document_title: Four Marks of the Church

question_text: what is meant by the church is one

question_tokens: what is meant by the church is one

text: Four Marks of the Church

text: History[edit]

text: The ideas behind the Four Marks have been in the Christian Church since early Christianity. Allusions to them can be found in the writings of 2nd century early Church Father and bishop, Ignatius of Antioch. They were not established in doctrine until the First Council of Constantinople in 381 as an antidote to certain heresies that had crept into the Church in its early history. There the Council elaborated on the Nicene Creed, established by the First Council of Nicea 56 years before by adding to the end a section that included the affirmation: "[We believe] in one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church."[4] The phrase has remained in versions of the Nicene Creed to this day.

text: In some languages, for example, German, the Latin "catholica" was substituted by "Christian" before the Reformation, though this was an anomaly[5] and continues in use by some Protestant churches today. Hence, "holy catholic" becomes "holy Christian."[6]

text: Roman Catholics believe the description "one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church" to be applicable only to the Roman Catholic Church. They hold that "Christ established here on earth only one Church" and they believe in "the full identity of the Church of Christ with the Catholic Church". While "there are numerous elements of sanctification and of truth which are found outside her structure", these, "as gifts properly belonging to the Church of Christ, impel towards Catholic Unity". The eastern Churches not in full communion with the Catholic Church thereby "lack something in their condition as particular Churches". The communities born out of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation "do not enjoy apostolic succession in the sacrament of Orders, and are, therefore, deprived of a constituent element of the Church."[7]

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church, in disagreement with the Roman Catholic, regards itself as the historical and organic continuation of the original Church founded by Christ and his apostles.[8] The Oriental Orthodox Church disagrees with both and claims to be the historical and organic continuation of the original Church founded by Christ and his apostles, the "One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic" Church of the ancient Christian creeds and the only Church that has always kept the true Christology and faith declared by the first three councils, Nicaea, Constantinople, and Ephesus affirmed by the Church Fathers and the Holy Tradition.

text: The Augsburg Confession found within the Book of Concord, a compendium of belief of the Lutheran Churches, teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church".[9] When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1530, they believe to have "showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils".[9] As such, the Lutheran Churches traditionally hold that theirs represents the true visible Church.[10]

text: Marks[edit]

text: One[edit]

text: "There is one body and one Spirit just as you were called to the one hope that belongs to your call one Lord, one faith, one baptism, one God and Father of all, who is over all and through all and in all" [Eph. 4:5-6]. This list in the Pauline letters of factors making Christians one body, one church, is doubtless not meant to be exhaustive, says Francis Aloysius Sullivan, but it affirms the oneness of the body, the church, through what Christians have in common, what they have communion in. Elsewhere, Paul the Apostle says: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is no male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus" (Gal. 3:28). This statement was about Christians as individuals, but it applied to them also as groups, as local churches, whether composed mainly of Jewish or Gentile Christians. In 1 Cor. 15:9, Paul spoke of himself as having persecuted "the church of God", not just the local church in Jerusalem but the same church that he addresses at the beginning of that letter as "the church of God that is in Corinth" (1 Cor. 1:2). In the same letter, he tells Christians: "You are the body of Christ and individually members of it" (1 Cor. 12:27), and declares that, "just as the body is one and has many members, and all the members of the body, though many, are one body, so it is with Christ" (1 Cor. 12:12).[11][12]

text: Holy[edit]

text: The word holy means set apart for a special purpose by and for God. It does not imply that the members of the Church are free from sin, nor that the institution of the Church cannot sin. Christ's Church is holy because it is Christ's Church: "...upon this rock, I will build my Church."[Matt. 16:18] Jesus founded his Church to continue his redemptive and sanctifying work in the world. Christians understand the holiness of the universal Church to derive from Christ's holiness.[Matt. 16:19][13] And the Church is holy because God is Holy and the Church shares in God's very own life and holiness.[Eph. 5:30-33]

text: Catholic[edit]

text: Jesus drew near and said to them, "I have been given all authority in heaven and on earth. Go, then, to all peoples everywhere and make them my disciples: baptize them in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, and teach them to obey everything I have commanded you. And I will be with you always, to the end of the age."

text: The word "catholic" is derived from the Greek adjective καθολικός (katholikos), meaning "general", "universal".[14][15] It is associated with the Greek adverb καθόλου (katholou), meaning "according to the whole", "entirely", or "in general", a combination of the preposition κατά meaning "according to" and the adjective ὅλος meaning "whole".[16][17]

text: Applied to the church, the adjective "catholic" means that in the church the wholeness of the Christian faith, full and complete, all-embracing, and with nothing lacking, is proclaimed to all people without excluding any part of the faith or any class or group of people.[18][19][20] The adjective can be applied not only to the church as spread throughout the world but also to each local manifestation of the church, in each of which nothing essential is lacking for it to be the genuine Church of Christ.[20][21][22]

text: For his subjects, Emperor Theodosius I restricted to believers in "the one deity of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, in equal majesty and in a holy Trinity" the term "catholic christians", and applied the name "heretics" to others (Edict of Thessalonica of 27 February 380).[23]

text: In the following year 381, the First Council of Constantinople adopted the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, expressing belief in "one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church".

text: Apostolic[edit]

text: This describes the Church's foundation and beliefs as rooted and continuing in the living Tradition of the Apostles of Jesus (cf. the 1913 Webster's Dictionary).[24] The Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy, and the Church of the East, each claim to have preserved the original teaching of the apostles. They also have apostolic succession in that their bishops derive their authority through a direct line of laying on of hands from the apostles, a claim that they accept can be made by the other churches in this group. Many Lutheran Churches, such as the Church of Sweden, and the Anglican Communion likewise teach the doctrine of apostolic succession.[25][26] Other Christian denominations, on the other hand, usually hold that what preserves apostolic continuity is the written word: as Milne put it, "A church is apostolic as it recognizes in practice the supreme authority of the apostolic scriptures."[27]


document_title: Megalith

question_text: the most common form of megalithic architecture in europe is

root

text: Megalith

text: Early stone complexes in eastern Turkey[edit]

text: At a number of sites in eastern Turkey, large ceremonial complexes from the 9th millennium BC have been discovered.[6] They belong to the incipient phases of agriculture and animal husbandry. Large circular structures involving carved megalithic orthostats are a typical feature; e.g. at Nevalı Çori and Göbekli Tepe. Although these structures are the most ancient megalithic structures known so far, it is not clear that any of the European Megalithic traditions (see below) are actually derived from them.[7] At Göbekli Tepe, four stone circles have been excavated from an estimated 20. Some measure up to 30 metres across. As well as human figures, the stones carry a variety of carved reliefs depicting boars, foxes, lions, birds, snakes and scorpions.[8]

tag: p

text: Middle Eastern megaliths[edit]

text: Dolmens and standing stones have been found in large areas of the Middle East starting at the Turkish border in the north of Syria close to Aleppo, southwards down to Yemen. They can be encountered in Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia. The largest concentration can be found in southern Syria and along the Jordan Rift Valley, however they are being threatened with destruction. They date from the late Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age.[9] Megaliths have also been found on Kharg Island and pirazmian in Iran, at Barda Balka in Iraq.

