document_title: On Golden Pond (1981 film)

question_text: who starred in the movie on golden pond

question_tokens: who starred in the movie on golden pond

root

text: On Golden Pond (1981 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: An aging couple, Ethel and Norman Thayer, continue the long tradition of spending each summer at their cottage on a lake called Golden Pond, in the far reaches of northern New England. When they first arrive, Ethel notices the loons calling on the lake "welcoming them home". As they resettle into their summer home, Norman's memory problems arise when he is unable to recognize several family photographs, which he copes with by frequently talking about death and growing old. They are visited by their only child, a daughter, Chelsea, who is somewhat estranged from her curmudgeon of a father. She introduces her parents to her fiance Bill and his thirteen-year-old son Billy. Norman tries to play mind games with Bill, an apparent pastime of his, but Bill won't hear of it, saying he can only take so much. In another conversation, Chelsea discusses with Ethel her frustration over her relationship with her overbearing father, feeling that even though she lives thousands of miles away in Los Angeles, she still feels like she's answering to him. Before they depart for a European vacation, Chelsea and Bill ask the Thayers to permit Billy to stay with them while they have some time to themselves. Norman, seeming more senile and cynical than usual due to his 80th birthday and heart palpitations, agrees to Billy's staying. Ethel tells him that he's the sweetest man in the world, but she is the only one who knows it.

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text: Billy is at first annoyed by being left with elderly strangers with no friends nearby and nothing to do. He resents Norman's brusque manner, but eventually comes to enjoy their Golden Pond fishing adventures together. Billy and Norman soon grow obsessed with catching Norman's fish rival, named "Walter", which leads to the accidental destruction of the Thayers' motorboat. Chelsea returns to find out her father has made good friends with her fiance's, now husband's, son. But when she sees the change in her father's demeanor, Chelsea attempts something Billy accomplished that she never could: a backflip. Chelsea successfully executes the dive in front of a cheering Norman, Billy, and Ethel. Chelsea and Norman finally fully embrace before she departs with Billy back home.

text: The final day on Golden Pond comes and the Thayers are loading the last of the boxes. Norman tries to move a heavy box, but starts having heart pain and collapses onto the floor of the porch. Ethel tries unsuccessfully to get the operator to phone the hospital. Norman then says the pain is gone and attempts to stand to say a final farewell to the lake. Ethel tells him she has always known about death but for the first time it felt real, thinking Norman was going to die on the spot. Ethel helps Norman to the edge of the lake where they see the loons and Norman notes how they are just like him and Ethel, that their offspring is grown and gone off on her own, and now it is just the two of them.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Katharine Hepburn – Ethel Thayer
Henry Fonda – Norman Thayer Jr.
Jane Fonda – Chelsea Thayer Wayne
Doug McKeon – Billy Ray
Dabney Coleman – Bill Ray
William Lanteau – Charlie Martin
Christopher Rydell – Sumner Todd

tag: ul

text: Production notes[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Jane Fonda purchased the rights to the play specifically for her father, Henry Fonda, to play the role of the cantankerous Norman Thayer.[3] The father-daughter rift depicted on screen closely paralleled the real-life relationship between the two Fondas.

text: Screenwriter Thompson spent his summers along the shores of Great Pond, located in Belgrade, Maine, but the film was made on Squam Lake in Holderness, New Hampshire.[4] The house used in the film was leased from a New York physician and was modified significantly for the shoot: an entire second floor was added as a balcony over the main living area at the request of the production designer. After the shoot, the production company was contractually obligated to return the house to its original state but the owner liked the renovations so much that he elected to keep the house that way and asked the crew not to dismantle the second story. A gazebo and a small boathouse were also relocated during the shoot.

text: Despite their many common acquaintances and long careers in show business, Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn not only had never worked together, but had never met until working on the film. On the first day of shooting, Hepburn presented Henry Fonda with her longtime companion Spencer Tracy's "lucky" hat, which Fonda wore in the film. Hepburn, who was 74 at the time of filming, performed all her own stunts, including a dive into the pond. The scene in which Norman and step-grandson Billy run their boat into the rocks was filmed repeatedly. The vintage 1951 mahogany Chris-Craft boat, used strictly for the crash scene, was so sturdy that it kept bouncing off the rocks without any damage.[5][6][7] The crew had to modify the boat so it would break away in the wreck. The water level in Squam Lake was so low during the summer of production that Fonda and Doug McKeon could have stood during the scene in which they were supposedly clinging to the rocks for fear of drowning. The September water was barely knee-deep, but it was cold enough that the pair had to wear wetsuits under their clothes.Hepburn, on the other hand, dove into the water without the aid of the wetsuit because she wanted the scene to keep its authenticity. Some of the scenes in which Billy takes the boat out on his own were filmed on nearby Lake Winnipesaukee. While filming the scene where Fonda and Hepburn were watching the loons on the lake, the speedboat that zoomed by and disturbed them was so forceful it overturned their canoe in one take; Fonda was immediately taken out of the water and wrapped up in blankets as his health was fragile by that time. The speedboat was piloted by the screenwriter, Ernest Thompson.

text: When visiting Holderness, New Hampshire, one can take a boat tour of Squam Lake and view the filming sites from the movie. There is also a restaurant called "Walter's Basin", which is named after the trout called "Walter" that Billy catches with Norman. For filming, "Walter" was brought in from a trout pond at the nearby Castle in the Clouds estate. He was released after his capture back into Squam Lake. Leftover footage of Fonda and Hepburn driving through the New Hampshire countryside, as seen in the opening credits, was later used for the opening of the CBS television sitcom Newhart.

text: The studio behind the film was ITC Entertainment, the British company presided over (until late 1981) by Lord Grade, the television and film mogul. It was Grade who largely raised the financing for the film.

text: With a box office take of $119,285,432, On Golden Pond was the second-highest grossing film of the year, following Raiders of the Lost Ark, which earned $209,562,121.[8]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said "On Golden Pond was a treasure for many reasons, but the best one, I think, is that I could believe it. I could believe in its major characters and their relationships, and in the things they felt for one another, and there were moments when the movie was witness to human growth and change. I left the theater feeling good and warm, and with a certain resolve to try to mend my own relationships and learn to start listening better . . . watching the movie, I felt I was witnessing something rare and valuable."[9]

text: In his The New York Times review, Vincent Canby said, "As a successful Broadway play, On Golden Pond was processed American cheese, smooth, infinitely spreadable and bland, with color added by the actors . . . the movie . . . still American cheese, but its stars – Henry Fonda, Katharine Hepburn, Jane Fonda and Dabney Coleman – add more than color to this pasteurized product. On Golden Pond now has the bite of a good old cheddar . . . Mr. Fonda gives one of the great performances of his long, truly distinguished career. Here is film acting of the highest order . . . Miss Hepburn . . . is also in fine form. One of the most appealing things about her as an actress is the way she responds to – and is invigorated by – a strong co-star . . . she needs someone to support, challenge and interact with. Mr. Fonda is the best thing that's happened to her since Spencer Tracy and Humphrey Bogart . . . an added pleasure is the opportunity to see Dabney Coleman [in] a role that goes beyond the caricatures he's usually given to play . . . On Golden Pond is a mixed blessing, but it offers one performance of rare quality and three others that are very good. That's not half-bad."[10]

text: TV Guide rates it 3 ½ out of a possible four stars, calling it "a beautifully photographed movie filled with poignancy, humor, and (of course) superb acting . . . there could have been no finer final curtain for [Henry Fonda] than this."[11] Channel 4 sums up its review by stating, "Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn both shine in an impressively executed Hollywood drama. [It] has its mawkish moments but there's a certain pleasure in that, and writer Thompson's analysis of old age is sensitive, thought-provoking and credible."[12]

text: Not all reviewers were impressed, however. David Kehr of the Chicago Reader called the film "the cinematic equivalent of shrink-wrapping, in which all of the ideas, feelings, characters, and images are neatly separated and hermetically sealed to prevent spoilage, abrasion, or any contact with the natural world . . . Mark Rydell's bright, banal visual style further sterilizes the issues. The film exudes complacency and self-congratulation; it is a very cowardly, craven piece of ersatz art."[13] Time Out London says, "Two of Hollywood's best-loved veterans deserved a far better swan song than this sticky confection."[14] Mad magazine satirized the film as On Olden Pond.

text: American Film Institute recognition

text:
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies – Nominated[15]
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions – No. 22
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes:

"Listen to me, mister. You're my knight in shining armor. Don't you forget it. You're going to get back on that horse, and I'm going to be right behind you, holding on tight, and away we're gonna go, go, go!" – #88
"Come here, Norman. Hurry up. The loons! The loons! They're welcoming us back." – Nominated[16]

