document_title: Table of keyboard shortcuts

question_text: what does ctrl+shift+t do

question_tokens: what does ctrl + shift + t do

text: Table of keyboard shortcuts

text: Comparison of keyboard shortcuts[edit]

text: Keyboard shortcuts are a common aspect of most modern operating systems and associated software applications. Their use is pervasive enough that some users consider them an important element of their routine interactions with a computer. Whether used as a matter of personal preference or for adaptive technology, the pervasiveness of common conventions means that a meaningful comparison of keyboard shortcuts can be made across various widely used operating systems.

text: Cells with a yellow background in the tables below denote Apple's "sacred" keybindings.

text: General shortcuts[edit]

text: A note regarding KDE's shortcuts is that they can be changed and the below list contains the defaults. Some of the combinations are not true for localized versions of operating systems. For example, in a non-English version of Windows, the Edit menu is not always bound to the E shortcut. Furthermore, many shortcuts (such as Ctrl+Z, Alt+E, etc.) are just common conventions and are not handled by the operating system. Whether such commands are implemented (or not) depends on how an actual application program (such as an editor) is written. Not all applications follow (all of) these conventions, so if it doesn't work, it isn't compatible.

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE / GNOME
Emacs
Vim
Chrome OS

File menu
Alt+F, or F10 then F
Ctrl+F2, then F [2]
Alt+F
Meta+`, then f
Alt+f (gvim)
or Ctrl+e (vim + NERDTree)

Ctrl+O

Edit menu
Alt+E
Ctrl+F2, then E [2]
Alt+E
Meta+`, then e
Alt+e (gvim)

View menu
Alt+V
Ctrl+F2, then V [2]
Alt+V

Undo the last operation
Ctrl+Z, or
Alt+Backspace
⌘ Cmd+Z
Ctrl+Z
Ctrl+x, then u or
Ctrl+/ or
Ctrl+_ or
Undo

u
Ctrl++

Redo the last operation
Ctrl+Y, or Shift+Alt+Backspace
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Z
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Z, or Ctrl+Y
Same as undo, when undo is exhausted, it redoes. Move the cursor after one or more undos, and further undos will be redos.
Ctrl+r
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Z

Cut the selection and store it in the clipboard
Ctrl+X, or ⇧ Shift+Del
⌘ Cmd+X
Ctrl+X
Ctrl+w
x
or "ax to cut in register "a" or "+x to cut in system clipboard

Ctrl+X

Copy the selection into the clipboard
Ctrl+C, or Ctrl+Ins
⌘ Cmd+C
Ctrl+C
Meta+w, or Ctrl+Ins
y
or "ay or "+y

Ctrl+C

Paste contents of clipboard at cursor
Ctrl+V,or ⇧ Shift+Ins
⌘ Cmd+V
Ctrl+V
Ctrl+y, or ⇧ Shift+Ins
p
or "ap to paste the content of the "a" register or "+p to paste the content of the system clipboard

Ctrl+V

Paste special
Ctrl+V
Shift+Opt+Cmd+V
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V
Meta+y
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+V

Select all in focused control or window
Ctrl+A
⌘ Cmd+A
Ctrl+A
Ctrl+x, then h
ggVG, unlikely ever needed as most command take an optional range parameter. % means "all in focused windows" here so e.g. to copy all the text, use :%y
Ctrl+A

Cycle through installed keyboard languages / input methods
⇧ Shift+Alt, or ⊞ Win+Space
The latter displays a menu with the currently selected input method highlighted, and debuted in Windows 8.

Cmd+Space (not MBR)
Configure desired keypress in Keyboard and Mouse Preferences, Keyboard Shortcuts, Select the next source in Input menu.[3]

Ctrl+Alt+K via KDE Keyboard
⇧ Shift+Alt in GNOME

Ctrl+\

Ctrl+Space

tag: table

text: Navigation[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE/GNOME
Chrome OS

New browser window with same page as current
Ctrl+N
(for both explorer.exe and iexplore.exe)

Ctrl+N

New folder
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+N
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N

Applications menu
⊞ Win or
Ctrl+Esc
Ctrl+F2, then "n"
[2]
Alt+<letter>
e.g. for File Alt+F

Search

Lock desktop
⊞ Win+L[4]
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Q[5] (macOS High Sierra and greater)
or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject or MBR Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Pwr
(If "Require password after sleep or screen saver" is enabled in "System Preferences — Security & Privacy")

Ctrl+Alt+L
Power (Hold for 3 seconds)

Show desktop
⊞ Win+D
F11
Ctrl+Alt+D

Minimize all windows
⊞ Win+M, then use ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+M to bring back all windows

Log out user

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Q
Ctrl+Alt+Delete
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Q (Twice)

Switch active user
⊞ Win+L[6]

Task manager
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc,
Ctrl+Alt+Delete[7]
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Esc
Ctrl+Esc
Search+Esc

Rename object
F2
↵ Enter[8] or F2
F2

Open file or program
↵ Enter or ⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
⌘ Cmd+O or ⌘ Cmd+↓
↵ Enter

Switch window (next/previous)
Alt+Tab ↹ /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Tab ↹

⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹ /
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+Tab ↹

Ctrl+Tab ↹ /
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹

Hold Alt, then quickly press Tab ↹

Switch window without dialog (next/previous)
Alt+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Alt+Esc

Only works within single Applications
⌘ Cmd+` / ⌘ Cmd+~

Ctrl+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Esc

Run application
⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+R, enter executable name

⌘ Cmd+Space, enter executable name or ⌘ Cmd+↓
Alt+F2, enter executable name

Search
⊞ Win, enter executable name or
⊞ Win+F or F3
⌘ Cmd+Space

Search

Show Hidden Files

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+., while in Finder, will toggle setting

text: Power management[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Chrome OS

Place computer into sleep/standby mode
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > s
Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↵ Enter
Sleep (available on some keyboards)

⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject
Sleep (available on some keyboards, configurable in Control Panel ➢ Power Options ➢ Advanced tab dialog box)

Windows task manager
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Esc

Shut down computer

Ctrl+⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+Eject
(no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)

Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageDown
(KDE; no confirmation, shutdown is immediate)

Power (Hold for 10 seconds)

Restart computer
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+x > u > r
Windows 7: ⊞ Win+→+→+↑+↵ Enter
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+Eject[9]
(no confirmation, restart is immediate)

Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+PageUp
(KDE; no confirmation, restart is immediate)

Place display in sleep mode
button on monitor
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Eject

Bring up power/sleep dialog box
⊞ Win+D+release thenAlt+F4
Ctrl+Eject

Force shutdown
Power (Hold for 5 seconds)

refresh+power

text: Screenshots[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME

Save screenshot of entire screen as file
⊞ Win+Print Screen or Print Screen
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+3
Print Screen set the name and click "Save". GNOME Shell [10]

Save screenshot of window as file

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space
Alt+Print Screen set the name and click "Save". [[GNOME]] [10]

Copy screenshot of window to clipboard
Alt+Print Screen
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4 then Space
Alt+Print Screen click "Copy to Clipboard". [[GNOME]] [10]

Copy screenshot of arbitrary area to clipboard
Windows 10: ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+S
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4
⇧ Shift+Print Screen click "Copy to Clipboard". [[GNOME]] [10]

