document_title: Hannah Montana (season 4)

question_text: what happened to jake and miley on hannah montana forever

text: Hannah Montana (season 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: Opening sequence[edit]

text: For season four, the opening credits from season three were used with some minor revisions. The names (excluding Mitchel Musso as his character has become a recurring character) appear on a scrolling marquee as one would see on a theater, featuring a different font. The sequence then changes to wide-screen episode clips, in which only season 4 episode clips are included. The same version of the song "The Best of Both Worlds" from Season 3 was used; however, a green screened concert version was used with the Season 3 concert stage for the concert scenes. The creators' names appear in the second to last clip. A new version of the switch from Miley to Hannah is featured in the middle of the theme song, as Miley admires a hug between her and her dad in a clip of Hannah Montana Forever. At the end, the versions of Hannah's "shhh" and "laugh" clips were changed to one clip instead of two separate clips.

text: Casting[edit]

text: In season 4, Mitchel Musso was not a part of the main cast; he appeared instead in a recurring role.[7] On March 3, 2010, some guest stars were identified. They include Ray Liotta, Angus T. Jones, Sheryl Crow, and Christine Taylor.[8] Another role that has been introduced is a girlfriend for Jackson, portrayed by Tammin Sursok.[9]

text: Recurring and guest cast include: Tammin Sursok as Siena, Cody Linley as Jake, Dolly Parton as Aunt Dolly, Vicki Lawrence as Mamaw Ruthie, Shanica Knowles and Anna Maria Perez de Taglé as Amber and Ashley, and Drew Roy as Jesse.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Miley Cyrus as Miley Stewart
Emily Osment as Lilly Truscott
Jason Earles as Jackson Stewart
Moises Arias as Rico Suave
Billy Ray Cyrus as Robby Ray Stewart

text: Special guest[edit]

text: Mitchel Musso as Oliver Oken

text: Music[edit]

text: "Are You Ready", "Ordinary Girl", "I'm Still Good", "Que Sera", and "Gonna Get This" were used to promote season four of Hannah Montana.[10][11][12] The soundtrack was released on October 19, 2010.[13]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
This season was filmed from January 18 till May 14, 2010.[4]
Mitchel Musso no longer a main cast
Mitchel Musso makes a guest appearance in two episodes.

text:
Hannah Montana Season 4 episodes

No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code[14]
Viewers
(millions)

86
1
"Sweet Home Hannah Montana"
Bob Koherr
Michael Poryes & Steven Peterman
July 11, 2010 (2010-07-11)
402
5.7[15]

The Stewarts move into their new home when Miley and Lilly realize that Robby has moved Miley's old bedroom furniture, including white bunk beds, pink walls, pink bedding, dolls, a stuffed unicorn and Rainbow Piggy, and they set out to make some changes. Meanwhile Jackson must please his obnoxious neighbor TJ to get close to TJ's cousin, Siena who lives next door.
Guest stars: Angus T. Jones as T.J., Tammin Sursok as Siena, Kiara Muhammad as Krystal, Morgan York as Sarah, Hayley Chase as Joannie Palumbo, and Davis Cleveland as the boy who wanted the tiger
Hannah song featured: "Are You Ready (Superstar)"
Absent: Moises Arias as Rico Suave

87
2
"Hannah Montana to the Principal's Office"
Bob Koherr
Steven James Meyer
July 18, 2010 (2010-07-18)
401
5.4[16]

When Miley doesn't get registered for school in time, Principal Luger makes an exception to Hannah getting registered, which then fixes the problem. However, Miley realizes that having Hannah in school causes more problems. Meanwhile, Jackson gets paranoid when Siena asks him out.
Co-stars: LaTonya Holmes as Choir Woman #1, Fuschia! as Choir Woman #2, Clent Bowers as Choir Guy, Reggie Brown as President Barack Obama
Guest stars: Tammin Sursok as Siena, Erin Matthews as Karen Kunkle, Morgan York as Sarah, Hayley Chase as Joannie Palumbo
Special guest star: Ray Liotta as Principal Luger
Hannah song featured: "Ordinary Girl"

88
3
"California Screamin'"
Bob Koherr
Jay J. Demopoulos
July 25, 2010 (2010-07-25)
403
4.2[17]

Miley feels that Robby has sacrificed his personal life for her career, so she sets him up on a blind date with her school nurse Lori. Meanwhile, Jackson is worried about his first kiss with Siena because Rico said that's the only reason she hasn't broken up with him.
Co-star: Angel Parker as Sharon
Guest stars: Christine Taylor as Lori and Tammin Sursok as Siena

89
4
"De-Do-Do-Do, Da-Don't-Don't, Don't, Tell My Secret"
Adam Weissman
Andrew Green
August 1, 2010 (2010-08-01)
404
5.7[18]

Miley almost blows her cover when she returns from a Hannah Montana function (a fashion designer meeting) and Siena spots her, and becomes suspicious that Jackson is seeing another girl so Jackson begs Miley to tell her the truth. After Siena almost catches Miley as Hannah Montana twice, she agrees to tell Siena, but backs down. After Siena finally thinks Jackson is cheating on her with Hannah Montana, Miley finally comes clean and tells the truth. Meanwhile, Robby goes fishing with Rico to teach him how to relax.
Guest stars: Tammin Sursok as Siena, Robert Costanzo as Al Blaine

90
5
"It's the End of the Jake as We Know It"
Shannon Flynn
Maria Brown-Gallenberg
August 8, 2010 (2010-08-08)
405
4.7[19]

When Oliver comes to visit, he brings a secret about Jake with him: he cheated on Miley. After Jake arrives, Lilly and Oliver attempt to hide the truth from Miley so she can focus on her holiday sketches. She later finds out when a kid overhears Oliver and Lilly talk about Jake. The kid then blabs it out when Miley is around, leading Oliver to show her the picture of Jake with another girl. After an intense sketch with Jake, Miley finally ends it with him. Meanwhile, Jackson pretends to be Rico's father for two-thousand dollars so he can get money to see Siena modeling in Peru.
Co-star: David Burrus as Henry
Guest stars: Robert Contanzo as Al Blaine, Alec Ledd as Ronnie, Cody Linley as Jake Ryan
Special guest star: Mitchel Musso as Oliver Oken
Special guest appearance: Sheryl Crow as Herself
Note: This was the final appearance of the "Mike Standley III" character.
Hannah song featured: "Need a Little Love" (featuring Sheryl Crow)

91
6
"Been Here All Along"
Adam Weissman
Douglas Lieblein
August 22, 2010 (2010-08-22)
407
4.6[20]

