operations,.[87][88]  Moreover, this is important to women's reproductive health,[89][90] because the quality of healthcare they receive in the United States during their lifespan has a direct impact on their reproductive health and well-being and that of their US-born children,.[91][92] Furthermore, "U.S. born workers, women tended to be older than their male counterparts (32 and 25 years old, respectively) while among the foreign-born farm workers, there was no meaningful difference in age between men and women (29 and 30 years old, respectively).[93]" The key issues confronting women in agriculture's healthcare are: access to health care;[94] lack of affordable health insurance;[87] and lack of a medical home due to the seasonality of the work which forces migrant workers to follow the crops.

text: Increased enforcement and compliance of existing EPA’s Worker Protection Standards[95] is needed to protect women workers from pesticide exposures as well as new policies that specifically address women's reproductive health and to their families and unborn children.[95] This is complicated due to the composition of the workforce which consists primarily of migrants with a mixed immigrant status and the United States government's policies[96] about not providing nonemergency health care to nonresidents. This includes prenatal care[89] for undocumented workers whose child born in the United States is considered an American by the 14 Amendment of the US Constitution or the Citizenship Clause. Additional work on compliance onsite by OSHA.[97]


document_title: Tertiary education fees in Australia

question_text: when did university stop being free in australia

text: Tertiary education fees in Australia

text: History[edit]

text: In 1940, the Curtin Labor Government saw a need for the country to increase the number of university graduates and for more civil and military research. To do this, it dramatically increased the number of scholarships it offered to enter university and allowed women to apply for these scholarships (they were previously exclusive to men). The Menzies Liberal Government also supported and extended the ability of ordinary Australians to attend university.

text: In the 1960s, the Menzies Government encouraged and funded the establishment of new universities to cater for increasing demand. These universities were built in outlying suburbs and offered special research scholarships to encourage students to undertake postgraduate research studies. Many of the universities that were established under this scheme are members of Innovative Research Universities Australia.

text: In 1967, the Government created a category of non-university tertiary institution (called College of Advanced Education (CAE)) that would be funded by the Commonwealth. These CAEs were easier to access and cheaper to attend than the traditional university, while delivering many university-equivalent bachelor's degrees.

text: Abolition of university fees[edit]

text: During the early 1970s, there was a significant push to make tertiary education in Australia more accessible to working and middle class Australians. The Whitlam Labor Government abolished university fees on 1 January 1974. By the mid-1980s, however, there was consensus between both major parties that the concept of 'free' tertiary education in Australia was untenable due to the increasing participation rate.

text: Introduction of HECS[edit]

text: In 1989, the Hawke Labor Government began gradually re-introducing fees for university study. It set up the Higher Education Contributions Scheme (HECS),[5] which was first proposed by Professor Murray Wells [6] and subsequently developed by economist and lecturer at the Australian National University, Bruce Chapman and championed by Education Minister John Dawkins (see Dawkins Revolution). Under the original HECS, a $1,800 fee was charged to all university students, and the Commonwealth paid the balance. A student could defer payment of this HECS amount (in which case it was called a HECS debt) and repay the debt through the tax system, when the student's income exceeds a threshold level. As part of the reforms, Colleges of Advanced Education entered the University sector by various means. The HECS system was accepted by both federal political parties and has survived until today, though with a number of changes.

text: Howard government reforms - 1996-2012[edit]

text: In 1996, the new Howard Coalition Government, while otherwise retaining the HECS system, created a three-tier HECS fee structure. Fees were charged on the basis of the perceived value of courses. Courses considered to have most likelihood of generating higher income for students in the future (e.g. Law and Medicine) were the most expensive and those least likely to generate higher income (e.g. Nursing and Arts) were the least expensive. At the same time, HECS charges increased by an average of 40%.

text: From 2007, HECS places became known as Commonwealth supported places (CSP). A student in a CSP was only entitled to study for a maximum of 7 years full-time (16 years part-time) at CSP rates. This was known as a student learning entitlement (SLE). After that period the student had to take either a post-graduate FEE-HELP load (if available) or study at full-fee rates. SLE was abolished from 1 January 2012.

text: The HECS debt became a pre-2005 debt, while a post-2005 debt is called HECS-HELP, which operates on the same principles as HECS. If a student receives a HECS-HELP loan, the Commonwealth government pays the loan amount directly to the higher education provider on behalf of the student.

