document_title: Ten Commandments

question_text: location of the ten commandments in the bible

question_tokens: location of the ten commandments in the bible

text: Ten Commandments

text: Terminology

text: In biblical Hebrew, the Ten Commandments are called עשרת הדברים (transliterated aseret ha-d'varîm) and in Rabbinical Hebrew עשרת הדברות (transliterated aseret ha-dibrot), both translatable as "the ten words", "the ten sayings", or "the ten matters".[2] The Tyndale and Coverdale English translations used "ten verses". The Geneva Bible used "tenne commandements", which was followed by the Bishops' Bible and the Authorized Version (the "King James" version) as "ten commandments". Most major English versions use "commandments."[3]

text: The English name "Decalogue" is derived from Greek δεκάλογος, dekalogos, the latter meaning and referring[4] to the Greek translation (in accusative) δέκα λόγους, deka logous, "ten words", found in the Septuagint (or LXX) at Exodus 34:28[3] and Deuteronomy 10:4.[5]

text: The stone tablets, as opposed to the commandments inscribed on them, are called לוחות הברית, Lukhot HaBrit, meaning "the tablets of the covenant".

text: Passages in Exodus and Deuteronomy

text: The biblical narrative of the revelation at Sinai begins in Exodus 19 after the arrival of the children of Israel at Mount Sinai (also called Horeb). On the morning of the third day of their encampment, "there were thunders and lightnings, and a thick cloud upon the mount, and the voice of the trumpet exceeding loud", and the people assembled at the base of the mount. After "the LORD[6] came down upon mount Sinai", Moses went up briefly and returned and prepared the people, and then in Exodus 20 "God spoke" to all the people the words of the covenant, that is, the "ten commandments"[7] as it is written. Modern biblical scholarship differs as to whether Exodus 19-20 describes the people of Israel as having directly heard all or some of the decalogue, or whether the laws are only passed to them through Moses.[8]

text: The people were afraid to hear more and moved "afar off", and Moses responded with "Fear not." Nevertheless, he drew near the "thick darkness" where "the presence of the Lord" was[9] to hear the additional statutes and "judgments",[10] all which he "wrote"[11] in the "book of the covenant"[12] which he read to the people the next morning, and they agreed to be obedient and do all that the LORD had said. Moses escorted a select group consisting of Aaron, Nadab and Abihu, and "seventy of the elders of Israel" to a location on the mount where they worshipped "afar off"[13] and they "saw the God of Israel" above a "paved work" like clear sapphire stone.[14]

text: And the LORD said unto Moses, Come up to me into the mount, and be there: and I will give thee tablets of stone, and a law, and commandments which I have written; that thou mayest teach them. 13 And Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua: and Moses went up into the mount of God.

text: The mount was covered by the cloud for six days, and on the seventh day Moses went into the midst of the cloud and was "in the mount forty days and forty nights."[15] And Moses said, "the LORD delivered unto me two tablets of stone written with the finger of God; and on them was written according to all the words, which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly."[16] Before the full forty days expired, the children of Israel collectively decided that something had happened to Moses, and compelled Aaron to fashion a golden calf, and he "built an altar before it"[17] and the people "worshipped" the calf.[18]

text: After the full forty days, Moses and Joshua came down from the mountain with the tablets of stone: "And it came to pass, as soon as he came nigh unto the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing: and Moses' anger waxed hot, and he cast the tablets out of his hands, and brake them beneath the mount."[19] After the events in chapters 32 and 33, the LORD told Moses, "Hew thee two tablets of stone like unto the first: and I will write upon these tablets the words that were in the first tablets, which thou brakest."[20] "And he wrote on the tablets, according to the first writing, the ten commandments, which the LORD spake unto you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly: and the LORD gave them unto me."[21]

text: According to Jewish tradition, Exodus 20:1–17 constitutes God's first recitation and inscription of the ten commandments on the two tablets,[22] which Moses broke in anger with his rebellious nation, and were later rewritten on replacement stones and placed in the ark of the covenant;[23] and Deuteronomy 5:4–25 consists of God's re-telling of the Ten Commandments to the younger generation who were to enter the Promised Land. The passages in Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5 contain more than ten imperative statements, totalling 14 or 15 in all.

text: Traditions for numbering

text: Different religious traditions divide the seventeen verses of Exodus 20:1–17 and their parallels at Deuteronomy 5:4–21 into ten "commandments" or "sayings" in different ways, shown in the table below. Some suggest that the number ten is a choice to aid memorization rather than a matter of theology.[24][25]

text: Traditions:

text:
LXX: Septuagint, generally followed by Orthodox Christians.
P: Philo, same as the Septuagint, but with the prohibitions on killing and adultery reversed.
S: Samaritan Pentateuch, with an additional commandment about Mount Gerizim as 10th.
T: Jewish Talmud, makes the "prologue" the first "saying" or "matter" and combines the prohibition on worshiping deities other than Yahweh with the prohibition on idolatry.
A: Augustine follows the Talmud in combining verses 3–6, but omits the prologue as a commandment and divides the prohibition on coveting in two and following the word order of Deuteronomy 5:21 rather than Exodus 20:17.
C: Catechism of the Catholic Church, largely follows Augustine.
L: Lutherans follow Luther's Large Catechism, which follows Augustine but omits the prohibition of images[26] and uses the word order of Exodus 20:17 rather than Deuteronomy 5:21 for the ninth and tenth commandments.
R: Reformed Christians follow John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, which follows the Septuagint; this system is also used in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer.[27]

text: The Ten Commandments

text:
The Ten Commandments

LXX
P
S
T
A
C
L
R
Main article
Exodus 20:1-17
Deuteronomy 5:4-21

—
—
—
1
—
1
—
(1)
I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
2[28]
6[28]

1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
Thou shalt have no other gods before me
3[29]
7[29]

2
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image
4–6[30]
8–10[31]

3
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain
7[32]
11[32]

4
4
3
4
3
3
3
4
Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy
8–11[33]
12–15[34]

5
5
4
5
4
4
4
5
Honour thy father and thy mother
12[35]
16[36]

6
7
5
6
5
5
5
6
Thou shalt not kill
13[37]
17[37]

7
6
6
7
6
6
6
7
Thou shalt not commit adultery
14[38]
18[39]

8
8
7
8
7
7
7
8
Thou shalt not steal
15[40]
19[41]

9
9
8
9
8
8
8
9
Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour
16[42]
20[43]

10
10
9
10
10
10
9
10
Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's house)
17a[44]
21b[45]

10
10
9
10
9
9
10
10
Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's wife)
17b[46]
21a[47]

10
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
Thou shalt not covet (neighbour's servants, animals, or anything else)
17c[48]
21c[49]

—
—
10
—
—
—
—
—
Ye shall erect these stones which I command thee upon Mount Gerizim
[citation needed]
[citation needed]

text: All scripture quotes above are from the King James Version. Click on verses at top of columns for other versions.

text: Religious interpretations

text: The Ten Commandments concern matters of fundamental importance in Judaism and Christianity: the greatest obligation (to worship only God), the greatest injury to a person (murder), the greatest injury to family bonds (adultery), the greatest injury to commerce and law (bearing false witness), the greatest inter-generational obligation (honour to parents), the greatest obligation to community (truthfulness), the greatest injury to moveable property (theft).[50]

text: The Ten Commandments are written with room for varying interpretation, reflecting their role as a summary of fundamental principles.[25][50][51][52] They are not as explicit[50] or detailed as rules[53] or many other biblical laws and commandments, because they provide guiding principles that apply universally, across changing circumstances. They do not specify punishments for their violation. Their precise import must be worked out in each separate situation.[53]

text: The Bible indicates the special status of the Ten Commandments among all other Torah laws in several ways:

text:
They have a uniquely terse style.[54]
Of all the biblical laws and commandments, the Ten Commandments alone[54] are said to have been "written with the finger of God" (Exodus 31:18).
The stone tablets were placed in the Ark of the Covenant (Exodus 25:21, Deuteronomy 10:2,5).[54]

text: Judaism

text: The Ten Commandments form the basis of Jewish law,[55] stating God's universal and timeless standard of right and wrong – unlike the rest of the 613 commandments in the Torah, which include, for example, various duties and ceremonies such as the kashrut dietary laws, and now unobservable rituals to be performed by priests in the Holy Temple.[56] Jewish tradition considers the Ten Commandments the theological basis for the rest of the commandments; a number of works, starting with Rabbi Saadia Gaon, have made groupings of the commandments according to their links with the Ten Commandments.[citation needed]

text: A conservative rabbi, Louis Ginzberg, stated in his book Legends of the Jews, that Ten Commandments are virtually entwined, that the breaking of one leads to the breaking of another. There is also a great bond of union between the first five commandments and the last five. The first commandment: "I am the Lord, thy God," corresponds to the sixth: "Thou shalt not kill," for the murderer slays the image of God. The second: "Thou shalt have no strange gods before me," corresponds to the seventh: "Thou shalt not commit adultery," for conjugal faithlessness is as grave a sin as idolatry, which is faithlessness to God. The third commandment: "Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain," corresponds to the eighth: "Thou shalt not steal," for stealing result in false oath in God's name. The fourth: "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy," corresponds to the ninth: "Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor," for he who bears false witness against his neighbor commits as grave a sin as if he had borne false witness against God, saying that He had not created the world in six days and rested on the seventh day (the holy Sabbath). The fifth commandment: "Honor thy father and thy mother," corresponds to the tenth: "Covet not thy neighbor's wife," for one who indulges this lust produces children who will not honor their true father, but will consider a stranger their father.[57]

text: The traditional Rabbinical Jewish belief is that the observance of these commandments and the other mitzvot are required solely of the Jewish people and that the laws incumbent on humanity in general are outlined in the seven Noahide laws, several of which overlap with the Ten Commandments. In the era of the Sanhedrin transgressing any one of six of the Ten Commandments theoretically carried the death penalty, the exceptions being the First Commandment, honouring your father and mother, saying God's name in vain, and coveting, though this was rarely enforced due to a large number of stringent evidentiary requirements imposed by the oral law.[58]

text: Two tablets

text: The arrangement of the commandments on the two tablets is interpreted in different ways in the classical Jewish tradition. Rabbi Hanina ben Gamaliel says that each tablet contained five commandments, "but the Sages say ten on one tablet and ten on the other", that is, that the tablets were duplicates.[59] This can be compared to diplomatic treaties of the ancient Near East, in which a copy was made for each party.[60]