text: A semicircular arrangement of megaliths was found in Israel at Atlit Yam, a site that is now under the sea. It is a very early example, dating from the 7th millennium BC.[10]

text: The most concentrated occurrence of dolmens in particular is in a large area on both sides of the Jordan Rift Valley, with greater predominance on the eastern side. They occur first and foremost on the Golan Heights, the Hauran, and in Jordan, which probably has the largest concentration of dolmen in the Middle East. In Saudi Arabia, only very few dolmen have been identified so far in the Hejaz. They seem, however, to re-emerge in Yemen in small numbers, and thus could indicate a continuous tradition related to those of Somalia and Ethiopia.

text: The standing stone has a very ancient tradition in the Middle East, dating back from Mesopotamian times. Although not always 'megalithic' in the true sense, they occur throughout the Orient, and can reach 5 metres or more in some cases (such as Ader in Jordan). This phenomenon can also be traced through many passages from the Old Testament, such as those related to Jacob, the grandson of Abraham, who poured oil over a stone that he erected after his famous dream in which angels climbed to heaven (Genesis 28:10-22). Jacob is also described as putting up stones at other occasions, whereas Moses erected twelve pillars symbolizing the tribes of Israel. The tradition of venerating (standing) stones continued in Nabatean times and is reflected in, e.g., the Islamic rituals surrounding the Kaaba and nearby pillars. Related phenomena, such as cupholes, rock-cut tombs and circles also occur in the Middle East.

text: European megaliths[edit]

text: The most common type of megalithic construction in Europe is the portal tomb – a chamber consisting of upright stones (orthostats) with one or more large flat capstones forming a roof. Many of these, though by no means all, contain human remains, but it is debatable whether use as burial sites was their primary function. The megalithic structures of Malta are believed to be the oldest in Europe, in particular Skorba Temples. Though generally known as dolmens, the correct term accepted by archaeologists is portal tomb. However many local names exist, such as anta in Galicia and Portugal, stazzone in Sardinia, hunebed in the Netherlands, Hünengrab in Germany, dysse in Denmark, and cromlech in Wales. It is assumed that most portal tombs were originally covered by earthen mounds.

text: The second-most-common tomb type is the passage grave. It normally consists of a square, circular, or cruciform chamber with a slabbed or corbelled roof, accessed by a long, straight passageway, with the whole structure covered by a circular mound of earth. Sometimes it is also surrounded by an external stone kerb. Prominent examples include the sites of Brú na Bóinne and Carrowmore in Ireland, Maes Howe in Orkney, and Gavrinis in France.

text: The third tomb type is a diverse group known as gallery graves. These are axially arranged chambers placed under elongated mounds. The Irish court tombs, British long barrows, and German Steinkisten belong to this group.

text: Another type of megalithic monument, the single standing stone, or menhir as it is known in France, is very common throughout Europe, where some 50,000 examples have been noted. Some of these are thought to have an astronomical function as a marker or foresight. In some areas, long and complex alignments of such stones exist, the largest known example being located at Carnac in Brittany, France.

text: In parts of Britain and Ireland a relatively common type of megalithic construction is the stone circle, of which examples include Stonehenge, Avebury, Ring of Brodgar and Beltany. These, too, display evidence of astronomical alignments, both solar and lunar. Stonehenge, for example, is famous for its solstice alignment. Examples of stone circles are also found in the rest of Europe. The circle at Lough Gur, near Limerick in Ireland has been dated to the Beaker period, approximately contemporaneous with Stonehenge. The stone circles are assumed to be of later date than the tombs, straddling the Neolithic and the Bronze Ages.

text: Tombs[edit]

text: Megalithic tombs are aboveground burial chambers, built of large stone slabs (megaliths) laid on edge and covered with earth or other, smaller stones. They are a type of chamber tomb, and the term is used to describe the structures built across Atlantic Europe, the Mediterranean, and neighbouring regions, mostly during the Neolithic period, by Neolithic farming communities. They differ from the contemporary long barrows through their structural use of stone.

text: There is a huge variety of megalithic tombs. The free-standing single chamber dolmens and portal dolmens found in Brittany, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden, Wales, and elsewhere consist of a large flat stone supported by three, four, or more standing stones. They were covered by a stone cairn or earth barrow.

text: In Italy, dolmens can be found especially in Sardinia. There are more than 100 dolmen dating to the Neolithic (3500–2700 BC) and the most famous is called Dolmen di Sa Coveccada (near Mores ). During the Bronze Age, the Nuragic civilization built c. 800 Giants' grave, a type of megalithic gallery grave that can be found throughout Sardinia with different structures. The earliest megalithic tombs in Sardinia are the circular graves of the so-called Arzachena culture, also found in Corsica, southern France and eastern Spain.

text: Dolmen are also in Apulia and in Sicily. In this latter region, they are small structures located in Mura Pregne (Palermo), Sciacca (Agrigento), Monte Bubbonia (Caltanissetta), Butera (Caltanissetta), Cava Lazzaro (Siracusa), Cava dei Servi (Ragusa), Avola (Siracusa), Argimusco in Montalbano Elicona (Messina). Dating to the early Bronze Age (2200–1800 BC), the prehistoric Sicilian buildings were covered by a circular mound of earth. In the dolmen of Cava dei Servi, the archaeologists found numerous human bone fragments and some splinters of Castelluccian ceramics (Early Bronze Age) which confirmed the burial purpose of the artefact.[11]

text: Examples with outer areas, not used for burial, are also known. The Court Cairns of southwest Scotland and northern Ireland, the Severn-Cotswold tombs of southwest England and the Transepted gallery graves of the Loire region in France share many internal features, although the links between them are not yet fully understood. That they often have antechambers or forecourts is thought to imply a desire on the part of the builders to emphasize a special ritual or physical separation of the dead from the living.

text: The Passage graves of Orkney, Ireland's Boyne Valley, and north Wales are even more complex and impressive, with cross-shaped arrangements of chambers and passages. The workmanship on the stone blocks at Maeshowe for example is unknown elsewhere in northwest Europe at the time.

text: Megalithic tombs appear to have been used by communities for the long-term deposition of the remains of their dead, and some seem to have undergone alteration and enlargement. The organization and effort required to erect these large stones suggest that the societies concerned placed great emphasis on the proper treatment of their dead. The ritual significance of the tombs is supported by the presence of megalithic art carved into the stones at some sites. Hearths and deposits of pottery and animal bone found by archaeologists around some tombs also implies that some form of burial feast or sacrificial rites took place there.

