document_title: Luke Skywalker

question_text: who does luke skywalker fall in love with

text: Luke Skywalker

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: Luke Skywalker was initially called "Luke Starkiller", and went through multiple design changes. The character was at one point designed as a 60-year-old grizzled war hero, later as a Jedi Master, and as a woman.[4] The last name "Starkiller" remained for the first few months of production,[5][6] Hamill on-camera used the name 'Luke Starkiller" the sole time he referred to himself during filming.[7] "Starkiller" was dropped due to what Lucas called "unpleasant connotations".[8]

text: An alternative ending pitched by George Lucas for Return of the Jedi was Luke assuming his father's role as Darth Vader after the latter's death and intending to rule in his place. Though Lawrence Kasdan favored the idea, Lucas ultimately declined, since the films were made for children.[9] Another conclusion to the film featured the character disappearing into the wilderness akin to "Clint Eastwood in the spaghetti westerns".[10]

text: During the filming of the original Star Wars trilogy, George Lucas informed Hamill that he would be needed to reprise the role when he was middle aged. Lucas further explained that his role as Luke would be handing "Excalibur to the next generation". Hamill had no reaction at the time, as he thought of making Star Wars films decades in the future as an abstract concept. Hamill learned of the sequel trilogy over the summer of 2012 at a Star Wars celebration during lunch where Lucas told him one was in development. Hamill recalled shaving his beard to portray The Trickster in The Flash, then letting it grow back for the filming of his scenes.[11]

text: Luke's lack of screen time in The Force Awakens was due to concerns by screenwriter Michael Arndt that his presence would mean the audience would have less interest in protagonist Rey, leading to an agreement that he be removed from the plot and instead become a plot device.[12][13] Hamill attended meetings for script readings, and helped conceal Luke's role in the film; instead of dialogue, he read stage directions. Abrams said it allowed him to remain involved and that his reading helped make a "better experience for everyone".[14]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text: A New Hope (1977)[edit]

text: Introduced in the 1977 film Star Wars (later dubbed Episode IV – A New Hope), the character represents the hero archetype of "the young man, called to adventure, the hero going out facing the trials and ordeals, and coming back after his victory with a boon for the community".[15][16][17]

text: Luke Skywalker lives on a moisture farm on Tatooine with his Uncle Owen and Aunt Beru. Luke takes his first steps toward his destiny when he purchases the droids C-3PO and R2-D2. While examining R2-D2, he sees a message from Leia. When R2-D2 goes missing, Luke goes out to search for the droid, but is knocked out by Tusken Raiders in the process. He then encounters Obi-Wan Kenobi, an old hermit. Luke and Obi-Wan seek shelter, and R2-D2 plays the full message for Obi-Wan from Leia, beseeching him to help her defeat the Galactic Empire. Obi-Wan says that he and Luke's father were once Jedi Knights, and that his father was murdered by a traitorous Jedi named Darth Vader. Obi-Wan presents Luke with his father's lightsaber and offers to take him to Alderaan and train him in the ways of the Force, but Luke rejects his offer.

text: Luke changes his mind when he returns home to find out that Imperial stormtroopers have killed his aunt and uncle. He and Obi-Wan then travel to Mos Eisley, where they meet smugglers Han Solo and Chewbacca at the Cantina. They team up and travel on the Millennium Falcon to Alderaan, only to find out that it has been destroyed by the Death Star. They board the Death Star and rescue Princess Leia. Obi-Wan deactivates the tractor beam, and he later sacrifices his life in a duel with Vader, so that Luke and his friends can board the Falcon and escape.

text: During the Battle of Yavin, Luke joins the Rebel Alliance in attacking the Death Star. In the trench leading to the Death Star's exhaust port, Luke hears Obi-Wan's voice, telling him to "trust his feelings"; he takes Obi-Wan's advice and switches off his X-wing's missile guidance system, instead using the Force to guide the missiles and destroy the Death Star.

text: The Empire Strikes Back (1980)[edit]

text: In The Empire Strikes Back (1980), set three years after the previous installment, Luke is now a lieutenant commander in the Rebel Alliance. While on a mission on the ice planet Hoth, he is captured by a Wampa, but manages to escape. In the frozen wasteland, he sees Obi-Wan's spirit, telling him to travel to the planet Dagobah and complete his training with the Jedi Master Yoda, before he is rescued by Han. When the Empire discovers the Rebel base on Hoth, Luke leads his squadron to battle a swarm of AT-AT Walkers, but the situation turns out to be serious enough, that he and the others participating in the Battle of Hoth have to retreat. Escaping in his X-wing, he travels to Dagobah, and meets Yoda. He undergoes rigorous Jedi training, quickly increasing his power in the Force.

text: During his training, Luke sees a vision of his friends in danger. Against both Obi-Wan and Yoda's advice, he travels to Bespin to save them, only to be lured into a trap, where he engages in a lightsaber duel with Darth Vader. As his mentors warned, Luke proves to be no match for Vader; the Sith Lord overpowers Luke and severs his right hand. Vader then reveals that he is Luke's father and offers him the chance to turn to the dark side of the Force, and rule the galaxy at his side. Horrified, Luke refuses, and throws himself into a deep reactor chasm. He survives, but is pulled into a garbage chute to the underside of Cloud City, and left hanging onto a weather vane. Leia, flying away from Cloud City in the Millennium Falcon, senses Luke's peril, and turns the ship around to save him. Aboard the ship, he hears Vader telepathically, telling him that it is his destiny to join the dark side. Luke's severed hand is replaced with a bio-mechanical one.

text: Return of the Jedi (1983)[edit]

text: In Return of the Jedi (1983), Luke is now a Jedi Knight, and has constructed his own lightsaber. He returns to Tatooine to help Leia, the droids, and Lando Calrissian save Han from the vile gangster, Jabba the Hutt. Luke offers to negotiate with Jabba, but instead, Luke falls into a trap, battling against a Rancor. When Luke kills the Rancor, he is sentenced to death in the Sarlacc Pit. Luke escapes with R2-D2's help, saving his friends and destroying Jabba's sail barge.

text: During his return trip to Dagobah, Luke learns from a dying Yoda that Vader is his father. Luke then learns from Obi-Wan's spirit that he has a twin sister, whom he immediately realizes is Leia. Obi-Wan tells Luke that he must face Vader again in order to save the galaxy.

text: Arriving on Endor as part of a Rebel commando squad, Luke surrenders to Vader in an attempt to bring his father back from the dark side of the Force. Vader brings Luke to the second Death Star orbiting around Endor, where his master, Emperor Palpatine, tries to tempt Luke to the dark side. Luke momentarily lashes out with his lightsaber, but Vader blocks his strike, with father and son going at it again. Luke keeps his emotions under control until Vader senses that Luke has a sister, and threatens to turn her to the dark side if Luke will not submit. Luke snaps and backs Vader into a corner until severing his mechanical right hand. The Emperor orders Luke to kill Vader and take his place. Luke glances at his own bionic hand and realizes that he is on the verge of suffering his father's fate. He casts his lightsaber aside, declaring his allegiance to be a Jedi.

text: Furious, the Emperor tortures Luke with Force lightning. In agony, Luke calls out to his father for help; unwilling to let his son die, Vader grabs his former master, and throws him down a reactor shaft to his death. Vader is mortally wounded by the Emperor's lightning in the process. As Rebel fighters head toward the Death Star's main reactor, Luke removes Vader's mask and looks upon his father's face for the first and only time. The redeemed Anakin Skywalker assures Luke that there was good in him after all, and dies shortly thereafter. On Endor, Luke cremates his father's body on a funeral pyre. During the Rebels' victory celebrations on Endor, Luke sees his father's spirit alongside those of Obi-Wan and Yoda.

text: Revenge of the Sith (2005)[edit]

text: In the prequel film Revenge of the Sith (2005), Luke and his twin sister Leia are born to Senator Padmé Amidala. Following Padmé's death on Polis Massa and his father's turn to the dark side of the Force, Luke is taken by Obi-Wan Kenobi to the desert planet Tatooine, where Luke is adopted by his father's stepbrother, Owen Lars, and Owen's wife, Beru.

text: The Force Awakens (2015)[edit]

text: In the first installment of the sequel trilogy, The Force Awakens (2015), the opening crawl reveals that Luke Skywalker had mysteriously vanished some time in the 30 years following the events of Return of the Jedi. Luke went into hiding after his nephew and apprentice, Ben Solo, turned to the dark side and was later dubbed Kylo Ren. When Ren killed all of his fellow apprentices and ushered in the despotic reign of the First Order, Luke felt responsible, and disappeared. At the end of the film, the Resistance manage to reconstruct a map, which traces the location of the temple from the Empire's archives to his location, and he is subsequently found on the planet Ahch-To by the young scavenger, Rey, who presents him with the lightsaber previously wielded by both Luke and his father.

