document_title: List of Olympic medalists in figure skating

question_text: who won the gold for the men's figure skating

question_tokens: who won the gold for the men 's figure skating

text: Medalists[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Ulrich Salchow
 Sweden
Richard Johansson
 Sweden
Per Thorén
 Sweden

1912 Stockholm
not included in the Olympic program

1920 Antwerp
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Andreas Krogh
 Norway
Martin Stixrud
 Norway

1924 Chamonix
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Willy Böckl
 Austria
Georges Gautschi
 Switzerland

1928 St. Moritz
details
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Willy Böckl
 Austria
Robert van Zeebroeck
 Belgium

1932 Lake Placid
details
Karl Schäfer
 Austria
Gillis Grafström
 Sweden
Montgomery Wilson
 Canada

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
Karl Schäfer
 Austria
Ernst Baier
 Germany
Felix Kaspar
 Austria

1948 St. Moritz
details
Dick Button
 United States
Hans Gerschwiler
 Switzerland
Edi Rada
 Austria

1952 Oslo
details
Dick Button
 United States
Helmut Seibt
 Austria
James Grogan
 United States

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
Hayes Alan Jenkins
 United States
Ronnie Robertson
 United States
David Jenkins
 United States

1960 Squaw Valley
details
David Jenkins
 United States
Karol Divín
 Czechoslovakia
Donald Jackson
 Canada

1964 Innsbruck
details
Manfred Schnelldorfer
 United Team of Germany
Alain Calmat
 France
Scott Allen
 United States

1968 Grenoble
details
Wolfgang Schwarz
 Austria
Timothy Wood
 United States
Patrick Péra
 France

1972 Sapporo
details
Ondrej Nepela
 Czechoslovakia
Sergei Chetverukhin
 Soviet Union
Patrick Péra
 France

1976 Innsbruck
details
John Curry
 Great Britain
Vladimir Kovalev
 Soviet Union
Toller Cranston
 Canada

1980 Lake Placid
details
Robin Cousins
 Great Britain
Jan Hoffmann
 East Germany
Charles Tickner
 United States

1984 Sarajevo
details
Scott Hamilton
 United States
Brian Orser
 Canada
Jozef Sabovčík
 Czechoslovakia

1988 Calgary
details
Brian Boitano
 United States
Brian Orser
 Canada
Viktor Petrenko
 Soviet Union

1992 Albertville
details
Viktor Petrenko
 Unified Team
Paul Wylie
 United States
Petr Barna
 Czechoslovakia

1994 Lillehammer
details
Alexei Urmanov
 Russia
Elvis Stojko
 Canada
Philippe Candeloro
 France

1998 Nagano
details
Ilia Kulik
 Russia
Elvis Stojko
 Canada
Philippe Candeloro
 France

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Alexei Yagudin
 Russia
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Timothy Goebel
 United States

2006 Torino
details
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Stéphane Lambiel
 Switzerland
Jeffrey Buttle
 Canada

2010 Vancouver
details
Evan Lysacek
 United States
Evgeni Plushenko
 Russia
Daisuke Takahashi
 Japan

2014 Sochi
details
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
Patrick Chan
 Canada
Denis Ten
 Kazakhstan

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Yuzuru Hanyu
 Japan
Shoma Uno
 Japan
Javier Fernández
 Spain

text: Men's special figures[edit]

text: Men's special figures was only included in one Olympic Games before being discontinued. The sole winner of the event was Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal.[2]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Nikolai Panin
 Russian Empire
Arthur Cumming
 Great Britain
Geoffrey Hall-Say
 Great Britain

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
Madge Syers
 Great Britain
Elsa Rendschmidt
 Germany
Dorothy Greenhough-Smith
 Great Britain

1920 Antwerp
details
Magda Julin
 Sweden
Svea Norén
 Sweden
Theresa Weld
 United States

1924 Chamonix
details
Herma Szabo
 Austria
Beatrix Loughran
 United States
Ethel Muckelt
 Great Britain

1928 St. Moritz
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Fritzi Burger
 Austria
Beatrix Loughran
 United States

1932 Lake Placid
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Fritzi Burger
 Austria
Maribel Vinson
 United States

