document_title: Mark of the Year

question_text: who won mark and goal of the year 2017

question_tokens: who won mark and goal of the year 2017

text: Mark of the Year

text: Background[edit]

text: Currently also known by its sponsorship name as the "Weet Bix AFL Mark of the Year",[1][2] the competition is open to players in the AFL (Australian rules football's highest league).[3][4] Winners receive an assortment of prizes, including $5,000 for their grassroots (junior) club, the use of a Toyota Kluger for 12 months and the Alex Jesaulenko Medal.[2][3][5][6]

text: The current Victorian Football League (formerly known as the Victorian Football Association) runs a similar competition; however, the winners are selected only from the few games that are televised. Many other amateur Australian rules football leagues also run an equivalent competition, but they often rely on less comprehensive television footage; some amateur leagues rely on spectators who submit photos and amateur video recordings to the league[7] or to television shows such as the AFL Footy Show.[8][9]

text: Chris Tarrant's mark in round 11, 2001 has been used as the basis of the silhouette for the Mark of the Year logo, despite its losing the Mark of the Year to Gary Moorcroft's round 14 mark.[2] Many of the best marks in the VFL/AFL were featured in a VHS/DVD named Miracle Marks.[10]

text: History[edit]

text: The competition was initiated following Alex Jesaulenko's mark over Graeme "Jerker" Jenkin in the 1970 (Victorian Football League) Grand Final and later recognised officially as the Mark of the Year; the medal awarded to the winner now bears his name.[3][4][11] During the 1970s and early 1980s, the award was decided by a panel of football experts on Network Seven's "World of Sport" program and during the 1980s and 1990s, the winning mark was determined by selected football journalists and experts.[3] With minor modifications, the current selection process was first used in the 1998 season.[7][12] In 1990, the competition (originally known as the VFL Mark of the Year) was renamed the AFL Mark of the Year, following the inception of the AFL.[3][13][14]

text: Selection process[edit]

text: After each round of the regular AFL season, three "mark of the week" nominations are determined by a panel of football experts. The general public can then vote for a weekly winner on the AFL website.[1][6]

text: After the regular season's end, the title is given to a single mark, which is chosen by the All-Australian selection committee; the public is not given a say in the final outcome. The selection committee is not restricted to choosing a winner from the mark of the week winners; indeed, in 2010, the two favourites both came in round 21, and although the public voted Brendon Goddard as mark of the week, the selection panel named Jurrah as Mark of the Year. The winner is announced during grand final week.[6]

text: Annual winners[edit]

text: AFL Mark of the Year Winners

text:
*
Player is still active in the AFL

#
Player also won Goal of the year for the same year

^
Player has won Mark of the Year multiple times

text:
Year
Winner
Team
Match, round, ground
Note

1970
Jesaulenko, AlexAlex Jesaulenko
Carlton
Carlton vs. Collingwood, grand final day, Melbourne Cricket Ground
Spectacular mark over Graeme Jenkin during 1970 Grand Final.[5][11][15]

1971
Ruscuklic, AlexAlex Ruscuklic
Fitzroy
Fitzroy vs. Carlton, round 10, Princes Park
"High flyer" by centre-half forward Alex Ruscuklic.[3]

1972
Knights, PeterPeter Knights^
Hawthorn
Hawthorn vs. Collingwood, round 17, Glenferrie Oval
Half-back Peter Knights threw a screamer against Collingwood.[3]

1973
Atkinson, AlanAlan Atkinson
Collingwood
Collingwood vs. Hawthorn, round 21, Waverley Park
Atkinson took "Mark of the Year" over Leon Rice on the wing.[3]

1974
Picken, BillyBilly Picken^
Collingwood
Collingwood vs. Richmond, round 9, Melbourne Cricket Ground
Billy Picken took a screamer during the John Greening comeback game.

1975
Knights, PeterPeter Knights^
Hawthorn
Hawthorn vs. Carlton, round 17, Princes Park
Juggled mark before Carlton player swung his leg, causing Knights to fall onto his chest.[3]

1976
Picken, BillyBilly Picken^
Collingwood
Collingwood vs. St Kilda, round 16, Victoria Park
Overhead mark by Billy Picken against St Kilda.

1977
Knights, PeterPeter Knights^
Hawthorn
Collingwood vs. Hawthorn, round 9, Princes Park
Chest mark over the pack.

1978
Baker, PhilPhil Baker
North Melbourne
Hawthorn vs. North Melbourne, grand final day, Melbourne Cricket Ground
High mark above Hawks defenders, Kelvin Moore and Ian Paton, in the 1978 Grand final.[16]

1979
Roach, MichaelMichael Roach
Richmond
Richmond vs. Hawthorn, round 5, Melbourne Cricket Ground
Chest mark over Kelvin Moore, Terry Moore and Ian Paton.

1980
Teasdale, GrahamGraham Teasdale
South Melbourne
South Melbourne vs. Collingwood, round 7, Lake Oval[17]
Graham Teasdale took a "marvellous mark" over Collingwood's Billy Picken.[3]

1981
Bosustow, PeterPeter Bosustow#
Carlton
Carlton vs. Geelong, round 18, Princes Park
Chest mark over the pack.

1982
Raines, GeoffGeoff Raines
Richmond
Richmond vs. Fitzroy, round 2, Waverley Park
Leapt high above his Fitzroy opponent before falling forward with the ball firmly in his grasp.[3][18]

1983
Hunter, KenKen Hunter
Carlton
Carlton vs. Richmond, round 1, Princes Park
Overhead mark ran into a pack.

1984
Banks, DenisDenis Banks
Collingwood
Footscray vs. Collingwood, round 10, Western Oval
Mark ran with the flight of the ball.

1985
Ablett, Sr., GaryGary Ablett, Sr.^
Geelong
Geelong vs. North Melbourne, round 5, Kardinia Park
Specky over the pack.

1986
Ezard, AlanAlan Ezard
Essendon
Essendon vs. Carlton, round 5, Waverley Park[19]
A towering chest mark over 6 ft 9 Justin Madden.[3]

1987
Capper, WarwickWarwick Capper
Sydney
Sydney vs. Hawthorn, qualifying final, Waverley Park[20]
Used Chris Langford as a stepladder to take the ball while lying on his side.[21]

1988
Silvagni, StephenStephen Silvagni
Carlton
Collingwood vs. Carlton, round 14, Melbourne Cricket Ground
Chest mark with long hang-time over Craig Starcevich.

1989
Lynch, AlastairAlastair Lynch
Fitzroy
Fitzroy vs. North Melbourne, round 16, Melbourne Cricket Ground
Juggling mark over the pack.

1990
Mitchell, MichaelMichael Mitchell#
Richmond
Richmond vs. Fitzroy, round 5, Melbourne Cricket Ground
A juggled mark against his Fitzroy opponent.

1991
Allison, BrettBrett Allison
North Melbourne
North Melbourne vs. Collingwood, round 11, Melbourne Cricket Ground
Specky over Gavin Crosisca.

1992
Winmar, NickyNicky Winmar
St Kilda
Essendon vs. St Kilda, round 16, Melbourne Cricket Ground
A "breathtaking" mark at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.[22]

1993
Modra, TonyTony Modra^
Adelaide
Adelaide vs. North Melbourne, rRound 8, Football Park
Spectacular mark over Ian Fairley and Glenn Archer of North Melbourne. Adelaide came from behind to record a two-point win.[23]

1994
Ablett, Sr., GaryGary Ablett, Sr.^
Geelong
Collingwood vs. Geelong, round 7, Melbourne Cricket Ground
Took a magnificent leap, basically sitting in Magpie Gary Pert's arms and took a one-handed juggling mark.

1995
Smith, ShaunShaun Smith
Melbourne
Brisbane vs. Melbourne, round 22, Brisbane Cricket Ground
"High leap" over teammate Garry Lyon.

1996
Hart, BenBen Hart
Adelaide
Adelaide vs. St Kilda, round 8, Football Park
Intercepted Peter Everitt's inside-50 entry by jumping and lying on his back three metres into the air, at the northern end of Football Park against St Kilda.[24]

1997
Modra, TonyTony Modra^
Adelaide
Adelaide vs. North Melbourne, round 17, Football Park
Against North Melbourne, Modra rode high on Mick Martyn's shoulders facing towards the crowd with the ball coming in from behind. Turned in midair and grabbed the ball.[23]

1998
Abraham, WinstonWinston Abraham
North Melbourne
North Melbourne vs. Port Adelaide, round 18, Manuka Oval
An overhead mark over Port's Brendon Lade.[25]

1999
Lappin, MatthewMatthew Lappin
Carlton
Carlton vs. Essendon, round 1, Melbourne Cricket Ground
A courageous overhead mark over the pack in the opening match of the season over Judd Lalich.[25]

2000
Modra, TonyTony Modra^
Fremantle
Fremantle vs. Geelong, round 1, Subiaco Oval
From within a pack, Tony Modra rose on the back of his opponent to take a spectacular, from the kick by team mate Ashley Prescott.[25]

2001
Moorcroft, GaryGary Moorcroft
Essendon
Essendon vs. Western Bulldogs, round 14, Telstra Dome
An overhead mark at full stretch after leaping onto and then springing a further metre into the air off the Western Bulldogs player, Brad Johnson.[26]

2002
Brown, JonathanJonathan Brown
Brisbane
Hawthorn vs. Brisbane, round 17, Melbourne Cricket Ground
A courageous chest mark running with the flight of the ball, launching into the oncoming Jade Rawlings.[27]

2003
Tarrant, ChrisChris Tarrant
Collingwood
Collingwood vs. Geelong, round 18, Telstra Dome
A towering chest mark over Geelong defenders, Matthew Scarlett and Max Rooke.[28]

2004
Sampi, AshleyAshley Sampi
West Coast
West Coast vs. Melbourne, round 7, Melbourne Cricket Ground
Rose high with a chest mark over Paul Wheatley and Adem Yze, landing catlike on his feet.[29]

2005
McPharlin, LukeLuke McPharlin
Fremantle
Fremantle vs. West Coast, round 3, Subiaco Oval
A chest mark at knee height on the shoulders of an opponent in a pack of players.