text: The Last Jedi (2017)[edit]

text: In The Last Jedi (2017), Luke is initially reluctant to train Rey, telling her that it is time for the Jedi Order to end. After some persuasion from R2-D2, Luke starts training Rey, but grows increasingly afraid of her power. Luke tells Rey that he had briefly considered killing the sleeping Ben after seeing a vision of the destruction he could cause, but relented; Ben woke to see Luke with his lightsaber drawn, and turned to the dark side because he felt betrayed. Rey urges Luke to help her turn Ren back to the good side, but he refuses. When Rey leaves, Luke is visited by the spirit of Yoda, who assures Luke that he still has a purpose. Luke appears on the planet Crait, as the Resistance are staging a standoff against the First Order, and he apologizes to Leia for his part in allowing Ben to fall to the dark side. Luke steps in front of the First Order's Heavy Assault Walkers, and unexpectedly survives an onslaught of blaster fire ordered by Ren. Ren charges at Luke in hand-to-hand combat, seemingly bisecting him with his lightsaber, but Luke remains unscathed; still on Ahch-To, Luke has sent a projection of himself to Crait, using the Force. This distraction allows the Resistance to escape the planet. With his mission complete, Luke states that the Rebellion has been reborn, the war has only just begun, and that he will not be the last Jedi, before his projection vanishes. On Ahch-To, a weakened and exhausted Luke collapses, then looks off in the horizon to see the planet's two suns setting before he disappears, indicating that he has died peacefully, and become one with the Force.

text: Animated series[edit]

text: At the end of the Star Wars Rebels episode "Twin Suns", a silhouette of Luke Skywalker is seen from afar by Obi-Wan Kenobi.[18]

text: Luke appears in the animated Disney micro-series Star Wars Forces of Destiny in the episode "The Path Ahead" (with Mark Hamill once again reprising his role).[19]

text: Novels[edit]

text: Star Wars: Heir to the Jedi was announced as one of the first four canon novels to be released in 2014 and 2015.[20] Set between A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back, Heir to the Jedi chronicles the adventures of a young Luke.[21] The novel is written from the first person perspective of Luke, and is only the second Star Wars novel to attempt this type of narrative voice (the first being Michael A. Stackpole's 1997 Star Wars Legends novel, I, Jedi).[21]

text: Legends[edit]

text: In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise.[22][23][20] The Legends branded novels, comic books and video games detail Luke's exploits following Return of the Jedi.

text: Novels[edit]

text: In the novel The Truce at Bakura, set one day after the battle of Endor, Luke and his friend Wedge Antilles recover a message droid from the titular planet, which was being invaded by the Ssi-Ruuk. Luke commands a task force, turning back the enemy army. He also meets Dev Sibwarra, a Force-sensitive human who had been captured by the Ssi-Ruuk, who is killed in the battle after turning against his captors.

text: In the novel The Courtship of Princess Leia, set four years after the Battle of Endor, Luke travels to the planet Dathomir. There, he discovers a group of Force-sensitive witches called the Witches of Dathomir, banded into two separate groups: a collective of benign, matriarchal clans; the one he is in contact with being the Singing Mountain Clan, and the witches who have turned to the dark side, called the Nightsisters. Discovering a prophecy in which it was told a Jedi would change the way of life on the land, Luke eventually realizes truly what the Force is for the first time in his life. While there, he destroys most of the Nightsisters (including their powerful leader, Gethzirion, and the galaxy's most powerful remaining warlord, Warlord Zsinj). Thanks to the help of the prophecy and witches, Luke recovers old Jedi records left by Yoda about 400 years prior. He decides to start a new Jedi Academy, something he has been trying to do for six months before the start of the novel by finding old Jedi records and archives.

text: In The Thrawn Trilogy, Luke meets former Emperor's Hand Mara Jade, who is bound by Palpatine's disembodied voice that repeatedly commands "You will kill Luke Skywalker". Mara Jade is working with her boss, a fringe-of-the-galaxy smuggler named Talon Karrde, who also plays a crucial role in this era. Although she was ready to fulfill that order to stop the voice, circumstances force her to keep him alive long enough to have him help escape a mutual danger. Despite her threats, Luke learns of Mara's curse and vows to free her from it. Meanwhile, the rest of the New Republic is fighting against Grand Admiral Thrawn, and thanks to Leia's help, he is eventually defeated, although Luke tried several times to get near him and his ally, Joruus C'baoth. Eventually, the desperate pair fights against Luke's clone, Luuke Skywalker, the apprentice of Joruus C'Baoth.

text: During the fight, Mara Jade destroys the clone and, with Leia's help, destroys C'baoth. This entire time, C'baoth has been obsessed with "molding" Luke and Mara to serve him, perhaps due to the fact that the Spaarti cloning cylinders he was made from have a reputation of turning people insane later in life. Nonetheless, C'baoth is defeated along with Luuke, and Mara's sacrifice silences her curse and completes her reconciliation with the Jedi, whom she later joins.[24]

text: Jedi Academy trilogy[edit]

text: In the Jedi Academy trilogy, Luke resigns his commission in the New Republic's starfighter corps to pursue his Jedi studies and rebuild the Jedi Order in the Massassi Temple on Yavin 4, a decision some anti-Jedi politicians use against him. Luke becomes the New Jedi Order's leader. His students in the ways of the Force include; Gantoris, Kam Solusar, Tionne, Streen, Cilghal, Kirana Ti and others. He is forced to contend with the spirit of ancient Sith Lord Exar Kun, who lures one of his most powerful students, Kyp Durron, to the dark side.

text: An older and wiser Luke Skywalker also appears in the Jedi Knight II: Jedi Outcast and Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy video games at the rank of Jedi Master. In Jedi Outcast, Luke helps Kyle Katarn in his fight against Desann and Empire Reborn by driving off Desann and his Reborn forces from Valley of the Jedi.

text: Hand of Thrawn[edit]

text: In the Hand of Thrawn Duology, Luke, now a Jedi Master, works again with Mara Jade, who has learned to better her Force knowledge since her training at Luke's Jedi Academy. He falls in love with her and they eventually marry. Later, in Edge of Victory: Rebirth, they have a son whom they name Ben after Obi-Wan Kenobi's pseudonym Ben.

text: New Jedi Order and The Yuuzhan Vong Invasion[edit]

text: In the New Jedi Order series, Luke creates a New Jedi Council. He idealises a new conclave, made up of Jedi, politicians and military officers. Included in this new Jedi Order are Tresina Lobi, Kenth Hammer, Kyle Katarn, Kyp Durron, Cilghal, Saba Sebatynee and himself. From the politicians and military came new Chief of State Cal Omas, Admiral Sienn Sovv (Sullustan male) and four others.

text: In Force Heretic: Remnant, he spearheads the mission into the Unknown Regions during the Yuuzhan Vong invasion to find the mysterious planet of Zonama Sekot, a planet that creates living starships. After the invasion is defeated with the help of the new Mandalorian Warriors, a Sekotian fleet and a Galactic Alliance-Imperial Remnant fleet, Luke leads the New Jedi Order on Denon, the temporary capital of the Galactic Alliance and the site of the newly rebuilt Jedi Temple on Coruscant.

text: In The Swarm War, the New Jedi Order moves to Ossus, the site of former famous Jedi temples and libraries that were mostly destroyed 4,000 years prior. Upon the Killik's invasion of Chiss space and the transformation of most of the Myrkr mission survivors into Killik Joiners, Luke determines that the Killik's collective mind is being unconsciously controlled by a hive called the Dark Nest. The Dark Nest is controlled by a former Nightsister named Lomi Plo, who became their Unseen Queen with her ability to become invisible by exploiting the doubts of inferiors. One of the Myrkr mission survivors, Alema Rar, attempted to plant seeds of doubt in Luke's mind by suggesting that his wife, Mara, may be somehow responsible for the death of his mother, Padmé Amidala, which he almost believes because of Mara's previous involvement as the Emperor's Hand.