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
Sonja Henie
 Norway
Cecilia Colledge
 Great Britain
Vivi-Anne Hultén
 Sweden

1948 St. Moritz
details
Barbara Ann Scott
 Canada
Eva Pawlik
 Austria
Jeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain

1952 Oslo
details
Jeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain
Tenley Albright
 United States
Jacqueline du Bief
 France

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
Tenley Albright
 United States
Carol Heiss
 United States
Ingrid Wendl
 Austria

1960 Squaw Valley
details
Carol Heiss
 United States
Sjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands
Barbara Roles
 United States

1964 Innsbruck
details
Sjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands
Regine Heitzer
 Austria
Petra Burka
 Canada

1968 Grenoble
details
Peggy Fleming
 United States
Gabriele Seyfert
 East Germany
Hana Mašková
 Czechoslovakia

1972 Sapporo
details
Beatrix Schuba
 Austria
Karen Magnussen
 Canada
Janet Lynn
 United States

1976 Innsbruck
details
Dorothy Hamill
 United States
Dianne de Leeuw
 Netherlands
Christine Errath
 East Germany

1980 Lake Placid
details
Anett Pötzsch
 East Germany
Linda Fratianne
 United States
Dagmar Lurz
 West Germany

1984 Sarajevo
details
Katarina Witt
 East Germany
Rosalynn Sumners
 United States
Kira Ivanova
 Soviet Union

1988 Calgary
details
Katarina Witt
 East Germany
Elizabeth Manley
 Canada
Debi Thomas
 United States

1992 Albertville
details
Kristi Yamaguchi
 United States
Midori Ito
 Japan
Nancy Kerrigan
 United States

1994 Lillehammer
details
Oksana Baiul
 Ukraine
Nancy Kerrigan
 United States
Chen Lu
 China

1998 Nagano
details
Tara Lipinski
 United States
Michelle Kwan
 United States
Chen Lu
 China

2002 Salt Lake City
details
Sarah Hughes
 United States
Irina Slutskaya
 Russia
Michelle Kwan
 United States

2006 Torino
details
Shizuka Arakawa
 Japan
Sasha Cohen
 United States
Irina Slutskaya
 Russia

2010 Vancouver
details
Yuna Kim
 South Korea
Mao Asada
 Japan
Joannie Rochette
 Canada

2014 Sochi
details
Adelina Sotnikova
 Russia
Yuna Kim
 South Korea
Carolina Kostner
 Italy

2018 Pyeongchang
details
Alina Zagitova
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Evgenia Medvedeva
 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Kaetlyn Osmond
 Canada

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
details
 Anna Hübler
and Heinrich Burger (GER)
 Phyllis Johnson
and James H. Johnson (GBR)
 Madge Syers
and Edgar Syers (GBR)

1912 Stockholm
not included in the Olympic program

1920 Antwerp
details
 Ludowika Jakobsson
/ Walter Jakobsson (FIN)
 Alexia Bryn
and Yngvar Bryn (NOR)
 Phyllis Johnson
and Basil Williams (GBR)

1924 Chamonix
details
 Helene Engelmann
and Alfred Berger (AUT)
 Ludowika Jakobsson
and Walter Jakobsson (FIN)
 Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)

1928 St. Moritz
details
 Andrée Joly
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
 Lilly Scholz
and Otto Kaiser (AUT)
 Melitta Brunner
and Ludwig Wrede (AUT)

1932 Lake Placid
details
 Andrée Brunet
and Pierre Brunet (FRA)
 Beatrix Loughran
and Sherwin Badger (USA)
 Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
details
 Maxi Herber
and Ernst Baier (GER)
 Ilse Pausin
and Erik Pausin (AUT)
 Emília Rotter
and László Szollás (HUN)

1948 St. Moritz
details
 Micheline Lannoy
and Pierre Baugniet (BEL)
 Andrea Kékesy
and Ede Király (HUN)
 Suzanne Morrow
and Wallace Diestelmeyer (CAN)

1952 Oslo
details
 Ria Falk
and Paul Falk (GER)
 Karol Kennedy
and Peter Kennedy (USA)
 Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
 Sissy Schwarz
and Kurt Oppelt (AUT)
 Frances Dafoe
and Norris Bowden (CAN)
 Marianna Nagy
and László Nagy (HUN)