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – #24
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers – #45
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[17]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

Academy Awards[18]
March 29, 1982
Best Picture
Bruce Gilbert
Nominated

Best Director
Mark Rydell
Nominated

Best Actor
Henry Fonda
Won

Best Actress
Katharine Hepburn
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Jane Fonda
Nominated

Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium
Ernest Thompson
Won

Best Cinematography
Billy Williams
Nominated

Best Editing
Robert L. Wolfe
Nominated

Best Original Score
Dave Grusin
Nominated

Best Sound
Richard Portman and David M. Ronne
Nominated

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

BAFTA Awards[19]
1984
Best Film
Bruce Gilbert
Nominated

Best Director
Mark Rydell
Nominated

Best Actor
Henry Fonda
Nominated

Best Actress
Katharine Hepburn
Won

Best Supporting Actress
Jane Fonda
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Ernest Thompson
Nominated

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

Golden Globe Awards[20]
1984
Best MotionPicture-Drama
Bruce Gilbert
Won

Best Director
Mark Rydell
Nominated

Best Actor
Henry Fonda
Won

Best Actress
Katharine Hepburn
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Jane Fonda
Nominated

Best Screenplay
Ernest Thompson
Won

text:
Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (nominee)
Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special (nominee)
Writers Guild of America Award for Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium (winner)


document_title: Primary Rate Interface

question_text: isdn uses b & d channels. what is d channel use for

question_tokens: isdn uses b & d channels . what is d channel use for

text: Primary Rate Interface

text: ISDN service types[edit]

text: The Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) prescribes two levels of service:[3]

text:
Basic Rate Interface (BRI): two 64-kbit/s B channels and one 16-kbit/s D channel, intended for small enterprises and residential service.
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) for large organizations, with one 64-kbit/s D channel and 23 (1.536 Mbit/s T1, a.k.a. "23B + D") or 30, 64-kbit/s B channels (2.048 Mbit/s E1, a.k.a. "30B + 2D").

text: Each B-channel carries data, voice, and other services. The D-channel carries control and signaling information. Larger connections are possible using PRI pairing. A dual T1-PRI could have 24 + 23 = 47 B-channels and 1 D-channel (often called "47B + D"), but more commonly has 46 B-channels and 2 D-channels thus providing a backup signaling channel. The concept applies to E1s as well and both can include more than 2 PRIs. When configuring multiple T1's as ISDN-PRI's, it's possible to use NFAS (non-facility associated signalling) to enable one or two D-channels to support additional B-channels on separate T1 circuits.

text: Application[edit]

text: The Primary Rate Interface channels are typically used by medium to large enterprises with digital private branch exchange (PBX) telephone systems to provide digital access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). The B-channels may be used flexibly and reassigned when necessary to meet special needs such as video conferences.

text: PRI channels and direct inward dialing are also common as a means of delivering inbound calls to voice over IP gateways from the PSTN.


document_title: Citric acid cycle

question_text: what is the rate limiting enzyme of kreb's cycle

question_tokens: what is the rate limiting enzyme of kreb 's cycle

text: Citric acid cycle

text: Discovery[edit]

text: Several of the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle were established in the 1930s by the research of Albert Szent-Györgyi, who received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1937 specifically for his discoveries pertaining to fumaric acid, a key component of the cycle.[6] The citric acid cycle itself was finally identified in 1937 by Hans Adolf Krebs and William Arthur Johnson while at the University of Sheffield,[7] for which the former received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1953, and for whom the cycle is sometimes named (Krebs cycle).[8]

text: Evolution[edit]

text: Components of the citric acid cycle were derived from anaerobic bacteria, and the TCA cycle itself may have evolved more than once.[9] Theoretically, several alternatives to the TCA cycle exist; however, the TCA cycle appears to be the most efficient. If several TCA alternatives had evolved independently, they all appear to have converged to the TCA cycle.[10][11]

text: Overview[edit]

text: The citric acid cycle is a key metabolic pathway that connects carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. The reactions of the cycle are carried out by eight enzymes that completely oxidize acetate, in the form of acetyl-CoA, into two molecules each of carbon dioxide and water. Through catabolism of sugars, fats, and proteins, the two-carbon organic product acetyl-CoA (a form of acetate) is produced which enters the citric acid cycle. The reactions of the cycle also convert three equivalents of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into three equivalents of reduced NAD+ (NADH), one equivalent of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) into one equivalent of FADH2, and one equivalent each of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) into one equivalent of guanosine triphosphate (GTP). The NADH and FADH2 generated by the citric acid cycle are, in turn, used by the oxidative phosphorylation pathway to generate energy-rich ATP.

text: One of the primary sources of acetyl-CoA is from the breakdown of sugars by glycolysis which yield pyruvate that in turn is decarboxylated by the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase generating acetyl-CoA according to the following reaction scheme:

text: The product of this reaction, acetyl-CoA, is the starting point for the citric acid cycle. Acetyl-CoA may also be obtained from the oxidation of fatty acids. Below is a schematic outline of the cycle:

text:
The citric acid cycle begins with the transfer of a two-carbon acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to the four-carbon acceptor compound (oxaloacetate) to form a six-carbon compound (citrate).
The citrate then goes through a series of chemical transformations, losing two carboxyl groups as CO2. The carbons lost as CO2 originate from what was oxaloacetate, not directly from acetyl-CoA. The carbons donated by acetyl-CoA become part of the oxaloacetate carbon backbone after the first turn of the citric acid cycle. Loss of the acetyl-CoA-donated carbons as CO2 requires several turns of the citric acid cycle. However, because of the role of the citric acid cycle in anabolism, they might not be lost, since many citric acid cycle intermediates are also used as precursors for the biosynthesis of other molecules.[12]
Most of the energy made available by the oxidative steps of the cycle is transferred as energy-rich electrons to NAD+, forming NADH. For each acetyl group that enters the citric acid cycle, three molecules of NADH are produced.
Electrons are also transferred to the electron acceptor Q, forming QH2 (Q = FAD+, QH2 = FADH2).
For every NADH and FADH2 that are produced in the citric acid cycle, 2.5 and 1.5 ATP molecules are generated in oxidative phosphorylation, respectively.
At the end of each cycle, the four-carbon oxaloacetate has been regenerated, and the cycle continues.

text: Steps[edit]

text: Two carbon atoms are oxidized to CO2, the energy from these reactions is transferred to other metabolic processes through GTP (or ATP), and as electrons in NADH and QH2. The NADH generated in the citric acid cycle may later be oxidized (donate its electrons) to drive ATP synthesis in a type of process called oxidative phosphorylation.[5] FADH2 is covalently attached to succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme which functions both in the CAC and the mitochondrial electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation. FADH2, therefore, facilitates transfer of electrons to coenzyme Q, which is the final electron acceptor of the reaction catalyzed by the succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex, also acting as an intermediate in the electron transport chain.[13]

text: The citric acid cycle is continuously supplied with new carbon in the form of acetyl-CoA, entering at step 0 below.[14]

text:
Substrates
Products
Enzyme
Reaction type
Comment

0 / 10
Oxaloacetate +
Acetyl CoA +
H2O
Citrate +
CoA-SH
Citrate synthase
Aldol condensation
irreversible,
extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule

1
Citrate
cis-Aconitate +
H2O
Aconitase
Dehydration
reversible isomerisation

2
cis-Aconitate +
H2O
Isocitrate
Hydration

3
Isocitrate +
NAD+
Oxalosuccinate +
NADH + H +
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Oxidation
generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP)

4
Oxalosuccinate
α-Ketoglutarate +
CO2
Decarboxylation
rate-limiting, irreversible stage,
generates a 5C molecule

5
α-Ketoglutarate +
NAD+ +
CoA-SH
Succinyl-CoA +
NADH + H+ +
CO2
α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Oxidative
decarboxylation
irreversible stage,
generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP),
regenerates the 4C chain (CoA excluded)

6
Succinyl-CoA +
GDP + Pi
Succinate +
CoA-SH +
GTP
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
substrate-level phosphorylation
or ADP→ATP instead of GDP→GTP,[13]
generates 1 ATP or equivalent
Condensation reaction of GDP + Pi and hydrolysis of Succinyl-CoA involve the H2O needed for balanced equation.

