document_title: Esophagus

question_text: what is the purpose of the muscles that line the esophagus

text: Esophagus

text: Structure[edit]

text: The esophagus is one of the upper parts of the digestive system. There are taste buds on its upper part.[2] It begins at the back of the mouth, passing downwards through the rear part of the mediastinum, through the diaphragm, and into the stomach. In humans, the esophagus generally starts around the level of the sixth cervical vertebra behind the cricoid cartilage of the trachea, enters the diaphragm at about the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra, and ends at the cardia of the stomach, at the level of the eleventh thoracic vertebra.[3] The esophagus is usually about 25 cm (10 in) in length.[4]

text: Many blood vessels serve the esophagus, with blood supply varying along its course. The upper parts of the esophagus and the upper esophageal sphincter receive blood from the inferior thyroid artery, the parts of the esophagus in the thorax from the bronchial arteries and branches directly from the thoracic aorta, and the lower parts of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter receive blood from the left gastric artery and the left inferior phrenic artery.[5][6] The venous drainage also differs along the course of the esophagus. The upper and middle parts of the esophagus drain into the azygos and hemiazygos veins, and blood from the lower part drains into the left gastric vein. All these veins drain into the superior vena cava, with the exception of the left gastric vein, which is a branch of the portal vein.[5] Lymphatically, the upper third of the esophagus drains into the deep cervical lymph nodes, the middle into the superior and posterior mediastinal lymph nodes, and the lower esophagus into the gastric and celiac lymph nodes. This is similar to the lymphatic drainage of the abdominal structures that arise from the foregut, which all drain into the celiac nodes.[5]

text: The upper esophagus lies at the back of the mediastinum behind the trachea, adjoining along the tracheoesophageal stripe, and in front of the erector spinae muscles and the vertebral column. The lower esophagus lies behind the heart and curves in front of the thoracic aorta. From the bifurcation of the trachea downwards, the esophagus passes behind the right pulmonary artery, left main bronchus, and left atrium. At this point it passes through the diaphragm.[3]

text: The thoracic duct, which drains the majority of the body's lymph, passes behind the esophagus, curving from lying behind the esophagus on the right in the lower part of the esophagus, to lying behind the esophagus on the left in the upper esophagus. The esophagus also lies in front of parts of the hemiazygos veins and the intercostal veins on the right side. The vagus nerve divides and covers the esophagus in a plexus.[3]

text: The esophagus has four points of constriction. When a corrosive substance, or a solid object is swallowed, it is most likely to lodge and damage one of these four points. These constrictions arise from particular structures that compress the esophagus. These constrictions are:[7]

text:
At the start of the esophagus, where the laryngopharynx joins the esophagus, behind the cricoid cartilage
Where it is crossed on the front by the aortic arch in the superior mediastinum
Where the esophagus is compressed by the left main bronchus in the posterior mediastinum
The esophageal hiatus where it passes through the diaphragm in the posterior mediastinum

text: Sphincters[edit]

text: The esophagus is surrounded at the top and bottom by two muscular rings, known respectively as the upper esophageal sphincter and the lower esophageal sphincter.[3] These sphincters act to close the esophagus when food is not being swallowed. The esophageal sphincters are functional but not anatomical, meaning that they act as sphincters but do not have distinct thickenings like other sphincters.[8]

text: The upper esophageal sphincter surrounds the upper part of the esophagus. It consists of skeletal muscle but is not under voluntary control. Opening of the upper esophageal sphincter is triggered by the swallowing reflex. The primary muscle of the upper esophageal sphincter is the cricopharyngeal part of the inferior pharyngeal constrictor.[9]

text: The lower esophageal sphincter, or gastroesophageal sphincter, surrounds the lower part of the esophagus at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach.[8] It is also called the cardiac sphincter or cardioesophageal sphincter, named from the adjacent part of the stomach, the cardia. Dysfunction of the gastroesophageal sphincter causes gastroesophageal reflux, which causes heartburn and if it happens often enough, can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease, with damage of the esophageal mucosa.[10]

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: The esophagus is innervated by the vagus nerve and the cervical and thoracic sympathetic trunk.[5] The vagus nerve has a parasympathetic function, supplying the muscles of the esophagus and stimulating glandular contraction. Two sets of nerve fibers travel in the vagus nerve to supply the muscles. The upper striated muscle, and upper esophageal sphincter, are supplied by neurons with bodies in the nucleus ambiguus, whereas fibers that supply the smooth muscle and lower esophageal sphincter have bodies situated in the dorsal motor nucleus.[5] The vagus nerve plays the primary role in initiating peristalsis.[11] The sympathetic trunk has a sympathetic function. It may enhance the function of the vagus nerve, increasing peristalsis and glandular activity, and causing sphincter contraction. In addition, sympathetic activation may relax the muscle wall and cause blood vessel constriction.[5] Sensation along the esophagus is supplied by both nerves, with gross sensation being passed in the vagus nerve and pain passed up the sympathetic trunk.[3]

text: Gastro-esophageal junction[edit]

text: The gastro-esophageal junction (also known as the esophagogastric junction) is the junction between the esophagus and the stomach, at the lower end of the esophagus.[12] The pink color of the esophageal mucosa contrasts to the deeper red of the gastric mucosa,[5][13] and the mucosal transition can be seen as an irregular zig-zag line, which is often called the z-line.[14] Histological examination reveals abrupt transition between the stratified squamous epithelium of the esophagus and the simple columnar epithelium of the stomach.[15] Normally, the cardia of the stomach is immediately distal to the z-line[16] and the z-line coincides with the upper limit of the gastric folds of the cardia; however, when the anatomy of the mucosa is distorted in Barrets esophagus the true gastro-eshophageal junction can be identified by the upper limit of the gastric folds rather than the mucosal transition.[17] The functional location of the lower oesophageal sphincter is generally situated about 3 cm (1.2 in) below the z-line.[5]

text: Microanatomy[edit]

text: The human esophagus has a mucous membrane consisting of a tough stratified squamous epithelium without keratin, a smooth lamina propria, and a muscularis mucosae.[5] The epithelium of the esophagus has a relatively rapid turnover, and serves a protective function against the abrasive effects of food. In many animals the epithelium contains a layer of keratin, representing a coarser diet.[18] There are two types of glands, with mucus-secreting esophageal glands being found in the submucosa, and esophageal cardiac glands, similar to cardiac glands of the stomach, located in the lamina propria and most frequent in the terminal part of the organ.[18][19] The mucus from the glands gives a good protection to the lining.[20] The submucosa also contains the submucosal plexus, a network of nerve cells that is part of the enteric nervous system.[18]

text: The muscular layer of the esophagus has two types of muscle. The upper third of the esophagus contains striated muscle, the lower third contains smooth muscle, and the middle third contains a mixture of both.[5] Muscle is arranged in two layers: one in which the muscle fibers run longitudinal to the esophagus, and the other in which the fibers encircle the esophagus. These are separated by the myenteric plexus, a tangled network of nerve fibers involved in the secretion of mucus and in peristalsis of the smooth muscle of the esophagus. The outermost layer of the esophagus is the adventitia in most of its length, with the abdominal part being covered in serosa. This makes it distinct from many other structures in the gastrointestinal tract that only have a serosa.[5]

text: Development[edit]

text: In early embryogenesis, the esophagus develops from the endodermal primitive gut tube. The ventral part of the embryo abuts the yolk sac. During the second week of embryological development, as the embryo grows, it begins to surround parts of the sac. The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract.[21] The sac is surrounded by a network of vitelline arteries. Over time, these arteries consolidate into the three main arteries that supply the developing gastrointestinal tract: the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery. The areas supplied by these arteries are used to define the midgut, hindgut and foregut.[21]

text: The surrounded sac becomes the primitive gut. Sections of this gut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, such as the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.[21] The esophagus develops as part of the foregut tube.[21] The innervation of the esophagus develops from the pharyngeal arches.[3]

text: Function[edit]

text: Swallowing[edit]

text: Food is ingested through the mouth and when swallowed passes first into the pharynx and then into the esophagus. The esophagus is thus one of the first components of the digestive system and the gastrointestinal tract. After food passes through the esophagus, it enters the stomach.[8] When food is being swallowed, the epiglottis moves backward to cover the larynx, preventing food from entering the trachea. At the same time, the upper esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing a bolus of food to enter. Peristaltic contractions of the esophageal muscle push the food down the esophagus. These rhythmic contractions occur both as a reflex response to food that is in the mouth, and also as a response to the sensation of food within the esophagus itself. Along with peristalsis, the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes.[8]

text: Reducing gastric reflux[edit]

text: The stomach produces gastric acid, a strongly acidic mixture consisting of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and potassium and sodium salts to enable food digestion. Constriction of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters help to prevent reflux (backflow) of gastric contents and acid into the esophagus, protecting the esophageal mucosa. In addition, the acute angle of His and the lower crura of the diaphragm helps this sphincteric action.[8][22]

text: Gene and protein expression[edit]

text: About 20,000 protein-coding genes are expressed in human cells and nearly 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal esophagus.[23][24] Some 250 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the esophagus with less than 50 genes being highly specific. The corresponding esophagus-specific proteins are mainly involved in squamous differentiation such as keratins KRT13, KRT4 and KRT6C. Other specific proteins that help lubricate the inner surface of esophagus are mucins such as MUC21 and MUC22. Many genes with elevated expression are also shared with skin and other organs that are composed of squamous epithelia.[25]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The main conditions affecting the esophagus are described here. For a more complete list, see esophageal disease.