Save screenshot of arbitrary area as file

⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+4
⇧ Shift+Print Screen set the name and click "Save". [[GNOME]] [10]

Screencasting

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Alt+R
[11] [12]

text: Text editing[edit]

text: Many of these commands may be combined with ⇧ Shift to select a region of text.[13]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE / GNOME
Emacs
Vim
Chrome OS

Delete char to the right of cursor
Del or
Fn+← Backspace

Del or
Fn+← Backspace

Del
Ctrl+d
x
Alt+← Backspace or Del

Delete word to the right of cursor
Ctrl+Del
⌥ Opt+Del or
⌥ Opt+Fn+← Backspace

Ctrl+Del
Meta+d
dw
(delete space too)
or
de (keep space)

Delete word to the left of cursor
Ctrl+← Backspace
⌥ Opt+← Backspace
Ctrl+← Backspace
Ctrl+← Backspace or
Meta+← Backspace

dge
(delete space too)
or
db (keep space)

← Backspace

Go to start of line
Home or
Fn+←

⌘ Cmd+← or
Ctrl+A

Home
Ctrl+a or
Home

^
(go to first non-space) or
0
(go to column 0)

Go to end of line
End or
Fn+→

⌘ Cmd+→ or
Ctrl+E

End
Ctrl+e or
End

$

Go to start of document
Ctrl+Home
⌘ Cmd+↑
Ctrl+Home
Meta+< or
Ctrl+Home

gg
Ctrl+search+←

Go to end of document
Ctrl+End
⌘ Cmd+↓
Ctrl+End
Meta+> or
Ctrl+End

G
Ctrl+search+→

Go to previous word
Ctrl+← or
Ctrl+/

⌥ Opt+←
Ctrl+←
Meta+b or
Ctrl+← or
Meta+←

b or
ge

Go to next word
Ctrl+→
⌥ Opt+→
Ctrl+→
Meta+f or
Ctrl+→ or
Meta+→

w or e

Go to previous line
↑
↑ or
Ctrl+p

↑
Ctrl+p or
↑ |k or ↑

k or ↑

Go to next line
↓
↓ or
Ctrl+n

↓
Ctrl+n or ↓
j or ↓

Go to previous line break (paragraph)
Ctrl+↑
⌥ Opt+↑
Ctrl+↑
(kword or GNOME)
Meta+( or Control+↑
(

Go to next line break
Ctrl+↓
⌥ Opt+↓
Ctrl+↓
(kword or GNOME)
Meta+} or
Control+↓
)

Move the cursor down the length of the viewport
Page Down
⌥ Opt+⇟ or
⌥ Opt+Fn+↓

Page Down
Ctrl+v or
Page Down

Ctrl+f or
Page Down

Move the cursor up the length of the viewport
Page Up
⌥ Opt+⇞ or
⌥ Opt+Fn+↑

Page Up
Meta+v or
Page Up

Ctrl+b or
Page Up

Find
Ctrl+F
⌘ Cmd+F
⌘ Cmd+E
(Search with current selection)

Ctrl+F
Ctrl+K (GNOME; interactive search)

Ctrl+s
/
Ctrl+F

Go to next search result
F3
⌘ Cmd+G
Ctrl+G (GNOME) or
F3 (KDE)[14]

Ctrl+s
n

Go to previous search result
⇧ Shift+F3
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+G (GNOME) or
⇧ Shift+F3 (KDE)[14]

Ctrl+r
N

Search and replace
Ctrl+H
⌘ Cmd+F
Ctrl+H (GNOME) or
Ctrl+R (KDE)

Meta+%
%s/fosh/fish/gc[15]

Search with a regular expression

Ctrl+Meta+s
All searches use regular expressions.

Search and replace with a regular expression

Ctrl+Meta+%

text: Text formatting[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE / GNOME[16]
Emacs
Vim

Bold
Ctrl+B
⌘ Cmd+B
Ctrl+B
Meta+o, then b

Underline
Ctrl+U
⌘ Cmd+U
Ctrl+U
Meta+o, then u

Italic
Ctrl+I
⌘ Cmd+I
Ctrl+I
Meta+o, then i

Uppercase / Lowercase
⇧ Shift+F3
or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+A

⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+C
⇧ Shift+F3
Meta+u for upper,
Meta+l for lower, Meta+c for capitalized.

gU for upper, gu for lower, ~ to toggle.

Superscript
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+=
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd++ (some applications only)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+P[17]

Subscript
Ctrl+=
Ctrl+⌘ Cmd+- (some applications only)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+B[17]

Selected text larger/smaller
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+>, Ctrl+⇧ Shift+<
or
Ctrl+[, Ctrl/core+]

⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+>
⌥ Opt+⇧ Shift+<

Selected text Bullets or Numbered Items
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+L

Insert Linebreak
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
⌥ Opt+↵ Enter[8]
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter

text: Browsers / Go menu[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Chrome OS

Go to Address Bar
Alt+D or Alt+C or F6
depending on language
⌘ Cmd+L or ⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+G
Ctrl+L or Alt+D or F6
Ctrl+L or Alt+D

Go to the previous location in history[18]
Alt+← or ← Backspace
⌘ Cmd+[ or ⌘ Cmd+←
Alt+←
←

Go to the next location in history
Alt+→ or ⇧ Shift+← Backspace (web browser only)
⌘ Cmd+] or ⌘ Cmd+→
Alt+→
→

Go up one level in the navigation hierarchy
Alt+↑ (Vista, 7 or 8 only) or ← Backspace (Windows Explorer)
⌘ Cmd+↑
Alt+↑

Go to the starting page defined by the user or application
Alt+Home
⌘ Cmd+Home
Ctrl+Home (KDE) /
Alt+Home (GNOME)

text: Web browsers[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Emacs-w3m
Vimperator
Chrome OS

Bookmarks menu
Ctrl+B
⌘ Cmd+B
(Firefox)

Alt+B
v
:bmarks

URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .com)
↵ Enter
⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[8] (Firefox) or
Ctrl+↵ Enter[8] (Chrome)

Ctrl+↵ Enter

URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .org)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
⇧ Shift+⌘ Cmd+↵ Enter[8] (Firefox)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter

URL Shortcuts (Adds www. + .net)
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter[8] (Firefox)
⇧ Shift+↵ Enter

Add bookmark for current page
Ctrl+D
⌘ Cmd+D
Ctrl+B /
Ctrl+D

a
:bmark
Ctrl+D

Add bookmark for current link

Meta+a

Manage bookmarks
Ctrl+B
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+B (Chrome/Safari) or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+B (Firefox)

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R /
Ctrl+B

Focus and select Web search bar
Ctrl+E
⌘ Cmd+E (Opera) or
⌘ Cmd+K (Firefox) or
⌥ Opt+⌘ Cmd+F (Safari)

Ctrl+k

t (open in a new tab) or
T (open in current tab)
Ctrl+E or Ctrl+K

Focus and select address bar
Ctrl+L or
F6 or
Alt+D

⌘ Cmd+L
Ctrl+L or
Alt+D or
F6

g
O to alter URL,
use y to copy it.
Ctrl+L or Alt+D

Refresh a webpage
F5 or
Ctrl+R

⌘ Cmd+R
F5 or
Ctrl}+R

R
r
⟲ or Ctrl+R

Refresh a webpage ignoring cache
Ctrl+F5 or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R

⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+R
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F5 or Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R

R
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+R

Open a new window
Ctrl+N
⌘ Cmd+N
(Chrome)
Ctrl+N

:winopen
Ctrl+N

Zoom Options
(zoom in /
zoom out /
zoom 100%)
Ctrl++ /
Ctrl+- /
Ctrl+0

⌘ Cmd++ /
⌘ Cmd+- /
⌘ Cmd+0

Ctrl++ /
Ctrl+- /
Ctrl+0

zi / zo / zz (text only)
or zI / zO / zZ (text and images)

text: Tab management[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE / GNOME
Emacs-w3m
Vimperator
Chrome OS

New tab
Ctrl+T
⌘ Cmd+T
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T or
Ctrl+T

Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+t
t
Ctrl+T

Close tab
Ctrl+W
⌘ Cmd+W
Ctrl+W Mozilla Firefox[19] & Opera [20] & Chrome [21] & Arora [22] & Epiphany [23] & Midori
Ctrl+F4 Mozilla Firefox [19] & Opera [20] & Chrome [21] & Arora [22]

d
Ctrl+W

Close all tabs but the current one

⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+T (Safari)

Ctrl+c, then Meta+w

Go to next tab
Ctrl+Tab ↹
Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+→ (Safari)

Ctrl+PageDown or
Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
Ctrl+.

Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+n
gt
Ctrl+Tab ↹

Go to previous tab
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ↹ or
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+← (Safari)

Ctrl+PageUp or
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
or Ctrl+,

Ctrl+c, then Ctrl+p
gT
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹

Go to tab-n
Ctrl+n
(Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer)
⌘ Cmd+n (Chrome)
Alt+n (Chrome, Firefox) or
Ctrl+n (Chrome)

First tab: g0
Last tab: g$

Ctrl+b

Open a previously closed tab
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+T
(Firefox, Opera, Chrome)
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T
(Firefox, Opera, Chrome)[21][24][25]

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T (Firefox)[24]
u
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T

Open a previously closed window
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+N (Firefox)[24]

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+T

text: Window management[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE
GNOME
Emacs

Close the current internet tab
Ctrl+w
⌘ Cmd+F11

Force window mode (Application requires functionality for set action)
Alt+↵ Enter
⌥ Opt+Alt+↵ Enter[8] or ⌥ Option+Alt+F or ⌘ Cmd+F or ⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+F

Pop up window menu
Alt+Space

Alt+F3
Alt+Space
Meta+`, then b

Close the focused window
Alt+F4 or Alt+Space then C[26]
⌘ Cmd+W
Alt+F4
Alt+F4
Ctrl+x, then k

Close all windows of current application

⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+W

Restore the focused window to its previous size
Alt+Space then R[26]

Alt+F3 then X
Alt+F5
Ctrl+x, then r, then j, then letter of the window state register.

Move the focused window
Alt+Space then M[26] then Arrow Keys and ↵ Enter(to save location)

Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F3 then M then Arrow Keys

Alt+Mouse /
Alt+F7 then Arrow Keys

Resize the focused window
Alt+Space then S[26] then Arrow Keys

Alt+F3 then S then Arrow Keys
Alt+F8 then Arrow Keys
Ctrl+x, then ^ vertically

Hide the focused window

⌘ Cmd+H

Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter

Hide all except the focused window

⌘ Cmd+⌥ Option+H

Lower the focused window
Alt+Esc

Minimize the focused window
Alt+Space then N,[26] or ⊞ Win+↓ (Windows Vista Home Premium, Windows >=7)
⌘ Cmd+M
Alt+F3 then N
Alt+F9
Meta+x, then bury-buffer, then ↵ Enter

Maximize the focused window
Alt+Space then X,[26] or ⊞ Win+↑ (Windows 7, 8, 10)
⌘ Cmd+L
Alt+F3 then X
Alt+F10
Ctrl+x, then 1

Maximize horizontally

Available, but no default
Available, but no default

Maximize vertically
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↑ (Windows 7 and Windows 8)
Available ('Zoom'), but no default
Available, but no default
Available, but no default

Minimize all
⊞ Win+M or ⊞ Win+D
⌘ Cmd+Alt+M
Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+D

Minimize all non focused windows
⊞ Win+Home (Windows 7, 8.1, 10)

Available, but no default

Undo minimize all
⇧ Shift+⊞ Win+M

Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+D

Switch fullscreen/normal size
F11 or ⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+↵ Enter (UWP apps only)
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+F
F11
F11

Show the window in full screen mode, with no border, menubar, toolbar or statusbar

Depends on application, system default: ⌘ Cmd+Ctrl+F
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+F
Ctrl+F11

Rollup/down window

Available, but no default
Alt+F12

Show all open windows
⊞ Win+Tab ↹
F3 or
F9 or Fn+F9 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[27][28]

⊞ Win works per desktop on Gnome 3+
Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b

Show all windows of current application
⊞ Win+Tab ↹
Ctrl+F3 or
F10 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[27][28]

Ctrl+`
Ctrl+x, then Ctrl+b

Show all workspaces
⊞ Win+Tab ↹ (only Windows 10)
F8 or
Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[27][28]

⊞ Win then mouse over the desktop bar on the right edge of the screen

Move window to left/right/up/down workspace
⊞ Win+←/→ (Windows 7 and Windows 8)

Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+⇧ Shift+← / → / ↑ / ↓

Move window between multiple monitors
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+←/→ (Windows 7 and Windows 8)

Move window to workspace n

Available, but no default

Switch to next/previous workspace list

Available, but no default

Go to workspace n

Ctrl+n
Ctrl+Fn

Go to left/right/up/down workspace
[29]
Ctrl+← /
Ctrl+→ / Ctrl+↑ / Ctrl+↓ (OS X 10.5 to 10.6), Ctrl+← / Ctrl+→ (OS X 10.7 and later)

Available, but no default
Ctrl+Alt+← /
→ / ↑ / ↓

Quit application of current window
Alt+F4 or Ctrl+F4 varies[30]
⌘ Cmd+Q[31]
Ctrl+Alt+Esc

q

Close dialog
Esc (Laptop)
⊞ Win+↓+F4 (Desktop)
Esc

Open/Focus (preview) pinned program on the taskbar
⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7 and Windows 8.1)

Open new program window of pinned program in Quick Launch
⊞ Win+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Quick Launch toolbar (Windows Vista, 7 and 8.1)
⌘ Cmd+A+⇧ Shift

Open new program window of the pinned program on the taskbar (if program is already opened)
⊞ Win+⇧ Shift+(#) where "#" is the position of the program on the Windows Taskbar (Windows 7 and Windows 8.1)

Focus the first taskbar entry. Pressing again will cycle through them
⊞ Win+T, you can ←→ back and forth. Hold ⇧ Shift to cycle backwards (Windows 7 and Windows 8.1)

Peek at the desktop
⊞ Win+Space (Windows 7 only)
Fn+⊞ Win (Windows 8 and later)
⌘ Cmd+F3 or
F11 or Move mouse pointer to configured hot corner or active screen corner[27][28]

Bring gadgets to the front of the Z-order and cycle between gadgets
⊞ Win+G (Windows Vista,7) or ⊞ Win+Space (Vista only, no cycling)