7
Succinate +
ubiquinone (Q)
Fumarate +
ubiquinol (QH2)
Succinate dehydrogenase
Oxidation
uses FAD as a prosthetic group (FAD→FADH2 in the first step of the reaction) in the enzyme,[13]
generates the equivalent of 1.5 ATP

8
Fumarate +
H2O
L-Malate
Fumarase
Hydration
Hydration of C-C double bond

9
L-Malate +
NAD+
Oxaloacetate +
NADH + H+
Malate dehydrogenase
Oxidation
reversible (in fact, equilibrium favors malate), generates NADH (equivalent of 2.5 ATP)

10 / 0
Oxaloacetate +
Acetyl CoA +
H2O
Citrate +
CoA-SH
Citrate synthase
Aldol condensation
This is the same as step 0 and restarts the cycle. The reaction is irreversible and extends the 4C oxaloacetate to a 6C molecule

text: Mitochondria in animals, including humans, possess two succinyl-CoA synthetases: one that produces GTP from GDP, and another that produces ATP from ADP.[15] Plants have the type that produces ATP (ADP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase).[14] Several of the enzymes in the cycle may be loosely associated in a multienzyme protein complex within the mitochondrial matrix.[16]

text: The GTP that is formed by GDP-forming succinyl-CoA synthetase may be utilized by nucleoside-diphosphate kinase to form ATP (the catalyzed reaction is GTP + ADP → GDP + ATP).[13]

text: Structure of intermediates in Fischer projections and polygonal model[edit]

text: The intermediates of citric cycle depicted in Fischer projections show the chemical changing step by step. Such image can be compared to polygonal model representation.[17]

text: Products[edit]

text: Products of the first turn of the cycle are one GTP (or ATP), three NADH, one QH2, and two CO2.

text: Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, two cycles are required per glucose molecule. Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two GTP, six NADH, two QH2, and four CO2.

text:
Description
Reactants
Products

The sum of all reactions in the citric acid cycle is:
Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O
→ CoA-SH + 3 NADH + 3 H+ + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2

Combining the reactions occurring during the pyruvate oxidation with those occurring during the citric acid cycle, the following overall pyruvate oxidation reaction is obtained:
Pyruvate ion + 4 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O
→ 4 NADH + 4 H+ + QH2 + GTP + 3 CO2

Combining the above reaction with the ones occurring in the course of glycolysis, the following overall glucose oxidation reaction (excluding reactions in the respiratory chain) is obtained:
Glucose + 10 NAD+ + 2 Q + 2 ADP + 2 GDP + 4 Pi + 2 H2O
→ 10 NADH + 10 H+ + 2 QH2 + 2 ATP + 2 GTP + 6 CO2

text: The above reactions are balanced if Pi represents the H2PO4− ion, ADP and GDP the ADP2− and GDP2− ions, respectively, and ATP and GTP the ATP3− and GTP3− ions, respectively.

text: The total number of ATP molecules obtained after complete oxidation of one glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation is estimated to be between 30 and 38.[18]

text: Efficiency[edit]

text: The theoretical maximum yield of ATP through oxidation of one molecule of glucose in glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation is 38 (assuming 3 molar equivalents of ATP per equivalent NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2). In eukaryotes, two equivalents of NADH are generated in glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm. Transport of these two equivalents into the mitochondria consumes two equivalents of ATP, thus reducing the net production of ATP to 36. Furthermore, inefficiencies in oxidative phosphorylation due to leakage of protons across the mitochondrial membrane and slippage of the ATP synthase/proton pump commonly reduces the ATP yield from NADH and FADH2 to less than the theoretical maximum yield.[18] The observed yields are, therefore, closer to ~2.5 ATP per NADH and ~1.5 ATP per FADH2, further reducing the total net production of ATP to approximately 30.[19] An assessment of the total ATP yield with newly revised proton-to-ATP ratios provides an estimate of 29.85 ATP per glucose molecule.[20]

text: Variation[edit]

text: While the citric acid cycle is in general highly conserved, there is significant variability in the enzymes found in different taxa[21] (note that the diagrams on this page are specific to the mammalian pathway variant).

text: Some differences exist between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The conversion of D-threo-isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate is catalyzed in eukaryotes by the NAD+-dependent EC 1.1.1.41, while prokaryotes employ the NADP+-dependent EC 1.1.1.42.[22] Similarly, the conversion of (S)-malate to oxaloacetate is catalyzed in eukaryotes by the NAD+-dependent EC 1.1.1.37, while most prokaryotes utilize a quinone-dependent enzyme, EC 1.1.5.4.[23]

text: A step with significant variability is the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate. Most organisms utilize EC 6.2.1.5, succinate–CoA ligase (ADP-forming) (despite its name, the enzyme operates in the pathway in the direction of ATP formation). In mammals a GTP-forming enzyme, succinate–CoA ligase (GDP-forming) (EC 6.2.1.4) also operates. The level of utilization of each isoform is tissue dependent.[24] In some acetate-producing bacteria, such as Acetobacter aceti, an entirely different enzyme catalyzes this conversion – EC 2.8.3.18, succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase. This specialized enzyme links the TCA cycle with acetate metabolism in these organisms.[25] Some bacteria, such as Helicobacter pylori, employ yet another enzyme for this conversion – succinyl-CoA:acetoacetate CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.5).[26]

text: Some variability also exists at the previous step – the conversion of 2-oxoglutarate to succinyl-CoA. While most organisms utilize the ubiquitous NAD+-dependent 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, some bacteria utilize a ferredoxin-dependent 2-oxoglutarate synthase (EC 1.2.7.3).[27] Other organisms, including obligately autotrophic and methanotrophic bacteria and archaea, bypass succinyl-CoA entirely, and convert 2-oxoglutarate to succinate via succinate semialdehyde, using EC 4.1.1.71, 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase, and EC 1.2.1.79, succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase.[28]

text: Regulation[edit]

text: The regulation of the citric acid cycle is largely determined by product inhibition and substrate availability. If the cycle were permitted to run unchecked, large amounts of metabolic energy could be wasted in overproduction of reduced coenzyme such as NADH and ATP. The major eventual substrate of the cycle is ADP which gets converted to ATP. A reduced amount of ADP causes accumulation of precursor NADH which in turn can inhibit a number of enzymes. NADH, a product of all dehydrogenases in the citric acid cycle with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase, inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and also citrate synthase. Acetyl-coA inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase, while succinyl-CoA inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. When tested in vitro with TCA enzymes, ATP inhibits citrate synthase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase; however, ATP levels do not change more than 10% in vivo between rest and vigorous exercise. There is no known allosteric mechanism that can account for large changes in reaction rate from an allosteric effector whose concentration changes less than 10%.[5]

text: Calcium is also used as a regulator in the citric acid cycle. Calcium levels in the mitochondrial matrix can reach up to the tens of micromolar levels during cellular activation.[29] It activates pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase which in turn activates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Calcium also activates isocitrate dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.[30] This increases the reaction rate of many of the steps in the cycle, and therefore increases flux throughout the pathway.

text: Citrate is used for feedback inhibition, as it inhibits phosphofructokinase, an enzyme involved in glycolysis that catalyses formation of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, a precursor of pyruvate. This prevents a constant high rate of flux when there is an accumulation of citrate and a decrease in substrate for the enzyme.

text: Recent work has demonstrated an important link between intermediates of the citric acid cycle and the regulation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF). HIF plays a role in the regulation of oxygen homeostasis, and is a transcription factor that targets angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, glucose utilization, iron transport and apoptosis. HIF is synthesized consititutively, and hydroxylation of at least one of two critical proline residues mediates their interaction with the von Hippel Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which targets them for rapid degradation. This reaction is catalysed by prolyl 4-hydroxylases. Fumarate and succinate have been identified as potent inhibitors of prolyl hydroxylases, thus leading to the stabilisation of HIF.[31]

text: Major metabolic pathways converging on the citric acid cycle[edit]

text: Several catabolic pathways converge on the citric acid cycle. Most of these reactions add intermediates to the citric acid cycle, and are therefore known as anaplerotic reactions, from the Greek meaning to "fill up". These increase the amount of acetyl CoA that the cycle is able to carry, increasing the mitochondrion's capability to carry out respiration if this is otherwise a limiting factor. Processes that remove intermediates from the cycle are termed "cataplerotic" reactions.

text: In this section and in the next, the citric acid cycle intermediates are indicated in italics to distinguish them from other substrates and end-products.