text: Inflammation[edit]

text: Inflammation of the esophagus is known as esophagitis. Reflux of gastric acids from the stomach, infection, substances ingested (for example, corrosives), some medications (such as bisphosphonates), and food allergies can all lead to esophagitis. Esophageal candidiasis is an infection of the yeast candida albicans that may occur when a person is immunocompromised. As of 2014[update] the cause of some forms of esophagitis, such as eosinophilic esophagitis, is not known. Esophagitis can cause painful swallowing and is usually treated by managing the cause of the esophagitis - such as managing reflux or treating infection.[4]

text: Barrett's esophagus[edit]

text: Prolonged esophagitis, particularly from gastric reflux, is one factor thought to play a role in the development of Barrett's esophagus. In this condition, there is metaplasia of the lining of the lower esophagus, which changes from stratified squamous epithelia to simple columnar epithelia. Barrett's esophagus is thought to be one of the main contributors to the development of esophageal cancer.[4]

text: Cancer[edit]

text: There are two main types of cancer of the esophagus. Squamous cell carcinoma is a carcinoma that can occur in the squamous cells lining the esophagus. This type is much more common in China and Iran. The other main type is an adenocarcinoma that occurs in the glands or columnar tissue of the esophagus. This is most common in developed countries in those with Barrett's esophagus, and occurs in the cuboidal cells.[4]

text: In its early stages, esophageal cancer may not have any symptoms at all. When severe, esophageal cancer may eventually cause obstruction of the esophagus, making swallowing of any solid foods very difficult and causing weight loss. The progress of the cancer is staged using a system that measures how far into the esophageal wall the cancer has invaded, how many lymph nodes are affected, and whether there are any metastases in different parts of the body. Esophageal cancer is often managed with radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and may also be managed by partial surgical removal of the esophagus. Inserting a stent into the esophagus, or inserting a nasogastric tube, may also be used to ensure that a person is able to digest enough food and water. As of 2014[update], the prognosis for esophageal cancer is still poor, so palliative therapy may also be a focus of treatment.[4]

text: Varices[edit]

text: Esophageal varices are swollen twisted branches of the azygous vein in the lower third of the esophagus. These blood vessels anastomose (join up) with those of the portal vein when portal hypertension develops.[26] These blood vessels are engorged more than normal, and in the worst cases may partially obstruct the esophagus. These blood vessels develop as part of a collateral circulation that occurs to drain blood from the abdomen as a result of portal hypertension, usually as a result of liver diseases such as cirrhosis.[4]:941–42 This collateral circulation occurs because the lower part of the esophagus drains into the left gastric vein, which is a branch of the portal vein. Because of the extensive venous plexus that exists between this vein and other veins, if portal hypertension occurs, the direction of blood drainage in this vein may reverse, with blood draining from the portal venous system, through the plexus. Veins in the plexus may engorge and lead to varices.[5][6]

text: Esophageal varices often do not have symptoms until they rupture. A ruptured varix is considered a medical emergency, because varices can bleed a lot. A bleeding varix may cause a person to vomit blood, or suffer shock. To deal with a ruptured varix, a band may be placed around the bleeding blood vessel, or a small amount of a clotting agent may be injected near the bleed. A surgeon may also try to use a small inflatable balloon to apply pressure to stop the wound. IV fluids and blood products may be given in order to prevent hypovolemia from excess blood loss.[4]

text: Motility disorders[edit]

text: Several disorders affect the motility of food as it travels down the esophagus. This can cause difficult swallowing, called dysphagia, or painful swallowing, called odynophagia. Achalasia refers to a failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax properly, and generally develops later in life. This leads to progressive enlargement of the esophagus, and possibly eventual megaesophagus. A nutcracker esophagus refers to swallowing that can be extremely painful. Diffuse esophageal spasm is a spasm of the esophagus that can be one cause of chest pain. Such referred pain to the wall of the upper chest is quite common in esophageal conditions.[27] Sclerosis of the esophagus, such as with systemic sclerosis or in CREST syndrome may cause hardening of the walls of the esophagus and interfere with peristalsis.[4]

text: Malformations[edit]

text: Esophageal strictures are usually benign and typically develop after a person has had reflux for many years. Other strictures may include esophageal webs (which can also be congenital) and damage to the esophagus by radiotherapy, corrosive ingestion, or eosinophilic esophagitis. A Schatzki ring is fibrosis at the gastro-esophageal junction. Strictures may also develop in chronic anemia, and Plummer-Vinson syndrome.[4]

text: Two of the most common congenital malformations affecting the esophagus are an esophageal atresia where the oesophagus ends in a blind sac instead of connecting to the stomach; and an esophageal fistula – an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea.[28] Both of these conditions usually occur together.[28] These are found in about 1 in 3500 births.[29] Half of these cases may be part of a syndrome where other abnormalities are also present, particularly of the heart or limbs. The other cases occur singly.[30]

text: Imaging[edit]

text: An X-ray of swallowed barium may be used to reveal the size and shape of the esophagus, and the presence of any masses. The esophagus may also be imaged using a flexible camera inserted into the esophagus, in a procedure called an endoscopy. If an endoscopy is used on the stomach, the camera will also have to pass through the esophagus. During an endoscopy, a biopsy may be taken. If cancer of the esophagus is being investigated, other methods, including a CT scan, may also be used.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: The word esophagus (British English: oesophagus), comes from the Greek: οἰσοφάγος (oisophagos) meaning gullet. It derives from two roots (eosin) to carry and (phagos) to eat.[31] The use of the word oesophagus, has been documented in anatomical literature since at least the time of Hippocrates, who noted that "the oesophagus ... receives the greatest amount of what we consume." [32] Its existence in other animals and its relationship with the stomach was documented by the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder (AD23–AD79),[33] and the peristaltic contractions of the esophagus have been documented since at least the time of Galen.[34]

text: The first attempt at surgery on the esophagus focused in the neck, and was conducted in dogs by Theodore Billroth in 1871. In 1877 Czerny carried out surgery in people. By 1908, an operation had been performed by Voeckler to remove the esophagus, and in 1933 the first surgical removal of parts of the lower esophagus, (to control esophageal cancer), had been conducted.[35]

text: The Nissen fundoplication, in which the stomach is wrapped around the lower esophageal sphincter to stimulate its function and control reflux, was first conducted by Rudolph Nissen in 1955.[35]

text: Other animals[edit]

text: Vertebrates[edit]

text: In tetrapods, the pharynx is much shorter, and the esophagus correspondingly longer, than in fish. In the majority of vertebrates, the esophagus is simply a connecting tube, but in some birds, which regurgitate components to feed their young, it is extended towards the lower end to form a crop for storing food before it enters the true stomach.[36][37] In ruminants, animals with four stomachs, a groove called the sulcus reticuli is often found in the esophagus, allowing milk to drain directly into the hind stomach, the abomasum.[38] In the horse the esophagus is about 1.2 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) in length, and carries food to the stomach. A muscular ring, called the cardiac sphincter, connects the stomach to the esophagus. This sphincter is very well developed in horses. This and the oblique angle at which the esophagus connects to the stomach explains why horses cannot vomit.[39] The esophagus is also the area of the digestive tract where horses may suffer from choke.

text: The esophagus of snakes is remarkable for the distension it undergoes when swallowing prey.[40]

text: In most fish, the esophagus is extremely short, primarily due to the length of the pharynx (which is associated with the gills). However, some fish, including lampreys, chimaeras, and lungfish, have no true stomach, so that the esophagus effectively runs from the pharynx directly to the intestine, and is therefore somewhat longer.[36]

text: In many vertebrates, the esophagus is lined by stratified squamous epithelium without glands. In fish, the esophagus is often lined with columnar epithelium,[37] and in amphibians, sharks and rays, the esophageal epithelium is ciliated, helping to wash food along, in addition to the action of muscular peristalsis.[36] In addition, in the bat Plecotus auritus, fish and some amphibians, glands secreting pepsinogen or hydrochloric acid have been found.[37]

text: The muscle of the esophagus in many mammals is striated initially, but then becomes smooth muscle in the caudal third or so. In canines and ruminants, however, it is entirely striated to allow regurgitation to feed young (canines) or regurgitation to chew cud (ruminants). It is entirely smooth muscle in amphibians, reptiles and birds.[37]

text: Contrary to popular belief,[41] a human body would not be able to pass through the esophagus of a whale, which generally measures less than 10 centimetres (4 in) in diameter, although in larger baleen whales it may be up to 25 centimetres (10 in) when fully distended.[42]

text: Invertebrates[edit]

text: A structure with the same name is often found in invertebrates, including molluscs and arthropods, connecting the oral cavity with the stomach.[43] In terms of the digestive system of snails and slugs, the mouth opens into an esophagus, which connects to the stomach. Because of torsion, which is the rotation of the main body of the animal during larval development, the esophagus usually passes around the stomach, and opens into its back, furthest from the mouth. In species that have undergone de-torsion, however, the esophagus may open into the anterior of the stomach, which is the reverse of the usual gastropod arrangement.[44] There is an extensive rostrum at the front of the esophagus in all carnivorous snails and slugs.[45] In the freshwater snail species Tarebia granifera, the brood pouch is above the esophagus.[46]

text: In the cephalopods, the brain often surrounds the esophagus.[47]


document_title: Appropriation bill

question_text: creating appropriation bills falls under which power of congress

root

text: Appropriation bill

text: Appropriation bills by country[edit]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: In New Zealand, an Appropriation Bill is the formal name for the annual act of Parliament which gives legal effect to the Budget, that is, the Government's taxing and spending policies for the forthcoming year (from 1 July to 30 June). Like other bills, it is enacted, following debate, by the House of Representatives, and assented to by the Governor-General. The main Appropriation Bill is traditionally placed before the House for its first reading in May amid considerable media interest, an event known as the introduction of the Budget. An Appropriation Bill is not sent to a select committee, a lengthy process undergone by most bills during which they are scrutinised in detail by the committee, which also receives public submissions relating to the bill. Instead, an expedited process is followed in which the Appropriation Bill essentially goes directly to its second reading for consideration by the committee of the whole House. Royal assent is granted after the formality of a third reading.

