document_title: First Battle of Bull Run

question_text: when did the battle of bull run start

question_tokens: when did the battle of bull run start

text: First Battle of Bull Run

text: Background[edit]

text: Military and political situation[edit]

text:
Opposing political leaders

Pres.
Abraham Lincoln,
USA

Pres.
Jefferson Davis,
CSA

text: On April 15, 1861, the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States. Earlier, South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America.

text: To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety-day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000. He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three-year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000. Lincoln's actions caused four more Southern states, including Virginia, to secede and join the Confederacy, and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia.

text: In Washington, D.C., as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital, General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states. He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans. While the Army "strangled" the Confederacy in the west, the U.S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts. The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott's "Anaconda Plan". Instead, many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond, only one hundred miles south of Washington, would quickly end the war.[13] By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington. Since General Scott was seventy-five years old and physically unable to lead this force, the administration searched for a more suitable field commander.[14]

text: Irvin McDowell[edit]

text: Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan, 42-year-old Maj. Irvin McDowell. Although McDowell was a West Point graduate, his command experience was limited. In fact, he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General's Office. While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase, a former Ohio governor and senator. Now, through Chase's influence, McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command (by President Abraham Lincoln) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia, which included the military forces in and around Washington (Army of Northeastern Virginia).[15] McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia, 35,000 men arranged in five divisions. Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations, McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops. Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments, but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level. He was reassured by President Lincoln, "You are green, it is true, but they are green also; you are all green alike."[16] Against his better judgment, McDowell commenced campaigning.

text: Intelligence[edit]

text: During the previous year, U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City, including Rose O'Neal Greenhow, a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts.[17] He provided her with a code for messages.[18] After he left to join the Confederate Army, he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her.[17] On July 9 and 16, 1861, Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run, including the plans of Union general McDowell.[18][19]

text: McDowell's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign[edit]

text: On July 16, 1861, McDowell departed Washington with the largest field army yet gathered on the North American continent, about 35,000 men (28,452 effectives).[6] McDowell's plan was to move westward in three columns and make a diversionary attack on the Confederate line at Bull Run with two columns, while the third column moved around the Confederates' right flank to the south, cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the rear of the Confederate army. He assumed that the Confederates would be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and fall back to the Rappahannock River, the next defensible line in Virginia, which would relieve some of the pressure on the U.S. capital.[20] McDowell had hoped to have his army at Centreville by 17 July, but the troops, unaccustomed to marching, moved in starts and stops. Along the route soldiers often broke ranks to wander off to pick apples or blackberries or to get water, regardless of the orders of their officers to remain in ranks.[21]

text: The Confederate Army of the Potomac (21,883 effectives)[22] under Beauregard was encamped near Manassas Junction, approximately 25 miles (40 km) from the United States capital. McDowell planned to attack this numerically inferior enemy army. Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson's 18,000 men engaged Johnston's force (the Army of the Shenandoah at 8,884 effectives, augmented by Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes's brigade of 1,465[22]) in the Shenandoah Valley, preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard.

text: After two days of marching slowly in the sweltering heat, the Union army was allowed to rest in Centreville. McDowell reduced the size of his army to approximately 31,000 by dispatching Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon with 5,000 troops to protect the army's rear. In the meantime, McDowell searched for a way to outflank Beauregard, who had drawn up his lines along Bull Run. On July 18, the Union commander sent a division under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler to pass on the Confederate right (southeast) flank. Tyler was drawn into a skirmish at Blackburn's Ford over Bull Run and made no headway. Also on the morning of 18 July Johnston had received a telegram suggesting he go to Beauregard's assistance if possible. Johnston marched out of Winchester about noon, while Stuart's cavalry screened the movement from Patterson. Patterson was completely deceived. One hour after Johnston's departure Patterson telegraphed Washington, "I have succeeded, in accordance with the wishes of the General-in-Chief, in keeping General Johnston's force at Winchester."[23]

text: For the maneuver to be successful McDowell felt he needed to act quickly. He had already begun to hear rumors that Johnston had slipped out of the valley and was headed for Manassas Junction. If the rumors were true, McDowell might soon be facing 34,000 Confederates, instead of 22,000. Another reason for quick action was McDowell's concern that the ninety-day enlistments of many of his regiments were about to expire. "In a few days I will lose many thousands of the best of this force", he wrote Washington on the eve of battle. In fact, the next morning two units of McDowell's command, their enlistments expiring that day, would turn a deaf ear to McDowell's appeal to stay a few days longer. Instead, to the sounds of battle, they would march back to Washington to be mustered out of service.[24]

text: Becoming more frustrated, McDowell resolved to attack the Confederate left (northwest) flank instead. He planned to attack with Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler's division at the Stone Bridge on the Warrenton Turnpike and send the divisions of Brig. Gens. David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman over Sudley Springs Ford. From here, these divisions could march into the Confederate rear. The brigade of Col. Israel B. Richardson (Tyler's Division) would harass the enemy at Blackburn's Ford, preventing them from thwarting the main attack. Patterson would tie down Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley so that reinforcements could not reach the area. Although McDowell had arrived at a theoretically sound plan, it had a number of flaws: it was one that required synchronized execution of troop movements and attacks, skills that had not been developed in the nascent army; it relied on actions by Patterson that he had already failed to take; finally, McDowell had delayed long enough that Johnston's Valley force was able to board trains at Piedmont Station and rush to Manassas Junction to reinforce Beauregard's men.[25]

text: Prelude to battle[edit]

text: On July 19–20, significant reinforcements bolstered the Confederate lines behind Bull Run. Johnston arrived with all of his army, except for the troops of Brig. Gen. Kirby Smith, who were still in transit. Most of the new arrivals were posted in the vicinity of Blackburn's Ford, and Beauregard's plan was to attack from there to the north toward Centreville. Johnston, the senior officer, approved the plan. If both of the armies had been able to execute their plans simultaneously, it would have resulted in a mutual counterclockwise movement as they attacked each other's left flank.[26]

text: McDowell was getting contradictory information from his intelligence agents, so he called for the balloon Enterprise, which was being demonstrated by Prof. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe in Washington, to perform aerial reconnaissance.

text: Opposing forces[edit]

text: Union[edit]

text:
Key Union commanders

Brig. Gen.
Irvin McDowell, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (Commanding), USA

Brig. Gen.
Daniel Tyler, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (1st Div.) USA

Brig. Gen.
David Hunter, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (2nd Div.) USA

Brig. Gen.
Samuel P. Heintzelman, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (3rd Div.) USA

Brig. Gen.
Theodore Runyon, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (4th Div.) USA

Brig. Gen.
Dixon S. Miles, Army of Northeastern Virginia, (5th Div.) USA

Maj. Gen.
Robert Patterson, Patterson's Command, USA

text: McDowell's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each. Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments. An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade. The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000, although only about 18,000 were actually engaged. The Union army was organized as follows:

text:
1st Division of Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler the largest in the army, contained four brigades, led by Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck, Col. Erasmus Keyes, Col. William T. Sherman, and Col. Israel B. Richardson;
2nd Division of Col. David Hunter of two brigades. These were led by Cols. Andrew Porter and Ambrose E. Burnside;
3rd Division of Col. Samuel P. Heintzelman included 3 brigades, led by Cols. William B. Franklin, Orlando B. Willcox, and Oliver O. Howard;
4th Division of Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon without brigade organization and not engaged, contained seven regiments of New Jersey and one regiment of New York volunteer infantries;
5th Division of Col. Dixon S. Miles included 2 brigades, commanded by Cols. Louis Blenker and Thomas A. Davies;

text: While McDowell organized the Army of Northeastern Virginia, a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington, near Harper's Ferry. Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson, 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley.

text: Abstract from the returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia, commanded by Brigadier-General McDowell, U. S. A., for July 16 and 17, 1861.[5]

text:
ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA

Commands
Present

For duty
Total
Aggregate

Officers
Men

General staff
19

21

First (Tyler's) Division
569
12,226
9,494
9,936

Second (Hunter's) Division
121
2,364
2,525
2,648

Third (Heintzelman's) Division
382
8,680
9,385
9,777

Fourth (Runyon's) Division
247
5,201
5,502
5,752

Fifth (Miles') Division
289
5,884
5,917
6,207

Twenty-first New York Volunteers
37
684
707
745

Twenty-fifth New York Militia
39
519
534
573

Second United States Cavalry, Company E
4
56
63
73

Total
1,707
35,614
34,127
35,732

text: Abstract from return of the Department of Pennsylvania, commanded by Major-General Patterson, June 28, 1861.[27]

text:
PATTERSON'S COMMAND

Commanding officer
Troops
Present for duty

Infantry
Cavalry
Artillery

Officers
Men
Officers
Men
Officers
Men

Bvt. Maj. Gen. Geo. Cadwalader
First division
322
6,637
11
307
7
251

Maj. Gen. W. H. Keim
Second division
322
6,410
3
74

Total
644
13,047
14
381
7
251

text:
Aggregate present for duty

Infantry
13,691

Cavalry
395

Artillery
258

Total
14,344

text: Confederate[edit]

text:
Key Confederate commanders

Brig. Gen.
P. G. T. Beauregard, CSA Army of the Potomac

Brig. Gen.
Joseph E. Johnston, CSA Army of the Shenandoah, (Commanding)

text: Joseph E. Johnston's forces was organized as follows:

text:
The Army of the Potomac (Brig. Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard) was organized into six infantry brigades, with each brigade containing three to six infantry regiments. Artillery batteries were assigned to various infantry brigades. The total number of troops in the Confederate Army of the Potomac was approximately 22,000. Beauregard's army also contained thirty-nine pieces of field artillery and a regiment of Virginia cavalry. The Army of the Potomac was organized into seven infantry brigades. These were:

1st Brigade, under Brig. Gen. Milledge Luke Bonham;
2nd Brigade, under Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell;
3rd Brigade, under Brig. Gen. David R. Jones;
4th Brigade, under Brig. Gen. James Longstreet;
5th Brigade, under Col. Philip St. George Cocke;
6th Brigade, under Col. Jubal Early;
7th Brigade, under Col. Nathan G. Evans.