text: Pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the matrix. Here they can be oxidized and combined with coenzyme A to form CO2, acetyl-CoA, and NADH, as in the normal cycle.[32]

text: However, it is also possible for pyruvate to be carboxylated by pyruvate carboxylase to form oxaloacetate. This latter reaction "fills up" the amount of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle, and is therefore an anaplerotic reaction, increasing the cycle’s capacity to metabolize acetyl-CoA when the tissue's energy needs (e.g. in muscle) are suddenly increased by activity.[33]

text: In the citric acid cycle all the intermediates (e.g. citrate, iso-citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate and oxaloacetate) are regenerated during each turn of the cycle. Adding more of any of these intermediates to the mitochondrion therefore means that that additional amount is retained within the cycle, increasing all the other intermediates as one is converted into the other. Hence the addition of any one of them to the cycle has an anaplerotic effect, and its removal has a cataplerotic effect. These anaplerotic and cataplerotic reactions will, during the course of the cycle, increase or decrease the amount of oxaloacetate available to combine with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid. This in turn increases or decreases the rate of ATP production by the mitochondrion, and thus the availability of ATP to the cell.[33]

text: Acetyl-CoA, on the other hand, derived from pyruvate oxidation, or from the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, is the only fuel to enter the citric acid cycle. With each turn of the cycle one molecule of acetyl-CoA is consumed for every molecule of oxaloacetate present in the mitochondrial matrix, and is never regenerated. It is the oxidation of the acetate portion of acetyl-CoA that produces CO2 and water, with the energy thus released captured in the form of ATP.[33]

text: In the liver, the carboxylation of cytosolic pyruvate into intra-mitochondrial oxaloacetate is an early step in the gluconeogenic pathway which converts lactate and de-aminated alanine into glucose,[32][33] under the influence of high levels of glucagon and/or epinephrine in the blood.[33] Here the addition of oxaloacetate to the mitochondrion does not have a net anaplerotic effect, as another citric acid cycle intermediate (malate) is immediately removed from the mitochondrion to be converted into cytosolic oxaloacetate, which is ultimately converted into glucose, in a process that is almost the reverse of glycolysis.[33]

text: In protein catabolism, proteins are broken down by proteases into their constituent amino acids. Their carbon skeletons (i.e. the de-aminated amino acids) may either enter the citric acid cycle as intermediates (e.g. alpha-ketoglutarate derived from glutamate or glutamine), having an anaplerotic effect on the cycle, or, in the case of leucine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine, they are converted into acetyl-CoA which can be burned to CO2 and water, or used to form ketone bodies, which too can only be burned in tissues other than the liver where they are formed, or excreted via the urine or breath.[33] These latter amino acids are therefore termed "ketogenic" amino acids, whereas those that enter the citric acid cycle as intermediates can only be cataplerotically removed by entering the gluconeogenic pathway via malate which is transported out of the mitochondrion to be converted into cytosolic oxaloacetate and ultimately into glucose. These are the so-called "glucogenic" amino acids. De-aminated alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, and threonine are converted to pyruvate and can consequently either enter the citric acid cycle as oxaloacetate (an anaplerotic reaction) or as acetyl-CoA to be disposed of as CO2 and water.[33]

text: In fat catabolism, triglycerides are hydrolyzed to break them into fatty acids and glycerol. In the liver the glycerol can be converted into glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by way of gluconeogenesis. In many tissues, especially heart and skeletal muscle tissue, fatty acids are broken down through a process known as beta oxidation, which results in the production of mitochondrial acetyl-CoA, which can be used in the citric acid cycle. Beta oxidation of fatty acids with an odd number of methylene bridges produces propionyl-CoA, which is then converted into succinyl-CoA and fed into the citric acid cycle as an anaplerotic intermediate.[34]

text: The total energy gained from the complete breakdown of one (six-carbon) molecule of glucose by glycolysis, the formation of 2 acetyl-CoA molecules, their catabolism in the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation equals about 30 ATP molecules, in eukaryotes. The number of ATP molecules derived from the beta oxidation of a 6 carbon segment of a fatty acid chain, and the subsequent oxidation of the resulting 3 molecules of acetyl-CoA is 40.

text: Citric acid cycle intermediates serve as substrates for biosynthetic processes[edit]

text: In this subheading, as in the previous one, the TCA intermediates are identified by italics.

text: Several of the citric acid cycle intermediates are used for the synthesis of important compounds, which will have significant cataplerotic effects on the cycle.[33] Acetyl-CoA cannot be transported out of the mitochondrion. To obtain cytosolic acetyl-CoA, citrate is removed from the citric acid cycle and carried across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the cytosol. There it is cleaved by ATP citrate lyase into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. The oxaloacetate is returned to mitochondrion as malate (and then converted back into oxaloacetate to transfer more acetyl-CoA out of the mitochondrion).[35] The cytosolic acetyl-CoA is used for fatty acid synthesis and the production of cholesterol. Cholesterol can, in turn, be used to synthesize the steroid hormones, bile salts, and vitamin D.[32][33]

text: The carbon skeletons of many non-essential amino acids are made from citric acid cycle intermediates. To turn them into amino acids the alpha keto-acids formed from the citric acid cycle intermediates have to acquire their amino groups from glutamate in a transamination reaction, in which pyridoxal phosphate is a cofactor. In this reaction the glutamate is converted into alpha-ketoglutarate, which is a citric acid cycle intermediate. The intermediates that can provide the carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis are oxaloacetate which forms aspartate and asparagine; and alpha-ketoglutarate which forms glutamine, proline, and arginine.[32][33]

text: Of these amino acids, aspartate and glutamine are used, together with carbon and nitrogen atoms from other sources, to form the purines that are used as the bases in DNA and RNA, as well as in ATP, AMP, GTP, NAD, FAD and CoA.[33]

text: The pyrimidines are partly assembled from aspartate (derived from oxaloacetate). The pyrimidines, thymine, cytosine and uracil, form the complementary bases to the purine bases in DNA and RNA, and are also components of CTP, UMP, UDP and UTP.[33]

text: The majority of the carbon atoms in the porphyrins come from the citric acid cycle intermediate, succinyl-CoA. These molecules are an important component of the hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and various cytochromes.[33]

text: During gluconeogenesis mitochondrial oxaloacetate is reduced to malate which is then transported out of the mitochondrion, to be oxidized back to oxaloacetate in the cytosol. Cytosolic oxaloacetate is then decarboxylated to phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, which is the rate limiting step in the conversion of nearly all the gluconeogenic precursors (such as the glucogenic amino acids and lactate) into glucose by the liver and kidney.[32][33]

text: Because the citric acid cycle is involved in both catabolic and anabolic processes, it is known as an amphibolic pathway.

text: Interactive pathway map[edit]

text: Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. [§ 1]

text: Jump up ^ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "TCACycle_WP78".

tag: ol

text: Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating Lactate[edit]

text: The metabolic role of lactate is well recognized, including as a fuel for tissues and tumors. In the classical Cori cycle, muscles produce lactate which is then taken up by the liver for gluconeogenesis. New studies suggest that lactate can be used as a source of carbon for the TCA cycle.[36]


document_title: Disaster recovery plan

question_text: who monitor the recovery of the location during a disaster

text: Disaster recovery plan

text: Objectives[edit]

text: Organizations cannot always avoid disasters, but with careful planning the effects of a disaster can be minimized. The objective of a disaster recovery plan is to minimize downtime and data loss.[3] The primary objective is to protect the organization in the event that all or part of its operations and/or computer services are rendered unusable. The plan minimizes the disruption of operations and ensures that some level of organizational stability and an orderly recovery after a disaster will prevail.[2] Minimizing downtime and data loss is measured in terms of two concepts: the recovery time objective (RTO) and the recovery point objective (RPO).

text: The recovery time objective is the time within which a business process must be restored, after a major incident (MI) has occurred, in order to avoid unacceptable consequences associated with a break in business continuity. The recovery point objective (RPO) is the age of files that must be recovered from backup storage for normal operations to resume if a computer, system, or network goes down as a result of a MI. The RPO is expressed backwards in time (that is, into the past) starting from the instant at which the MI occurs, and can be specified in seconds, minutes, hours, or days.[4] The recovery point objective (RPO) is thus the maximum acceptable amount of data loss measured in time. It is the age of the files or data in backup storage required to resume normal operations after the MI.[5]

text: Relationship to the Business Continuity Plan[edit]

text: According to the SANS institute, the Business Continuity Plan (BCP) is a comprehensive organizational plan that includes the disaster recovery plan. The Institute further states that a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) consists of the five component plans:[6]

text:
Business Resumption Plan
Occupant Emergency Plan
Continuity of Operations Plan
Incident Management Plan
Disaster Recovery Plan

text: The Institute states that the first three plans (Business Resumption, Occupant Emergency, and Continuity of Operations Plans) do not deal with the IT infrastructure. They further state that the Incident Management Plan (IMP) does deal with the IT infrastructure, but since it establishes structure and procedures to address cyber attacks against an organization’s IT systems, it generally does not represent an agent for activating the Disaster Recovery Plan, leaving The Disaster Recovery Plan as the only BCP component of interest to IT.[6]