text: According to the Talmud, the compendium of traditional Rabbinic Jewish law, tradition, and interpretation, one interpretation of the biblical verse "the tablets were written on both their sides",[61] is that the carving went through the full thickness of the tablets, yet was miraculously legible from both sides.[62]

text: Use in Jewish ritual

text: The Mishna records that during the period of the Second Temple, the Ten Commandments were recited daily,[63] before the reading of the Shema Yisrael (as preserved, for example, in the Nash Papyrus, a Hebrew manuscript fragment from 150–100 BCE found in Egypt, containing a version of the ten commandments and the beginning of the Shema); but that this practice was abolished in the synagogues so as not to give ammunition to heretics who claimed that they were the only important part of Jewish law,[64][65] or to dispute a claim by early Christians that only the Ten Commandments were handed down at Mount Sinai rather than the whole Torah.[63]

text: In later centuries rabbis continued to omit the Ten Commandments from daily liturgy in order to prevent a confusion among Jews that they are only bound by the Ten Commandments, and not also by many other biblical and Talmudic laws, such as the requirement to observe holy days other than the sabbath.[63]

text: Today, the Ten Commandments are heard in the synagogue three times a year: as they come up during the readings of Exodus and Deuteronomy, and during the festival of Shavuot.[63] The Exodus version is read in parashat Yitro around late January–February, and on the festival of Shavuot, and the Deuteronomy version in parashat Va'etchanan in August–September. In some traditions, worshipers rise for the reading of the Ten Commandments to highlight their special significance[63] though many rabbis, including Maimonides, have opposed this custom since one may come to think that the Ten Commandments are more important than the rest of the Mitzvot.[66]

text: In printed Chumashim, as well as in those in manuscript form, the Ten Commandments carry two sets of cantillation marks. The ta'am 'elyon (upper accentuation), which makes each Commandment into a separate verse, is used for public Torah reading, while the ta'am tachton (lower accentuation), which divides the text into verses of more even length, is used for private reading or study. The verse numbering in Jewish Bibles follows the ta'am tachton. In Jewish Bibles the references to the Ten Commandments are therefore Exodus 20:2–14 and Deuteronomy 5:6–18.

text: Samaritan

text: The Samaritan Pentateuch varies in the Ten Commandments passages, both in that the Samaritan Deuteronomical version of the passage is much closer to that in Exodus, and in that Samaritans count as nine commandments what others count as ten. The Samaritan tenth commandment is on the sanctity of Mount Gerizim.

text: The text of the Samaritan tenth commandment follows:

text: Christianity

text: Most traditions of Christianity hold that the Ten Commandments have divine authority and continue to be valid, though they have different interpretations and uses of them.[68] The Apostolic Constitutions, which implore believers to "always remember the ten commands of God," reveal the importance of the Decalogue in the early Church.[69] Through most of Christian history the decalogue was considered a summary of God's law and standard of behaviour, central to Christian life, piety, and worship.[70]

text: References in the New Testament

text: During his Sermon on the Mount, Jesus explicitly referenced the prohibitions against murder and adultery. In Matthew 19:16-19 Jesus repeated five of the Ten Commandments, followed by that commandment called "the second" (Matthew 22:34-40) after the first and great commandment.

text: And, behold, one came and said unto him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? And he said unto him, Why callest thou me good? there is none good but one, that is, God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. He saith unto him, Which? Jesus said, Thou shalt do no murder, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.

text: In his Epistle to the Romans, Paul the Apostle also mentioned five of the Ten Commandments and associated them with the neighbourly love commandment.

text:
Romans 13:8 Owe no man any thing, but to love one another: for he that loveth another hath fulfilled the law.
9 For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Thou shalt not covet; and if there be any other commandment, it is briefly comprehended in this saying, namely, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself.
10 Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.

text: Roman Catholicism

text: In Roman Catholicism, Jesus freed Christians from the rest of Jewish religious law, but not from their obligation to keep the Ten Commandments.[71] It has been said that they are to the moral order what the creation story is to the natural order.[71]

text: According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church—the official exposition of the Catholic Church's Christian beliefs—the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth,[72] and serve as the basis for social justice.[73] Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers.[74] In the New Testament, Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further, demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees.[75] Summarized by Jesus into two "great commandments" that teach the love of God and love of neighbour,[76] they instruct individuals on their relationships with both.

text: Orthodox

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church holds its moral truths to be chiefly contained in the Ten Commandments.[77] A confession begins with the Confessor reciting the Ten Commandments and asking the penitent which of them he has broken.[78]

text: Protestantism

text: After rejecting the Roman Catholic moral theology, giving more importance to biblical law and the gospel, early Protestant theologians continued to take the Ten Commandments as the starting point of Christian moral life.[79] Different versions of Christianity have varied in how they have translated the bare principles into the specifics that make up a full Christian ethic.[79]

text: Lutheranism

text: The Lutheran division of the commandments follows the one established by St. Augustine, following the then current synagogue scribal division. The first three commandments govern the relationship between God and humans, the fourth through eighth govern public relationships between people, and the last two govern private thoughts. See Luther's Small Catechism[80] and Large Catechism.[26]

text: Reformed

text: The Articles of the Church of England, Revised and altered by the Assembly of Divines, at Westminster, in the year 1643 state that "no Christian man whatsoever is free from the obedience of the commandments which are called moral. By the moral law, we understand all the Ten Commandments taken in their full extent."[81] The Westminster Confession, held by Presbyterian Churches, holds that the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments "does forever bind all, as well justified persons as others, to the obedience thereof".[82]

text: Methodist

text: The moral law contained in the Ten Commandments, according to the founder of the Methodist movement John Wesley, was instituted from the beginning of the world and is written on the hearts of all people.[83] As with the Reformed view,[84] Wesley held that the moral law, which is contained in the Ten Commandments, stands today:[85]

text: Every part of this law must remain in force upon all mankind in all ages, as not depending either on time or place, nor on any other circumstances liable to change; but on the nature of God and the nature of man, and their unchangeable relation to each other" (Wesley's Sermons, Vol. I, Sermon 25).[85]

text: In keeping with Wesleyan covenant theology, "while the ceremonial law was abolished in Christ and the whole Mosaic dispensation itself was concluded upon the appearance of Christ, the moral law remains a vital component of the covenant of grace, having Christ as its perfecting end."[83] As such, in Methodism, an "important aspect of the pursuit of sanctification is the careful following" of the Ten Commandments.[84]

text: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

text: According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) doctrine, Jesus completed rather than rejected the Mosaic Law.[86] The Ten Commandments are considered eternal gospel principles necessary for exaltation.[87] They appear in the Book of Mosiah 12:34–36,[88] 13:15–16,[89] 13:21–24[90] and Doctrine and Covenants.[87] According to the Book of Mosiah, a prophet named Abinadi taught the Ten Commandments in the court of King Noah and was martyred for his righteousness.[91] Abinadi knew the Ten Commandments from the brass plates.[92]

text: In an October 2010 address, LDS president and prophet Thomas S. Monson taught "The Ten Commandments are just that—commandments. They are not suggestions."[93]

text: The Strangite denomination has different views of the Decalogue.[citation needed]

text: Main points of interpretative difference

text: Sabbath day

text: All Abrahamic religions observe a weekly day of rest, often called the Sabbath, although the actual day of the week ranges from Friday in Islam, Saturday in Judaism (both reckoned from dusk to dusk), and Sunday, from midnight to midnight, in Christianity. Sabbath in Christianity is a day of rest from work, often dedicated to religious observance, derived from the Biblical Sabbath.[94] Non-Sabbatarianism is the principle of Christian liberty from being bound to physical sabbath observance. Most dictionaries provide both first-day and seventh-day definitions for "sabbath" and "Sabbatarian", among other related uses.

text: Observing the Sabbath on Sunday, the day of resurrection, gradually became the dominant Christian practice from the Jewish-Roman wars onward.[citation needed] The Church's general repudiation of Jewish practices during this period is apparent in the Council of Laodicea (4th century AD) where Canons 37–38 state: "It is not lawful to receive portions sent from the feasts of Jews or heretics, nor to feast together with them" and "It is not lawful to receive unleavened bread from the Jews, nor to be partakers of their impiety".[95] Canon 29 of the Laodicean council specifically refers to the sabbath: "Christians must not judaize by resting on the [Jewish] Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ."[95]

text: Killing or murder

text: Multiple translations exist of the fifth/sixth commandment; the Hebrew words לא תרצח (lo tirtzach) are variously translated as "thou shalt not kill" or "thou shalt not murder".[96]

text: The imperative is against unlawful killing resulting in bloodguilt.[97] The Hebrew Bible contains numerous prohibitions against unlawful killing, but does not prohibit killing in the context of warfare (1Kings 2:5–6), capital punishment (Leviticus 20:9–16) and self-defence (Exodus 22:2–3), which are considered justified. The New Testament is in agreement that murder is a grave moral evil,[98] and references the Old Testament view of bloodguilt.[99]

text: Theft

text: Some academic theologians, including German Old Testament scholar Albrecht Alt: Das Verbot des Diebstahls im Dekalog (1953), suggest that the commandment translated as "thou shalt not steal" was originally intended against stealing people—against abductions and slavery, in agreement with the Talmudic interpretation of the statement as "thou shalt not kidnap" (Sanhedrin 86a).

text: Idolatry

text: Idolatry is forbidden in all Abrahamic religions. In Judaism there is a prohibition against worshipping an idol or a representation of God, but there is no restriction on art or simple depictions. Islam has a stronger prohibition, banning representations of God, and in some cases of Muhammad, humans and, in some interpretations, any living creature.

text: In Gospel of Barnabas, Jesus stated that idolatry is the greatest sin as it divests a man fully of faith, and hence of God.[100] In his time, Idolatry is not only worshipping statues of wood or stone; but also statues of flesh. All which a man loves, for which he leaves everything else but that, is his god, thus the glutton and drunkard has for his idol his own flesh, the fornicator has for his idol the harlot and the greedy has for his idol silver and gold, and so the same for every other sinner.[101]

text: In Christianity's earliest centuries, some Christians had informally adorned their homes and places of worship with images of Christ and the saints, which others thought inappropriate. No church council had ruled on whether such practices constituted idolatry. The controversy reached crisis level in the 8th century, during the period of iconoclasm: the smashing of icons.[102]

text: In 726 Emperor Leo III ordered all images removed from all churches; in 730 a council forbade veneration of images, citing the Second Commandment; in 787 the Seventh Ecumenical Council reversed the preceding rulings, condemning iconoclasm and sanctioning the veneration of images; in 815 Leo V called yet another council, which reinstated iconoclasm; in 843 Empress Theodora again reinstated veneration of icons.[102] This mostly settled the matter until the Protestant Reformation, when John Calvin declared that the ruling of the Seventh Ecumenical Council "emanated from Satan".[102] Protestant iconoclasts at this time destroyed statues, pictures, stained glass, and artistic masterpieces.[102]