The Army of the Shenandoah (Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston) was also organized into brigades. It consisted of four brigades of three to five infantry regiments each, which totaled approximately 12,000 men. Each brigade was assigned one artillery battery. In addition to the infantry, there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. J. E. B. Stuart. Although the combined strength of both Confederate armies was about 34,000, only about 18,000 were actually engaged at First Bull Run. The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of four infantry brigades:

1st Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson;
2nd Brigade, commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow;
3rd Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee;
4th Brigade, commanded by Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith.

text: Abstract front field return, First Corps (Army of the Potomac), July 21, 1861.[7]

text: [Dated September 25, 1861.]

text:
ARMY OF THE POTOMAC

Commands.
General and Staff Officers
Infantry.
Cavalry.
Artillery.

Officers
Men.
Officers
Men.
Officers
Men.

First Brigade
4
211
4,070

Second Brigade
4
133
2,307

Third Brigade
4
128
1,989

Fourth Brigade
4
160
2,364

Fifth Brigade
3
208
8,065

Sixth Brigade
3
261
2,356

Seventh Louisiana

44
773

Eighth Louisiana

43
803

Hampton Legion

27
627

Thirteenth Virginia

34
642

Harrison's Battalion (three companies)

13
196

Troops (ten) of cavalry

38
545

Washington (Louisiana) Artillery

19
201

Kemper's battery

4
76

Latham's battery

4
86

Loudoun Battery

3
55

Shield's battery

3
82

Camp Pickens (heavy artillery)

18
275

Total
22
1,215
18,354
85
1,383
51
775

text:
Aggregates:

Infantry
19,569

Cavalry
1,468

Artillery
826

21,863

text: Abstract from monthly report of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's division, or Army of the Shenandoah (C. S. A.), for June 30, 1861.[7]

text:
ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH

Commanding officer.
Troops.
PRESENT FOR DUTY.

Infantry.
Cavalry.
Artillery.

Officers.
Men.
Officers.
Men.
Officers.
Men.

Colonel Jackson
First brigade
128
2,043

4
81

Col. F. S. Bartow
Second brigade
155
2,391

3
59

Brigadier-General Bee
Third brigade
161
2,629

4
78

Col. A. Elzey
Fourth brigade
156
2,106

4
45

Col. J. E. B. Stuart
First Virginia Cavalry

21
313

Col. A. C. Cummings
Virginia Volunteers
14
227

Total
614
9,396
21
313
15
263

text: Aggregate present for duty.

text:
General staff
32

Infantry
10,010

Cavalry
334

Artillery
278

10,654

text: Battle[edit]

text: Morning phase[edit]

text: Matthews Hill[edit]

text: On the morning of July 21, 1861, McDowell sent the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman (about 12,000 men) from Centreville at 2:30 a.m., marching southwest on the Warrenton Turnpike and then turning northwest toward Sudley Springs. Tyler's division (about 8,000) marched directly toward the Stone Bridge. The inexperienced units immediately developed logistical problems. Tyler's division blocked the advance of the main flanking column on the turnpike. The later units found the approach roads to Sudley Springs were inadequate, little more than a cart path in some places, and did not begin fording Bull Run until 9:30 a.m. Tyler's men reached the Stone Bridge around 6 a.m.[28]

text: At 5:15 a.m., Richardson's brigade fired a few artillery rounds across Mitchell's Ford on the Confederate right, some of which hit Beauregard's headquarters in the Wilmer McLean house as he was eating breakfast, alerting him to the fact that his offensive battle plan had been preempted. Nevertheless, he ordered demonstration attacks north toward the Union left at Centreville. Bungled orders and poor communications prevented their execution. Although he intended for Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to lead the attack, Ewell, at Union Mills Ford, was simply ordered to "hold ... in readiness to advance at a moment's notice". Brig. Gen. D.R. Jones was supposed to attack in support of Ewell, but found himself moving forward alone. Holmes was also supposed to support, but received no orders at all.[29]

text: All that stood in the path of the 20,000 Union soldiers converging on the Confederate left flank were Col. Nathan "Shanks" Evans and his reduced brigade of 1,100 men.[32] Evans had moved some of his men to intercept the direct threat from Tyler at the bridge, but he began to suspect that the weak attacks from the Union brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck were merely feints. He was informed of the main Union flanking movement through Sudley Springs by Captain Edward Porter Alexander, Beauregard's signal officer, observing from 8 miles (13 km) southwest on Signal Hill. In the first use of wig-wag semaphore signaling in combat, Alexander sent the message "Look out for your left, your position is turned."[33] Evans hastily led 900 of his men from their position fronting the Stone Bridge to a new location on the slopes of Matthews Hill, a low rise to the northwest of his previous position.[32]

text: The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion, "Wheat's Tigers". After Wheat's command was thrown back, and Wheat seriously wounded, Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow, bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men.[32] They successfully slowed Hunter's lead brigade (Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young's Branch, at the northern end of Henry House Hill. One of Tyler's brigade commanders, Col. William Tecumseh Sherman, crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders. This surprise attack, coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj. George Sykes, collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11:30 a.m., sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill.[34]

text: (Further map details, see: Additional Map 4, Additional Map 5, Additional Map 6 and Additional Map 7.)

text: Noon phase[edit]

text: Henry House Hill[edit]

text: As they retreated from their Matthews Hill position, the remainder of Evans's, Bee's, and Bartow's commands received some cover from Capt. John D. Imboden and his battery of four 6-pounder guns, who held off the Union advance while the Confederates attempted to regroup on Henry House Hill. They were met by generals Johnston and Beauregard, who had just arrived from Johnston's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm, "Portici".[35] Fortunately for the Confederates, McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately, choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts. James B. Ricketts (Battery I, 1st U.S. Artillery) and Charles Griffin (Battery D, 5th U.S.) from Dogan's Ridge.[36]

text: Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon, accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton's Legion, and Col. J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry. The Hampton Legion, some 600 men strong, managed to buy Jackson time to construct a defensive line on Henry House Hill by firing repeated volleys at Sherman's advancing brigade. Hampton had purchased about 400 British Enfield rifles to equip the men with, however it is not clear if his troops had them at Bull Run or if the weapons arrived after the battle. If so, they would have been the only foreign-made weapons on the field. The 79th New York was thoroughly decimated by Hampton's musket fire and began to disintegrate. Wade Hampton gestured towards their colonel, James Cameron, and remarked "Look at that brave officer trying to lead his men and they won't follow him." Shortly afterwards, Cameron, the brother of US Senator Simon Cameron, was fatally wounded. It has been claimed that Hampton deliberately targeted officers of the 79th New York in revenge for the death of his nephew earlier in the day, although he had in fact been killed by soldiers of the 69th New York.

text: Jackson posted his five regiments on the reverse slope of the hill, where they were shielded from direct fire, and was able to assemble 13 guns for the defensive line, which he posted on the crest of the hill; as the guns fired, their recoil moved them down the reverse slope, where they could be safely reloaded.[37] Meanwhile, McDowell ordered the batteries of Ricketts and Griffin to move from Dogan's Ridge to the hill for close infantry support. Their 11 guns engaged in a fierce artillery duel across 300 yards (270 m) against Jackson's 13. Unlike many engagements in the Civil War, here the Confederate artillery had an advantage. The Union pieces were now within range of the Confederate smoothbores and the predominantly rifled pieces on the Union side were not effective weapons at such close ranges, with many shots fired over the head of their targets.[38]

text: One of the casualties of the artillery fire was Judith Carter Henry, an 85-year-old widow and invalid, who was unable to leave her bedroom in the Henry House. As Ricketts began receiving rifle fire, he concluded that it was coming from the Henry House and turned his guns on the building. A shell that crashed through the bedroom wall tore off one of the widow's feet and inflicted multiple injuries, from which she died later that day.[39]

text: "The Enemy are driving us", Bee exclaimed to Jackson. Jackson, a former U.S. Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute, is said to have replied, "Then, Sir, we will give them the bayonet."[40] Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally behind the Virginians."[41] This exclamation was the source for Jackson's (and his brigade's) nickname, "Stonewall". Bee was shot through the stomach shortly after speaking and died the next day, thus it is unclear exactly what he meant, moreover none of his subordinates wrote reports of the battle. Col. States Rights Gist, serving as Bee's aide-de-camp, took command of the brigade. Major Burnett Rhett, chief of staff to General Johnston, claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee's and Bartow's brigades while they were under heavy pressure. Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee's statement was meant to be pejorative: "Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall!"[42]

text: Artillery commander Griffin decided to move two of his guns to the southern end of his line, hoping to provide enfilade fire against the Confederates. At approximately 3 p.m., these guns were overrun by the 33rd Virginia, whose men were outfitted in blue uniforms, causing Griffin's commander, Maj. William F. Barry, to mistake them for Union troops and to order Griffin not to fire on them. Close range volleys from the 33rd Virginia and Stuart's cavalry attack against the flank of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Ellsworth's Fire Zouaves), which was supporting the battery, killed many of the gunners and scattered the infantry. Capitalizing on this success, Jackson ordered two regiments to charge Ricketts's guns and they were captured as well. As additional Federal infantry engaged, the guns changed hands several times.[43]

text: The capture of the Union guns turned the tide of battle. Although McDowell had brought 15 regiments into the fight on the hill, outnumbering the Confederates two to one, no more than two were ever engaged simultaneously. Jackson continued to press his attacks, telling soldiers of the 4th Virginia Infantry, "Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards! Then fire and give them the bayonet! And when you charge, yell like furies!" For the first time, Union troops heard the disturbing sound of the Rebel yell. At about 4 p.m., the last Union troops were pushed off Henry House Hill by a charge of two regiments from Col. Philip St. George Cocke's brigade.[44]

text: To the west, Chinn Ridge had been occupied by Col. Oliver Otis Howard's brigade from Heintzelman's division. Also at 4 p.m., two Confederate brigades-Col. Jubal Early's, which had moved from the Confederate right, and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith's (commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey after Smith was wounded), which had just arrived from the Shenandoah Valley—crushed Howard's brigade. Beauregard ordered his entire line forward. At 5 p.m. everywhere McDowell's army was disintegrating. Thousands, in large and small groups or as individuals, began to leave the battlefield and head for Centreville. McDowell rode around the field trying to rally regiments and groups of soldiers, but most had had enough. Unable to stop the mass exodus, McDowell gave orders for Porter's regular infantry battalion, near the intersection of the turnpike and Manassas-Sudley Road, to act as a rear guard as his army withdrew. The unit briefly held the crossroads, then retreated eastward with the rest of the army.[45]McDowell's force crumbled and began to retreat.[46]

text: (Further map details, see: Additional Map 8, Additional Map 9, Additional Map 10, Additional Map 11 and Additional Map 12.)

