document_title: Star formation

question_text: where do most star formation occur in the milky way today

text: Star formation

text: Stellar nurseries[edit]

text: Interstellar clouds[edit]

text: A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars, stellar remnants, and a diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of gas and dust. The interstellar medium consists of 10−4 to 106 particles per cm3 and is typically composed of roughly 70% hydrogen by mass, with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium. This medium has been chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime. Higher density regions of the interstellar medium form clouds, or diffuse nebulae,[2] where star formation takes place.[3] In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within roughly a billion years, which hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies.[4]

text: In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H2) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds.[3] Observations indicate that the coldest clouds tend to form low-mass stars, observed first in the infrared inside the clouds, then in visible light at their surface when the clouds dissipate, while giant molecular clouds, which are generally warmer, produce stars of all masses.[5] These giant molecular clouds have typical densities of 100 particles per cm3, diameters of 100 light-years (9.5×1014 km), masses of up to 6 million solar masses (M☉),[6] and an average interior temperature of 10 K. About half the total mass of the galactic ISM is found in molecular clouds[7] and in the Milky Way there are an estimated 6,000 molecular clouds, each with more than 100,000 M☉.[8] The nearest nebula to the Sun where massive stars are being formed is the Orion nebula, 1,300 ly (1.2×1016 km) away.[9] However, lower mass star formation is occurring about 400–450 light years distant in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex.[10]

text: A more compact site of star formation is the opaque clouds of dense gas and dust known as Bok globules; so named after the astronomer Bart Bok. These can form in association with collapsing molecular clouds or possibly independently.[11] The Bok globules are typically up to a light year across and contain a few solar masses.[12] They can be observed as dark clouds silhouetted against bright emission nebulae or background stars. Over half the known Bok globules have been found to contain newly forming stars.[13]

text: Cloud collapse[edit]

text: An interstellar cloud of gas will remain in hydrostatic equilibrium as long as the kinetic energy of the gas pressure is in balance with the potential energy of the internal gravitational force. Mathematically this is expressed using the virial theorem, which states that, to maintain equilibrium, the gravitational potential energy must equal twice the internal thermal energy.[15] If a cloud is massive enough that the gas pressure is insufficient to support it, the cloud will undergo gravitational collapse. The mass above which a cloud will undergo such collapse is called the Jeans mass. The Jeans mass depends on the temperature and density of the cloud, but is typically thousands to tens of thousands of solar masses.[3] This coincides with the typical mass of an open cluster of stars, which is the end product of a collapsing cloud.[16]

text: In triggered star formation, one of several events might occur to compress a molecular cloud and initiate its gravitational collapse. Molecular clouds may collide with each other, or a nearby supernova explosion can be a trigger, sending shocked matter into the cloud at very high speeds.[3] (The resulting new stars may themselves soon produce supernovae, producing self-propagating star formation.) Alternatively, galactic collisions can trigger massive starbursts of star formation as the gas clouds in each galaxy are compressed and agitated by tidal forces.[18] The latter mechanism may be responsible for the formation of globular clusters.[19]

text: A supermassive black hole at the core of a galaxy may serve to regulate the rate of star formation in a galactic nucleus. A black hole that is accreting infalling matter can become active, emitting a strong wind through a collimated relativistic jet. This can limit further star formation. Massive black holes ejecting radio-frequency-emitting particles at near-light speed can also block the formation of new stars in aging galaxies.[20] However, the radio emissions around the jets may also trigger star formation. Likewise, a weaker jet may trigger star formation when it collides with a cloud.[21]

text: As it collapses, a molecular cloud breaks into smaller and smaller pieces in a hierarchical manner, until the fragments reach stellar mass. In each of these fragments, the collapsing gas radiates away the energy gained by the release of gravitational potential energy. As the density increases, the fragments become opaque and are thus less efficient at radiating away their energy. This raises the temperature of the cloud and inhibits further fragmentation. The fragments now condense into rotating spheres of gas that serve as stellar embryos.[23]

text: Complicating this picture of a collapsing cloud are the effects of turbulence, macroscopic flows, rotation, magnetic fields and the cloud geometry. Both rotation and magnetic fields can hinder the collapse of a cloud.[24][25] Turbulence is instrumental in causing fragmentation of the cloud, and on the smallest scales it promotes collapse.[26]

text: Protostar[edit]

text: A protostellar cloud will continue to collapse as long as the gravitational binding energy can be eliminated. This excess energy is primarily lost through radiation. However, the collapsing cloud will eventually become opaque to its own radiation, and the energy must be removed through some other means. The dust within the cloud becomes heated to temperatures of 60–100 K, and these particles radiate at wavelengths in the far infrared where the cloud is transparent. Thus the dust mediates the further collapse of the cloud.[27]

text: During the collapse, the density of the cloud increases towards the center and thus the middle region becomes optically opaque first. This occurs when the density is about 10−13 g / cm3. A core region, called the First Hydrostatic Core, forms where the collapse is essentially halted. It continues to increase in temperature as determined by the virial theorem. The gas falling toward this opaque region collides with it and creates shock waves that further heat the core.[28]

text: When the core temperature reaches about 2000 K, the thermal energy dissociates the H2 molecules.[28] This is followed by the ionization of the hydrogen and helium atoms. These processes absorb the energy of the contraction, allowing it to continue on timescales comparable to the period of collapse at free fall velocities.[29] After the density of infalling material has reached about 10−8 g / cm3, that material is sufficiently transparent to allow energy radiated by the protostar to escape. The combination of convection within the protostar and radiation from its exterior allow the star to contract further.[28] This continues until the gas is hot enough for the internal pressure to support the protostar against further gravitational collapse—a state called hydrostatic equilibrium. When this accretion phase is nearly complete, the resulting object is known as a protostar.[3]

text: Accretion of material onto the protostar continues partially from the newly formed circumstellar disc. When the density and temperature are high enough, deuterium fusion begins, and the outward pressure of the resultant radiation slows (but does not stop) the collapse. Material comprising the cloud continues to "rain" onto the protostar. In this stage bipolar jets are produced called Herbig-Haro objects. This is probably the means by which excess angular momentum of the infalling material is expelled, allowing the star to continue to form.

text: When the surrounding gas and dust envelope disperses and accretion process stops, the star is considered a pre–main sequence star (PMS star). The energy source of these objects is gravitational contraction, as opposed to hydrogen burning in main sequence stars. The PMS star follows a Hayashi track on the Hertzsprung–Russell (H–R) diagram.[31] The contraction will proceed until the Hayashi limit is reached, and thereafter contraction will continue on a Kelvin–Helmholtz timescale with the temperature remaining stable. Stars with less than 0.5 M☉ thereafter join the main sequence. For more massive PMS stars, at the end of the Hayashi track they will slowly collapse in near hydrostatic equilibrium, following the Henyey track.[32]

text: Finally, hydrogen begins to fuse in the core of the star, and the rest of the enveloping material is cleared away. This ends the protostellar phase and begins the star's main sequence phase on the H–R diagram.

text: The stages of the process are well defined in stars with masses around 1 M☉ or less. In high mass stars, the length of the star formation process is comparable to the other timescales of their evolution, much shorter, and the process is not so well defined. The later evolution of stars are studied in stellar evolution.

text:
Protostar

Protostar outburst - HOPS 383 (2015).