text: Disaster Recovery Institute International states that disaster recovery is the area of business continuity that deals with technology recovery as opposed to the recovery of business operations.[7]

text: Benefits[edit]

text: Like every insurance plan, there are benefits that can be obtained from the drafting of a disaster recovery plan. Some of these benefits are:[2]

text:
Providing a sense of security
Minimizing risk of delays
Guaranteeing the reliability of standby systems
Providing a standard for testing the plan
Minimizing decision-making during a disaster
Reducing potential legal liabilities
Lowering unnecessarily stressful work environment

text: Types of plans[edit]

text: There is no one right type of disaster recovery plan,[8] nor is there a one-size-fits-all disaster recovery plan.[1][8] However, there are three basic strategies that feature in all disaster recovery plans: (1) preventive measures, (2) detective measures, and (3) corrective measures.[9] Preventive measures will try to prevent a disaster from occurring. These measures seek to identify and reduce risks. They are designed to mitigate or prevent an event from happening. These measures may include keeping data backed up and off site, using surge protectors, installing generators and conducting routine inspections. Detective measures are taken to discover the presence of any unwanted events within the IT infrastructure. Their aim is to uncover new potential threats. They may detect or uncover unwanted events. These measures include installing fire alarms, using up-to-date antivirus software, holding employee training sessions, and installing server and network monitoring software. Corrective measures are aimed to restore a system after a disaster or otherwise unwanted event takes place. These measures focus on fixing or restoring the systems after a disaster. Corrective measures may include keeping critical documents in the Disaster Recovery Plan or securing proper insurance policies, after a "lessons learned" brainstorming session.[1][10]

text: A disaster recovery plan must answer at least three basic questions: (1) what is its objective and purpose, (2) who will be the people or teams who will be responsible in case any disruptions happen, and (3) what will these people do (the procedures to be followed) when the disaster strikes.[11]

text: Types of disasters[edit]

text: Disasters can be natural or man-made. Man-made disasters could be intentional (for example, sabotage or an act of terrorism) or unintentional (that is, accidental, such as the breakage of a man-made dam). Disasters may encompass more than weather. They may involve Internet threats or take on other man-made manifestations such as theft.[1]

text: Natural disaster[edit]

text: A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from the earth's natural hazards. Examples of natural disasters are floods, tsunamis, tornadoes, hurricanes/cyclones, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, heat waves, and landslides. Other types of disasters include the more cosmic scenario of an asteroid hitting the Earth.

text: Man-made disasters[edit]

text: Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include stampedes, urban fires, industrial accidents, oil spills, nuclear explosions/nuclear radiation and acts of war. Other types of man-made disasters include the more cosmic scenarios of catastrophic global warming, nuclear war, and bioterrorism.

text: The following table categorizes some disasters and notes first response initiatives. Note that whereas the sources of a disaster may be natural (for example, heavy rains) or man-made (for example, a broken dam), the results may be similar (flooding).[12]

text:
Natural
Disaster

Example
Profile
First Response

Avalanche
The sudden, drastic flow of snow down a slope, occurring when either natural triggers, such as loading from new snow or rain, or artificial triggers, such as explosives or backcountry skiers, overload the snowpack
Shut off utilities; Evacuate building if necessary; Determine impact on the equipment and facilities and any disruption

Blizzard
A severe snowstorm characterized by very strong winds and low temperatures
Power off all equipment; listen to blizzard advisories; Evacuate area, if unsafe; Assess damage

Earthquake
The shaking of the earth’s crust, caused by underground volcanic forces of breaking and shifting rock beneath the earth’s surface
Shut off utilities; Evacuate building if necessary; Determine impact on the equipment and facilities and any disruption

Fire (wild)
Fires that originate in uninhabited areas and which pose the risk to spread to inhabited areas
Attempt to suppress fire in early stages; Evacuate personnel on alarm, as necessary; Notify fire department; Shut off utilities; Monitor weather advisories

Flood
Flash flooding: Small creeks, gullies, dry streambeds, ravines, culverts or even low-lying areas flood quickly
Monitor flood advisories; Determine flood potential to facilities; Pre-stage emergency power generating equipment; Assess damage

Freezing Rain
Rain occurring when outside surface temperature is below freezing
Monitor weather advisories; Notify employees of business closure; home; Arrange for snow and ice removal

Heat wave
A prolonged period of excessively hot weather relative to the usual weather pattern of an area and relative to normal temperatures for the season
Listen to weather advisories; Power-off all servers after a graceful shutdown if there is imminent potential of power failure; Shut down main electric circuit usually located in the basement or the first floor

Hurricane
Heavy rains and high winds
Power off all equipment; listen to hurricane advisories; Evacuate area, if flooding is possible; Check gas, water and electrical lines for damage; Do not use telephones, in the event of severe lightning; Assess damage

Landslide
Geological phenomenon which includes a range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows
Shut off utilities; Evacuate building if necessary; Determine impact on the equipment and facilities and any disruption

Lightning strike
An electrical discharge caused by lightning, typically during thunderstorms
Power off all equipment; listen to hurricane advisories; Evacuate area, if flooding is possible; Check gas, water and electrical lines for damage; Do not use telephones, in the event of severe lightning; Assess damage

Limnic eruption
The sudden eruption of carbon dioxide from deep lake water
Shut off utilities; Evacuate building if necessary; Determine impact on the equipment and facilities and any disruption

Tornado
Violent rotating columns of air which descent from severe thunderstorm cloud systems
Monitor tornado advisories; Power off equipment; Shut off utilities (power and gas); Assess damage once storm passes

Tsunami
A series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake, usually caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water
Power off all equipment; listen to tsunami advisories; Evacuate area, if flooding is possible; Check gas, water and electrical lines for damage; Assess damage

Volcanic eruption
The release of hot magma, volcanic ash and/or gases from a volcano
Shut off utilities; Evacuate building if necessary; Determine impact on the equipment and facilities and any disruption

Man-made
Bioterrorism
The intentional release or dissemination of biological agents as a means of coercion
Get information immediately from your Public Health officials via the news media as to the right course of action; If you think you have been exposed, quickly remove your clothing and wash off your skin; Also put on a HEPA to help prevent inhalation of the agent[13]

Civil unrest
A disturbance caused by a group of people that may include sit-ins and other forms of obstructions, riots, sabotage and other forms of crime, and which is intended to be a demonstration to the public and the government, but can escalate into general chaos
Contact local police or law enforcement[14][15]

Fire (urban)
Even with strict building fire codes, people still perish needlessly in fires
Attempt to suppress fire in early stages; Evacuate personnel on alarm, as necessary; Notify fire department; Shut off utilities; Monitor weather advisories

Hazardous material spills
The escape of solids, liquids, or gases that can harm people, other living organisms, property or the environment, from their intended controlled environment such as a container.
Leave the area and call the local fire department for help.[16] If anyone was affected by the spill, call the your local Emergency Medical Services line[17]

Nuclear and Radiation Accidents
An event involving significant release of radioactivity to the environment or a reactor core meltdown and which leads to major undesirable consequences to people, the environment, or the facility
Recognize that a CBRN incident has or may occur. Gather, assess and disseminate all available information to first responders. Establish an overview of the affected area. Provide and obtain regular updates to and from first responders.[18]

Power Failure
Caused by summer or winter storms, lightning or construction equipment digging in the wrong location
Wait 5–10 minutes; Power-off all Servers after a graceful shutdown; Do not use telephones, in the event of severe lightning; Shut down main electric circuit usually located in the basement or the first floor

text: In the realm of information technology per se, disasters may also be the result of a computer security exploit. Some of these are: computer viruses, cyberattacks, denial-of-service attacks, hacking, and malware exploits. These are ordinarily attended to by information security experts.

text: Planning methodology[edit]

text: According to Geoffrey H. Wold of the Disaster Recovery Journal, the entire process involved in developing a Disaster Recovery Plan consists of 10 steps:[2]

text: Obtaining top management commitment[edit]

text: For a disaster recovery plan to be successful, the central responsibility for the plan must reside on top management. Management is responsible for coordinating the disaster recovery plan and ensuring its effectiveness within the organization. It is also responsible for allocating adequate time and resources required in the development of an effective plan. Resources that management must allocate include both financial considerations and the effort of all personnel involved.

text: Establishing a planning committee[edit]

text: A planning committee is appointed to oversee the development and implementation of the plan. The planning committee includes representatives from all functional areas of the organization. Key committee members customarily include the operations manager and the data processing manager. The committee also defines the scope of the plan.