2006
Ottens, BradBrad Ottens
Geelong
Geelong vs. Sydney, round 5, Telstra Stadium
A high flying mark in a pack over Darren Jolly who cushioned Ottens' fall causing additional 'hang-time'.[30]

2007
Newton, MichaelMichael Newton
Melbourne
Melbourne vs. Kangaroos, round 17, Telstra Dome
High leap in Melbourne's forward fifty over David Neitz and Kangaroos defenders, Glenn Archer and Leigh Brown.[31]

2008
Lloyd, MatthewMatthew Lloyd
Essendon
Essendon vs. Melbourne, round 18, Melbourne Cricket Ground
A screamer over a pack of five players late in the third quarter.[32]

2009
Burton, BrettBrett Burton
Adelaide
Carlton vs. Adelaide, round 22, Etihad Stadium
Jumped early on a pack consisting of team mate Kurt Tippett and Carlton's Ruckman, Matthew Kreuzer, and received an extra lift off of Carlton backman Bret Thornton to take the mark on his chest. Commentator Dwayne Russell dubbed it one of the marks of the century.[33]

2010
Jurrah, LiamLiam Jurrah
Melbourne
Port Adelaide vs. Melbourne, round 21, AAMI Stadium
Huge leap over a contest between Melbourne's Jack Watts and Port Adelaide's, Nick Salter.[34]

2011
Krakouer, AndrewAndrew Krakouer
Collingwood
Collingwood vs. Adelaide, round 9, Etihad Stadium
Very high leap on the shoulders of Adelaide's Luke Thompson.[35][36] The decision created outrage the football community, as the unanimous view of players, fans, the media, and even Krakouer himself was that Andrew Walker of the Carlton Football Club was robbed of the award and deserved to win for his mark in round 18 against Essendon, which received international media attention.[37]
[38][39][40]

2012
Howe, JeremyJeremy Howe*
Melbourne
Melbourne vs. Sydney, round 8, SCG
Huge screamer over Heath Grundy. One of Howe's many high marks throughout the 2012 season. Howe taking a contender for mark of the year was almost a weekly occurrence.[41]

2013
Elliott, JamieJamie Elliott*
Collingwood
Collingwood vs. Port Adelaide, round 14, AAMI Stadium
Jumped through a pack of several players to take a spectacular chest mark.[42]

2014
Wingard, ChadChad Wingard*
Port Adelaide
Port Adelaide vs. St Kilda, round 12, Adelaide Oval
Jumped high above Sean Dempster, falling backwards as he took the mark above his head.[43]

2015
Naitanui, NicNic Naitanui*
West Coast
West Coast vs. Geelong, round 9, Patersons Stadium
Jumped high in a pack with Mark Blicavs, Jared Rivers and teammate Callum Sinclair.[44]

2016
Daw, MajakMajak Daw*
North Melbourne
Collingwood vs. North Melbourne, round 18, Etihad Stadium
Used Collingwood's, Jonathan Marsh as a springboard to take the ball over his head.[45][46]

2017
Daniher, JoeJoe Daniher*
Essendon
St. Kilda vs. Essendon, round 17, Etihad Stadium
Used St Kilda's Jake Carlisle as a springboard and took a large pack mark over his head in the forward pocket.[47]


document_title: Rising Star India (season 2)

question_text: who will get ticket to finale in rising star 2

root

text: Rising Star India (season 2)

text: Format[edit]

text: In contrast to other singing competition TV shows which feature a cast of celebrity judges, Rising Star features a cast of celebrity experts and considers the viewers at home the judges.[1] During each performance, the audience at home is able to decide in real time whether or not a contestant is sent through to the next round by using a mobile voting app.[2]

tag: p

text: While the viewers at home are considered the "judges", the expert panelists also may influence the vote but with continuously decreasing percentage votes over the total public vote and not exceeding 5% of the total voting power.

text: The Auditions[edit]

text: The first round where the acts are individually called to perform. As a reportage of the announced performer is shown, viewers are invited to register for voting for that specific act. Following a countdown of three seconds, the candidate has to start performing behind a screen called "The Wall".

text: With start of performance, the voting kicks in. Registered voters have the option of voting just "Yes" or "No". Non-votes are also considered "No" votes. If an expert votes "Yes", another 5% is added to the tally of the contestant. The contestants also see random photos of voters in their favour. Faces of panelists voting "Yes" is also be shown in larger frames.

text: Once the contestant reaches 80% of "Yes" votes, the wall is raised and the contestant goes to the next round of the competition.[3]

text: The Duels[edit]

text: Contestants who make it through the auditions are paired by the judges to face off in a duel. The first contestant sings with the wall up and sets the benchmark for the second contestant. The second contestant sings with the wall down. If the second contestant betters the first contestant's vote total, the wall rises and the second contestant was through to the next round while the first contestant is eliminated; if the second contestant fails to raise the wall, the second contestant is eliminated and the first contestant goes through.

text: Series details[edit]

text: The Live Auditions[edit]

text: The Live auditions began on 20 January 2018 and went on till 4 February 2018.

text:
Episode Date

Contestant

Age (in years)

From

Song

Votes

Expert's Choices

hideResult

Shankar
Mahadevan

Monali
Thakur

Diljit
Dosanjh

Jan 20

Rohanpreet Singh

23

Patiala

Dil Diyan Gallan

95%

Advanced

Mamta Raut

31

Ranchi

Baghban

86%

Advanced

Aman Biswal

12

Bhubaneshwar

Om Namah Shivay + Albela Sajan

89%

Advanced

Debanjali Chaterjee

29

Kolkata

Har Kisi Ko

90%

Advanced

Sriprasanna Pendyalaya

21

Visakhapatnam

Sun Saathiya

94%

Advanced

Friendship Band

24-27

Lucknow

Mehbooba Mehbooba + ...

80%

Advanced

Jan 21

Dr. Sudeep Ranjan

24

Boko, Assam

Khamoshiyan

93%

Advanced

Soham & Chaitanya

10 & 12

Alandi, Pune

Dagabaaz Re

94%

Advanced

Iswari Behera

21

Sambhalpur, Odisha

Dua

77%

Eliminated

Srushti & Varsha Barlemwar

23 & 48

Nagpur

Saiyaan Dil Mein Aana Re

66%

Eliminated

Ridham Kalyan

18

Amritsar

Aaj Ibaadat

83%

Advanced

Rajnigandha Shekhawat

43

Jaipur, Rajasthan

Badrinath Ki Dulhania + Holiya Me Ude Re Gulal

74%

Eliminated

Ashwin Prabhu

22

Bengaluru

Tumse Milke Dil Ka Hai Jo Haal

89%

Advanced

Afreen Group

18-24

Jalandar

Naina Thag Lenge + Kajra Re

94%

Advanced

Jan 27

Nigam Brothers

22 & 31

Lucknow

Dil Se Re + Maa Tujhe Salaam

91%

Advanced

Prakruthi Reddy

8

Bangalore, Karnataka

Nagada Sang Dhol

67%

Eliminated

Alankar Mahtolia

23

New Delhi

Chunar

86%

Advanced

Manganiyar Fusion

21-27

Jaisalmer, Rajasthan

Saree Ke Fall Sa

90%

Advanced

Raenit Singh

23

New Delhi

Moh Moh Ke Dhaage

94%

Advanced

Raman Kapoor

27

Gurugram, Haryana

Rang De Basanti

80%

Advanced

Mohd Rehan Quraishi

28

Lucknow

Aas Paas Khuda

73%

Eliminated

Jan 28

Sindhu Wadekar

60

Maharashtra

Hansta Hua Noorani Chehra

95%

Advanced

Akhtar Brothers

21 & 23

Punjab

Sultan

93%

Advanced

Shashank Sekhar

28

Bhubaneswar

Teri Meri Kahaani

94%

Advanced

Vishnumaya Ramesh

12

Kerala

Jiya Jale

93%

Advanced

Jyoti Sharma

18

Guwahati

Parda Parda

66%

Eliminated

The Harmony Chorus

10-16

Bengaluru

Kal Ho Naa Ho + Choti Si Aasha + Taare Zameen Par

93%

Advanced

Sakshi Ratti

21

Ludhiana, Punjab

Kamli

66%

Eliminated

Sagar Mhatre

20

Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra

Dil Ki Tapish

94%

Advanced

Feb 3

Zaid Ali

10

Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh

Mere Rashke Qamar

91%

Advanced

Vishal Srivastava

34

New Delhi

Ab Tere Bin

63%

Eliminated

Arya Nandini

17

Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh

Ghoomar

91%

Advanced

Jaya Piyush

40

Mumbai

Hothon Mein Aisi Baat

92%

Advanced

Anmol Jaswal

19

Jammu

Sapnon Se Bhare Naina

76%

Eliminated

Mehrnangori Rustam

23

Tajikistan

Khatooba

74%

Eliminated

Kumar Sahil

25

Kangra, Himachal Pradesh

Ramta Jogi

78%

Eliminated

Feb 4

Chetan Brijvasi

11

Mathura

Haanikaarak Bapu

93%

Advanced

Ajay Brijvasi

14

Mathura

Dil Haara

94%

Advanced

Hosiyaar Brijvasi

16

Mathura

O saiyaan

94%

Advanced

Hemant Brijvasi

20

Mathura

Tashan Mein

94%

Advanced

Akhil Pillai

27

Alpeyi, Kerala

Bulleya

69%

Eliminated

Supriya Joshi

34

Mumbai

Gulaabo

88%

Advanced

Archit Patidia

21

Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Maduban Me Radhika Nache

94%

Advanced

tag: table

text: Duels Ki Takkar[edit]

text: The top 31 scorers from the auditions moved on to the second round named 'Duels Ki Takkar' which began on 10 February 2018. The contestants who qualify from this round move on to the quarterfinals.