External display options (mirror, extend desktop, etc.)
⊞ Win+P (Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10)

text: User interface navigation (widgets and controls)[edit]

text:
Action
Windows
macOS[1]
KDE
GNOME

Moves keyboard focus to next/previous control
Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ [2]
Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Tab ↹
Ctrl+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Tab ↹

Pop up tooltip for currently focused control
⇧ Shift+F1

Ctrl+F1

Show context-sensitive help for currently focused window or control
⇧ Shift+F1
⌘ Cmd+?
⇧ Shift+F1
⇧ Shift+F1

Give focus to next/previous pane
Ctrl+F6 / Alt+F6
⌘ Cmd+`

F6 / ⇧ Shift+F6

Give focus to splitter bar in paned window

F8

Give focus to window's menu bar
F10 or Alt
⌘ Cmd+⇧ Shift+/, then type command name, or
Ctrl+F2 (or Fn+Ctrl+F2 on some keyboards) [2]
Alt
F10

Pop up contextual menu for currently selected objects (aka context menu)
⇧ Shift+F10 or ≣ Menu
Varies with laptop / extended keyboard type; enable Mouse keys in Universal Access, then Fn+Ctrl+5 or
Ctrl+5 (numeric keypad) or Function+Ctrl+I (laptop)

≣ Menu
≣ Menu or ⇧ Shift+F10

Toggle selected state of focused checkbox, radio button, or toggle button
Space
Space
Space
Space

Activate focused button, menu item etc.
↵ Enter
Space (also ↵ Enter[8] for menu items)
↵ Enter
↵ Enter

Expand a drop-down list
F4 or Alt+↓

Select/move to first/last item in selected widget

Home / End
Home / End

Scroll selected view by one page up/left/down/right

⇞ / ⇟
(or Fn+↑ / Fn+↓ on some keyboards)

PageUp / Ctrl+PageUp /
PageDown / Ctrl+PageDown

Scroll selected view to top/bottom

↖ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↖
↘ or on MacBook Pro Fn + ⌥ Opt + ↘

Switch focus to the next/previous tab within a window
Ctrl+Tab ↹
Ctrl+Tab ↹ /
⌘ Cmd+`

Ctrl+Tab ↹ ->
Ctrl+⇧ Shift+Tab ↹ <-

Switch focus to the next/previous panel on the desktop

Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹ / ⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Tab ↹

Switch focus to the next/previous panel (without dialog)

Ctrl+Alt+Esc /
⇧ Shift+Ctrl+Alt+Esc

text: Command line shortcuts[edit]

text: Below is a list of common keyboard shortcuts that are used in a command line environment.

text:
Action
Microsoft Windows
(cmd.exe)
Microsoft Windows
(Windows PowerShell)
Unix & -like, including macOS
(bash)
Unix & -like
(POSIX shell)

Scroll through History of typed commands
↑/↓
↑/↓
↑/↓ or Ctrl+P/Ctrl+N
ESC K / ESC J

Signal end-of-file
Ctrl+Z

Ctrl+D

Abort current command/typing
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C
Ctrl+C

Erase word to the left
Ctrl+← Backspace

Ctrl+W or Esc+← Backspace

Erase word to the right
Ctrl+Delete

Alt+D

Erase line to the left
Ctrl+Home
Ctrl+Home
Ctrl+U

Erase line to the right
Ctrl+End
Ctrl+End
Ctrl+K

Yank/paste previously erased string

Ctrl+Y

Move one word to the left (backward)
Ctrl+←
Alt+←
Alt+B

Move one word to the right (forward)
Ctrl+→
Alt+→
Alt+F

Move to beginning of line
Home
Home
Ctrl+A
or Home

Move to end of line
End
End
Ctrl+E
or End

Reverse search of history
F8
F8
Ctrl+R

Stop execution of the current job

Ctrl+Z

Insert the next character typed verbatim

Ctrl+V

Autocomplete command/file name
Tab ↹ (enabled by default in Windows XP and later)
Tab ↹
Tab ↹ (usually once)
Esc (usually twice)

Paste contents of clipboard at cursor
Alt+Space then E then P

⇧ Shift+Ins

Scroll window up
⇧ Shift+PageUp (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)

⇧ Shift+PageUp

Scroll window down
⇧ Shift+PageDown (may not work in some versions of Windows XP)

⇧ Shift+PageDown

Clear screen

Ctrl+L

text: Accessibility[edit]

text:
In Windows, it is possible to disable these shortcuts using the Accessibility or Ease of Access control panel.
In GNOME, these shortcuts are possible, if Universal Access is enabled on the system.

tag: ul

text:
Action
Windows
macOS
KDE
GNOME

Utility Manager
⊞ Win+U

Use keyboard to control cursor
Left Alt+Left Shift+Numlock

[32]

Allow user to press shortcuts one key at a time
⇧ Shift press 5 times

***⇧ Shift 5 times [33]

Hear beep when -lock key pressed
Numlock hold 5 seconds

Stop/slow repeating characters when key is pressed
Right Shift hold 8 seconds

***⇧ Shift hold for 8 seconds[34]
[35][36]

Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode
Left Alt+Left Shift+PrtScn
⌘ Cmd+⌥ Opt+Ctrl+8
Meta+⇧ Shift+i (if enabled)

Inverse (Reverse Colors) Mode (Only current window)

Meta+⇧ Shift+u (if enabled)

Greyscale Mode
Ctrl + Win + C


document_title: Naked eye

question_text: what is the limit of resolution of the human eye in micrometers

root

text: Naked eye

text: Basic accuracies[edit]

text: The basic accuracies of the human eye are:

tag: p

text:
Quick autofocus from distances of 25 cm (young people) to 50 cm (most people 50 years and older) to infinity.[citation needed]
Angular resolution: about 1 arcminute, approximately 0.02° or 0.0003 radians,[1] which corresponds to 0.3 m at a 1 km distance.
Field of view (FOV): simultaneous visual perception in an area of about 160° × 175°.[2]
Faint stars up to +8 magnitude under a perfectly dark sky.[3]
Photometry (brightness) to ±10% or 1% of intensity – in a range between night and day of 1:10,000,000,000.[citation needed]
Symmetries of 10–20' (3–6 m per 1 km), see the measurements of Tycho Brahe and the Egyptians.[citation needed]
Interval estimations (for example at a plan on paper) to 3–5%.[citation needed]
Unconscious recognizing of movement (that is "alarm system" and reflexes).[citation needed]

text: Visual perception allows a person to gain much information about their surroundings:

text:
the distances and 3-dimensional position of things and persons
the vertical (plumb line) and the slope of plain objects
luminosities and colors and their changes by time and direction

text: Naked eye in astronomy[edit]

text: The visibility of astronomical objects is strongly affected by light pollution. Even a few hundred kilometers away from a metropolitan area where the sky can appear to be very dark, it is still the residual light pollution that sets the limit on the visibility of faint objects. For most people, these are likely to be the best observing conditions within their reach. Under such "typical" dark sky conditions, the naked eye can see stars with an apparent magnitude up to +6m. Under perfect dark sky conditions where all light pollution is absent, stars as faint as +8m might be visible.[4]

text: The angular resolution of the naked eye is about 1′; however, some people have sharper vision than that. There is anecdotal evidence that people had seen the Galilean moons of Jupiter before telescopes were invented.[5] Of similar magnitude, Uranus and Vesta had most probably been seen but could not be recognized as planets because they appear so faint even at maximum brightness that their motion could not be detected. Uranus, when discovered in 1781, was the first planet discovered using technology (a telescope) rather than being spotted by the naked eye.