text: This allows Lomi to escape from Luke. Luke discovers recordings of his father Force-choking his mother on Mustafar, his own birth, and his mother's death hidden inside the protective memory archives of R2-D2. Because of this, he is able to overcome his doubts about Mara and defeat Lomi Plo in the final battle of the Swarm War, cutting her into four pieces. Luke also withdraws the Jedi from Cal Omas' Advisory Council, as he plans to create a New Jedi Council that will give aid to the Galactic Alliance when needed. He also becomes the Grand Master of the New Jedi Order to give the Jedi a clear sense of direction. He has told the Jedi to either follow his leadership or make the order their priority, or leave. Jedi Danni Quee and Tenel Ka have resigned because of their duties to Zonoma Sekot and Hapes, respectively, while Corran Horn tries to resign, but Luke talks him out of it. Luke is also forced to exile Tahiri, Lowbacca, and Tesar Sebatayne to Dagobah for divulging secret information to people outside the New Jedi Order.

text: Legacy of the Force[edit]

text: In the Legacy of the Force series, Luke begins having visions of a figure cloaked in darkness destroying the galaxy and the Jedi Decree. In his dreams, this figure's presence is much like that of Darth Vader. Luke has been troubled by the fact that he has been unable to discern the identity of this figure. Complicating matters even more is the recent schism that has developed between Luke and his nephew, Jacen Solo. Already a tremendously powerful Jedi Knight, Jacen has begun adopting radical and extreme interpretations of the Force, causing a dramatic change in his personality. Luke fears that Jacen is pursuing the same path that ultimately led to Anakin Skywalker's fall to the dark side.

text: In Bloodlines, the situation worsens when Luke's son, Ben, becomes Jacen's apprentice. Luke must also battle his wife, who refuses to confront Jacen for fear of alienating Ben. In Tempest, Luke determines that the dark figure from his dreams is Lumiya, a former Emperor's Hand now known as the "Dark Lady of the Sith". Luke and Lumiya had fought several times over the years, but when Mara is murdered in Sacrifice, Lumiya deceives Luke into believing that she killed her. They battle again, and Luke saves a weaponless Lumiya from falling to her death simply so that he can kill her himself.

text: Luke returns to Coruscant where he is found by Ben, standing guard over Mara's body; upon speaking with his son, he realizes that Lumiya could not have killed her. Later in his private cabin, Luke breaks down over the death of his wife, knowing that her murderer is still at large. He does not realize that the killer is his own nephew, Jacen, who has now taken the Sith name Darth Caedus. In Revelation, Ben proves that Jacen killed Mara, but Luke is now reluctant to kill Jacen out of fear that he or his son will fall to the dark side in the process. (The decision is taken out of his hands in Invincible, when Jaina kills Jacen in a final lightsaber duel).

text: Fate of the Jedi[edit]

text: In this series of original novels, set about 40 years after the first film, Luke Skywalker, now in his early sixties, is deposed by the government from his position as Grand Master, and exiled from Coruscant. However, if he finds the reason of why Jacen Solo fell to the dark side, he can be allowed to return. Ben insists on coming with him. Together, father and son explore dangerous and little-known portions of the galaxy. Luke and Ben learn much about each other, about the Force, and about the great dangers threatening the Jedi. The great love the two surviving Skywalkers have for each other grows even greater as they repeatedly save each other's lives and explore the limits and powers and mysteries of the Force.

text: Comic books[edit]

text: Luke Skywalker appears in the Marvel-published Star Wars comics adaptations of the original trilogy, as well as an ongoing series that ran from 1977–86. When Dark Horse acquired the license two years later, he appeared in numerous projects based on the franchise as well. In Star Wars: Legacy, set 125 years after the events of the original films, Luke appears as a spirit in the Force to his descendant Cade Skywalker and persuades him to once again become a Jedi in order to defeat the evil Darth Krayt and his burgeoning Sith empire.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Luke appears in the Disney LucasFilm video game Star Wars Commander.[25][26] Luke is also a playable character in Disney Infinity 3.0 and Star Wars Battlefront[27] and the game Star Wars: The Force Unleashed in a DLC.[28][29] Luke can be played as a character in all the Lego Star Wars video games.[30]

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2015, Luke Skywalker was selected by Empire magazine as the 50th-greatest movie character of all time.[2] Empire also ranked him as the third greatest Star Wars character.[31] Luke was also on the ballot for the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains.[32] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania.com ranked Luke at number 14.[3] IGN listed Luke as their 4th top Star Wars character,[33] and he was chosen twice by IGN's readers as one of their favorite Star Wars characters.[34][35] IGN's Jesse Schedeen also picked Luke Skywalker as one of the characters they most wanted to appear on the Wii,[36] as well as listing Skywalker as one of their favorite Star Wars heroes.[37] Schedeen also listed the character as one of the Star Wars characters they wanted to see in Soulcalibur.[38] IGN also called the fight between Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader in Return of the Jedi one of the ultimate movie "boss battles".[39] In a feature on speeches made by Luke Skywalker, IGN's Todd Gilchrist said that his favorite speech made by Luke was "I am a Jedi, like my father before me".[40] UGO Networks listed Luke as one of their best heroes of all time,[41] and he was voted as one of the coolest Star Wars characters by UGO's readers.[42] Inventor Dean Kamen has also code-named his new prosthetic arm system "Luke" in honor of the character.[43] WatchMojo ranked Luke Skywalker as #3 on their "Top 10 Star Wars Characters" list.[44]

text: Mark Hamill was nominated a Saturn Award for Best Actor in for his portrayal of Luke Skywalker in Star Wars,[45] and won the award for his portrayal in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi.[citation needed]

text: In 1976, Mark Hamill had a serious car accident after filming Star Wars, which involved an operation on his face. It was speculated that the Wampa attack at the beginning of The Empire Strikes Back was written in to explain his facial injuries, but George Lucas specifically disputed this in the DVD commentary of The Empire Strikes Back.[46]

text: Asked by fans if Luke could be gay, Hamill said in 2016 that the character's sexual orientation "is meant to be interpreted by the viewer". He added, “if you think Luke is gay, of course he is. You should not be ashamed of it. Judge Luke by his character, not by who he loves."[47] Ryan Britt of Inverse noted that leaving interpretations aside, in all media Luke has only been portrayed as straight. In the original film, Star Wars, he is attracted to Leia before discovering she is his biological sister. Deleted scenes from the film show Luke attracted to a female character from Tatooine named Camie, and the novelization of The Last Jedi features Luke's fantasy of having married her. The novel Heir to the Jedi shows Luke attracted to a female named Nakari Kelen in the time before The Empire Strikes Back. Most notably, Luke marries Mara Jade in the Legends line of novels, though these have since been separated from official Star Wars continuity.[48][49]

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Skywalker family tree

Aika
Lars[a]

Cliegg
Lars[b]

Shmi
Skywalker[c]

Jobal
Naberrie[d]

Ruwee
Naberrie[d]

Beru
Whitesun[e]

Owen
Lars[f]

Anakin
Skywalker[g][h]

Padmé
Amidala[i]

Bail
Organa[j][k]

Breha
Organa[l]

Luke
Skywalker[m][n]

Leia
Organa[o]

Han
Solo[p]

Ben
Solo[p][q]

References:

Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Cliegg Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Shmi Skywalker Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Jump up ^ "Databank: Beru Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Owen Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Anakin Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Darth Vader". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Padmé Amidala". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Bail Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Luke Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Princess Leia Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Force Awakens. 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends) continuity, Han and Leia have three children: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.


document_title: The Joker's Wild

question_text: who was the original host of jokers wild

question_tokens: who was the original host of jokers wild

root

text: The Joker's Wild

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Jack Barry, who created the show and eventually used it to revive his partnership with longtime producer Dan Enright, hosted all versions of the show up until his death in May 1984.

tag: p

text: Barry was not the original choice to host, due to his past involvement in the 1950s quiz show scandals. As a result, Allen Ludden hosted the first two pilots for CBS.[1] Barry hosted the local KTLA series in 1971, but CBS was still hesitant to let him host the network run in 1972. Tom Kennedy, Wink Martindale, and Ludden were the three top choices to host, but each was already committed to other shows (Kennedy was tied to Split Second for ABC, Ludden had just started hosting a revival of Password, and Martindale was to host Gambit which was to premiere the same day as Joker on CBS). They even offered it to Dennis James, who had originally been the favorite to land the host job for the upcoming Mark Goodson–Bill Todman Productions' game show The New Price Is Right. When CBS agreed to a weekday daytime version of The New Price Is Right, Vice President of Daytime Programming B. Donald "Bud" Grant wanted 15-year Truth or Consequences host Bob Barker to host New Price instead of James. Barker originally said he would gladly host Joker, but Grant convinced him to take the hosting role on Price instead.[2] With no alternatives after Grant pushed Barker to The New Price Is Right (a position he would hold for 35 years) and James was hired by Goodson to host a nighttime syndicated version of the same program, Barry was given the green light to host. Barry's contract, however, was only for sixty-five episodes (thirteen weeks, a standard run for a daytime game show).