text: Episode 7: 10 February 2018[edit]

text: Guests: Manish Paul and Iulia Vântur

tag: ul

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Dr. Sudeep Ranjan

Saawariya

63%

Advanced

Ashwin Prabhu

Ae Dil Hai Mushkil

50%

Eliminated

2

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Kehna Ki Kya

93%

Advanced

Soham & Chaitanya

Khaike Paan Banaraswala

89%

Eliminated

3

Debanjali Chaterjee

Jiya Re

68%

Eliminated

Mamta Raut

Saiyyan

85%

Advanced

4

Rohanpreet Singh

Aaj Din Chadheya

92%

Advanced

Raenit Singh

Janam Janam

90%

Eliminated

text: Episode 8: 11 February 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Sukhwinder Singh

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Afreen Group

Chand Sifarish + Aaj Phir

90%

Advanced

Ajay Brijvasi

Lagan Lagi

88%

Eliminated

2

Hosiyaar Brijvasi

Darmiyaan

70%

Advanced

Raman Kapoor

Main Jahan Rahoon

48%

Eliminated

3

Supriya Joshi

Maahi Ve

60%

Eliminated

Hemant Brijvasi

Upar Khuda

94%

Advanced

4

Zaid Ali

Saiyyan

88%

Advanced

Chetan Brijvasi

Jee Karda

87%

Eliminated

text: Episode 9: 17 February 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Gurdas Mann

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Akhtar Brothers

Chaiyya Chaiyya

92%

Advanced

Nigam Brothers

Khalbali + Pathaka Guddi + Nadan

83%

Eliminated

2

Arya Nandini

Barso Re

56%

Eliminated

Alankar Mahtolia

Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin

66%

Advanced

Ridham Kalyan

Ainvayi Ainvayi

90%

Advanced

3

Sagar Mhatre

Laaga Chunari Mein Daag

75%

Advanced

Archit Patidia

Bhor Bhaye

52%

Eliminated

text: Episode 10: 18 February 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Sonakshi Sinha & Raftaar

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

rowspan="2"
%

Advanced

Manganiyar Fusion

Sawar Loon + Tere Mast Mast...

88.49%

Eliminated

2

Sriprasanna Pendyalaya

Ni Main Samajhh Gayi

72%

Eliminated

Shashank Sekhar

Muskurane

89%

Advanced

3

Jaya Piyush

Rangeela re

90%

Advanced

Friendship Band

Yamma Yamma + Shaan Se

49%..

Eliminated

4

Sindhu Wadekar

O Mungada Mungada

77%

Eliminated

Aman Biswal

Bol Do Na Zara

87%

Advanced

text: India's Favourite 16 + Duets Challenge[edit]

text: The Top 16 contestants compete in this round. Eight teams of two perform in duets. The first team perform with the wall up and set the target percentage. The next teams perform with the wall down and attempt to beat the target score. The duo with the least score move to the Red Sofa (unsafe zone). The team with the lowest score gets eliminated.

text: Episode 11: 24 February 2018

text: Guest: Richa Sharma

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Afreen Group

Billo Rani + Humka Peeni Hain

89%

Advanced

Mamta Raut

2

Rohanpreet Singh

Samjhawan

90%

Advanced

Vishnumaya Ramesh

3

Jaya Piyush

Manwa Lage

88%

Advanced

Shashank Sekhar

4

Dr. Sudeep Ranjan

Jai Ho + Roobaroo

86%

Advanced

The Harmony Chorus

5

Zaid Ali

Arziyan

92%

Advanced

Hosiyaar Brijvasi

6

Akhtar Brothers

Mast Kalandar

94%

Advanced

Hemant Brijvasi

7

Alankar Mahtolia

Dhan The Nan

54%

Eliminated

Ridham Kalyan

8

Sagar Mhatre

Tere Naina

88%

Advanced

Aman Biswal

text: Tribute to Sridevi[edit]

text: The Top 14 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated.

text: Episode 12: 3 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Alka Yagnik

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

The Harmony Chorus

English Vinglish + Na Jaane + Navrai Majhi

87%

Advanced

2

Mamta Raut

Morni Baaga Ma Bole

84%

Advanced

3

Rohanpreet Singh

Aye Zindagi Gale Laga Le

90%

Advanced

4

Jaya Piyush

Mere Haathon Mein

65%

Advanced

5

Hosiyaar Brijvasi

Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki

53%

Eliminated

6

Aman Biswal

Surmayee Ankhyion Mein

91%

Advanced

7

Akhtar Brothers

Mujhe Ek Pal Chain Na Aaye

90%

Advanced

text: Episode 13: 4 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Kavita Krishnamurthy

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Afreen Group

Naino Mein + Main Teri Dushman

85%

Advanced

2

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Hawa Hawai

93%

Advanced

3

Shashank Shekhar

Neele Neele Ambar Par

88%

Advanced

4

Zaid Ali

Tu Mujhe Kabool

90%

Advanced

5

Sagar Mhatre

Kabhi Main Kahoon Kabhi Tu

51%

Eliminated

6

Hemant Brijvasi

Meri Zindagi Ek Pyaas

93%

Advanced

7

Dr. Sudeep Ranjan

Kate Nahin Kat Te

78%

Advanced

text: Hero No. 1 (Ep14) & Salaam-E-Ishq (Ep15)[edit]

text: The Top 12 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated.

text: Episode 14: 10 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Govinda

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Shashank Shekhar

Main Toh Raste Se Ha Raha Tha

85%

Advanced

2

Mamta Raut

Prem Jaal

88%

Advanced

3

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Sona Kitna Sona Hai

88%

Advanced

4

Afreen Group

UP Wala Thumka + Suno Sasur Ji

87%

Advanced

5

Hemant Brijvasi

Kaha Raja Bhoj Kaha Gangu Teli

93%

Advanced

6

Aman Biswal

Kisi Disco Mein Jaaye

83%

Eliminated

text: Episode 15: 11 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Rohanpreet Singh

Channa Mereya

92%

Advanced

2

Jaya Piyush

O Mere Sona Re Sona Re

84%

Advanced

3

Akhtar Brothers

Mera Yaar

90%

Advanced

4

Zaid Ali

Main Nikla Gaddi Leke

94%

Advanced

5

The Harmony Chorus

Mere Mehboob + Maahi Ve + Mehndi

83%

Advanced

6

Dr. Sudeep Ranjan

I Love You

54%

Eliminated

text: Guru Sishya (Ep16) & Bachpan Ke Suhane Din (Ep17)[edit]

text: Wild Card Twist: Some of the eliminated contestants were brought back for another chance. Raenit Singh, Aman Biswal & Chetan Brijvasi.

text: Episode 16: 17 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Rani Mukerji

text: WILD CARD

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Chetan Brijvasi

Baawre

83%

Won Re-entry

2

Raenit Singh

Kurbaan Hua

84%

Won Re-entry

3

Aman Biswal

Bijuria

79%

Couldn't make a come-back

text: Top 12

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Mamta Raut

Aga Bai

86.96%

Advanced

2

The Harmony Chorus

O Humdum Sonio Re + Dhakka Laga Mukka

86.86%

Advanced

3

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Chupske Se

91%

Advanced

4

Jaya Piyush

Hum Tum

75%

Eliminated

5

Akhtar Brothers

Jiya Lage Na

91%

Advanced

text: Episode 17: 18 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Shaan & Manish Paul

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Zaid Ali

Piya Haji Ali

93%

Advanced

2

Rohanpreet Singh

Layi Vi Na Gayi

90%

Advanced

3

Shashank Shekhar

Hamari Adhuri Kahani

65%

Eliminated

4

Chetan Brijvasi

Dus Bahane

83%

Advanced

5

Raenit Singh

Jab Se Tere Naina

74%

Advanced

6

Afreen Group

Tharki Chokro

88%

Advanced

7

Hemant Brijvasi

Slow Motion Angreza

94%

Advanced

text: Rekha Special[edit]

text: The Top 10 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated.

text: Episode 18: 24 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Rekha

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Dil Cheez Kya Hai

91%

Advanced

2

Rohanpreet Singh

Rafta Rafta

88.95%

Advanced

3

Zaid Ali

Agar Tum Na Hote

88.78%

Advanced

4

Mamta Raut

Ho Pardesia

75%

Eliminated

5

The Harmony Chorus

Kaisi Paheli Zindagani

83%

Advanced

text: Episode 19: 25 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Season One Contestants

text:
Order

Contestant

Season 1 Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Akhtar Brothers

Diljot Qawwali Group (8th Place)

Aaya Tere Dar Par Deewana

90%

Advanced

2

Chetan Brijvasi

Bannet Dosanjh (Winner)

Dard-e-Disco & Swag Se Swagat

88%

Advanced

3

Hemant Brijvasi

Maithili Thakur (Runner-up)

Mere Dholna

93%

Advanced

4

Raenit Singh

Ameya Date (6th Place)

Zaalima

83%

Eliminated

5

Afreen Group

Afsana Khan (7th Place)