text: Union retreat[edit]

text: The retreat was relatively orderly up to the Bull Run crossings, but it was poorly managed by the Union officers. A Union wagon was overturned by artillery fire on a bridge spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell's force. As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville, discarding their arms and equipment, McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles's division to act as a rear guard, but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington. In the disorder that followed, hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner. Wagons and artillery were abandoned, including the 30-pounder Parrott rifle, which had opened the battle with such fanfare. Expecting an easy Union victory, the wealthy elite of nearby Washington, including congressmen and their families, had come to picnic and watch the battle. When the Union army was driven back in a running disorder, the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages.[47]

text: Since their combined army had been left highly disorganized as well, Beauregard and Johnston did not fully press their advantage, despite urging from Confederate President Jefferson Davis, who had arrived on the battlefield to see the Union soldiers retreating. An attempt by Johnston to intercept the Union troops from his right flank, using the brigades of Brig. Gens. Milledge L. Bonham and James Longstreet, was a failure. The two commanders squabbled with each other and when Bonham's men received some artillery fire from the Union rear guard, and found that Richardson's brigade blocked the road to Centreville, he called off the pursuit.[48]

text: In Washington President Lincoln and members of the cabinet waited for news of a Union victory. Instead, a telegram arrived stating "General McDowell's army in full retreat through Centreville. The day is lost. Save Washington and the remnants of this army." The tidings were happier in the Confederate capital. From the battlefield President Davis telegraphed Richmond, "We have won a glorious but dear-bought victory. Night closed on the enemy in full flight and closely pursued."[49]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Brief observations[edit]

text: First Bull Run was a clash between relatively large, ill-trained bodies of recruits, led by inexperienced officers. Neither army commander was able to deploy his forces effectively; although nearly 60,000 men were present at the battle, only 18,000 had actually been engaged. Although McDowell had been active on the battlefield, he had expended most of his energy maneuvering nearby regiments and brigades, instead of controlling and coordinating the movements of his army as a whole. Other factors contributed to McDowell's defeat: Patterson's failure to hold Johnston in the valley; McDowell's two-day delay at Centreville; allowing Tyler's division to lead the march on 21 July thus delaying the flanking divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman; and the 2 1/2-hour delay after the Union victory on Matthews' Hill, which allowed the Confederates to bring up reinforcements and establish a defensive position on Henry Hill. On Henry Hill Beauregard had also limited his control to the regimental level, generally allowing the battle to continue on its own and only reacting to Union moves. Johnston's decision to transport his infantry to the battlefield by rail played a major role in the Confederate victory. Although the trains were slow and a lack of sufficient cars did not allow the transport of large numbers of troops at one time, almost all of his army arrived in time to participate in the battle. After reaching Manassas Junction, Johnston had relinquished command of the battlefield to Beauregard, but his forwarding of reinforcements to the scene of fighting was decisive.[50]Jackson and Bee's brigades had done the largest share of fighting in the battle; Jackson's brigade had fought almost alone for four hours and sustained over 50% casualties.

text: Detailed casualties[edit]

text: Bull Run was the largest and bloodiest battle in United States history up to that point. Union casualties were 460 killed, 1,124 wounded, and 1,312 missing or captured; Confederate casualties were 387 killed, 1,582 wounded, and 13 missing.[51] Among the Union dead was Col. James Cameron, brother of President Lincoln's first Secretary of War, Simon Cameron.[52] Among the Confederate casualties was Col. Francis S. Bartow, who was the first Confederate brigade commander to be killed in the Civil War. General Bee was mortally wounded and died the following day.[53] Compared to later battles, casualties at First Bull Run had not been especially heavy. Both Union and Confederate killed, wounded, and missing were a little over one thousand seven hundred each.[54]Two Confederate brigade commanders, Jackson and Edmund Kirby-Smith, were wounded in the battle. No Union officers above the regimental level were killed; two division commanders (Samuel Heintzelman and David Hunter), and one brigade commander (Orlando Willcox) were wounded.

text: Union[edit]

text: Union casualties at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861.[8]

text:
ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA

Troops
Killed
Wounded
Missing
Remarks

Officers
Enlisted Men
Officers
Enlisted Men
Officers
Enlisted Men

General staff
1

First Division, General TYLER:

First Brigade, Colonel Keyes

19
4
46
5
149
Eighteen others slightly wounded.

Second Brigade, General Schenck
3
16

15
1
15

Third Brigade, Colonel Sherman
3
117
15
193
13
240

Fourth Brigade, Colonel Richardson

Not engaged. Guarding Blackburn's Ford.

Total, First Division
6
152
19
254
19
404

Second Division, Colonel HUNTER:

First Brigade, Colonel Porter
1
83
9
139
9
236
Four surgeons missing.

Second Brigade, Colonel Burnside
5
35
3
85
2
59
Five surgeons missing.

Total Second Division
6
118
12
224
11
295

Third Division, Colonel HEINTZELMAN:

Division headquarters.

1

First Brigade, Colonel Franklin
3
68
13
183
4
22

Second Brigade, Colonel Willcox
1
70
11
161

186

Third Brigade, Colonel Howard
2
48
7
108
6
174

Total, Third Division
6
186
32
452
10
382

Fourth Division, General RUNYON

In reserve on the Potomac.

Fifth Division, Colonel MILES:

First Brigade Colonel Blenker

6

16

94

Second Brigade, Colonel Davies

1
1

1

Total, Fifth Division

6
1
17

95

Grand total
19
462
64
947
40
1,176

text: Union artillery lost in the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861.[55]

text:
Batteries
Commanders
Guns lost
Remarks

Rifled
Smooth
Total

First U. S. Artillery, Company G
(two 20-pounder Parrotts,
one 30-pounder Parrott).
Lieutenant Edwards
1

1
20-pounders saved

First U. S. Artillery, Company I
(six 10-pounder Parrots)
Captain Ricketts
6

6
None saved

Second U. S. Artillery, Company D
Captain Arnold
2
2
4
None saved

Second U. S. Artillery, Company E
(two 13-pounder James, two 6-pounders (old), two 12-pounder howitzers).
Captain Carlisle
2
2
4
Two 6-pounders saved

Fifth S. Artillery [Company D],
(two 10-pounder Parrotts,
two 6-pounders (old),
two 12-pounder howitzers).
Captain Griffin
1
4
5
One 10-pounder saved

Rhode Island Battery
(six 13-pounder James)

5

5
One saved

Total lost

17
8
25

text: Confederate[edit]

text: Confederate casualties at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861.[10]

text:
Command
Killed
Wounded
Missing
Aggregate

Officers
Enlisted Men
Officers
Enlisted Men
Officers
Enlisted Men

ARMY OF THE POTOMAC

INFANTRY

First Louisiana (battalion)

8
5
33

2
48

Seventh Louisiana

3

23

26

Thirteenth Mississippi

6

6

Seventeenth Mississippi

2

9

11

Eighteenth Mississippi
2
6
2
28

38

Fifth North Carolina

1

3

4

Second South Carolina

5
6
37

48

Fourth South Carolina
1
10
9
70

6
96

Fifth South Carolina

3

23

26

Eighth South Carolina

5
3
20

28

Hampton Legion

19

100

2
121

First Virginia

6

6

Seventh Virginia

9
1
37

47

Eighth Virginia

6

23

1
30

Seventeenth Virginia

1

3

4

Eighteenth Virginia

6
1
12

19

Nineteenth Virginia

1

4

1
6

Twenty-eighth Virginia

9

9

Forty-ninth Virginia

1
9
1
29

40

ARTILLERY

Alexandria Light Artillery

1

2

3

Latham's

1

1

Loudoun

3

3

Washington (La.)

1

2

3

CAVALRY

Thirtieth Virginia
2
3

4

9

Hanover

1
3

4

ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH

INFANTRY

Fourth Alabama
4
36
6
151

Seventh Georgia
1
18
12
122

Eighth Georgia
3
38
6
153

First Maryland

1

5

Second Mississippi
4
21
3
79
1

Eleventh Mississippi

7

21

Sixth North Carolina
1
22
4
46

Third Tennessee

1

3

Second Virginia
3
15
3
69

Fourth Virginia
1
30

100

Fifth Virginia

6

47

Tenth Virginia

6

10

Twenty-seventh Virginia
1
18

122

Thirty-third Virginia
1
44

101

Total First Corps
6
99
29
490

12
632

Total Second Corps
19
263
34
1,029
1

Grand total
25
362
63
1,519
1
12
632

text:
Today will be known as BLACK MONDAY. We are utterly and disgracefully routed, beaten, whipped by secessionists.

Union diarist George Templeton Strong[56]

tag: div

text:
If the war had turned out to be of short duration, Bull Run would have been a disaster for the Union. But if, as now seemed more plausible, a long and nasty war was inevitable, that battle had a curiously salutary effect for the Union side. It provided a wake-up call for those optimists—like Seward or even Lincoln—who had hoped for or counted on a quick result.