tag: p

text: The main Appropriation Bill is formally called an "Appropriation (Estimates) Bill", or, after assented to, an "Appropriation (Estimates) Act". Supplementary Budgetary legislation in New Zealand includes an annual "Appropriation (Confirmation and Validation) Bill", which serves to validate taxation and spending incurred in the previous year which fell outside the previous year's Budget, and "Imprest Supply Bills," typically several in a year, which grant interim authority to the Government to tax and spend.

text: Both Appropriation and Imprest Supply bills fall under the rubric of confidence and supply. A refusal by the House to pass such a Bill conventionally leads to either the resignation of the Government (unlikely, since there is usually no alternative Government immediately available) or to a dissolution of the House and a subsequent general election.

text: United States[edit]

text: Under the U.S. presidential system, the support of the Congress for the President's appropriations requests is not necessary for the separately elected President to remain in office, but can severely limit the President's ability to govern effectively.

text: In the United States, there are two types of appropriations. When Congress sets up particular programs, the legislation may itself set up the necessary appropriation mechanism, such as the social security program where payment of benefits are "mandatory". A mandatory program does not need an additional authorisation in order for spending under the program to occur. An authorization bill can create programs and make known Congress's intended level of spending for programs that also require an appropriation.[3] What distinguishes a mandatory program from a discretionary program is that after Congress enacts a law creating a mandatory program, the program is permitted to spend funds until the program expires based on a provision in law, or until a subsequent law either terminates the program or reauthorizes it. "Discretionary" programs typically require annual appropriations legislation.

text: An appropriation bill is used to actually provide money for "discretionary" programs. Appropriations are generally done on an annual basis, although multi-year appropriations are occasionally passed. According to the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, clause 12), Army appropriations cannot be for more than two years at a time. An annual appropriation requires that the funds appropriated be obligated (spent) by the end of the fiscal year of the appropriation. Once the fiscal year ends, no more money can be spent via the prior year's appropriation. A new appropriation for the new fiscal year must be passed in order for continued spending to occur, or passage of a special appropriations bill known as a continuing resolution, which generally permits continued spending for a short period of time—usually at prior year levels. The Anti-Deficiency Act makes void any attempt to spend money for which there is no current appropriation.[4]

text: According to the Origination Clause of the United States Constitution, all bills for raising revenue, generally tax bills, must originate in the House of Representatives, similar to the Westminster system requirement that all money bills originate in the lower house. Traditionally, though, appropriation bills also originate in the House of Representatives.[5][6] House appropriations bills begin with "H.R.", meaning "House of Representatives". In reference to revenue bills, the Constitution also states that the "Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills." As with revenue bills, the Senate and House each drafts and considers its own appropriation bill. The Senate then "cuts-and-pastes," substituting the language of its version of a particular appropriation bill for the language of the House bill, then agrees to the bill as amended.

text: The United States House Committee on Appropriations and the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations have jurisdiction over appropriations bills.[7] Both committees have twelve matching subcommittees tasked with working on one of the twelve annual regular appropriations bills. Other Committees and lawmakers in Congress write legislation creating programs and reauthorizing old ones to continue. This legislation is called an authorization bill. In this legislation, they authorize these programs to exist, and they authorize the expenditure of funds on them, but they cannot actually give them the money. That second step, of granting the money, is done in an appropriations bill. The appropriations committees have power because they can decide whether to fund these programs at the maximum level authorized, a lesser amount, or not at all.[8]

text: Appropriations bills in the United States can also come in the format of an omnibus spending bill, a continuing resolution, or a supplemental appropriation bill. If Congress has not enacted the regular appropriations bills by the start of a new fiscal year, it can pass a continuing resolution, which continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time.[7] An omnibus spending bill is simply a combination of multiple appropriations bills into one larger appropriations bill. Supplemental appropriations bills increase funding for activities that were already funded in previous appropriations bills or the provide new funding for unexpected expenses.[9] For example, both the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War were funded with a variety of supplemental appropriations.[10][11] Supplemental appropriations bills also provide funding for recovering from unexpected natural disasters like Hurricane Sandy (the Disaster Relief Appropriations Act, 2013).

text: Annual appropriations are divided into 12 separate pieces of legislation:

text:
Agriculture,
Commerce, Justice, and Science,
Defense,
Energy and Water,
Financial Services,
Homeland Security,
Interior and Environment,
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education,
Legislative,
Military and Veterans,
State and Foreign Operations,
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development.

tag: ol


document_title: List of Lost Girl episodes

question_text: how many seasons are there for lost girl

text: List of Lost Girl episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
September 12, 2010 (2010-09-12)
December 12, 2010 (2010-12-12)

2
22
September 4, 2011 (2011-09-04)
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)

3
13
January 6, 2013 (2013-01-06)
April 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)

4
13
November 10, 2013 (2013-11-10)
February 16, 2014 (2014-02-16)

5
16
8
December 7, 2014 (2014-12-07)
January 25, 2015 (2015-01-25)

8
September 6, 2015 (2015-09-06)
October 25, 2015 (2015-10-25)

tag: table

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1 (2010)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
1
"It's a Fae, Fae, Fae, Fae World"
Erik Canuel
Michelle Lovretta
September 12, 2010 (2010-09-12)

2
2
"Where There's a Will, There's a Fae"
Robert Lieberman
Peter Mohan
September 19, 2010 (2010-09-19)

3
3
"Oh Kappa, My Kappa"
Paul Fox
Michelle Lovretta
September 26, 2010 (2010-09-26)

4
4
"Faetal Attraction"
Steve DiMarco
Jeremy Boxen
October 3, 2010 (2010-10-03)

5
5
"Dead Lucky"
John Fawcett
Emily Andras
October 17, 2010 (2010-10-17)

6
6
"Food for Thought"
John Fawcett
Pamela Pinch
October 24, 2010 (2010-10-24)

7
7
"ArachnoFaebia"
John Fawcett
Emily Andras
October 31, 2010 (2010-10-31)

8
8
"Vexed"
John Fawcett
Michelle Lovretta
November 7, 2010 (2010-11-07)

9
9
"Fae Day"
Steve DiMarco
Jeremy Boxen
November 14, 2010 (2010-11-14)

10
10
"The Mourning After"
Paul Fox
Michelle Lovretta
November 21, 2010 (2010-11-21)

11
11
"Faetal Justice"
Robert Lieberman
Peter Mohan
November 28, 2010 (2010-11-28)

12
12
"(Dis)Members Only"
Steve DiMarco
Jeremy Boxen
December 5, 2010 (2010-12-05)

13
13
"Blood Lines"
Robert Lieberman
Michelle Lovretta
December 12, 2010 (2010-12-12)

text: Season 2 (2011–12)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
CAN viewers
(millions) [a]

14
1
"Something Wicked This Fae Comes"
Robert Lieberman
Michelle Lovretta
September 4, 2011 (2011-09-04)
0.420[20]

15
2
"I Fought the Fae (and the Fae Won)"
Steve DiMarco
Michelle Lovretta
September 11, 2011 (2011-09-11)
0.358[21]

16
3
"Scream a Little Dream"
George Mihalka
Jeremy Boxen
September 18, 2011 (2011-09-18)
0.332[22]

17
4
"Mirror, Mirror"
Steve DiMarco
Emily Andras
September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25)
N/A

18
5
"BrotherFae of the Wolves"
Clark Johnson
Alexandra Zarowny
October 2, 2011 (2011-10-02)
0.345[23]

19
6
"It's Better to Burn Out Than Fae Away"
Gail Harvey
Steve Cochran
October 30, 2011 (2011-10-30)
0.265[24]

20
7
"Fae Gone Wild"
Lynne Stopkewich
Alexandra Zarowny
November 6, 2011 (2011-11-06)
0.236[25]

21
8
"Death Didn't Become Him"
Steve DiMarco
Steve Cochrane
November 13, 2011 (2011-11-13)
N/A