Ghagra & Kajra Mohabbat Wala

86%

Advanced

text: Top 8[edit]

text: The Top 8 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives less votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated.

text: Episode 20: 31 March 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Udit Narayan

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Rohanpreet Singh

Pehla Nasha

90%

Advanced

2

The Harmony Chorus

Gun Gun Guna + Ghanan Ghanan

75%

Eliminated

3

Chetan Brijvasi

Tatad Tatad

83%

Advanced

4

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Kuhu Kuhu Bole Koyalia

88%

Advanced

5

Akhtar Brothers

Kawa Kawa

87%

Advanced

6

Zaid Ali

Laal Ishq

89%

Advanced

7

Hemant Brijvasi

Satrangi Re

92%

Advanced

8

Afreen Group

Tu Cheej Badi Hai + Koi Jaane Koi Na Jaane

80%

Advanced

text: Episode 21: 1 April 2018[edit]

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Bhare Naina

90%

Advanced

2

Chetan Brijwasi

Malhari

58%

Advanced

3

Rohanpreet Singh

Bol Na Halke Halke

92%

Advanced

4

Zaid Ali

Maula Mere Lele Meri Jaan

91%

Advanced

5

Hemant Brijwasi

Rut Aa Gayi Re

89%

Advanced

6

Akhtar Brothers

Deva Shree Ganesha

88%

Advanced

7

Afreen Group

Afreen Afreen

53%

Eliminated

text: Ticket To Finale[edit]

text: The contestants compete to earn a direct entry to the finale week. In each episode, the contestant sitting on Golden Sofa (the contestant with the highest score) will move on to compete for the Ticket To Finale.

text: Episode 22: 7 April 2018[edit]

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Akhtar Brothers

Shah Ka Rutba

80%

Beaten by Vishnumaya

2

Chetan Brijwasi

Suno Na Sangemarmar

71%

Couldn't beat the score of 80%

3

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Mohe Rang Do Laal

86.04%

Beated by Zaid Ali

4

Zaid Ali

O Re Piya

86.50%

Beaten by Hemant

5

Rohanpreet Singh

Aaoge Jab Tum

84%

Couldn't beat the score of 86%

6

Hemant Brijwasi

Bheegi Bheegi

88%

Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale

text: Episode 23: 8 April 2018[edit]

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Chetan Brijwasi

Manma emotion+Aashiq surrender

75%

Beaten by Zaid Ali

2

Zaid Ali

Surili Ankhyion Wale

88.2%

Beated by Vishnumaya Ramesh

3

Rohanpreet Singh

Jeena Jeena

84%

Couldn't beat the score of 88%

4

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Satyam Shivam Sundaram

88.51%

Advanced to compete for the Ticket To Finale

5

Akhtar Brothers

Jugni

84%

Couldn't beat the score of 88%

text: Face-off for the Ticket to Finale[edit]

text: The two top scorers of Saturday and Sunday episode participate in a face-off round.

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Sun Raha Hai Na Tu

74%

Couldn't win the ticket to finale

2

Hemant Brijwasi

Piya Re

89%

Won Ticket To Finale

text: Finale Week[edit]

text: Episode 24: 14 April 2018[edit]

text: Guest: Alia Bhatt

text: The Top 5 contestants except for Ticket to Finale winner Hemant Brijwasi were divided into two batches. Batch A- Zaid Ali, Chetan Brijwasi & Vishnumaya Ramesh and Batch B- Akhtar Brothers & Rohanpreet Singh. The contestant with the lowest score in each batch will be eliminated, making the Top 4.

text:
Batch

Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

A

1

Zaid Ali

Teri Deewani

88%

Advanced to Top 4

2

Chetan Brijwasi

Afghan Jalebi

63%

Eliminated

3

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Bairi Piya

88%

Advanced to Top 4

B

4

Rohanpreet Singh

Tum Hi Ho

89%

Advanced to Top 4

5

Akhtar Brothers

Barson Yaaron

79%

Eliminated

text: Grand Finale[edit]

text: Episode 25: 15 April 2018[edit]

text: The Top 4 finalists compete in the first round. The Top 3 contestants proceed to the Face-off round.

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

Experts' Choices

hideResult

Shankar Mahadevan

Monali Thakur

Diljit Dosanjh

1

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Hai Rama

85%

Advanced to Top 3

2

Zaid Ali

Jag Ghoomeya

80%

Third Runner-Up

3

Rohanpreet Singh

Haule Haule

83%

Advanced to Top 3

4

Hemant Brijwasi

Saanware

88%

Advanced to Top 3

text: Face-off[edit]

text: The Top 3 scorers of the episode participate in a face-off round.  In this round, the experts have no voting power and the votes accumulated are only from the audience.

text:
Order

Contestant

Song

Votes

hideResult

1

Hemant Brijwasi

Alvida

86%

Winner

2

Rohanpreet Singh

Khuda Jaane

78.39%

Runner Up

3

Vishnumaya Ramesh

Silsila Ye Chaahat Ka

78.1%

Second Runner Up


document_title: Pop music

question_text: where does the term pop music come from

question_tokens: where does the term pop music come from

text: Pop music

text: Definitions and etymology[edit]

text: David Hatch and Stephen Millward define pop music as "a body of music which is distinguishable from popular, jazz, and folk musics".[5] According to Pete Seeger, pop music is "professional music which draws upon both folk music and fine arts music".[3] Although pop music is seen as just the singles charts, it is not the sum of all chart music. The music charts contain songs from a variety of sources, including classical, jazz, rock, and novelty songs. Pop music, as a genre, is seen as existing and developing separately.[6] Thus "pop music" may be used to describe a distinct genre, designed to appeal to all, often characterized as "instant singles-based music aimed at teenagers" in contrast to rock music as "album-based music for adults".[4][8]

text: Pop music continuously evolves along with the term's definition. According to The New Grove Dictionary Of Music and Musicians, popular music is defined as "the music since industrialization in the 1800s that is most in line with the tastes and interests of the urban middle class."[9] The term "pop song" was first recorded as being used in 1926, in the sense of a piece of music "having popular appeal".[10] Hatch and Millward indicate that many events in the history of recording in the 1920s can be seen as the birth of the modern pop music industry, including in country, blues and hillbilly music.[11]

text: According to the website of The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, called Grove Music Online, the term "pop music" "originated in Britain in the mid-1950s as a description for rock and roll and the new youth music styles that it influenced".[2] The Oxford Dictionary of Music states that while pop's "earlier meaning meant concerts appealing to a wide audience ... since the late 1950s, however, pop has had the special meaning of non-classical mus[ic], usually in the form of songs, performed by such artists as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, ABBA, etc".[12] Grove Music Online also states that "... in the early 1960s, [the term] 'pop music' competed terminologically with beat music [in England], while in the USA its coverage overlapped (as it still does) with that of 'rock and roll'".[2]

text: From about 1967, the term was increasingly used in opposition to the term rock music, a division that gave generic significance to both terms.[13] Whereas rock aspired to authenticity and an expansion of the possibilities of popular music,[13] pop was more commercial, ephemeral and accessible.[14] According to British musicologist Simon Frith, pop music is produced "as a matter of enterprise not art", is "designed to appeal to everyone" and "doesn't come from any particular place or mark off any particular taste". It is "not driven by any significant ambition except profit and commercial reward ... and, in musical terms, it is essentially conservative". It is, "provided from on high (by record companies, radio programmers, and concert promoters) rather than being made from below ... Pop is not a do-it-yourself music but is professionally produced and packaged".[4]

text: Characteristics[edit]

text:
The Righteous Brothers – "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" (1965)

As of 2011[update], "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'" ranks as the most frequently played song in US radio history,[15] described by music writers Nick Logan and Bob Woffinden as "the ultimate pop record".[16]

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: According to Frith, characteristics of pop music include an aim of appealing to a general audience, rather than to a particular sub-culture or ideology, and an emphasis on craftsmanship rather than formal "artistic" qualities.[4] Music scholar Timothy Warner said it typically has an emphasis on recording, production, and technology, rather than live performance; a tendency to reflect existing trends rather than progressive developments; and aims to encourage dancing or uses dance-oriented rhythms.[14]

text: The main medium of pop music is the song, often between two and a half and three and a half minutes in length, generally marked by a consistent and noticeable rhythmic element, a mainstream style and a simple traditional structure.[17] Common variants include the verse-chorus form and the thirty-two-bar form, with a focus on melodies and catchy hooks, and a chorus that contrasts melodically, rhythmically and harmonically with the verse.[18] The beat and the melodies tend to be simple, with limited harmonic accompaniment.[19] The lyrics of modern pop songs typically focus on simple themes – often love and romantic relationships – although there are notable exceptions.[4]

text: Harmony and chord progressions in pop music are often "that of classical European tonality, only more simple-minded."[20] Clichés include the barbershop quartet-style harmony (i.e. ii – V – I) and blues scale-influenced harmony.[21] There was a lessening of the influence of traditional views of the circle of fifths between the mid-1950s and the late 1970s, including less predominance for the dominant function.[22]

text: Development and influence[edit]

text: Stylistic evolution[edit]

text: This section is missing information about the 1980s–2000s. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (October 2017)

text: Throughout its development, pop music has absorbed influences from other genres of popular music. Early pop music drew on the sentimental ballad for its form, gained its use of vocal harmonies from gospel and soul music, instrumentation from jazz and rock music, orchestration from classical music, tempo from dance music, backing from electronic music, rhythmic elements from hip-hop music, and spoken passages from rap.[4][verification needed]