David Detzer, Donnybrook[57]

text:
Bull Run was a turning point in the American Civil War ... in the sense that the battle struck with impelling force upon public opinion at home and abroad, upon Congress, and upon the Commander-in-chief. It framed new patterns of thought and led to far-reaching changes in the conduct of the war. The failure at Bull Run inspired a second Northern rising. Volunteering accelerated, 90-day men reenlisted, states rushed fresh regiments forward in plenitude. ... As they realized victory would not come readily, a new mood fastened upon Northerners. An iron resolve entered the Northern soul ...

James A. Rawley, Turning Points of the Civil War[58]

text: Effect on the Union and subsequent events[edit]

text: Union forces and civilians alike feared that Confederate forces would advance on Washington, D.C., with very little standing in their way. On July 24, Prof. Thaddeus S. C. Lowe ascended in the balloon Enterprise to observe the Confederates moving in and about Manassas Junction and Fairfax. He saw no evidence of massing Confederate forces, but was forced to land in Confederate territory. It was overnight before he was rescued and could report to headquarters. He reported that his observations "restored confidence" to the Union commanders.[59]

text: The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat of their army when an easy victory had been widely anticipated. Both sides quickly came to realize the war would be longer and more brutal than they had imagined. On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to three years of service.[60] On July 25, eleven thousand Pennsylvanians who had earlier been rejected by the U.S. Secretary of War, Simon Cameron, for federal service in either Patterson's or McDowell's command arrived in Washington, D.C., and were finally accepted.[61]

text: Three months after First Bull Run Union forces suffered another, smaller defeat at the Battle of Ball's Bluff, near Leesburg, Virginia. The perceived military incompetence at First Bull Run and Ball's Bluff led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, a congressional body created to investigate Northern military affairs. Concerning the Battle of First Bull Run, the committee listened to testimony from a variety of witnesses connected with McDowell's army. Although the committee's report concluded that the principal cause of defeat was Patterson's failure to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Beauregard, Patterson's enlistment had expired a few days after the battle, and he was no longer in the service. The Northern public clamored for another scapegoat, and McDowell bore the chief blame. On 25 July 1861, he was relieved of army command and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, who was named general-in-chief of all the Union armies. McDowell was also present to bear significant blame for the defeat of Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia thirteen months later, at the Second Battle of Bull Run.[54][62]

text: Effect on the Confederacy[edit]

text: The reaction in the Confederacy was more muted. There was little public celebration as the Southerners realized that despite their victory, the greater battles that would inevitably come would mean greater losses for their side as well.[63] Once the euphoria of victory had worn off, Jefferson Davis called for 400,000 additional volunteers.[54]

text: Beauregard was considered the Confederate hero of the battle and was promoted that day by C.S. President Davis to full general in the Confederate army.[64] Stonewall Jackson, arguably the most important tactical contributor to the victory, received no special recognition, but would later achieve glory for his 1862 Valley Campaign. Privately, Davis credited Greenhow with ensuring Confederate victory.[18] Jordan sent a telegram to Greenhow: "Our President and our General direct me to thank you. We rely upon you for further information. The Confederacy owes you a debt. (Signed) JORDAN, Adjutant-General."[65]

text: The battle also had long-term psychological consequences. The decisive victory led to a degree of over-confidence on the part of Confederate forces, while prompting a determined organizational effort on the part of the Union. In hindsight commentators on both sides agreed that the one-sided outcome "proved the greatest misfortune that would have befallen the Confederacy". Although modern historians generally agree with this interpretation, James M. McPherson has argued that the esprit de corps attained by Confederate troops on the heels of their victory, together with a new sense of insecurity felt by northern commanders, also gave the Confederacy a military edge in the following months.[66]

text: Confederate victory: turning point of the American Civil War[edit]

text: "Bull Run" vs. "Manassas"[edit]

text: The name of the battle has caused controversy since 1861. The Union Army frequently named battles after significant rivers and creeks that played a role in the fighting; the Confederates generally used the names of nearby towns or farms. The U.S. National Park Service uses the Confederate name for its national battlefield park, but the Union name (Bull Run) also has widespread currency in popular literature.[67]

text: Confusion between the battle flags[edit]

text: Battlefield confusion between the battle flags, especially the similarity of the Confederacy's "Stars and Bars" and the Union's "Stars and Stripes" when fluttering, led to the adoption of the Confederate Battle Flag, which eventually became the most popular symbol of the Confederacy and the South in general.[68]

text: Conclusions[edit]

text: First Bull Run demonstrated that the war would not be won by one grand battle, and both sides began preparing for a long and bloody conflict. The battle also showed the need for adequately trained and experienced officers and men. One year later many of the same soldiers who had fought at First Bull Run, now combat veterans, would have an opportunity to test their skills on the same battlefield at the Second Battle of Bull Run/Manassas.[54]

text: Additional battle maps[edit]

text: Gallery: the First Bull Run hour by hour[edit]

text:
Map 1:
Situation Mid-July 1861

Map 2:
Beauregard's defensive situation
(Mid-July 1861)

Map 3:
Situation at 05:30-06:00
(July 21, 1861)

Map 4:
Situation at 10:30-11:00
(July 21, 1861)

Map 5:
Situation at 11:00-11:30
(July 21, 1861)

Map 6:
Situation at 12:00-12:30
(July 21, 1861)

Map 7:
Situation at 13:00
(July 21, 1861)

Map 8:
Situation at 14:30-15:00
(July 21, 1861)

Map 9:
Situation at 15:00
(July 21, 1861)

Map 10:
Situation at 15:30
(July 21, 1861)

Map 11:
Situation at 16:00
(July 21, 1861)

Map 12:
Situation at 16:30-17:30
(July 21, 1861)

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The First Battle of Bull Run is mentioned in the novel Gods and Generals, but is depicted more fully in its film adaptation. The battle forms the climax of the film Class of '61. It also appears in the first episode of the second season of the mini-series North and South, in the second episode of the first season of the mini-series How the West Was Won and in the first episode of the mini-series The Blue and the Gray. Manassas (1999) is the first volume in the James Reasoner Civil War Series of historical novels. The battle is described in Rebel (1993), the first volume of Bernard Cornwell's The Starbuck Chronicles series of historical novels. The battle is described from the viewpoint of a Union infantryman in Upton Sinclair's novella Manassas, which also depicts the political turmoil leading up to the Civil War. The battle is also depicted in John Jakes's The Titans, the fifth novel in The Kent Family Chronicles, a series that explores the fictional Confederate cavalry officer Gideon Kent. The battle is the subject of the Johnny Horton song, "Battle of Bull Run". Shaman, second in the Cole family trilogy by Noah Gordon, includes an account of the battle. The battle is also depicted in the song "Yankee Bayonet" by indie-folk band The Decemberists. In Murder at 1600, Detective Harlan Regis (Wesley Snipes) has built a plan-relief of the battle which plays a certain role in the plot.

text: Sesquicentennial[edit]

text: Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011. Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War. The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23–24, 2011. Throughout the year, there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities.[69]

text: The City of Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of the battle July 21–24, 2011.[70]

text: Battlefield preservation[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park. Located north of Manassas, in Prince William County, Virginia, it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles: the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30, 1862 (also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas, respectively). The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy), and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname "Stonewall."

text: Today the National Battlefield Park provides the opportunity for visitors to explore the historic terrain where men fought and died more than a century ago. More than 900,000 people visit the battlefield each year. (In comparison, roughly 15 million people annually visit nearby Washington, DC.[71]) As a historic area under the National Park Service, the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.


document_title: Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 3)

question_text: avatar the last airbender season 3 episode 12

root

text: Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 3)

text: Production[edit]

text: The season was produced by and aired on Nickelodeon, which is owned by Viacom.[1] The season's executive producers and co-creators were Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, who worked alongside episode director and co-producer Aaron Ehasz.[2] Most of the individual episodes were directed by Ethan Spaulding, Lauren MacMullan and Giancarlo Volpe.[3] Episodes were written by a team of writers, which consisted of Aaron Ehasz, Elizabeth Welch Ehasz, Tim Hedrick, and John O'Bryan, along with creators DiMartino and Konietzko.[3]

tag: p

text: The season's music was composed by "The Track Team", which consists of Jeremy Zuckerman and Benjamin Wynn, who were known to the show's creators because Zuckerman was Konietzko's roommate.[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text: All of the central characters generally remained the same: Zach Tyler Eisen voices Aang, Mae Whitman voices Katara, Jack DeSena voices Sokka, Jessie Flower voices Toph, Dante Basco voices Zuko, Dee Bradley Baker voices Appa and Momo,[3] and Grey DeLisle voices Azula.

text: Additionally, Mark Hamill joins the cast to voice Fire Lord Ozai after having minor appearances throughout the first and second seasons of the series,[3] while Greg Baldwin now voices Iroh due to Mako Iwamatsu's passing.[5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The season received critical acclaim. Jamie S. Rich from DVD Talk remarked, "In addition to the solid writing, Avatar the Last Airbender [sic] also has amazing animation. The character designs, with its roots in classic Asian folklore, are colorful and inventive, and the overall animation is smooth and consistently executed".[6] Jamie S. Rich wrote in another review:[7]

text:
“
This final season in the trilogy is turning out to be the best... At this point in the story, major things are happening, with the characters going through changes and the various plot elements coming together. Thankfully, the show creators never rest, and the quality control is top-notch. The writing is smart, and the animation always impressive. (2008)
”

tag: table

text: Henrik Batallones, a BuddyTV Staff Columnist, also noted the wide variety of positive reviews from the press for the series finale, noting that sources such as the New York Times and Toon Zone gave Avatar: The Last Airbender "glowing reviews".[8]

text: The season also received praise for its video and sound quality. Nick Lyons from DVD Talk felt that the video quality appeared better than previous seasons, which had also garnered additional awards. He also remarks that the sound is "spot on...as per usual."[9] At the 2008 Annie Awards, the season won "Best Animated Television Production for Children". At the same Annie Awards, Joaquim Dos Santos won the "Best Directing in an Animated Television Production" caption for his directing in "Into the Inferno".[10] Joaquim Dos Santos also gave Avatar: The Last Airbender a nomination at Annecy 2008 for his work with "The Day of Black Sun Part 2: The Eclipse".[11] Additionally, music editor and composer Jeremy Zuckerman and the sound editing team were nominated a Golden Reel award for "Best Sound Editing in a Television Animation" for their work in "Avatar Aang".[12]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Animated by
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code [1]
Viewers
(millions)

41
1
"The Awakening"
Moi Animation
Giancarlo Volpe
Aaron Ehasz
September 21, 2007 (2007-09-21)
301
—

Aang awakens to find himself weakened, his head full of hair, and all of his friends dressed in Fire Nation clothing riding a stolen ship. He is dismayed to discover that the world believes him to be dead, just like when he was frozen in ice. Sokka believes it to be a great thing, since it means the Fire Nation won't be hunting Team Avatar anymore and that they won't be expecting Aang at the invasion. Zuko and Azula are welcomed home as heroes, where Fire Lord Ozai makes his first appearance and congratulates Zuko for killing the Avatar. Zuko realizes Azula credited him for ulterior motives of her own. Aang tries to run away by himself, but his friends find him. He realizes that with the fall of Ba Sing Se, secrecy is their greatest advantage, and gives up his glider to the lava flows of Avatar Roku's island.