1960 Squaw Valley
details
 Barbara Wagner
and Robert Paul (CAN)
 Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
 Nancy Ludington
and Ronald Ludington (USA)

1964 Innsbruck
details
 Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS)
 Marika Kilius
and Hans-Jürgen Bäumler (EUA)
 Debbi Wilkes
and Guy Revell (CAN)[a]
 Vivian Joseph
and Ronald Joseph (USA)

1968 Grenoble
details
 Ludmila Belousova
and Oleg Protopopov (URS)
 Tatyana Zhuk
and Aleksandr Gorelik (URS)
 Margot Glockshuber
and Wolfgang Danne (FRG)

1972 Sapporo
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexei Ulanov (URS)
 Lyudmila Smirnova
and Andrei Suraikin (URS)
 Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS)
 Romy Kermer
and Rolf Österreich (GDR)
 Manuela Groß
and Uwe Kagelmann (GDR)

1980 Lake Placid
details
 Irina Rodnina
and Alexander Zaitsev (URS)
 Marina Cherkasova
and Sergei Shakhrai (URS)
 Manuela Mager
and Uwe Bewersdorf (GDR)

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS)
 Kitty Carruthers
and Peter Carruthers (USA)
 Larisa Selezneva
and Oleg Makarov (URS)

1988 Calgary
details
 Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (URS)
 Elena Valova
and Oleg Vasiliev (URS)
 Jill Watson
and Peter Oppegard (USA)

1992 Albertville
details
 Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (EUN)
 Elena Bechke
and Denis Petrov (EUN)
 Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Ekaterina Gordeeva
and Sergei Grinkov (RUS)
 Natalia Mishkutenok
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS)
 Isabelle Brasseur
and Lloyd Eisler (CAN)

1998 Nagano
details
 Oksana Kazakova
and Artur Dmitriev (RUS)
 Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
 Mandy Wötzel
and Ingo Steuer (GER)

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Elena Berezhnaya
and Anton Sikharulidze (RUS)
 Jamie Salé
and David Pelletier (CAN)
None awarded[b]
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)

2006 Torino
details
 Tatiana Totmianina
and Maxim Marinin (RUS)
 Zhang Dan
and Zhang Hao (CHN)
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)

2010 Vancouver
details
 Shen Xue
and Zhao Hongbo (CHN)
 Pang Qing
and Tong Jian (CHN)
 Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)

2014 Sochi
details
 Tatiana Volosozhar
and Maxim Trankov (RUS)
 Ksenia Stolbova
and Fedor Klimov (RUS)
 Aliona Savchenko
and Robin Szolkowy (GER)

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Aliona Savchenko
and Bruno Massot (GER)
 Sui Wenjing
and Han Cong (CHN)
 Meagan Duhamel
and Eric Radford (CAN)

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Lyudmila Pakhomova
and Aleksandr Gorshkov (URS)
 Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)
 Colleen O'Connor
and James Millns (USA)

1980 Lake Placid
details
 Natalia Linichuk
and Gennadi Karponossov (URS)
 Krisztina Regőczy
and András Sallay (HUN)
 Irina Moiseyeva
and Andrei Minenkov (URS)

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)
 Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS)
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)

1988 Calgary
details
 Natalia Bestemianova
and Andrei Bukin (URS)
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (URS)
 Tracy Wilson
and Robert McCall (CAN)

1992 Albertville
details
 Marina Klimova
and Sergei Ponomarenko (EUN)
 Isabelle Duchesnay
and Paul Duchesnay (FRA)
 Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (EUN)

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS)
 Maya Usova
and Alexander Zhulin (RUS)
 Jayne Torvill
and Christopher Dean (GBR)

1998 Nagano
details
 Oksana Grishuk
and Evgeny Platov (RUS)
 Anjelika Krylova
and Oleg Ovsyannikov (RUS)
 Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Marina Anissina
and Gwendal Peizerat (FRA)
 Irina Lobacheva
and Ilia Averbukh (RUS)
 Barbara Fusar-Poli
and Maurizio Margaglio (ITA)