22
9
"Original Skin"
Paul Fox
Emily Andras
November 20, 2011 (2011-11-20)
0.285[26]

23
10
"Raging Fae"
David Greene
Jeremy Boxen
November 27, 2011 (2011-11-27)
0.223[27]

24
11
"Can't See the Fae-Rest"
Gail Harvey
Shelley Scarrow
December 4, 2011 (2011-12-04)
0.377[28]

25
12
"Masks"
Lee Rose
Grant Rosenberg
December 11, 2011 (2011-12-11)
N/A

26
13
"Barometz. Trick. Pressure."
Paolo Barzman
Steve Cochrane
December 18, 2011 (2011-12-18)
0.308[29]

27
14
"Midnight Lamp"
David Winning
Jeremy Boxen
January 22, 2012 (2012-01-22)
0.330[30]

28
15
"Table for Fae"
David Greene
Duana Taha
January 29, 2012 (2012-01-29)
0.264[31]

29
16
"School's Out"
James Dunnison
Jay Firestone & Harris Goldberg
February 12, 2012 (2012-02-12)
N/A

30
17
"The Girl Who Fae'd With Fire"
Brett Sullivan
Emily Andras
February 19, 2012 (2012-02-19)
0.232[32]

31
18
"Fae-nted Love"
Michael DeCarlo
Shelley Scarrow
March 4, 2012 (2012-03-04)
N/A

32
19
"Truth and Consequences"
Lee Rose
Grant Rosenberg
March 11, 2012 (2012-03-11)
N/A

33
20
"Lachlan's Gambit"
Steve DiMarco
Steve Cochrane
March 18, 2012 (2012-03-18)
0.264[33]

34
21
"Into the Dark"
John Fawcett
Emily Andras
March 25, 2012 (2012-03-25)
0.241[34]

35
22
"Flesh and Blood"
Steve DiMarco
Alan McCullough
April 1, 2012 (2012-04-01)
0.323[35]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
CAN viewers
(millions) [a]

36
1
"Caged Fae"
Paolo Barzman
Emily Andras
January 6, 2013 (2013-01-06)
N/A

37
2
"SubterrFaenean"
Steve DiMarco
Stephen Cochrane
January 13, 2013 (2013-01-13)
N/A

38
3
"ConFaegion"
Paolo Barzman
James Thorpe
January 20, 2013 (2013-01-20)
N/A

39
4
"Fae-de To Black"
Ron Murphy
Alexandra Zarowny
January 27, 2013 (2013-01-27)
N/A

40
5
"Faes Wide Shut"
George Mihalka
Jeremy Boxen
February 10, 2013 (2013-02-10)
N/A

41
6
"The Kenzi Scale"
David Greene
Sandra Chwialkowska
February 17, 2013 (2013-02-17)
N/A

42
7
"There's Bo Place Like Home"
Gail Harvey
Brendon Yorke
March 3, 2013 (2013-03-03)
N/A

43
8
"Fae-ge Against The Machine"
George Mihalka
Alexandra Zarowny
March 10, 2013 (2013-03-10)
N/A

44
9
"Ceremony"
Lee Rose
James Thorpe
March 17, 2013 (2013-03-17)
N/A

45
10
"Delinquents"
Gail Harvey
Michelle Lovretta
March 24, 2013 (2013-03-24)
N/A

46
11
"Adventures In Fae-bysitting"
Lee Rose
Sandra Chwialkowska
March 31, 2013 (2013-03-31)
N/A

47
12
"Hail, Hale"
Steve DiMarco
Stephen Cochrane
April 7, 2013 (2013-04-07)
N/A

48
13
"Those Who Wander"
Ron Murphy
Emily Andras
April 14, 2013 (2013-04-14)
0,269[36]

text: Season 4 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

49
1
"In Memoriam"
Paolo Barzman
Emily Andras
November 10, 2013 (2013-11-10)

50
2
"Sleeping Beauty School"
Steve DiMarco
Alexandra Zarowny
November 17, 2013 (2013-11-17)

51
3
"Lovers. Apart."
Andy Mikita
Steve Cochrane
November 24, 2013 (2013-11-24)

52
4
"Turn to Stone"
Paolo Barzman
Michael Grassi
December 1, 2013 (2013-12-01)

53
5
"Let the Dark Times Roll"
Ron Murphy
Jeremy Boxen
December 8, 2013 (2013-12-08)

54
6
"Of All the Gin Joints"
Mairzee Almas
Alex Zarowney
December 15, 2013 (2013-12-15)

55
7
"La Fae Époque"
Steve DiMarco
Michael Grassi
December 22, 2013 (2013-12-22)

56
8
"Groundhog Fae"
Ron Murphy
Emily Andras & Sam Ruano
December 29, 2013 (2013-12-29)

57
9
"Destiny's Child"
Steve DiMarco
Steve Cochrane
January 12, 2014 (2014-01-12)

58
10
"Waves"
Director X[37]
Michael Grassi
January 19, 2014 (2014-01-19)

59
11
"End Of A Line"
Ron Murphy
Steve Cochrane
January 26, 2014 (2014-01-26)

60
12
"Origin"
Steve DiMarco
Alexandra Zarowny
February 9, 2014 (2014-02-09)

61
13
"Dark Horse"
Ron Murphy
Emily Andras
February 16, 2014 (2014-02-16)

text: Season 5 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

Part 1

62
1
"Like Hell Pt. 1"
Paolo Barzman
Michael Grassi
December 7, 2014 (2014-12-07)

63
2
"Like Hell Pt. 2"
Paolo Barzman
Emily Andras
December 14, 2014 (2014-12-14)

64
3
"Big in Japan"
Ron Murphy
Alexandra Zarowny
December 21, 2014 (2014-12-21)

65
4
"When God Opens a Window"
Mairzee Almas
Steve Cochrane
December 28, 2014 (2014-12-28)

66
5
"It's Your Lucky Fae"
Paolo Barzman
Ley Lukins
January 4, 2015 (2015-01-04)

67
6
"Clear Eyes, Fae Hearts"
David Greene
Sandra Chwialkowska
January 11, 2015 (2015-01-11)

68
7
"Here Comes the Night"
Paolo Barzman
Michael Grassi
January 18, 2015 (2015-01-18)

69
8
"End of Faes"
Ron Murphy
Ley Lukins & Lauren Gosnell
January 25, 2015 (2015-01-25)

Part 2

70
9
"44 Minutes to Save the World"
Gail Harvey
Sandra Chwialkowska
August 21, 2015 (2015-08-21) online[38]
September 6, 2015 (2015-09-06) on TV

71
10
"Like Father, Like Daughter"
Paolo Barzman
Alexandra Zarowny
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)

72
11
"Sweet Valkyrie High"
Bruce McDonald
Emily Andras
September 20, 2015 (2015-09-20)

73
12
"Judgement Fae"
Lee Rose
Lara Azzopardi & Lauren Gosnell
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)

74
13
"Family Portrait"
Ron Murphy
Michael Grassi
October 4, 2015 (2015-10-04)

75
14
"Follow the Yellow Trick Road"
Paolo Barzman
Ley Lukins
October 11, 2015 (2015-10-11)

76
15
"Let Them Burn"
Mairzee Almas
Sandra Chwialkowska
October 18, 2015 (2015-10-18)

77
16
"Rise"
Paolo Barzman
Michael Grassi
October 25, 2015 (2015-10-25)

text: Motion comics[edit]

text: As part of the show's promotion, a series of motion comics, Lost Girl: The Interactive Motion Comic, was released on the official Lost Girl website.[39] The first of these appeared on August 20, 2010. The plan was to release one chapter per month, for a total of six, during the Fall 2010 television season. Around the time of the release of No. 5, the individual chapters were made available for downloading as well as being watchable on the Lost Girl website. File formats included M4V, MP4 and WMV files. It used elements of traditional print comic books with animation and audio effects. Called a motion comic by the producers, it provided a story-telling medium which was hoped would provide information about Bo and other characters from the show, and give additional insight into the supernatural world of Lost Girl.

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Chapter 1: Feed"
TBA
Navid Khavari
August 20, 2010 (2010-08-20)

Bo struggles for survival and to discover her place in the world, while a mysterious force tracks her.

2
"Chapter 2: Leftovers"
TBA
Navid Khavari
September 29, 2010 (2010-09-29)

Detectives Dyson and Hale investigate the remains of a grisly murder and an even stranger set of suspects.

3
"Chapter 3: Futakuchi-onna"
TBA
Navid Khavari
October 21, 2010 (2010-10-21)

Bo reminisces on her first discovery of her ability, and chooses how to use it.

4
"Chapter 4: Dead Leads"
TBA
Navid Khavari
November 20, 2010 (2010-11-20)

Dyson and Hale continue their investigation, putting themselves in jeopardy.

5
"Chapter 5: Inhuman"
TBA
Navid Khavari
January 14, 2011 (2011-01-14)

Bo encounters an old foe under dangerous circumstances and is forced to make a difficult decision.

6
"Chapter 6: Reset"
TBA
Navid Khavari
February 4, 2011 (2011-02-04)

Dyson and Hale search for answers and get more than they bargained for.