text: In the 1960s, the majority of mainstream pop music fell in two categories: guitar, drum and bass groups or singers backed by a traditional orchestra.[23] Since early in the decade, it was common for pop producers, songwriters, and engineers to freely experiment with musical form, orchestration, unnatural reverb, and other sound effects. Some of the best known examples are Phil Spector's Wall of Sound and Joe Meek's use of homemade electronic sound effects for acts like the Tornados.[24] At the same time, pop music on radio and in both American and British film moved away from refined Tin Pan Alley to more eccentric songwriting and incorporated reverb-drenched rock guitar, symphonic strings, and horns played by groups of properly arranged and rehearsed studio musicians.[25]

text: During the mid-1960s, pop music made repeated forays into new sounds, styles, and techniques that inspired public discourse among its listeners. The word "progressive" was frequently used, and it was thought that every song and single was to be a "progression" from the last.[26] Music critic Simon Reynolds writes that beginning with 1967, a divide would exist between "progressive" pop and "mass/chart" pop, a separation which was "also, broadly, one between boys and girls, middle-class and working-class."[27] Before the progressive pop of the late 1960s, performers were typically unable to decide on the artistic content of their music.[28] Assisted by the mid-1960s economic boom, record labels began investing in artists, giving them freedom to experiment, and offering them limited control over their content and marketing.[29] This situation fell in disuse after the late 1970s and would not reemerge until the rise of Internet stars.[29] Indie pop, which developed in the late 1970s, marked another departure from the glamour of contemporary pop music, with guitar bands formed on the then-novel premise that one could record and release their own music without having to procure a record contract from a major label.[30] In 2014, pop music worldwide was permeated by electronic dance music.[31]

text: A Scientific Reports study that examined over 464,000 recordings of popular music recorded between 1955 and 2010 found less variety in pitch progressions, growing average loudness levels,[32] less diverse instrumentation and recording techniques, and less timbral variety, which declined after reaching a peak in the 1960s.[33] Scientific American's John Matson reported that this "seems to support the popular anecdotal observation that pop music of yore was "better", or at least more varied, than today’s top-40 stuff."[33]

text: Technology and media[edit]

text: In the 1940s improved microphone design allowed a more intimate singing style[35] and ten or twenty years later inexpensive and more durable 45 r.p.m. records for singles "revolutionized the manner in which pop has been disseminated" and helped to move pop music to 'a record/radio/film star system'.[35] Another technological change was the widespread availability of television in the 1950s; with televised performances, "pop stars had to have a visual presence".[35] In the 1960s, the introduction of inexpensive, portable transistor radios meant that First World teenagers could listen to music outside of the home.[35] Multi-track recording (from the 1960s); and digital sampling (from the 1980s) have also been utilized as methods for the creation and elaboration of pop music.[4] By the early 1980s, the promotion of pop music had been greatly affected by the rise of music television channels like MTV, which "favoured those artists such as Michael Jackson and Madonna who had a strong visual appeal".[35]

text: Legitimacy in music criticism[edit]

text: The latter half of the 20th-century included a large-scale trend in American culture in which the boundaries between art and pop music were increasingly blurred.[36] Between 1950 and 1970, there was a debate of pop versus art.[37] Since then, certain music publications have embraced its legitimacy. According to Popmatters' Robert Loss: "There’s a strong argument for the 'rockist' mode in music criticism—that it exists, and that it’s harmful—and poptimism has positioned itself as a corrective, an antidote. ... In general, the Old Guard of rock critics and journalists is depicted as a bunch of bricklayers for the foundations of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. True in part, which is to say, false. Like film studies, rock criticism of the late ‘60s and the ‘70s was an attempt to make popular music worthy of study; it was poptimism before its day."[37]

text: International spread[edit]

text:
The story of pop music is largely the story of the intertwining pop culture of the United States and the United Kingdom in the postwar era.
“
”

 — Bob Stanley[31]

tag: div

text: Pop music has been dominated by the American and (from the mid-1960s) British music industries, whose influence has made pop music something of an international monoculture, but most regions and countries have their own form of pop music, sometimes producing local versions of wider trends, and lending them local characteristics.[38] Some of these trends (for example Europop) have had a significant impact of the development of the genre.[39]

text: According to Grove Music Online, "Western-derived pop styles, whether coexisting with or marginalizing distinctively local genres, have spread throughout the world and have come to constitute stylistic common denominators in global commercial music cultures".[40] Some non-Western countries, such as Japan, have developed a thriving pop music industry, most of which is devoted to Western-style pop. Japan has for several years produced a greater quantity of music than everywhere except the USA.[clarification needed][40] The spread of Western-style pop music has been interpreted variously as representing processes of Americanization, homogenization, modernization, creative appropriation, cultural imperialism, or a more general process of globalization.[40]

text: In Korea, pop music's influence has led to the birth of boy bands and girl groups which have gained overseas renown through both their music and aesthetics.[41] Korean co-ed groups (mixed gender groups) have not been as successful.[42]


question_text: is the right to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness in the constitution

text: Origin and phrasing[edit]

text: The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and then edited by the Committee of Five, which consisted of Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. It was then further edited and adopted by the Committee of the Whole of the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776.[2][3] The second paragraph of the first article in the Declaration of Independence contains the phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness".

text: Jefferson's "original Rough draught" is on exhibit in the Library of Congress.[4] This version was used by Julian Boyd to create a transcript of Jefferson's draft,[5] which reads:

text: We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable; that all men are created equal & independent, that from that equal creation they derive rights inherent & inalienable, among which are the preservation of life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness; ...

text: The Committee of Five edited Jefferson's draft. Their version survived further edits by the whole Congress intact, and reads:[6]

text: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. ——

text: A number of possible sources or inspirations for Jefferson's use of the phrase in the Declaration of Independence have been identified, although scholars debate the extent to which any one of them actually influenced Jefferson. Jefferson declared himself an Epicurean during his lifetime: this is a philosophical doctrine that teaches the pursuit of happiness and proposes autarchy, which translates as self-rule, self-sufficiency or freedom. The greatest disagreement comes between those who suggest the phrase was drawn from John Locke and those who identify some other source.[citation needed]

text: Meaning of "happiness"[edit]

text: There is debate about what the word "happiness" may have meant in 1776. Current usage focuses on pleasant, positive emotions and having needs satisfied,[7][8] whereas in 1776 the common meaning may have been "prosperity, thriving, wellbeing".[9][10]

text: Lockean roots hypothesis[edit]

text: In 1689, Locke argued in his Two Treatises of Government that political society existed for the sake of protecting "property", which he defined as a person's "life, liberty, and estate".[11] In A Letter Concerning Toleration, he wrote that the magistrate's power was limited to preserving a person's "civil interest", which he described as "life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things".[12] He declared in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that "the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness".[13]

text: According to those scholars who saw the root of Jefferson's thought in Locke's doctrine, Jefferson replaced "estate" with "the pursuit of happiness", although this does not mean that Jefferson meant the "pursuit of happiness" to refer primarily or exclusively to property. Under such an assumption, the Declaration of Independence would declare that government existed primarily for the reasons Locke gave, and some have extended that line of thinking to support a conception of limited government.[14][15][16][17][18]

text: Virginia Declaration of Rights[edit]

text: The first and second article of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason and adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention of Delegates on June 12, 1776, speaks of happiness in the context of recognizably Lockean rights and is paradigmatic of the way in which "the fundamental natural rights of mankind" were expressed at the time.[19][20]

text: That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.

text: Benjamin Franklin was in agreement with Thomas Jefferson in downplaying protection of "property" as a goal of government. It is noted that Franklin found property to be a "creature of society" and thus, he believed that it should be taxed as a way to finance civil society.[22]

text: Alternative hypotheses[edit]

text: In 1628, Sir Edward Coke wrote in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England, his commentary on Thomas de Littleton, that "It is commonly said that three things be favoured in Law, Life, Liberty, Dower."[23] At common law, dower was closely guarded as a means by which the widow and orphan of a deceased landowner could keep their real property.[24]

text: Garry Wills has argued that Jefferson did not take the phrase from Locke and that it was indeed meant to be a standard by which governments should be judged.[25] Wills suggests Adam Ferguson as a good guide to what Jefferson had in mind:

text: If, in reality, courage and a heart devoted to the good of mankind are the constituents of human felicity, the kindness which is done infers a happiness in the person from whom it proceeds, not in him on whom it is bestowed; and the greatest good which men possessed of fortitude and generosity can procure to their fellow creatures is a participation of this happy character. If this be the good of the individual, it is likewise that of mankind; and virtue no longer imposes a task by which we are obliged to bestow upon others that good from which we ourselves refrain; but supposes, in the highest degree, as possessed by ourselves, that state of felicity which we are required to promote in the world.

text: The 17th-century cleric and philosopher Richard Cumberland wrote that promoting the well-being of our fellow humans is essential to the "pursuit of our own happiness".[27] Locke never associated natural rights with happiness, but his philosophical opponent Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz made such an association in the introduction to his Codex Iuris Gentium.[28] William Wollaston's The Religion of Nature Delineated describes the "truest definition" of "natural religion" as being "The pursuit of happiness by the practice of reason and truth".[29] An English translation of Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui's Principles of Natural and Politic Law prepared in 1763 extolled the "noble pursuit" of "true and solid happiness" in the opening chapter discussing natural rights.[30] Historian Jack Rakove posits Burlamaqui as the inspiration for Jefferson's phrase.[31]

text: Comparable mottos worldwide[edit]

text: Other tripartite mottos include "liberté, égalité, fraternité" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France; "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" (unity, justice and liberty) in Germany and "peace, order, and good government" in Canada.[32] It is also similar to a line in the Canadian Charter of Rights: "life, liberty, security of the person" (this line was also in the older Canadian Bill of rights, which added "enjoyment of property" to the list).