text: By January 1973, with no complaints from the viewers or the network and good ratings, Barry signed a regular contract to host the program and continued in that role up to its cancellation in June 1975. Enright was brought on as executive producer of Joker during its final CBS season, and was mentioned by Barry himself on the program's final CBS episode.

text: In 1981, Barry hired Jim Peck to serve as a regular substitute host for when he was unavailable.[3] Peck subbed for Barry several times between 1981 and 1984, and the original plan set forth by Barry and producer Ron Greenberg was to have Barry end the 1983–84 season as host, announce his retirement on the first episode of the next season, and hand the show over to Peck on a permanent basis. When Barry died of cardiac arrest in May 1984, Enright posthumously overruled his partner and selected Bill Cullen, who had just completed five months of hosting the cancelled Hot Potato for the company, to take over the series. Cullen hosted for the final two seasons and Peck subbed for him for one week in 1986. Pat Finn hosted the 1990–91 version.

text: Announcers[edit]

text: Johnny Jacobs, a longtime friend of host Jack Barry, was the original announcer of The Joker's Wild. Jacobs served through most of its CBS run, with Johnny Gilbert and Roy Rowan filling in for Jacobs on occasion. When the series returned to first-run syndication in 1977, Jacobs, Gilbert, and Jay Stewart alternated the primary announcer position. Stewart became the exclusive announcer for The Joker's Wild (as well as for all Barry & Enright-produced game shows at the time) during the 1978–79 season; Bob Hilton and Art James were substitutes for Stewart for the 1980–81 season whenever he was unavailable. In 1981 Stewart was replaced as Barry & Enright lead announcer by Charlie O'Donnell, who announced for the remainder of the series' run. Johnny Gilbert and John Harlan filled in for O'Donnell on occasion.

text: Ed MacKay, a local Los Angeles radio DJ and one-time overnight news anchor at KNX radio, announced the 1990–91 revival.

text: Other personnel[edit]

text: Richard S. Kline served as the director on all incarnations of the show.

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Main game[edit]

text: Two contestants, one a returning champion, played. The challenger began the game by pulling a lever to set a slot machine in motion. The game's slot machine consisted of three modified slide projectors which used six-slotted metal discs similar to the wheels used in ViewMaster toys. The discs were spun by electric motors, and unused categories were removed from the board by shutting off the projectors for those windows.

text: The wheels on the machine each contained five different categories, which were revealed to the contestants before the game, and a joker, which served as a wild card and could represent any category. After the wheels stopped, the contestant chose one of the displayed categories and was asked a question in it. If the contestant answered correctly, the dollar value of the question was added to his or her score. An incorrect response or a failure to answer within an unspecified time limit allowed the opponent a chance to answer and steal the money. Certain special categories gave the contestant in control a chance to win extra money, by either increasing the question value or allowing them to answer more than one question on their turn, or involved the participation of both contestants.

text: Question values[edit]

text: The values of the questions were determined by the spin. Categories were worth $50, $100, or $200 if they appeared in one, two, or all three windows, respectively. A pair without a joker, if chosen, was played for $100. A "natural triple" required the contestant to answer a question in that category for $200.

text: In addition, spinning a natural triple (three of a kind with no jokers) awarded a bonus, which the contestant kept whether or not he/she answered correctly or won the game. The bonus initially consisted of a single prize, but by late 1983, it had been changed to the natural triple jackpot, an accumulating collection that saw one prize added to it for every day it went unclaimed.

text: Special categories[edit]

text:
Mystery: This category was always played for double normal value. The contestant selected one of seven numbered question cards in a rack mounted on the host's podium; each card was in a different category, none of which were the same as any of the other four in play.
Stumpers: This category consisted of questions that were missed by both contestants in previous episodes. After the host read the question, the contestant could choose to hear the two previous wrong answers and play for the normal value, or decline the help and play for higher stakes (originally an extra $100, later changed to double normal value). If the contestant declined the help and missed the question, the opponent was given the two wrong answers and played for the normal value.
Fast Forward: The contestant could answer multiple questions if desired, each worth the amount spun, and stop after any correct answer. Missing a question forfeited all money earned on that turn and gave the opponent a chance to claim the money for only that question.
Bid: The contestant had to decide at the outset how many questions he/she wanted, with a minimum of two. Completing the bid awarded the full value of all questions answered (for example, three questions at $100 each awarded $300), but a miss gave the opponent a chance to take control with a correct answer and complete the bid him/herself. If the champion selected this category but did not bid enough questions to tie or surpass a challenger who had already reached $500, the champion immediately forfeited the game.
Fact or Foto: The contestant could either hear a fact about a subject or see a photograph of it, then try to identify it. If he/she was wrong, the opponent got both the fact and the photo.
Just One More: Given a question with multiple answers, the contestants bid back and forth as to how many they could name. The high bidder won control; if he/she gave an incorrect answer, the opponent could steal the money with one correct response.
How Low Will You Go?: A question was read, with eight clues available to help the contestants, and they bid back and forth as to how few clues they would need. The low bidder won control, but if he/she answered incorrectly, the opponent got to hear all the clues before responding.
Take a Chance: After hearing the question, the contestant could either answer it him/herself or pass it to the opponent. An incorrect answer awarded the money to the contestant who did not receive the question.
Choose the Clues: The opponent decided whether the contestant would receive one clue and play for double value, or two clues for the normal value. If the contestant was given only one clue and missed, the opponent got both clues and played for the normal amount.

tag: ul

text: Jokers[edit]

text: When one or two jokers came up during a spin, a contestant could use them to match any displayed category and create a pair or triple, increasing the value of the question. They could also substitute a joker for a category in play but not displayed on the wheels (which was referred to as going "off the board") for $50 using one joker or $100 using two jokers. In addition, if a contestant spun a natural pair and a joker, he or she could discard the pair but use the joker to go off the board in that category for $50.

text: Spinning three jokers allowed the contestant to choose any of the categories in play during the game. A correct answer automatically won the game, regardless of the contestant's score or whether a full round had been played or not. The winner received either $500 or the total amount he or she had accumulated to that point, whichever was greater. If unsuccessful, however, the opponent could not steal and the game continued as normal.

text: Using jokers was optional, and contestants occasionally declined to use them if enough money was at stake for their opponent to win the game or take the lead (e.g., spinning a natural pair and a joker, then playing the pair for $100 instead of turning it into a $200 triple). By playing this way, the opponent had less of an advantage if the contestant missed the question and the opponent answered it correctly.

text: Winning the game[edit]

text: The game was played in rounds, with each contestant guaranteed one turn per round unless the outcome of the challenger's turn made it unnecessary for the champion to take his/her own. If the challenger reached or surpassed $500 on the first turn of the round, the champion had one last chance to spin either three jokers or a combination that would tie or beat that score. Either contestant could win the game by reaching $500 with a correct answer to a question missed by the other, or by spinning three jokers and correctly answering a question in any category. If a round ended with the scores tied at $500 or more, the game continued until the tie was broken. Contestants received a new car after every fifth victory.

text: Champions usually played until defeated, but from 1981 to 1984, there was a specified winnings threshold that would force a contestant to retire if it was passed. In 1983,[citation needed] clinical psychologist Joe Dunn became the first contestant on the syndicated series to be retired after he had won $66,200 in cash and prizes, which set a non-tournament show record. Barry gave an explanation at the beginning of the episode in which Dunn was retired, stating that because The Joker's Wild was airing in syndication and not on a network, the program normally would not be subject to any winnings limits. However, for "the past couple of years" (as Barry put it), the program had been airing on affiliates of CBS, the network that had first aired The Joker's Wild when it premiered in 1972, including at least one of the stations that the network owned (WCBS-TV).[4] As a condition of this, Barry stated that the show had to follow the network's procedures (such as a cap on winnings for game shows) and CBS standards and practices staff was assigned to the show to ensure this.[4] The winnings threshold, with some negotiation from Barry & Enright Productions, was eventually established at $50,000 with any overages donated to a charity of the champion's choice.