text: Further examples of megalithic tombs include the stalled cairn at Midhowe in Orkney and the passage grave at Bryn Celli Ddu on Anglesey. There are also extensive grave sites with up to 60 megaliths at Louisenlund and Gryet on the Danish island of Bornholm.[12] Despite its name, the Stone Tomb in Ukraine was not a tomb but rather a sanctuary.

text: Other structures[edit]

text: In association with the megalithic constructions across Europe, there are often large earthworks of various designs – ditches and banks (like the Dorset Cursus), broad terraces, circular enclosures known as henges, and frequently artificial mounds such as Silbury Hill in England and Monte d'Accoddi in Sardinia (the prehistoric step pyramid) . A lot of spirals are found through of Sardinia: the best known is Perda Pinta of Mamoiada.

text: It seems that spirals were an important motif for the megalith builders (see Megalithic Temples of Malta). They have been found carved into megalithic structures all over Europe, along with other symbols such as lozenges, eye-patterns, zigzags in various configurations, and cup and ring marks. While not a written script in the modern sense of the term, these symbols are considered to have conveyed meaning to their creators, and are remarkably consistent across the whole of Europe.

text: Spread of megalithic architecture in Europe[edit]

text: In Europe megaliths are, in general, constructions erected during the Neolithic or late stone age and Chalcolithic or Copper Age (4500–1500 BC). The megalithic structures of Malta are believed to be the oldest in Europe. Perhaps the most famous megalithic structure is Stonehenge in England. In Sardinia, in addition to dolmens, menhirs and circular graves there are also more than 8000 megalithic structure made by a Nuragic civilisation, called Nuraghe: buildings similar to towers (sometimes with really complex structures) made using only rocks. They are often near giant's grave or the other megalithic monuments.

text: The French Comte de Caylus was the first to describe the Carnac stones. Pierre Jean-Baptiste Legrand d'Aussy introduced the terms menhir and dolmen, both taken from the Breton language, into antiquarian terminology. He mistakenly interpreted megaliths as gallic tombs. In Britain, the antiquarians Aubrey and Stukeley conducted early research into megaliths. In 1805, Jacques Cambry published a book called Monuments celtiques, ou recherches sur le culte des Pierres, précédées d'une notice sur les Celtes et sur les Druides, et suivies d'Etymologie celtiques, where he proposed a Celtic stone cult. This completely unfounded connection between druids and megaliths has haunted the public imagination ever since.[citation needed] In Belgium, there are the Wéris megaliths at Wéris, a little town situated in the Ardennes. In the Netherlands, megalithic structures can be found in the northeast of the country, mostly in the province of Drenthe. Knowth is a passage grave of the Brú na Bóinne neolithic complex in Ireland, dating from c. 3500–3000 BC. It contains more than a third of the total number of examples of megalithic art in all Europe, with over 200 decorated stones found during excavations.

text: Timeline of megalithic construction[edit]

text: Mesolithic[edit]

text:
c. 9500 BC: Construction in Asia Minor (Göbekli Tepe); from proto-Hattian or else a yet-to-be-discovered culture (the oldest religious structure in the world).
Submerged by around 9350 ± 200 yr B.P: a 12m long monolith probably weighing around 15000 kg found 40m under water in the Strait of Sicily south-west of Sicily whose function is unknown.[13]
c. 9097 ± 445 yr B.P: Quinta da Queimada Menir in western Algarve (Portugal); "a very early period of megalithic activity in the Algarve, older than in the rest of Europe and in parallel, to some extent, with the famous Anatolian site of Göbekli Tepe (Schmidt 2001)"[14]

tag: ul

text: Neolithic[edit]

text:
c. 7000 BC: Construction in proto-Canaanite Israel (Atlit Yam).
c. 6000 BC: Constructions in Portugal (Almendres Cromlech, Évora)
c. 5000 BC: Emergence of the Atlantic Neolithic period, the age of agriculture along the western shores of Europe during the sixth millennium BC pottery culture of La Almagra, Spain near by, perhaps precedent from Africa.
c. 4850 BC: Constructions in Malta (Skorba temples).
c. 4800 BC: Constructions in Brittany (Barnenez) and Poitou (Bougon).
c. 4500 BC: Constructions in south Egypt (Nabta Playa).
c. 4000 BC: Constructions in Brittany (Carnac), Portugal (Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro, Évora), France (central and southern), Corsica, Spain (Galicia), England and Wales, Constructions in Andalusia, Spain (Villa Martín, Cádiz), Construction in proto-Canaanite Israel c. 4000~3000 BC: Constructions in the rest of the proto-Canaanite Levant, e.g. Rujm el-Hiri and dolmens.
c. 3700 BC: Constructions in Ireland (Knockiveagh and elsewhere).
c. 3600 BC: Constructions in England (Maumbury Rings and Godmanchester), and Malta (Ġgantija and Mnajdra temples).
c. 3500 BC: Constructions in Spain (Málaga and Guadiana), Ireland (south-west), France (Arles and the north), Malta (and elsewhere in the Mediterranean), Belgium (north-east), and Germany (central and south-west).
c. 3400 BC: Constructions in Sardinia (circular graves), Ireland (Newgrange), Netherlands (north-east), Germany (northern and central) Sweden and Denmark.
c. 3300 BC: Constructions in France (Carnac stones)
c. 3200 BC: Constructions in Malta (Ħaġar Qim and Tarxien).
c. 3100 BC: Constructions in Russia (Dolmens of North Caucasus)
c. 3000 BC: Constructions in Sardinia (earliest construction phase of the prehistoric altar of Monte d'Accoddi), France (Saumur, Dordogne, Languedoc, Biscay, and the Mediterranean coast), Spain (Los Millares), Sicily, Belgium (Ardennes), and Orkney, as well as the first henges (circular earthworks) in Britain.

text: Chalcolithic[edit]

text:
c. 2500 BC: Constructions in Brittany (Le Menec, Kermario and elsewhere), Italy (Otranto), Sardinia, and Scotland (northeast), plus the climax of the megalithic Bell-beaker culture in Iberia, Germany, and the British Isles (stone circle at Stonehenge). With the bell-beakers, the Neolithic period gave way to the Chalcolithic, the age of copper.
c. 2400 BC: The Bell-beaker culture was dominant in Britain, and hundreds of smaller stone circles were built in the British Isles at this time.