text: Performing a risk assessment[edit]

text: The planning committee prepares a risk analysis and a business impact analysis (BIA) that includes a range of possible disasters, including natural, technical and human threats. Each functional area of the organization is analyzed to determine the potential consequence and impact associated with several disaster scenarios. The risk assessment process also evaluates the safety of critical documents and vital records. Traditionally, fire has posed the greatest threat to an organization. Intentional human destruction, however, should also be considered. A thorough plan provides for the “worst case” situation: destruction of the main building. It is important to assess the impacts and consequences resulting from loss of information and services. The planning committee also analyzes the costs related to minimizing the potential exposures.

text: Establishing priorities for processing and operations[edit]

text: At this point, the critical needs of each department within the organization are evaluated in order to prioritize them. Establishing priorities is important because no organization possesses infinite resources and criteria must be set as to where to allocate resources first. Some of the areas often reviewed during the prioritization process are functional operations, key personnel and their functions, information flow, processing systems used, services provided, existing documentation, historical records, and the department's policies and procedures.

text: Processing and operations are analyzed to determine the maximum amount of time that the department and organization can operate without each critical system. This will later get mapped into the Recovery Time Objective. A critical system is defined as that which is part of a system or procedure necessary to continue operations should a department, computer center, main facility or a combination of these be destroyed or become inaccessible. A method used to determine the critical needs of a department is to document all the functions performed by each department. Once the primary functions have been identified, the operations and processes are then ranked in order of priority: essential, important and non-essential.

text: Determining recovery strategies[edit]

text: During this phase, the most practical alternatives for processing in case of a disaster are researched and evaluated. All aspects of the organization are considered, including physical facilities, computer hardware and software, communications links, data files and databases, customer services provided, user operations, the overall management information systems (MIS) structure, end-user systems, and any other processing operations.

text: Alternatives, dependent upon the evaluation of the computer function, may include: hot sites, warm sites, cold sites, reciprocal agreements, the provision of more than one data center, the installation and deployment of multiple computer system, duplication of service center, consortium arrangements, lease of equipment, and any combinations of the above.

text: Written agreements for the specific recovery alternatives selected are prepared, specifying contract duration, termination conditions, system testing, cost, any special security procedures, procedure for the notification of system changes, hours of operation, the specific hardware and other equipment required for processing, personnel requirements, definition of the circumstances constituting an emergency, process to negotiate service extensions, guarantee of compatibility, availability, non-mainframe resource requirements, priorities, and other contractual issues.

text: Collecting data[edit]

text: In this phase, data collection takes place. Among the recommended data gathering materials and documentation often included are various lists (employee backup position listing, critical telephone numbers list, master call list, master vendor list, notification checklist), inventories (communications equipment, documentation, office equipment, forms, insurance policies, workgroup and data center computer hardware, microcomputer hardware and software, office supply, off-site storage location equipment, telephones, etc.), distribution register, software and data files backup/retention schedules, temporary location specifications, any other such other lists, materials, inventories and documentation. Pre-formatted forms are often used to facilitate the data gathering process.

text: Organizing and documenting a written plan[edit]

text: Next, an outline of the plan’s contents is prepared to guide the development of the detailed procedures. Top management reviews and approves the proposed plan. The outline can ultimately be used for the table of contents after final revision. Other four benefits of this approach are that (1) it helps to organize the detailed procedures, (2) identifies all major steps before the actual writing process begins, (3) identifies redundant procedures that only need to be written once, and (4) provides a road map for developing the procedures.

text: It is often considered best practice to develop a standard format for the disaster recovery plan so as to facilitate the writing of detailed procedures and the documentation of other information to be included in the plan later. This helps ensure that the disaster plan follows a consistent format and allows for its ongoing future maintenance. Standardization is also important if more than one person is involved in writing the procedures.

text: It is during this phase that the actual written plan is developed in its entirety, including all detailed procedures to be used before, during, and after a disaster. The procedures include methods for maintaining and updating the plan to reflect any significant internal, external or systems changes. The procedures allow for a regular review of the plan by key personnel within the organization. The disaster recovery plan is structured using a team approach. Specific responsibilities are assigned to the appropriate team for each functional area of the organization. Teams responsible for administrative functions, facilities, logistics, user support, computer backup, restoration and other important areas in the organization are identified.

text: The structure of the contingency organization may not be the same as the existing organization chart. The contingency organization is usually structured with teams responsible for major functional areas such as administrative functions, facilities, logistics, user support, computer backup, restoration, and any other important area.

text: The management team is especially important because it coordinates the recovery process. The team assesses the disaster, activates the recovery plan, and contacts team managers. The management team also oversees, documents and monitors the recovery process. It is helpful when management team members are the final decision-makers in setting priorities, policies and procedures. Each team has specific responsibilities that are completed to ensure successful execution of the plan. The teams have an assigned manager and an alternate in case the team manager is not available. Other team members may also have specific assignments where possible.

text: Developing testing criteria and procedures[edit]

text: Best practices dictate that DR plans be thoroughly tested and evaluated on a regular basis (at least annually). Thorough DR plans include documentation with the procedures for testing the plan. The tests will provide the organization with the assurance that all necessary steps are included in the plan. Other reasons for testing include:

text:
Determining the feasibility and compatibility of backup facilities and procedures.
Identifying areas in the plan that need modification.
Providing training to the team managers and team members.
Demonstrating the ability of the organization to recover.
Providing motivation for maintaining and updating the disaster recovery plan.

text: Testing the plan[edit]

text: After testing procedures have been completed, an initial "dry run" of the plan is performed by conducting a structured walk-through test. The test will provide additional information regarding any further steps that may need to be included, changes in procedures that are not effective, and other appropriate adjustments. These may not become evident unless an actual dry-run test is performed. The plan is subsequently updated to correct any problems identified during the test. Initially, testing of the plan is done in sections and after normal business hours to minimize disruptions to the overall operations of the organization. As the plan is further polished, future tests occur during normal business hours.

text: Types of tests include: checklist tests, simulation tests, parallel tests, and full interruption tests.

text: Obtaining plan approval[edit]

text: Once the disaster recovery plan has been written and tested, the plan is then submitted to management for approval. It is top management’s ultimate responsibility that the organization has a documented and tested plan. Management is responsible for (1) establishing the policies, procedures and responsibilities for comprehensive contingency planning, and (2) reviewing and approving the contingency plan annually, documenting such reviews in writing.

text: Organizations that receive information processing from service bureaus will, in addition, also need to (1) evaluate the adequacy of contingency plans for its service bureau, and (2)ensure that its contingency plan is compatible with its service bureau’s plan.

text: Caveats/controversies[edit]

text: Due to its high cost, disaster recovery plans are not without critics. Cormac Foster has identified five "common mistakes" organizations often make related to disaster recovery planning:[19]

text: Lack of buy-in[edit]

text: One factor is the perception by executive management that DR planning is "just another fake earthquake drill" or CEOs that fail to make DR planning and preparation a priority, are often significant contributors to the failure of a DR plan.

text: Incomplete RTOs and RPOs[edit]

text: Another critical point is failure to include each and every important business process or a block of data. "Every item in your DR plan requires a Recovery Time Objective (RTO) defining maximum process downtime or a Recovery Point Objective (RPO) noting an acceptable restore point. Anything less creates ripples that can extend the disaster's impact." As an example, "payroll, accounting and the weekly customer newsletter may not be mission-critical in the first 24 hours, but left alone for several days, they can become more important than any of your initial problems."

text: Systems myopia[edit]

text: A third point of failure involves focusing only on DR without considering the larger business continuity needs: "Data and systems restoration after a disaster are essential, but every business process in your organization will need IT support, and that support requires planning and resources." As an example, corporate office space lost to a disaster can result in an instant pool of teleworkers which, in turn, can overload a company's VPN overnight, overwork the IT support staff at the blink of an eye and cause serious bottlenecks and monopolies with the dial-in PBX system.

text: Lax security[edit]

text: When there is a disaster, an organization's data and business processes become vulnerable. As such, security can be more important than the raw speed involved in a disaster recovery plan's RTO. The most critical consideration then becomes securing the new data pipelines: from new VPNs to the connection from offsite backup services. Another security concern includes documenting every step of the recovery process—something that is especially important in highly regulated industries, government agencies, or in disasters requiring post-mortem forensics. Locking down or remotely wiping lost handheld devices is also an area that may require addressing.

text: Outdated plans[edit]

text: Another important aspect that is often overlooked involves the frequency with which DR Plans are updated. Yearly updates are recommended but some industries or organizations require more frequent updates because business processes evolve or because of quicker data growth. To stay relevant, disaster recovery plans should be an integral part of all business analysis processes, and should be revisited at every major corporate acquisition, at every new product launch and at every new system development milestone.