text: Observations[edit]

text: Key elements of star formation are only available by observing in wavelengths other than the optical. The protostellar stage of stellar existence is almost invariably hidden away deep inside dense clouds of gas and dust left over from the GMC. Often, these star-forming cocoons known as Bok globules, can be seen in silhouette against bright emission from surrounding gas.[33] Early stages of a star's life can be seen in infrared light, which penetrates the dust more easily than visible light.[34] Observations from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) have thus been especially important for unveiling numerous Galactic protostars and their parent star clusters.[35][36] Examples of such embedded star clusters are FSR 1184, FSR 1190, Camargo 14, Camargo 74, Majaess 64, and Majaess 98.[37]

text: The structure of the molecular cloud and the effects of the protostar can be observed in near-IR extinction maps (where the number of stars are counted per unit area and compared to a nearby zero extinction area of sky), continuum dust emission and rotational transitions of CO and other molecules; these last two are observed in the millimeter and submillimeter range. The radiation from the protostar and early star has to be observed in infrared astronomy wavelengths, as the extinction caused by the rest of the cloud in which the star is forming is usually too big to allow us to observe it in the visual part of the spectrum. This presents considerable difficulties as the Earth's atmosphere is almost entirely opaque from 20μm to 850μm, with narrow windows at 200μm and 450μm. Even outside this range, atmospheric subtraction techniques must be used.

text: X-ray observations have proven useful for studying young stars, since X-ray emission from these objects is 100–100,000 times stronger than X-ray emission from main-sequence stars.[39] The earliest detections of X-rays from T Tauri stars were made by the Einstein X-ray Observatory.[40][41] For low-mass stars X-rays are generated by the heating of the stellar corona through magnetic reconnection, while for high-mass O and early B-type stars X-rays are generated through supersonic shocks in the stellar winds. Photons in the soft X-ray energy range covered by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM Newton may penetrate the interstellar medium with only moderate absorption due to gas, making the X-ray a useful wavelength for seeing the stellar populations within molecular clouds. X-ray emission as evidence of stellar youth makes this band particularly useful for performing censuses of stars in star-forming regions, given that not all young stars have infrared excesses.[42] X-ray observations have provided near-complete censuses of all stellar-mass objects in the Orion Nebula Cluster and Taurus Molecular Cloud.[43][44]

text: The formation of individual stars can only be directly observed in the Milky Way Galaxy, but in distant galaxies star formation has been detected through its unique spectral signature.

text: Initial research indicates star-forming clumps start as giant, dense areas in turbulent gas-rich matter in young galaxies, live about 500 million years, and may migrate to the center of a galaxy, creating the central bulge of a galaxy.[45]

text: On February 21, 2014, NASA announced a greatly upgraded database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the universe. According to scientists, more than 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets.[46]

text: In February 2018, astronomers reported, for the first time, a signal of the reionization epoch, an indirect detection of light from the earliest stars formed - about 180 million years after the Big Bang.[47]

text: Notable pathfinder objects[edit]

text:
MWC 349 was first discovered in 1978, and is estimated to be only 1,000 years old.
VLA 1623 – The first exemplar Class 0 protostar, a type of embedded protostar that has yet to accrete the majority of its mass. Found in 1993, is possibly younger than 10,000 years.[48]
L1014 – An extremely faint embedded object representative of a new class of sources that are only now being detected with the newest telescopes. Their status is still undetermined, they could be the youngest low-mass Class 0 protostars yet seen or even very low-mass evolved objects (like a brown dwarf or even an interstellar planet).[49]
IRS 8* – The youngest known main sequence star in the Galactic Center region, discovered in August 2006. It is estimated to be 3.5 million years old.[50]

text: Low mass and high mass star formation[edit]

text: Stars of different masses are thought to form by slightly different mechanisms. The theory of low-mass star formation, which is well-supported by a plethora of observations, suggests that low-mass stars form by the gravitational collapse of rotating density enhancements within molecular clouds. As described above, the collapse of a rotating cloud of gas and dust leads to the formation of an accretion disk through which matter is channeled onto a central protostar. For stars with masses higher than about 8 M☉, however, the mechanism of star formation is not well understood.

text: Massive stars emit copious quantities of radiation which pushes against infalling material. In the past, it was thought that this radiation pressure might be substantial enough to halt accretion onto the massive protostar and prevent the formation of stars with masses more than a few tens of solar masses.[53] Recent theoretical work has shown that the production of a jet and outflow clears a cavity through which much of the radiation from a massive protostar can escape without hindering accretion through the disk and onto the protostar.[54][55] Present thinking is that massive stars may therefore be able to form by a mechanism similar to that by which low mass stars form.

text: There is mounting evidence that at least some massive protostars are indeed surrounded by accretion disks. Several other theories of massive star formation remain to be tested observationally. Of these, perhaps the most prominent is the theory of competitive accretion, which suggests that massive protostars are "seeded" by low-mass protostars which compete with other protostars to draw in matter from the entire parent molecular cloud, instead of simply from a small local region.[56][57]

text: Another theory of massive star formation suggests that massive stars may form by the coalescence of two or more stars of lower mass.[58]


document_title: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)

question_text: anna murphy actress the man who invented christmas

root

text: The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Two years after the success of Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens (Dan Stevens) is suffering financial hardship from the failure of his last three books. Rejected by his publishers, he sets out to write a new book to restore his finances. Seeing inspiration around London, most notably a rich man's funeral that is largely unattended, he begins writing A Christmas Carol, due in six weeks in order to be published by Christmas. As Charles begins to develop his story, he interacts with the characters he is writing about, most notably Ebenezer Scrooge (Christopher Plummer). Helping Dickens is one of his servants, Tara, an Irish immigrant who is literate and able to provide advice.

tag: p

text: While writing his book, Charles is greeted by the arrival of his father, John Dickens (Jonathan Pryce), who views him as immature and fiscally irresponsible. Charles's relationship with his family is increasingly strained as he struggles to finish the book in time, as he is unable to resolve Scrooge's story. Hearing that Charles intends to let Tiny Tim die, Tara suggests a resolution for Scrooge by having him save Tiny Tim instead. Charles rejects her help, and soon sends her away from his house in a fit of rage. Additionally, Charles has a falling out with his father and sends him away upon learning that he has been selling Charles's signature.

text: It is revealed that much of Charles's animosity towards his father is from his childhood embarrassment of working in a blacking factory after his family was taken to debtor's prison. Returning to the long-abandoned factory, Charles is forced to confront his own insecurities through Scrooge. Charles realizes that his story should be one of redemption, and races home to finish his manuscript. As he leaves to submit it to his illustrator, he encounters Tara, and invites her back. His wife suggests he do the same with his father, who is about to board a train to leave London. Reconnecting with his family, Charles submits the manuscript in time for publishing before Christmas. The film ends with the Dickens family celebrating the holidays, while a title text explains the overnight success of A Christmas Carol, and its lasting impact on the Christmas holiday.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dan Stevens as Charles Dickens