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates Theodora's restoration of the icons every year on the First Sunday of Great Lent.[102] Eastern Orthodox tradition teaches that while images of God, the Father, remain prohibited, depictions of Jesus as the incarnation of God as a visible human are permissible. To emphasize the theological importance of the incarnation, the Orthodox Church encourages the use of icons in church and private devotions, but prefers a two-dimensional depiction[103] as a reminder of this theological aspect. Icons depict the spiritual dimension of their subject rather than attempting a naturalistic portrayal.[102] In modern use (usually as a result of Roman Catholic influence), more naturalistic images and images of the Father, however, also appear occasionally in Orthodox churches, but statues, i.e. three-dimensional depictions, continue to be banned.[103]

text: The Roman Catholic Church holds that one may build and use "likenesses", as long as the object is not worshipped. Many Roman Catholic Churches and services feature images; some feature statues. For Roman Catholics, this practice is understood as fulfilling the Second Commandment, as they understand that these images are not being worshipped.[citation needed]

text: Some Protestants will picture Jesus in his human form, while refusing to make any image of God or Jesus in Heaven.[citation needed]

text: Strict Amish people forbid any sort of image, such as photographs.[citation needed]

text: Adultery

text: Originally this commandment forbade male Israelites from having sexual intercourse with the wife of another Israelite; the prohibition did not extend to their own slaves. Sexual intercourse between an Israelite man, married or not, and a woman who was neither married nor betrothed was not considered adultery.[104] This concept of adultery stems from the economic aspect of Israelite marriage whereby the husband has an exclusive right to his wife, whereas the wife, as the husband's possession, did not have an exclusive right to her husband.[105]

text: Louis Ginzberg argued that the tenth commandment (Covet not thy neighbor's wife) is directed against a sin which may lead to a trespassing of all Ten Commandments.[106]

text: Critical historical analysis

text: Early theories

text: Critical scholarship is divided over its interpretation of the ten commandment texts.

text: Julius Wellhausen's influential hypothesis regarding the formation of the Pentateuch suggests that Exodus 20-23 and 34 "might be regarded as the document which formed the starting point of the religious history of Israel."[107] Deuteronomy 5 then reflects King Josiah's attempt to link the document produced by his court to the older Mosaic tradition.

text: In a 2002 analysis of the history of this position, Bernard M. Levinson argued that this reconstruction assumes a Christian perspective, and dates back to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's polemic against Judaism, which asserted that religions evolve from the more ritualistic to the more ethical. Goethe thus argued that the Ten Commandments revealed to Moses at Mt. Sinai would have emphasized rituals, and that the "ethical" Decalogue Christians recite in their own churches was composed at a later date, when Israelite prophets had begun to prophesy the coming of the messiah, Jesus Christ. Levinson points out that there is no evidence, internal to the Hebrew Bible or in external sources, to support this conjecture. He concludes that its vogue among later critical historians represents the persistence of the idea that the supersession of Judaism by Christianity is part of a longer history of progress from the ritualistic to the ethical.[108]

text: By the 1930s, historians who accepted the basic premises of multiple authorship had come to reject the idea of an orderly evolution of Israelite religion. Critics instead began to suppose that law and ritual could be of equal importance, while taking different form, at different times. This means that there is no longer any a priori reason to believe that Exodus 20:2–17 and Exodus 34:10–28 were composed during different stages of Israelite history. For example, critical historian John Bright also dates the Jahwist texts to the tenth century BCE, but believes that they express a theology that "had already been normalized in the period of the Judges" (i.e., of the tribal alliance).[109] He concurs about the importance of the decalogue as "a central feature in the covenant that brought together Israel into being as a people"[110] but views the parallels between Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5, along with other evidence, as reason to believe that it is relatively close to its original form and Mosaic in origin.[111]

text: Hittite treaties

text: According to John Bright, however, there is an important distinction between the Decalogue and the "book of the covenant" (Exodus 21-23 and 34:10–24). The Decalogue, he argues, was modelled on the suzerainty treaties of the Hittites (and other Mesopotamian Empires), that is, represents the relationship between God and Israel as a relationship between king and vassal, and enacts that bond.[112]

text: "The prologue of the Hittite treaty reminds his vassals of his benevolent acts.. (compare with Exodus 20:2 "I am the LORD your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery"). The Hittite treaty also stipulated the obligations imposed by the ruler on his vassals, which included a prohibition of relations with peoples outside the empire, or enmity between those within."[113] (Exodus 20:3: "You shall have no other gods before Me"). Viewed as a treaty rather than a law code, its purpose is not so much to regulate human affairs as to define the scope of the king's power.[114]

text: Julius Morgenstern argued that Exodus 34 is distinct from the Jahwist document, identifying it with king Asa's reforms in 899 BCE.[115] Bright, however, believes that like the Decalogue this text has its origins in the time of the tribal alliance. The book of the covenant, he notes, bears a greater similarity to Mesopotamian law codes (e.g. the Code of Hammurabi which was inscribed on a stone stele). He argues that the function of this "book" is to move from the realm of treaty to the realm of law: "The Book of the Covenant (Ex., chs. 21 to 23; cf. ch. 34), which is no official state law, but a description of normative Israelite judicial procedure in the days of the Judges, is the best example of this process."[116] According to Bright, then, this body of law too predates the monarchy.[117]

text: Hilton J. Blik writes that the phrasing in the Decalogue's instructions suggests that it was conceived in a mainly polytheistic milieu, evident especially in the formulation of the henotheistic "no-other-gods-before-me" commandment.[118][self-published source]

text: Dating

text: If the Ten Commandments are based on Hittite forms, it would date them to somewhere between the 14th-12th century BCE.[119] Archaeologists Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman argue that "the astonishing composition came together … in the seventh century BCE".[120] Critical scholar Yehezkel Kaufmann (1960) dates the oral form of the covenant to the time of Josiah.[121] An even later date (after 586 BCE) is suggested by David H. Aaron.[122]

text: The Ritual Decalogue

text: Some proponents of the Documentary hypothesis have argued that the biblical text in Exodus 34:28[123] identifies a different list as the ten commandments, that of Exodus 34:11–27.[124] Since this passage does not prohibit murder, adultery, theft, etc., but instead deals with the proper worship of Yahweh, some scholars call it the "Ritual Decalogue", and disambiguate the ten commandments of traditional understanding as the "Ethical Decalogue".[125][126][127][128]

text: According to these scholars the Bible includes multiple versions of events. On the basis of many points of analysis including linguistic it is shown as a patchwork of sources sometimes with bridging comments by the editor (Redactor) but otherwise left intact from the original, frequently side by side.[129]

text: Richard Elliott Friedman argues that the Ten Commandments at Exodus 20:1–17 "does not appear to belong to any of the major sources. It is likely to be an independent document, which was inserted here by the Redactor."[130] In his view, the Covenant Code follows that version of the Ten Commandments in the northern Israel E narrative. In the J narrative in Exodus 34 the editor of the combined story known as the Redactor (or RJE), adds in an explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets which were shattered. "In the combined JE text, it would be awkward to picture God just commanding Moses to make some tablets, as if there were no history to this matter, so RJE adds the explanation that these are a replacement for the earlier tablets that were shattered."[131]

text: He writes that Exodus 34:14–26 is the J text of the Ten Commandments: "The first two commandments and the sabbath commandment have parallels in the other versions of the Ten Commandments. (Exodus 20 and Deuteronomy 5). … The other seven commandments here are completely different."[132] He suggests that differences in the J and E versions of the Ten Commandments story are a result of power struggles in the priesthood. The writer has Moses smash the tablets "because this raised doubts about the Judah's central religious shrine".[133]

text: According to Kaufmann, the Decalogue and the book of the covenant represent two ways of manifesting God's presence in Israel: the Ten Commandments taking the archaic and material form of stone tablets kept in the ark of the covenant, while the book of the covenant took oral form to be recited to the people.[121]

text: United States debate over display on public property

text: European Protestants replaced some visual art in their churches with plaques of the Ten Commandments after the Reformation. In England, such "Decalogue boards" also represented the English monarch's emphasis on rule of royal law within the churches. The United States Constitution forbids establishment of religion by law; however images of Moses holding the tablets of the Decalogue, along other religious figures including Solomon, Confucius, and Mohamed holding the Qur'an, are sculpted on the north and south friezes of the pediment of the Supreme Court building in Washington.[134] Images of the Ten Commandments have long been contested symbols for the relationship of religion to national law.[135]

text: In the 1950s and 1960s the Fraternal Order of Eagles placed possibly thousands of Ten Commandments displays in courthouses and school rooms, including many stone monuments on courthouse property.[136] Because displaying the commandments can reflect a sectarian position if they are numbered (see above), the Eagles developed an ecumenical version that omitted the numbers, as on the monument at the Texas capitol (shown here). Hundreds of monuments were also placed by director Cecil B. DeMille as a publicity stunt to promote his 1956 film The Ten Commandments.[137] Placing the plaques and monuments to the Ten Commandments in and around government buildings was another expression of mid-twentieth century U.S. civil religion, along with adding the phrase "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance.[135]

text: By the beginning of the twenty-first century in the U.S., however, Decalogue monuments and plaques in government spaces had become a legal battleground between religious as well as political liberals and conservatives. Organizations such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and Americans United for Separation of Church and State launched lawsuits challenging the posting of the ten commandments in public buildings. The ACLU has been supported by a number of religious groups (such as the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.),[138] and the American Jewish Congress[139]), both because they do not want government to be issuing religious doctrine and because they feel strongly that the commandments are inherently religious. Many commentators see this issue as part of a wider culture war between liberal and conservative elements in American society. In response to the perceived attacks on traditional society, other legal organizations, such as the Liberty Counsel, have risen to advocate the conservative interpretation. Many Christian conservatives have taken the banning of officially sanctioned prayer from public schools by the U.S. Supreme Court as a threat to the expression of religion in public life. In response, they have successfully lobbied many state and local governments to display the ten commandments in public buildings.