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: A series of four webisodes were created as a promotional lead-in to the premiere of Season Four on Showcase, with the first installment released on October 13, 2013.[40]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"UPYURS6"
Paul Day
Alexandra Zarowny
October 13, 2013 (2013-10-13)

Alongside Bruce, Kenzi seeks out the Druid Mossimo, when their travel is interrupted by an internet troll who denies passage across a bridge.

2
"Red Tape"
Paul Day
Michael Grassi
October 20, 2013 (2013-10-20)

Vex runs into a few problems while trying to arrange a party.

3
"Getting to Know You: The Una Mens"
Steve Cochrane
Steve Cochrane
October 27, 2013 (2013-10-27)

An old timey video introducing The Una Mens: a powerful group of Fae elders created after the disappearance of The Blood King who use lethal means to enforce the Blood Laws.

4
"Prophecy"
Paul Day
Sam Ruano
November 3, 2013 (2013-11-03)

In The Dal Riata, Hale bets Trick that a Divination Plank is no better than a Magic 8-Ball, unwittingly becomes possessed, and delivers an ominous prophecy.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Canada ratings results


document_title: Wool

question_text: who is the leading african producer of wool

text: Wool

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Wool is produced by follicles which are small cells located in the skin. These follicles are located in the upper layer of the skin called the epidermis and push down into the second skin layer called the dermis as the wool fibers grow. Follicles can be classed as either primary or secondary follicles. Primary follicles produce three types of fiber: kemp, medullated fibers, and true wool fibers. Secondary follicles only produce true wool fibers. Medullated fibers share nearly identical characteristics to hair and are long but lack crimp and elasticity. Kemp fibers are very coarse and shed out.[2]

text: Wool's scaling and crimp make it easier to spin the fleece by helping the individual fibers attach to each other, so they stay together. Because of the crimp, wool fabrics have greater bulk than other textiles, and they hold air, which causes the fabric to retain heat. Wool has a high specific heat coefficient, so it impedes heat transfer in general. This effect has benefited desert peoples, as Bedouins and Tuaregs use wool clothes for insulation.

text: Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation as the microscopic barbs on the surface of wool fibers hook together.

text: Wool has several qualities that distinguish it from hair/fur: it is crimped and elastic.[3]

text: The amount of crimp corresponds to the fineness of the wool fibers. A fine wool like Merino may have up to 100 crimps per inch, while coarser wool like karakul may have as few as one or two. In contrast, hair has little if any scale and no crimp, and little ability to bind into yarn. On sheep, the hair part of the fleece is called kemp. The relative amounts of kemp to wool vary from breed to breed and make some fleeces more desirable for spinning, felting, or carding into batts for quilts or other insulating products, including the famous tweed cloth of Scotland.

text: Wool fibers readily absorb moisture, but are not hollow. Wool can absorb almost one-third of its own weight in water.[4] Wool absorbs sound like many other fabrics. It is generally a creamy white color, although some breeds of sheep produce natural colors, such as black, brown, silver, and random mixes.

text: Wool ignites at a higher temperature than cotton and some synthetic fibers. It has a lower rate of flame spread, a lower rate of heat release, a lower heat of combustion, and does not melt or drip;[5] it forms a char which is insulating and self-extinguishing, and it contributes less to toxic gases and smoke than other flooring products when used in carpets.[6] Wool carpets are specified for high safety environments, such as trains and aircraft. Wool is usually specified for garments for firefighters, soldiers, and others in occupations where they are exposed to the likelihood of fire.[6]

text: Wool causes an allergic reaction in some people.[7]

text: Processing[edit]

text: Shearing[edit]

text: Sheep shearing is the process by which the woolen fleece of a sheep is cut off. After shearing, the wool is separated into four main categories: fleece (which makes up the vast bulk), broken, bellies, and locks. The quality of fleeces is determined by a technique known as wool classing, whereby a qualified person called a wool classer groups wools of similar gradings together to maximize the return for the farmer or sheep owner. In Australia before being auctioned, all Merino fleece wool is objectively measured for micron, yield (including the amount of vegetable matter), staple length, staple strength, and sometimes color and comfort factor.

text: Scouring[edit]

text: Wool straight off a sheep, known as "greasy wool"[8] or "wool in the grease", contains a high level of valuable lanolin, as well as the sheep's dead skin and sweat residue, and generally also contains pesticides and vegetable matter from the animal's environment. Before the wool can be used for commercial purposes, it must be scoured, a process of cleaning the greasy wool. Scouring may be as simple as a bath in warm water or as complicated as an industrial process using detergent and alkali in specialized equipment.[9] In north west England, special potash pits were constructed to produce potash used in the manufacture of a soft soap for scouring locally produced white wool.

text: In commercial wool, vegetable matter is often removed by chemical carbonization.[citation needed][10] In less-processed wools, vegetable matter may be removed by hand and some of the lanolin left intact through the use of gentler detergents. This semigrease wool can be worked into yarn and knitted into particularly water-resistant mittens or sweaters, such as those of the Aran Island fishermen. Lanolin removed from wool is widely used in cosmetic products such as hand creams.

text: Fineness and yield[edit]

text: Raw wool has many impurities; vegetable matter, sand, dirt and yolk which is a mixture of suint (sweat), grease, urine stains and dung locks. The sheep's body yields many types of wool with differing strengths, thicknesses, length of staple and impurities. The raw wool (greasy) is processed into 'top'. 'Worsted top' requires strong straight and parallel fibres.

text:
Common Name
Part of Sheep
Style of Wool

Fine
Shoulder
Fine uniform and very dense

Near
Sides
Fine uniform and strong

Downrights
Neck
Short and irregular, lower quality

Choice
Back
Shorter staple, open and less strong

Abb
Haunches
Longer, stronger large staples

Seconds
Belly
Short, tender, Matted and dirty

Top-not
Head
Stiff, very coarse, rough and kempy

Brokes
Forelegs
Short irregular and faulty

Cowtail
Hindlegs
Very strong, coarse and hairy

Britch
Tail
Very coarse, kempy and dirty

[11]

text: The quality of wool is determined by its fiber diameter, crimp, yield, color, and staple strength. Fiber diameter is the single most important wool characteristic determining quality and price.

text: Merino wool is typically 3–5 inches in length and is very fine (between 12 and 24 microns).[12] The finest and most valuable wool comes from Merino hoggets. Wool taken from sheep produced for meat is typically more coarse, and has fibers 1.5 to 6 in (38 to 152 mm) in length. Damage or breaks in the wool can occur if the sheep is stressed while it is growing its fleece, resulting in a thin spot where the fleece is likely to break.[13]

text: Wool is also separated into grades based on the measurement of the wool's diameter in microns and also its style. These grades may vary depending on the breed or purpose of the wool. For example:

text:
Merinos

Diameter in microns
Name

< 15.5
Ultrafine Merino[8]

15.6 – 18.5
Superfine Merino

18.6 – 20
Fine Merino[8]

20.1 – 23
Medium Merino

> 23
Strong Merino[8]

text:
Breeds

Breeds
Diameter

Comeback
21–26 microns, white, 90–180 mm long

Fine crossbred
27–31 microns, Corriedales, etc.

Medium crossbred
32–35 microns

Downs
23–34 microns, typically lacks luster and brightness. Examples, Aussiedown, Dorset Horn, Suffolk, etc.[14]

Coarse crossbred
>36 microns

Carpet wools
35–45 microns[8]

text: Any wool finer than 25 microns can be used for garments, while coarser grades are used for outerwear or rugs. The finer the wool, the softer it is, while coarser grades are more durable and less prone to pilling.

text: The finest Australian and New Zealand Merino wools are known as 1PP, which is the industry benchmark of excellence for Merino wool 16.9 microns and finer. This style represents the top level of fineness, character, color, and style as determined on the basis of a series of parameters in accordance with the original dictates of British wool as applied by the Australian Wool Exchange (AWEX) Council. Only a few dozen of the millions of bales auctioned every year can be classified and marked 1PP.[15]

text: In the United States, three classifications of wool are named in the Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939.[16] "Wool" is "the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat (and may include the so-called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna) which has never been reclaimed from any woven or felted wool product".[16] "Virgin wool" and "new wool" are also used to refer to such never used wool. There are two categories of recycled wool (also called reclaimed or shoddy wool). "Reprocessed wool" identifies "wool which has been woven or felted into a wool product and subsequently reduced to a fibrous state without having been used by the ultimate consumer".[16] "Reused wool" refers to such wool that has been used by the ultimate consumer.[16]

text: History[edit]

text: Wild sheep were more hairy than woolly. Although sheep were domesticated some 9,000 to 11,000 years ago, archaeological evidence from statuary found at sites in Iran suggests selection for woolly sheep may have begun around 6000 BC,[17][18] with the earliest woven wool garments having only been dated to two to three thousand years later.[19] Woolly-sheep were introduced into Europe from the Near East in the early part of the 4th millennium BC. The oldest known European wool textile, ca. 1500 BC, was preserved in a Danish bog.[20] Prior to invention of shears—probably in the Iron Age—the wool was plucked out by hand or by bronze combs. In Roman times, wool, linen, and leather clothed the European population; cotton from India was a curiosity of which only naturalists had heard, and silks, imported along the Silk Road from China, were extravagant luxury goods. Pliny the Elder records in his Natural History that the reputation for producing the finest wool was enjoyed by Tarentum, where selective breeding had produced sheep with superior fleeces, but which required special care.