Ely Solan as young Charles

Christopher Plummer as Ebenezer Scrooge
Jonathan Pryce as John Dickens, Charles Dickens' father
Simon Callow as John Leech, an illustrator
Donald Sumpter as Jacob Marley
Miriam Margolyes as Mrs. Fisk
Morfydd Clark as Kate Dickens
Justin Edwards as John Forster/Ghost of Christmas Present
Miles Jupp as William Makepeace Thackeray
Ian McNeice as Edward Chapman
Bill Paterson as Mr. Grimsby
John Henshaw as Mr. Fezziwig
Annette Badland as Mrs. Fezziwig
Anna Murphy as Tara/Ghost of Christmas Past
Jasper Hughes-Cotter as Walter Dickens
Eddie Jackson as Scam Artist
Neil Slevin as Italian Workman
Paul Kealyn as Warren's Foreman
Aleah Lennon as Mamie Dickens
Ger Ryan as Elizabeth Dickens
Valeria Bandino as Tart

tag: ul

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was released in the United States in 500 theaters on 22 November 2017.[6]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Man Who Invented Christmas adds holiday magic to the writing of A Christmas Carol, putting a sweetly revisionist spin on the story behind a classic yuletide tale."[7] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 60 out of 100, based 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[8]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

Saturn Awards
June 2018
Best International Film
The Man Who Invented Christmas
Pending
[9]

tag: table


document_title: List of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir episodes

question_text: when is episode 12 of miraculous ladybug season 2 coming out

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
26
19 October 2015 (2015-10-19) (France)
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06) (U.S.)
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30) (France)
22 October 2016 (2016-10-22) (U.S.)

2
26[8]
26 October 2017 (2017-10-26) (France)
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30) (Netflix)
TBA

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015–16)[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
English Title
French Title [9][10]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
U.S. air date [9]
Prod.
code [9]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Stormy Weather"
"Climatika"
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
19 October 2015 (2015-10-19)[12]
20 December 2015[9]
101
1.47[13]

Marinette Dupain-Cheng is babysitting a child named Manon when her best friend Alya Césaire visits her. Alya tells Marinette that her crush, Adrien Agreste, is having a photoshoot nearby and takes them to see him. Meanwhile, Aurore Beauréal has just lost to her competitor, Mireille Caquet, to be nominated as the next weather forecaster. Infuriated, Aurore becomes akumatized by the villainous Hawk Moth and turns into "Stormy Weather", a supervillain who controls the weather. When Stormy wreaks havoc on Paris and interrupts the photoshoot, Marinette transforms into her secret super-hero persona, 'Ladybug'. At the same time, Adrien transforms into his secret super-hero persona, 'Cat Noir'. Together, they work to defeat Stormy, but are oblivious to each other's identities.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 September 2015 as episode 1.[11]

2
2
"The Bubbler"
"Le Bulleur"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
20 October 2015 (2015-10-20)
6 December 2015[9]
109
1.40[15]

It is Adrien's birthday and Marinette is struggling to give him the present she made for him. When Adrien's father, a secretive and renowned fashion designer, won't allow Adrien to have a birthday party, his best friend Nino Lahiffe becomes mad about how unfair he's being towards Adrien. Claiming that all adults want to stop kids from having fun, Nino is tempted by Hawk Moth and turns into "Bubbler", a villain who sends all the parents into outer space through his bubbles. Adrien receives a scarf from Marinette, but thinks it's from his father.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 8 September 2015 as episode 2.[14]

3
3
"The Pharaoh"
"Le Pharaon"
Thomas Astruc
Cédric Bacconnier
21 October 2015 (2015-10-21)
10 January 2016[9]
115
1.11[17]

Marinette accidentally drops her history textbook while transformed as Ladybug. Alya, who happened to be at the scene, trying to film Ladybug in action, picks up the book, and speculates that Ladybug could be a Parisian collégienne. Marinette starts to panic when she finds out, and by Tikki's suggestion, brings Alya to visit a new Pharaoh exhibition at the Louvre, in order to try to get the book back. As they arrive, Alix's brother, Jalil Kubdel, is discussing with his father about how one of the exhibitions on display is a resurrection spell. He believes that it could work, and wants to try it out, but Jalil's father claims that such an important historical artifact cannot be misused. Frustrated that his father does not believe him, Jalil is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into the Pharaoh with Egyptian god powers who intends to bring back Nefertiti. In this episode, we are told that there was a long line of Ladybugs going back over 5,000 years with Marinette being the latest Ladybug.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 13 October 2015 as episode 7.[16]

4
4
"Lady Wifi"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
22 October 2015 (2015-10-22)
17 January 2016[9]
103
1.43[19]

As Ladybug's biggest fan Alya is out to expose Ladybug's true identity when she finds the self-centered Chloé Bourgeois with Ladybug's "yo-yo and mask". When Alya attempts to take a photo of Chloé's open locker for evidence, Chloé accuses her of invasion of privacy, and has the principal suspend her. Sad of not getting in touch with Marinette, Alya is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Lady Wifi, a villain whose smartphone can fire different icons such as pause and lock, who can travel through wifi-serviced phones, and who stops at nothing to expose Ladybug, including invading Chloé's apartment.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 6 October 2015 as episode 6.[18]

5
5
"Timebreaker"
"Chronogirl"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Michaël Delachenal
23 October 2015 (2015-10-23)
27 December 2015[9]
116
1.17[21]

Marinette's parents are celebrating their twentieth anniversary, leaving Marinette to take care of one of her father's special cake orders. However, she gets a call from Alya, who reminds her to bring a banner she made for a race between two of her classmates, Alix and Kim, and she rushes off to Trocadéro. Alix has received a family heirloom pocket watch for her fifteenth birthday, and passes it to Alya to safeguard it for her while racing. However, during the race, the watch passes hands multiple times, before it is dropped by Chloé onto the ground and skated over by Alix, destroying the watch. Angry at her friends, Alix is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Timebreaker (Chronogirl in French version), a speedy villain who freezes people with a touch to get energy to travel back through time.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 22 September 2015 as episode 4.[20]

6
6
"Mr. Pigeon"
"M. Pigeon"
Thomas Astruc
Guillaume Mautalent
Sébastien Oursel
23 October 2015 (2015-10-23)
13 December 2015[9]
106
1.09[23]

A fashion competition is to be held at Collège Françoise-Dupont where the winner will have their derby hat worn by none other than Adrien. Marinette is determined to win in the hope that Adrien will then notice her. Meanwhile, Roger Raincomprix, a police officer, orders a pigeon-loving man Xavier Ramier, to stop feeding the pigeons and leave the park. Dejected, Xavier becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Mr. Pigeon, a supervillain who controls massive flocks of pigeons.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 29 September 2015 as episode 5.[22]

7
7
"The Evillustrator"
"Le Dessinateur"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
26 October 2015 (2015-10-26)
24 January 2016[9]
102
1.18[25]

Nathaniel Kurtzberg is daydreaming in class of being a superhero who is rescuing his crush, Marinette, from Stormy Weather and Lady Wifi. Soon embarrassed by Chloé for his comic drawings, he becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Evillustrator", a villain whose drawings come to life. During this time, Marinette has to put up being paired with Chloé and Sabrina in a school project, stabilizing a friendship, while depending on Cat Noir to protect her from Evillustrator. The next day, Marinette nervously says Cat Noir is "awesome" in front of Adrien.