2006 Torino
details
 Tatiana Navka
and Roman Kostomarov (RUS)
 Tanith Belbin
and Benjamin Agosto (USA)
 Elena Grushina
and Ruslan Goncharov (UKR)

2010 Vancouver
details
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA)
 Oksana Domnina
and Maxim Shabalin (RUS)

2014 Sochi
details
 Meryl Davis
and Charlie White (USA)
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Elena Ilinykh
and Nikita Katsalapov (RUS)

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Tessa Virtue
and Scott Moir (CAN)
 Gabriella Papadakis
and Guillaume Cizeron (FRA)
 Maia Shibutani
and Alex Shibutani (USA)

text: Team event[edit]

text: The team event is the newest Olympic figure skating event, first contested in the 2014 Games. It combines the four Olympic figure skating disciplines (men's singles, ladies' singles, pairs, and ice dancing) into a single event with the team earning the most placement points winning gold.

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2014 Sochi
details
 Russia (RUS)
Evgeni Plushenko
Yulia Lipnitskaya
Ksenia Stolbova
Fedor Klimov
Elena Ilinykh
Nikita Katsalapov
Tatiana Volosozhar
Maxim Trankov
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
 Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kevin Reynolds
Kaetlyn Osmond
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Kirsten Moore-Towers
Dylan Moscovitch
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
 United States (USA)
Jeremy Abbott
Jason Brown
Ashley Wagner
Gracie Gold
Marissa Castelli
Simon Shnapir
Meryl Davis
Charlie White

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Canada (CAN)
Patrick Chan
Kaetlyn Osmond
Gabrielle Daleman
Meagan Duhamel
Eric Radford
Tessa Virtue
Scott Moir
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
Mikhail Kolyada
Evgenia Medvedeva
Alina Zagitova
Evgenia Tarasova
Vladimir Morozov
Natalia Zabiiako
Alexander Enbert
Ekaterina Bobrova
Dmitri Soloviev
 United States (USA)
Nathan Chen
Adam Rippon
Bradie Tennell
Mirai Nagasu
Alexa Scimeca Knierim
Chris Knierim
Maia Shibutani
Alex Shibutani

text: Multi-medalists[edit]

text: Most medals[edit]

text: Gillis Grafström earned the most medals in a single event: four medals, three of which gold, in men's singles. The only other skaters to have earned three golds in a single discipline are Sonja Henie in ladies' singles and Irina Rodnina in pairs.

text: Counting multiple events, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir hold the record for the most medals, with a total of five medals including two golds in ice dancing and a team event gold. Evgeni Plushenko earned four medals, including a gold in men's singles and a team event gold.

text: Figure skaters who won three or more medal at the Olympics are listed below:[6]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Events
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
ice dancing & team
2010–2018
3
2
0
5

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
men's singles
1920–1932
3
1
0
4

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
ladies' singles
1928–1936
3
0
0
3

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
pairs
1972–1980
3
0
0
3

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
men's singles & team
2002–2014
2
2
0
4

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
1992–1998
2
1
0
3

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
pairs
1924–1932
2
0
1
3

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
 Canada (CAN)
men's singles & team
2014–2018
1
2
0
3

Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
ice dancing
1984–1992
1
1
1
3

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
ice dancing & team
2010–2014
1
1
1
3

Meagan Duhamel !Meagan Duhamel / Eric Radford !Eric Radford
 Canada (CAN)
pairs & team
2014–2018
1
1
1
3

Kaetlyn Osmond !Kaetlyn Osmond
 Canada (CAN)
ladies' singles & team
2014–2018
1
1
1
3

Shen Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo
 China (CHN)
pairs
2002–2010
1
0
2
3

Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e]
 Germany (GER)
pairs
2010–2018
1
0
2
3

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
ladies' singles & pairs
1924–1932
0
2
1
3

text: Multiple golds[edit]

text: The only skaters with three consecutive titles are Gillis Grafström in men's singles, Sonja Henie in ladies' singles, and Irina Rodnina in pairs. The most consecutive titles in ice dance is two, which has only been achieved by Oksana Grishuk and Evgeny Platov. In addition, one ladies' singles skater, three men's singles skaters, and five pairs skaters have earned consecutive titles. Two ice dancers and three pair skaters have earned non-consecutive titles.

text: Five skaters have won Olympic gold medals in multiple events. Evgeni Plushenko won gold in men's singles in 2006 and team event gold in 2014. Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov were the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics, winning both pairs and team event. Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat four years later, earning golds in ice dancing and team event.