text: Endgame ("Face the Devil")[edit]

text: The wheels now contained 12 slides each, displaying various amounts of money ($25, $50, $75, $100, $150 and $200). One wheel contained a slide depicting the devil. If the devil did not appear on a spin, the total of the displayed amounts was added to the pot. The object was to score $1,000 or more without spinning the devil; doing so won the money accumulated plus a prize package worth anywhere between $3,000 and $5,000. Spinning a natural triple automatically awarded the prize package, along with either $1,000 or the total in the pot plus the value of the triple, whichever was greater. (For example, a contestant who had $850 and spun a triple of $100's would receive $1,150.) If the devil came up, the round ended and the contestant lost the accumulated money. After every safe spin, the contestant had the option to stop and keep the money won up to that point. Contestants who chose this option were often invited to take an unofficial spin to see if the devil would have come up next. For the 1974–75 CBS daytime episodes, as well as the first six syndicated seasons, the same prize package was at stake for the entire show until won, but this was changed to a different prize package for each bonus round for the final three seasons.

text: During the last season of the CBS run, a special "Lucky $100" symbol was added to each of the bonus reels. If a contestant spun all three of these symbols in one turn, he/she won not only the prize package and the $1,000, but also a cash bonus and a trip around the world worth approximately $7,000. The bonus increased by $100 per day until it was won or the combined value of the bonus and trip reached $15,000. After the extra prizes were claimed, the Lucky $100 symbols were removed and the bonus game reverted to its standard format. It was also during this time that audience members were selected to play the bonus game, except that they only played if the main contestant chose to quit the bonus game and take the cash in the pot.

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: In the late 1960s, Jack Barry pitched the concept of Joker to Goodson-Todman Productions. The company was not impressed, and Barry continued tinkering with the format over the next few years.

text: The Joker's Wild debuted on CBS September 4, 1972, incidentally on the same Labor Day as the modern incarnation of The Price Is Right as well as Gambit. It ran until June 13, 1975 on that network, airing at 10:00 AM Eastern (9:00 Central). A total of 686 episodes were produced.

text: For the first two years, it faced NBC's Dinah's Place, the talk vehicle for singer/actress Dinah Shore, which gave way to the Dennis James revival of Name That Tune, which Joker easily defeated in the ratings. However, when NBC moved its panel game Celebrity Sweepstakes to 10:00/9:00 in early 1975, Joker went into steep decline, ending a nearly three-year run in the summer.

text: However, some big-market independent stations gave the game another chance the next year. After a syndicated rerun cycle of the last CBS season proved successful in 1976, the show returned to first-run syndication from September 5, 1977 to May 23, 1986 (airing back-to-back with sister show Tic-Tac-Dough in some markets, especially so during the aforementioned period where CBS' O&Os added both series). Additionally, repeats of the CBS era were also seen on KTLA in Los Angeles from March 6 to September 8, 1978 in a double-run with the concurrent first-run syndicated episodes, replacing another Barry & Enright series, Hollywood Connection.

text: A second revival for syndication was one of five game shows sold to local stations for the 1990–91 season. Premiering on September 10, 1990, the new Joker ran into the same ratings trouble that the other four series did and was the third, following a revival of its sibling show Tic-Tac-Dough and The Quiz Kids Challenge, to be cancelled before the end of the television season. The last new episode aired on March 8, 1991.

text: Taping locations[edit]

text: From 1972 to 1975, the program was taped at CBS Television City.[5] From 1977 until 1986—with the exception of the 1984–85 season, which was taped at the Production Group Studios near Columbia Square in Hollywood—the taping location was moved to Chris Craft/KCOP Studios. Taping returned to CBS Television City for the 1990–91 version. The current version of the show tapes at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City, California.

text: Versions[edit]

text: 1971: KTLA[edit]

text: A tryout series aired locally on Los Angeles' KTLA for about three months and was hosted by Jack Barry. The rules were similar to the regular 1972–86 versions with the following exceptions:

text: Three contestants competed in each game, with the champion spinning first to begin the game. Spinning three different categories and answering a question in any of the three categories was worth $25, while pairs were worth $50 and triples were worth $100. $250 was needed to win, and as before an equal amount of turns was given. A three-joker spin resulted in an automatic win with a correct response to a question from any of the five categories in play.

text: In the event of a tie, the lowest scorer was eliminated and play continued until one was ahead after each round. The bonus round was similar to that of the Ludden pilots but had more elaborate prizes.

text: Highlights of this version were shown during promos of the eventual series, which began production on CBS in 1972.

text: For the first two weeks, triples were worth $150 and a three-joker spin resulted in an automatic win for a contestant without having to answer a question. From the premiere until around May 1974, the champion went first.

text: Bonus Round[edit]

text: The bonus round went through a few different permutations:

text:
Prize Round #1: Contestants received two spins and could take whatever prizes they spun the first time or could spin a second time, but were forced to keep the prizes that were spun on the second spin. There were black circles around some of the prizes' icons, and if all three prizes in a spin were circled, the contestant also won a new car. This format was only used on the first two episodes.
Prize Round #2: Beginning with the third aired episode, the circles were eliminated and the car became a regular prize on the wheels (other big prizes, including a boat or a trip, were also added to the board).
Jokers and Devils: Beginning with the third week, the wheels contained only jokers and devils. The contestant was given up to three spins, and each time three jokers came up, a different prize was won, increasing in value with each spin taken. If a devil appeared, the contestant lost it all. Originally the winning contestant received four spins, with the last spin being worth a larger prize such as a car or trip. For a brief period, the prize was not told until after the reels had been spun. In 1973, to avoid confusion between the category wheels and the bonus game reels, the jokers featured on the wheels in this format were marked with the word "Joker" instead of the word "Wild".
Face the Devil: Starting around May 1974, the Face the Devil round described above had been implemented.

text: Joker's Jackpot[edit]

text: Early in the show's run, returning champions were competing for a chance to win the Joker's Jackpot, an accruing cash jackpot that started at $2,500. Contestants won this jackpot if they won three (originally four) consecutive games. After the jokers and devils bonus round stopped offering a fourth prize, a new automobile was added to the jackpot. However, if the champion was defeated, all of his or her cash winnings were forfeited to the jackpot; though prizes won in the bonus round were his or hers to keep. After every game, the champion decided whether to play on for a chance to win the jackpot or play it safe and retire from the show with his or her current winnings. The jackpot continued to build until it reached $25,000, which was at the time CBS's maximum winnings for game show contestants.

text: Originally, after winning the Joker's Jackpot, the champion was retired undefeated, but later the rules were changed to allow champions to continue playing until either being defeated or reaching the maximum CBS winnings limit.

text: Upon implementation of the Face the Devil bonus round, the Joker's Jackpot was abandoned. Contestants kept whatever they earned while still retiring after winning $25,000. Winning five straight games, in multiples of five, won a car.

text: Tournament of Champions[edit]

text: From 1977 through 1980, an annual tournament of champions was held. The first tournament was won by Frank Dillon, a contestant on the CBS network series who won over $25,000 in his initial run, and the top prize was $50,000 in cash and prizes.[citation needed] Dillon returned for the second annual tournament and won that as well, taking an additional $100,000 prize.[citation needed] In the 1979 tournament, Dillon advanced to the finals where he faced Eileen Jason, who had previously won over $55,000 in cash and prizes in her reign as champion.[citation needed] Jason defeated Dillon to end his two-year reign as tournament champion, winning the $250,000 prize. Immediately after the game (on-air) host Jack Barry offered Dillon a job as a writer for the show, it's unknown if he ever accepted it.

text: In 1980, The Joker's Wild became the first television program to advertise that it was giving away a $1,000,000 prize. It was the total purse for a special 16-contestant tournament of champions. The eventual winner received $500,000 ($250,000, paid $25,000 annually for 10 years, plus $250,000 to the charity of his or her choice), and the runner-up received $200,000 ($100,000, paid $10,000 annually for 10 years, plus $100,000 to the charity of his or her choice). The remainder of the money was divided among the other participants in the tournament, depending on how they performed, with once again half of their winnings going to charity. Those eliminated in the preliminaries received $15,000 (with $7,500 going to charity), the quarter-final losers pocketed $25,000 (with $12,500 going to charity), and the two losing semifinalists collected $40,000 (with $20,000 going to charity). Rob Griffin won the grand prize winning three games to none, half of which went to the March of Dimes. Cassandra Dooley won $200,000 for second place, half of which went to Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. Other tournaments of champions ($50,000 in 1977, $100,000 in 1978, and $250,000 in 1979) were held prior to this, but no tournaments were held after the $1,000,000 tournament due to winnings cap limitations.