Miley cancels a special father-daughter afternoon with her dad to go on a first date with Jesse instead. She gets mad when Jesse answers a phone call from his father because she blew off her father to spend time with him, but Jesse tells her that his dad is stationed in Afghanistan and they hardly ever get to talk. Miley then realizes how lucky she is to still have her dad and goes home to apologize and tells him that she's grateful to have him. In honor of those in the military and their families who don't have the fortune of having them home, she holds a concert as Hannah in support of them.
Co-stars: Samantha Abrigo as little girl, Brandi Cyrus as guitarist, Charlene Deguzman as drummer, Alvin C. Forbes as keyboardist, Max Atom Kuehn as bass player
Guest stars: Christine Taylor as Lori and Drew Roy as Jesse
Hannah songs featured: "Been Here All Along", "Que Sera" and "I'm Still Good"
Absent: Moises Arias as Rico Suave

92
7
"Love That Let's [sic] Go"[21][22]
"Love That Lets Go"[23][24]
Adam Weissman
Heather Wordham
September 12, 2010 (2010-09-12)
406
4.5[25]

Miley and Lilly make a deal, if Miley climbs a rope at school, Lilly will ride Bluee Jeans. When Lilly rides Blue Jeans, she falls off and breaks her leg, and Blue Jeans is scared off and bitten by a snake. Lilly and Robby Ray comfort Miley when Blue Jeans does not stand up. Siena gives Jackson her favorite book, To Kill a Mockingbird to read, however, he becomes distracted by wrestling magazines, and John Cena appears to convince Jackson to read the book. In the end, after much worrying from Miley, Blue Jeans stands up, and Jackson confesses to Siena that he did not read the book, only for her to say the both are going to read the book together. Guest stars: Tammin Sursok as Siena, Morgan York as Sarah, Noah Cyrus as Little Girl
Special guest appearance: John Cena as himself
Hannah song featured: "Love That Lets Go" (featuring Billy Ray Cyrus)
Absent: Moises Arias as Rico Suave

93
8
"Hannah's Gonna Get This"
Bob Koherr
Teleplay by: Steven James Meyer
Story by: Donna Jatho
October 3, 2010 (2010-10-03)
408
4.1[26]

Hannah must write a new song for her upcoming album before Friday. She writes a song that her director doesn't like. He finds 10 Hannah fans and asks them if they like the song. Most of them don't, so Hannah makes Lilly dress up as a kid and try and convince them. Hannah realizes that it is her career and she wants to do the song even if there are some negative comments. In the end she ends up having the song as a duet with Iyaz as he really wants to sing it. Meanwhile, Jackson sees that Rico has a mustache and he tries to grow one too. After several failed attempts Jackson admits that he can't grow one, but after doing some research reveals that everyone in Rico's family who has or had a mustache ended up bald much to Rico's horror.
Co-stars: Zach Callison as Douglas, Brighton Sharbino as Cammi, Brie Bernstein as Tina, Nay Nay Kirby as Chelsea
Guest star: Gildart Jackson as Quinn
Special guest star: Iyaz as himself
Hannah song featured: "Que Sera", "Gonna Get This" (featuring Iyaz), "Barefoot Cinderella" (sung by Robbie Ray while writing it for Hannah)

94
9
"I'll Always Remember You"[28]
Bob Koherr (Part 1)
Shannon Flynn (Part 2)
Andrew Green &
Maria Brown-Gallenberg
November 7, 2010 (2010-11-07)
409–410
7.1[29][30]

Miley's secret becomes a problem. Her boyfriend Jesse reveals he knows her secret just by paying attention, and on the Jay Leno show Jesse plants a light kiss on Hannah's cheek, giving the impression that the two are dating. At the beach, Jesse hugs Miley and the world grows upset at him because they think he is cheating on Hannah, not knowing the two girls are the same person. This upsets Jesse, and the two separate. Miley and Lilly get their college acceptance letters, but Miley didn't get into Stanford because she didn't have enough extracurricular activities being Hannah. She fails to get in with Hannah's help, so Lilly opts to stay out of college for the year, until Miley gets in. Miley, through help of her conscience Hannah, realizes what her friends are doing for her secret. After looking back at all her Hannah clothing, and remembering scenes from past episodes, she goes back on the Jay Leno show and reveals to the world her secret and sings a song as Miley for the first time.
Guest stars: Valerie Mahaffey as Ms. Jameson, Tammin Sursok as Siena, and Drew Roy as Jesse
Special guest stars: Jay Leno as himself and Phil McGraw as himself
Notes: This is a special one-hour episode. This episode was available first on the Who Is Hannah Montana? DVD available on November 2, 2010. This episode aired internationally on the same day as the USA.[27]
Hannah song featured: "Barefoot Cinderella", "I'll Always Remember You", "Wherever I Go"

95
10
"Can You See the Real Me?"
John D'Incecco
Douglas Lieblein
December 5, 2010 (2010-12-05)
411
4.9[31][32]

Miley is interviewed by Robin Roberts after revealing she is Hannah Montana. Miley discusses her double life and relives some of her most memorable moments about her friends, her family, her dating life, and how she was able to manage two lives.
Special guest star: Robin Roberts as herself
Songs featured: "This Is the Life", "True Friend", "One in a Million", "Nobody's Perfect", "Been Here All Along", "Life's What You Make It", "I Want My Mullet Back" Notes: Although they were not in the episode, Lilly, Robby Ray, Jackson and Rico were shown in clips from previous episodes. Oliver Oken was also shown in flashbacks. This is the first (and only) time that Lilly and Jackson have not appeared in an episode.
Absent: Emily Osment as Lilly Truscott, Jason Earles as Jackson Stewart, Moises Arias as Rico Suave, Billy Ray Cyrus as Robby Ray Stewart

96
11
"Kiss It All Goodbye"
"Kiss It Goodbye"[23][33]
Shannon Flynn
Teleplay by: Jay J. Demopoulos
Story by: Edward C. Evans
December 19, 2010 (2010-12-19)
412
4.2[34]

Miley discovers the consequences after she revealed she was Hannah Montana, as critics and parents alike have negative thoughts about the shocking news. When Aunt Dolly asks Miley to join her on stage, Miley fears she can never perform again. After Robby Ray gets the courage to get back on stage, Miley decides to kiss her fears of rejection goodbye. Meanwhile, Rico suffers a breakdown because he never realized that Miley is Hannah Montana, and Jackson and Lilly help him recover.
Co-stars: LaTonya Holmes as Choir Member #1, Clent Bowers as Choir Member #2, Meloney Collins as Choir Member #3, Brandi Cyrus as Guitarist, Alvin C. Forbes as Bass Player, Stacy Jones as Drummer, Jason D. Williams as Piano Player
Guest stars: Michael Kagan as Collin Lassiter, Daniel Windhymm Hayes as Ollie Jr.
Special guest star: Dolly Parton as Aunt Dolly
Hannah song featured: "Kiss It Goodbye"
Song featured: "The Right Time" performed by Billy Ray Cyrus and Dolly Parton