42
2
"The Headband"
JM Animation
Joaquim Dos Santos
John O'Bryan
September 28, 2007 (2007-09-28)
302
—

Aang and friends steal some clothes as temporary disguises while traveling in the Fire Nation, and Aang is accidentally taken to a Fire Nation school. He hides his tattoos with a headband and long sleeves, and learns the Fire Nation pledge of loyalty as well as the propaganda about the death of the Airbenders. He organizes a school-wide dance party for the up-tight Fire Nation kids. When the principal arrives to shut it down the kids help Aang escape. Capoeira is shown as a Fire Nation traditional dance. Meanwhile, Zuko starts to believe the Avatar is alive and hires an assassin to kill Aang.

43
3
"The Painted Lady"
Moi Animation
Ethan Spaulding
Joshua Hamilton
October 5, 2007 (2007-10-05)
303
—

The gang arrives at a Fire Nation village populated by sick and starving people. They are sick because of the nearby Fire Nation ammunitions factory polluting the river. Katara convinces them to stay by making Appa appear sick and assumes the role of "The Painted Lady," a local legend, to heal the sick and steal food from the factory. She ends up destroying the factory once Aang finds out her ruse, spurring the soldiers to attack the village. Katara reveals herself to the villagers, who thank her for her selfless aid. Katara is also thanked by the spirit of the real Painted Lady.

44
4
"Sokka's Master"
JM Animation
Giancarlo Volpe
Tim Hedrick
October 12, 2007 (2007-10-12)
304
—

Sokka feels left out as he is the only person of the group unable to bend. He finds sword master Piandao to train him, forging his own sword out of a meteorite. The sword master teaches Sokka the philosophy of swordsmanship by giving him various seemingly boring tasks like painting and rock-gardening. When he gains Piandao's respect he reveals he is not from the Fire Nation. Piandao says he knew that already and that the ways of the sword belongs to all nations. He gives Sokka a white lotus Pai Sho tile as a farewell gift. Meanwhile, Iroh devises a plan to escape prison and starts training in secret.
Note: At the end of the episode, Sokka gives Toph a piece of the meteorite. She bends it to create the Nickelodeon splatter shape.

45
5
"The Beach"
Moi Animation
Joaquim Dos Santos
Katie Mattila
October 19, 2007 (2007-10-19)
305
—

Zuko, Azula, Mai, and Ty Lee are forced to go on vacation to Ember Island. After winning a volleyball game they get invited to a party. Azula tries to flirt but scares guys away with her psychotic raving. Zuko sees a guy flirt with Mai and angrily destroys a vase, prompting her to tell him off. Later around a campfire Ty Lee reveals she is so outgoing because she grew up with six identical sisters and hated it. Mai reveals her parents worried about their careers and gave Mai anything she wanted as long as she acted cold and proper. Zuko reveals he hates himself because he is not sure of the difference between right and wrong anymore. Azula reveals that she knew her mother thought she was a monster before brushing it off by claiming that her mother was correct. They bond by returning to the party and trashing the place as the host looks on in horror. Meanwhile, Aang and his best friends are attacked by Zuko's assassin, who pyrokinetically/thermokinetically generates extremely destructive beams of red-hot fire from his third eye.

46
6
"The Avatar and the Firelord"
JM Animation
Ethan Spaulding
Elizabeth Welch Ehasz
October 26, 2007 (2007-10-26)
306
—

Aang and Zuko both learn about the strong and close childhood friendship of Avatar Roku and Fire-lord Sozin. Sozin suggested to Roku that, as the pinnacle of civilization, the Fire Nation should control the destiny of the entire world to ensure universal prosperity. As Roku was the Avatar, he knew the importance of balance between all people and disagreed. When Sozin later greedily took an Earth Kingdom colony, Roku defeated him in battle and threatened to kill him if he again tried to do anything that crossed that line. When Roku's island volcano erupted years later, Sozin came to help. But, at the last moment, when Roku was overcome by volcanic gases, Sozin realized that he could rule the world if he let Roku die, and he abandoned him. Roku then died from the lava and was reincarnated as Aang. In his prison cell, Iroh tells Zuko that as the great-grandson of both Roku and Sozin, he alone has the ability to resolve their endless conflict and restore order and peace to the world.
At the end of the episode, Toph asks if friendships can transcend life times where both Aang and Katara acknowledge and accept Toph's inutition (implying that Aang's next incarnation, Korra, will befriend both Katara and Toph).

47
7
"The Runaway"
Moi Animation
Giancarlo Volpe
Joshua Hamilton
November 2, 2007 (2007-11-02)
307
—

Katara expresses her disapproval when Toph begins scamming Fire Nation civilians for quick cash. Toph thinks Katara is acting too motherly, and a rift forms within the group. To patch things up, Katara decides to pull a scam with Toph, but they are caught by Zuko's assassin, Combustion Man. He uses them as bait in an attempt to kill Aang, but Katara's quick thinking saves the day.

48
8
"The Puppetmaster"
JM Animation
Joaquim Dos Santos
Tim Hedrick
November 9, 2007 (2007-11-09)
308
—

The gang discovers that there have been strange disappearances in a Fire Nation town during a full moon. They befriend an old innkeeper named Hama, who reveals that she is a waterbender from the Southern Water Tribe that had been taken away sixty years previously alongside her fellow Southern waterbenders. She becomes Katara's mentor and shares with her the tragic story of her life as a longtime prisoner of the Fire Nation. A horrified Katara discovers that Hama is enacting her revenge by kidnapping Fire Nation civilians with bloodbending, a sinister and dark technique of waterbending which can only be used by an incredibly strong and skilled waterbender, and only during a full moon when his or her waterbending abilities are at their strongest potential. The resulting battle forces Katara to use the technique against Hama to save Aang and Sokka. Hama is taken away by the village, and she congratulates Katara on mastering bloodbending. A horrified and saddened Katara cries and Aang and Sokka comfort her.

49
9
"Nightmares and Daydreams"
Moi Animation
Ethan Spaulding
John O'Bryan
November 16, 2007 (2007-11-16)
309
—

The invasion is four days away, and Aang begins to feel nervous about confronting the Fire-Lord. Feeling that he is unprepared, he trains constantly and loses sleep, causing him to hallucinate and have nightmares. After three straight days, it takes the collaboration of Sokka, Toph, and Katara to get him to finally sleep and feel confident about facing Fire Lord Ozai.

50
10
"The Day of Black Sun, Part 1: The Invasion"
JM Animation
Giancarlo Volpe
Michael Dante DiMartino
November 30, 2007 (2007-11-30)
310
3.77[13]

On the day of the solar eclipse, many of the characters from the previous episodes reunite with the gang to help them fight and the invasion begins. Hakoda returns with a ragtag team of several allies whom the group has met during their adventures. Aang finally kisses Katara as sign of his strong feelings for her, worried that she may not return. They successfully infiltrate the Fire Nation capital as the invasion force breaks through many security barriers. Aang reaches the Fire-Lord's palace... only to find out that no one is home.

51
11
"The Day of Black Sun, Part 2: The Eclipse"
Moi Animation
Joaquim Dos Santos
Aaron Ehasz
November 30, 2007 (2007-11-30)
311
3.77[13]

As the eclipse begins, Sokka, Aang, and Toph search for the Fire-Lord, but only find Azula in an underground bunker, who stalls them. When Sokka realises her plan, she provokes him by telling him of Suki's capture. Zuko confronts his father in another bunker. He tells Ozai Azula struck down the Avatar, who is alive, that the Fire Nation only spreads fear and hatred, and in order to restore peace he will join the Avatar. Zuko refuses to kill Ozai as that is the Avatar's destiny, not his. As he leaves, Ozai stalls him by revealing the events of the night Fire-Lord Azulon died. He had been ordered to kill Zuko, but Zuko's mother sought an alternative, creating a treasonous plan for Ozai to take the throne, resulting in her banishment. The eclipse ends and Ozai attacks. Zuko redirects Ozai's lightning back at him and leaves. Iroh single-handedly breaks out from prison before Zuko can join him. Aang is forced to allow his army to be captured, but flees with his friends to the Western Air Temple with Zuko trailing them on a stolen warship balloon.

52
12
"The Western Air Temple"
JM Animation
Ethan Spaulding
Elizabeth Welch Ehasz
Tim Hedrick
July 14, 2008 (2008-07-14)
312
—

Zuko follows Aang and his friends to the Western Air Temple, seeking to join their group. There, Zuko desperately tries to prove to them that he has changed for the better. It is only after Zuko helps save them from Combustion Man that he receives their acceptance as Aang's firebending teacher and the fifth member of Team Avatar. However, an embittered and venomous Katara still refuses to believe that Zuko has really changed and threatens to take his life at the slightest sign of any treachery.