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Golds
Event(s)

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
1920–1928
3
men's singles

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
1928–1936
3
ladies' singles

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1980
3
pairs

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2010, 2018
3
2 in ice dancing (2010, 2018)
1 in team event (2018)

Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer
 Austria (AUT)
1932–1936
2
men's singles

Button, DickDick Button
 United States (USA)
1948–1952
2
men's singles

Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu
 Japan (JPN)
2014–2018
2
men's singles

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
2006, 2014
2
1 in men's singles (2006)
1 in team event (2014)

Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
2
ladies' singles

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
1928–1932
2
pairs

Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1968
2
pairs

Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1976–1980
2
pairs

Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Russia (RUS)
1988, 1994
2
pairs

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992, 1998
2
pairs

Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov
 Russia (RUS)
2014
2
1 in pairs
1 in team event

Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov
 Russia (RUS)
1994–1998
2
ice dancing

text: Multi-medalists by event[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Grafström, GillisGillis Grafström
 Sweden (SWE)
1920–1932
3
1
0
4

Schäfer, KarlKarl Schäfer
 Austria (AUT)
1932–1936
2
0
0
2

Button, DickDick Button
 United States (USA)
1948–1952
2
0
0
2

Hanyu, YuzuruYuzuru Hanyu
 Japan (JPN)
2014–2018
2
0
0
2

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
2002–2014
1
2
0
3

Jenkins, DavidDavid Jenkins
 United States (USA)
1956–1960
1
0
1
2

Petrenko, ViktorViktor Petrenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1988–1992
1
0
1
2

Böckl, WillyWilly Böckl
 Austria (AUT)
1924–1928
0
2
0
2

Orser, BrianBrian Orser
 Canada (CAN)
1984–1988
0
2
0
2

Stojko, ElvisElvis Stojko
 Canada (CAN)
1994–1998
0
2
0
2

Péra, PatrickPatrick Péra
 France (FRA)
1968–1972
0
0
2
2

Candeloro, PhilippePhilippe Candeloro
 France (FRA)
1994–1998
0
0
2
2

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Henie, SonjaSonja Henie
 Norway (NOR)
1928–1936
3
0
0
3

Witt, KatarinaKatarina Witt
 East Germany (GDR)
1984–1988
2
0
0
2

Albright, TenleyTenley Albright
 United States (USA)
1952–1956
1
1
0
2

Heiss, CarolCarol Heiss
 United States (USA)
1956–1960
1
1
0
2

Dijkstra, SjoukjeSjoukje Dijkstra
 Netherlands (NED)
1960–1964
1
1
0
2

Kim, YunaYuna Kim
 South Korea (KOR)
2010–2014
1
1
0
2

Altwegg, JeannetteJeannette Altwegg
 Great Britain (GBR)
1948–1952
1
0
1
2

Burger, FritziFritzi Burger
 Austria (AUT)
1928–1932
0
2
0
2

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
1924–1928
0
1
1
2

Kerrigan, NancyNancy Kerrigan
 United States (USA)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

Kwan, MichelleMichelle Kwan
 United States (USA)
1998–2002
0
1
1
2

Slutskaya, IrinaIrina Slutskaya
 Russia (RUS)
2002–2006
0
1
1
2

Chen, Lu !Chen Lu
 China (CHN)
1994–1998
0
0
2
2

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Rodnina, IrinaIrina Rodnina[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1980
3
0
0
3

Dmitriev, ArturArtur Dmitriev[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1998
2
1
0
3

Brunet, AndréeAndrée Brunet / Brunet, PierrePierre Brunet
 France (FRA)
1924–1932
2
0
1
3

Belousova, LudmilaLudmila Belousova / Protopopov, OlegOleg Protopopov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1968
2
0
0
2

Zaitsev, AlexanderAlexander Zaitsev[c]
 Soviet Union (URS)
1976–1980
2
0
0
2

Gordeeva, EkaterinaEkaterina Gordeeva / Grinkov, SergeiSergei Grinkov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Russia (RUS)
1988, 1994
2
0
0
2