text: An alternative option is FEE-HELP (formerly PELS) which provides eligible fee-paying students with a loan to cover their postgraduate fees. This option is only available for post-graduate students attempting an eligible post-graduate course. In 2012, the FEE-HELP lifelong limit was $89,706, and $112,134 for students studying dentistry, medicine or veterinary science.[7]

text: Prior to 2012, when a student had used up SLE, he or she could enrol on a full-fee basis. Full-fee courses are relatively expensive because the student must pay the total cost or if eligible, defer the fee on FEE-HELP, resulting in a significantly larger debt than a HECS-HELP debt for the student contribution portion of a Commonwealth supported course. From 1 January 2012, SLE was abolished and students could continue to study for more than 7 years full-time or equivalent part-time in Commonwealth supported courses. FEE-HELP courses are available at a post-graduate level (and occasionally for some undergraduate full-fee places); however, they are not available at every institution or in every course. The only remaining option is a full-fee place paid upfront.

text: The discount for voluntary repayments of a pre-2005 HECS debt was reduced from 15% to 10% from 1 January 2005.[8][9] On 1 January 2012, the voluntary repayment discount was reduced to 5%, and was removed completely from 1 January 2017.

text: 2017 changes[edit]

text: Changes to funding of universities and the HECS scheme were made as part of the 2017 Australian federal budget. University funding is to be a reduced by 2.5%, and university fees are to go up by $2,000 to $3,600 for a four-year course, an increase of 1.8% in 2018, and 7.5% by 2022. From 1 July 2018, the income level at which HECS debt repayments start will be reduced, from $55,000 to $42,000.

text: University fees[edit]

text: In 1996, the Howard government permitted universities to create full-fee places on which they could charge full up-front fees to students who missed out on a HECS place (with the notable exception of medical degrees). In 2005, the Howard government permitted universities to increase fees by up to 25%.

text: During the term of the Abbott Government, Education Minister Christopher Pyne consistently sought to fully deregulate university fees.[10] Pyne's proposal would have allowed universities to set their own fees according to the student demand, and graduates who moved offshore to start paying through the tax system.[10] The proposed reforms were unsuccessful, being rejected by the Senate in 2015. University tuition fee and regulation reform remain part of the Liberal-National Coalition Government's policy.[11] The Government released the Driving Innovation Fairness and Excellence in Australian Higher Education consultation paper, in May 2016 proposing a new set of reforms (for consultation).

text: In the 2017 Australian federal budget, University funding will be a reduced by 2.5%. University fees will go up by $2,000 to $3,600 for a four-year course, an increase of 1.8% in 2018, and 7.5% by 2022. From 1 July 2018, the income level at which HECS debt repayments start will be reduced, from $55,000 to $42,000.[10]

text: Commonwealth supported students[edit]

text: In 2007, HECS places became known as Commonwealth supported places (CSP). The Commonwealth government determines the number and allocation of undergraduate Commonwealth supported places with each public higher education provider each year, through the Commonwealth Grant Scheme (CGS). A CSP is a higher education place for which the Commonwealth government makes a contribution to the higher education provider towards the cost of a student's education. The student makes a contribution towards the cost of education, known as the student contribution. Commonwealth supported places are available to citizens of Australia and New Zealand and Australian permanent residents.

text: The majority of CSPs are managed through the tertiary admissions centre in each state or territory (although universities make the selections, deciding which students they will make offers to):

text:
Universities Admissions Centre (UAC) in NSW and ACT
Queensland Tertiary Admissions Centre[12]
South Australian Tertiary Admissions Centre[13] in South Australia and the Northern Territory
University of Tasmania in Tasmania
Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre (VTAC) in Victoria
Tertiary Institutions Service Centre[14] in Western Australia.

text: The allocation is usually based on secondary school results (through the ATAR or OP scores), TAFE qualifications and previous university results.

text: The student contribution varies between courses, and is based on the expected earnings following a students' graduation, not the cost of providing the course. Higher education providers can set the student contribution level for each unit of study, up to a maximum level set by the government. It is said that, due to government underfunding of universities, universities almost always charge the highest level allowable.[citation needed]

text:
Student contribution[15]

Band
Curriculum areas
CSP students
HECS students

2010–[note 1]
2005–09
1997–2004
Pre-1997

National priority
Mathematics,[note 2] Statistics,[note 2] Science[note 2]
$0–$4,429
$0–$4,162
$0–$4,077
$0–$3,061

Band 1
Education,[note 3] Nursing,[note 3] Humanities, Behavioural science, Social studies, Foreign languages, Visual and Performing arts, Nursing,[note 2] Education,[note 2] Clinical Psychology
$0–$5,310
$0–$5,201

Band 2
Computing, Built Environment, Health sciences, Engineering, Surveying, Agriculture
$0–$7,567
$0–$7,412
$0–$5,807

Band 3
Law, Dentistry, Medicine, Pharmacy, Veterinary science, Accounting, Administration, Economics, Commerce
$0–$8,859
$0–$8,677
$0–$6,798

Notes:

Jump up ^ Maximum contribution per EFTSL[16]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Added 2010 reform
^ Jump up to: a b Removed 2010 reform

text: Since 2012, an eligible student who pays the entire or a part of the student contribution upfront receives a 10% HECS discount on the amount paid (prior to 2012, the HECS discount was 20%) or defer payment of the balance of the contribution through a HECS-HELP loan.[17] Only Australian citizens and permanent humanitarian visa holders are eligible for the up-front 10% HECS discount and the HECS-HELP loan. Students who are New Zealand citizens or Australian permanent residents must pay the entire contribution upfront and are not eligible to receive the HECS discount.

text: Total Funding[edit]

text: The total funding available to institutions per equivalent full-time student is the combination of the student contribution (divided into 3 different amounts/bands) and the Commonwealth government contribution (divided into 8 different amounts/clusters).[18] For 2017 these are:

text:
Total Funding

Commonwealth Funding
Student contribution
Discipline
Full fee
$
Commonwealth
contribution
$
Student
contribution
$

cluster 1
Band 3
Law, accounting, commerce, economics, administration
12685
2089
10596

cluster 2
Band 1
Humanities
12158
5809
6349

cluster 3
Band 1
Behavioural science or social studies
16627
10278
6349

cluster 3
Band 2
Mathematics, statistics, computing, built environment or other health
19328
10278
9050

cluster 4
Band 1
Education
17044
10695
6349

cluster 5
Band 1
Clinical psychology, foreign languages, or visual and performing arts
18990
12641
6349

cluster 5
Band 2
Allied health
21691
12641
9050

cluster 6
Band 1
Nursing
20462
14113
6349

cluster 7
Band 2
Engineering, science, surveying Engineering, science, surveying
27021
17971
9050

cluster 8
Band 2
Agriculture
31859
22809
9050

cluster 8
Band 3
Dentistry, medicine or veterinary science
33405
22809
10596

text: Full fee-paying students[edit]

text: Students who do not receive a Commonwealth supported place may obtain a full fee place (FFP), as long as their ATAR tertiary admissions rank or other qualifications exceed a certain minimum. Most postgraduate courses do not have Commonwealth supported places available and therefore, all these students are full fee-paying. Fee-paying students are charged the full cost of their course, with no Commonwealth contribution.

text: Some fee-paying students can obtain loans under the Higher Education Loan Programme, called FEE-HELP loans, to cover all or part of their fees. This is available to Australian citizens, New Zealand citizens and permanent humanitarian visa holders. Undergraduate students who obtain these loans are charged a 20% loan fee on top of the amount borrowed. This does not apply to post graduate courses.[19] Students are able to borrow a lifetime maximum FEE-HELP loan of $112,134 for medicine, dentistry and veterinary science programs and $89,706 for all other programs (adjusted for inflation). In 2005, FEE-HELP loans replaced the Open Learning Deferred Payment Scheme (OLDPS), the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS) and the Bridging for Overseas-Trained Professionals Loan Scheme (BOTPLS).

text: OS-HELP[edit]

text: OS-HELP is a loan scheme to assist some undergraduate domestic students to undertake some, but not all, of their course of study overseas.[20] Students are able to obtain a loan up to $6,470 (if the student will not be studying in Asia) or $7764 (if the student will be studying in Asia) for every six months, but can only receive a total of two loans throughout their lifetime. Unlike other loans in the HELP, the loan amount is paid directly to the student and the terms for the loans are set out by the tertiary providers.

text: As in the FEE-HELP loan scheme, a 20% fee applies on the amount borrowed. This 20% "administration fee" was removed for OS-HELP loans received after 1 January 2010.

text: HELP loans[edit]

text: HELP loan management[edit]

text: HELP debts do not attract interest (in the normal sense), but are instead indexed to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) on 1 June each year, based on the annual CPI to March of that year. The indexation rate applied on 1 June 2006 was 2.8% and 3.4% on 1 June 2007. Indexation applies to the part of the debt that has been unpaid for 11 months or more. Thus, indexation is calculated on the opening HELP debt balance on 1 July of the previous year plus any debt incurred in the first half of the current year (usually for first semester courses) less any compulsory and voluntary repayments, with bonus. Any HELP debt incurred on second semester courses (usually determined in June) will not be subject to indexation until the next year. After indexation, the new balance is rounded down to a whole dollar amount.[21]

text: HELP account debtors can make voluntary repayments. These repayments attract a 5% bonus (reduced from 10% from January 2012) for repayments over $500. If the remaining debt is less than $500 the bonus still applies on repayment of their balance of the debt. As making voluntary repayments does not exempt the person from compulsory repayments, if the person intends to pay off the total debt voluntarily, it is financially advantageous for them to do it before lodging the tax return. This will attract the 5% bonus on the repayment, and there would be no balance on the debt to which the compulsory repayment provisions can apply. Better still, if the voluntary repayment is made before the indexation date of 1 June, the avoiding of the indexation adjustment is an additional bonus. Even factoring in the 5% bonus on voluntary repayments, many people elect not to pay off their debt in advance of the required repayments because it still works out to be one of the cheapest loans most people will ever receive. As of 1 January 2017 the Commonwealth Government removed the 5% voluntary repayment bonus on all HELP debt repayments.[22]

text: If a person with an accumulated HELP debt dies, any compulsory repayment included on their income tax notice of assessment relating to the period prior to their death must be paid from their estate, but the remainder of their debt is cancelled.