97
12
"I Am Mamaw, Hear Me Roar!"
Bob Koherr
Heather Wordham
January 9, 2011 (2011-01-09)
413
4.3[34]

When graduation day arrives, Mamaw is disappointed that she couldn't even get a picture with Miley because of her fans. When fans begin to surround Miley, Mamaw becomes distraught that her granddaughter is caring more about her fans than her own grandmother. Meanwhile, Rico tricks Jackson into saying that he wouldn't be into Siena if she had short hair.
Co-stars: Lola Consuelos as Nina, Mary-Charles Jones as Young Miley, Maxine Weldon as Estelle
Guest stars: Tammin Sursok as Siena, Hayley Chase as Joannie Palumbo, Nate Hartley as Aaron, Tim Maculan as Maitre d', Pamela Dunlap as Mrs. Elderman, Michael Ensign as Mr. Elderman
Special guest stars: Vicki Lawrence as Mamaw Ruthie, Jon Cryer as Kenneth Truscott and Kelly Ripa as herself
Hannah song featured: "Gonna Get This" (sung by Mamaw at the end of the episode)
Note: The title is a reference to the second season episode, "I Am Hannah, Hear Me Croak".[citation needed]

98
13
"Wherever I Go"
Bob Koherr
Michael Poryes & Steven Peterman
January 16, 2011 (2011-01-16)
414–415
6.2[35]

Miley gets a movie offer from Steven Spielberg and Tom Cruise, which shoots in Paris and will take a year away from her, and she is incapable of going to college with her best friend. She keeps this from Lilly and tries to get Lilly to come to the decision of not wanting to go to college with Miley. Finally, Miley reveals the movie to Lilly and Lilly gets upset. Meanwhile, Jackson struggles to keep up with his girlfriend's lifestyle. Distraught, Miley and Jackson discuss their dilemmas. Jackson suggests that Miley should have asked for Lilly to join her in Paris. Miley then asks for Lilly to come with her to Paris, and they both decide to go to Paris together. Rico finds Jackson a dream job, and Rico and Jackson finally reveal that while they may fight, they are also close friends. Later, Siena comments on how unsettling the banter between Jackson and Miley can be to hear, but Jackson explains that is how they show their affection. Miley and Lilly's respective boyfriends meet up with them at the airport to see them before their trip. Oliver gives Lilly some key words which force her to second guess her decision. Before getting onto the plane, Lilly tells Miley that she has decided to go to college, without Miley. Miley and Lilly begin their lives apart, eventually centering in Lilly's dorm where she gets a knock on her door. She opens the door to reveal Miley, who declares "I'm Miley, I'm your new roommate." The two hug, and then a montage of images from the course of the show is displayed throughout the credits.
Guest stars: Drew Roy as Jesse, Tammin Sursok as Siena, Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison, Anna Maria Perez de Taglé as Ashley Dewitt, Tug Coker as Reptile Wrangler, and Julia Cho as Luna
Special guest star: Mitchel Musso as Oliver Oken
Hannah songs featured: "Wherever I Go" (featuring Emily Osment), "True Friend", "Barefoot Cinderella", "Kiss It Goodbye", "I'll Always Remember You"
Note: This is a special one-hour episode and final episode of the Hannah Montana series.

text: International release[edit]

text:
Country / Region
Network(s)
Series premiere
Notes
References

  Asia
Disney Channel Asia
August 9, 2010
Sneak peek episode aired as part of a Superstar Monday Lineup
[36]

 Australia
Disney Channel
August 20, 2010
Ended March 5, 2011. Hannah Montana still has re-runs on Disney Channel Australia.
[37]

 Germany
Disney Channel Germany
October 7, 2010
11 episodes aired
[38]

Super RTL
February 19, 2011

[39]


document_title: Mother's Day (2016 film)

question_text: where does the movie mothers day take place

root

text: Mother's Day (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article needs an improved plot summary. (June 2016)

tag: table

text: As Mother's Day draws close, a group of seemingly unconnected people in Atlanta come to terms with the relationships they have with their mothers. Sandy (Jennifer Aniston) is a divorced mother of two boys whose ex-husband has recently remarried a younger woman named Tina (Shay Mitchell). Miranda (Julia Roberts) is an accomplished writer who gave up her only child, Kristin (Britt Robertson), for adoption at birth. But as a grown-up Kristin prepares herself for marriage, she begins to contemplate the missing part in her life and is encouraged by her friend, Jesse (Kate Hudson), to go out and find her mother. Meanwhile, Jesse and her sister Gabi, who never see their mother, are surprised by their parents when they come to visit and must come to terms with their failing relationship.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Aniston as Sandy Newhouse[4]
Kate Hudson as Jesse[4]
Julia Roberts as Miranda Collins[4]
Jason Sudeikis as Bradley Barton[4]
Timothy Olyphant as Henry
Shay Mitchell as Tina, Henry's new wife[5]
Britt Robertson as Kristin[5]
Jack Whitehall as Zack Zimm[5]
Héctor Elizondo as Ramon Navarro/Lance Wallace; Credited "and as always Héctor Elizondo"
Margo Martindale as Florence, Jesse's mother
Sarah Chalke as Gabi, Jesse's sister
Robert Pine as Earl, Jesse's father
Aasif Mandvi as Russell, Jesse's husband[5]
Cameron Esposito as Max, Gabi's wife
Jon Lovitz as Wally Burn
Loni Love as Kimberly[5]
Lucy Walsh as Jody
Beth Kennedy as Gwenda
Sandra Taylor as Lexy
Ella Anderson as Vicky Barton[6]
Jessi Case as Rachel Barton
Grayson Russell as Tommy
Matthew Walker as Randy
Lisa Roberts Gillan as Betty
Kate Linder as Gigi
Jennifer Garner as Dana Barton
Paul Vogt as Tiny
Owen Vaccaro as Charlie
Scott Marshall as Sam
Christine Lakin as The Hostess
Rory O'Malley as The Customer
Larry Miller as The Motorcycle Cop
Sean O'Bryan as The Male Cop