text: Different rules applied to Tournament of Champions play. Contestants played for points instead of dollars, with 500 points the target number to win. In the championship game, winning two games out of three was needed to claim the top prize (three out of five games for both the $250,000 and $1,000,000 tournaments). No special categories other than visual categories were used. In the event a natural triple was spun, a $500 bonus was awarded to that contestant (later, it was a $500 donation to the contestant's favorite charity). Contestants drew numbers to determine who spun the wheels first. In the $1,000,000 tournament, contestants also drew numbers to determine who played first in each individual game. If the contestant at the challenger's lectern spun three jokers and answered a question correctly, that contestant's score was increased to 500 points. The contestant at the champion's lectern was given one final turn to tie the game or win the game if trailing by less than 200 points. The contestant who was ahead after each completed round once the target score of 500 points was reached was declared the winner, but as in non-tournament episodes, both contestants received an equal number of turns. Also, no bonus game was played throughout the tournament; after one game was completed, another game began.

text: Other special weeks over the years included "College Week", "Couples Week", "Teen Week", and "Children's Week".

text: Audience Game[edit]

text: An audience game was played beginning with the 1981–82 season. Three members of the studio audience were selected to win money and a chance to spin against the devil. Each audience member had one spin to get as much money as possible. The wheels contained money amounts ($10, $20, $30, $40, $50 and $100), with $300 the highest amount possible in one spin. All three audience members kept whatever totals they spun; the high scorer went on to play Face the Devil for a bonus prize and cash, using the same rules and dollar amounts as the onstage contestants. Ties were broken with an additional spin, and the tied members kept the money they scored on this spin in addition to their previous winnings.

text: When Bill Cullen began hosting in fall 1984, two audience members were chosen along with a home viewer who played by pressing a key on their touch-tone telephone to spin the wheels. The game was played onstage instead of in the audience, since a childhood attack of polio had left Cullen unable to move great distances quickly as Barry and Peck were able to.

text: When the audience game was first introduced, it was played at least once every week (usually on the Friday episode). Each audience member was allowed a maximum of two spins, and could either stop after the first or decline that score in hopes of improving it on the second. These rules were later changed to those described above and began appearing daily halfway through the 1981–82 season.

text: Joker! Joker!! Joker!!! (1979–81)[edit]

text: Joker! Joker!! Joker!!! was a special once-weekly version of The Joker's Wild in which children competed with appropriately-themed subject matter. Prior to its debut, beginning in 1973 The Joker's Wild featured children playing every year around Easter.

text: The format was essentially the same, with some slight alterations. In the main game the children played for points instead of money, with 500 points needed to win. The winning contestant received a $500 education bond, while the loser received a $100 bond. The special categories "Mystery" and "Fast Forward" were not used in this version, but "Multiple Choice" was. As before, full rounds were played, and the contestant who reached 500 points or more after each completed round won; if the score was tied at 500 or more, additional rounds were played to break the tie. A three-joker spin still was worth an automatic win with one correct answer from any of the five categories in play. More jokers were also added to the wheels, which Barry himself pointed out during one episode.

text: The joker cards contained a more juvenile-looking animated joker performing a handstand (with the word Joker written below the design), and the children played the Face the Devil round under the same rules as the adults on The Joker's Wild, except that members of their family joined them onstage for assistance. During the CBS era, the jokers and devils round was in play; however, prizes already won were not at risk when going for future prizes. Additionally, children were allowed to confer with their parents/relatives when choosing categories, but were required to answer questions themselves.

text: Game play was changed dramatically when the series returned to syndication in 1990. In particular, the regular questions were replaced with terms that the contestants had to define. This version lasted only one season and was hosted by Pat Finn. A memorial plaque was placed on the slot machine as a tribute to Jack Barry.

text: Format #1[edit]

text: Round 1[edit]

text: In the first round, three contestants (one a returning champion) competed to be the first to reach $500. The game began with a toss-up clue, and whoever buzzed in first with the correct answer gained control of the machine. The wheels contained various dollar amounts (generally $5 to $50 in each window), with a joker in the third window tripling the value of the first two if it came up (and giving that contestant 15 seconds to come up with as many correct answers as possible).

text: After spinning, the contestant was given a series of rapid-fire clues and had to provide a definition to those clues. Each correct answer earned the current value of the wheels. If a clue was missed, the other two contestants buzzed in and attempt to steal the money and control of the board.

text: After this, the wheels were spun again, either by the contestant with the last correct answer or the controller of the last question if no one had answered correctly. When one contestant reached the $500 target number, the round ended and that contestant and the second place contestant advanced to the second round. The lowest scorer was eliminated and left with parting gifts.

text: Round 2[edit]

text: The two remaining contestants advanced to the second round, which was played much like the first but with higher dollar amounts on the wheels (generally $10–$75 in each window). The contestants built on their scores from the first round and were able to choose from two categories after each spin. Additionally, an "Opponent's Choice" card appeared in the third window; this allowed the other contestant to choose the category from which the spinner answered definitions.

text: Contestants were not guaranteed the same number of spins as their opponent as on the original version of the show. The first contestant to reach $2,000 or more won the game and kept the money, while the loser left with parting gifts.

text: Format #2[edit]

text: On January 7, 1991, the front game format was reworked to incorporate elements of the original Joker's Wild game. Although still played with the definition format, the categories and multiple jokers returned to the wheels with spins worth $25 per correct answer for a single category, $50 for a double, or $100 for a triple. In this format, the contestant in control continued answering questions until he or she answered incorrectly or took too long to answer, at which point an opponent attempted to steal the money and control by supplying the correct answer.

text: Spinning three jokers automatically added $250 to his/her score and the right to pick one of three categories for $100 a question.

text: However, unlike with the classic version where contestants went off the board and chose any of the categories in the round, jokers only represented categories on the wheels and the value of the question had to be taken for $50 with one joker and $100 with either a pair and a joker or two jokers and a category. Additionally, no bonus was awarded for spinning a natural triple.

text: The winning score for Round 1 was increased to $1,000 at this point. In addition, the pace of the game was changed to allow games to straddle between shows if there was not enough time to play the bonus game in that particular show.

text: In both formats, at the end of round 1, if one contestant reached their target score and if the other two contestants were tied for second place, one contestant was given general knowledge definitions and would set the number of definitions to answer. The contestant with the most correct answers won the right to move on to the second round.

text: Bonus Round[edit]

text: The champion was given up to three definitions to different words, all starting with the same letter. Each correct answer given within a 60-second time limit earned one spin of the wheels. The wheels this time contained prizes, cash amounts ranging from $500 to $2,000, and jokers. The object was to get three of a kind of any prize. After each earned spin, the contestant had the option of freezing windows containing a prize they wanted to win. For future turns, only the unfrozen windows continued to spin.

text: Jokers could be used to match any prize showing; spinning three jokers won a jackpot that started at $5,000 and increased by $500 each time until won. However, this could only be done in one spin, as jokers could not be frozen and had to be converted into other prizes on the board when they appeared.

text: 1990s audience game[edit]

text: Like the previous version, the revival also had audience members spin the wheels for money – however, this was only done when games ended sooner than expected, being used to fill remaining time and avoid straddling. Each audience member was given three spins to get three of the same bonus prize or cash amount on the wheels; if successful, $100 was awarded; otherwise, the contestant received a Joker T-shirt as a consolation prize.

text: Final week change[edit]

text: During the final first-run week of this version (March 4–8, 1991), the format reverted to the original format without categories.

text: On May 17, 2017, it was announced that TBS would reboot the show with Snoop Dogg acting as host and serving as the executive producer along with Michael Strahan.[6] The revival premiered on October 24, 2017.[7][8][9] In January 2018, the show was renewed for a second season.[10] Jeannie Mai serves as hostess in the first season. Beginning in the second season, there is no co-host.

text: Each episode is self-contained, with no straddling games or returning champions. The front game consists of two rounds, each of which uses a separate set of five categories. Both contestants receive four spins in the first round and three in the second. In the first round, singles, pairs, and triples are worth $100, $200, and $300 respectively; spinning three jokers earns the contestant a separate question worth $500. Dollar values are doubled for the second round, with the trailing player spinning first. No player could use joker(s) to go off the board, and the game can end early if one contestant attains an insurmountable lead. If one contestant misses a question, his/her opponent is not given a chance to steal. If after two rounds, a tie remains, players get one spin in the playoff; whoever outscores the other is the champion.