text: Bronze Age[edit]

text:
c. 2000 BC: Constructions in Brittany (Er Grah), Italy : (Bari); Sicily (Cava dei Servi, Cava Lazzaro);, and Scotland (Callanish). The Chalcolithic period gave way to the Bronze Age in western and northern Europe.
c. 1800 BC: Constructions in Italy (Giovinazzo, in Sardinia started the nuragic civilisation).
c. 1500 BC: Constructions in Portugal (Alter Pedroso and Mourela).
c. 1400 BC: Burial of the Egtved Girl in Denmark, whose body is today one of the best-preserved examples of its kind.
c. 1200 BC: Last vestiges of the megalithic tradition in the Mediterranean and elsewhere come to an end during the general population upheaval known to ancient history as the Invasions of the Sea Peoples.[citation needed]

text: African megaliths[edit]

text: Nabta Playa at the southwest corner of the western Egyptian desert was once a large lake in the Nubian Desert, located 500 miles south of modern-day Cairo.[15] By the 5th millennium BC, the peoples in Nabta Playa had fashioned an astronomical device that accurately marks the summer solstice.[16] Findings indicate that the region was occupied only seasonally, likely only in the summer when the local lake filled with water for grazing cattle.[17] There are other megalithic stone circles in the southwestern desert.

text: Namoratunga, a group of megaliths dated 300 BCE, was used by Cushitic-speaking people as an alignment with star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days. This discovery was made by B. N. Lynch and L. H. Robins of Michigan State University.[18]

text: Additionally, Tiya in central Ethiopia has a number old megaliths. Some of these ancient structures feature engravings, and the area is a World Heritage Site. Megaliths are also found within the Valley of Marvels in the East Hararghe area.

text: Asian megaliths[edit]

text: Megalithic burials are found in Northeast and Southeast Asia. They are found mainly in the Korean Peninsula. They are also found in the Liaoning, Shandong, and Zhejiang in China, the East Coast of Taiwan, Kyūshū and Shikoku in Japan, Đồng Nai Province in Vietnam and South Asia. Some living megalithic traditions are found on the island of Sumba and Nias in Indonesia. The greatest concentration of megalithic burials is in Korea. Archaeologists estimate that there are 15,000 to 100,000 southern megaliths in the Korean Peninsula.[19][20] Typical estimates hover around the 30,000 mark for the entire peninsula, which in itself constitutes some 40% of all dolmens worldwide (see Dolmen).

text: East Asia[edit]

text: Northern style[edit]

text: Northeast Asian megalithic traditions originated in northeast China, in particular the Liao River basin.[21][22] The practice of erecting megalithic burials spread quickly from the Liao River Basin and into the Korean Peninsula, where the structure of megaliths is geographically and chronologically distinct. The earliest megalithic burials are called "northern" or "table-style" because they feature an above-ground burial chamber formed by heavy stone slabs that form a rectangular cist.[23] An oversized capstone is placed over the stone slab burial chamber, giving the appearance of a table-top. These megalithic burials date to the early part of the Mumun pottery period (c. 1500–850 BC) and are distributed, with a few exceptions, north of the Han River. Few northern-style megaliths in northeast China contain grave goods such as Liaoning bronze daggers, prompting some archaeologists to interpret the burials as the graves of chiefs or preeminent individuals.[24] However, whether a result of grave-robbery or intentional mortuary behaviour, most northern megaliths contain no grave goods.

text: Southern style[edit]

text: Southern-style megalithic burials are distributed in the southern Korean Peninsula. It is thought that most of them date to the latter part of the Early Mumun or to the Middle Mumun Period.[23][24] Southern-style megaliths are typically smaller in scale than northern megaliths. The interment area of southern megaliths has an underground burial chamber made of earth or lined with thin stone slabs. A massive capstone is placed over the interment area and is supported by smaller propping stones. Most of the megalithic burials on the Korean Peninsula are of the southern type.

text: As with northern megaliths, southern examples contain few, if any, artifacts. However, a small number of megalithic burials contain fine red-burnished pottery, bronze daggers, polished groundstone daggers, and greenstone ornaments. Southern megalithic burials are often found in groups, spread out in lines that are parallel with the direction of streams. Megalithic cemeteries contain burials that are linked together by low stone platforms made from large river cobbles. Broken red-burnished pottery and charred wood found on these platforms has led archaeologists to hypothesize that these platform were sometimes used for ceremonies and rituals.[25] The capstones of many southern megaliths have 'cup-marks' carvings. A small number of capstones have human and dagger representations.

text: Capstone style[edit]

text: These megaliths are distinguished from other types by the presence of a burial shaft, sometimes up to 4 m in depth, which is lined with large cobbles.[26] A large capstone is placed over the burial shaft without propping stones. Capstone-style megaliths are the most monumental type in the Korean Peninsula, and they are primarily distributed near or on the south coast of Korea. It seems that most of these burials date to the latter part of the Middle Mumun (c. 700–550 BC), and they may have been built into the early part of the Late Mumun. An example is found near modern Changwon at Deokcheon-ni, where a small cemetery contained a capstone burial (No. 1) with a massive, rectangularly shaped, stone and earthen platform. Archaeologists were not able to recover the entire feature, but the low platform was at least 56×18 m in size.

text: Southeast Asia[edit]

text: Living megalith culture of Indonesia[edit]

text: The Indonesian archipelago is the host of Austronesian megalith cultures both past and present. Living megalith cultures can be found on Nias, an isolated island off the western coast of North Sumatra, the Batak people in the interior of North Sumatra, on Sumba island in East Nusa Tenggara and also Toraja people from the interior of South Sulawesi. These megalith cultures remained preserved, isolated and undisturbed well into the late 19th century.[citation needed]

text: Several megalith sites and structures are also found across Indonesia. Menhirs, dolmens, stone tables, ancestral stone statues, and step pyramid structure called Punden Berundak were discovered in various sites in Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and the Lesser Sunda Islands.

text: The Punden step pyramid and menhir can be found in Pagguyangan near Cisolok.[27] The Cipari megalith site also in West Java displays monoliths, stone terraces, and sarcophagi.[28][29] The basic design of later Hindu-Buddhist temples structure in Java after the adoption of Hinduism and Buddhism by the native population has the punden step pyramid concept underlying.[30] The 8th century Borobudur and 15th-century Candi Sukuh, for example, featured the step-pyramid structure.[30][31]

text: Lore Lindu National Park in Central Sulawesi houses ancient megalith relics such as ancestral stone statues, mostly located in the Bada, Besoa and Napu valleys.[32]

text: South Asia[edit]

text: Megaliths in South Asia are dated before 3000 BC, with recent findings dated back to 5000 BC in southern India.[33] Megaliths are found in almost all parts of the South Asia and there is also a broad time evolution with the megaliths in central India and upper Indus valley where oldest Megaliths are also found, while those in the east are of much later date.[34][35] A large fraction of these are assumed to be associated with burial or post burial rituals including memorials for those whose remains may or may not be available. The case-example is that of Brahmagiri, which was excavated by Wheeler (1975) and helped establish the culturesequence in south Indian prehistory. However, there is another distinct class of megaliths that do not seem to be associated with burials.[36]