Jakobsson, LudowikaLudowika Jakobsson / Jakobsson, WalterWalter Jakobsson
 Finland (FIN)
1920–1924
1
1
0
2

Mishkutenok, NataliaNatalia Mishkutenok[d]
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1994
1
1
0
2

Berezhnaya, ElenaElena Berezhnaya / Sikharulidze, AntonAnton Sikharulidze
 Russia (RUS)
1998–2002
1
1
0
2

Shen, Xue !Shen Xue / Zhao, Hongbo !Zhao Hongbo
 China (CHN)
2002–2010
1
0
2
3

Savchenko, AlionaAliona Savchenko[e]
 Germany (GER)
2010–2018
1
0
2
3

Kilius, MarikaMarika Kilius / Bäumler, Hans-JürgenHans-Jürgen Bäumler
 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1960–1964
0
2
0
2

Johnson, PhyllisPhyllis Johnson[f]
 Great Britain (GBR)
1908–1920
0
1
1
2

Rotter, EmíliaEmília Rotter / Szollás, LászlóLászló Szollás
 Hungary (HUN)
1932–1936
0
0
2
2

Nagy, MariannaMarianna Nagy / Nagy, LászlóLászló Nagy
 Hungary (HUN)
1952–1956
0
0
2
2

Groß, ManuelaManuela Groß / Kagelmann, UweUwe Kagelmann
 East Germany (GDR)
1972–1976
0
0
2
2

Brasseur, IsabelleIsabelle Brasseur / Eisler, LloydLloyd Eisler
 Canada (CAN)
1992–1994
0
0
2
2

Szolkowy, RobinRobin Szolkowy[e]
 Germany (GER)
2010–2014
0
0
2
2

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2010–2018
2
1
0
3

Grishuk, OksanaOksana Grishuk / Platov, EvgenyEvgeny Platov
 Russia (RUS)
1994–1998
2
0
0
2

Klimova, MarinaMarina Klimova / Ponomarenko, SergeiSergei Ponomarenko
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1984–1992
1
1
1
3

Bestemianova, NataliaNatalia Bestemianova / Bukin, AndreiAndrei Bukin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1984–1988
1
1
0
2

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
2010–2014
1
1
0
2

Torvill, JayneJayne Torvill / Dean, ChristopherChristopher Dean
 Great Britain (GBR)
1984, 1994
1
0
1
2

Anissina, MarinaMarina Anissina / Peizerat, GwendalGwendal Peizerat
 France (FRA)
1998–2002
1
0
1
2

Usova, MayaMaya Usova / Zhulin, AlexanderAlexander Zhulin
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1992–1994
0
1
1
2

text: Team event[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Bobrova, EkaterinaEkaterina Bobrova / Soloviev, DmitriDmitri Soloviev
 Russia (RUS)
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
2014–2018
1
1
0
2

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
2014–2018
1
1
0
2

text: Multiple events[edit]

text: Only three skaters have won Olympic medals in multiple figure skating disciplines. All other multi-event medalists won medals in their discipline plus the team event (which, while being a separate event, is not considered its own skating discipline).

text: Two disciplines[edit]

text: In 1908, Madge Syers became the first skater to medal in multiple figure skating disciplines at a single Olympics. The only skater to match this feat was Ernst Baier in 1936. The only other skater to medal in multiple disciplines was Beatrix Loughran who did so at separate Olympics.

text: No skater has won gold medals in multiple disciplines.

text:
Athlete
Nation
Disciplines
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Baier, ErnstErnst Baier
 Germany (GER)
men's singles

pairs
1936
0

1
1

0
0

0
2

Syers, MadgeMadge Syers
 Great Britain (GBR)
ladies' singles

pairs
1908
1

0
0

0
0

1
2

Loughran, BeatrixBeatrix Loughran
 United States (USA)
ladies' singles

pairs
1924–1928

1932
0

0
1

1
1

0
3

text: One discipline plus team event[edit]

text: The team event was introduced at the 2014 Winter Olympics. It allowed skaters to medal twice while skating one discipline.