This episode was shown in South Korea on 27 October 2015 as episode 9.[24]

8
8
"Rogercop"
Thomas Astruc
Denis Bardiau
27 October 2015 (2015-10-27)
31 January 2016[9]
111
1.18[27]

During Career Day in Marinette's class, Chloé loses an expensive bracelet (to Plagg) and accuses Marinette of stealing it, as she had just slipped over Chloé's bag. André Bourgeois, Chloé's father, orders Officer Roger to handcuff Marinette and search her belongings. Roger, however refuses, saying that he cannot do that, unless there is evidence Marinette stole Chloé's bracelet, as it is against the law. As a result, André, who is the Mayor of Paris, fires Roger. Infuriated at the mayor for asking him to disobey the law and firing him, Roger becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Rogercop", a RoboCop-themed villain who wants to bring justice to those who break the law.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 20 October 2015 as episode 8.[26]

9
9
"Copycat"
"L'Imposteur"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Pascal Boutboul
28 October 2015 (2015-10-28)
3 January 2016[9]
108
1.29[29]

Attempting to ask Adrien out to the movies over the phone, Marinette instead accidentally leaves behind an embarrassing voicemail and rushes to delete it before he listens to it. Meanwhile, an artist named Théo is displaying a statue in the park, which he built in honor of Ladybug and Cat Noir. He has a crush on Ladybug and is looking forward to seeing her at the unveiling event, but only Cat Noir ends up arriving. After the event, Cat Noir insinuates to Théo that he and Ladybug are a couple. Feeling jealous, Théo is tempted by Hawk Moth and turns into Copycat, an exact replica of Cat Noir to frame the original.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 15 September 2015 as episode 3.[28]

10
10
"Dark Cupid"[30]
"Dislocœur"[31]
Thomas Astruc
Régis Jaulin
29 October 2015 (2015-10-29)
7 February 2016[30]
105
1.27[32]

It's Valentine's Day and love is in the air! After reading a love poem thrown away by Adrien, Marinette comes to the conclusion that the poem is about her, making her ecstatic even though the poem was originally intended for Ladybug. Meanwhile one of her classmates, Kim, is planning to ask his crush to be his Valentine. Marinette, in her love-sick daze, encourages Kim to go for it. When Kim sees his crush – Chloé – he is humiliated and rejected cruelly. Heartbroken, Kim succumbs to Hawk Moth's akuma and turns into Dark Cupid, an evil cupid whose arrows can replace true love and friendship with pure hate and mean-spiritedness. One of his targets is Cat Noir, who turns into Ladybug's enemy, just as he was about to confess his love to her.

11
11
"Horrificator"[33][34]
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
30 October 2015 (2015-10-30)
21 February 2016[33]
117
1.13[35]

Nino is filming a movie in his classroom for a film contest, but Mylène, one of the actors, is unsure about her ability as the leading actress, as she is easily frightened. Marinette and Chloé fight over who gets the kissing scene with Adrien. After many failed attempts of shooting a single scene, Chloé makes fun of Mylène's fright and she flees the classroom in tears. Disappointed in herself, Mylène is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Horrificatior, a monster who scares people and feeds on their fear.

12
12
"Darkblade"[39]
"Le Chevalier Noir"[40]
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie de Rudder
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06)
28 February 2016[39]
114
1.06[41]

After finding out Chloé has been blackmailing people from running against her as the class representative, Marinette decides to nominate herself for the position. Wanting to prevent Marinette from winning, Chloé organizes an autograph session by rock musician Jagged Stone to bribe her classmates into voting for her. When Marinette finds out about the scam and leaves to intervene, Chloé sends her only friend Sabrina to Marinette's room, in hopes of finding something that can be used against Marinette. Meanwhile, Armand D'Argencourt, Collège Françoise-Dupont's fencing teacher, has just lost the Paris mayoral elections by a landslide. As the press continues to mock him, Armand becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Darkblade", an armored black knight (according to his heritage), who zaps people and knights them, transforming them into an army of armored knights to take over Paris.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 17 November 2015 as episode 12.[36]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016.[37][38]

13
13
"The Mime"[45]
"Le Mime"[40]
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
François Charpiat
Michaël Delachenal
Karine Lollichon
Sébastien Thibaudeau
13 December 2015 (2015-12-13)
7 May 2016[45]
119
N/A

Alya shows Marinette a video she recorded of Ladybug talking to her, but Marinette accidentally deletes it. Before Alya finds out, Marinette steals her phone and frantically tries to re-create the footage. Meanwhile, Mylène's father, Fred Haprèle, is getting his first major performance at the Eiffel Tower. However, his partner Chris deliberately makes him late, and convinces their manager Sarah (named Josiane in French version) to let Chris take the lead role instead. Disheartened, Fred becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "The Mime", a supervillain who can pantomime anything to make it reality.

Guest star: Josiane Balasko as herself in French version[42][43]
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 24 November 2015 as episode 13.[44]
The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 26 March 2016.[citation needed]

14
14
"Kung Food"[47]
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
10 January 2016 (2016-01-10)
10 September 2016[9]
125
N/A

Marinette's great uncle, a world-renowned Chinese chef Wang Cheng, visits Paris to participate in a cooking show called The Greatest Chef in the World. Before the competition begins, Marinette and Adrien run into Chloé, who is on the judges' panel. Chloé mocks Cheng for being a foreigner, and in retaliation, Marinette fires back with her own insults. Chloé sabotages Cheng's famous Celestial Soup, causing him to get poor results in front of the judges. Confused and upset, Cheng akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Kung Food", a villain who enslaves those who had eaten his ruined soup and who plans to cook Chloé in the soup.

The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 2 April 2016.[46]

15
15
"Gamer"[49]
"Le Gamer"
Thomas Astruc
Morade Rahni
17 January 2016 (2016-01-17)
24 September 2016[9]
112
N/A

Collège Françoise-Dupont is sending two students to represent them at a video game tournament, where they will compete with other schools in a fighting game known as Ultimate Mega Strike III. After Marinette notices that Adrien is one of the potential candidates, she participates in the selections in order to be able to team up with Adrien. She manages to defeat another candidate, her classmate Max, who has been training for the tournament for a whole year and was looking forward to participating. Upset about all his gaming training gone to waste, Max is tempted by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Gamer", a dark player who uses a pyramid-shaped mecha-like ship, from the Ultimate Mega Strike III game that zaps people and objects, turning them into green "experience point" balls, which upgrades his ship.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 18 April 2016[48]

16
16
"Animan"
Thomas Astruc
Cédric Perrin
Jean-Christophe Hervé
24 January 2016 (2016-01-24)
13 August 2016[51]
113
N/A

Nino develops a crush on Marinette so Adrien tries to help him by asking her out to the zoo. Marinette, however, thinks Adrien is asking her out and happily accepts. When at the zoo, Nino and Marinette are the only ones to show up; Adrien and Alya, at the same time, are hiding out in bushes nearby, helping the two talk to each other by instructing them via earpiece. Meanwhile, Kim mocks the new black panther in the zoo, claiming to the zookeeper Otis, that he can run faster than it. Enraged by his remarks, Otis akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Animan", a villain who can shape-shift into any animal he desires including extinct species. Afterwards, Nino and Alya find interest in each other instead.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 12 April 2016.[50]

17
17
"Antibug"[53]
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)
15 October 2016
124
0.96[54]