text: In the second season, the game is played in three rounds. Both players get two spins in each round, with the values tripled and three jokers worth $1,500 in the third round. New categories are only introduced at the start of the second round. Additionally, in the third round, a player may challenge their opponent to answer the question, receiving the value of the spin if their opponent answers incorrectly. Ties after three rounds are broken by multiple one-spin spinoffs; whoever outscores the other is champion.

text: The winner plays Face the Devil, with values from $300 to $1,500 (including $420) and jokers worth $2,000 on the wheels. Reaching a total of $10,000 or more without seeing the Devil wins the jackpot ($25,000 in Season 1, $50,000 in Season 2). Unlike the Barry/Cullen format, a natural triple does not grant an automatic win; in the second season, spinning three jokers is an automatic win. In the second season Snoop Dogg will sometimes offer extra cash in addition to the player's current score in order to tempt them into walking away from the bonus round.

text: Audience Game[edit]

text: An audience game will be played beginning with the third season. Two members of the studio audience were selected and appears on the stage to win money and a chance to spin against the devil. Each audience member had one spin to get as much money as possible. The wheels contained money amounts ($100, $200, $300, $400, $500 and $1,000), with $3,000 the highest amount possible in one spin. All two audience members kept whatever totals they spun; the high scorer went on to play Face the Devil for cash, using the same rules and dollar amounts as the onstage contestants. Ties were broken with an additional spin, and the tied members kept the money they scored on this spin in addition to their previous winnings.

text: When the audience game is first introducing, it will be played at least once every week (usually on the Sunday episode). Each audience member was allowed a maximum of two spins, and could either stop after the first or decline that score in hopes of improving it on the second. These rules were later changed to those described above and began appearing daily halfway through the 2019-20 season.

text: Gettin' Wild with Snoop Dogg[edit]

text: Prior to the shows' premiere[11], an all-exclusive six episode documentary series aired on TBS app, TBS social media handles including Facebook Watch tab along its very own website at TBS.com. Directed by Rory Karpf, the show chronicles Snoop Dogg's transition to a game show host as it explores his creative processes behind the show's reboot. The six episodes were posted on the official Facebook and YouTube page every Friday at 4:20.[12]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Board game manufacturer Milton Bradley produced three editions of The Joker's Wild home game from 1973 to 1975, as well as a version of Joker! Joker!! Joker!!! in 1979. The first edition of the game included the jokers and devils bonus round.

text: Plans for an Atari 2600 and Mattel Intellivision version of The Joker's Wild were announced by The Great Game Company in 1983, but due to the video game crash of 1983, it was never released for either console.

text: In 1994, Philips produced two editions for its CD-i platform based on The Joker's Wild, licensed by Sony Pictures Entertainment, by now which owned the franchise. These games featured television game show hosts and were based more or less on the first syndicated series, while the sets on both games resembled the 1990 version. Wink Martindale hosted the first edition, while Marc Summers could be found on a special "Junior" edition of the game. The late Charlie O'Donnell served as the announcer for both games. Martindale was among the first candidates to host the original series when CBS was still not entirely sold on Jack Barry as host, due to his involvement in the quiz show scandals of the 1950s. However, Martindale already chose to host Gambit, another of the three game shows that premiered on the same day in 1972 on CBS (New Price also debuted that day). O'Donnell was an announcer on the series in question also. The theme music in these games was a remix of the 1977–86 theme.

text: In 2003, a mobile game based on The Joker's Wild was released by Sony Pictures Digital Entertainment.[13]

text: In 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2009, IGT released video slot machines based on the 1970s version of the show.[14]

text: Snoop Dogg Presents The Joker's Wild[edit]

text: A Snapchat[15] video lens was released on October 18, 2017 where Snoop would dance in the lens next to the snapchat user who would act as the dancing joker. The lens features custom green screen footage of Snoop Dogg that was shot exclusively for the lens experience.

text: An online game[16] was released on October 24, 2017, where fans of the show can play along via the TBS Android and iOS apps, or on TBS.com.

text: Episode status[edit]

text: The status of the KTLA series is unknown; brief footage is known to survive through 1972 CBS promos.

text: For many years, only the third season of the CBS run was known to exist. In 2000, a search of New York's WCBS-TV found both the first two seasons (restoring the full 686-episode run) and the entire series of Spin-Off (which replaced Joker in 1975). A clip from a January 1974 celebrity week was used during the network's anniversary special CBS At 75. This version of the show is currently held by Sony Pictures Television & CBS Television Distribution.

text: The 1977–1986 syndicated episodes exist, and were rerun (with the exceptions of the 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84, and 1984–85 seasons) on GSN, as were the first few months of the CBS era.

text: USA Network reran episodes of the Cullen era from April 1985 to April 1987.[17] The network also aired the 1990 revival from December 30, 1991[18] to September 11, 1992[19] and March 29, 1993[20] to June 24, 1994.[21]

text: In 2006, Sony Pictures Television and King World attempted to develop a new version for syndication, paired with a new show called Combination Lock; however, neither project was picked up.[22]


document_title: Organelle

question_text: which organelle is the site of atp production and storage

text: Organelle

text: History and terminology[edit]

text:
Cell biology

The animal cell

Components of a typical animal cell:

Nucleolus
Nucleus
Ribosome (little dots)
Vesicle
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus (or "Golgi body")
Cytoskeleton
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Vacuole
Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles, comprising the cytoplasm)
Lysosome
Centrosome
Cell membrane

tag: table

text: In biology organs are defined as confined functional units within an organism.[2] The analogy of bodily organs to microscopic cellular substructures is obvious, as from even early works, authors of respective textbooks rarely elaborate on the distinction between the two.

text: In the 1830s, Félix Dujardin refuted Ehrenberg theory which said that microorganisms have the same organs of multicellular animals, only minor.[3]

text: Credited as the first[4][5][6] to use a diminutive of organ (i.e., little organ) for cellular structures was German zoologist Karl August Möbius (1884), who used the term organula (plural of organulum, the diminutive of Latin organum).[7] In a footnote, which was published as a correction in the next issue of the journal, he justified his suggestion to call organs of unicellular organisms "organella" since they are only differently formed parts of one cell, in contrast to multicellular organs of multicellular organisms.[citation needed]

text: Types of organelles[edit]

text: While most cell biologists consider the term organelle to be synonymous with "cell compartment", other cell biologists choose to limit the term organelle to include only those that are containing deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), having originated from formerly autonomous microscopic organisms acquired via endosymbiosis.[8][9][10]

text: Under this definition, there would only be two broad classes of organelles (i.e. those that contain their own DNA, and have originated from endosymbiotic bacteria):

text:
mitochondria (in almost all eukaryotes)
plastids[11] (e.g. in plants, algae, and some protists).

text: Other organelles are also suggested to have endosymbiotic origins, but do not contain their own DNA (notably the flagellum – see evolution of flagella).

text: Under the more restricted definition of membrane-bound structures, some parts of the cell do not qualify as organelles. Nevertheless, the use of organelle to refer to non-membrane bound structures such as ribosomes is common.[12] This has led some texts to delineate between membrane-bound and non-membrane bound organelles.[13] The non-membrane bound organelles, also called large biomolecular complexes, are large assemblies of macromolecules that carry out particular and specialized functions, but they lack membrane boundaries. Such cell structures include:

text:
large RNA and protein complexes: ribosome, spliceosome, vault
large protein complexes: proteasome, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, RNA polymerase II holoenzyme, symmetric viral capsids, complex of GroEL and GroES; membrane protein complexes: photosystem I, ATP synthase
large DNA and protein complexes: nucleosome
centriole and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)
cytoskeleton
flagellum
nucleolus
stress granule
germ cell granule
neuronal transport granule

text: Eukaryotic organelles[edit]

text: Eukaryotic cells are structurally complex, and by definition are organized, in part, by interior compartments that are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes that resemble the outermost cell membrane. The larger organelles, such as the nucleus and vacuoles, are easily visible with the light microscope. They were among the first biological discoveries made after the invention of the microscope.

text: Not all eukaryotic cells have each of the organelles listed below. Exceptional organisms have cells that do not include some organelles that might otherwise be considered universal to eukaryotes (such as mitochondria).[14] There are also occasional exceptions to the number of membranes surrounding organelles, listed in the tables below (e.g., some that are listed as double-membrane are sometimes found with single or triple membranes). In addition, the number of individual organelles of each type found in a given cell varies depending upon the function of that cell.