text: On 9 February 2014, Evgeni Plushenko became the first skater to win multiple figure skating events. On 12 February 2014, Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov became the first skaters to win multiple events at a single Olympics. Four years later, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir matched this feat.

text: The below table lists all skaters who have medaled in their own discipline and in the team event. (Team event medals are indicated by "T" in the gold, silver, and bronze columns.)

text:
Athlete
Nation
Discipline
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue / Moir, ScottScott Moir
 Canada (CAN)
ice dancing
2010–2018
2 + 1T
1 + 1T
0
5

Plushenko, EvgeniEvgeni Plushenko
 Russia (RUS)
men's singles
2002–2014
1 + 1T
2
0
4

Volosozhar, TatianaTatiana Volosozhar / Trankov, MaximMaxim Trankov
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
2014
1 + 1T
0
0
2

Chan, PatrickPatrick Chan
 Canada (CAN)
men's singles
2014–2018
0 + 1T
1 + 1T
0
3

Davis, MerylMeryl Davis / White, CharlieCharlie White
 United States (USA)
ice dancing
2010–2014
1
1
0 + 1T
3

Duhamel, MeaganMeagan Duhamel / Radford, EricEric Radford
 Canada (CAN)
pairs
2014–2018
0 + 1T
0 + 1T
1
3

Osmond, KaetlynKaetlyn Osmond
 Canada (CAN)
ladies' singles
2014–2018
0 + 1T
0 + 1T
1
3

Stolbova, KseniaKsenia Stolbova / Klimov, FedorFedor Klimov
 Russia (RUS)
pairs
2014
0 + 1T
1
0
2

Zagitova, AlinaAlina Zagitova
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
ladies' singles
2018
1
0 + 1T
0
2

Ilinykh, ElenaElena Ilinykh / Katsalapov, NikitaNikita Katsalapov
 Russia (RUS)
ice dancing
2014
0 + 1T
0
1
2

Medvedeva, EvgeniaEvgenia Medvedeva
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
ladies' singles
2018
0
1 + 1T
0
2

Shibutani, MaiaMaia Shibutani / Shibutani, AlexAlex Shibutani
 United States (USA)
ice dancing
2018
0
0
1 + 1T
2

text: Summer and Winter Games[edit]

text: Since figure skating was held during the Summer Olympic Games in 1908 and 1920 before being moved to the Winter Olympics Games, three skaters medeled in figure skating in both the Summer and Winter Games.

text: Men's singles skater Gillis Grafström's first gold medal was earned at the 1920 Summer Olympics. His other three medals were won at the 1924–1932 Winter Games. Pair skaters Ludowika Jakobsson and Walter Jakobsson also earned gold during the 1920 Summer Olympics. They later medaled at the 1924 Winter Games.

text: Country records[edit]

text: Winning streak[edit]

text: From 1964 to 2006, Russian figure skaters—representing the Soviet Union, the Unified Team, or Russia—won the gold medal in the pairs event, in what is the longest series of victories for one country in one winter event.[7]

text: Events won[edit]

text: Russian figure skaters, counting both Russian Federation (IOC code RUS) and Russian Empire (IOC code RU1), hold the unique record for earning gold medals in all six Olympic figure skating events. Since men's special figures was discontinued, this record can not be matched.

text: Russia (IOC code RUS) is the only NOC to have earning gold medals in all five current Olympic figure skating events. Canada has earned gold medals in four of the events (all except men's singles). Great Britain, Unified Team, and United States have earned gold medals in three of the events.

text: Russia and the Unified Team are the only NOCs to have won three events at the same Olympics, at the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 1992 Winter Olympics respectively. No NOC has won more than three figure skating events at a single Olympics.

text: Podium sweeps[edit]

text: There has been two podium sweeps in Olympic figure skating history. This is when athletes from one NOC win all three medals in a single event.

text:
Games
Event
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1908 London
Men's singles
 Sweden (SWE)
Ulrich Salchow
Richard Johansson
Per Thorén

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
Men's singles
 United States (USA)
Hayes Alan Jenkins
Ronnie Robertson
David Jenkins

text: Medal totals by country[edit]

text: Men's singles[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)
7
3
5
15