text: In medieval times, as trade connections expanded, the Champagne fairs revolved around the production of wool cloth in small centers such as Provins. The network developed by the annual fairs meant the woolens of Provins might find their way to Naples, Sicily, Cyprus, Majorca, Spain, and even Constantinople.[21] The wool trade developed into serious business, a generator of capital.[22] In the 13th century, the wool trade became the economic engine of the Low Countries and central Italy. By the end of the 14th century, Italy predominated, though Italian production turned to silk in the 16th century.[21] Both industries, based on the export of English raw wool, were rivaled only by the 15th-century sheepwalks of Castile and were a significant source of income to the English crown, which in 1275 had imposed an export tax on wool called the "Great Custom". The importance of wool to the English economy can be seen in the fact that since the 14th century, the presiding officer of the House of Lords has sat on the "Woolsack", a chair stuffed with wool.

text: Economies of scale were instituted in the Cistercian houses, which had accumulated great tracts of land during the 12th and early 13th centuries, when land prices were low and labor still scarce. Raw wool was baled and shipped from North Sea ports to the textile cities of Flanders, notably Ypres and Ghent, where it was dyed and worked up as cloth. At the time of the Black Death, English textile industries accounted for about 10% of English wool production. The English textile trade grew during the 15th century, to the point where export of wool was discouraged. Over the centuries, various British laws controlled the wool trade or required the use of wool even in burials. The smuggling of wool out of the country, known as owling, was at one time punishable by the cutting off of a hand. After the Restoration, fine English woolens began to compete with silks in the international market, partly aided by the Navigation Acts; in 1699, the English crown forbade its American colonies to trade wool with anyone but England herself.

text: A great deal of the value of woolen textiles was in the dyeing and finishing of the woven product. In each of the centers of the textile trade, the manufacturing process came to be subdivided into a collection of trades, overseen by an entrepreneur in a system called by the English the "putting-out" system, or "cottage industry", and the Verlagssystem by the Germans. In this system of producing wool cloth, once perpetuated in the production of Harris tweeds, the entrepreneur provides the raw materials and an advance, the remainder being paid upon delivery of the product. Written contracts bound the artisans to specified terms. Fernand Braudel traces the appearance of the system in the 13th-century economic boom, quoting a document of 1275.[21] The system effectively bypassed the guilds' restrictions.

text: Before the flowering of the Renaissance, the Medici and other great banking houses of Florence had built their wealth and banking system on their textile industry based on wool, overseen by the Arte della Lana, the wool guild: wool textile interests guided Florentine policies. Francesco Datini, the "merchant of Prato", established in 1383 an Arte della Lana for that small Tuscan city. The sheepwalks of Castile shaped the landscape and the fortunes of the meseta that lies in the heart of the Iberian peninsula; in the 16th century, a unified Spain allowed export of Merino lambs only with royal permission. The German wool market – based on sheep of Spanish origin – did not overtake British wool until comparatively late. The Industrial Revolution introduced mass production technology into wool and wool cloth manufacturing. Australia's colonial economy was based on sheep raising, and the Australian wool trade eventually overtook that of the Germans by 1845, furnishing wool for Bradford, which developed as the heart of industrialized woolens production.

text: Due to decreasing demand with increased use of synthetic fibers, wool production is much less than what it was in the past. The collapse in the price of wool began in late 1966 with a 40% drop; with occasional interruptions, the price has tended down. The result has been sharply reduced production and movement of resources into production of other commodities, in the case of sheep growers, to production of meat.[23][24][25]

text: Superwash wool (or washable wool) technology first appeared in the early 1970s to produce wool that has been specially treated so it is machine washable and may be tumble-dried. This wool is produced using an acid bath that removes the "scales" from the fiber, or by coating the fiber with a polymer that prevents the scales from attaching to each other and causing shrinkage. This process results in a fiber that holds longevity and durability over synthetic materials, while retaining its shape.[26]

text: In December 2004, a bale of the then world's finest wool, averaging 11.8 microns, sold for AU$3,000 per kilogram at auction in Melbourne, Victoria. This fleece wool tested with an average yield of 74.5%, 68 mm long, and had 40 newtons per kilotex strength. The result was A$279,000 for the bale.[27] The finest bale of wool ever auctioned was sold for a seasonal record of AU$2690 per kilo during June 2008. This bale was produced by the Hillcreston Pinehill Partnership and measured 11.6 microns, 72.1% yield, and had a 43 newtons per kilotex strength measurement. The bale realized $247,480 and was exported to India.[28]

text: In 2007, a new wool suit was developed and sold in Japan that can be washed in the shower, and which dries off ready to wear within hours with no ironing required. The suit was developed using Australian Merino wool, and it enables woven products made from wool, such as suits, trousers, and skirts, to be cleaned using a domestic shower at home.[29]

text: In December 2006, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed 2009 to be the International Year of Natural Fibres, so as to raise the profile of wool and other natural fibers.

text: Production[edit]

text: Global wool production is about 2 million tonnes per year, of which 60% goes into apparel. Wool comprises ca 3% of the global textile market, but its value is higher owing to dying and other modifications of the material.[1] Australia is a leading producer of wool which is mostly from Merino sheep but has been eclipsed by China in terms of total weight.[30] New Zealand (2016) is the third-largest producer of wool, and the largest producer of crossbred wool. Breeds such as Lincoln, Romney, Drysdale, and Elliotdale produce coarser fibers, and wool from these sheep is usually used for making carpets.

text: In the United States, Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado have large commercial sheep flocks and their mainstay is the Rambouillet (or French Merino). Also, a thriving home-flock contingent of small-scale farmers raise small hobby flocks of specialty sheep for the hand-spinning market. These small-scale farmers offer a wide selection of fleece. Global woolclip (total amount of wool shorn) 2004/2005[31]

text:
Australia: 25% of global woolclip (475 million kg greasy, 2004/2005)
 China: 18%
 United States: 17%
 New Zealand: 11%
 Argentina: 3%
 Turkey: 2%
 Iran: 2%
 United Kingdom: 2%
 India: 2%
 Sudan: 2%
 South Africa: 1%

text: Organic wool is becoming more and more popular. This wool is very limited in supply and much of it comes from New Zealand and Australia.[32] It is becoming easier to find in clothing and other products, but these products often carry a higher price. Wool is environmentally preferable (as compared to petroleum-based nylon or polypropylene) as a material for carpets, as well, in particular when combined with a natural binding and the use of formaldehyde-free glues.

text: Animal rights groups have noted issues with the production of wool, such as mulesing.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Australia[edit]

text: About 85% of wool sold in Australia is sold by open cry auction.[citation needed] "Sale by sample" is a method in which a mechanical claw takes a sample from each bale in a line or lot of wool. These grab samples are bulked, objectively measured, and a sample of not less than 4 kg is displayed in a box for the buyer to examine. The Australian Wool Exchange conducts sales primarily in Sydney, Melbourne, Newcastle, and Fremantle. About 80 brokers and agents work throughout Australia.[citation needed]

text: About 7% of Australian wool is sold by private treaty on farms or to local wool-handling facilities. This option gives wool growers benefit from reduced transport, warehousing, and selling costs. This method is preferred for small lots or mixed butts to make savings on reclassing and testing.

text: About 5% of Australian wool is sold over the internet on an electronic offer board.[citation needed] This option gives wool growers the ability to set firm price targets, reoffer passed-in wool, and offer lots to the market quickly and efficiently. This method works well for tested lots, as buyers use these results to make a purchase. About 97% of wool is sold without sample inspection; however, as of December 2009, 59% of wool listed had been passed in from auction.[citation needed] Growers through certain brokers can allocate their wool to a sale and at what price their wool will be reserved.

text: Sale by tender can achieve considerable cost savings on wool clips large enough to make it worthwhile for potential buyers to submit tenders. Some marketing firms sell wool on a consignment basis, obtaining a fixed percentage as commission.

text: Forward selling: Some buyers offer a secure price for forward delivery of wool based on estimated measurements or the results of previous clips. Prices are quoted at current market rates and are locked in for the season. Premiums and discounts are added to cover variations in micron, yield, tensile strength, etc., which are confirmed by actual test results when available.[citation needed]

text: Another method of selling wool includes sales direct to wool mills.

text: Other countries[edit]

text: The British Wool Marketing Board operates a central marketing system for UK fleece wool with the aim of achieving the best possible net returns for farmers.

text: Less than half of New Zealand's wool is sold at auction, while around 45% of farmers sell wool directly to private buyers and end-users.[33]

text: United States sheep producers market wool with private or cooperative wool warehouses, but wool pools are common in many states. In some cases, wool is pooled in a local market area, but sold through a wool warehouse. Wool offered with objective measurement test results is preferred. Imported apparel wool and carpet wool goes directly to central markets, where it is handled by the large merchants and manufacturers.[34]

text: Yarn[edit]

text: Shoddy or recycled wool is made by cutting or tearing apart existing wool fabric and respinning the resulting fibers.[35] As this process makes the wool fibers shorter, the remanufactured fabric is inferior to the original. The recycled wool may be mixed with raw wool, wool noil, or another fiber such as cotton to increase the average fiber length. Such yarns are typically used as weft yarns with a cotton warp. This process was invented in the Heavy Woollen District of West Yorkshire and created a microeconomy in this area for many years.