text: The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan, and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. An alternative phrase "life, liberty, and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. The Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declare that governments cannot deprive any person of "life, liberty, or property" without due process of law. Also, Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person".


document_title: Raghuvanshi

question_text: who became the king of ayodhya after ram

text: Raghuvanshi

text: Raghuvanshi (or Raghuwanshi) was an Indian dynasty mentioned in Indian epic poetry. It is believed to be a lineage of kings tracing its ancestry to Surya.[1] Raghuvanshi kings like Harishchandra, Bhagiratha, Dilīpa, Raghu, Aja, Dasaratha and Rama.

text: Kalidasa's work, Raghuvansh narrates the epic of the Raghuvanshi in 19 sargas (cantos).[2]

text: Notables[edit]

text: Several legendary kings came from the Ikshvaku dynasty and after King Raghu, his descendants are known as Raghuvanshi.

text:
Mandhata (मान्धाता), who is said to have ruled the entire earth during the Vedic period, and defeated the Indra-head of Devatas.
Sagara, a king who was tricked by Indra into a conflict with the sage Kapila, leading to the death of his 60,000 sons, the descent of the Ganges to earth, and his sons' revival
Harishchandra, the king of Ayodhya, believed to be an exemplar of honesty
Dilīpa, said to be the most righteous and chivalrous emperors of the Ikshvaku dynasty
Raghu II, The mahakavya (epic) composed by the classical poet Kalidasa on the lives of the ancestors of Rama is entitled Raghuvamsha or the "Dynasty of Raghu". The descendants of King Raghu are known as Raghuvanshi. Valmiki Ramayana mention about "Raghukula", a clan of the King Raghu not Rama. Rama himself is known by many appellations (such as Raghava, Raghunandan and Raghukula Nayaka), indicative of his belonging to the family of Raghu.
Aja, Son of King Raghu
Dasaratha, Son of Aja and father of Rama, Lakshman, Bharath and Shatrughan.
Ram - He is considered the seventh Avatar of the god Vishnu. He is worshiped by every Hindu. Many Hindus include his name in either their first or last name. Rama's story before he became king of Ayodhya is recounted in the Ramayana. After he ascended the throne, he performed the Ashwamedha Yajna. Bharata, his younger brother, won the country of Gandhara and settled there.
Lava and Kusha - They were the twin sons of Rama and his wife Sita. Lava ruled south Kosala while Kusha ruled north Kosala, including Ayodhya. Kusha married "Nagkanya" "Kumuddhati", sister of Kumuda. After Kusha the following kings of the solar dynasty ruled Ayodhya:
Śuddhodana
Sumitra - He was the last king of Ayodhya from Raghuwanshi dynasty. In the fourth century BC, emperor Mahapadma Nanda of the Nanda Dynasty forced Sumitra to leave Ayodhya. He went to Rohtas with his sons. His son Kurma established his rule over Rohtas


document_title: Rennes

question_text: what is the most famous building in rennes

question_tokens: what is the most famous building in rennes

text: Rennes

text: History[edit]

text: Administration[edit]

text: Since 2015, Rennes is divided into 6 cantons (populations as of 2014):[4][5]

text:
Canton of Rennes-1 (38,672 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-2 (40,124 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-3, which includes parts of Rennes but also the commune of Chantepie (43,829 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-4 (37,036 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-5, which includes parts of Rennes but also the commune of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande (43,072 inhabitants)
Canton of Rennes-6, which includes parts of Rennes but also the commune of Pacé (44,888 inhabitants)

text: Rennes is divided into 12 quarters:

text:
Le Centre
Thabor/Saint Hélier
Bourg l'Évêque-Moulin du Comte
Saint-Martin
Maurepas-Patton-Bellangerais
Jeanne d'Arc-Longs-Champs-Beaulieu
Francisco Ferrer-Landry-Poterie
Sud Gare
Cleunay-Arsenal-Redon
Villejean-Beauregard
Le Blosne
Bréquigny

tag: ol

text: Mayors[edit]

text: The current mayor of Rennes is Nathalie Appéré. A member of the Socialist Party, she replaced retiring Socialist incumbent Daniel Delaveau, in office from 2008 to 2014.

text:
Edmond Hervé (b. 1942), Socialist mayor from 1977 to 2008;
Henri Fréville (1905–1987), mayor MRP from 1953 to 1977;
Eugène Quessot (1882–1949), interim mayor from 15 July 1947 until 26 October 1947;
Yves Milon (1897–1987), mayor RPF from 1944 to 1953.

text: Among previous well-known mayors are:

text:
Jean Janvier (1859–1923), from 1908 to 1923;
Edgar Le Bastard (1836–1891), from 1880 to 1891;
Toussaint-François Rallier du Baty (1665–1734) from 1695 to 1734.

text: The mairie (city hall) is right in the centre of Rennes.

text: National representation[edit]

text: The French Prison Service operates the Centre pénitentiaire de Rennes, the largest women's prison in France.[6]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The ancient centre of the town is built on a hill, with the north side being more elevated than the south side. It is at the confluence of two rivers: the Ille and the Vilaine.

text: Rennes is located on the European atlantic arc, 50 km from the English Channel (near Saint-Malo, Dinard and Mont Saint-Michel).

text: Rennes has the distinction of having a significant Green Belt around its ring road. This Green Belt is a protected area between the city proper (rather dense) and the rest of its urban area (rather rural).

text: Climate[edit]

text: Rennes features an oceanic climate. Precipitation in Rennes is considerably less abundant than in the western parts of Brittany, reaching only half of the levels of, e.g., the city of Quimper, which makes rainfall in Rennes comparable to the levels of larger parts of western Germany. Sunshine hours range between 1,700 and 1,850 annually, which is about the amount of sunshine received by the city of Lausanne.

text:
[hide]Climate data for Rennes, Brittany

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °C (°F)
16.8
(62.2)
19.8
(67.6)
23.4
(74.1)
28.7
(83.7)
30.8
(87.4)
36.3
(97.3)
38.3
(100.9)
39.5
(103.1)
34.8
(94.6)
30.0
(86)
21.4
(70.5)
17.8
(64)
39.5
(103.1)

Average high °C (°F)
8.7
(47.7)
9.6
(49.3)
12.7
(54.9)
15.2
(59.4)
18.9
(66)
22.2
(72)
24.5
(76.1)
24.3
(75.7)
21.6
(70.9)
17.0
(62.6)
12.1
(53.8)
9.1
(48.4)
16.4
(61.5)

Average low °C (°F)
3.0
(37.4)
2.6
(36.7)
4.5
(40.1)
5.9
(42.6)
9.3
(48.7)
11.9
(53.4)
13.8
(56.8)
13.7
(56.7)
11.4
(52.5)
9.1
(48.4)
5.5
(41.9)
3.3
(37.9)
7.9
(46.2)

Record low °C (°F)
−14.7
(5.5)
−11.2
(11.8)
−7.3
(18.9)
−3.2
(26.2)
−1.2
(29.8)
2.2
(36)
5.5
(41.9)
4.0
(39.2)
1.9
(35.4)
−4.6
(23.7)
−7.5
(18.5)
−12.6
(9.3)
−14.7
(5.5)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
67.6
(2.661)
49.1
(1.933)
51.6
(2.031)
50.9
(2.004)
67.2
(2.646)
46.7
(1.839)
49.1
(1.933)
37.8
(1.488)
59.0
(2.323)
74.8
(2.945)
67.5
(2.657)
72.7
(2.862)
694.0
(27.323)

Average precipitation days
11.5
9.4
9.8
9.9
9.8
7.3
7.3
6.4
7.7
11.1
11.7
12.4
114.4

Average snowy days
2.1
2.6
1.5
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7
1.7
9.2

Average relative humidity (%)
87
83
79
76
77
75
75
76
80
85
87
87
80.6

Mean monthly sunshine hours
69.1
87.2
128.4
162.7
191.2
217.3
210.7
205.5
177.8
117.5
81.3
68.6
1,717.1

Source #1: Météo France[7][8]

Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)[9]

text: Population[edit]

text: In 2018, the inner population of the city was of 221,272 inhabitants, the Rennes intercommunal structure connecting Rennes with 42 nearby suburbs (named Rennes Métropole) counted 450,593 inhabitants and the metropolitan area counted over 72000 inhabitants.

text: Rennes has the second fastest-growing metropolitan area in France after Toulouse and before Montpellier, Bordeaux and Nantes.

text: The inhabitants of Rennes are called Rennais in French.

text:
Historical population

Year
Pop.
±%

1770
23,143
—

1790
25,160
+8.7%

1793
30,160
+19.9%

1800
25,904
−14.1%

1806
29,225
+12.8%

1821
29,589
+1.2%

1831
27,340
−7.6%

1836
35,552
+30.0%

1841
37,895
+6.6%

1846
39,218
+3.5%

Year
Pop.
±%

1851
39,505
+0.7%

1856
45,664
+15.6%

1861
45,483
−0.4%

1866
48,283
+6.2%

1872
52,044
+7.8%

1876
57,177
+9.9%

1881
60,974
+6.6%

1886
66,139
+8.5%

1891
69,232
+4.7%

1896
69,937
+1.0%

Year
Pop.
±%

1901
74,676
+6.8%

1906
75,640
+1.3%

1911
79,372
+4.9%

1921
82,241
+3.6%

1926
83,418
+1.4%

1931
88,659
+6.3%

1936
98,538
+11.1%

1946
113,781
+15.5%

1954
124,122
+9.1%

1962
151,948
+22.4%

Year
Pop.
±%

1968
180,943
+19.1%

1975
198,305
+9.6%

1982
194,656
−1.8%

1990
197,536
+1.5%

1999
206,229
+4.4%

2009
206,604
+0.2%

2012
209,860
+1.6%

2014
213,454
+1.7%

text: Sights[edit]

text: Rennes is classified as a city of art and history.