text: Those who oppose the posting of the ten commandments on public property argue that it violates the establishment clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. In contrast, groups like the Fraternal Order of Eagles who support the public display of the ten commandments claim that the commandments are not necessarily religious but represent the moral and legal foundation of society, and are appropriate to be displayed as a historical source of present-day legal codes. Also, some argue like Judge Roy Moore that prohibiting the public practice of religion is a violation of the first amendment's guarantee of freedom of religion.[135]

text: U.S. courts have often ruled against displays of the Ten Commandments on government property. They conclude that the ten commandments are derived from Judeo-Christian religions, to the exclusion of others: the statement "Thou shalt have no other gods before me" excludes non-monotheistic religions like Hinduism, for example. Whether the Constitution prohibits the posting of the commandments or not, there are additional political and civil rights issues regarding the posting of what is construed as religious doctrine. Excluding religions that have not accepted the ten commandments creates the appearance of impropriety. The courts have been more accepting, however, of displays that place the Ten Commandments in a broader historical context of the development of law.

text: One result of these legal cases has been that proponents of displaying the Ten Commandments have sometimes surrounded them with other historical texts to portray them as historical, rather than religious. Another result has been that other religious organizations have tried to put monuments to their laws on public lands. For example, an organization called Summum has won court cases against municipalities in Utah for refusing to allow the group to erect a monument of Summum aphorisms next to the ten commandments. The cases were won on the grounds that Summum's right to freedom of speech was denied and the governments had engaged in discrimination. Instead of allowing Summum to erect its monument, the local governments chose to remove their ten commandments.

text: Cultural references

text: Two famous films of this name were directed by Cecil B. DeMille: a silent movie released in 1923 starring Theodore Roberts as Moses and a colour VistaVision version of 1956, starring Charlton Heston as Moses.

text: Both Dekalog, a 1989 Polish film series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski, and The Ten, a 2007 American film, use the ten commandments as a structure for 10 smaller stories.[140]

text: The receipt of the Ten Commandments by Moses was satirized in Mel Brooks's movie History of the World Part I (1981), which shows Moses (played by Brooks, in a similar costume to Charlton Heston's Moses in the 1956 film), receiving three tablets containing fifteen commandments, but before he can present them to his people, he stumbles and drops one of the tablets, shattering it. He then presents the remaining tablets, proclaiming Ten Commandments.[141]

text: In The Prince of Egypt, a 1998 animated film that depicted the early life of Moses (voiced by Val Kilmer), the ending depicts him with the Ten Commandments at Mount Sinai, accompanied by a reprise of Deliver Us.


document_title: National Do Not Call Registry

question_text: what is the purpose of the national do not call registry

root

text: National Do Not Call Registry

text: Implementation Act[edit]

text: On June 27, 2003, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) opened the National Do Not Call Registry in order to comply with the Do-Not-Call Implementation Act of 2003 (Pub.L. 108–10, was H.R. 395, and codified at 15 U.S.C. § 6101 et. seq.), sponsored by Representatives Billy Tauzin and John Dingell and signed into law by President George W. Bush on March 11, 2003. The law established the FTC's National Do Not Call Registry in order to facilitate compliance with the Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991.

tag: p

text: Registration for the Do-Not-Call list began on June 27, 2003, and enforcement started on October 1, 2003. Since January 1, 2005, telemarketers covered by the registry have up to 31 days (initially the period was 90 days) from the date a number is registered to cease calling that number. Originally, phone numbers remained on the registry for a period of five years, but are now permanent because of the Do-Not-Call Improvement Act of 2007, effective February 2008.[2]

text: Consumers may add landline or cellular numbers to the registry,[3] but FCC regulations prohibit telemarketers from calling a cellular phone number with an automatic dialer under almost all circumstances.[3][4] In 2005, a rumor began circulating via e-mail that cell phone providers were planning on making their number directories available to telemarketers. The FTC responded by clarifying that cell phones cannot be called by telemarketers.[5] Similarly, fax numbers do not need to be included in the registry due to existing federal laws and regulations that prohibit the sending of unsolicited faxes.

text: If a person does not want to register a number on the national registry, they can still prohibit individual telemarketers from calling by asking the caller to put the called number on the company’s do-not-call list.

text: Legal challenges[edit]

text: The do-not-call list was slated to take effect on October 1, 2003, but two federal district court decisions almost delayed it. One from Oklahoma was overcome by special legislation giving the FTC specific jurisdiction over the matter. The other from Colorado revolved around questions of regulation of commercial speech and threatened to delay implementation of the list. However, President Bush signed a bill authorizing the no-call list to go ahead in September 2003. Finally, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit on February 17, 2004, upheld the constitutionality of the law.[6]

text: Exceptions to the do-not-call rule[edit]

text: Exceptions[edit]

text: Placing one's number on the National Do Not Call Registry will stop some, but not all, unsolicited calls. The following are exceptions granted by existing laws and regulations—and these types of organizations can register with donotcall.gov and can purchase telephone lists from the Do Not Call Registry[7]

text:
The registry only applies to personal calls, not to business lines or business to business calls.[8]
A person may still receive calls from political organizations.

The organization Citizens for Civil Discourse has lobbied Congress to close this exception by developing a National Political Do Not Call Registry where voters can register their phone numbers and ask politicians to take the "Do Not Contact Pledge". Its database is not backed by the force of law and as of November 2008, only 3 politicians running for office signed the pledge.[9]

A person may still receive calls from not-for-profit organizations.[10]
A person may still receive calls from those conducting surveys.
A person may still receive calls from a company up to 31 days[11] after submitting an application or inquiry to that company, unless the company is specifically asked not to call.
A person may still receive calls from bill collectors (either primary creditors or collection agencies). These callers are, however, regulated by other laws, such as the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, which limits them to calling during "reasonable hours". Some creditors may not call debtors who file for bankruptcy protection.

tag: ul

text: Loopholes[edit]

text: Some attempts have been made by telemarketers to skirt the do-not-call list rules. An example is the Dove Foundation, which places "survey" calls and then requests permission for a follow-up call. The follow-up call is conducted by a for-profit company attempting to sell products. This operation resulted in a restraining order in Missouri in March 2006.[12]

text: Enforcement[edit]

text: Complaints concerning telemarketing calls to homes and personal cell phones can be made to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission[13] and the Federal Trade Commission.[14]

text: The Federal Communications Commission has created rules implementing the National Do-Not-Call Implementation Act. These rules are codified at the Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, Section 64.1200.[15] The rules should be consulted in order to determine whether a particular incident violated the rules and can result in enforcement.

text: In order to create an actionable complaint pursuant to FCC rules, an individual with a home phone or a personal cell phone is required to specify details of the infraction to the FCC. Typically this includes facts such as when the call occurred, the phone number called, the calling organization, the goods or services being marketed, whether the caller has any exemption status. Details of these rules can be found on the FCC's complaint form.[13]

text: Many journalists and victims of fraudulent calls and Do-Not-Call violations have extensively documented ongoing and widespread inaction and lack of enforcement by the FTC.[16]

text: In May 2014 Sprint Corporation was fined a record $7.5 million for failing to honor requests by consumers to opt out of receiving telemarketing calls and texts. The fine followed an investigation that had begun in 2012. "We expect companies to respect the privacy of consumers who have opted out of marketing calls," Travis LeBlanc, acting chief of the FCC's enforcement bureau, said at the time. "When a consumer tells a company to stop calling or texting with promotional pitches, that request must be honored. Today's settlement leaves no question that protecting consumer privacy is a top enforcement priority."[17]

text: Do-Not-Call Improvement Act of 2007[edit]

text: On February 15, 2008, U.S. President George W. Bush signed H.R. 3541 into law as Pub.L. 110–187, the Do-Not-Call Improvement Act of 2007. Two major changes were enacted through this law:

text:
While originally required to renew their phone numbers every five years, consumers need now only register once to maintain their phone numbers on the Do Not Call Registry.
The frequency with which the FTC must purge the registry of disconnected and reassigned numbers has also been increased to several times a month. However, the Do-Not-Call Improvement Act prohibits removing numbers from the do-not-call registry unless the number is invalid, disconnected, reassigned, or the individual to whom the number is assigned so requests.[18]

text: Results[edit]

text: According to the 2009 Economic Report of the President, prepared by the Council of Economic Advisers,

text: The program has proved quite popular: as of 2007, according to one survey, 72 percent of Americans had registered on the list, and 77 percent of those say that it made a large difference in the number of telemarketing calls that they receive (another 14 percent report a small reduction in calls). Another survey, conducted less than a year after the Do Not Call list was implemented, found that people who registered for the list saw a reduction in telemarketing calls from an average of 30 calls per month to an average of 6 per month.[19]


document_title: List of Celebrity Big Brother (UK) housemates

question_text: who won the first celebrity big brother on channel 5

text: Programme[edit]

text: Twenty-one editions of Celebrity Big Brother have been made, involving a total of 262 housemates. The programme has been the centre of controversies over the actions and inclusion of some of its housemates. For instance, viewer and People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) complaints prompted Hertfordshire Police to remove a coat from the 2006 edition after Pete Burns claimed that it was made from gorilla fur and therefore against the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species agreement of 1975.[7][8] However, after an analysis at the Natural History Museum, it was later discovered that the coat was made from the fur of Colobus monkeys.[8] Fellow members of parliament criticised George Galloway's participation in the same series, stating that Galloway had missed important debates regarding his constituency, Bethnal Green and Bow, and rejecting claims that Galloway took part to raise political awareness amongst the British youth.[9] The family of Stuart Lubbock, a man who died in Michael Barrymore's swimming pool, criticised the programme makers for paying the entertainer £150,000 to participate on the programme.[10] The mental states of the contestants were called into question during the first series; psychologist Mark Griffiths highlighted behaviour displayed by Anthea Turner and Vanessa Feltz as examples of the negative effects of the programme.[11] Germaine Greer voluntarily left the 2005 series after accusing the producers of using "superior bullying" tactics against contestants; commentators such as Graham Norton have argued that the housemates are not "actual celebrities".[12][13] During the 2009 series, 527 viewers complained to Ofcom, the majority concerned about Coolio's conduct towards female contestants, but it was decided that the broadcaster's code was not breached.[14] Comments made by Heidi Fleiss also proved controversial during the final series to air on Channel 4 of the programme in 2010; she accused Ivana Trump of smuggling drugs onto the programme, a claim that Trump's spokesperson denied, and made comments about abortion that attracted criticism.[15][16]

text: During the 2007 series, comments directed to and made about Shilpa Shetty from Jade Goody, Danielle Lloyd, Jo O'Meara and Jack Tweed caused an international racism controversy.[17] The British and Indian governments commented on the issue, while Ofcom decreed that Channel 4 had been guilty of "serious editorial misjudgements" after 54,000 viewers claimed that Shetty had been the victim of racial discrimination.[18] The broadcaster was made to air a series of on-air apologies, and the programme was not included in Channel 4's 2008 schedule; it was replaced by Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack.[17][19] In 2009, Channel 4's director of television Kevin Lygo announced that Big Brother "had reached a natural end point" and the 2010 edition was the final celebrity series to air on the channel.[4][20] However, Channel 5 stated in April 2011 that it has signed a two-year deal with Endemol, the show's creators, to air both version of the programme for a reported £220m.[4] The series started on 18 August 2011 and former Big Brother winner Brian Dowling replaced Davina McCall as the programme's presenter.[4] Dowling presented the programme until January 2013, his final series being Celebrity Big Brother 11. Since the twelfth series of the show, Emma Willis has presented.