text: In South Asia, megaliths of all kinds are noted, these vary from Menhirs, Rock-cut burial, chamber tomb, dolmens, stone alignment, stone circles and anthropomorphic figures.[37] These are broadly classified into (potentially overlapping) of two classes (after Moorti, 1994, 2008): Sepulchral (containing remains of the dead) in which memorial stones where mortal remains along with funerary objects are placed and Non-sepulchral including large patterned placement of stones over a wide area, 'non-spepulchral' type is associated with astronomy and cosmology in South Asia and in other parts of the world (Menon and Vahia, 2010).[38]

text: In context of prehistoric anthropomorphic figures in India, (Rao 1988/1999, Upinder Singh 2008) note that it is unclear what these giant anthromorphs symbolize, they usually occur in association with megalithic monument and are located in a megalithic burial grounds, they may have been connected with ancestor worship.[39][40]

text: Melanesian megaliths[edit]

text: Megaliths occur in many parts of Melanesia, mainly in Milne Bay Province, Fiji and Vanuatu. Few excavations has been made and little is known about the structures. The megalith tomb Otuyam at Kiriwina has been dated to be approximately 2000 years old which indicates that megaliths are an old custom in Melanesia. However very few megaliths have been dated. The constructions have been used for different rituals. For example, tombs, sacrifices and rituals of fecundity. Dance sites exist next to some megaliths. In some places in Melanesia rituals are continued to be held at the sacred megalith sites. The fact that the beliefs are alive is a reason that most excavations have been stopped at the sites.

text: Micronesian megaliths[edit]

text: Megalithic structures in Micronesia reach their most developed form on the islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae in the Eastern Caroline Islands. On these two islands there was extensive use of prismatic basalt columns to build upland building complexes such as those at Salapwuk on Pohnpei and Menka on Kosrae. These building sites, remote from the ocean, appear to have been abandoned early. Megalithic building then shifted to constructing networks of artificial islands on the coast that supported a multitude of common, royal and religious structures. Dating of the structures is difficult but the complex at Nan Madol on Pohpei was probably inhabited as early as 800 c.a. probably as an artificial islands with the more elaborate buildings and religious structures added to the site from 1000–1400 c.e. Nan Madol almost certainly served as the economic, government and religious site for a centralized monarchy which is historically named the 'Saudeleurs'. By legend the Saudeleurs were from elsewhere, possibly in the south or west but no specific origin has ever been established. Nan Madol lost prominence and was later abandoned after the overthrow of the Saudeleur dynasty. The oral history suggests this overthrow was by a group of warriors from Kosrae. The megalithic site at Lelu on the island of Kosrae, based on dating studies and oral history, rose to prominence about 1400 c.e. corresponding roughly with the fall of Nan Madol and endured for the next three hundred years or so. It was largely abandoned by the time of European contact. The architecture at these Micronesian sites is characteristic and has little in common with other megalithic sites. Prismatic basalt columns were brought from a great distance to the artificial islands and the rock was stacked in a layers of stretchers and runners filled in the center with coral debris. This structure allowed creation of walls up to 10 meters in height with great durability. The presence of step pyramids in the south western corner of Nan Madol as well as in Lelu suggests some Melanesian influence but other structures such as the royal residence, the religious structures and common areas as well as the elaborate interconnecting system of canals has no parallel elsewhere in the Pacific region.

text: Modern theories[edit]

text: Megaliths were used for a variety of purposes ranging from serving as boundary markers of territory, to a reminder of past events, and to being part of the society's religion.[41] Common motifs including crooks and axes seem to be symbols of political power, much as the crook was a symbol of Egyptian pharaohs. Amongst the indigenous peoples of India, Malaysia, Polynesia, North Africa, North America, and South America, the worship of these stones, or the use of these stones to symbolize a spirit or deity, is a possibility.[42] In the early 20th century, some scholars believed that all megaliths belonged to one global "Megalithic culture"[43] (hyperdiffusionism, e. g. ‘the Manchester school’,[44] by Grafton Elliot Smith and William James Perry), but this has long been disproved by modern dating methods.[citation needed] Nor is it believed any longer that there was a pan-European megalithic culture, although regional cultures existed, even within such a small areas as the British Isles. The archaeologist Euan Mackie wrote "Likewise it cannot be doubted that important regional cultures existed in the Neolithic period and can be defined by different kinds of stone circles and local pottery styles (Ruggles & Barclay 2000: figure 1). No-one has ever been rash enough to claim a nationwide unity of all aspects of Neolithic archaeology!"[45]

text: Types of megalithic structure[edit]

text: The types of megalithic structure can be divided into two categories, the "polylithic type" and the "monolithic type."[46] Different megalithic structures include:

text:
Polylithic type

Dolmen: a free-standing chamber, consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as a lid. Dolmens were used for burial and were covered by mounds.

Great dolmens
Rectangular dolmens
Simple dolmens
Polygonal dolmens

Taula: a straight standing stone, topped with another forming a 'T' shape.
Cistvaens
Unchambered long barrows
Guardian stones
Passage grave
Tumuli or barrows
Punden or Punden Berundak: step earth and stone pyramid, similar to tumuli but reinforced with stone walls.
Cairns or Galgals
Cromlech (ed., a Welsh term)
Kurgans
Nuraghi
Giant's grave
Talayots
Sessi or Stazzone
Round Towers
Marae (Polynesia)
Ahus with Moai and Pukao (Easter Island)

Monolithic type

Menhir: a large single upright standing stone.
Betilo
Alignments[47] (or Stone row avenues [e.g., Linear arrangement of upright, parallel standing stones])
Cycoliths (or stone circles)
Stantare
Trilithon: Two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone (lintel) placed on top, e.g. Stonehenge.
Orthostat: an upright slab forming part of a larger structure.
Stone ship
Statues such as most moai
Gateways

tag: table

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Easter Island's Moai at Rano Raraku

Inside the burial chamber at Mane Braz, Brittany, France

Menhirs at the Almendres Cromlech, Évora, Portugal

Megalithic tomb in Khakasiya, Russian Federation

Capstones of southern-style megalithic burials in Guam-ri, Jeollabuk-do, Korea

Ale's Stones at Kåseberga, around ten kilometres south east of Ystad, Sweden

Bryn Celli Ddu in Wales

Talaiot in Majorca

Tomb of Es Tudons, Menorca

menhir in Sardinia

Giant's grave near Arzachena in Sardinia

Giant's grave near Dorgali in Sardinia

Megalithic temple of Monte d'Accoddi in Sardinia

Nuraghe near Arzachena in Sardinia

Nuraghe in Sardinia

Dolmen of Sa Coveccada, Sardinia

Menhir of Goni in Sardinia

Deer stone near Mörön in Mongolia

the Great Menhir of Er Grah, the largest known single stone erected by Neolithic man, later toppled

Menhir in the "Cham des Bondons" site, Lozère, France

Taula in Talati de Dalt, Menorca

Megaliths with engraved figures in Tiya, southern Ethiopia

Dolmen of Avola (Sicily)