Chloé is being harassed by something invisible, and Adrien and Marinette are immediately on the case. After talking with the concierge of the Grand Paris hotel, where Chloé lives, they discover Chloé had a fight with Sabrina, and had claimed that Sabrina is no longer her friend and is completely invisible to her. Heartbroken over her words, Sabrina was akumatized by Hawk Moth, turning into the "Vanisher". As Ladybug and Cat Noir fight the Vanisher, who has just shown up, Chloé decides to join in, donning a fake Ladybug costume. However, this only causes the fight to get more difficult and Ladybug forces Chloé to leave, claiming that she is endangering everyone by staying. Chloé tries to tell Ladybug that the akuma is in Sabrina's rose brooch, but Ladybug does not listen. Only when Chloé has left the scene does Ladybug realize Chloé was right all along, but despite this, Ladybug does not apologize to Chloé. Feeling betrayed by her idol, Chloe also becomes akumatized and turns into "Antibug", a darker, opposite version of Ladybug.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 21 April 2016.[52]

18
18
"The Puppeteer"[55]
"La Marionnettiste"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
7 February 2016 (2016-02-07)
8 October 2016
118
0.99[56]

Marinette is babysitting Manon. They are playing with hand-crafted dolls that Marinette made herself, Marinette playing as Ladybug and Cat Noir and Manon playing as Lady Wifi, Rogercop and Evillustrator. Because Marinette always plays as the Ladybug and Cat Noir dolls, Manon laments that Marinette always wins and bursts into tears. Feeling guilty, Marinette allows Manon to borrow her Ladybug doll. However, Nadja Chamack, Manon's mother, does not want her to borrow it, as she complains Manon already has too many toys; they get into a dispute, resulting in the Ladybug doll getting torn. Despite that, Manon still wants to borrow the Ladybug doll, so she asks Marinette for it behind her mother's back. Marinette hesitates and decide on a compromise instead, allowing her to borrow the Lady Wifi doll instead. Nadja notices Manon playing with the new doll and becomes annoyed that Manon had defied her instructions so she confiscates it from her. Upset, Manon accepts Hawk Moth's akuma and turns into the "Puppeteer", a puppet master who can control the people Marinette's dolls are based on.

The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 20 April 2016.[48]

19
19
"Reflekta"
Thomas Astruc
Sophie Lodwitz
Eve Pisler
21 February 2016 (2016-02-21)
1 October 2016[58]
121
0.91[59]

At class picture day, Marinette's classmate Juleka Couffaine is hesitant about participating, as she is believed to be under a curse where any picture she is in will have her face covered. Wanting to be closer to Adrien in the photo, Chloé has Sabrina lock Juleka in the bathroom while she takes her place in the center of the photo, beside Adrien. Believing that she'll always stay cursed and unnoticed, Juleka is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Reflekta, a flamboyant villain who can zap people into making them look exactly like her.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 19 April 2016.[57][48]

20
20
"Guitar Villain"[62]
"Guitar Vilain"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
28 February 2016 (2016-02-28)
3 September 2016[62]
120
N/A

Rock musician Jagged Stone has problems with his manager, who wants to change the look of his new album's cover and make him record a duet with XY, a hot new music artist who replaced Stone at the number-one position on the music charts. Although they agree on a compromise on the cover by having Marinette design it, Stone is later offended when he sees Marinette's first design (insisted on by his producer) and further enraged when he watches an interview given by XY, who arrogantly claims that technology matters more than music, rock 'n' roll is no longer in style, and that Stone was no match for him. Stone akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Guitar Villain" (a reference to the title of "guitar hero" given to legendary guitarists in France[60]), a wild musician with a pet dragon, who influences people into headbanging and dancing uncontrollably by playing his guitar.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 14 April 2016.[48][61]

21
21
"Pixelator"[63]
"Numéric"
Thomas Astruc
Guillaume Mautalent
Sébastien Oursel
13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)
27 August 2016[63]
107
N/A

Marinette's class is visiting the Grand Paris hotel, as part of a program to try out some of the jobs that the staff do in the hotel on a daily basis, when Jagged Stone arrives. While Jagged is checking in, an overly-obsessed fan named Vincent Aza sneaks in behind him and tries to take a picture with Stone, but he is swiftly kicked out of the hotel by Jagged's assistant, and warned to never approach Stone again. Angry at being shunned by his idol, Vincent is infected by Hawk Moth and turns into "Pixelator", a villain who uses a head-mounted telescopic camera to take photos of people, making them vanish and trapping them in a white empty space by "digitizing" them into living portraits that appear on his apartment wall.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 3 March 2016.[10]
This English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 25 April 2016.[52]

22
22
"Princess Fragrance"[65]
"Princesse Fragrance"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie De Rudder
20 March 2016 (2016-03-20)
14 May 2016[65]
104
N/A

Marinette's classmate Rose Lavillant is excited about Prince Ali's visit to Paris, but is caught at school spraying perfume on her fan letter and using a cellphone in class. Tikki feels ill, so Marinette plans to take her to a healer, but when Marinette trips on the stairs, Tikki is picked up by Chloé, who plans to give Tikki as a plush toy gift to Prince Ali. Chloé tears up Rose's letter, telling Rose that Prince Ali has no interest in her. Hurt, Rose is akumatized by Hawk Moth and becomes "Princess Fragrance", a villain whose perfume spray makes people serve her, and who desires to have Prince Ali for herself. The untransformed Marinette must recover Tikki and stop Princess Fragrance from taking over all of Paris.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 13 March 2016.[10]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 22 April 2016.[64][52]

23
23
"Simon Says"
"Jackady"
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
27 March 2016 (2016-03-27)
20 August 2016
110
0.86[68]

Nino is a contestant in a game show called The Challenge, where he has to get Mayor Bourgeois to dance. Despite being invited to see Nino, Marinette is grounded by her parents for missing too many classes at school, not knowing that she had been working as Ladybug. As Nino completes his challenge, the next contestant, a hypnotist named Simon Grimault (Jacques Grimeau in French version), is given the challenge to hypnotize Adrien's father Gabriel Agreste. However, Gabriel refuses to participate in the challenge, causing Simon to fail. Angry that he was not given the chance to at least try, Simon akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Simon Says" (Jackady in French version), an extravagant villain who can hypnotize someone by throwing playing cards at them. While Ladybug provides protection, Adrien has to persuade his stubborn father.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 6 March 2016.[10]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 13 April 2016.[66][67]

24
24
"Volpina"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie de Rudder
3 April 2016 (2016-04-03)
22 October 2016
126
0.96[69]

Adrien discovers a hidden book in his father's safe with information of the different Miraculous heroes and steals it to learn more. Later, a new student named Lila Rossi arrives who claims to be good friends with Ladybug in order to win Adrien. Jealous and upset by Lila's lies, Marinette begins to tail her, during which time she watches Lila steal the Miraculous book from Adrien. Tikki recogizes the cover design and insists upon taking the book for further study. Lila then tells Adrien that she is descended from the Miraculous holder Volpina, prompting Marinette to transform into Ladybug and call Lila on her lies in front of Adrien. Embarrassed, Lila runs off and becomes tempted by Hawk Moth, who transforms her into "Volpina", the superhero with the power to create illusions, with the hope that she can gain Ladybug and Cat Noir's trust and betray them. The plan fails, though Hawk Moth is not concerned, proclaiming that his "big day" is at hand. Afterwards, Tikki's suspicions about the book are confirmed: it is the long-lost book of lore that contains coded secrets about the Miraculouses. She then brings Marinette to meet the Great Guardian, Master Fu.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 19 March 2016.[10]
The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 26 April 2016.[52]