text: Housemates[edit]

text:
Series
Celebrity
Age[3]
Notability
Status

1
Jack Dee
38
Comedian
1st – Winner

1
Claire Sweeney
29
Actress
2nd – Runner-up

1
Keith Duffy
26
Singer and actor
3rd – Third place

1
Anthea Turner
40
Presenter
4th – Evicted

1
Vanessa Feltz
39
Broadcaster and journalist
5th – Evicted

1
Chris Eubank
35
Boxer
6th – Evicted

2
Mark Owen
30
Singer
1st – Winner

2
Les Dennis
48
Presenter and comedian
2nd – Runner-up

2
Melinda Messenger
31
Glamour model and presenter
3rd – Third place

2
Sue Perkins
33
Comedian and presenter
4th – Evicted

2
Anne Diamond
48
Journalist and presenter
5th – Evicted

2
Goldie
37
Musician, DJ and actor
6th – Evicted

3
Bez
40
Dancer and percussionist
1st – Winner

3
Kenzie
19
Rapper
2nd – Runner-up

3
Brigitte Nielsen
41
Actress and model
3rd – Third place

3
Jeremy Edwards
33
Actor
4th – Evicted

3
Caprice Bourret
33
Model and actress
5th – Evicted

3
Lisa I'Anson
39
Presenter
6th – Evicted

3
John McCririck
64
Horse racing pundit
7th – Evicted

3
Jackie Stallone
83
Mother of Sylvester Stallone
8th – Evicted

3
Germaine Greer
65
Feminist, academic and journalist
9th – Walked

4
Chantelle Houghton
22
Non-celebrity
1st – Winner

4
Michael Barrymore
53
Comedian and presenter
2nd – Runner-up

4
Maggot
24
Rapper
3rd – Third place

4
Preston
23
Singer
4th – Evicted

4
Pete Burns
46
Singer
5th – Evicted

4
Traci Bingham
37
Actress and model
6th – Evicted

4
Dennis Rodman
44
Basketball player
7th – Evicted

4
George Galloway
51
Politician and journalist
8th – Evicted

4
Rula Lenska
57
Actress
9th – Evicted

4
Faria Alam
39
Affair with Sven-Goran Eriksson
10th – Evicted

4
Jodie Marsh
27
Glamour model
11th – Evicted

5
Shilpa Shetty
31
Actress
1st – Winner

5
Jermaine Jackson
52
Jackson family member and singer
2nd – Runner-up

5
Dirk Benedict
61
Actor
3rd – Third place

5
Ian "H" Watkins
30
Singer
4th – Evicted

5
Danielle Lloyd
23
Glamour model and Miss Great Britain
5th – Evicted

5
Jack Tweed
19
Boyfriend of Jade Goody
6th – Evicted

5
Cleo Rocos
44
Actress
7th – Evicted

5
Jo O'Meara
27
Singer
8th – Evicted

5
Jade Goody
25
Reality TV star
9th – Evicted

5
Carole Malone
52
Journalist and broadcaster
10th – Evicted

5
Leo Sayer
58
Singer
11th – Walked

5
Jackiey Budden
48
Mother of Jade Goody
12th – Evicted

5
Ken Russell
79
Director
13th – Walked

5
Donny Tourette
22
Singer
14th – Walked

6
Ulrika Jonsson
41
Presenter
1st – Winner

6
Terry Christian
45
Presenter
2nd – Runner-up

6
Coolio
45
Musician
3rd – Third place

6
Verne Troyer
40
Actor
4th – Evicted

6
Ben Adams
27
Singer
5th – Evicted

6
Tommy Sheridan
44
Politician
6th – Evicted

6
La Toya Jackson
52
Jackson family member and singer
7th – Evicted

6
Michelle Heaton
28
Singer
8th – Evicted

6
Mutya Buena
23
Singer
9th – Walked

6
Tina Malone
45
Actress
10th – Evicted

6
Lucy Pinder
25
Glamour model
11th – Evicted

7
Alex Reid
34
Mixed martial artist
1st – Winner

7
Dane Bowers
30
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

7
Vinnie Jones
44
Actor and ex-footballer
3rd – Third place

7
Jonas Altberg
25
Singer, record producer and DJ
4th – Evicted

7
Stephanie Beacham
62
Actress
5th – Evicted

7
Nicola T
27
Glamour model
6th – Evicted

7
Ivana Trump
60
Model and socialite
7th – Evicted

7
Sisqó
31
Singer
8th – Evicted

7
Stephen Baldwin
43
Actor
9th – Evicted

7
Lady Sovereign
24
Rapper
10th – Evicted

7
Heidi Fleiss
44
Former pimp and TV personality
11th – Evicted

7
Katia Ivanova
21
Ex-girlfriend of Ronnie Wood
12th – Evicted

8
Paddy Doherty
52
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

8
Kerry Katona
30
Media personality and singer
2nd – Runner-up

8
Jedward
19
Singers
3rd – Third place

8
Amy Childs
21
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

8
Lucien Laviscount
19
Actor
5th – Evicted

8
Darryn Lyons
45
Paparazzo
6th – Evicted

8
Bobby Sabel
25
Model
7th – Evicted

8
Tara Reid
35
Actress and model
8th – Evicted

8
Pamela Bach Hasselhoff
47
Actress, ex-wife of David Hasselhoff
9th – Evicted

8
Sally Bercow
41
Wife of John Bercow
10th – Evicted

9
Denise Welch
53
Actress and TV panellist
1st – Winner

9
Frankie Cocozza
18
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

9
Gareth Thomas
37
Rugby player
3rd – Third place

9
Michael Madsen
54
Actor, poet and photographer
4th – Evicted

9
Karissa and Kristina Shannon
22
Playboy playmates and glamour models
5th – Evicted

9
Romeo
31
Rapper
6th – Evicted

9
Nicola McLean
30
Glamour model and media personality
7th – Evicted

9
Natalie Cassidy
28
Actress and TV personality
8th – Evicted

9
Kirk Norcross
23
Reality TV star
9th – Evicted

9
Georgia Salpa
26
Model
10th – Evicted

9
Natasha Giggs
29
Affair with Ryan Giggs
11th – Evicted

9
Andrew Stone
39
Reality TV star
12th – Evicted

10
Julian Clary
53
Comedian
1st – Winner

10
Coleen Nolan
47
Singer and TV presenter
2nd – Runner-up

10
Martin Kemp
50
Singer and actor
3rd – Third place

10
The Situation
30
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

10
Ashley McKenzie
21
Judoka
5th – Evicted

10
MC Harvey
33
Rapper
6th – Evicted

10
Julie Goodyear
70
Actress
7th – Evicted

10
Prince Lorenzo
40
Italian prince and entrepreneur
8th – Evicted

10
Danica Thrall
24
Glamour model and TV personality
9th – Evicted

10
Samantha Brick
41
Journalist and writer
10th – Evicted

10
Rhian Sugden
25
Glamour model
11th – Evicted

10
Cheryl Fergison
46
Actress
12th – Evicted

10
Jasmine Lennard
27
Fashion model
13th – Evicted

11
Rylan Clark
24
Singer
1st – Winner

11
Heidi Montag and
Spencer Pratt
26
29
Reality TV stars
2nd – Runner-up

11
Ryan Moloney
33
Actor
3rd – Third place

11
Claire Richards
35
Singer
4th – Evicted

11
Razor Ruddock
44
Ex-footballer and TV personality
5th – Evicted

11
Tricia Penrose
42
Actress and singer
6th – Evicted

11
Frankie Dettori
42
Jockey
7th – Evicted

11
Gillian Taylforth
57
Actress
8th – Evicted

11
Lacey Banghard
19
Glamour model
9th – Evicted

11
Sam Robertson
27
Actor
10th – Evicted

11
Paula Hamilton
51
Supermodel
11th – Evicted

12
Charlotte Crosby
23
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

12
Abz Love
34
Singer
2nd – Runner-up

12
Lauren Harries
35
Media personality
3rd – Third place

12
Carol McGiffin
53
TV presenter and journalist
4th – Evicted

12
Mario Falcone
25
Reality TV star
5th – Evicted

12
Vicky Entwistle
44
Actress
6th – Evicted

12
Louie Spence
44
Dancer and TV personality
7th – Evicted

12
Courtney Stodden
18
TV and media personality
8th – Evicted

12
Bruce Jones
60
Actor
9th – Evicted

12
Dustin Diamond
36
Actor
10th – Evicted

12
Sophie Anderton
36
Model and reality TV star
11th – Evicted

12
Ron Atkinson
74
Former football manager and pundit
12th – Evicted

12
Danielle Marr
33
Reality TV star
13th – Evicted

13
Jim Davidson
60
Comedian and TV presenter
1st – Winner

13
Dappy
26
Rapper
2nd – Runner-up

13
Ollie Locke
26
Reality TV star
3rd – Third place

13
Luisa Zissman
26
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

13
Sam Faiers
23
Reality TV star
5th – Evicted

13
Casey Batchelor
29
Glamour model
6th – Evicted

13
Lee Ryan
30
Singer
7th – Evicted

13
Linda Nolan
54
Singer
8th – Evicted

13
Liz Jones
55
Journalist and columnist
9th – Evicted

13
Lionel Blair
85
Actor
10th – Evicted

13
Jasmine Waltz
31
US media personality
11th – Evicted

13
Evander Holyfield
51
Boxer
12th – Evicted

14
Gary Busey
70
Actor
1st – Winner

14
Audley Harrison
42
Heavyweight boxer
2nd – Runner-up

14
James Jordan
36
Professional dancer
3rd – Third place

14
George Gilbey
30
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

14
Dee Kelly
43
Reality TV star
5th – Evicted

14
Edele Lynch
35
Singer
6th – Evicted

14
Lauren Goodger
27
Reality TV star
7th – Evicted

14
Ricci Guarnaccio
27
Reality TV star
8th – Evicted

14
Kellie Maloney
61
Boxing manager and former UKIP politician
9th – Evicted

14
Stephanie Pratt
28
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

14
Frenchy
38
Model, actress and TV personality
11th – Evicted

14
Claire King
52
Actress
12th – Walked

14
Leslie Jordan
59
Actor
13th – Evicted

14
David McIntosh
28
Model and Kelly Brook's fiancé
14th – Evicted

15
Katie Price
36
TV personality and glamour model
1st – Winner

15
Katie Hopkins
39
TV personality and columnist