Dolmen at the Kuejiyeh dolmen field close to Madaba, Jordan

Standing stone at Ader, Southern Jordan

Dolmen of Menga in Antequera, Spain

The Amazon Stonehenge, in Amapá state, Brazil


document_title: Home and Family

question_text: where is hallmark channel home and family filmed

text: Home and Family

text: Concept[edit]

text: Home and Family is a two-hour daily Hallmark series, recorded one day prior, in Los Angeles, California. Steines said that the decision for that was made to encourage actors to be on the show, without having to wake at 4:00 a.m. The focus of the show is simply entertainment and tips within a "wholesome image".[2] They refrain from discussions on current events or politics as well as censor themselves in speech, such as the word "breast" is not allowed to be used.[2]

text: The series originally aired on The Family Channel but ended in 1998. Its revival began on October 1, 2012, and moved to its current home, the Hallmark Channel. Mark Steines and Paige Davis co-hosted the show but Davis left after six weeks on November 16, 2012, with her final episode being taped the day before she was replaced by Cristina Ferrare,[3][4] who in turn was replaced by Debbie Matenopoulos.

text: Ferrare's departure was abrupt and the audience was not given any explanation nor any notice prior to her departure. On June 21, 2016, Hallmark Channel confirmed that Ferrare would no longer co-host the show with Steines; former co-host of The View Debbie Matenopoulos was named as her replacement. In a statement via-Facebook, Ferrare addressed her exit: "It's really very simple, Home and Family will have a season 5 which I am so happy for and the Network decided that they want a new co-host and that will be Debbie. She will do a great job!"[5]

text: The show continued on to season two where it premiered on September 30, 2013. Then on April 30, 2014, Home and Family was renewed for a third season, which premiered on September 15 of that same year. It was announced on April 14, 2015, that season four was approved and along with that notice they announced that the show would air new episodes weekly throughout the entire year.

text: Hosts[edit]

text: Current hosts[edit]

text:
Mark Steines (2012–present)
Debbie Matenopoulos (2016–present)

text: Former hosts[edit]

text:
Chuck Woolery (1996)
Michael Burger (1996–1998)
Cristina Ferrare (1996–1998, 2012–2016)
Paige Davis (2012)

text: Current "family"[edit]

text:
Kym Douglas (lifestyle)
Orly Shani (sewing, crafts, and style)
Ken Wingard (decor, DIY)
Paige Hemmis (DIY expert)
Shirley Bovshow (gardening)
Lawrence Zarian (fashion)
Ali Fedotowsky
Larissa Wohl (Pet adoption expert)
Maria Provenzano (DIY Expert)


document_title: Degrees of freedom (mechanics)

question_text: number of degree of freedom for plane mechanism

text: Degrees of freedom (mechanics)

text: Motions and dimensions[edit]

text: The position of an n-dimensional rigid body is defined by the rigid transformation, [T] = [A, d], where d is an n-dimensional translation and A is an n × n rotation matrix, which has n translational degrees of freedom and n(n − 1)/2 rotational degrees of freedom. The number of rotational degrees of freedom comes from the dimension of the rotation group SO(n).

text: A non-rigid or deformable body may be thought of as a collection of many minute particles (infinite number of DOFs), this is often approximated by a finite DOF system. When motion involving large displacements is the main objective of study (e.g. for analyzing the motion of satellites), a deformable body may be approximated as a rigid body (or even a particle) in order to simplify the analysis.

text: The degree of freedom of a system can be viewed as the minimum number of coordinates required to specify a configuration. Applying this definition, we have:

text:
For a single particle in a plane two coordinates define its location so it has two degrees of freedom;
A single particle in space requires three coordinates so it has three degrees of freedom;
Two particles in space have a combined six degrees of freedom;
If two particles in space are constrained to maintain a constant distance from each other, such as in the case of a diatomic molecule, then the six coordinates must satisfy a single constraint equation defined by the distance formula. This reduces the degree of freedom of the system to five, because the distance formula can be used to solve for the remaining coordinate once the other five are specified.

tag: ol

text: Six degrees of freedom (6 DoF)[edit]

text: The motion of a ship at sea has the six degrees of freedom of a rigid body, and is described as:[2]

text:
Moving up and down (elevating/heaving);
Moving left and right (strafing/swaying);
Moving forward and backward (walking/surging);
Swivels left and right (yawing);
Tilts forward and backward (pitching);
Pivots side to side (rolling).

text: See also Euler angles

text: The trajectory of an airplane in flight has three degrees of freedom and its attitude along the trajectory has three degrees of freedom, for a total of six degrees of freedom.

text: Mobility formula[edit]

text: The mobility formula counts the number of parameters that define the configuration of a set of rigid bodies that are constrained by joints connecting these bodies.[3][4]

text: Consider a system of n rigid bodies moving in space has 6n degrees of freedom measured relative to a fixed frame. In order to count the degrees of freedom of this system, include the fixed body in the count of bodies, so that mobility is independent of the choice of the body that forms the fixed frame. Then the degree-of-freedom of the unconstrained system of N = n + 1 is

text: because the fixed body has zero degrees of freedom relative to itself.

text: Joints that connect bodies in this system remove degrees of freedom and reduce mobility. Specifically, hinges and sliders each impose five constraints and therefore remove five degrees of freedom. It is convenient to define the number of constraints c that a joint imposes in terms of the joint's freedom f, where c = 6 − f. In the case of a hinge or slider, which are one degree of freedom joints, have f = 1 and therefore c = 6 − 1 = 5.

text: The result is that the mobility of a system formed from n moving links and j joints each with freedom fi, i = 1, ..., j, is given by

text: Recall that N includes the fixed link.

text: There are two important special cases: (i) a simple open chain, and (ii) a simple closed chain. A single open chain consists of n moving links connected end to end by n joints, with one end connected to a ground link. Thus, in this case N = j + 1 and the mobility of the chain is

text: For a simple closed chain, n moving links are connected end-to-end by n + 1 joints such that the two ends are connected to the ground link forming a loop. In this case, we have N = j and the mobility of the chain is

text: An example of a simple open chain is a serial robot manipulator. These robotic systems are constructed from a series of links connected by six one degree-of-freedom revolute or prismatic joints, so the system has six degrees of freedom.

text: An example of a simple closed chain is the RSSR spatial four-bar linkage. The sum of the freedom of these joints is eight, so the mobility of the linkage is two, where one of the degrees of freedom is the rotation of the coupler around the line joining the two S joints.

text: Planar and spherical movement[edit]

text: It is common practice to design the linkage system so that the movement of all of the bodies are constrained to lie on parallel planes, to form what is known as a planar linkage. It is also possible to construct the linkage system so that all of the bodies move on concentric spheres, forming a spherical linkage. In both cases, the degrees of freedom of the links in each system is now three rather than six, and the constraints imposed by joints are now c = 3 − f.