53
13
"The Firebending Masters"
Moi Animation
Giancarlo Volpe
John O'Bryan
July 15, 2008 (2008-07-15)
313
—

Zuko tries to teach Aang how to firebend, but has lost his own ability to do so as he is no longer reliant on rage. Toph suggests they learn from the original source of firebending, the mighty dragons. Zuko and Aang travel to nearby ruins of the Sun Warrior civilization. Zuko reveals that his uncle Iroh killed the last dragon long ago, a glory hunt that earns the firebender the title of 'Dragon'. After finding the Sun Warriors still exist they must carry a sacred flame up to the mountain to meet the dragons, but their flames go out at the last moment. They perform the dragon dance seen in the ruins, and the last two dragons reveal that the true secret of firebending is life, not destruction. Iroh had lied about the dragon's extinction after receiving similar training. Both Aang and Zuko begin to firebend again, stronger and more skillfully than before.

54
14
"The Boiling Rock, Part 1"
JM Animation
Joaquim Dos Santos
May Chan
July 16, 2008 (2008-07-16)
314
3.97[14]

Sokka and Zuko infiltrate the Fire Nation's top prison, the Boiling Rock, to find Sokka's father Hakoda. It is surrounded by a boiling lake, trapping Sokka and Zuko when their balloon crashes. They find Suki and hatch an escape plan with Sokka disguised as a guard. Zuko is captured and the warden recognises him, being Mai's uncle. A prisoner, Chit Sang, blackmails them into letting him help. As they are nearing escape, a new batch of prisoners arrive, including Sokka's father Hakoda. Sokka, Zuko, and Suki decide to stay to save him. As Chit Sang and his friends leave without them but make a mistake.

55
15
"The Boiling Rock, Part 2"
Moi Animation
Ethan Spaulding
Joshua Hamilton
July 16, 2008 (2008-07-16)
315
3.97[14]

Sokka, Zuko, Suki, and Chit Sang create a new plan for escaping the prison after the original plan failed. Mai appears and demands to know why Zuko left her. He says he's trying to save the Fire Nation, not destroy it. They take the warden hostage to escape on the gondola over the boiling water. The guards attempt to cut the line following the warden's orders, but Mai saves them by stopping the guards. Azula is furious over their betrayal, but Mai declares she loves Zuko more than she fears Azula. After Ty Lee stops Azula's attack on Mai with Chi-blocking and tries to aid her escape, Azula furiously has them both imprisoned.

56
16
"The Southern Raiders"
Moi Animation
Joaquim Dos Santos
Elizabeth Welch Ehasz
July 17, 2008 (2008-07-17)
316
4.23[14]

Azula chases Aang from the temple. Zuko confronts Katara about her distrust of him and tries to gain her friendship. He decides to help Katara find the soldier responsible for Kya's untimely death. Aang warns her that revenge is not the answer. Along the way, Katara's behavior becomes increasingly aggressive, and she even resorts to mercilessly bloodbending a Fire Nation soldier. They eventually find the retired soldier, Yan Rha, where Katara discovers that her mother had died protecting her. Despite Katara's uncontrollable rage and anger, she is unable to take revenge on such a pathetic person. Katara and Zuko leave, and Katara finally forgives Zuko and accepts him as a good friend in the form of a warm and friendly hug.

57
17
"The Ember Island Players"
JM Animation
Giancarlo Volpe
Tim Hedrick, Josh Hamilton
John O'Bryan
July 18, 2008 (2008-07-18)
317
4.53[14]

Sokka discovers that the Ember Island Players, a Fire Nation theater group, is debuting a play based upon their adventures. The play turns out to be Fire Nation propaganda, and although the audience enjoys the play, Aang and his friends are embarrassed by the inaccurate and exaggerated portrayals of themselves (with the sole exception of Toph, who is amused by her depiction as a large muscled man who employs a primitive form of sonar by yelling at everything). In context, the play also serves as a concise summary of Aang's entire journey throughout the show. The play ends with the Fire Nation winning the war, Azula killing Zuko and the Fire Lord killing the Avatar, which triggers a standing ovation from the audience and clearly frightens Aang.

58
18
"Sozin's Comet, Part 1: The Phoenix King"
JM Animation
Ethan Spaulding
Michael Dante DiMartino
July 19, 2008 (2008-07-19)
318
5.59[14]

Aang has decided to fight the Fire-lord after Sozin's Comet passes. Zuko derails this plan by revealing that Ozai intends to raze the entire Earth-Kingdom continent while under its influence. The gang begins a frantic training regimen while Aang struggles with his responsibilities: his friends exhort him to simply kill Ozai, but Aang clings to the pacifist beliefs of his Air-Nomad heritage. In his sleep, Aang is drawn towards a mysterious island that appears suddenly in the sea; the next day, his friends find June the Bounty Hunter to attempt to locate him again. Ozai bequeaths his throne to Azula and declares himself "Phoenix King", ruler of the known world while Aang awakens on the unknown island now in the middle of the sea.

59
19
"Sozin's Comet, Part 2: The Old Masters"
Moi Animation
Giancarlo Volpe
Aaron Ehasz
July 19, 2008 (2008-07-19)
319
5.59[14]

On the island, Aang seeks guidance from his past lives, but they too insist he must take violent action against the Firelord. The island turns out to be a giant lion-turtle, which gives Aang the guidance he has been seeking. After June is unable to find Aang, Zuko decides to ask June to find his uncle instead. After June leads them to the outer wall of Ba Sing Se, they meet King Bumi, Jeong Jeong, Master Pakku, and Master Piandao, who are members of the Order of the White Lotus. The group soon finds out that Iroh is their leader. After reuniting with Iroh, the team decides to split up and go in different directions to help stop the Fire Nation: Zuko and Katara will handle Azula at the capital of the Fire Nation; Sokka, Suki and Toph will attempt to deflect the Fire Nation airships encroaching on the Earth Kingdom, and Iroh is to lead the Order in the liberation of Ba Sing Se. Sozin's Comet arrives and Phoenix King Ozai prepares to destroy both the Earth Kingdom and the Avatar.

60
20
"Sozin's Comet, Part 3: Into the Inferno"
JM Animation
Joaquim Dos Santos
Michael Dante DiMartino
Bryan Konietzko
July 19, 2008 (2008-07-19)
320
5.59[14]

Azula's mental stability, undermined by the betrayal of her childhood friends at the Boiling Rock, begins to deteriorate as her coronation as Fire lord approaches. Zuko and Katara confront her right when she is about to be crowned Firelord, but Azula challenges her brother to an Agni Kai. Zuko, although initially winning, is gravely injured when Azula throws lightning at Katara which he dives in the way of. Aang duels Ozai without result, still unwilling to kill him. Sokka, Toph, and Suki attempt to halt the Airship fleet but are soon separated, while the Order of the White Lotus battles for Ba Sing Se's freedom.

61
21
"Sozin's Comet, Part 4: Avatar Aang"
JM Animation
Joaquim Dos Santos
Michael Dante DiMartino
Bryan Konietzko
July 19, 2008 (2008-07-19)
321
5.59[14]

Ozai accidentally causes Aang to enter the mighty Avatar State. The Order of the White Lotus successfully liberates Ba Sing Se, while Sokka, Suki and Toph disable all of the Airships. Katara freezes and chains Azula down, triggering a psychotic breakdown in Azula, then uses her exceptionally strong healing abilities to revive a severely wounded Zuko. Aang easily overwhelms Ozai, yet still refuses to kill him. Aang uses his knowledge from the lion-turtle-a newly acquired bending ability called energybending-to permanently strip Ozai of his firebending abilities, defeating the Phoenix King without taking his life. Newly appointed Fire Lord Zuko declares the war over, and Aang and his friends celebrate together at Iroh's tea shop in Ba Sing Se. Zuko and Mai reconcile officially, and Zuko confronts his father, angrily asking where his mother, Ursa, is being kept. Aang and Katara share a loving hug and kiss passionately before the sunset.
Note: The series is directly followed by The Promise, The Search, The Rift, Smoke and Shadow and North and South comic trilogies. This series is followed by The Legend of Korra.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: The first three DVD volumes contain five episodes each, and the fourth volume contains six. A later boxed set contained all four volumes. The first DVD was released on October 30, 2007, and the complete boxed set was released on September 16, 2008.[15] They are released by Paramount Home Entertainment. Each of the individual Season Three DVDs also comes complete with an exclusive comic book.[16] The Complete Book 3 Collection DVD includes the following DVD extras: Inside Sozin's Comet: Exclusive Four-Part Commentary by Creators, The Women of Avatar: The Last Airbender, Book 3 Finale Pencil Test Animation and Into the Fire Nation at San Diego Comic-Con.[17] The boxed set was released on February 1, 2010 in the United Kingdom.[18]

text:
Volume
Discs
Episodes
Region 1 release
Region 2 release
Region 4 release

1
1
5
October 30, 2007
Not released
June 1, 2010[19]

2
1
5
January 22, 2008
Not released
September 23, 2010[20]

3
1
5
May 6, 2008
Not released
October 7, 2010[21]

4
1
6
July 29, 2008
Not released
November 4, 2010[22]