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In April 2013, Dennis Dugan confirmed that he would next develop Garry Marshall's comedy film Mother's Day.[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On June 30, 2015, four cast members were announced, Julia Roberts, Jennifer Aniston, Kate Hudson, and Jason Sudeikis, with the film to be directed by Garry Marshall and scripted by Anya Kochoff-Romano and Lily Hollander.[4] Brandt Andersen produced, along with Wayne Rice and Mike Karz.[4] On July 22, 2015, Open Road Films acquired US distribution rights to the film, and it was revealed that Matt Walker and Tom Hines would co-write the script.[8] On August 21, 2015, Ella Anderson joined the film's cast to play Vicky, Sudeikis's character's daughter.[6] On August 26, 2015, Timothy Olyphant, Britt Robertson, Shay Mitchell, Jack Whitehall, Loni Love, and Aasif Mandvi joined the cast.[5] On October 6, Hilary Duff was confirmed to appear, but she declined due to scheduling conflicts with filming the second season of her show Younger.[9]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography on the film began on August 18, 2015, in Atlanta, Georgia.[10][11] Though shooting her part required only four days, Julia Roberts was paid $3 million.[12]

text: Release[edit]

text: Mother's Day was released domestically on April 29, 2016 by Open Road Films.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mother's Day grossed $32.5 million in the U.S. and Canada and $11.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $43.8 million against a production cost of $25 million.[13]

text: In the United States and Canada, pre-release tracking suggested the film would gross around $11 million from 3,035 theaters in its opening weekend, trailing fellow newcomer Keanu ($10–14 million projection) but besting Ratchet & Clank ($8–10 million projection).[14] The film grossed $2.6 million on its first day and $8.4 million in its opening weekend, finishing 4th at the box office, behind The Jungle Book ($43.7 million), The Huntsman: Winter's War ($9.6 million), and Keanu ($9.5 million). In its second weekend the film grossed $11.1 million (an increase of 32.5%), finishing 3rd at the box office, behind Captain America: Civil War ($179.1 million) and The Jungle Book ($24.5 million).[15]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 6% based on 146 reviews and an average rating of 2.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Arguably well-intended yet thoroughly misguided, Mother's Day is the cinematic equivalent of a last-minute gift that only underscores its embarrassing lack of effort."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 18 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".[17] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[18]

text: Richard Roeper gave the film zero out of four stars, saying, "...nothing could have prepared us for the offensively stupid, shamelessly manipulative, ridiculously predictable and hopelessly dated crapfest that is Mother's Day."[19]

text: Peter Bradshaw, writing in The Guardian, gave the film one star out of five, calling it "as feelgood and life-affirming as a fire in an asbestos factory neighbouring a children's hospital."

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipients
Result

Teen Choice Awards[20]
Choice Movie: Comedy
Mother's Day
Nominated

Choice Movie Actress: Comedy
Jennifer Aniston
Nominated

Golden Raspberry Awards
Worst Actress
Julia Roberts
Nominated

Worst Supporting Actress
Kate Hudson
Nominated


document_title: Wind power in the United States

question_text: where is wind power used most in the united states

question_tokens: where is wind power used most in the united states

text: Wind power in the United States

text: Overview[edit]

text: The first municipal use of multiple wind-electric turbines in the USA may have been a five turbine system in Pettibone, North Dakota in 1940. These were commercial Wincharger units on guyed towers.[8]

text: In 1980 the world's first wind farm, consisting of twenty 30 kW wind turbines was installed at Crotched Mountain, in New Hampshire.[9]

text: From 1974 through the mid-1980s the United States government worked with industry to advance the technology and enable large commercial wind turbines. A series of NASA wind turbines were developed under a program to create a utility-scale wind turbine industry in the U.S., with funding from the National Science Foundation and later the United States Department of Energy (DOE). A total of 13 experimental wind turbines were put into operation, in four major wind turbine designs. This research and development program pioneered many of the multi-megawatt turbine technologies in use today, including: steel tube towers, variable-speed generators, composite blade materials, partial-span pitch control, as well as aerodynamic, structural, and acoustic engineering design capabilities.

text: Later, in the 1980s, California provided tax rebates for wind power. These rebates funded the first major use of wind power for utility electric power. These machines, gathered in large wind parks such as at Altamont Pass would be considered small and un-economic by modern wind power development standards. In 1985 half of the world's wind energy was generated at Altamont Pass. By the end of 1986 about 6,700 wind turbines, mostly less than 100 kW, had been installed at Altamont, at a cost of about $1 billion, and generated about 550 million kWh/year.[10]

text: The U.S., as of 2017, has over 82 GW of installed wind power capacity.[3] Only China has more installed capacity.

text: The five states with the most wind capacity installed at the start of 2017 were:[3]

text:
Texas (20,321 MW)
Iowa (6,917 MW)
Oklahoma (6,645 MW)
California (5,662 MW)
Kansas (4,451 MW)

text: Fourteen states now have 10 percent or more of their generation coming from wind power. Most of these are in the central plains. These states include North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, Maine, Vermont, Oregon, and Idaho.[5]

text: The top five states according to percentage of generation by wind in 2016 were:[5]

text:
Iowa (36.6%)
South Dakota (30.3%)
Kansas (29.6%)
Oklahoma (25.1%)
North Dakota (21.5%)

text: Ten of the largest wind farms in the United States are:

text:
Project
Capacity (MW)
State

Alta Wind Energy Center
1548[6]
California

Shepherds Flat Wind Farm
845[11]
Oregon

Roscoe Wind Farm
781[12]
Texas

Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center
736
Texas

Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm
705
California

Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm
662
Texas

San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm
619
California

Fowler Ridge Wind Farm
600
Indiana

Sweetwater Wind Farm
585[13]
Texas

Altamont Pass Wind Farm
576[14]
California

text: A 2012 report by a clean energy consulting group concluded that new wind farms can produce electric power in the 5-8 cents per kWh range, making wind power cost-competitive with fossil fuels in many areas.[15] As of 2013, the US Energy Information Administration estimates the "levelized cost" of wind energy from new installations as 7 to 10 cents per kWh, depending on the geographic area, but cautioned that levelized costs of non-dispatchable sources such as wind should be compared to the avoided energy cost rather than the levelized cost of dispatchable sources such as natural gas, or baseload sources such as coal or geothermal.[16][page needed] In 2015, a Koch-funded institute[17][18][19] of Utah State University stated that the cost of wind energy is higher than most cost estimates calculate. Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers. The production tax credit makes wind power cheaper for utilities and consumers, but at the expense of taxpayers.[20] The American Wind Energy Association has criticized the study of lacking comparison with pollution and subsidies incurred by other electric power sources, and for counting transmission as a cost rather than a benefit.[21]

text: National trends[edit]

text: Production[edit]

text:
Wind generation by year in the United States

Wind power generated since 2000 (GWh)[22][23]

text:
Wind generation capacity by year in the United States

Installed wind power generating capacity
since 2000 (MW)[24][25][26][3]