text: In this case, the mobility formula is given by

text: and the special cases become

text: planar or spherical simple open chain,

text: planar or spherical simple closed chain,

text: An example of a planar simple closed chain is the planar four-bar linkage, which is a four-bar loop with four one degree-of-freedom joints and therefore has mobility M = 1.

text: Systems of bodies[edit]

text: A system with several bodies would have a combined DOF that is the sum of the DOFs of the bodies, less the internal constraints they may have on relative motion. A mechanism or linkage containing a number of connected rigid bodies may have more than the degrees of freedom for a single rigid body. Here the term degrees of freedom is used to describe the number of parameters needed to specify the spatial pose of a linkage.

text: A specific type of linkage is the open kinematic chain, where a set of rigid links are connected at joints; a joint may provide one DOF (hinge/sliding), or two (cylindrical). Such chains occur commonly in robotics, biomechanics, and for satellites and other space structures. A human arm is considered to have seven DOFs. A shoulder gives pitch, yaw, and roll, an elbow allows for pitch, and a wrist allows for pitch,yaw and roll . Only 3 of those movements would be necessary to move the hand to any point in space, but people would lack the ability to grasp things from different angles or directions. A robot (or object) that has mechanisms to control all 6 physical DOF is said to be holonomic. An object with fewer controllable DOFs than total DOFs is said to be non-holonomic, and an object with more controllable DOFs than total DOFs (such as the human arm) is said to be redundant. Although keep in mind that it is not redundant in the human arm because the two DOFs; wrist and shoulder, that represent the same movement; roll, supply each other since they can't do a full 360. The degree of freedom are like different movements that can be made.

text: In mobile robotics, a car-like robot can reach any position and orientation in 2-D space, so it needs 3 DOFs to describe its pose, but at any point, you can move it only by a forward motion and a steering angle. So it has two control DOFs and three representational DOFs; i.e. it is non-holonomic. A fixed-wing aircraft, with 3–4 control DOFs (forward motion, roll, pitch, and to a limited extent, yaw) in a 3-D space, is also non-holonomic, as it cannot move directly up/down or left/right.

text: A summary of formulas and methods for computing the degrees-of-freedom in mechanical systems has been given by Pennestri, Cavacece, and Vita.[5]

text: Electrical engineering[edit]

text: In electrical engineering degrees of freedom is often used to describe the number of directions in which a phased array antenna can form either beams or nulls. It is equal to one less than the number of elements contained in the array, as one element is used as a reference against which either constructive or destructive interference may be applied using each of the remaining antenna elements. Radar practice and communication link practice, with beam steering being more prevalent for radar applications and null steering being more prevalent for interference suppression in communication links.


document_title: Pure Country

question_text: who plays dusty in the movie pure country

text: Pure Country

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film begins with various shots of the audience chanting "Dusty!", which is repeated throughout. Meanwhile, the band begins, as the smoke and the lights are turned on, we see Wyatt "Dusty" Chandler (George Strait) entering the stage, and performing "Heartland", "Baby Your Baby", and a shortened version of "Where the Sidewalk Ends". Dusty feels that his elaborate stage show is overwhelming his music, a suspicion confirmed one night when he purposely forgets several bars of a chart-topping hit and his fans don't even notice. Disillusioned, Dusty walks off after the concert without telling his manager, Lula (Lesley Ann Warren). The only person he tells is his best friend and drummer, Earl (John Doe), and that he is "taking a walk," but does not say exactly where he is going or for how long. Dusty is singing a blurry version of "Where the Sidewalk Ends". In a down home bar, we see Al (Mark Walters). Dusty had breakfast with the Tucker family during this scene.

text: After shaving his beard and cutting off his ponytail, Dusty heads for the small farm town where he grew up, visiting his wise old grandmother (Molly McClure) and ending up at the ranch of the Tucker family, where nobody recognizes him. He stays on at the ranch, paying room and board and taking roping lessons, all the while earning the respect of owner Ernest (Rory Calhoun) and falling in love with Ernest's granddaughter, Harley (Isabel Glasser), a woman determined to save the struggling spread with victory in a Las Vegas rodeo. They were both fighting in the rain outside.

text: Meanwhile, we see the same crowd from the film's beginning, as we see Lula putting her boyfriend Buddy Jackson (Kyle Chandler) into Dusty's outfit by showing the voice on tape, and he was lip-syncing to it, he returns to the stage. He demands that his stage shows be toned down, without all the smoke and elaborate lighting of which he had grown weary. His first appearance after his "vacation" is in Las Vegas at the same time as the rodeo Harley Tucker is competing in. He writes a special love song just for her and arranges for her and her family to have front-row seats to the concert. True to his wishes, he does the show without all the smoke and the lights and sits on the edge of the stage, playing guitar and singing "I Cross My Heart," which wins him Harley's love. The film ends with the two hugging at the edge of the stage, and then the credits roll with the song "She Lays it All on the Line".

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
George Strait as Wyatt "Dusty" Chandler
Lesley Ann Warren as Lula Rogers
Isabel Glasser as Harley Tucker
Kyle Chandler as Buddy Jackson
John Doe as Earl Blackstock
Rory Calhoun as Ernest Tucker
Molly McClure as Grandma Ivy Chandler
Mark Walters as Al

text: Production[edit]

text: Pure Country was filmed in 1991 throughout Texas, but mostly in Maypearl.

text: The graveyard scene was shot at Cresson Cemetery in Cresson, Texas, and the concert sequences were filmed at concert venues in Fort Worth, including North Side Coliseum.

text: The bar scenes where Dusty meets Harley were filmed at Western Kountry Klub, located between Midlothian and Mansfield Tx.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Despite Strait's super-star status in the music world, Pure Country only grossed just over $15 million at the box office.

text: Although the expectations had been higher for Strait's first major film role, this did not stop the soundtrack album from becoming the best-selling of Strait's career to date.[3]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film also received mainly negative reviews upon its release, but critics responded nicely to certain aspects of the film. It currently has a score of 38% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 21 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7 out of 10, and a 91% audience approval.[4]

text: On the television program Siskel and Ebert in 1992, film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film a "Two thumbs down" rating, but their reviews were more mixed than negative. Both praised George Strait's performance citing it was very good, and he was a convincing actor in the lead, especially considering the challenges of a singer becoming an actor, and they both enjoyed Isabel Glasser's performance, but felt the film was undermined by a hokey story, and no moments for satire which would have made the film better.

text: Film critic Leonard Maltin, in the book Leonard Maltin's Movie and Video Guide, also gave the film a mainly negative but somewhat mixed review, giving it two stars out of four and saying: "This Strait showcase is mostly pure tedium, though the film picks up some in hour two with the appearance of Glasser, and Rory Calhoun as her father".