25
25
"Ladybug & Cat Noir - Origins, Part 1"[37]
"Ladybug et Chat Noir (Origines - Partie 1)"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Quentin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30)
6 August 2016[75][76]
122
0.97[77]

A prequel of the series. It's Marinette's first day of school, and also Adrien tries to attend since his father wouldn't permit him. Hawk Moth captures a butterfly kwami named Nooroo[70][71] and forces his allegiance. Hawk Moth's butterfly brooch allows him to give people what they desire bound to obey his will. He plans on using this task to create villains to lure the heroes out to fight them, so he can steal their Miraculouses and gain absolute power. Master Fu, a 186-year-old Chinese man,[a] is notified of Hawk Moth's capture of Nooroo through Wayzz,[70][71] his own kwami, a turtle. However, he is too old to fight anymore, so he pretends to be a weak old man, travelling Paris to find suitable hosts for the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses. He is helped by Marinette and Adrien, and quickly deploy both the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses to them. As school is dismissed, Ivan and Kim, have a dispute, after Kim sends Ivan an offensive message on paper. Feeling hopeless, Ivan becomes Hawk Moth's first ever victim, turning into "Stoneheart", a giant rock monster who grows in size after taking damage. Marinette and Adrien both find a small box in their rooms, and after touching them, are quickly greeted by Tikki and Plagg. Both kwamis give their hosts a quick explanation; soon Marinette and Adrien transform into Ladybug and Cat Noir and rush to stop Stoneheart. Despite their lack of experience and poor fighting skills, they manage to defeat Stoneheart and free the akuma. However, Ladybug forgets to purify the akuma after the fight; it flies off, duplicating itself and infecting many people, turning them into immobilised Stonehearts. The episode ends as Marinette learns of her mistake, and in her despair, thinking that she cannot do her job as Ladybug, removes her earrings and puts them away under her dressing table, causing Tikki to disappear.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 March 2016 as episode 14.[72][73]
The French version of this episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 4 March 2016 as episode 21.[74]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016.[37][38]

26
26
"Stoneheart - Origins, Part 2"[79]
"Cœur de pierre (Origines - Partie 2)"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Quentin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30)
6 August 2016[75][80]
123
0.97[77]

The next morning, Marinette brings her earrings to school, though still upset for forgetting to purify the akuma. Adrien sneaks to school. Questioned by his classmates, nobody believes Ivan when he claims not to remember anything; he storms off in anger when Chloé mocks him. Marinette comforts Ivan; encouraged by her, Ivan sings Mylène a love song, but accidentally scares her off. Ivan turns into Stoneheart again with Hawk Moth's akuma, and takes control of his duplicates around Paris, which come to life. Adrien rushes to stop Stoneheart as Alya takes chase to film the battle; Marinette runs after her, wanting to pass her the earrings. Seeing the danger, Marinette has no choice but to transform; breaking Cat Noir out, they rush to Trocadéro. Ladybug catches Chloé when Stoneheart throws her towards Pont d'Iéna from the Eiffel Tower's lower deck. A swarm of akumas fly out of Stoneheart's mouth, forming Hawk Moth's face, who declares to all Paris they will be spared if Ladybug and Cat Noir's Miraculouses are surrendered. Ladybug refuses, stating that Hawk Moth is the one at wrong, and cleanses the akuma cloud. Ladybug climbs to the top of the tower, using her yo-yo to make Mylène kiss Stoneheart's chest; surprised, he drops the paper ball the akuma is in. Ladybug crushes it and cleanses the akuma. After her magic cleans up the collateral damage, Ladybug passes Mylène Ivan's song lyrics. Later, Adrien's father allows him to go to school while Marinette stands up to Chloé, retaking her seat. That evening after school, it's raining outside; Adrien hands Marinette his umbrella, and the two share an intimate moment before parting ways. Master Fu and Wayzz watch from afar, satisfied with their decision to give them the Miraculouses.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 5 March 2016 as episode 22.[78]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 7 April 2016.[79]

text: Season 2 (2017–present)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
English Title
French Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
Netflix release date
Prod.
code

27
1
"The Collector"
"Le Collectionneur"
Thomas Astruc[7]
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau[7]
26 October 2017 (2017-10-26)[81]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
201

Master Fu explains to Marinette his role as a Guardian of the Miraculouses; due to a mistake he made in the past, their temple was wiped out, and the Butterfly and Peacock Miraculouses were lost. He suspects that whoever owned the Miraculous book must be Hawk Moth, sending Marinette into a panic at the thought that it could be Adrien. Meanwhile, Gabriel grounds Adrien for stealing and losing the book. When Marinette learns the book was Gabriel's, she suspects he may be Hawk Moth instead. Hawk Moth unleashes an akuma, but then de-transforms and Gabriel then akumatizes himself into "The Collector", a supervillain who throws a book around to capture anything it touches into his book. After Ladybug and Cat Noir eventually defeat him and transform him back to Gabriel, Master Fu is not so sure he is cleared of being Hawk Moth. Master Fu captures the contents of the book onto a smartphone, and Marinette returns the book to Gabriel, who reveals that he obtained the book during an overseas trip with his wife and that it is his last memento of her. He rescinds Adrien's grounding and shares a hug with him and Adrien returns to school to the joy of his classmates. Gabriel returns to his secret lair and transforms into Hawk Moth, having fooled the heroes and vowing to get their Miraculouses.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 4 November 2017.[citation needed]

28
2
"Despair Bear"
"Doudou Vilain"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Nolwenn Pierre
Sébastien Thibaudeau
27 October 2017 (2017-10-27)[83]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

After Chloé sets off a false fire alarm forcing the entire student body to do chores as punishment, Adrien scolds Chloé telling her that she must be 'nice' to people if she wants them to remain friends. Chloé's butler Jean has her host a party for everyone and encouraging her to what her old teddy bear would do. Confident, Hawk Moth sends an akuma beforehand. During the party, Chloé tries her best, but when seeing Adrien dancing with Marinette, Chloé loses her temper and Jean accidentally reveals her teddy bear, leading Chloé to embarrassment and to fire him. Feeling vengeful, the akuma then targets Jean, and turns into "Despair Bear", a doll-sized villain who has the ability to manipulate anyone he touches.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 11 November 2017.[82]

29
3
"Prime Queen"
"Audimatrix"
Thomas Astruc[85]
Christelle Abgrall
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau[85]
29 October 2017 (2017-10-29)[86]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Marinette has to babysit Manon, but realizes Ladybug has to interview for a television show, so she invites Alya over and excuses herself to help her parents downstairs. Realizing she needs higher television ratings, host Nadja Chamack resorts to asking about Ladybug and Cat Noir's supposed romantic relationship, which causes Ladybug to depart, dragging Cat Noir in tow. Laid off, Nadja is akumatized by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Prime Queen", a naughty reporter whose ability to teleport through television screens and posters; she creates a show in order to capture the two heroes.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 18 November 2017.[84]

30
4
"Befana"
"La Béfana"
Thomas Astruc
Benoît Boucher
Thomas Astruc
Mélanie Duval
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2017 (2017-10-30)[89]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Marinette is excited today is her birthday. Not only that, but her grandmother Gina Dupain is also visiting. Despite being excited to visit Marinette, Gina is surprised to see how much Marinette has grown up, but is saddened when Marinette does mostly new things. While hanging out, Marinette heads to where her friends planned her surprise party and ditches Gina. Feeling rejected, Gina becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Befana", a mean-spirited baddie with the ability to turn people who do bad things into coal and those who do good into angels, who become her servants, with a gun filled with candy she wanted to give Marinette.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 25 November 2017.[87][88]