text: Wind power has increased dramatically over the past years. In 2010, however, newly installed generating capacity was about half of the previous year due to various factors, including the financial crisis, and recession. In 2013 there was a 92% reduction in newly installed generating capacity compared to 2012, due to the late extension of the PTC (see image on the right).[27] The graph at left shows the growth in installed wind generation capacity in the United States based on data from the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy.[25] In 2008, installed capacity in the U.S. increased by 50% over the prior year. The world average growth rate that year was 28.8%.[28]

text: By 2014, the wind industry in the USA was able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground competed with conventional fossil fuels like coal. Prices had fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities had been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio, saying it is their cheapest option.[29] For power contracts made in the year 2014, the average price of wind power fell to 2.5¢/kWh.[30]

text: The capacity factor is the ratio of power actually produced divided by the nameplate capacity of the turbines. The overall average capacity factor for wind generation in the US increased from 31.7% in 2008, to 32.3% in 2013.[31]

text: Wind generation potential[edit]

text: According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, the contiguous United States has the potential for 10,459 GW of onshore wind power.[32][33] The capacity could generate 37 petawatt-hours (PW·h) annually, an amount nine times larger than current total U.S. electricity consumption.[34] The U.S. also has large wind resources in Alaska,[35] and Hawaii.[36]

text: In addition to the large onshore wind resources, the U.S. has large offshore wind power potential,[37] with another NREL report released in September 2010 showing that the U.S. has 4,150 GW of potential offshore wind power nameplate capacity, an amount 4 times that of the country's 2008 installed capacity from all sources, of 1,010 GW.[38]

text: The U.S. Department of Energy’s 2008 report 20% Wind Energy by 2030[39] envisioned that wind power could supply 20% of all U.S. electric power, which included a contribution of 4% to the nation’s total electric power from offshore wind power.[40] In order to achieve this, however, significant advances in cost, performance and reliability are needed, based on a 2011 report from a coalition of researchers from universities, industry, and government, supported by the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future.[41] Obtaining 20% from wind requires about 305 GW of wind turbines, an increase of 16 GW/year after 2018, or an average increase of 14.6%/year, and transmission line improvements.[39] Analysts estimate around 25 GW of added US wind power in 2016-18,[42] depending on the Clean Power Plan and PTC extensions. After the current PTC phase-out in 2021, additional wind power capacity is expected to be around 5 GW per year.[43]

text: State trends[edit]

text: In 2015, electric power generation from wind power was 10 percent or more in twelve U.S. states: Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Dakota, Vermont, and Texas. Iowa, South Dakota, and Kansas each had more than 20 percent of their electric power generation come from wind.[44] Twenty states now have more than five percent of their generation coming from wind.[44]

text: Texas[edit]

text: In 2016 Texas surpassed the 20,000 MW mark by adding over 1800 MW of generating capacity.[3] In 2011, Texas had become the first state to surpass the 10,000 MW mark. [45]

text: In July 2008, Texas approved a $4.93 billion expansion of the state's electric grid to bring wind energy to its major cities from western areas of the state. Transmission companies will recoup the cost of constructing the new power lines, expected to be completed in 2013, from fees estimated at $4 per month for residential customers.[46] A lack of transmission capacity forced wind turbines to be shut down at times and reduced wind power generation in Texas by 17% in 2009.[47]

text: The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe, Texas, Texas's largest wind farm with 627 wind turbines and a total installed capacity of 781.5 MW, surpassed the nearby 735.5 MW Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center. It is located about 200 miles (320 km) west of Fort Worth and the wind farm area spans parts of four Texas counties.[48][49]

text:
Large wind farms in Texas[50][51][52]

Wind farm
Installed
capacity (MW)
Turbine
manufacturer
County

Buffalo Gap Wind Farm
523
Vestas
Taylor / Nolan

Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm
662
GE Energy / Siemens
Sterling / Coke

Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center
735
GE Energy / Siemens
Taylor / Nolan

Lone Star Wind Farm
400
Gamesa
Shackelford / Callahan

Panther Creek Wind Farm
458
GE Energy
Howard / …

Papalote Creek Wind Farm
380[53]
Siemens
San Patricio

Peñascal Wind Farm
404
Mitsubishi
Kenedy

Roscoe Wind Farm
781[54]
Mitsubishi
Nolan

Sweetwater Wind Farm
585
GE Energy / Siemens / Mitsubishi
Nolan

text: California[edit]

text: Wind power in California has doubled in capacity since 2002. With a total of nearly 4,000 megawatts installed, as of the end of 2011, wind energy now supplies about 5% of California’s total electric power needs, or enough to power more than 400,000 households. The amount varies greatly from day to day.[55] In 2011, 921.3 megawatts were installed. Most of that activity occurred in the Tehachapi area of Kern County, with some big projects in Solano, Contra Costa and Riverside counties as well.[citation needed] After 2014, California ranked second nationwide in terms of capacity, behind Texas with a capacity of 5,917 MW.[1]

text: Large portions of California's wind output, are located in three primary regions: Altamont Pass Wind Farm (east of San Francisco); Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm (south east of Bakersfield), and San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm (near Palm Springs, east of Los Angeles). The giant new Alta Wind Energy Center, is also located within the Tehachapi Pass region.[56]

text:
Large wind farms in California

Name
Location
Capacity (MW)
Ref

Altamont Pass Wind Farm
Alameda County
576
[57]

Alta Wind Energy Center
Kern County
1548
[6]

San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm
Riverside County
615
[57]

Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm
Kern County
705
[57]

text: Iowa[edit]

text: More than 35 percent of the electric power generated in Iowa now comes from wind power.[5] Iowa had over 6900 megawatts (MW) of generation capacity at the end of 2016.[5] Electrical energy generated in Iowa by wind in 2014 amounted to over 16 million Megawatt-hours.[23] Since Iowa adopted a renewable energy standard in 1983, the wind power industry has generated over $10 billion in investment.[58] The second concrete wind turbine tower to be built in the U.S., and also the country's tallest (377 feet) at the time built, is in Adams county. The tower was completed in the spring of 2016.[59]

text: Oklahoma[edit]

text: Oklahoma has one of the best resources in the United States. Bergey Windpower, a leading manufacturer of small wind turbines is located in Oklahoma. Programs leading to careers in the wind power industry are provided at tech schools, community colleges and universities in Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Wind Power Initiative supports the development of wind power in the state.[60]

text: Illinois[edit]

text: Wind power has been supported by a renewable portfolio standard,[61] passed in 2007, and strengthened in 2009, which requires 10% renewable energy from electric companies by 2010 and 25% by 2025. Illinois has the potential for installing up to an estimated 249,882 MW of wind generation capacity at a hub height of 80 meters.[62]

text: Kansas[edit]