document_title: Tony Stonem

question_text: who does tony end up with on skins

question_tokens: who does tony end up with on skins

text: Tony Stonem

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Tony appears to be a very handsome, popular and academically gifted young man, with a typical English middle-class background. He plays cruel games with his family and friends, in particular those closest to him, his girlfriend Michelle (April Pearson) and best friend Sid (Mike Bailey). In "Sid", he displays his love for "control and manipulation" and fondness for the unpredictability of the universe, comparing the lives of those around to him to the functions of subatomic particles. In the Unseen Skins episode "The Cat & The Duck", Michelle characterises Tony as like ice, "cold and transparent."[1]

text: Tony's sexual encounters are supposedly vast. In "Michelle", Jal Fazer (Larissa Wilson) is able to recall a long list of his conquests. Michelle later puts to Abigail Stock (Georgina Moffat) that he "fucks everyone... including boys." In "Maxxie & Anwar", Tony attempts an oral tryst with his gay friend Maxxie (Mitch Hewer). Tony does not specify a sexual orientation but he says to Maxxie that he simply wants "to try something new". In a psychology lesson, he equates sex with power and his lust for both is portrayed in his presentation. An aspect of his subconscious (portrayed as a college headmaster) refers to him as "polysexual", in series two's "Tony" episode. Bryan Elsley characterizes Tony's attempt to seduce Maxxie as an exploration of the character's sexual fluidity; in season one of the American adaptation, Maxxie's character is replaced by the character Tea (Sofia Black D'Elia), and her sexual fluidity is substituted for Tony's.[2] In the British series, Tony fits the older television and film archetype of the "narcissistic, controlling, and stereotypically sociopathic 'bad bisexual'".[3]

text: Tony's reading habits give insight into his personality. In "Tony", the book he reads in the bathroom is La Nausée by Jean-Paul Sartre, a novel about existentialism and defining oneself. In "Sid", he is shown reading Friedrich Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra, a book which challenges existing moral values. In "Maxxie and Anwar" he reads Jeanette Winterson's Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, a book about a young girl struggling with her homosexuality. In the "Tony" episode of series 2, he is seen reading Ayn Rand's Atlas Shrugged, while sitting on the train.

text: Character history[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text: In the episode "Tony", he attempts to help his best friend Sid to lose his virginity before turning 17 for fear of being associated with a perceived loser. After momentarily suggesting Sid may lose it to Michelle, he later reveals he was referring to Cassie (Hannah Murray). He orders Sid to acquire some weed from local drug dealer Madison Twatter, and eventually ends up driving a stolen car with his friends into the harbour where the drugs are lost.

text: Tony also begins a flirtatious relationship with local rich girl Abigail, which develops in "Jal" when he is spotted kissing her by Jal, and later in "Sid" where he uses her to break up with Michelle, claiming that he is doing it for Sid, to give him an opportunity to pursue his crush, only to get back with her in an attempt to emotionally damage Sid and Michelle. In "Maxxie and Anwar", on a school trip to Russia he aggressively and persistently tries to perform oral sex on his gay friend Maxxie, only to find he is bad at it. Michelle witnesses this and is shocked, and believing he could be in the closet, probes him to reveal any secrets he may be carrying.

text: In "Michelle", the episode starts with Michelle watching him as he continues to behave flirtatiously around Maxxie. Enraged, Michelle walks over to, punches and subsequently dumps him after he fails to tell her about his encounter with Maxxie, and she learns of various other affairs. He is subsequently punched by Sid and later slapped by another a girl in psychology lesson as punishment for the incident. After Michelle starts a relationship with Abigail's brother, Josh, Tony then schemes to get her back. He takes sexual pictures of Abigail, and then transmits them to Josh's phone, from where he sends them to Michelle in order to make her think he's as crazy as his sister. Tony attempts a reconciliation, but she still turns him down.

text: In "Effy", Tony comes to terms with the destructive nature of his machinations when faced with a chase to find his sister, Effy Stonem and is given a terrible proposition: he must have sex with his unconscious sister if he wants her back from her captors. This scares him to tears, enough for Josh to tell him his lesson has been learned and let him go. His friendship with Sid is reaffirmed as Sid is the only one there for him in his crisis.

text: Later, in the series finale, Tony repays his debt to Sid by removing him from a mental institution and taking Sid to find Cassie. After leaving Sid at Anwar (Dev Patel)'s party, he tries to call Michelle, but loses her signal, resorting to standing in the middle of the road to get the signal back. He confesses to Michelle that he really does love her but is cut short when he is run over by a bus. Michelle is left staring at her phone as, elsewhere, Effy holds his bleeding body in shock, and the episode ends with Tony's status unclear.

text: The Lost Weeks[edit]

text: It is revealed in Sid's "Lost Weeks" video that Tony has been left in a coma following the accident. This is followed by Tony's video, in which he awakes from his coma while listening to a tape of the gang telling rude and shocking stories to try to shock him into consciousness.

text: Series 2[edit]

text: In "Tony and Maxxie", the first episode of Series 2, Tony is shown to be physically and mentally changed by his accident, after suffering from a subdural hematoma. He has shown to have lost most of his characteristic wit and confidence that was present in series 1. In a conversation with Maxxie's mum he states that "I'm stupid now" and on a bus he holds Maxxie's hand for security after a bus drives past. Having lost the ability to write among other disabilities, he finally manages to scribble his name by "dancing" his way through, with guidance from Maxxie. In "Sketch", Tony starts to show visible signs of his previous affection for Michelle, but the consequences of his accident keep the relationship from working. Their brief sexual encounter reveals to Tony and the audience he has been rendered impotent as a result of the accident. Later on – he actively searches for her after the School Play when Michelle does not appear as a result of Sketch (Aimee-Ffion Edwards) having poisoned her. He tells Michelle that he thinks he told her that he loved her the night of his accident, however the conclusion is left on a slightly ambiguous note on whether or not he was guessing.

text: In "Sid", Tony is seen to have improved more, however his language tends to get jumbled. At the end of the episode he successfully learns how to hold a cigarette. He helps Sid come to terms with his father's death, even by shutting his eyelids. The pair embark on an emotional embrace in a club which symbolizes their shattered friendship and the pain the two are both suffering. In "Michelle", Michelle perseveres with Tony and attempts to seduce him despite the protests of Mrs. Stonem, Tony's mother. However Michelle's attempts fail with Tony still showing visible sexual difficulty, Michelle gets upset that Tony is still not 'better for her' – and leaves, stressing that she needs more time. Tony decides not to accompany the rest of the group on Michelle's birthday holiday but still gets her a present. After Michelle has had sex with Sid on the beach she finds that the birthday present is her watch that he was wearing at the time of his accident, with a note from Tony reading 'You said you needed some time'. In "Chris", Tony has started learning to swim again. He is seen in the pool with his father with a beginner's swimming group. He speaks to Chris (Joe Dempsie) afterwards proclaiming that he will 'Get everything back again' and that's including Michelle. He shows visible disgust and anger when finding out Sid and Michelle have become a couple.

text: In "Tony", Tony is shown attempting to return to his own lifestyle, which translates into going to clubs and taking drugs. After Cassie gives Tony an ecstasy pill, Tony confronts Sid and Michelle (who are now in a full-blown sexual relationship) expressing his sarcasm at how happy he is for them. Straight after this – he begins to react badly from the drugs and has a panic attack in the toilets. A mysterious girl approaches him and reveals details about Tony's life despite her being a stranger. On the train ride up to a university open day – Tony is approached by a man who has visible horrific burns. The man tells Tony the story of how he came to be disfigured. Later on Tony attends an open day at University where he is in group interview with the same (now unscathed) man he met on the train. The mysterious girl is also at the meeting and verbally attacks the head of the university. After being ejected from the interview, Tony and the girl embark on many misdemeanors throughout the course of the day. It slowly becomes apparent to the viewer that the girl may be a figment of Tony's imagination – for example when the girl encourages (and successfully teaches) Tony how to swim, he is found alone in the pool. However, when interrogated about why he was in the pool, and Tony tries to explain about the girl, he is instructed to "not go with her." Later on Tony meets two promiscuous flatmates with the girl, who gave the girl a tattoo. Later on Tony and the girl consummate, and Tony regains his sexual libido. At the end of the episode, Tony is shown to have regained the majority of his intelligence and confidence. He then goes to tell Sid and Michelle that he loves them both and announces his disapproval of their sexual relationship. In its closing scenes, the tattoo that the girl had marked on her back is seen on Tony's, the implication being that the girl had been a creation of Tony's subconscious, ergo the manifestation of his animus or inner nature.