Box set
5[23]
21[23]
September 16, 2008
February 1, 2010[18]
December 2, 2010

text: Footnotes[edit]


document_title: German Shepherd

question_text: where do long haired german shepherds come from

text: German Shepherd

text: Description[edit]

text: German Shepherds are medium to large-sized dogs. The breed standard height at the withers is 60–65 cm (24–26 in) for males, and 55–60 cm (22–24 in) for females.[1][9][10] German Shepherds are longer than tall, with an ideal proportion of 10 to 8 1/2. The AKC official breed standard does not set a standard weight range.[11] They have a domed forehead, a long square-cut muzzle with strong jaws and a black nose. The eyes are medium-sized and brown with a lively, intelligent and self-assured look. The ears are large and stand erect, open at the front and parallel, but they often are pulled back during movement. A German Shepherd has a long neck, which is raised when excited and lowered when moving at a fast pace. The tail is bushy and reaches to the hock.[9]

text: German Shepherds have a two-layer coat which is close and dense with a thick undercoat. The coat is accepted in two variants; medium and long. The long-hair gene is recessive, making the long-hair variety rarer. Treatment of the long-hair variation differs across standards; they are accepted but not competed with standard coated dogs under the German and UK Kennel Clubs while they can compete with standard coated dogs but are considered a fault in the American Kennel Club.[9][11][12] The FCI accepted the long-haired type in 2010, listing it as the variety b—while short-haired type is listed as the variety a.[13]

text: Most commonly, German Shepherds are either tan/black or red/black. Most colour varieties have black masks and black body markings which can range from a classic "saddle" to an over-all "blanket." Rarer colour variations include the sable, pure-black, pure-white, liver and blue varieties. The all-black and sable varieties are acceptable according to most standards; however, the blue and liver are considered to be serious faults and the all-white is grounds for instant disqualification from showing in conformation at All Breed and Specialty Shows.[11]

text:
German Shepherd with black mask and black body markings

German Shepherds are medium to large-sized

Showing the long muzzle, black nose and brown, medium-sized eyes

Female sable German Shepherd nursing her litter

Two German Shepherds

This 14-week-old puppy's ears are not yet erect

A female German Shepherd looks attentively at her owner

Black German Shepherd

Completing an obstacle course for military working dogs

A young German Shepherd tilting her head to try to better understand her owner's command

tag: ul

text: Intelligence[edit]

text: German Shepherds were bred specifically for their intelligence,[14] a trait for which they are now famous.[6] In the book The Intelligence of Dogs, author Stanley Coren ranked the breed third for intelligence, behind Border Collies and Poodles.[15][16] He found that they had the ability to learn simple tasks after only five repetitions and obeyed the first command given 95% of the time.[6] Coupled with their strength, this trait makes the breed desirable as police, guard and search and rescue dogs, as they are able to quickly learn various tasks and interpret instructions better than other breeds.[17]

text: Temperament[edit]

text: German Shepherds are moderately active dogs and are described in breed standards as self-assured.[11] The breed is marked by a willingness to learn and an eagerness to have a purpose. They are curious, which makes them excellent guard dogs and suitable for search missions. They can become over-protective of their family and territory, especially if not socialized correctly. [18]They are not inclined to become immediate friends with strangers.[19] German Shepherds are highly intelligent and obedient, as well as being protective of their owners.[20]

text: Aggression and biting[edit]

text: While an Australian report from 1999 provides statistics showing that German Shepherds are the breed third most likely to attack a person in some Australian locales,[21] once their popularity is taken into account, the percentages of GSD attacks drops to 38th.[22]

text: According to the National Geographic Channel television show Dangerous Encounters, the bite of a German Shepherd has a force of over 1,060 newtons (238 lbf) (compared with that of a Rottweiler, over 1,180–1,460 newtons (265–328 lbf), a Pit bull, 1,050 newtons (235 lbf), a Labrador Retriever, of approximately 1,000 newtons (230 lbf), or a human, of approximately 380 newtons (86 lbf)).[23]

text: Modern breed[edit]

text: The modern German Shepherd breed is criticized by some for straying away from Max von Stephanitz's original ideology that German Shepherds should be bred primarily as working dogs and that breeding should be strictly controlled to eliminate defects quickly.[24][25] He believed that, above all else, German Shepherds should be bred for intelligence and working ability.[26]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Kennel Club, in the United Kingdom, is involved in a dispute with German Shepherd breed clubs about the issue of soundness in the show-strain breed.[27][28] The show-strains have been bred with an extremely sloping topline (back) that causes poor gait in the hind legs. Working-pedigree lines, such as those in common use as service dogs, generally retain the traditional straight back of the breed.

text: The debate was catalyzed when the issue was raised in the BBC documentary, Pedigree Dogs Exposed, which said that critics of the breed describe it as "half dog, half frog". An orthopedic vet remarked on footage of dogs in a show ring that they were "not normal".

text: The Kennel Club's position is that "this issue of soundness is not a simple difference of opinion, it is the fundamental issue of the breed's essential conformation and movement."[27] The Kennel Club has decided to retrain judges to penalize dogs suffering these problems.[29]

text: The Kennel Club also recommends testing for haemophilia and hip dysplasia, other common problems with the breed.[30][31]

text: Use as working dog[edit]

text: German Shepherds are a popular selection for use as working dogs. They are especially well known for their police work, being used for tracking criminals, patrolling troubled areas and detection and holding of suspects. Additionally thousands of German Shepherds have been used by the military. Usually trained for scout duty, they are used to warn soldiers to the presence of enemies or of booby traps or other hazards.[32] German Shepherds have also been trained by military groups to parachute from aircraft[33] or as anti-tank weapons. They were used in World War II as messenger dogs, rescue dogs and personal guard dogs.[26] A number of these dogs were taken home by foreign servicemen, who were impressed by their intelligence.[26]

text:
The German Shepherd is one of the most widely used breeds in a wide variety of scent-work roles. These include search and rescue, cadaver searching, narcotics detection, explosives detection, accelerant detection and mine detection dog, among others. They are suited for these lines of work because of their keen sense of smell and their ability to work regardless of distractions.[32]
At one time the German Shepherd was the breed chosen almost exclusively to be used as a guide dog for the visually impaired. When formal guide dog training began in Switzerland in the 1920s under the leadership of Dorothy Eustis, all of the dogs trained were German Shepherd females.[34] An experiment in temperament testing of a group of Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherds showed that the Retrievers scored higher on average in emotional stability and ability to recover promptly from frightening situations, cooperative behavior and friendliness; while the German Shepherds were superior in aggression and defensive behavior. These results suggested that Labrador Retrievers were more suited to guide dog work while German Shepherds were more suited to police work.[35]
Currently, Labradors and Golden Retrievers are more widely used for this work, although there are still German Shepherds being trained. In 2013, about 15% of the dogs trained by Guide Dogs of America are German Shepherds, while the remainder are Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers.[36] The Guide Dogs for the Blind Association in the United Kingdom states that crosses between Golden Retrievers and Labrador Retrievers make the best guide dogs, although they also train some German Shepherds, as well as some other breeds.[37] Guide Dogs for the Blind in the United States trains only Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers and crosses between these breeds.[38] Guide Dogs Queensland in Australia also trains only Labrador Retrievers and Golden Retrievers.[39]

text: German Shepherds are still used for herding and tending sheep grazing in meadows next to gardens and crop fields. They are expected to patrol the boundaries to keep sheep from trespassing and damaging the crops. In Germany and other places these skills are tested in utility dog trials also known as HGH (Herdengebrauchshund) herding utility dog trials.[40]

text: One Mexican German Shepherd, Zuyaqui, was dissected and his body put on display at the Sedena's "Narco Museum" in Mexico. He is regarded to be the dog who has captured the most drugs in Mexican police and military history.[41]

text:
A German night-watchman from 1950 with his German Shepherd

Swedish German Shepherds during demonstrations in Stockholm on National Day 2007

Urban Search and Rescue Task Force dog works to uncover survivors at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center after the September 11, 2001 attacks

A German Shepherd Military Working Dog locates hidden explosives inside a car during a training exercise

text: History[edit]

text: In 2018, a genetic study found that just prior to 1859 a broadly distributed European herding dog had given rise to the German Shepherd, the French Berger Picard, and the five Italian herding breeds: Bergamasco Shepherd, Cane Paratore, Lupino del Gigante, Pastore d'Oropa, and the it:Cane da pastore della Lessinia e del Lagorai.[42]

text: In the 1800s northwest Europe (Belgium, Germany, Netherlands) the most common dog used to herd sheep and protect the homes was the so-called "continental shepherd dog". These dogs all looked very similar at that time, and it was around 1890 that the three breeds (Belgian Shepherd, German Shepherd and Dutch Shepherd) went their separate ways. Of those breeds, the Dutch shepherd looks closest to the continental shepherd of that time.[43]

text: During the 1850s, attempts were being made to standardize dog breeds.[44] Dogs were being bred to preserve traits that assisted in their job of herding sheep and protecting their flocks from predators.[26] In Germany this was practiced within local communities, where shepherds selected and bred dogs. It was recognized that the breed had the necessary skills for herding sheep, such as intelligence, speed, strength and keen senses of smell.[26] The results were dogs that were able to do such things, but that differed significantly, both in appearance and ability, from one locality to another.[44]

text: To combat these differences, the Phylax Society was formed in 1891 with the intention of creating standardised development plans for native dog breeds in Germany.[26] The society disbanded after only three years due to ongoing internal conflicts regarding the traits in dogs that the society should promote;[26] some members believed dogs should be bred solely for working purposes, while others believed dogs should be bred also for appearance.[45] While unsuccessful in their goal, the Phylax Society had inspired people to pursue standardising dog breeds independently.