31
5
"Riposte"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
1 November 2017 (2017-11-01)[91]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

On the fencing court, Marinette has hopes of joining to impress Adrien. Armand assigns the new recruits to pair with the experience ones. A new student, Kagami Tsurugi, the daughter of a famous fencer, moved in Paris and challenges Adrien to show everyone she's the best fencer. After a duel, Marinette, not wanting Adrien to be second best and not sure how the battle ended, due to Kagami chasing Adrien around and battling fiercely and roughly, declares Adrien the winner, much to Kagami's dismay and humiliation, causing her to depart from the school. Disappointed, Kagami becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Riposte", a silver armor samurai villain with the power to slice and cut anything in half with one armed sword.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 2 December 2017.[90]

32
6
"Robostus"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
3 November 2017 (2017-11-03)[93]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

When Max builds Markov, a miniature robot capable of real human emotions, he is hesitant to even reveal him. After helping prevent a computer virus from wiping the school's servers, Principal Damocles instead confiscates Markov thinking that he's a toy. Markov even becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Robostus", a techno-threat capable of giving life to mechanical devices. When Hawk Moth tells Robostus to bring him the Miraculous, he mistakenly informs him of their power to grant wishes. Robostus takes Max with him in his new megasized body to the Paris Stadium, where he ambushes Ladybug and Cat Noir. When Robostus is about to gain the heroic duo's Miraculouses, he intends to take them for himself to gain mortality; only for Max, wanting his friend back, to free Ladybug and Cat Noir, who capture and de-evilize Markov. Marinette asks Master Fu, who elaborates the Miraculouses' ability to grant wishes. Due to the universe needing to maintain balance who ever is granted a wish, someone else must lose the very thing wished for. Marinette promises Master Fu to not allow this, and to continue guarding her own Miraculous.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 9 December 2017.[92]

33
7
"Gigantitan"
Thomas Astruc
Christelle Abgrall
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
26 November 2017 (2017-11-26)[94][95]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Today is a great day for Marinette: she and her friends Mylène, Rose, Juleka, Alix and, of course, Alya, have come up with a flawless plan to help Marinette propose a romantic stroll to Adrien. But nothing is going as planned and Adrien's bodyguard, annoyed by the girls, becomes Hawk Moth's target. However, while the latter tries to akumatize him, the Gorilla calms down. The akuma then transforms a young child, who is nearby and upset at not having his candy, into Gigantitan, a fifty foot (disobedient) giant.

34
8
"The Dark Owl"
"Le Hibou Noir"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)[97]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Principal Damocles starts characterizing his favorite hero Knightowl and acts like him as well. However, while performing, he becomes the laughing stock of the school when Ladybug and Cat Noir thought he was trying to play hero and tried to perform a stunt that went horribly wrong. Humiliated, Damocles becomes akumatized and turns into Dark Owl, the actual superhero, and traps the heroes in a chamber to reveal their true identities. Not ready to know each other's identity yet, they de-transform with their eyes closed as Ladybug gives Hawk Moth fake Miraculouses, unaware that Tikki and Plagg start to meet each other and begin to know the identities of one another.

This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on December 5, 2017[96]

35
9
"Glaciator"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
14 January 2018 (2018-01-14)[100]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Marinette, Alya and her other friends go to eat some ice cream together at André, a famous ice cream maker in Paris. According to a legend, the couple who eats an ice cream at André's place will love each other forever! Marinette hopes that Adrien will be there, but he did not come. For a good reason: he transformed into Cat Noir to prepare a candlelight dinner for Ladybug. Disappointed by the absence of Adrien, Marinette refuses to eat the ice cream André gave her. Depressed over the failed romance, Andre becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Glaciator, a giant ice cream snowman with the power that transforms 'single people' into ice cream and they start to melt! Ladybug and Cat Noir must not get cold feet if they want to stop him. In the midst, Marinette comes to know Cat Noir's genuine and sensitive side.

This episode was scheduled to premiere on TFOU on December 17, 2017, but it did not air due to production issues.[98][99]

36
10
"Sapotis"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
21 January 2018 (2018-01-21)[101]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Marinette helps Alya babysit the latter's twin sisters Ella and Etta. When they keep staying up and refuse to go to bed, Alya forbids them from going to the amusement park the next day and confiscate one of their hats. The twins are fighting over the other hat, then Hawk Moth akumatize them into Sapotis, a pair of small but totally unpredictable monsters that multiply and cause havoc. When Ladybug and Cat Noir are overwhelmed by the creatures, Ladybug is prompted by her Lucky Charm to visit Master Fu, who loans her the Fox Miraculous. Ladybug gives the Miraculous to Alya, who, with the command of Trixx the kwami, transforms into the fox-themed superheroine Rena Rouge. After the three heroes overcome the Sapotis menace, Alya reluctantly returns the Fox Miraculous to Ladybug and keeps the details of her adventure a secret.

37
11
"Gorizilla"
Thomas Astruc
Benoît Boucher
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Mélanie Duval
Sébastien Thibaudeau
TBA
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Adrien sneaks out to watch a particular movie Solitude in which his mother plays the lead role, but gets mobbed and runs into Marinette who he turns to for help. Meanwhile, Gabriel suspects his son might be Cat Noir. He sends Adrien's bodyguard after him, when the Gorilla just got his car towed for illegal parking, and Gabriel transforms into Hawk Moth and decides to akumatize the frustrated bodyguard to get faster results. The Gorilla becomes Gorizilla, a giant ape with enormous strength and a keen sense of smell, and begins to follow Adrien all through Paris. Ladybug jumps into action to save Adrien, while the latter tries to hide and transform into Cat Noir to help Ladybug. In the end, when the villain is defeated, Gabriel is convinced he was wrong about Adrien being Cat Noir since he saw both them at the same time (but he actually saw one of Adrien's fans, who disguised himself as Adrien). When the real Adrien returns home, Gabriel shows him the movie he wanted to watch, in order to gain more of his trust.

This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on March 14, 2018.[102]

38
12
"Captain Hardrock"
"Capitaine Hardrock"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
Jean-Remi Perrin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
TBA (TBA)
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Today is Paris' music festival, Marinette and her friends are all setting up at the Couffaine houseboat. Juleka's mother, Anarka, will direct the stage. However, Marinette worries about Adrien, since his father has isolated him again after making a mistake in his piano act. In spite of Alya's reassures, Marinette goes to find Juleka's brother, Luka, and discovers they share similar hobbies and feels attracted to him. When Luka practices the guitar recital, it causes a huge sound wave creating a disturbance in Paris, which prompts Officer Roger and the police to disqualify Anarka's stage performance. Upset and dejected, Anarka is akumatized by Hawk Moth and becomes Captain Hardrock, a pirate who wants to blast her music across Paris, ruining Jagged Stone and XY's concerts.

This episode first premiered worldwide in the U.S. on Netflix on March 30, 2018. It also premiered in Canada on Family Channel.