text: Repayments[edit]

text: HELP debts are administered by the Australian Taxation Office and will be repaid compulsorily over time through the taxation system. If the HELP Repayment Income (HRI) of a person with a HELP debt exceeds a certain threshold, which for the 2014/15 financial year is $53,345, a compulsory payments will be deducted from the person's tax for the year. To work out the HRI, the ATO will add back to the person's taxable income any net rental loss claimed against that taxable income and add fringe benefits and exempt foreign income received, which have not been included in the taxable income. Unlike marginal tax rates, the repayment rate applies on the full HRI, so that a person with a HRI of $39,500 in the 2007/08 tax year would not have to make any compulsory HELP repayment, but a person with a HRI of $40,000 would make a payment of $1,600. This is 4% of the HRI (not taxable income or the debt balance) of $40,000. The compulsory repayment amount cannot exceed the balance of the HELP debt.

text: The rates for compulsory repayment for the 2015/16 financial year, also compared with previous years, are:

text:
HELP Repayment Income (HRI) compulsory repayment 2006-2012

2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10[23]
2010–11[23]
2011–12[23]
Repayment rate

Below $38,149
Below $39,825
Below $41,595
Below $43,151
Below $44,912
Below $47,196
Nil

$38,149–$42,494
$39,825–$44,360
$41,595–$46,333
$43,151–$48,066
$44,912–$50,028
$47,196–$52,572
4% of HRI

$42,495–$46,938
$44,360–$48,896
$46,334–$51,070
$48,067–$52,980
$50,029–$55,143
$52,573–$57,947
4.5% of HRI

$46,839–$49,300
$48,897–$51,466
$51,071–$53,754
$52,981–$55,764
$55,144–$58,041
$57,948–$60,993
5% of HRI

$49,301–$52,994
$51,466–$55,322
$53,755–$57,782
$55,765–$59,943
$58,042–$62,390
$60,994–$65,563
5.5% of HRI

$52,995–$57,394
$55,323–$59,915
$57,783–$62,579
$59,944–$64,919
$62,391–$67,570
$65,564–$71,006
6% of HRI

$57,395–$60,414
$59,916–$63,068
$62,580–$65,873
$64,920–$68,336
$67,571–$71,126
$71,007–$74,743
6.5% of HRI

$60,415–$66,485
$63,069–$69,405
$65,874–$72,492
$68,337–$75,203
$71,127–$78,273
$74,744–$82,253
7% of HRI

$66,486–$70,846
$69,406–$73,959
$72,493–$77,247
$75,204–$80,136
$78,274–$83,407
$82,254–$87,649
7.5% of HRI

$70,847 and above
$73,960 and above
$77,248 and above
$80,137 and above
$83,408 and above
$87,650 and above
8% of HRI

text:
HELP Repayment Income (HRI) compulsory repayment 2012-2016

2012–13[23]
2013–14[23]
2014–15[23]
2015-16[23]
Repayment rate

Below $49,096
Below $51,309
Below $53,345
Below $54,126
Nil

$49,096–$54,688
$51,309–$57,153
$53,345–$59,421
$54,126–$60,292
4% of HRI

$54,689–$60,279
$57,154–$62,997
$59,422–$65,497
$60,293–$66,456
4.5% of HRI

$60,280–$63,448
$62,998–$66,308
$65,498–$68,939
$66,457–$69,949
5% of HRI

$63,449–$68,202
$66,309–$71,277
$68,940–$74,105
$69,950–$75,190
5.5% of HRI

$68,203–$73,864
$71,278–$77,194
$74,106–$80,257
$75,191–$81,432
6% of HRI

$73,865–$77,751
$77,195–$81,256
$80,258–$84,481
$81,433 - $85,718
6.5% of HRI

$77,752–$85,564
$81,257–$89,421
$84,482–$92,970
$85,719–$94,331
7% of HRI

$85,565–$91,177
$89,422–$95,287
$92,971–$99,069
$94,332–$100,519
7.5% of HRI

$91,178 and above
$95,288 and above
$99,070 and above
$100,520 and above
8% of HRI

text: It is also possible to make voluntary payments to further reduce the debt. Until 31 December 2004 voluntary payments over $500 earned a 15% bonus, from 1 January 2005 this was reduced to 10% and from 1 January 2012 this was reduced to 5%.[24][25] From 1 January 2017 the Government removed the 5% repayment bonus.