text: Sequels[edit]

text: A sequel to Pure Country, Pure Country 2: The Gift was released on October 15, 2010.[5] Pure Country 2: The Gift has no storyline connection to the original movie written by Rex McGee. Instead, it focuses on a young woman's struggles to become a country singer. George Strait appears as himself, but not as a central character of the film.

text: A second sequel titled, Pure Country: Pure Heart is schedule for a direct-to-video release on August 1, 2017.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: See Pure Country (album)


question_text: death march to parallel world rhapsody ep 5

text: Plot[edit]

text: Ichiro Suzuki is a programmer who was tasked with fixing several bugs in two MMORPGs his company is preparing for publication. While taking a nap, he somehow wakes up in another world as Satou Pendragon, with what looks like the menu screen of the game he was working on appearing before his inner eye. Suddenly, a group of high-level lizardmen attack him, and in order to survive, Satou desperately uses a special mass attack option. As a result, his level jumps to 310 and he becomes extremely wealthy.

text: Satou decides to hide his level, and plans to live peacefully and meet new people. However, developments in the game's story may cause a nuisance to Satou's plans.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Media[edit]

text: Light novel[edit]

text: Hiro Ainana first published Death March to the Parallel World Rhapsody as a web novel on the user-generated content site Shōsetsuka ni Narō in 2013,[11] before republishing it as a light novel with illustrations by shri.[12] The first volume was released by Fujimi Shobo in March 2014.[1][12] Thirteen volumes have been released to date.

text: North American publisher Yen Press announced its license to the novels on May 20, 2016.[12]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
March 17, 2014[13]
ISBN 978-4-04-070084-7
January 24, 2017[14]
ISBN 978-0-31-650463-8

2
July 16, 2014[15]
ISBN 978-4-04-070307-7
May 23, 2017[16]
ISBN 978-0-31-650797-4

3
November 20, 2014[17]
ISBN 978-4-04-070308-4
September 19, 2017[18]
ISBN 978-0-31-655608-8

4
April 18, 2015[19]
ISBN 978-4-04-070596-5
January 30, 2018[20]
ISBN 978-0-31-655609-5

5
August 20, 2015[21]
ISBN 978-4-04-070707-5
May 22, 2018[22]
ISBN 978-0-31-655610-1

6
December 10, 2015[23]
ISBN 978-4-04-070708-2
September 18, 2018[24]
ISBN 978-0-31-655612-5

7
April 9, 2016[25]
ISBN 978-4-04-070872-0
—
—

8
August 10, 2016[26]
ISBN 978-4-04-072018-0
—
—

9
December 10, 2016[27]
ISBN 978-4-04-072126-2
—
—

10
April 10, 2017[28]
ISBN 978-4-04-072257-3
—
—

11
August 10, 2017[29]
ISBN 978-4-04-072405-8
—
—

12
December 10, 2017[30]
ISBN 978-4-04-072409-6
—
—

13
March 10, 2018[31]
ISBN 978-4-04-072575-8
—
—

Ex
January 10, 2018[32]
ISBN 978-4-04-072576-5
—
—

text: Manga[edit]

text: Ayamegumu began serializing a manga adaptation in Fujimi Shobo's Age Premium magazine in December 2014.[12][1][33] Age Premium ceased publication with its 49th issue on July 9, 2016, and the manga was one of five titles that were transferred to Monthly Dragon Age.[34] The manga has been licensed by Yen Press.[12]

text: Akira Segami launched a prequel manga, titled Death March to the Parallel World Rhapsody Ex: Princess Arisa's Otherworldly Struggle (デスマーチからはじまる異世界狂想曲 Ex アリサ王女の異世界奮闘記, Death March Kara Hajimaru Isekai Kyōsōkyoku EX: Arisa Ōjo no Isekai Funtōki), adapted from the short story by the same name in Death March to the Parallel World Rhapsody: Ex,[32] in Fujimi Shobo's shōnen manga magazine Monthly Dragon Age on February 9, 2018.[35][36]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English release date
English ISBN

1
April 18, 2015[37]
ISBN 978-4-04-070576-7
November 22, 2016[38]
ISBN 978-0-31-655276-9

2
December 5, 2015[39]
ISBN 978-4-04-070784-6
March 21, 2017[40]
ISBN 978-0-31-646923-4

3
August 9, 2016[41]
ISBN 978-4-04-070991-8
July 18, 2017[42]
ISBN 978-0-31-643962-6

4
December 10, 2016[43]
ISBN 978-4-04-072114-9
December 19, 2017[44]
ISBN 978-0-31-641402-9

text: Anime[edit]

text: An anime adaptation was announced via a wraparound band on the fourth volume of the manga on December 10, 2016.[45] The television series is directed by Shin Ōnuma at Silver Link and Connect with scripts written by Kento Shimoyama, while Shoko Takimoto designed the characters. MONACA composed the music at DIVE II Entertainment. The series aired from January 11 to March 29, 2018 on AT-X, with further broadcasts on Tokyo MX and BS11.[2][10] It ran for 12 episodes.[46] The opening theme is "suraidoraido" (スライドライド, Slide Ride) by Run Girls, Run! while the ending theme is "Suki no sukiru" (スキノスキル) by Wake Up, Girls!.[47] Crunchyroll streamed the series,[48] while Funimation is streaming the simuldub.[49]

text:
No.
Title[a]
Original air date

1
"The Catastrophe That Started with a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru tenpenchii" (デスマーチからはじまる天変地異)
January 11, 2018

2
"Exploring a City That Started With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru shinai sansaku" (デスマーチからはじまる市内散策)
January 18, 2018

3
"Love That Started With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru ren'ai jijō" (デスマーチからはじまる恋愛事情)
January 25, 2018

4
"Labyrinth Exploration That Started With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru meikyū tansaku" (デスマーチからはじまる迷宮探索)
February 1, 2018

5
"The Crazy Princess That Started With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru ranshin ōjo" (デスマーチからはじまる乱心王女)
February 8, 2018

6
"City Defense That Began With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru toshi bōei" (デスマーチからはじまる都市防衛)
February 15, 2018

7
"Camping Lessons That Began With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru yaei kunren" (デスマーチからはじまる野営訓練)
February 22, 2018

8
"Immortality That Began With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru furōfushi" (デスマーチからはじまる不老不死)
March 1, 2018

9
"Deeply Held Attachment That Started With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru jōshotenmen" (デスマチからはじまる情緒纏綿)
March 8, 2018

10
"Hunting Song That Started With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru shuryō gakkyoku" (デスマーチからはじまる狩猟楽曲)
March 15, 2018

11
"The Fantasy Conspiracy That Started With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru gensō" (デスマーチからはじまる幻想陰謀)
March 22, 2018

12
"A Trip to the Underworld That Started With a Death March"
"Desumāchi kara hajimaru i (yo)-kai ryojō" (デスマーチからはじまる異(世)界旅情)
March 29, 2018

text: Notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ All English titles are taken from Crunchyroll.