text: Rag is a sturdy wool fiber made into yarn and used in many rugged applications such as gloves.

text: Worsted is a strong, long-staple, combed wool yarn with a hard surface.[35]

text: Woolen is a soft, short-staple, carded wool yarn typically used for knitting.[35] In traditional weaving, woolen weft yarn (for softness and warmth) is frequently combined with a worsted warp yarn for strength on the loom.[36]

text: Uses[edit]

text: In addition to clothing, wool has been used for blankets, horse rugs, saddle cloths, carpeting, insulation and upholstery. Wool felt covers piano hammers, and it is used to absorb odors and noise in heavy machinery and stereo speakers. Ancient Greeks lined their helmets with felt, and Roman legionnaires used breastplates made of wool felt.

text: Wool has also been traditionally used to cover cloth diapers.[37][citation needed] Wool fiber exteriors are hydrophobic (repel water) and the interior of the wool fiber is hygroscopic (attracts water); this makes a wool garment suitable cover for a wet diaper by inhibiting wicking, so outer garments remain dry. Wool felted and treated with lanolin is water resistant, air permeable, and slightly antibacterial, so it resists the buildup of odor. Some modern cloth diapers use felted wool fabric for covers, and there are several modern commercial knitting patterns for wool diaper covers.

text: Initial studies of woolen underwear have found it prevented heat and sweat rashes because it more readily absorbs the moisture than other fibers.[38]

text: Merino wool has been used in baby sleep products such as swaddle baby wrap blankets and infant sleeping bags.

text: As an animal protein, wool can be used as a soil fertilizer, being a slow-release source of nitrogen.

text: Researchers at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology school of fashion and textiles have discovered a blend of wool and Kevlar, the synthetic fiber widely used in body armor, was lighter, cheaper and worked better in damp conditions than Kevlar alone. Kevlar, when used alone, loses about 20% of its effectiveness when wet, so required an expensive waterproofing process. Wool increased friction in a vest with 28–30 layers of fabric, to provide the same level of bullet resistance as 36 layers of Kevlar alone.[39]

text: Events[edit]

text: A buyer of Merino wool, Ermenegildo Zegna, has offered awards for Australian wool producers. In 1963, the first Ermenegildo Zegna Perpetual Trophy was presented in Tasmania for growers of "Superfine skirted Merino fleece". In 1980, a national award, the Ermenegildo Zegna Trophy for Extrafine Wool Production, was launched. In 2004, this award became known as the Ermenegildo Zegna Unprotected Wool Trophy. In 1998, an Ermenegildo Zegna Protected Wool Trophy was launched for fleece from sheep coated for around nine months of the year.

text: In 2002, the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy was launched for wool that is 13.9 microns or finer. Wool from Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, and South Africa may enter, and a winner is named from each country.[40] In April 2008, New Zealand won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum Trophy for the first time with a fleece that measured 10.8 microns. This contest awards the winning fleece weight with the same weight in gold as a prize, hence the name.

text: In 2010, an ultrafine, 10-micron fleece, from Windradeen, near Pyramul, New South Wales, won the Ermenegildo Zegna Vellus Aureum International Trophy.[41]

text: Since 2000, Loro Piana has awarded a cup for the world's finest bale of wool that produces just enough fabric for 50 tailor-made suits. The prize is awarded to an Australian or New Zealand wool grower who produces the year's finest bale.[42]

text: The New England Merino Field days which display local studs, wool, and sheep are held during January, in even numbered years around the Walcha, New South Wales district. The Annual Wool Fashion Awards, which showcase the use of Merino wool by fashion designers, are hosted by the city of Armidale, New South Wales, in March each year. This event encourages young and established fashion designers to display their talents. During each May, Armidale hosts the annual New England Wool Expo to display wool fashions, handicrafts, demonstrations, shearing competitions, yard dog trials, and more.[1]

text: In July, the annual Australian Sheep and Wool Show is held in Bendigo, Victoria. This is the largest sheep and wool show in the world, with goats and alpacas, as well as woolcraft competitions and displays, fleece competitions, sheepdog trials, shearing, and wool handling. The largest competition in the world for objectively measured fleeces is the Australian Fleece Competition, which is held annually at Bendigo. In 2008, 475 entries came from all states of Australia, with first and second prizes going to the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales fleeces.[43]


document_title: 1917–18 NHL season

question_text: where was the first nhl hockey game played

text: 1917–18 NHL season

text: League business[edit]

text: In November 1917, the owners of the NHA, apparently unwilling to continue the league with Toronto NHA owner Eddie Livingstone, decided to suspend the NHA and form a new league, the NHL, without Livingstone. The events transpired as follows:

text: On October 19, a meeting of the NHA board of directors was held. Livingstone did not attend, sending lawyer Eddie Barclay. Barclay was informed by the directors that Toronto would not play in the 1917–18 season due to the difficulty of operating a five-team league, both in scheduling and availability of players during wartime. Livingstone then publicly announced that he would set up an international circuit and raid the NHA players.[1]

text: On November 9, 1917, it was reported that the Toronto NHA franchise was sold to Charles Querrie of the Toronto Arena corporation. At this point, NHA president Robertson and secretary Frank Calder denied that the NHA would change, dissolve or adopt other subterfuge.[2] This sale never completed.

text: The November 10, 1917, annual meeting of the NHA was presided over by Calder, and attended by Martin Rosenthal and E.P Dey for Ottawa; Sam Lichtenheim for the Wanderers; George Kennedy for the Canadiens and M. J. Quinn and Charles Fremont for Quebec. At the meeting, Livingstone was represented by J. F. Boland, who stated that if the league operates that the Toronto franchise intended to be a full member. The NHA voted to suspend operations but not wind up the organization and meet in one year's time. According to the Globe, there was a movement to form a new four-team league of Toronto, Ottawa and the two Montreal teams.[3] The Toronto representative offered to allow the Arena Gardens to manage the Torontos and lease the players.[4]

text: There then followed a period of speculation in the newspapers as to whether Quebec would play in the new season and what would be the league organization. One name for the new league was speculated: the "National Professional Hockey League". If Quebec could play then the Toronto players would be dispersed; if Quebec could not play then the Toronto players would be loaned to a temporary Toronto franchise. Representatives of Ottawa, Quebec, and the Montreal teams met on November 22, 1917, but adjourned without a decision.[5]

text: On November 26, 1917, representatives of the Ottawa, Quebec, and Montreal NHA clubs met at the Windsor Hotel in Montreal. The decision to start a new league was finalized and announced. The decision was made to start a new league, the National Hockey League, with the following provisions:

text:
Constitution and rules the same as the NHA
Frank Calder elected president and secretary
M. J. Quinn of Quebec was named honorary president
Franchises were granted to Ottawa, Canadiens, Wanderers,
Quebec players to be dispersed among the other teams

tag: ul

text: A Toronto franchise was to be operated 'temporarily' by the Arena Gardens while the Toronto ownership situation was resolved. The franchise used the players of the Blueshirts, including those who had been transferred to other NHA teams for the second half of the 1916–17 NHA season. While Livingstone agreed to a lease of the team, the NHL owners did not intend to share any revenues from the players. Livingstone would sue for the team's revenues in 1918. George Kennedy, owner of the Canadiens, would later say:

text: "The Toronto players belong as a body to the National Hockey League, for they were only loaned to the Toronto Arena Company, though Livingstone tried to make the Arena Company believe that he controlled those players"[6]

text: The team played without a nickname for the season.

text: According to Holzman,[7] the NHL itself was intended to operate temporarily until the Toronto NHA franchise was resolved. The NHA had a pending lawsuit against the 228th Battalion, and could or would not fold until after that was heard.

text: Quebec dispersal draft[edit]

text: According to McFarlane, the owners of the Quebec franchise asked $200 per man selected; but the amount received by the franchise is not recorded. The Wanderers took four players, but overlooked great Joe Malone, who was picked up by the Canadiens, who also took Joe Hall. Odie Cleghorn and Sprague Cleghorn joined the Wanderers, but Sprague broke a leg and was sidelined.[8]

text: Rule changes[edit]

text: On January 9, 1918, the league decided to allow goaltenders to drop to the ice surface in order to make saves. This was the first implemented and amended rule change in the National Hockey League. It was done in response to Ottawa's Clint Benedict constantly falling to make saves.[9] According to NHL president Frank Calder, "As far as I am concerned they can stand on their head(s)."[10]

text: Regular season[edit]

text: The new league faced stiff competition for players from a number of other leagues including the Pacific Coast Hockey Association. Also, filling rosters was a challenge because the talent pool was decimated by World War I.