text: Theoretically, in a typical dark sky, the dark adapted human eye would see the about 5,600 stars brighter than +6m[6] while in perfect dark sky conditions about 45,000 stars brighter than +8m might be visible.[4] In practice, the atmospheric extinction and dust reduces this number somewhat. In the center of a city, where the naked-eye limiting magnitude due to extreme amounts of light pollution can be as low as 2m, with as few as 50 stars visible. Colors can be seen but this is limited by the fact that the eye uses rods instead of cones to view fainter stars.

text: The visibility of diffuse objects such as star clusters and galaxies is much more strongly affected by light pollution than is that of planets and stars. Under typical dark conditions only a few such objects are visible. These include the Pleiades, h/χ Persei, the Andromeda galaxy, the Carina Nebula, the Orion Nebula, Omega Centauri, 47 Tucanae, the Ptolemy Cluster Messier 7 near the tail of Scorpius and the globular cluster M13 in Hercules. The Triangulum Galaxy (M33) is a difficult averted vision object and only visible at all if it is higher than 50° in the sky. The globular clusters M 3 in Canes Venatici and M 92 in Hercules are also visible with the naked eye under such conditions. Under really dark sky conditions, however, M33 is easy to see, even in direct vision. Many other Messier objects are also visible under such conditions.[4] The most distant objects that have been seen by the naked eye are nearby bright galaxies such as Centaurus A,[7] Bode's Galaxy,[8][9][10] Sculptor Galaxy,[10] and Messier 83.[11]

text: Five planets can be recognized as planets from Earth with the naked eye: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Under typical dark sky conditions Uranus (magnitude +5.8) can be seen as well with averted vision. The Sun and the Moon—the remaining noticeable naked-eye objects of the solar system—are sometimes added to make seven "planets." During daylight only the Moon and Sun are obvious naked eye objects, but in many cases Venus can be spotted in daylight and in rarer cases Jupiter. Close to sunset and sunrise bright stars like Sirius or even Canopus can be spotted with the naked eye as long as one knows the exact position in which to look. Historically, the zenith of naked-eye astronomy was the work of Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). He built an extensive observatory to make precise measurements of the heavens without any instruments for magnification. In 1610, Galileo Galilei pointed a telescope towards the sky. He immediately discovered the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus, among other things.

text: Meteor showers are better observed by naked eye than with binoculars. Such showers include the Perseids (10–12 August) and the December Geminids. Some 100 satellites per night, the International Space Station and the Milky Way are other popular objects visible to the naked eye.[12]

text: Space, geodesy and navigation[edit]

text: Many other things can be estimated without an instrument. If an arm is stretched the span of the hand corresponds to an angle of 18 to 20°. The distance of a person, just covered up by the outstretched thumbnail, is about 100 meters. The vertical can be estimated to about 2° and, in the northern hemisphere, observing the Pole Star and using a protractor can give the observer's geographic latitude, up to 1 degree of accuracy.

text: The Babylonians, Mayans, ancient Egyptians, ancient Indians, and Chinese measured all the basics of their respective time and calendar systems by naked eye:

text:
the length of a year and a month to ±0.1 hour or to better than 1 minute (0.001%)
the 24 hours of a day, and the equinoxes
the periods of the planets were calculated by Mayan astronomers, to within 5 to 10 minutes accuracy in the case of Venus and Mars.

text: In a similar manner star occultations by the moon can be observed. By using a digital clock an accuracy of 0.2 second is possible. This represents only 200 meters at the moon's distance of 385,000 km.

text: Small objects and maps[edit]

text: Observing a nearby small object without a magnifying glass or a microscope, the size of the object depends on the viewing distance. Under normal lighting conditions (light source ~ 1000 lumens at height 600–700 mm, viewing angle ~ 35 degrees) the angular size recognized by naked eye will be round 1 arc minute = 1/60 degrees = 0.0003 radians.[1] At a viewing distance of 16" = ~ 400 mm, which is considered a normal reading distance in the USA, the smallest object resolution will be ~ 0.116 mm. For inspection purposes laboratories use a viewing distance of 200–250 mm,[citation needed] which gives the smallest size of the object recognizable to the naked eye of ~0.058- 0.072 mm(~55-75 micrometers). The accuracy of a measurement ranges from 0.1 to 0.3 mm and depends on the experience of the observer. The latter figure is the usual positional accuracy of faint details in maps and technical plans.

text: Environmental pollution[edit]

text: A clean atmosphere is indicated by the fact that the Milky Way is visible. Comparing the zenith with the horizon, shows how the "blue quality" is degraded depending on the amount of air pollution and dust. The twinkling of a star is an indication of the turbulence of the air. This is of importance in meteorology and for the "seeing" of astronomy.

text: Light pollution is a significant problem for amateur astronomers but becomes less late at night when many lights are shut off. Air dust can be seen even far away from a city by its "light dome".

text: Literature[edit]

text:
Davidson, N.: Sky Phenomena: A Guide to Naked Eye Observation of the Heavens. FlorisBooks (208p), ISBN 0-86315-168-X, Edinburgh 1993.
Gerstbach G.: Auge und Sehen — der lange Weg zu digitalem Erkennen. Astro Journal Sternenbote, 20p., Vol.2000/8, Vienna 2000.
Kahmen H. (Ed.): Geodesy for Geotechnical and Structural Engineering. Proceedings, Eisenstadt 1999.


document_title: NFL International Series

question_text: where is the nfl game in london played

question_tokens: where is the nfl game in london played

text: NFL International Series

text: Background[edit]

text: Prior to 2005, the NFL's primary method of promoting its game abroad was through the American Bowl, a series of preseason games played around the world, and NFL Europe, a developmental league based in Europe. The American Bowls ended in 2005 (though a similar China Bowl was planned for 2007 before being canceled), while NFL Europa (as it was known for its final season) folded in 2007. On October 2, 2005, the Arizona Cardinals defeated the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 31–14 at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, Mexico under the name NFL Fútbol Americano. It was the first regular season NFL game held outside the United States.[3] The game drew the NFL's highest game attendance at the time with 103,467 spectators.[3][4]

text: Roger Goodell, the commissioner of the National Football League, has considered expanding the league's appeal overseas ever since the end of NFL Europa. Goodell has openly discussed the idea of holding a future Super Bowl game in London.[3] The NFL also investigated the possibility of adding a 17th regular season game to all teams, taking the place of the fourth pre-season game.[5] Waller notes that there will not be 16 different venues for the 17th games. More likely would be a "mini-season ticket" of perhaps four games in one city or country.[5] There was discussion that this "17th game" could take effect as early as the 2009 NFL season; however, 2010 would be the earliest this could be implemented because of concerns about playing on Labor Day or over the 2010 Winter Olympics, the league's rigid scheduling formula, and the league's collective bargaining agreement (CBA).[5] League officials were pondering moving a second existing game abroad for the 2010 season, but eventually abandoned it due to the ongoing CBA negotiations.[6] The league eventually abandoned its attempt to expand the NFL season via CBA negotiations, and the new CBA enacted in 2011 has kept the NFL schedule at 16 games as of 2017.