text: In 2012, Kansas saw a large number of wind projects completed making it among the largest and fastest growing wind energy markets.[citation needed] At the end of 2014 the total capacity sits at 2,967 MW.[1][63] Kansas has high potential capacity for wind power, second behind Texas. The most recent estimates are that Kansas has a potential for 950 GW of wind power capacity. Kansas could generate 3,900 TW·h of electric power each year, which represents more than all the electric power generated from coal, natural gas and nuclear combined in the United States in 2011.[64]

text: Commercialization of wind power[edit]

text: Industry trends[edit]

text: Since 2005 many turbine manufacturing leaders have opened U.S. facilities; of the top 10 global manufacturers in 2007, seven – Vestas, GE Energy, Gamesa, Suzlon, Siemens, Acciona, and Nordex – have an American manufacturing presence.[66][67][30] REpower is another manufacturer with notable usage in the United States.[68]

text: Plans for 30 new manufacturing facilities were announced in 2008, and the wind industry expects to see a continued shift towards domestic manufacturing in the coming years. In total, 70 manufacturing facilities have begun production, been expanded, or announced since January 2007.[66]

text: As of April 2009, over 100 companies are producing components for wind turbines, employing thousands of workers in the manufacture of parts as varied as towers, composite blades, bearings and gears. Many existing companies in traditional manufacturing states have retooled to enter the wind industry. Their manufacturing facilities are spread across 40 states, employing workers from the Southeast to the Steel Belt, to the Great Plains and on to the Pacific Northwest.[66]

text: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is working with six leading wind turbine manufacturers towards achieving 20% wind power in the United States by 2030. The DOE announced the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with GE Energy, Siemens Power Generation, Vestas Wind Systems, Clipper Windpower, Suzlon Energy, and Gamesa Corporation. Under the MOU, the DOE and the six manufacturers will collaborate to gather and exchange information relating to five major areas: research and development related to turbine reliability and operability; siting strategies for wind power facilities; standards development for turbine certification and universal interconnection of wind turbines; manufacturing advances in design, process automation, and fabrication techniques; and workforce development.[39][69]

text: In 2014, GE had 60%, Siemens had 26%, and Vestas had 12% of US market share. Combined, they had 98%.[70] Most new turbines were designed for low wind. The turbine manufacturers compete with each other and cause decreasing turbine prices.[30]

text: Other government involvement[edit]

text: The DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has announced a number of wind technology projects, including a new state-of-the-art wind turbine blade test facility to be built in Ingleside, Texas. The Texas-NREL Large Blade Research and Test Facility will be capable of testing blades as long as 70 meters (230 feet). It will be built and operated through a partnership among NREL, DOE, and a state consortium led by University of Houston, with the university owning and operating the facility's buildings, DOE funding up to $2 million in capital costs, and NREL providing technical and operational assistance. The blade test facility is estimated to cost between $12 million and $15 million and should be completed by 2010. Located on the Gulf Coast, the Texas facility will complement a similar facility that is being built on the coast of Massachusetts.[71]

text: NREL has also recently signed agreements with Siemens Power Generation and First Wind, a wind power developer. Siemens is launching a new research and development facility in nearby Boulder, Colorado, and has agreed to locate and test a commercial-scale wind turbine at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). First Wind (formerly called UPC Wind Partners, LLC) owns and operates the 30-megawatt Kaheawa Wind Power farm in West Maui, Hawaii, and has agreed to let the NWTC establish a Remote Research Affiliate Partner Site at the facility. The Maui satellite of NWTC will collaborate with First Wind on studies to develop advanced wind energy technologies, including energy storage and integration of renewable electric power into Maui's electrical grid.[72]

text: In 2010, the DOE awarded $60 million for a study of transmission requirements.[73] Beginning in 2006, the DOE is required to provide a transmission congestion report once every three years.[74]

text: Recent U.S. policy has generally been to provide an inflation-adjusted federal production tax credit (PTC) of $15 per MW·h (in 1995 dollars) generated for the first ten years of operation for wind energy sold. As of 2015, the credit was $23 per MW·h.[75] Renewable portfolio standards mandating a certain percentage of electric power sales come from renewable energy sources, which are in place in about half of the states, also have boosted the development of the wind industry.[76]

text: Each time Congress has allowed the production tax credit has expired, wind power development has slowed as investors wait for the credit to be restored. Each year it is renewed development has expanded. The tax credit expired at the end of 2012, bringing wind power development activity to a near halt. A short term, one year policy was enacted at the beginning of 2013 which provides a tax credit to projects under construction by the end of 2013 and completed before the end of 2014.[77] The PTC was first introduced in 1992.[78] When it was allowed to expire, development dropped 93%, 73%, and 77% the following year.

text: The Energy Information Administration has reported that wind power received the largest share of direct federal subsidies and support in fiscal year 2013 (the latest year for which statistics are available), accounting for 37% ($5.936 billion) of total electric power related subsidies. Almost three-quarters of wind energy subsidies in that year were direct expenditures and largely resulted from the ARRA programs. These figures do not include subsidies and supports from other levels of government.[79]

text: The development of wind power in the United States has been supported primarily through a production tax credit (PTC), which pays producers on the amount of electric power produced. On January 1, 2013 the production tax credit was extended for another year.[77]

text: In late 2015 authorities provided an extension of the Production Tax Credit. The extension phases out the credit over a period of five years. The 30 percent wind and solar tax credit will extend through 2019 and then taper to 10 percent in 2022.[80]

text: The average price of Power purchase agreements was $23.5/MWh in 2014.[70] Operating expenses were estimated to $10/MWh.[30]

text: Siting considerations[edit]

text: There is competition for wind farms among farmers in places like Iowa or ranchers in Colorado. Farmers, with no investment on their part, typically receive $3,000–5,000 per year in royalties[81] from the local utility for siting a single, large, advanced-design wind turbine.[82][83][84][85][86]

text: Landscape and ecological issues may be significant for some wind farm proposals,[87] and environmental issues are a consideration in site selection.[88]

text: Worldwide experience has shown that community consultation and direct involvement of the general public in wind farm projects has helped to increase community approval, and some wind farms overseas have become tourist attractions, like the Ten Mile Lagoon wind farm.