text: Historic centre[edit]

text: The historic centre is located on the former plan of the ramparts. There is a difference between the northern city centre and the southern city centre due to the 1720 fire, which destroyed most of the timber framed houses in the northern part of the city. The rebuilding was done in stone, on a grid plan. The southern part, the poorest at this time, was not rebuilt.

text: Due to the presence of the parlement de Bretagne, many "hôtels particuliers" were built in the northern part, the richest in the 18th century. Most of the monuments historiques can be found there.

text: Colourful traditional half-timbered houses are situated primarily along the roads of Saint-Sauveur, Saint-Georges, de Saint-Malo, Saint-Guillaume, des Dames, du Chapitre, Vasselot, Saint-Michel, de la Psallette and around the plazas of Champ-Jacquet, des Lices, Saint-Anne and Rallier-du-Baty.

text: The Parlement de Bretagne and city hall area[edit]

text: The Parlement de Bretagne (Administrative and judicial centre of Brittany, Breton: Breujoù Breizh) is the most famous 17th century building in Rennes. It was rebuilt after a terrible fire in 1994 that may have been caused by a flare fired by a protester during a demonstration. It houses the Rennes Court of Appeal. The plaza around is built on the classical architecture.

text: On the west, the Place de la Mairie (City Hall Plaza, Plasenn Ti Kêr):

text:
City Hall
Opera

text: On the east, at the end of the Rue Saint-Georges with traditional half-timbered houses:

text:
1920s Saint George Municipal Pool, with mosaics
Saint George Palace, and its garden

text: On the south-east:

text:
Saint-Germain square

Saint-Germain Church
Saint-Germain footbridge, 20th century wood and metal construction to link the plaza with Émile Zola Quay, across the Vilaine River.

text:
Saint Germain's church

Opera of Rennes

Saint Georges Palace

Rennes's city hall

text: The Place des Lices and cathedral area[edit]

text: The Place des Lices is lined by hôtels particuliers with the place Railler-du-Baty, is the location of the weekly big market, the marché des Lices.

text: Near the Rennes Cathedral (cathédrale Saint-Pierre de Rennes) is the Rue du Chapitre:

text:
Hôtel de Blossac
There are 16th century polychrome wooden busts on the façade of 20, Rue du Chapitre.

text: On this era are the former St. Yves chapel, now the tourism office and a museum about the historical development of Rennes and the Basilica Saint-Sauveur

text:
Place des Lices with the roof top of Les Halles Martenot seen in on the left, and the hôtels particuliers on the right.

Rue du Chapitre

Gate of the Hôtel de Blossac

Basilique Saint-Sauveur

text: Remains of the ramparts[edit]

text: Built from the 3rd to the 12th centuries, the ramparts were largely destroyed between the beginning of the 16th century and the 1860s.

text:
Portes mordelaises. The street crossing this gate comes from the Place des Lices and ends at the cathedral

Tour Duchesne

Place Railler-du-Baty

Map of the remaining ramparts in Rennes

text: Place Saint-Anne area[edit]

text: Place Saint-Anne (Plasenn Santez-Anna)

text:
Saint-Aubin Church, built in the beginning of the 20th century
Location of a former 14th century hospital
Jacobite convent, the futur convention centre (2018)

text: South-western, La Rue Saint-Michel nicknamed Rue de La Soif (Road of Thirst) because there are bars all along this street.

text: South-eastern, the Champ-Jacquet square, with Renaissance buildings and a statue of mayor Jean Leperdit ripping up a conscription list.

text:
Place Saint-Anne

Jacobite convent, vieved from the Place Saint-Anne

Saint-Michel street

Medieval houses at Champ-Jacquet

text: East: Thabor park area[edit]

text: Area of Saint-Melaine square

text:
Tower and transept from the 11th century Benedictine abbey of Saint-Melaine
14th century Gothic arcades
17th century colonnade
Bell tower topped with a gilded Virgin Mary (19th century)
17th century cloister

text: Jardin botanique du Thabor (formal French garden, orangerie, rose garden, aviary) a botanical garden on 10 hectares of land, built between 1860 and 1867.

text: 17th century promenade "la Motte à Madame", and a monumental stairway overlooking the Rue de Paris entrance to the Thabor.

text:
Notre-Dame-en-Saint-Melaine basilica, viewed from the parc du Thabor

Main gate of the parc du Thabor

Rue de Paris Thabor entrance

text: South city centre[edit]

text: The south city centre is a mix of old buildings and 19th and 20th centuries constructions.

text:
Maison des Carmes

Lycée Zola

Toussaints church

Palais du commerce

text: South of the Vilaine[edit]

text: The Fine Arts Museum is situated on Quai Émile Zola, by the Vilaine River.

text: Les Champs Libres is a building on Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, and was designed by the architect Christian de Portzamparc. It houses the Brittany Museum (Musée de Bretagne), the regional library Bibliothèque de Rennes Métropole with six floors, and the Espace des Sciences science centre with a planetarium.

text: At Place Honoré Commeurec is Les Halles Centrales, a covered market from 1922, with one part converted into contemporary art gallery.

text: The Mercure Hotel is located in a restored building on Rue du Pré-Botté, which was the prior location of Ouest-Éclair, and then of Ouest-France, a premier daily regional newspaper.

text: There are large mills at Rue Duhamel, constructed on each side of the south branch of the Vilaine in 1895 and 1902.

text: Other sights[edit]

text: To the northwest of Rennes, near Rue de Saint-Malo are the locks of the Canal d'Ille-et-Rance of 1843.

text: There are two halls of the printer, Oberthür, built by Marthenot between 1870 and 1895 on Rue de Paris in the eastern part of the city. Oberthür Park is the second biggest garden in the city.

text: The 17th century manor of Haute-Chalais, a granite château, is situated to the south of the city in Blosne Quarter (Bréquigny).

text: Parks and gardens[edit]

text:
Gayeulles parc

Square of Motte.

Mail Mitterrand

Thabor parc

Oberthur parc

Saint-Georges garden.

text: Parc du Thabor contains a compact but significant botanical garden, the Jardin botanique du Thabor. The University of Rennes 1, with a campus in the city's eastern section, also contains a botanical garden and collections (the Jardin botanique de l'Université de Rennes).

text: Economy[edit]

text: Local economy include car manufacturing, telecommunications, digital sector and agrofood.

text: The ITC firm Orange (ex-France Telecom) is the largest private employer with 4,800 people. PSA Peugeot Citroën, is the second largest private employer in the metropolitan area of Rennes, with 4,000 people. PSA opened a manufacturing plant at La Janais in Chartres-de-Bretagne in 1961. Technicolor, one of the biggest firms in TV and cinema broadcasting in the world employs over 500 people.

text: In a few years, Rennes became one of the main centres in high technology industry and digital. The city hosts one of the first Technopoles established in France: Rennes Atalante which employs over 20,000 people.

text: Rennes is the 2nd concentration of digital and ITC firms in France after Paris (with well-known companies and startups like Atos, SFR, Neosoft, Orange S.A., France Telecom, Ericsson, Harmonic France, STmicroelectronics, Technicolor R&D, Ubisoft, Regionsjob, Capgemini, OVH, Dassault Systèmes, Delta Dore, Canon, Artefacto, Enensys Technologies, Astellia, Mitsubishi Electric R&D Europe, Digitaleo, Alcatel-Lucent, Kelbillet, Texas Instruments, Sopra Group, Niji, Thales, Nemeus or Logica). Rennes was one of the first French cities to receive the French Tech label in November 2014. Moreover, Rennes hosts the 3rd public research potential in digital and ITC sectors in France, after Paris and Grenoble, with 3,000 people working in 10 laboratories, like well-known IRISA, IETR, IRMAR, DGA-MI (cyberdefense), SATIE, etc. It is also the 3rd innovation potential in agrofood French industry with lots of firms in this field (Lactalis, Triballat Sojasun, Coralis, Panavi, Bridor, Claude Léger, Loïc Raison, Groupe Roullier, Sanders, etc.), an agro campus (Agrocampus Ouest) and a big international and professional expo, the Space (every year in September).

text: Other large firms located in Rennes include the restaurant conglomerate Groupe Le Duff (owners of Brioche Dorée, Bruegger's, La Madeleine, Mimi's Cafe, Timothy's World Coffee[10]), the first French newspaper Ouest France (800,000 daily copies) and Samsic Service (cleanliness, industrial safety, job search, etc.).

text: Culture[edit]

text: Rennes is known to be one of the most festive cities of France. It invests heavily in arts and culture and a number of its festivals (such as the music festival Les Transmusicales, Les Tombées de la Nuit, Mythos, Stunfest (fighting game competition) and Travelling (a cinematic festival)) are well known throughout France. During the 80's, Rennes was often cited as the French town of rock and new wave music.[11]

text: Concerts hall[edit]

text: Rennes is well equipped in musical facilities:

text:
The MusikHall, for large shows (near the airport). (7,000 seats)
Le Liberté, dedicated to major cultural events and touring shows. (5,300 seats)
La Cité, dedicated to contemporary musics & locals artists. (1,150 seats)
L'Etage (Le Liberté), dedicated to contemporary musics & locals artists. (900 seats)
Rennes's Opera House (650 seats) and National Theatre of Brittany, TNB in French (Vilar room, 950 seats) for Brittany orchestra.
The Ubu, an associative concert hall. (500 seats)
L'Antipode MJC, which also an art centre. (500 seats)

text: Museums and exhibitions places[edit]

text: There are also five museums in Rennes:

text:
Musée des Beaux Arts (Museum of Fine Arts of Rennes). This art museum hold many works by the sculptor Pierre Charles Lenoir
Musée de Bretagne (Museum of Brittany) at the Champs Libres, together with the 'espace of sciences' and a planetarium.
Museum of Farming and Rennes Countryside at la Bintinais, south of Rennes.
Musée des Transmissions (Museum of Broadcasting) at Cesson-Sévigné, east of Rennes centre.
FRAC Bretagne Fond Régional d'Art contemporain (Regional Fund for Contemporary Art).