text: Games in the United Kingdom are broadcast by the BBC and Sky Sports either live on BBC2 or online via the BBC Sports website and interactive TV and on Sky Sports Action. On radio the games are broadcast by BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra, with Arlo White commentating.

text: The games have been popular, with tickets for the two games per season selling out in two days, nine months in advance. According to the NFL, only 3% of those attending the London games are Americans or American expatriates, while 22% are from London and 60% from elsewhere in Britain. Ticket prices are from £35 for end zone seats to £100 for lower sideline seats.[7] A team that plays a home game in London sells a cheaper season ticket package for its own stadium with seven regular season games rather than the usual eight. Each designated home team receives US$1 million for giving up the home game.[8]

text: On October 11, 2011, the NFL owners approved playing NFL games in Great Britain through the year 2016. This stated that a home team could visit every year for up to five years but visitors could only visit once every five years.[9] However, in 2015 the Detroit Lions returned to London as visitors in an apparent disregard for this rule. Subsequently, an agreement has been reached to play internationally through 2025.[10]

text: The Buffalo Bills received a unanimous vote of approval to play a series of regular and preseason games at Rogers Centre in Toronto from 2008 to 2017.[11][12] This was separate from the regular International Series as arrangements are made by the team as opposed to the league as with the International Series. The Bills' Toronto Series was mutually terminated after the 2013 contest.

text: Due to significant time zone differences, from 2007–2015 teams playing in London would have their bye week in the following week after their game in London. For 2016, the Indianapolis Colts volunteered to play a game the week after their London game, preferring to have their bye week later in the season. The Colts playing the week after London was also done by the NFL as a test to see team fatigue for evaluation of an eventual London franchise.[13] As Mexico City is within the Central Time Zone—eight NFL teams play home games in Central Time and the rest are within two hours of it—no bye week would be needed for those teams, though they may still by chance be scheduled their regular bye week anyway. For 2017, three teams playing in London (Baltimore, Jacksonville, and Miami), will have games immediately following their International Series game.[14] In all three cases, the teams playing after their International Series game are based on the East Coast of the United States and will either be home or (in the Jaguars case) playing in East Rutherford, New Jersey.

text: Due to NFL rules, teams that are playing in temporary homes or that have recently been awarded the Super Bowl are required to play a home game internationally. The Los Angeles Rams, upon relocating from St. Louis, agreed to host an international game from 2016–2019, while their new stadium is being built. The Los Angeles Chargers, who will be sharing the stadium with the Rams once it is completed, will also host an International Series game in 2018 and 2019, only getting out of the 2017 game because the team had executed its out clause to move from San Diego after the 2017 International Series games had been announced.[15] The rule wasn't in affect when the Minnesota Vikings were playing at TCF Bank Stadium while U.S. Bank Stadium was being built, although the team did give up a home game while they were still playing in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. It is also likely that the Oakland Raiders will host another game in either 2018 and 2019 (or both) due to their pending move to Las Vegas, but it is unknown whether the "temporary stadium" rule applies in that case.

text: Early years (2007–2011)[edit]

text: The Miami Dolphins hosted the New York Giants at Wembley Stadium in London, England on October 28, 2007. The Giants defeated the Dolphins 13–10 in the first regular season NFL game held outside North America. The first 40,000 tickets sold out for the game in the first 90 minutes of sales.[3][16] The game was aired regionally on Fox.

text: A single game was held in London each year through 2011. Like the 2007 game, each was televised nationally in England, but only regionally in the United States.

text: Multi-year deals and multi-game years (2012–2015)[edit]

text: On January 20, 2012, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that from 2012 to 2014, the St. Louis Rams would play one of their eight home games each year at Wembley Stadium.[17] However, on August 13, 2012, the team announced that they would not play the proposed games in London in 2013 and 2014, only the 2012 game against the New England Patriots that had already been scheduled.[18] Goodell had previously proposed the use of certain regular teams in the International Series in an effort to build a fan base for those teams, raising the prospect of a permanent NFL team on the British Isles.

text: An NFL bid to become anchor tenants of London's Olympic Stadium failed.[19]

text: The Jacksonville Jaguars took the Rams' place and agreed to play a home game in London for four seasons from 2013 through 2016. With this announcement also came news that the NFL were working to schedule a second UK game from 2013 onwards.[20] (The Jaguars later extended their agreement with Wembley Stadium through 2020 in an agreement announced in October 2015.)[2] In October 2012, it was announced that the Jaguars would host the San Francisco 49ers and the Minnesota Vikings would host the Pittsburgh Steelers, marking the first season with multiple games in London.

text: The NFL played three international games for the 2014 season, including one game with an earlier 9:30 am ET start, which allowed for an afternoon game, rather than an evening game, in London. This timeslot proved to be successful as all London games in 2015 and 2016 were also scheduled at 9:30 am ET. Three games were again scheduled in 2015 - including the series' first division game between the New York Jets and the Miami Dolphins.

text: Long-term deals and new stadiums (2016–present)[edit]

text: Between 2018 and 2027, at least two games each year will be played at Tottenham Hotspur's new stadium in Northumberland Park as part of an agreement between the NFL and Tottenham Hotspur. On October 7, 2015, the league announced that a resolution had been passed to schedule international games at additional locations to London until 2025.[10] On October 22, 2015 it was confirmed that at least two games per year will remain at Wembley until through least 2020 and that the Jacksonville Jaguars will continue to play a home game there annually throughout the agreement.[21] Subsequent to this, on November 3, 2015, the NFL announced that it had reached an agreement with England's Rugby Football Union to host regular season games at Twickenham Stadium from 2016 onwards, with a minimum of three, and as many as five games to be held over the initial agreement period of three years.[22]

text: In 2016, the Oakland Raiders hosted the Houston Texans on November 21 at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City, at the first International Series game played in Mexico. Previously, the Houston Texans and Pittsburgh Steelers had expressed interest in playing a game at Estadio Azteca (or possibly Estadio Olímpico Universitario) in Mexico City although Houston was not prepared to give up a home fixture.[23][24] It was televised as part of ESPN's Monday Night Football, marking the first MNF game broadcast from outside the United States, and ESPN's second broadcast from Mexico City since the 2005 Fútbol Americano game (which was televised as part of ESPN's former incarnation of Sunday Night Football).[25][26]

text: The 2016 game between the Redskins and Bengals was the first International Series game to go into overtime, the first to end as a tie, and had at the time the highest attendance of all International Series games (later surpassed by the 2017 game between the Ravens and Jaguars, which drew an attendance of 84,592).

text: For 2017 the series underwent a partial rebrand with four games in London branded as NFL London Games[27] and one game in Mexico City branded as the NFL Mexico Game.[28][citation needed]

text: Game history[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Designated
visitor
Score
Designated
home team
Score
City
Stadium
Attn.
Pre-game show
Television

2007
October 28
New York Giants
13
Miami Dolphins
10
 London
Wembley Stadium
81,176
The Feeling[29]
Fox

2008
October 26
San Diego Chargers
32
New Orleans Saints
37
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,226
Stereophonics[29]
CBS