text: With the rise of large, industrialized cities in Germany, the predator population began to decline, rendering sheepdogs unnecessary.[26] At the same time, the awareness of sheepdogs as a versatile, intelligent class of canine began to rise.[26] Max von Stephanitz, an ex-cavalry captain and former student of the Berlin Veterinary College, was an ex-member of the Phylax Society who firmly believed dogs should be bred for working.[26] He admired the intelligence, strength and ability of Germany's native sheepdogs, but could not find any one single breed that satisfied him as the perfect working dog.[26]

text: In 1899, Von Stephanitz was attending a dog show when he was shown a dog named Hektor Linksrhein.[26] Hektor was the product of few generations of selective breeding and completely fulfilled what Von Stephanitz believed a working dog should be. He was pleased with the strength of the dog and was so taken by the animal's intelligence, loyalty and beauty, that he purchased him immediately.[44] After purchasing the dog he changed his name to Horand von Grafrath and Von Stephanitz founded the Verein für Deutsche Schäferhunde (Society for the German Shepherd Dog).[44] Horand was declared to be the first German Shepherd Dog and was the first dog added to the society's breed register.[26]

text: Horand became the centre-point of the breeding programs and was bred with dogs belonging to other society members that displayed desirable traits and with dogs from Thuringia, Franconia and Wurttemberg.[26] Fathering many pups, Horand's most successful was Hektor von Schwaben.[26][46] Hektor was inbred with another of Horand's offspring and produced Heinz von Starkenburg, Beowulf and Pilot, who later fathered a total of eighty-four pups, mostly through being inbred with Hektor's other offspring.[26] This inbreeding was deemed necessary in order to fix the traits being sought in the breed.[26] In the original German Shepherd studbook, Zuchtbuch für Deutsche Schäferhunde (SZ), within the two pages of entries from SZ No. 41 to SZ No. 76, there are four Wolf Crosses.[47][48] Beowulf's progeny also were inbred and it is from these pups that all German Shepherds draw a genetic link. It is believed the society accomplished its goal mostly due to Von Stephanitz's strong, uncompromising leadership and he is therefore credited with being the creator of the German Shepherd Dog.[49]

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The breed was named Deutscher Schäferhund by von Stephanitz, literally translating to "German Shepherd Dog". The breed was so named due to its original purpose of assisting shepherds in herding and protecting sheep. At the time, all other herding dogs in Germany were referred to by this name; they thus became known as Altdeutsche Schäferhunde, or Old German Shepherd Dogs.

text: The direct translation of the name was adopted for use in the official breed registry; however, at the conclusion of World War I, it was believed that the inclusion of the word "German" would harm the breed's popularity,[50] due to the anti-German sentiment of the era.[51] The breed was officially renamed by the UK Kennel Club to "Alsatian Wolf Dog",[50] after the French region of Alsace bordering Germany.[26] This name was also adopted by many other international kennel clubs.

text: Eventually, the appendage "wolf dog" was dropped,[50] after numerous campaigns by breeders who were worried that becoming known as a wolf-dog hybrid would affect the breed's popularity and legality.[26] The name Alsatian remained for five decades,[50] until 1977, when successful campaigns by dog enthusiasts pressured the British kennel clubs to allow the breed to be registered again as German Shepherds.[52] The word "Alsatian" still appeared in parentheses as part of the formal breed name and was only removed in 2010.[53]

text: Popularity[edit]

text: When the UK Kennel accepted registrations in 1919, 54 German Shepherds were registered. By 1926 this number had grown to over 8,000.[44] The breed gained international recognition after the end of World War I. Returning soldiers spoke highly of the breed and animal actors Rin Tin Tin and Strongheart popularised the breed further.[5] The first German Shepherd Dog registered in the United States was Queen of Switzerland. Her offspring suffered from defects as the result of poor breeding, which caused the breed to suffer a decline in popularity during the late 1920s.[5]

text: Popularity increased again after the German Shepherd Sieger Pfeffer von Bern became the 1937 and 1938 Grand Victor in American Kennel club dog shows, only to suffer another decline at the conclusion of World War II, due to anti-German sentiment.[5] Popularity increased gradually until 1993, when they became the third most popular breed in the United States. As of 2016, the German Shepherd is the second most popular breed in the US.[5][54] Additionally, the breed is typically among the most popular in other registries.[5] The German Shepherd Dog's physique is very well suited to competing in shows and competitions, such as agility trials.

text: Health[edit]

text: Many common ailments of the German Shepherd are a result of the inbreeding practiced early in the breed's life.[55] One such common ailment is hip and elbow dysplasia which may cause the dog to experience pain later on in life and may cause arthritis.[56] A study conducted by the University of Zurich  found that 45% of the police working dogs were affected by degenerative spinal stenosis, although a small sample size was used.[57] The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals found that 19.1% of German Shepherd are affected by hip dysplasia.[58] There are however ways to help prevent hip dysplasia. They include making sure you get them from a good breeder, keeping them on a healthy diet, and limiting the amount of jumping or rough play. [59]Due to the large and open nature of their ears, German Shepherds are not prone to ear infections because there is no hair in the outer ear canal to hold debris or moisture.[citation needed] According to a recent survey in the UK, the median life span of German Shepherds is 10.95 years,[4] which is normal for a dog of their size.

text: Degenerative myelopathy, a neurological disease, occurs with enough regularity specifically in the breed to suggest that the breed is predisposed to it. A very inexpensive DNA saliva test is now available to screen for degenerative myelopathy. The test screens for the mutated gene that has been seen in dogs with degenerative myelopathy. A small study in the UK showed 16% of young asymptomatic GSDs to be homozygous for the mutation, with a further 38% being carriers.[60] Now that a test is available the disease can be bred out of breeds with a high preponderance. The test is only recommended for predisposed breeds, but can be performed on DNA samples from any dog, collected through swabbing the inside of the animal's cheek with a sterile cotton swab. Prospective German Shepherd buyers can now request the test from the breeder or buy from a breeder that is known to test their dogs.[61]

text: Additionally, German Shepherds have a higher than normal incidence of Von Willebrand disease, a common inherited bleeding disorder,[62] and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), a degenerative disease of the pancreas. It is estimated that 1% of the UK GSD population suffers from this disease.[63] Treatment is usually in the form of pancreatic supplements taken with food.

text: Skeletal health and supplementation[edit]

text: Musculoskeletal disorders are debilitating conditions that are often associated with genetic makeup, malnutrition, and stress-related events[64]. Some breeds like the German shepherd, are predisposed to a variety of different skeletal disorders, including but not limited to: canine hip dysplasia, Cauda equina syndrome, and osteoarthritis.[65][66] These conditions can be a result of poor breeding or induced by intense exercise and poor diet.

text: Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is an orthopedic condition resulting from abnormal development of the hip joint and surrounding tissue causing the instability and partial dislocation of the hip joint, resulting in pain, inflammation, lameness, and potentially osteoarthritis of the joint.[65][67] German shepherds are genetically predisposed to CHD and the University of Veterinary Medicine in Germany found its prevalence estimated to be approximately 35% of veterinary cases associated with the disorder.[66]

text: Osteoarthritis is one of the main contributors of musculoskeletal pain and disabilities that commonly affect German shepherds.[68][69] Mechanical stress, oxidative damage and inflammatory mediators combine to induce the gradual degeneration of the articular cartilage in the joint, resulting in reduced muscle mass, pain, and locomotion.[68][70]

text: It is essential to feed a well-balanced diet designed for large breeds like the German shepherd, to ensure adequate growth rates and proper maintenance of musculoskeletal health.[64]Dietary energy levels should be monitored and controlled throughout all life stages and activity levels of the German shepherd to assist in the prevention and treatment of musculoskeletal disorder symptoms.[64] Several dietary factors play a crucial role in maintaining skeletal health and are described as follows.

text: Appropriate calcium levels are vital in developing a strong skeletal system and aid in preventing orthopaedic diseases like Canine Hip Dysplasia.[64] Furthermore, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus must be balanced and at a recommended ratio of 1.2:1 to ensure proper bone development and structure.[64] Imbalances in calcium and phosphorus levels can result in various skeletal complications. [64] Excess phosphorus can produce lesions in bones whereas excessive calcium can lead to hypocalcaemia and result in excess bone deposition, interfering with normal bone development.[64] In extreme circumstances of insufficient calcium intake, bone resorption can occur due to the body withdrawing calcium deposits from the skeletal frame as a last resort to fulfill dietary needs.[64]

text: Omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been shown to be highly effective in the prevention of cartilage catabolism in in vitro models, suggesting that its supplementation in food could aid in decreasing the symptoms of osteoarthritis in German shepherds.[71] Furthermore, EPA and DHA inhibit key regulators of the inflammatory process and suppress their activation which can help alleviate pain and reduce inflamed joints associated with many skeletal disorders.[70] Ensuring an appropriate ratio of omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids of approximately 5:1 is very important for inflammation processes.[64] Animals source, specifically marine life such as fish, krill, and mussels, and plant sources such as flaxseed, soybean and canola oil, are particularly rich in omega-3 fatty acids.[70]

text: Glucosamine is an amino-monosaccharide that naturally occurs in all tissues, particularly in articular cartilage of joints and from the biosynthesis of glucose.[69] Natural synthesis of glucosamine occurs in the extracellular matrix of articular cartilage in joints.[64] However, as a result of damage to the joint or cartilage, there is decreased ability to synthesize glucosamine resulting in the deterioration of the joint, and supplementation is required.[64] Clinical trials of long term administration of glucosamine in German Shepherds have reduced symptoms of degenerative joint disease and accelerated cartilage healing.[72] Anti-inflammatory effects of glucosamine are believed to contribute to the reduction of pain, promote joint recovery and mobility, and prevent further cartilage degradation.[72] Similarly, chondroitin supplementation is proposed to have comparable results in inhibiting degradative enzymes within the cartilage matrix to reduce the effects of osteoarthritis, but further research is required to assess long term benefits.[64]

text: Vitamins such as A and D also have crucial roles in bone development and maintenance by regulating bone and calcium metabolism.[64] Adequate levels should be incorporated into a German shepherd diet to promote a healthy musculoskeletal system.[64]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
German Shepherds have been featured in a wide range of media.[73]
In 1921 Strongheart became one of the earliest canine film stars, and was followed in 1922 by Rin Tin Tin, who is considered the most famous German Shepherd. Both have stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[74] German Shepherds were used in the popular Canadian series The Littlest Hobo.

text: Batman's dog Ace the Bat-Hound appeared in the Batman comic books, initially in 1955,[75] through 1964.[76] Between 1964 and 2007, his appearances were sporadic.

text: A German Shepherd called Inspector Rex is the star of Austrian Police procedural drama program, which won many awards, where German Shepherd Rex assists the Vienna Kriminalpolizei homicide unit.[77] The show was aired in many languages.[78]