39
13
"Zombizou"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
TBA (TBA)
TBA
TBA

It's Miss Bustier's birthday and all her cherish students have gifts for her, except for Chloé. After being called out for it, she messes up Marinette's gift. When Marinette is privately talked by Miss Bustier in the hall, her protest makes her a target for Hawk Moth. Miss Bustier calms her down, but she ends up akumatized trying to save Marinette. She is brainwashed into the love spreading "Zombizou", whose kiss contagiously turns others into kissing zombies, and she targets Chloé. Ladybug and Cat Noir gather an evacuation at the Eiffel Tower from the kissing invasion. When Bustier is de-evilized, Chloé actually admits the fault is hers and accepts forgiveness; on the other hand, conquering true love gives Hawk Moth the hope for his wish.

This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on April 13, 2018.[103]

40
14
"Syren"
Thomas Astruc
TBA
TBA (TBA)
TBA
TBA

This episode was originally supposed to air on April 21, 2018 in the UK, but it didn't due to a sudden change of schedule.
This episode will first premiere worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on May 5, 2018.[104]
The English version of this episode will premiere in the UK on Disney Channel on May 12, 2018.[105]

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
English Title
French Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
U.S. release date
Prod.
code [9]

S1
"A Christmas Special"[5]
"Pire Noël"[107]
Thomas Astruc
Story by:
Jeremy Zag

Teleplay by:
Thomas Astruc, Fred Lenoir, and Sébastien Thibaudeau
11 December 2016 (2016-12-11)[107]
20 December 2016 (Netflix)[5]
TBA

While preparing for Christmas Eve, Adrien is about to spend his first Christmas without his mother. Thinking that his father does not want to celebrate the holidays this year, Adrien turns into Cat Noir and leaves his home to sing his anger in snowy Paris. When his father discovers that Adrien is not in his room, he becomes extremely worried. Hearing the news, Marinette transforms into Ladybug and finds Adrien, who has reverted back to his normal self, in the company of a Santa. Ladybug thinks the Santa is akumatized and wants to trouble Adrien, so she pushes him away. Scorned, the Santa actually becomes a victim of Hawk Moth as "Santa Claws",[b] who plans to make this Christmas the worst in the history of Paris.
The special is done in a musical format, with various characters breaking into song throughout the episode.[106]

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: A series of webisodes, Miraculous: La Webserie, was released by TF1. They can also be found on the official YouTube channel of the cartoon. They contain clips from various episodes and are usually narrated by Marinette, who writes in her diary, or by the others.[108] Nick also released the English version on their website as Miraculous Secrets (also A Miraculous Message), as well as on YouTube.[109] A 2D-animated series of webisodes was also released, titled Miraculous: Tales from Paris (Miraculous, une journée à Paris).

text: Miraculous Secrets[edit]

text:
No.
English title (web title / title card)
French title [109]
Original release date (France)
English release date (U.S.)

W1
"Cat Noir as seen by Marinette"
"Chat Noir vu par Marinette"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette writes about having Cat Noir as a superhero partner in her diary.

W2
"Marinette and Adrien"
"Marinette et Adrien"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette writes about her feelings for Adrien in her diary and decides to make him the scarf seen in "The Bubbler".

W3
"Marinette's Double Life"
"La double vie de Marinette (The double life of Marinette)"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her superhero life as Ladybug

W4
"My Birthday Party"
"Ma fête d'anniversaire (The Birthday Party)"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her classmates while wondering whom to invite to her birthday party

W5
"Marinette and Alya"
"Marinette et Alya"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her friendship with Alya and what they like to do together

W6
"Marinette in Paris / The City of Paris / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Paris!"[110]
"Marinette et Paris (Marinette and Paris)"
12 October 2016 (2016-10-12)
17 December 2015

Marinette talks about her favorite monuments in Paris, including the Louvre, the Trocadéro and the Eiffel Tower.

W7
"Marinette and Fashion / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Fashion!"[111]
"Marinette et la mode"
20 October 2016 (2016-10-20)
8 January 2016

When asked about her career plans, Marinette talks about being a fashion designer, what she has designed, and what inspires her.

W8
"Ladyblog / Alya's Ladyblog / A Miraculous message from Alya"[112]
"Ladyblog"
27 October 2016 (2016-10-27)
22 January 2016

Alya talks about her Ladyblog website.

W9
"Adrien's Double Life / A Miraculous message from Adrien"[113]
"La double vie d'Adrien"
27 October 2016 (2016-10-27)
29 January 2016

Adrien talks about his life as a teenage model, the son of a rich and famous fashion designer, and his excitement about being a student. He also talks about life as Cat Noir.

W10
"Ladybug as seen by Adrien / Adrien's Love Letter / A Miraculous message from Adrien: Love Letter!"[114]
"Ladybug vue par Adrien (Ladybug seen by Adrien)"
3 November 2016 (2016-11-03)
9 January 2016

Adrien brainstorms some ideas in writing a love letter to Ladybug, and ends up crumpling it and tossing it in the garbage.

text: Tales from Paris[edit]

text:
No.
English title (web title / title card)
French title [109]
Original release date (France)
English release date (U.S.)

T1
"The Notebook"
"Le carnet"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
18 January 2017

Marinette, Alya, and Juleka cheer up Rose after Chloe makes fun of her notebook.

T2
"Inspiration"
"Inspiration"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
26 January 2017

Marinette works on a design for a dress to wear to a school dance.

T3
"Repetition"
"Répétition"
30 January 2017 (2017-01-30) ((TF1)
15 February 2017

Tikki helps Marinette practise asking out Adrien.

T4
"Busy Day"
"Grosse journée"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
16 March 2017

Marinette helps her parents in the bakery.

T5
"Homework Essay"
"L'exposé"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
3 April 2017

Marinette has to make a presentation on a person who inspires her.

text: Home media[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, the first DVD, featuring seven episodes from season one, with both English and French audio tracks, was released on 3 May 2016 by Shout! Factory.[115][116] Another DVD, subtitled Spots On!, which contains six episodes, was released on 30 August 2016.[117] A third DVD, Be Miraculous, which contains seven episodes (including the two-part prequel), was released on 10 January 2017 .[118] A fourth DVD, It's Ladybug was released on 11 April 2017.

text:
DVD title
Season
Episodes
Release date

Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir
1
7

List[show]

"The Bubbler"
"Mr. Pigeon"
"Stormy Weather"
"Timebreaker"
"Copycat"
"The Pharaoh"
"Lady Wifi"

3 May 2016

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Spots On!
1
6

List[show]

"The Evillustrator"
"Rogercop"
"Dark Cupid"
"Horrificator"
"Darkblade"
"The Mime"

30 August 2016

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Be Miraculous
1
7

List[show]

"Ladybug & Cat Noir (Origins, Part 1)"
"Stone Heart (Origins, Part 2)"
"Animan"
"Simon Says"
"Pixelator"
"Guitar Villain"
"Kung Food"

10 January 2017

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: It's Ladybug
1
6

List[show]

"Gamer"
"Antibug"
"The Puppeteer"
"Refletka"
"Princess Fragrance"
"Volpina"

11 April 2017

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Ladybug et Chat Noir (Origines - Partie 1)". Miraculous: Les Aventures de Ladybug et Chat Noir. Season 1. Episode 22 (in French). 4 March 2016. Event occurs at 02:40. Télé-Québec. Encore jeune! Je n'ai que cent-quatre-vingt-six ans! (Still young! I am only 186 years old!
Jump up ^ In the Christmas special, Santa, or Père Noël (lit. Father Christmas) is akumatized into Pire Noël (lit. "worst Christmas").

tag: ol