2009
October 25
New England Patriots
35
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
7
 London
Wembley Stadium
84,254
Calvin Harris[29]
CBS

2010
October 31
Denver Broncos
16
San Francisco 49ers
24
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,941
My Chemical Romance[29]
CBS

2011
October 23
Chicago Bears
24
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
18
 London
Wembley Stadium
76,981
Goo Goo Dolls[29]
Fox

2012
October 28
New England Patriots
45
St. Louis Rams
7
 London
Wembley Stadium
84,004
Train[30]
CBS

2013
September 29
Pittsburgh Steelers
27
Minnesota Vikings
34
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,518
Tinie Tempah[31]
CBS

October 27
San Francisco 49ers
42
Jacksonville Jaguars
10
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,559
Ne-Yo[32]
Fox

2014
September 28[33]
Miami Dolphins
38
Oakland Raiders
14
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,436
Def Leppard[34]
CBS

October 26[33]
Detroit Lions
22
Atlanta Falcons
21
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,532
Little Mix[35]
Fox

November 9[33]
Dallas Cowboys
31
Jacksonville Jaguars
17
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,603
Joss Stone[36]
Fox

2015
October 4
New York Jets
27
Miami Dolphins
14
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,986
None
CBS

October 25
Buffalo Bills
31
Jacksonville Jaguars
34
 London
Wembley Stadium
84,021
The Ohio State University Marching Band[37]
Yahoo! Sports[38][A]

November 1
Detroit Lions
10
Kansas City Chiefs
45
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,624
Madness[39]
Fox[40]

2016
October 2
Indianapolis Colts
27
Jacksonville Jaguars
30
 London
Wembley Stadium
83,798
Robin Thicke
CBS

October 23
New York Giants
17
Los Angeles Rams
10
 London
Twickenham Stadium
74,121
Craig David[41]
NFLN[B]

October 30
Washington Redskins
27
Cincinnati Bengals
27
 London
Wembley Stadium
84,448
Wessex Male Choir & US Army Europe band
Fox

November 21
Houston Texans
20
Oakland Raiders
27
 Mexico City
Estadio Azteca
76,473
None
ESPN[C]

2017
September 24
Baltimore Ravens
7
Jacksonville Jaguars
44
 London
Wembley Stadium
84,592
None
Verizon, Yahoo! Sports

October 1
New Orleans Saints
20
Miami Dolphins
0
 London
Wembley Stadium
84,423
None
Fox

October 22
Arizona Cardinals
0
Los Angeles Rams
33
 London
Twickenham Stadium
73,736
None
Fox

October 29
Minnesota Vikings

Cleveland Browns

 London
Twickenham Stadium

NFLN

November 19
New England Patriots

Oakland Raiders

 Mexico City
Estadio Azteca

CBS

text: Standings[edit]

text:
Team
Appearances
W–L–T
Pct
Most recent appearance

New England Patriots
2
2–0–0
1.000
2012

New Orleans Saints
2
2–0–0
1.000
2017

New York Giants
2
2–0–0
1.000
2016

San Francisco 49ers
2
2–0–0
1.000
2013

Chicago Bears
1
1–0–0
1.000
2011

Dallas Cowboys
1
1–0–0
1.000
2014

Kansas City Chiefs
1
1–0–0
1.000
2015

Minnesota Vikings
1
1–0–0
1.000
2013

New York Jets
1
1–0–0
1.000
2015

Jacksonville Jaguars
5
3–2–0
.600
2017

Detroit Lions
2
1–1–0
.500
2015

Oakland Raiders
2
1–1–0
.500
2016

Cincinnati Bengals
1
0–0–1
.500
2016

Washington Redskins
1
0–0–1
.500
2016

St.Louis/Los Angeles Rams
3
1–2–0
.333
2017

Miami Dolphins
4
1–3–0
.250
2017

Arizona Cardinals
1
0–1–0
.000
2017

Atlanta Falcons
1
0–1–0
.000
2014

Baltimore Ravens
1
0–1–0
.000
2017

Buffalo Bills
1
0–1–0
.000
2015

Denver Broncos
1
0–1–0
.000
2010

Houston Texans
1
0–1–0
.000
2016

Indianapolis Colts
1
0–1–0
.000
2016

Pittsburgh Steelers
1
0–1–0
.000
2013

San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers
1
0–1–0
.000
2008

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2
0–2–0
.000
2011

text: Teams with no International Series appearances[edit]

text: As of the 2017 season, six of the 32 teams have not played in the International Series: Carolina Panthers, Cleveland Browns, Green Bay Packers, Philadelphia Eagles, Seattle Seahawks and Tennessee Titans. Cleveland will be making its first appearance in 2017. Seattle played a game outside the United States in 2012, but it was not part of the International Series. The Houston Texans have never played in London, but played an International Series game in Mexico City.

text: Future[edit]

text: Possible teams[edit]

text: Before the Chargers and Saints were announced to be the two teams headed to London in 2008, the Kansas City Chiefs, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Seattle Seahawks were identified as teams interested in playing a future game in Europe.[42] In particular, Seattle, which had been slated to play the China Bowl before that game was cancelled, had shown a continued interest in playing a game abroad. Tampa Bay eventually got the 2009 and 2011 games, while Kansas City got one of the games in 2015. Both the New York Giants and Miami Dolphins have similarly expressed interest in returning to the UK in a rematch of 2007's international series.[citation needed] There have also been negotiations between the Pittsburgh Steelers (whose owner, Dan Rooney, was the United States Ambassador to Ireland) and Croke Park in Dublin, Republic of Ireland for a potential International Series game there.[43]

text: The Rams and the Buccaneers are both under co-ownership with teams in the Premier League, the top association football league in England; the Rams are under co-ownership with Arsenal Football Club of London, while the Buccaneers are co-owned with Manchester United. From 2006 until 2012, the Cleveland Browns were also under co-ownership with Aston Villa before Randy Lerner sold the Browns to Jimmy Haslam, and since 2013, Jacksonville Jaguars owner Shahid Khan also owns Fulham F.C., which were at the time in the Premier League, but have since been relegated to the Football League Championship.[44]

text: As part of their application to relocate to Los Angeles for the 2016 season, the Rams have volunteered to play in the International Series at least once a year while occupying the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for three seasons until their new stadium in Inglewood, California, opens in 2020.[45]

text: In 2016, Steelers president Art Rooney II stated that the team may have to give up a home game to play in Mexico City in the future, with the team stating that they would require permission from the Sports & Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County to do so, as their lease at Heinz Field explicitly requires the team to play ten home games (8 in the regular season, 2 preseason) at that stadium per season.[46][47]

text: Future markets[edit]