text:
Major eukaryotic organelles

Organelle
Main function
Structure
Organisms
Notes

chloroplast (plastid)
photosynthesis, traps energy from sunlight
double-membrane compartment
plants, protists (rare kleptoplastic organisms)
has own DNA; theorized to be engulfed by the ancestral eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis)

endoplasmic reticulum
translation and folding of new proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum), expression of lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
single-membrane compartment
all eukaryotes
rough endoplasmic reticulum is covered with ribosomes, has folds that are flat sacs; smooth endoplasmic reticulum has folds that are tubular

flagellum
locomotion, sensory

some eukaryotes

Golgi apparatus
sorting, packaging, processing and modification of proteins
single-membrane compartment
all eukaryotes
cis-face (convex) nearest to rough endoplasmic reticulum; trans-face (concave) farthest from rough endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondrion
energy production from the oxidation of glucose substances and the release of adenosine triphosphate
double-membrane compartment
most eukaryotes
constituting element of the chondriome; has own DNA; theorized to be engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell (endosymbiosis)

nucleus
DNA maintenance, controls all activities of the cell, RNA transcription
double-membrane compartment
all eukaryotes
contains bulk of genome

vacuole
storage, transportation, helps maintain homeostasis
single-membrane compartment
eukaryotes

text: Mitochondria and chloroplasts, which have double-membranes and their own DNA, are believed to have originated from incompletely consumed or invading prokaryotic organisms, which were adopted as a part of the invaded cell. This idea is supported in the Endosymbiotic theory.

text:
Minor eukaryotic organelles and cell components

Organelle/Macromolecule
Main function
Structure
Organisms

acrosome
helps spermatozoa fuse with ovum
single-membrane compartment
many animals

autophagosome
vesicle that sequesters cytoplasmic material and organelles for degradation
double-membrane compartment
all eukaryotes

centriole
anchor for cytoskeleton, organizes cell division by forming spindle fibers
Microtubule protein
animals

cilium
movement in or of external medium; "critical developmental signaling pathway".[15]
Microtubule protein
animals, protists, few plants

cnidocyst
stinging
coiled hollow tubule
cnidarians

eyespot apparatus
detects light, allowing phototaxis to take place

green algae and other unicellular photosynthetic organisms such as euglenids

glycosome
carries out glycolysis
single-membrane compartment
Some protozoa, such as Trypanosomes.

glyoxysome
conversion of fat into sugars
single-membrane compartment
plants

hydrogenosome
energy & hydrogen production
double-membrane compartment
a few unicellular eukaryotes

lysosome
breakdown of large molecules (e.g., proteins + polysaccharides)
single-membrane compartment
animals

melanosome
pigment storage
single-membrane compartment
animals

mitosome
probably plays a role in Iron-sulfur cluster (Fe-S) assembly
double-membrane compartment
a few unicellular eukaryotes that lack mitochondria

myofibril
myocyte contraction
bundled filaments
animals

nucleolus
pre-ribosome production
protein-DNA-RNA
most eukaryotes

parenthesome
not characterized
not characterized
fungi

peroxisome
breakdown of metabolic hydrogen peroxide
single-membrane compartment
all eukaryotes

proteasome
degradation of unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis
very large protein complex
All eukaryotes, all archaea, some bacteria

ribosome (80S)
translation of RNA into proteins
RNA-protein
all eukaryotes

stress granule
mRNA storage[16]
membraneless
(mRNP complexes)

Most eukaryotes

vesicle
material transport
single-membrane compartment
all eukaryotes

text: Other related structures:

text:
cytosol
endomembrane system
nucleosome
microtubule
cell membrane

text: Prokaryotic organelles[edit]

text: Prokaryotes are not as structurally complex as eukaryotes, and were once thought not to have any internal structures enclosed by lipid membranes. In the past, they were often viewed as having little internal organization, but slowly, details are emerging about prokaryotic internal structures. An early false turn was the idea developed in the 1970s that bacteria might contain membrane folds termed mesosomes, but these were later shown to be artifacts produced by the chemicals used to prepare the cells for electron microscopy.[18]

text: However, more recent research has revealed that at least some prokaryotes have microcompartments such as carboxysomes. These subcellular compartments are 100–200 nm in diameter and are enclosed by a shell of proteins.[1] Even more striking is the description of membrane-bound magnetosomes in bacteria, reported in 2006,[19][20] as well as the nucleus-like structures of the Planctomycetes that are surrounded by lipid membranes, reported in 2005.[21]

text:
Prokaryotic organelles and cell components

Organelle/Macromolecule
Main function
Structure
Organisms

anammoxosome
anaerobic ammonium oxidation
ladderane membrane
Planctomycetes

carboxysome
carbon fixation
protein-shell compartment
some bacteria

chlorosome
photosynthesis
light harvesting complex
green sulfur bacteria

flagellum
movement in external medium
protein filament
some prokaryotes and eukaryotes

magnetosome
magnetic orientation
inorganic crystal, lipid membrane
magnetotactic bacteria

mesosomes
functions of Golgi bodies, centrioles, etc.
small irregular shaped organelle containing ribosomes
present in most prokaryotic cells

nucleoid
DNA maintenance, transcription to RNA
DNA-protein
prokaryotes

pilus
Adhesion to other cells for conjugation or to a solid substrate to create motile forces.
a hair-like appendage sticking out (though partially embedded into) the plasma membrane
prokaryotic cells

plasmid
DNA exchange
circular DNA
some bacteria

ribosome (70S)
translation of RNA into proteins
RNA-protein
bacteria and archaea

thylakoid
photosynthesis
photosystem proteins and pigments
mostly cyanobacteria

text: Proteins and organelles[edit]

text: The function of a protein is closely correlated with the organelle in which it resides. Some methods were proposed for predicting the organelle in which an uncharacterized protein is located according to its amino acid composition[22][23] and some methods were based on pseudo amino acid composition.[24][25][26][27]


document_title: Deep-cycle battery

question_text: difference between deep cycle and starting marine battery

text: Deep-cycle battery

text: Structure[edit]

text: Deep-cycle lead-acid batteries generally fall into two distinct categories; flooded (FLA) and valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA), with the VRLA type further subdivided into two types, Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) and Gel. The reinforcement of absorbed glass mat separators helps to reduce damage caused by spilling and jolting vibrations.[3] Further, flooded deep-cycle batteries can be divided into subcategories of Tubular-plated Opzs or flat plated. The difference generally affects the cycle life and performance of the cell. The structural difference between deep-cycle batteries and cranking batteries is in the lead battery plates. Deep cycle battery plates have thicker active plates, with higher-density active paste material and thicker separators. Alloys used for the plates in a deep cycle battery may contain more antimony than that of starting batteries.[4] The thicker battery plates resist corrosion through extended charge and discharge cycles.

text: Applications[edit]

text:
Cathodic protection, which might include marine use
Other marine use, especially on a sailboat lacking power generation capability, generally smaller vessels
Trolling motors for recreational fishing boats
Industrial electrically-propelled forklifts and floor sweepers
Motorized wheelchairs
Off-grid energy storage systems for solar power or wind power, especially in small installations for a single building or motorhome
Power for instruments or equipment at remote sites
Recreational vehicles
Traction batteries to propel vehicles, such as golf carts, and other highway electric vehicles
Traffic signals
Uninterruptible power supply ('UPS'), usually for computers and associated equipment, but also sump pumps
Audio equipment, similarly to a UPS but also in certain 'clean power' devices to supply clean DC power isolated from the public electric supply for inversion to AC to maximize audio signal reproduction

text: Flooded[edit]

text: The term "flooded" is used because this type of battery contains a quantity of electrolyte fluid so that the plates are completely submerged. The electrolyte level should be above the tops of plates which serves as a reservoir to make sure that water loss during charging does not lower the level below the plate tops and cause damage. Flooded batteries will decompose some water from the electrolyte during charging, so regular maintenance of flooded batteries requires inspection of electrolyte level and addition of water. Major modes of failure of deep-cycle batteries are loss of the active material due to shedding of the plates, and corrosion of the internal grid that supports active material. The capacity of a deep cycle battery is usually limited by electrolyte capacity and not by the plate mass, to improve life expectancy.[4]

text: Recycling[edit]

text: The vast majority of deep cycle batteries on the market today are lead acid batteries. Lead acid batteries are recycled 98% by volume, 99.5% by weight. The plastic cases, lead plates, sulfuric acid, solder, and other metals are 100% recovered for reuse. The only part of a battery that is not recyclable is the paper separators that wrap the plates. Due to the acid bath the paper sits in, the fiber length is reduced so far that it cannot be rewoven.

text: Industry wide, there is a greater than 98% rate of recovery on all lead acid batteries sold in the United States, resulting in a virtually closed manufacturing cycle.[5]