text: In addition to this list, there is art facilities, such as 40mcube exhibition space or the centre for contemporary art La Criée.

text: There is also miscellaneous cultural places: the dance dedicated place the Triange, two "Art et Essai" - art house cinemas - cinemas called l'Arvor and Cine TNB. Remark that the surrounding cities house many other cultural places.

text: Media[edit]

text: Rennes was one of the first towns in France to have its own local television channel 'TV Rennes', created in 1987.

text: Rennes has also local radio stations (Hit West, Radio Campus, Canal B, Radio Caroline, Radio Rennes, Radio Laser) and local newspapers or magazines (Ouest-France, Le Mensuel de Rennes, Place Publique, 20 Minutes Rennes).

text: Local culture[edit]

text: Local languages[edit]

text: In Brittany, two regional languages are spoken: Breton and Gallo. In and around Rennes, Gallo was traditionally spoken as a local language, but Breton has always been spoken by regional migrants coming from the western part of the region.

text: Nowadays, the Breton language is taught in one Diwan school, some bilingual public and Catholic schools, in evening courses, and in university.[12]

text: The municipality launched a linguistic plan through Ya d'ar brezhoneg on 24 January 2008.

text: In 2008, 2.87% of primary school children were enrolled in bilingual primary schools, and the number of pupils enrolled in these schools is steadily growing.[13]

text: Local food[edit]

text: Specialties from Rennes include:

text:
Breton Galette
Galette-saucisse
Crêpe
Cider

text: Many other Breton specialties (seafood, milk, vegetables, cheese, meat) are seen at the Marché des Lices, a weekly market held every Saturday morning (one of the most important markets in France).

text: Education[edit]

text: The Rennes agglomeration has a large student population (around 63,000).

text: The city has two main universities; Université de Rennes 1, which offers courses in science, technology, medicine, philosophy, law, management and economics and Université Rennes 2, which has courses in the arts, literature, languages, communication, human and social sciences and sport. The official website of Université Rennes 2 identifies that facility as "the largest research and higher learning institution in Arts, Literature, Languages, Social Sciences and Humanities in the West of France."

text: There are a few École Supérieures in Rennes, like the École Normale Supérieure de Rennes on the Ker Lann campus, just outside Rennes, the Institut d'études politiques de Rennes or the ESC Rennes School of Business.

text: There is also branches of École Supérieure d'Électricité – Supélec and Telecom Bretagne in the east of the city (Cesson-Sévigné), a campus of the École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies, a campus of the École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées, and the grande école Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, which is next to the "École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes".

text: The computer science and applied mathematics research institute, IRISA, is located on the campus of the Université des Sciences, nearby Cesson-Sévigné. The Délégation Générale pour l'Armement (defence procurement agency) operates the CELAR research centre, dedicated to electronics and computing, in Bruz, a neighbouring town.

text: Catholic University of Rennes (Institut Catholique de Rennes) is a Catholic university founded in 1989.

text: The city is also home to an American study abroad program for high school students, School Year Abroad, in which students are immersed in French culture through five classes in the language and a nine-month home stay.[14]

text: The École Compleméntaire Japonaise de Rennes (レンヌ補習授業校 Rennu Hoshū Jugyō Kō), a part-time Japanese supplementary school, is held in the Collège Anne de Bretagne in Rennes.[15]

text: Sport[edit]

text: Football club[edit]

text: Rennes is home to Stade Rennais F.C., who plays in Ligue 1 at the Roazhon Park stadium.

text: Handball[edit]

text: Cesson-Sévigné is home to Cesson-Rennes-Métropole handball, who plays in division 1.

text: Road bicycle[edit]

text: Rennes is home to Fortuneo-Vital Concept (UCI Team Code: BSE), a professional cycling team.

text: Rugby[edit]

text: Rennes is home to Stade Rennais Rugby, a women's rugby team who plays in Championnat de France de rugby à XV féminin, which is the top national competition for women's rugby union football clubs in France.

text: Transport[edit]

text: Rennes has well-developed national road, rail and air links.

text: Public transport[edit]

text: Local transport is based primarily on an extensive bus network (65 lines) and a metro line that was inaugurated in March 2002 and cost €500 million to build. The driverless Rennes Metro (VAL) is 9.4 km (5.8 mi) in length and has 15 stations, including one designed by architect Norman Foster (La Poterie station). A second metro line is being planned, it should be operational by 2019, and the construction began in 2014.[16]

text: Cycling[edit]

text: Rennes provides other modes of local transport: a bike sharing system with 900 bicycles (named vélo STAR). Rennes created the first system of modern French bike sharing (1998).

text: Roads[edit]

text: The city is an important hub of Brittany's motorway network and is surrounded by a ring road: the Rocade (national road 136). The construction of the bypass was started in 1968 and completed in 1999. It is 31 km (18.5 mi) long, it has 2 lanes each way (sometimes 3 lanes) and toll free. Many other expressways are connected to the Rennes ring road for local and regional service. By road, Saint-Malo can be reached in 45 minutes, Nantes in 1 hour, Brest in 2 hours and 30 minutes, Paris in 4 hours, Bordeaux in 5 hours and Bruxelles in 6 hours and 30 minutes.

text: Railway[edit]

text: Rennes has a major French railway station, the Gare de Rennes, opened in 1857. Since July 2 2017 It is now one hour twenty seven minutes by TGV high speed train from Paris ( after the extension of the High Speed Rail Line[17]). Train service is available to other big cities in France such as Lyon, Marseille, Lille and Strasbourg. Rennes is also an important railway station for regional transport in Brittany. The TER Bretagne provide links to Saint-Malo, Nantes, Redon, Vitré, Saint-Brieuc, Vannes, Laval, Brest and many other regional cities. It is served by Gare station on the VAL Rennes Metro.

text: Airport[edit]

text: Rennes is served by Rennes Brittany Airport (Saint-Jacques), located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the centre to the south-west in the commune Saint-Jacques-de-la-Lande.

text: It notably operates regular or seasonal flights to Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Lyon, Marseille, Nice, Toulouse, Barcelona, Palma de Mallorca, Rome-Fiumicino, Southampton, Dublin, Manchester, Amsterdam Schiphol, Madrid Barajas, Birmingham, London-City, London-Gatwick and daily flights to London Southend Airport with Flybe.

text: Notable people[edit]

text: (by alphabetical order)

text:
Soazig Aaron (born 1949), writer
Bertrand d'Argentré (1519–1590), jurist and historian, seneschal of Rennes in 1547 than head of the présidial court
Georges Ernest Boulanger (1837–1891), general and politician, born in Rennes
Jean-Claude Bourlès (born 1937), writer traveler
Maxime Daniel (born 1991), professional cyclist
Madeleine Desroseaux (1873–1939), poet and novelist
Félix Dujardin (1801–1860), Professor and Dean, University of Rennes, famous parasitologist
Paul Jausions (1835–1870), musicologist specialising in Gregorian chant
Hélène Jégado (1803–1852), serial poisoner executed in 1852
Jacques Legrand (born 1946), mongologist
Charles Vanel (1892–1989), actor born in Rennes
Malika Ménard (born 1987), Miss France 2010
Louis Pérouas (1923–2011), priest and historian
François-Henri Pinault (born 1962), Chairman and CEO of PPR.
René Pleven (1901–1993), twice President of the Council of Ministers, born in Rennes
Pierre Robiquet (1780–1840), chemist member of Académie des Sciences, discover of among others codein, asparagin and alizarin

text: International relations[edit]

text: Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

text: Rennes is twinned with:

text: (These twinned towns save one are inscribed on the bridge over the central canal of Rennes)

text:
Exeter, England, UK (since 1956)[18][19]
 Rochester, New York, USA (since 1958)
 Erlangen, Germany (since 1964)
 Brno, Czech Republic (since 1965)[20][21]
 Sendai, Japan (since 1967)
 Leuven, Belgium (since 1980)
 Sétif, Algeria (since 1982)

 Cork, Ireland (since 1982)[22]
 Almaty, Kazakhstan (since 1991)
 Bandiagara Cercle, Mali (since 1995)
 Poznań, Poland (since 1998)[23][24]
 Sibiu, Romania (since 1999)
 Jinan, Shandong, China (since 2002)
 Diyarbakır, Turkey (since 2016)

text: Within France

text:
Saint-Gilles-du-Mené, France (since 1978)
 Rennes-les-Bains, France (since 1985)

text: Pacts of cooperation

text:
Huế, Vietnam (since 1992)
 Bandiagara Cercle, Mali (since 1995)

text: Sponsorship

text: Vouziers, France

text: Rennes also has the only Institut Franco-Américain in France.

text: Broadcasting facilities[edit]

text: Transmitter Rennes-Thourie

text: Cityscape[edit]

text:
Opera of Rennes

Saint George Palace

Horizons tower (100 metres/328 ft)

New style city centre

Notre-Dame en Saint-Mélaine church

text:
Ouest-France building

Place Rallier du Baty

Place de Bretagne

Windows of the Hôtel Racape de La Feuillée at Place des Lices

Marché des Lices, a market on weekly basis for local producers at Place des Lices