text: As the series progresses, Tony eventually manages to reconcile with Michelle and resumes his relationship with her. In the final episode, "Everyone", Tony receives grades better than all his friends in A-Levels; 3 As and a B. He also helps Sid steal Chris' coffin and later return it. Tony intends to go Cardiff University, while Michelle intends to go to University of York. Tony also sees Sid, who is leaving to find Cassie in New York. As Sid leaves, Tony is unable to hold back his tears. At the end of the episode, Tony and Michelle discuss their relationship and whether or not they will continue their relationship in university or say goodbye forever remains ambiguous to the audience. Nonetheless, they part on good terms.

text: Post-Series 2[edit]

text: At the beginning of Series 3, Effy has moved into Tony's room and has given his signature duvet to Oxfam. Katie also mentions Tony and his popularity in one of her first conversations with Effy saying "Didn't you have a brother who was really cool and went mental, my friends fancied him". In Effy's episode, she is on the phone trying to get an ambulance to the woods, and it is speculated that it was Tony she was talking to. In Effy's video diary (which takes place after the events of her episode), Effy pleads with Tony for help, also asking him not to shout at her again. She also pleads with him not to "do anything" to Cook, suggesting Tony has made threats.

text: In Series 4, Tony's picture is one of the photos present on Effy's wall, shown to be connected to Freddie's picture along with the other members of Effy's family. In "Effy", where Effy is receiving treatment in a psychiatric hospital, the incident where Tony was run over is shown to have profoundly damaged her.

text: One of the Skins writers suggested that prior to Skins: Fire, Effy had moved to London to live with Tony, and they lived together for a while before Tony left with Michelle to which Effy ended up flatting with Naomi.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: Writer Russell T Davies opines that Tony belongs to the same character archetype as his earlier Stuart Alan Jones, on Queer as Folk in being an unlikable character with whom audiences fail to connect, "because there's barely any recognition. Tony isn't believable." Unlike Davies' character, Tony's narrative thrust is one towards being brought down, to suffer, and to show the audience that Tony's behaviour is wrong; to do this, "They had to mow him down in the finale to make us care!"[4]


document_title: You Get Me (film)

question_text: who does tyler end up with in you get me

text: You Get Me (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: This section's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Tyler (Taylor John Smith) is a 17-year-old high school student in love with his girlfriend Alison 'Ali' (Halston Sage), and they have two best friends: Gil (Nash Grier) and Lydia (Anna Akana). One night at a party, Tyler discovers before Ali moved to their school, she was a heavy partier and would often drink and sleep around. Tyler gets angry and they break up. Outside the party, he meets mysterious Holly (Bella Thorne). They end up partying and sleeping together. They spend the rest of the weekend in Holly's huge house, with Holly telling Tyler her father died and her stepmom travels a lot. Tyler says that the weekend was special before leaving, seemingly forgetting all about Holly.

text: Tyler gets back together with Ali the following day, and while at school, notices Holly. Holly reveals that she goes there now and wanted to surprise him. Tyler tries cutting ties with Holly multiple times but failing each time. Holly starts hanging out with Ali, Gil, and Lydia. Lydia starts becoming suspicious of Holly when she sees no social media presence. Afterward, Ali texts Tyler that she and the girls are going to meet up at his workplace. When they get there, Ali is going through Holly's iPad looking at her pictures until she stops when she sees a shirtless picture taken of Tyler. Ali inquires more about it, but Holly brushes it off, saying that its a really long story. The three of them leave to go find Gil at the beach. Holly begins taking pictures of the happy couple, complimenting them. Ali brings up "the shirtless guy" again and Holly tells Ali and Gil about him due to Ali's constant badgering. Holly tells them a very descriptive story, leading to her using Gil as an example. They begin making out, Holly trying to make Tyler jealous, and they continue to make out all the way to Tyler's car. Ali interrupts asking if Holly was ready, and due to Gil's reluctance, he seems to be infatuated with her. They both leave the car going inside Ali's house for some "girl talk." Tyler drives Gil home and stops him just when he was about to leave to talk to him about something. Tyler tells him that he slept with Holly the night of Melinda's party. Gil asks him how the sex was and Tyler refuses to talk about saying that Holly's trying to mess with him because she has no other reason to hang out with Alison. Gil tells him not to worry about it. Tyler tells him that he's gonna tell Ali, Gil refuses, telling him that he just fixed things with her. Gil thanks him again for the car ride and leaves. Tyler gets home and tries to text Ali to let her invite him to her house but Holly ends up sleeping over so he couldn't.

text: Holly shows up to Tyler's house on Sunday telling him that Ali knows what happened between them. He's furious asking her why would she do that, but Holly never tells him. She was kidding, and Tyler tells her that she's insane. Tyler starts suspecting that Holly is dangerous, especially when meeting her stepmom, Corinne, who reveals that she takes medication and Holly lied to him about where she's from. Holly gives Lydia the wrong smoothie on purpose, causing an allergic reaction that puts her in the hospital after she heard Lydia telling Ali that she doesn't buy her story and is going to find out what's going on. Tyler has a nightmare about Holly killing him and she doesn't show up to school for the next few days. Gil is hurt because Holly hadn't been in contact with him for awhile, and doesn't know what he did wrong.

text: When she comes back to school, Holly tells Ali that she's pregnant but not in contact with the guy who did it. Tyler asks Holly what she wants from him after she shows up at his house, to which she responds for them to be together. While trying to sneak up on Tyler, he knocks her down, causing her lip to bleed. Holly tells Ali that she and Tyler slept together the night before he decides to tell her. Tyler and Ali meet at the beach, he tells her the truth and Ali says she never wants to talk to him again.

text: Holly gets Tyler suspended, saying that he assaulted her. Tyler finds out that Holly's real first name is Elizabeth (Holly is a middle name). He looks her up online and discovers that she assaulted a student over a boy, and went to a mental institution for a while. That night, when Ali's parents leave, Holly knocks her out. When Ali doesn't respond to Tyler's texts, he starts to suspect Holly. He leaves a message with Gil to meet him at Holly's house and starts driving over there. Ali awakens to discover she's tied up and bound to a chair in Holly's house and Holly lied about being pregnant. Corinne comes home and while trying to untie Ali, Holly sneaks up behind her and suffocates her with a plastic bag, killing her.

text: When Tyler arrives, he sees Holly sitting in front of the fireplace, the first place he saw her the morning he woke up in her house previously. Holly tries recreating the weekend as Tyler runs around the house looking for Ali. He discovers Ali unconscious tied mid-air to the ceiling, forehead bleeding. He lowers her down, wakes her up, grabs a fire poker and starts trying to escape the house as Holly goes to get her gun. Tyler and Ali make it outside and before they get away, Holly stops them at gunpoint. Tyler tells Holly that he loves Ali and not her and he never will. Gil shows up behind them calling out Holly's name. Distracted, Holly shoots Tyler in the shoulder then attempts to shoot Gil but misses. Ali picks up the fire poker and stabs Holly in the side, causing Holly to fall back into the pool. Gil and Ali huddle around Tyler while waiting for the police to arrive.

text: Holly is wheeled into the back of an ambulance and asking the paramedic man to never leave her and makes him promise, implying she'll be obsessed with him. The film ends with Tyler, Ali, and Lydia having fun at Tyler's little sister's birthday party.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bella Thorne as Holly Viola[6]
Halston Sage as Alison Hewitt[6]
Taylor John Smith as Tyler Hanson[4][7]
Nash Grier as Gil[4][7]
Anna Akana as Lydia[4]
Rhys Wakefield as Chase
Brigid Brannagh as Corinne
Kathryn Morris as Mrs. Hewitt[4]
Kimberly Williams-Paisley as Mrs. Hanson
Yasmin Al-Bustami as Melinda
Farrah Mackenzie as Tiffany
Joshua Banday as Mr. Ahmed
Garcelle Beauvais as Principal[4]

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Bella Thorne and Halston Sage were cast as female leads Holly and Ali, respectively in March 2016.[2][3] Taylor John Smith was cast as male lead Tyler in April 2016. Added to the cast at the same time were Nash Grier, Anna Akana, Garcelle Beauvais and Kathryn Morris.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming on You Get Me began in Los Angeles in April 2016[3][7] and wrapped in May 2016.[8] Filming also took place on the beach in Santa Monica.[9]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere at the Los Angeles Film Festival June 14–22, 2017.[10] It was originally scheduled to be released on Netflix on June 16,[6] but it was released on June 23, 2017.[5]