text: Within the United Kingdom, aside from London, potential candidates for hosting NFL games include Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, Wales;[48] and Murrayfield in Edinburgh, Scotland.[49] Other prime locations to get games would be Croke Park in the Republic of Ireland (Ireland has already hosted the NCAA Emerald Isle Classic, a college football game similar to the International Series, and Steelers owner Dan Rooney was once an ambassador to the country), Germany (which hosted five teams in NFL Europa at the time of its dissolution in 2007 and whose national American Football team won both the 2010 and 2014 European Championship), China;[50] Brazil,[51][50] Australia[52] and Canada (Canada hosted the Bills Toronto Series from 2008 to 2013). Mark Waller, NFL senior vice president, international, doubts Asia or Australia would be targeted because of the travel concerns, but he does not dismiss anything.[5] Until 2015 the Jacksonville Jaguars' agreement stipulated that all future International Series games in the current agreement would take place at Wembley, ruling out other locations.[53] a The league had plans to host a game in China in 2018 with the Los Angeles Rams as the home team against the San Francisco 49ers.[54] However, the game in Germany was scrapped in favor of adding a 4th game in London in 2017. The potential game in China was postponed (the third time the league has postponed playing in China, following failed attempts in 2007 and 2009) to being aimed for the 2019 season to coincide with the league's 100th anniversary.[55][56] The league has indicated that a China game is still not certain because of the lack of a fan base in the country (NFL games are played in the middle of the night in China).[57]

text: In regard to future games outside London or Mexico, Mark Waller stated in 2017 that the only holdup with games in Germany was what he dubbed "an inventory management thing. How many games do we actually have?"[57]

text: Potential London team[edit]

text: The success of the International Series has led the NFL to focus its global expansion aims on the possibility of having a full franchise located in London. While no set timetable has been set, the league is working on a goal of establishing a franchise by around 2021, assuming they have all the necessary arrangements in place. It is believed this would be most likely achieved through relocation of an existing franchise, with the Jaguars most often linked due to their association with the International Series, even though their owner is said to be content with the current arrangement and other franchises have more reason to move (the most often cited being poor on-field performance, lack of fans and uncertainty over stadium leases). The NFL has used some of the specific arrangements for the International Series games as a test bed for predicting how a London franchise could be made effective from a logistical and competitiveness standpoint.[58][59]


document_title: Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

question_text: who is the secretary of state for northern ireland

text: Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

text: History[edit]

text: Historically, the principal ministers for Irish (and subsequently Northern Ireland) affairs in the UK Government and its predecessors were:

text:
the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (c.1171–1922);
the Chief Secretary for Ireland (1560–1922); and
the Home Secretary (1922–1972).[4]

text: In August 1969, for example, Home Secretary James Callaghan approved the sending of British Army soldiers to Northern Ireland.[5] Scotland and Wales were represented by the Secretary of State for Scotland and Secretary of State for Wales from 1885 and 1965 respectively but Northern Ireland remained separate, due to the devolved Northern Ireland Government and Northern Ireland Parliament.

text: The office of Secretary of State for Northern Ireland was created after the Northern Ireland government (at Stormont) was first suspended and then abolished following widespread civil strife. The British government was increasingly concerned that Stormont was losing control of the situation. On 30 March 1972, direct rule from Westminster was introduced.[6] The Secretary of State filled three roles which existed under the previous Stormont regime:[7]

text:
the Governor of Northern Ireland (the nominal head of the executive and representative of the British monarch)
the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland (now filled by the First Minister of Northern Ireland and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland acting jointly)
the Minister of Home Affairs (now filled by the Minister of Justice).

text: Direct rule was seen as a temporary measure, with a power-sharing devolution preferred as the solution, and was annually renewed by a vote in Parliament.

text: The Sunningdale Agreement in 1973 resulted in a brief, power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive, from 1 January 1974, which was ended by the loyalist Ulster Workers' Council strike on 28 May 1974.  The strikers opposed the power-sharing and all-Ireland aspects of the new administration.

text: The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention (1975–1976) and Northern Ireland Assembly (1982–1986) were unsuccessful in restoring devolved government.  After the Anglo-Irish Agreement on 15 November 1985, the UK Government and Irish Government co-operated more closely on security and political matters.

text: Following the Belfast Agreement (also known as the Good Friday Agreement) on 10 April 1998, devolution returned to Northern Ireland on 2 December 1999. This removed many of the duties of the Secretary of State and his Northern Ireland Office colleagues and devolved them to locally elected politicians, constituting the Northern Ireland Executive.

text: The devolved administration was suspended several times (especially between 15 October 2002 and 8 May 2007) because the Ulster Unionist Party and Democratic Unionist Party were uncomfortable being in government with Sinn Féin when the Provisional Irish Republican Army had failed to decommission its arms fully and continued its criminal activities. On each of these occasions, the responsibilities of the ministers in the Executive then returned to the Secretary of State and his ministers. During these periods, in addition to administration of the region, the Secretary of State was also heavily involved in the negotiations with all parties to restore devolved government.

text: Power was again devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 8 May 2007. The Secretary of State retained responsibility for policing and justice until most of those powers were devolved on 12 April 2010.[8]

text: List of office holders[edit]

text:
Colour key
  Conservative
  Labour

text:
Name

Portrait

Term of office

Political party

Prime Minister

William Whitelaw

24 March 1972

2 December 1973

Conservative

Edward Heath

Francis Pym

2 December 1973

4 March 1974

Conservative

Merlyn Rees

5 March 1974

10 September 1976

Labour

Harold Wilson

Roy Mason

10 September 1976

4 May 1979

Labour

James Callaghan

Humphrey Atkins

5 May 1979

14 September 1981

Conservative

Margaret Thatcher

James Prior

14 September 1981

11 September 1984

Conservative

Douglas Hurd

11 September 1984

3 September 1985

Conservative

Tom King

3 September 1985

24 July 1989

Conservative

Peter Brooke

24 July 1989

10 April 1992

Conservative

John Major

Sir Patrick Mayhew

10 April 1992

2 May 1997

Conservative

Mo Mowlam

3 May 1997

11 October 1999

Labour

Tony Blair

Peter Mandelson

11 October 1999

24 January 2001

Labour

John Reid

25 January 2001

24 October 2002

Labour

Paul Murphy

24 October 2002

6 May 2005

Labour

Peter Hain(also Welsh Secretary)

6 May 2005

27 June 2007

Labour

Shaun Woodward

28 June 2007

11 May 2010

Labour

Gordon Brown

Owen Paterson

12 May 2010

4 September 2012

Conservative

David Cameron(Coalition)

Theresa Villiers

4 September 2012

14 July 2016

Conservative

David Cameron(II)

James Brokenshire

14 July 2016

8 January 2018

Conservative

Theresa May

Karen Bradley

8 January 2018

Incumbent

Conservative


document_title: Pudding Pop

question_text: when did they stop making jello pudding pops

text: Pudding Pop

text: Pudding Pops, frosty Popsicle treats originally made and marketed by Jell-O, were first launched with Bill Cosby acting as spokesperson. He marketed them as "Puddin' Pops!"

text: Pudding Pops originated in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in the 1970s in the United States of America.[citation needed] In its first year, it earned $100,000,000, and after 5 years, it was earning $300,000,000 a year. Despite strong sales into the 90s, Pudding Pops were eventually discontinued due to not being profitable.

text: After being absent for a time, they were reintroduced to grocery stores[citation needed] under the Popsicle brand name. However, due to differences in texture to the original and different shape, popularity never reached its predecessors which resulted in them beginning to be pulled from stores around 2011.[1]

text: Pudding Pops come in a variety pack of chocolate, vanilla and chocolate-vanilla swirl, which have 90 calories per serving, 3 grams of fat, and 15 grams of carbohydrates.