2nd – Runner-up

15
Calum Best
33
Model and TV personality
3rd – Third place

15
Keith Chegwin
57
Actor and presenter
4th – Evicted

15
Michelle Visage
46
Singer and presenter
5th – Evicted

15
Perez Hilton
36
Blogger and TV personality
6th – Evicted

15
Kavana
37
Singer
7th – Evicted

15
Cami-Li
26
Model
8th – Evicted

15
Nadia Sawalha
50
Actress and presenter
9th – Evicted

15
Patsy Kensit
46
Actress
10th – Evicted

15
Alicia Douvall
35
Media personality
11th – Evicted

15
Alexander O'Neal
61
Singer
12th – Walked

15
Chloe Goodman
21
Reality TV star
13th – Evicted

15
Ken Morley
72
Actor
14th – Ejected

15
Jeremy Jackson
34
Actor
15th – Ejected

16
James Hill
28
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

16
Austin Armacost
27
Reality TV star
2nd – Runner-up

16
Natasha Hamilton
33
Singer
3rd – Third place

16
Bobby Davro
56
Comedian
4th – Evicted

16
Stevi Ritchie and
Chloe-Jasmine Whichello
34
25
Singers and Reality TV stars
5th – Evicted

16
Sherrie Hewson
64
Actress
6th – Evicted

16
Janice Dickinson
60
Model
7th – Evicted

16
Jenna Jameson
41
Porn star
8th – Evicted

16
Farrah Abraham
24
Reality TV star
9th – Evicted

16
Gail Porter
44
TV presenter
10th – Evicted

16
Fatman Scoop
35
Rapper
11th – Evicted

16
Chris Ellison
68
Actor
12th – Evicted

16
Daniel Baldwin
54
Actor
13th – Evicted

16
Tila Tequila
33
Internet personality and reality TV star
14th – Ejected

17
Scotty T
27
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

17
Stephanie Davis
22
Actress
2nd – Runner-up

17
Darren Day
47
Actor and singer
3rd – Third place

17
Tiffany Pollard
33
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

17
Danniella Westbrook
42
Actress
5th – Evicted

17
John Partridge
44
Actor
6th – Evicted

17
Gemma Collins
34
Reality TV star
7th – Evicted

17
Jeremy McConnell
25
Reality TV star and model
8th – Evicted

17
Christopher Maloney
38
Singer
9th – Evicted

17
Megan McKenna
23
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

17
Kristina Rihanoff
38
Professional dancer
11th – Evicted

17
Angie Bowie
66
Ex-wife of David Bowie
12th – Walked

17
David Gest
62
Producer and TV personality
13th – Walked

17
Nancy Dell'Olio
54
Ex-girlfriend of Sven-Göran Eriksson
14th – Evicted

17
Jonathan Cheban
42
Reality TV star
15th – Walked

17
Winston McKenzie
59
Former boxer and UKIP candidate
16th – Evicted

18
Stephen Bear
26
Reality TV star
1st – Winner

18
Ricky Norwood
28
Actor
2nd – Runner-up

18
Renee Graziano
47
Reality TV star
3rd – Third place

18
Marnie Simpson
24
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

18
Aubrey O'Day
32
Singer and reality TV star
5th – Evicted

18
Frankie Grande
33
Internet personality and half-brother of Ariana Grande
6th – Evicted

18
Samantha Fox
50
Model and singer
7th – Evicted

18
Katie Waissel
30
Singer
8th – Evicted

18
James Whale
65
Radio broadcaster
9th – Evicted

18
Lewis Bloor
26
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

18
Heavy D
43
Reality TV star
11th – Evicted

18
Chloe Khan
25
Media personality
12th – Evicted

18
Saira Khan
46
TV presenter
13th – Evicted

18
Grant Bovey
55
Media personality and ex-husband of Anthea Turner
14th – Evicted

18
Christopher Biggins
67
Actor and TV presenter
15th – Ejected

19
Coleen Nolan
51
Singer, TV presenter and CBB10 housemate
1st – Winner

19
Jedward
24
Singers and CBB8 housemates
2nd – Runner-up

19
Kim Woodburn
74
Television presenter and expert cleaner
3rd – Third place

19
James Cosmo
68
Actor
4th – Evicted

19
Nicola McLean
35
Model, media personality and CBB9 housemate
5th – Evicted

19
Bianca Gascoigne
30
Model and TV personality
6th – Evicted

19
Calum Best
35
Model, TV personality and CBB15 housemate
7th – Evicted

19
Jamie O'Hara
30
Footballer
8th – Evicted

19
Heidi Montag and
Spencer Pratt
30
33
Reality TV stars and CBB11 housemates
9th – Evicted

19
Jessica Cunningham
29
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

19
Stacy Francis
47
Singer and reality TV star
11th – Evicted

19
Chloe Ferry
21
Reality TV star
12th – Evicted

19
James Jordan
38
Professional dancer and CBB14 housemate
13th – Evicted

19
Jasmine Waltz
34
US media personality and CBB13 housemate
14th – Evicted

19
Austin Armacost
28
Reality TV star and CBB16 housemate
15th – Evicted

19
Angie Best
64
Model and ex-wife of George Best
16th – Evicted

19
Brandon Block
49
DJ
17th – Walked

19
Ray J
35
Singer and TV personality
18th – Walked

20
Sarah Harding
35
Singer and actress
1st – Winner

20
Amelia Lily
22
Singer and actress
2nd – Runner-up

20
Sam Thompson
24
Reality TV star
3rd – Third place

20
Derek Acorah
67
Spiritual medium
4th – Evicted

20
Chad Johnson
29
Reality TV star
5th – Evicted

20
Jemma Lucy
29
Reality TV star
6th – Evicted

20
Shaun Williamson
51
Actor
7th – Evicted

20
Helen Lederer
62
Comedian and actress
8th – Evicted

20
Sandi Bogle
52
Reality TV star
9th – Evicted

20
Paul Danan
39
Actor
10th – Evicted

20
Brandi Glanville
44
Reality TV star
11th – Evicted

20
Jordan Davies
25
Reality TV star
12th – Evicted

20
Trisha Paytas
29
Internet personality
13th – Walked

20
Karthik Nagesan
34
Reality TV star
14th – Evicted

20
Marissa Jade
32
Reality TV star
15th – Evicted

21
Shane Jenek/Courtney Act
35
Reality TV star, drag queen and singer
1st – Winner

21
Ann Widdecombe
70
Politician
2nd – Runner-up

21
Shane Lynch
41
Singer
3rd – Third place

21
Jess Impiazzi
28
Reality TV star
4th – Evicted

21
Wayne Sleep
69
Dancer
5th – Evicted

21
Amanda Barrie
82
Actress
6th – Evicted

21
Malika Haqq
34
Reality TV star
7th – Evicted

21
Ashley James
30
Reality TV star
8th – Evicted

21
Daniel O'Reilly
33
Comedian
9th – Evicted

21
Jonny Mitchell
26
Reality TV star
10th – Evicted

21
Andrew Brady
27
Reality TV star
11th – Evicted

21
Ginuwine
47
Singer
12th – Evicted

21
John Barnes
54
Footballer
13th – Evicted

21
Maggie Oliver
62
Detective constable
14th – Evicted

21
Rachel Johnson
52
Journalist and presenter
15th – Evicted

21
India Willoughby
52
Newsreader
16th – Evicted

tag: table

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Ages at the time the celebrity entered the house

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Number of housemates: 263
Male housemates: 125
Female housemates: 132
Two competing as one housemate: 6 (2 male pairs, 1 female pair, 3 mixed pairs)
Male winners: 13 (Latest: Shane Jenek – Celebrity Big Brother 21)
Female winners: 8 (Latest: Sarah Harding – Celebrity Big Brother 20)
Walks: 13 (Latest: Trisha Paytas – Celebrity Big Brother 20)
Ejections: 4 (Latest: Christopher Biggins – Celebrity Big Brother 18)
First to enter: Anthea Turner (Celebrity Big Brother 1)
Last to enter: Ginuwine (Celebrity Big Brother 21)
Last out: Shane Jenek/Courtney Act (Winner) (Celebrity Big Brother 21)
Biggest winning percentage: 77% to win – Mark Owen (Celebrity Big Brother 2)
Closest winning percentage: 54% to win – Bez (Celebrity Big Brother 3)
Biggest eviction percentage: 82% to evict – Jade Goody (Celebrity Big Brother 5)
Closest eviction percentage: 50.6% to evict – Anne Diamond (Celebrity Big Brother 2)
Most nominations: 24 nominations – Gary Busey (Celebrity Big Brother 14)
Most nominations in a single week: 11 nominations – James Whale (Celebrity Big Brother 18)
Most times up for eviction: 5 times* – Jim Davidson, Liz Jones, Luisa Zissman (Celebrity Big Brother 13), Gary Busey (Celebrity Big Brother 14), Stevi Ritchie and Chloe-Jasmine Whichello (Celebrity Big Brother 16), Stephen Bear (Celebrity Big Brother 18), Jedward (Celebrity Big Brother 19)
Most nominations from a winner: 24 nominations – Gary Busey (Celebrity Big Brother 14)
Least nominations from a winner: 0 nominations – Paddy Doherty (Celebrity Big Brother 8)
Most nominations from a finalist: 24 nominations – Gary Busey (Celebrity Big Brother 14)
Least nominations from a finalist: 0 nominations – Vinnie Jones (Celebrity Big Brother 7), Paddy Doherty, Kerry Katona, Jedward, Amy Childs (Celebrity Big Brother 8), Casey Batchelor (Celebrity Big Brother 13), Amelia Lily (Celebrity Big Brother 20), Jess Impiazzi (Celebrity Big Brother 21)

text: *Heidi and Spencer (Celebrity Big Brother 11 and Celebrity Big Brother 19) were up for eviction a combined total of 6 times during their two appearances.