text: The Wanderers were in trouble from the start of the season. They won their home opener but drew only 700 fans. The Wanderers then lost the next three games and owner Lichtenhein threatened to withdraw from the league unless he could get some players. Although they could have acquired Joe Malone in the draft, they turned to the PCHA and signed goaltender Hap Holmes. They also obtained permission to sign such players as Frank Foyston, Jack Walker and others if they could do so. The Wanderers loaned Holmes to the Seattle Metropolitans of the PCHA, but he eventually found his way back to the NHL when Seattle loaned him to Toronto.

text: A league meeting was planned to deal with the situation, but on January 2, 1918, the matter was resolved when the Montreal Arena burned down, leaving the Canadiens and Wanderers homeless. The Canadiens moved into the 3,250 seat Jubilee Rink.[11] The Hamilton arena offered to provide a home for the Wanderers, but Lichtenhein disbanded the team on January 4, after the other clubs refused to give him any players. The remaining three teams would complete the season.

text: The last active player from the inaugural season was Reg Noble, who retired following the 1933 Stanley Cup playoffs.

text: Highlights[edit]

text: The first game of the season, and in league history, featured the visiting Montreal Canadiens defeat the Ottawa Senators 7-4, with Joe Malone scoring five of Montreal's seven goals.[12] On the same night a game featured the unnamed Toronto team versus the Wanderers. Montreal's Dave Ritchie scored the first goal in NHL history and Harry Hyland had four goals (the league's first hat trick) in the Wanderers' 10–9 victory, which would be their only one in the NHL; Player-coach Art Ross earned the league's first penalty.[13] The game in Montreal was played in front of only 700 fans.[14]

text: On January 28, when the Canadiens visited Toronto, players Alf Skinner and Joe Hall got into a stick-swinging duel. Both players received match penalties, $15 fines and were arrested by the Toronto Police for disorderly conduct, for which they received suspended sentences.

text: In February, Ken Randall of Toronto was suspended pending payment of $35 in fines to the league. He brought $32 in paper money and 300 pennies. The pennies were refused. He tossed his bag of pennies onto the ice prior to the game against Ottawa, and one of the Ottawa players banged it with his stick, scattering the pennies around the ice. The game was delayed while the pennies were picked up.[14]

text: Final standings[edit]

text:
First Half

GP
W
L
T
Pts
GF
GA

Montreal Canadiens
14
10
4
0
20
81
47

Toronto Hockey Club
14
8
6
0
16
71
75

Ottawa Senators
14
5
9
0
10
67
79

Montreal Wanderers
6
1
5
0
2
17
35

text:
Second Half

GP
W
L
T
Pts
GF
GA

Toronto Hockey Club
8
5
3
0
10
37
34

Ottawa Senators
8
4
4
0
8
35
35

Montreal Canadiens
8
3
5
0
6
34
37

text:
[15] Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against
Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.
The Wanderers defaulted scheduled games against the Canadiens (Jan. 2, 1918) and Toronto (Jan. 5, 1918), when their arena burned down.
These appear as losses in the standings, but the games were not played.[16]

text: "The league did not accept the Wanderers' resignation immediately, electing to wait and see whether the team showed up for its scheduled match in Toronto on Saturday January 5. ... The deadline did expire, and the once-powerful team that had been known as the Little Men of Iron was thrown onto the scrap heap of hockey history. The Wanderers' scheduled games of January 2 and 5 were officially recorded in the standings as victories for their respective opponents, the Canadiens and Torontos." — Holzman.[17]

text: Playoffs[edit]

text: NHL Championship[edit]

text: Montreal had won the first half of the NHL split season and Toronto had won the second half. The two teams then played a two-game total goals series for the NHL championship. The series saw lots of fighting involving Bert Corbeau and Newsy Lalonde.[14] Toronto won the series and advanced to the Stanley Cup final.

text: Toronto vs. Montreal Canadiens

text:
Date
Away
Score
Home
Score
Notes

March 11
Montreal Canadiens
3
Toronto
7

March 13
Toronto
3
Montreal Canadiens
4

text: Toronto wins total goals series 10–7 for the O'Brien Cup.

text: Stanley Cup series[edit]

text: The championship series was played at Arena Gardens in Toronto. The games alternated between seven-man PCHA rules and NHL six-man rules. Toronto won all three games played under NHL rules, and Vancouver won the two games played under PCHA rules. Although Vancouver's Mickey MacKay was described as sensational in the fifth and deciding game, it was Corbett Denneny of Toronto who scored the winning goal and Toronto won the Stanley Cup.[18]

text: Vancouver Millionaires vs. Toronto

text:
Date
Away
Score
Home
Score
Notes

March 20
Vancouver Millionaires
3
Toronto
5

March 23
Toronto
4
Vancouver Millionaires
6

March 26
Vancouver Millionaires
3
Toronto
6

March 28
Toronto
1
Vancouver Millionaires
8

March 30
Vancouver Millionaires
1
Toronto
2

text: Toronto wins best-of-five series 3 games to 2 for the Stanley Cup

text: Schedule and results[edit]

text: Results[edit]

text:
Month
Day
Visitor
Score
Home
Score

Dec.
19
Canadiens
7
Ottawa
4

19
Toronto
9
Wanderers
10

21
Ottawa
4
Toronto
11

21
Canadiens
11
Wanderers
2

26
Ottawa
6
Wanderers
3

26
Canadiens
5
Toronto
7

29
Wanderers
2
Ottawa
9

29
Toronto
2
Canadiens
9

Jan.
2
Toronto
6
Ottawa
5

2†
Wanderers
–
Canadiens
–

5
Ottawa
5
Canadiens
6 (27' OT)

5†
Wanderers
–
Toronto
–

9
Canadiens
4
Toronto
6

12
Ottawa
4
Canadiens
9

14
Toronto
6
Ottawa
9

16
Ottawa
4
Toronto
5

19
Toronto
1
Canadiens
5

21
Canadiens
5
Ottawa
3

23
Ottawa
4
Canadiens
3

26
Toronto
3
Ottawa
6

28
Canadiens
1
Toronto
5

30
Canadiens
5
Ottawa
2

Feb.
2
Toronto
2
Canadiens
11

4
Ottawa
2
Toronto
8

text: † Montreal Arena burned down and Wanderers withdraw. Two Wanderers games count as wins for Canadiens and Toronto.

text:
Month
Day
Visitor
Score
Home
Score

Feb.
6
Canadiens
3
Ottawa
6

9
Toronto
7
Canadiens
3

11
Ottawa
1
Toronto
3

13
Toronto
6
Ottawa
1

16
Ottawa
4
Canadiens
10

18
Canadiens
9
Toronto
0

20
Toronto
4
Canadiens
5

23
Ottawa
3
Toronto
9

25
Canadiens
0
Ottawa
8

27
Ottawa
3
Canadiens
1 (at Quebec)

Mar.
2
Canadiens
3
Toronto
5

6
Toronto
3
Ottawa
9

text: Awards[edit]

text: NHL champion – Toronto Hockey Club

text: Note:

text: The O'Brien Cup, still considered the championship of the NHA, was not actually awarded to Toronto in 1918. It remained under the care of the Canadiens who had won it in 1917, until the death of their owner, George Kennedy, in 1921, when the NHL made arrangements to re-use the trophy.[19] The Hockey Hall of Fame lists Toronto as the winner for 1917–18.

text: Player statistics[edit]

text: Scoring leaders[edit]

text: GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes

text:
Player
Team
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM

Joe Malone
Montreal Canadiens
20
44
4
48
30

Cy Denneny
Ottawa Senators
20
36
10
46
80

Reg Noble
Toronto
20
30
10
40
35

Newsy Lalonde
Montreal Canadiens
14
23
7
30
51

Corbett Denneny
Toronto
21
20
9
29
14

Harry Cameron
Toronto
21
17
10
27
28

Didier Pitre
Montreal Canadiens
20
17
6
23
29

Eddie Gerard
Ottawa Senators
20
13
7
20
26

Jack Darragh
Ottawa Senators
18
14
5
19
26

Frank Nighbor
Ottawa Senators
10
11
8
19
6

text: Source: NHL[20]

text: Leading goaltenders[edit]

text:
Name
Team
GP
Mins
W
L
T
GA
SO
GAA

Georges Vezina
Canadiens
21
1282
12
9
0
84
1
3.93

Harry Holmes
Toronto
16
965
9
7
0
76

4.73

Clint Benedict
Ottawa
22
1337
9
13
0
114
1
5.12

Art Brooks
Toronto
4
220
2
2
0
23

6.27

Sammy Hebert
Toronto/Ottawa
2
80
1
0
0
10

7.5

text: Source: NHL[21]

text: NHL playoff scoring leaders[edit]

text:
Player
Team
GP
G
A
Pts

Alf Skinner
Toronto
7
8
3
11

Newsy Lalonde
Canadiens
2
4
2
6[22]

Harry Cameron
Toronto
7
4

4

Harry Meeking
Toronto
7
4

4

Reg Noble
Toronto
7
3

3

text: Debuts[edit]

text: The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1917–18 (listed with their first team, not including players who previously played in the NHA):

text: Jack Adams, Toronto

text: Last games[edit]

text: The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1917–18 (listed with their last team):

text:
Jack Laviolette, Montreal Canadiens
Art Ross, Montreal Wanderers
Harry Hyland, Ottawa Senators