text: Offshore wind power[edit]

text: Offshore development is hindered by relatively high cost compared to onshore facilities. Several projects are under development with some at advanced stages of development.[89] The United States, though, has very large offshore wind energy resources due to strong, consistent winds off the long U.S. coastline.[40]

text: The 2011 NREL report, Large-Scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States, analyzes the current state of the offshore wind energy industry. According to the report, offshore wind resource development would help the country to achieve 20% of its electric power from wind by 2030 and to revitalize the manufacturing sector. Offshore wind could supply 54 gigawatts of capacity to the nation's electrical grid, thereby increasing energy security. It could also generate an estimated $200 billion in new economic activity and create thousands of permanent jobs.[90] NREL’s report concludes that "the development of the nation’s offshore wind resources can provide many potential benefits, and that offshore wind energy could play a vital role in future U.S. energy markets".[90]

text: Coastal residents have opposed offshore wind farms because of fears about impacts on marine life, the environment, electric power rates, aesthetics, and recreation such as fishing and boating. However, residents also cite improved electric power rates, air quality, and job creation as positive impacts they would expect from wind farms.[91][92] Because the bases of offshore turbines function as artificial reefs, studies have shown that after the initial disturbance of construction, local fish and shellfish are positively affected.[91][93] Because wind turbines can be positioned at some distance from shore, impacts to recreation and fishing can be managed by careful planning of wind farm locations.[91]

text: Five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware were issued in June 2009 by the Secretary of the Interior. The leases authorize data gathering activities, allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles (29 km) offshore.[94] Four areas are being considered.[95] On February 7, 2011, Salazar and Steven Chu announced a national strategy to have offshore wind power of 10 GW in 2020, and 54 GW in 2030.[96]

text: Projects are under development in areas of the East Coast, Great Lakes, and Gulf coast.[89]

text: New England[edit]

text: Rhode Island and Massachusetts state officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $1.5-billion, 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island. The 100-turbine project could provide 1.3 terawatt-hours (TW·h) of electric power per year – 15 percent of all electric power used in the state of Rhode Island.[97][98][99] In 2009, Deepwater signed an agreement with National Grid to sell the power from a $200-million, 30-MW wind farm off Block Island, at an initial price of 24.4 ¢/kW·h.[100] Construction of the Block Island Wind Farm, a five turbine project began in April 2015.

text: Cape Wind started development around 2002, but faced opposition and eventually ceased before being realized. The floating VolturnUS operated in a Maine river in 2013.[citation needed]

text: Mid Atlantic[edit]

text: To promote wind power in New Jersey, in 2007 the state awarded a $4.4 million contract to conduct an 18-month Ocean/Wind Power Ecological Baseline Study, becoming the first state to sponsor an ocean and wind power study before allowing renewable energy developers to study and build off its shores. The study focused on a designated area off the coast to determine the current distribution, abundance and migratory patterns of avian species, fish, marine resources and sea turtle use of the existing ecological resources.[101] The results of the study were released in June 2010. The study concluded that the effects of developing offshore windfarms would be negligible.[102][103][104]

text: In 2008, new federal rules greatly expanded the territory offshore wind parks can be built. Previously, projects were only allowed in shallow state waters within 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of shore. The edge of U.S. territory is about 200 nautical miles (370 km) out. Increased distance from the coast diminishes their visibility. Waters off the coast of the United States are deeper than in Europe, requiring different designs.[105]

text: Atlantic Wind Connection is a proposed electrical transmission backbone to be built off the Atlantic Coast of the United States to serve off-shore wind farms. The transmission line, proposed by Trans-Elect Development Company, would deliver power ashore in southern Virginia, Delaware, southern New Jersey and northern New Jersey. As a first of its kind project, it poses significant risks of encountering unexpected technological challenges and cost overruns.[106] Such an offshore backbone is an element in the national electric power strategy.[96] Bechtel has been selected as the EPC contractor and Alstom as technical advisor for the first phase of the development for the project.[107] Google and Good Energies, an investment firm, are the major investors in the $5 billion project.[106]

text: Wind energy meteorology[edit]

text: Winds in the Central plains region of the U.S. are variable on both short (minutes) and long (days) time scales. Variations in wind speed result in variations in power output from wind farms, which poses difficulties incorporating wind power into an integrated power system. Wind turbines are driven by boundary layer winds, those that occur near the surface of the earth, at around 300 feet. Boundary layer winds are controlled by wind in the higher free atmosphere and have turbulence due to interaction with surface features such as trees, hills, and buildings. Short term or high frequency variations are due to this turbulence in the boundary layer.[108]

text: Long term variations are due to the passage of transient waves in the atmosphere, with a characteristic time scale of several days. The transient waves that influence wind in the Central U.S. are large scale and this results in the power output from wind farms in the region being somewhat correlated and not entirely independent. Large scale distribution of wind farms significantly reduce short term variability, limiting the relative standard deviation of the capacity factor to about 45%.[108] The correlation is highest in summer and lowest in winter.[109]

text: Environmental Impacts and Regulations[edit]

text: Bird protection[edit]

text: The US federal government has jurisdiction to prevent bird and bat deaths by wind turbines, under the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. Under the 2009 Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the Interior Department could issue permits to allow "non-purposeful take" for activities where eagle deaths were considered unavoidable; however, as of December 2013, no take permits had been issued to wind energy developers.[110] The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has published voluntary guidelines for design and siting of wind turbines to minimize bird and bat deaths.[111]

text: In 2013, the Obama administration was accused of having a double standard to protect the wind industry from Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act prosecutions, while vigorously pursuing violations by oil companies and owners of power lines. The administration refused to divulge the number of raptor deaths reported to it by wind companies, saying that to do so would reveal trade secrets. The government also ordered federal law enforcement field agents not to pursue bird-death prosecutions against wind companies without prior approval from Washington. The policy was said to be an environmental trade-off to promote renewable energy.[112]

text: In November 2013, the federal government obtained its first criminal conviction of a wind power operator for killing protected birds in violation of the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Duke Energy plead guilty, and was fined $1 million, for the deaths of 160 birds, including 14 golden eagles, at two wind farms in Wyoming. The Justice Department charged that Duke had designed and sited the turbines knowing that they would kill birds; Duke noted that it had self-reported the bird deaths, and that US Fish and Wildlife Service guidelines for reducing bird deaths by wind turbines had not been issued when the turbines were built. After they were charged, Duke implemented a radar detection system, at a cost of $600,000 per year, designed to turn off turbines when approached by large birds; the company noted that the system was working, as no golden eagle deaths had been observed in more than a year of operation since the radar was installed.[113][114]

text: In December 2013 the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced that it would issue 30-year permits to wind energy projects to allow for eagle deaths; previously, permits had been available for only 5 years, but none were issued to wind projects. Under the 30-year permits, wind power developers would be required to report eagle deaths, and the permits would be reviewed every 5 years. The measure was intended to remove what was seen as legal uncertainty discouraging wind energy investments. The government said that an environmental review was not needed for the change, because it was only an administrative change.[110] The new regulation was welcomed by the American Wind Energy Association, which said that wind power caused less than two percent of human-caused eagle fatalities, and pointed out that the rules would require extensive mitigation and monitoring of eagle deaths.[115] The extension of eagle taking permits from 5 to 30 years was opposed by a number of conservation groups, including the American Bird Conservancy, the Nature Conservancy, the Sierra Club, the Audubon Society, and the Humane Society of the United States.[116][117]