text: Deaths[edit]

text: 22 March – Jade Goody, Big Brother 3, Big Brother Panto and Celebrity Big Brother 5, Bigg Boss 2 housemate. (b. 1981)

text: 27 November – Ken Russell, Celebrity Big Brother 5 housemate. (b. 1927)

text:
12 April – David Gest, Celebrity Big Brother 17 housemate. (b. 1953)
23 October – Pete Burns, Celebrity Big Brother 4 housemate. (b. 1959)

text: 11 December – Keith Chegwin, Celebrity Big Brother 15 housemate. (b. 1957)

text: 21 April — Verne Troyer, Celebrity Big Brother 6 housemate. (b. 1969)

text: Guests[edit]

text: On some occasions, celebrities have entered the house for a short period of time as guests.

text:
Series
Celebrity
Notability
Ref(s)

4
Jimmy Savile
Television presenter
[24]

5
John and Sylvia Caddock
Parents of Jackiey Budden, grandparents of Jade Goody
[25][26]

6
Michelle Marsh
Glamour model
[27]

Michael Barrymore
TV presenter, comedian and CBB4 housemate

Chesney Hawkes
Singer

Alice Barry
Shameless actress

Rebecca Ryan

Nikki Grahame
BB7 housemate
[28]

7
Barry Fry
Football manager
[29]

Edward
Lionel Richie impersonator
[30]

Davina McCall
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[31]

8
Mohamed Al-Fayed
Businessman
[32]

Marco Pierre White
Chef
[33]

Christopher Mintz-Plasse
Actor
[34]

Anton Yelchin
Actor

9
Jodie Marsh
Glamour model and CBB4 housemate
[35]

Jedward
Singers and CBB8 housemates
[36]

Aldo Zilli
Chef
[37]

10
Marilyn Galsworthy
Actress and Jasmine Lennard's mother
[38]

11
Paula Hamilton
Supermodel and ex-housemate
[39]

Jamie East
TV presenter
[40]

12
Doug Hutchison
Actor and Courtney Stodden's husband
[41]

Vanessa Feltz
Broadcaster, journalist and CBB1 and UBB housemate
[42]

Rylan Clark
TV personality, CBB11 housemate and Bit on the Side host
[43]

Danielle Marr
Reality TV star and ex-housemate

Sophie Anderton
Model, reality TV star and ex-housemate

13
Antony Costa
Members of Blue
[44]

Duncan James

Simon Webbe

Jasmine Waltz
US media personality, ex-housemate
[45]

Emma Willis
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[46]

15
Emma Willis
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[47]

Eamonn Holmes
TV presenter
[48]

James Jordan
Professional dancer and CBB14 housemate

16
Paul Burrell
Former British Royal Household servant
[49]

Jennie Bond
Journalist and TV presenter
[50]

Emma Willis
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[51]

Eamonn Holmes
Television presenter
[52]

17
Gillian McKeith
Nutritionist, author and television presenter
[53]

Vanessa Feltz
Broadcaster, Journalist and CBB1 and UBB housemate
[54]

Luisa Zissman
Reality TV star and CBB13 housemate
[54]

Megan McKenna
Reality TV star and ex-housemate
[54]

Rylan Clark
TV personality, CBB11 housemate and Bit on the Side host
[55]

Vicky Pattison
Reality TV star
[56]

Joe Swash
Actor

18
Emma Willis
TV presenter (Big Brother and Celebrity Big Brother)
[57]

Sophie Kasaei
Reality TV star
[58]

Lillie Lexie Gregg
Media personality and Reality TV star
[59]

19
Austin Armacost
Reality TV star and ex-housemate
[60]

John McCririck
Horse racing pundit and CBB3 and UBB housemate

Luisa Zissman
Reality TV star and CBB13 housemate

Saira Khan
TV presenter and CBB18 housemate

Vanessa Feltz
Broadcaster, journalist and CBB1 and UBB housemate

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Name
Celebrity Big Brother UK history
Big Brother International history

Series
Status
Country
Series
Season(s)
Status

Brandi Glanville
Celebrity Big Brother 20
Evicted – 11th place
 America
Celebrity Big Brother
Celebrity Big Brother 1
Evicted – 7th place


document_title: Category:Countries in Africa

question_text: african countries that begin with the letter a

text: Category:Countries in Africa

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Countries of Africa.

text: Africa portal

text: For convenience, all countries in Africa should be included in this category. This includes all the countries (not territories or former countries) that can also be found in the subcategories.

text: Subcategories

text: This category has the following 68 subcategories, out of 68 total.

text:
►  Countries in Africa by region (8 C)

►  Lists of countries in Africa (33 C, 10 P)

►  Economies of Africa by country (58 C)

►  Fauna of Africa by country (38 C)

►  Geography of Africa by country (61 C, 1 P)

►  History of Africa by country (62 C, 10 P)

►  Sport in Africa by country (59 C)

►  Transport in Africa by country (65 C)

text:
►  Fictional African countries (1 C, 16 P)

►  Former countries in Africa (44 C, 424 P)

text: A

text:
►  Algeria (14 C, 6 P)

►  Angola (14 C, 4 P)

text: B

text:
►  Benin (14 C, 4 P)

►  Botswana (14 C, 3 P)

►  Burkina Faso (14 C, 8 P)

►  Burundi (14 C, 4 P)

text: C

text:
►  Cameroon (14 C, 9 P)

►  Cape Verde (15 C, 4 P)

►  Central African Republic (14 C, 8 P)

►  Chad (14 C, 8 P)

►  Comoros (14 C, 6 P)

►  Democratic Republic of the Congo (15 C, 10 P)

►  Republic of the Congo (14 C, 6 P)

text: D

text: ►  Djibouti (14 C, 5 P)

text: E

text:
►  Egypt (15 C, 8 P)

►  Equatorial Guinea (14 C, 4 P)

►  Eritrea (14 C, 8 P)

►  Ethiopia (16 C, 16 P)

text: G

text:
►  Gabon (14 C, 6 P)

►  The Gambia (14 C, 6 P)

►  Ghana (15 C, 14 P)

►  Guinea (14 C, 4 P)

►  Guinea-Bissau (13 C, 4 P)

text: I

text: ►  Ivory Coast (14 C, 5 P)

text: K

text: ►  Kenya (14 C, 11 P)

text: L

text:
►  Lesotho (14 C, 5 P)

►  Liberia (14 C, 6 P)

►  Libya (14 C, 10 P)

text: M

text:
►  Madagascar (14 C, 5 P)

►  Malawi (14 C, 6 P)

►  Mali (14 C, 7 P)

►  Mauritania (14 C, 5 P)

►  Mauritius (15 C, 10 P)

►  Morocco (14 C, 12 P)

►  Mozambique (14 C, 7 P)

text: N

text:
►  Namibia (15 C, 11 P)

►  Niger (14 C, 5 P)

►  Nigeria (15 C, 37 P)

text: R

text: ►  Rwanda (14 C, 13 P)

text: S

text:
►  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (7 C, 20 P)

►  Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha (12 C, 6 P)

►  São Tomé and Príncipe (14 C, 4 P)

►  Senegal (14 C, 7 P)

►  Seychelles (14 C, 6 P)

►  Sierra Leone (15 C, 7 P)

►  Somalia (15 C, 7 P, 3 F)

►  Somaliland (12 C, 16 P)

►  South Africa (15 C, 11 P)

►  South Sudan (14 C, 43 P)

►  Sudan (14 C, 16 P)

►  Swaziland (14 C, 5 P)

text: T

text:
►  Tanzania (15 C, 10 P)

►  Togo (14 C, 5 P)

►  Tunisia (14 C, 6 P)

text: U

text: ►  Uganda (13 C, 10 P)

text: W

text: ►  Western Sahara (14 C, 9 P)

text: Z

text:
►  Zambia (14 C, 10 P)

►  Zimbabwe (15 C, 9 P)

text: Pages in category "Countries in Africa"

text: The following 62 pages are in this category, out of  62 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

text: Flags of Africa

text:
List of African countries by highest point
List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa

text: A

text:
Algeria
Angola

text: B

text:
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi

text: C

text:
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo

text: D

text: Djibouti

text: E

text:
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia

text: G

text:
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau

text: I

text: Ivory Coast

text: K

text: Kenya

text: L

text:
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya

text: M

text:
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mayotte
Morocco
Mozambique

text: N

text:
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria

text: R

text:
Réunion
Rwanda

text: S

text:
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Somaliland
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland

text: T

text:
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia

text: U

text: Uganda

text: Z

text:
Zambia
Zimbabwe

text: Countries by continentGeography of AfricaAdministrative territorial entities in Africa


document_title: Republic Day (India)

question_text: who was the chief guest of 2014 republic day

text: Republic Day (India)

text: History of Republic Day[edit]

text: India achieved independence from British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947.[3] The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of two years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later, it came into effect throughout the whole nation.

text: Celebrations[edit]

text: The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage.

text: Delhi Republic Day parade[edit]

text: Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital, New Delhi. Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate, this event is the main attraction of India's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days. The parade showcases India's Defence Capability, Cultural and Social Heritage.[4]

text: Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[5]

text: Beating Retreat[edit]

text: The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.[6]

text: The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army. The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[7][8][9]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan, lit up during Republic Day 2008.

Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor.

Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day.

text: Republic Day parade chief guest[edit]

text: Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath.[10] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.

text:
Year
Guest name
Country
Note

1950
President Sukarno[11]
 Indonesia

1951
King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[12]
   Nepal

1952

1953

1954
King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[13]
 Bhutan

1955
Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[14]
 Pakistan
First guest for parade at Rajpath [15]

1956
Chancellor of the Exchequer R. A. Butler
 United Kingdom
Note[1]
Two guests[16]

Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka
 Japan

1957
Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov [17]
 Soviet Union

1958
Marshall Ye Jianying[18]
 China

1959
Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip [19][20][21]
 United Kingdom
2nd invitation

1960
Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[22]
 Soviet Union
2nd invitation

1961
Queen Elizabeth II[23]
 United Kingdom
3rd invitation, Note[2]

1962
Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[24]
 Denmark
Note[3]

1963
King Norodom Sihanouk[25]
 Cambodia

1964
Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten [26]
 United Kingdom
4th invitation, Note[4]

1965
Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid
 Pakistan
2nd invitation

1966
No invitation
No invitation
Note[5]

1967
King Mohammed Zahir Shah [27]
 Afghanistan
Note[6]

1968
Chairman Alexei Kosygin
 Soviet Union
3rd invitation
Two guests[28]

President Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia

1969
Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[29]
 Bulgaria

1970
King of the Belgians Baudouin[30][31]
 Belgium
Note[7]

1971
President Julius Nyerere[32]
 Tanzania

1972
Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [33]
 Mauritius

1973
President Mobutu Sese Seko[34]
 Zaire

1974
President Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia
2nd invitation
Two guests [35]

Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike
 Sri Lanka

1975
President Kenneth Kaunda[36]
 Zambia

1976
Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[37]
 France

1977
First Secretary Edward Gierek[38]
 Poland

1978
President Patrick Hillery[39]
 Ireland

1979
Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[40]
 Australia

1980
President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
 France
2nd invitation

1981
President Jose Lopez Portillo[41]
 Mexico

1982
King Juan Carlos I[42]
 Spain

1983
President Shehu Shagari[43]
 Nigeria

1984
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[44]
 Bhutan
2nd invitation

1985
President Raúl Alfonsín[45]
 Argentina

1986
Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[46]
 Greece

1987
President Alan Garcia[47]
 Peru

1988
President J. R. Jayewardene[48]
 Sri Lanka
2nd invitation

1989
General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[49]
 Vietnam

1990
Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[50]
 Mauritius
2nd invitation

1991
President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[51]
 Maldives

1992
President Mário Soares[51]
 Portugal

1993
Prime Minister John Major[51]
 United Kingdom
5th invitation

1994
Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[51]
 Singapore

1995
President Nelson Mandela[52]
 South Africa

1996
President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[51]
 Brazil

1997
Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[51]
 Trinidad and Tobago

1998
President Jacques Chirac[51]
 France
3rd invitation

1999
King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[51]
   Nepal
2nd invitation

2000
President Olusegun Obasanjo[51]
 Nigeria
2nd invitation

2001
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[51]
 Algeria

2002
President Cassam Uteem[51]
 Mauritius
3rd invitation

2003
President Mohammed Khatami[51]
 Iran

2004
President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [51]
 Brazil
2nd invitation

2005
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[51]
 Bhutan
3rd invitation

2006
King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[51]
 Saudi Arabia

2007
President Vladimir Putin[51]
 Russia
4th invitation

2008
President Nicolas Sarkozy[51]
 France
4th invitation

2009
President Nursultan Nazarbayev[51]
 Kazakhstan

2010
President Lee Myung Bak[53]
 South Korea

2011
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[54][55]
 Indonesia
2nd invitation

2012
Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[56]
 Thailand

2013
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[57]
 Bhutan
4th invitation

2014
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[58]
 Japan
2nd invitation

2015
President Barack Obama[59]
 United States

2016
President François Hollande
 France
5th invitation[60]

2017
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[61]
 United Arab Emirates

2018
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
 Brunei

Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[62]

Prime Minister Hun Sen
 Cambodia
2nd invitation

President Joko Widodo
 Indonesia
3rd invitation

Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith
 Laos

Prime Minister Najib Razak
 Malaysia

State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi
 Myanmar

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
 Philippines

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
 Singapore
2nd invitation

Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha
 Thailand
2nd invitation

Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
 Vietnam
2nd invitation

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: List of largest shopping malls in the United States

question_text: where is the second largest mall in america

text:
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text: List of the shopping malls in the United States of America and its territories greater than or equal to 2,000,000 total square feet of retail space (gross leasable area). The list is based in part on information provided by the International Council of Shopping Centers and by the Department of American Studies at Eastern Connecticut State University as part of its Shopping Mall Studies.[1]

text:
#
Mall name
Location
Metro area
Retail spaceSq. feet/(m²)
Stores
Anchor Stores/Entertainment Venues
Year opened
Ownership

1

King of Prussia

King of Prussia, Pennsylvania

Philadelphia

2,900,000 square feet (270,000 m2)

450

Macy's, Nordstrom, Primark, Dick's Sporting Goods, Bloomingdale's, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus

1963

King of Prussia Associates, Simon Property Group

2

Aventura Mall

Aventura, Florida

Miami

2,700,000 square feet (250,000 m2)[2]

300+[3]

Nordstrom, Bloomingdale’s, Macy's (2 Stores), JCPenney, AMC Theaters

1983

Turnberry Associates, Simon Property Group

3

Mall of America

Bloomington, Minnesota

Minneapolis

2,500,000 square feet (230,000 m2)

500

Macy's, Sears, Nordstrom (Rack), Best Buy, Forever21, Marshall's, Nickelodeon Universe, LEGO World, American Girl, Sea Life Minnesota Aquarium, FlyOver America, JW Marriott, Radisson Blu

1992

Triple Five Group

4

South Coast Plaza

Costa Mesa, California

Los Angeles

2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)[4]

280

Macy's (3 stores – Main, Men's, Home), Sears, Nordstrom, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bloomingdale's

1967

Segerstrom family

5

Del Amo Fashion Center

Torrance, California

Los Angeles

2,600,000 square feet (240,000 m2)

200+

Nordstrom, Macy's (2 stores – Main and Men, Home, and Furniture), JCPenney, Sears, T.J. Maxx, Marshalls, Burlington Coat Factory, JO-ANN Fabric and Craft, AMC Theaters

1961

Simon Property Group

6

Destiny USA

Syracuse, New York

Syracuse

2,450,000 square feet (228,000 m2)[5]

250+

Macy's, JCPenney, Best Buy, Lord & Taylor, H&M, Dave & Buster's, Off Broadway Shoes, Nordstrom Rack, Saks Off Fifth, DSW Shoe Warehouse, DICK'S Sporting Goods, Forever 21, Old Navy, Burlington Coat Factory, At Home, T.J. Maxx, Sears Outlet, Pole Position Raceway, Regal IMAX theater, Regal Cinemas, Destiny USA Hotel

1990 (expanded in 2012 which added 40+ stores)

The Pyramid Companies

7

The Galleria

Houston, Texas

Houston

2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[6]

375

Nordstrom, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue

1970

Simon Property Group, Walton Street Real Estate Funds, Sony Corporation & CalPERS

8

Ala Moana Center

Honolulu, Hawaii

Honolulu

2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[7]

330+

Macy’s, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Shirokiya, Bloomingdale's, Forever 21, Saks Fifth Avenue Off 5th

1959

General Growth Properties

9

Tysons Corner Center

McLean, Virginia

Washington, D.C.

2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[8]

300

Bloomingdale’s, Macy’s, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, AMC Theatres, L. L. Bean, Barnes and Noble, American Girl

1968

Macerich

10

Roosevelt Field

Garden City, New York

New York City

2,400,000 square feet (220,000 m2)[9]

294

Macy’s, Bloomingdale’s, Nordstrom, JCPenney, Dick's Sporting Goods, Neiman Marcus, AMC, X Sport Fitness, Capital Grill, Season's 52, Grande Lux Café, Havana Central, Le Pain Quotidien, Game Stop, Hot Topic

1956

Simon Property Group

11

Sawgrass Mills

Sunrise, Florida

Fort Lauderdale

2,383,906 square feet (221,472.1 m2)[10]

350

P.F. Chang's China Bistro, Villago, Grand Lux Cafe, Matchbox, Last Call by Neiman Marcus, Marshalls, Dick's Sporting Goods, Bloomingdale's - The Outlet Store, Rainforest Cafe, Century 21 Department Store, Off 5th Saks Fifth Avenue, Gap Outlet, Forever 21, Super Target, Brandsmart USA, Trendmax Outlet Store, Burlington Coat Factory, Regal Cinemas, IMAX.

1990

Simon Property Group

12

Woodfield Mall

Schaumburg, Illinois

Chicago

2,224,000 square feet (206,600 m2)[11]

300

Sears, JCPenney, Macy's, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor

1971

Simon Property Group  number 1

13

Palisades Center

West Nyack, New York

New York City

2,217,322 square feet (205,996.0 m2)[12]

400

Lord & Taylor, Barnes & Noble, Macy's, Target, AMC Theaters

1998

The Pyramid Companies

14

Millcreek Mall

Erie, Pennsylvania

Erie County

2,200,000 square feet (200,000 m2)[13]

175

Macy's, JCPenney, Boscov's, Bon-Ton, H&M

1975

Cafaro Company

15

Plaza Las Américas

San Juan, Puerto Rico

San Juan

2,173,000 square feet (201,900 m2)[14]

300+

Macy's, Sears, JCPenney, Old Navy, Caribbean Cinemas, Kmart, Toys "R" Us, Forever 21

1968

Plaza Las Américas, Inc, Empresas Fonalledas, Inc.

16

South Shore Plaza

Braintree, Massachusetts

Boston

2,165,000 square feet (201,100 m2)

225

Macy's, Lord & Taylor, SJordan Creek Town CenterWest Des Moines, Iowa-Des Moines-2,000,000 square feet-165- Dillard’s,Younkers,Scheels, and Von Maurears, Nordstrom, Target

1961

Simon Property Group

17

Westfield Garden State Plaza

Paramus, New Jersey

New York City

2,132,112 square feet (198,079.7 m2)[15]

346

Macy’s, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Lord & Taylor, AMC Theatres

1957

Westfield Corporation

18

Lakewood Center

Lakewood, California

Los Angeles

2,092,710 square feet (194,419 m2)[16]

255

Macy's, Target, Forever 21, JCPenney, Pacific Theatres, Costco

1951

Macerich

19

Scottsdale Fashion Square

Scottsdale, Arizona

Phoenix

2,049,169 square feet (190,374.0 m2)[17]

250+

Macy’s, Dick's Sporting Goods, Dillard's, Forever 21, H&M, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus

1961

Macerich

20

Oakbrook Center

Oak Brook, Illinois

Chicago

2,018,000 square feet (187,500 m2)[18]

175

Macy’s, Sears, Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Lord & Taylor

1962

General Growth Properties, CalPERS

21

NorthPark Center

Dallas, Texas

Dallas

2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m2)

225

Dillard's Macy's, Bloomingdale's, Sears, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom

1965

NorthPark Development Company

text: (Von Maur Opening 2022)