text: More than 30,000 wind turbine locations are really close to the federally protected bird habitats, out of which almost 24,000 lie in the migratory corridor of the whooping crane and almost 3000 in the breeding grounds of the endangered Greater Sage- Grouse.[118] As per the director of the American Bird Conservancy's Bird Smart Wind Energy Campaign, Dr Michael Hutchins , wind turbines present a real threat to the Nation's birds. He also addressed that how ineffective the present voluntary permitting guidelines and the requirement of mandatory permitting guidelines for the same. Tom Vinson, the American Wind Energy Association vice president for regulatory affairs stated the ambiguity in estimation and extrapolation of various datas and also questioned the credibility of the assumptions of Agencies like ABC while making claims of future bird deaths .[118]

text: Rising concerns about the bird deaths prompted ABC, in collaboration with 70 other conservation organisations, to lobby the federal Government by Pressurising the U.S. Department of Interior to develop a National Programmatic Wind Environmental Impact Statement which would identify appropriate areas for wind energy development, as well as areas where development should be avoided, but these lobbying efforts failed.[118]

text: Collision risks are primarily influenced by the height of the turbines and tower type. The average death count of the birds increased as the current turbine heights reached a height of 475 to 639 feet. The danger to the birds increase because the blades now start penetrating the average flight height zone of the Nocturnal Migrating Birds.[119]

text: Offshore wind[edit]

text: The harassment of any marine mammal species in U.S waters is a violation of the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 (50 CFR 18). Offshore wind developers are required to apply for a letter of Authorization or Incidental Harassment Authorization with all the pertinent details of the species under potential threats from it’s off shore activities, the mitigation measures, and monitoring and reporting Obligations. An offshore wind project must also be in accordance with all the regulatory obligations of the Federally approved- State coastal management plan, under the Costal zone Management Act of 1972, to keep in check the affect on the costal resources due to such off-shore wind projects.[120]

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
United States wind generation (GWh)[2][121]

Year
Total
% of total
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

1990
2,789

1991
2,951

1992
2,888

1993
3,006

1994
3,447

1995
3,164

1996
3,234

1997
3,288

1998
3,026

1999
4,488

2000
5,593

2001
6,737

2002
10,354

2003
10,729

2004
14,144
0.36%
999
1,022
1,291
1,295
1,702
1,397
1,164
1,051
1,090
1,029
932
1,172

2005
14,597
0.36%
899
783
1,235
1,408
1,494
1,539
1,171
918
1,275
1,256
1,363
1,257

2006
26,589
0.65%
2,383
1,922
2,359
2,472
2,459
2,052
1,955
1,655
1,879
2,442
2,540
2,472

2007
32,143
0.77%
2,459
2,541
3,061
3,194
2,858
2,395
1,928
2,446
2,641
3,056
2,705
2,859

2008
55,363
1.34%
4,273
3,852
4,782
5,225
5,340
5,140
4,008
3,264
3,111
4,756
4,994
6,616

2009
73,886
1.87%
5,951
5,852
7,099
7,458
6,262
5,599
4,955
5,464
4,651
6,814
6,875
6,906

2010
94,652
2.29%
6,854
5,432
8,589
9,764
8,698
8,049
6,724
6,686
7,106
7,944
9,748
9,059

2011
120,177
2.93%
8,550
10,452
10,545
12,422
11,772
10,985
7,489
7,476
6,869
10,525
12,439
10,656

2012
140,822
3.48%
13,632
11,052
14,026
12,709
12,541
11,972
8,822
8,469
8,790
12,636
11,649
14,524

2013
167,665
4.13%
14,633
13,907
15,643
17,294
16,264
13,766
11,146
9,593
11,709
13,720
15,888
14,100

2014
181,791
4.44%
17,989
14,001
17,779
18,747
15,532
15,691
12,096
10,187
11,473
14,552
18,997
14,696

2015
190,927
4.67%
15,258
14,964
15,361
17,835
17,060
13,398
13,632
13,040
13,859
16,391
19,693
20,067

2016
226,551
5.55%
18,511
20,214
21,752
20,555
18,824
16,364
17,589
13,565
16,435
20,376
19,334
23,032

2017
254,254
6.33%
20,270
21,692
25,599
25,403
22,317
19,429
15,711
13,094
17,291
24,789
23,320
22,776

2018
50,769
7.46%
26,834
23,936

Last entry, % of Total
7.19%
7.81%
8.05%
8.65%
6.95%
5.46%
3.93%
3.44%
5.17%
7.76%
7.60%
6.58%

text:
[show]Selected monthly wind generation profiles

United States (2016)

Texas (2016)

Oklahoma (2015)

Iowa 2015

California 2015

Illinois 2015

Kansas 2015

Minnesota 2015


document_title: Once Upon a Dream (Sleeping Beauty song)

question_text: who sang once upon a dream at the end of maleficent

text: Lana Del Rey version[edit]

text:
"Once Upon a Dream"

Single by Lana Del Rey

from the album Maleficent (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Released
January 26, 2014 (2014-01-26)

Length
3:23[citation needed]

Label
Walt Disney[citation needed]

Songwriter(s)

Jack Lawrence
Sammy Fain

Producer(s)
Dan Heath[citation needed]

Lana Del Rey singles chronology

"Young and Beautiful (Remix)"
(2013)
"Once Upon a Dream"
(2014)
"West Coast"
(2014)

"Young and Beautiful (Remix)"
(2013)
"Once Upon a Dream"
(2014)
"West Coast"
(2014)

text: "Once Upon a Dream" was covered by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey for the dark fantasy film Maleficent (2014), which serves as a prequel to and re-imagining of the original Sleeping Beauty (1959). The song was released on January 26, 2014; it was made available as a free digital download during its first week of availability by the Google Play Store.[5] On February 4, the digital download was made available for purchase.[6]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The cover received generally positive reception. Forbes called the cover "moody and low-key"[7] while Stereogum described it as "swoony" and "spaced-out".[8] Hypable said the cover was "much darker" than the original and pointed out the "slight radio effect" over Del Rey's and called her performance of the song "haunting":[9] Spin said of the song snippet from the trailer "Smoky vocals, a bewitching come-hither delivery, and delicate piano turn the 1959 fairytale song into a haunting lullaby."[10] Complex remarked that Del Rey's cover had a "somber and sinister" feel in comparison to the original.[4]

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (2014)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[11]
96

France (SNEP)[12]
122

Ireland (IRMA)[13]
71

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[14]
60

US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard)[15]
5