2
 Sweden (SWE)
4
2
1
7

3
 Russia (RUS)
4
2

6

4
 Austria (AUT)
3
3
2
8

5
 Japan (JPN)
2
1
1
4

6
 Great Britain (GBR)
2

2

7
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
1
1
2
4

8
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

1

 United Team of Germany (EUA)
1

1

10
 Canada (CAN)

5
4
9

11
 Soviet Union (URS)

2
1
3

 Switzerland (SUI)

2
1
3

13
 France (FRA)

1
4
5

14
 Norway (NOR)

1
1
2

15
 East Germany (GDR)

1

1

/ Germany (GER)

1

1

17
 Belgium (BEL)

1
1

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)

1
1

 Spain (ESP)

1
1

text: Men's special figures[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Russian Empire (RU1)
1

1

2
 Great Britain (GBR)

1
1
2

text: Ladies' singles[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 United States (USA)
7
8
8
23

2
 East Germany (GDR)
3
1
1
5

3
 Norway (NOR)
3

3

4
 Austria (AUT)
2
4
1
7

5
 Great Britain (GBR)
2
1
3
6

6
 Canada (CAN)
1
2
3
6

7
 Japan (JPN)
1
2

3

 Netherlands (NED)
1
2

3

9
 Russia (RUS)
1
1
1
3

 Sweden (SWE)
1
1
1
3

11
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1
1

2

 South Korea (KOR)
1
1

2

13
 Ukraine (UKR)
1

1

14
/ Germany (GER)

1

1

15
 China (CHN)

2
2

16
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1
1

 France (FRA)

1
1

 Italy (ITA)

1
1

 Soviet Union (URS)

1
1

 West Germany (FRG)

1
1

text: Pairs[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
4
1
12

2
 Russia (RUS)
5
3

8

3
// Germany (GER)
4

3
7

4
 Canada (CAN)
2
2
4
8

5
 Austria (AUT)
2
2
1
5

6
 France (FRA)
2

1
3

7
 China (CHN)
1
3
2
6

8
 Finland (FIN)
1
1

2

 Unified Team (EUN)
1
1

2

10
 Belgium (BEL)
1

1

11
 United States (USA)

3
3
6

12
 United Team of Germany (EUA)

2

2

13
 Hungary (HUN)

1
4
5

14
 East Germany (GDR)

1
3
4

15
 Great Britain (GBR)

1
2
3

16
 Norway (NOR)

1

1

17
 West Germany (FRG)

1
1

text: Ice dancing[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Russia (RUS)
3
3
2
8

 Soviet Union (URS)
3
3
2
8

3
 Canada (CAN)
2
1
1
4

4
 United States (USA)
1
2
2
5

5
 France (FRA)
1
2
1
4

6
 Unified Team (EUN)
1

1
2

 Great Britain (GBR)
1

1
2

8
 Hungary (HUN)

1

1

9
 Italy (ITA)

1
1

 Ukraine (UKR)

1
1

text: Team event[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
1
1

2

2
 Russia (RUS)
1

1

3
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)

1

1

4
 United States (USA)

2
2


document_title: History of rugby union matches between England and Scotland

question_text: when did scotland beat england in six nations

root

text: Calcutta Cup[edit]

text: The Calcutta Cup has been the trophy for the annual fixture between the teams since 1879 and is currently played for in the Six Nations Championship match.

tag: p

text: Summary[edit]

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Details
Played
Won by
 England
Won by
 Scotland
Drawn
England points
Scotland points

In England
66
45
14
7
944
543

In Scotland
69
29
29
11
676
632

Neutral venue
1
1
0
0
16
12

Overall
136
75
43
18
1,636
1,187

tag: table

text: Records[edit]

text: Note: Date shown in brackets indicates when the record was or last set.

text:
Record
England
Scotland

Longest winning streak
10 (16 Feb 1991–2 Apr 2000)
4 (21 Mar 1970–17 Mar 1973)

Largest points for

Home
61 (11 March 2017)
33 (15 February 1986)

Away
35 (21 February 2004)
22 (19 March 2005)

Largest winning margin

Home
40 (3 March 2001, 11 March 2017)
27 (15 February 1986)

Away
26 (2 February 2002)
15 (9 March 1901)

text: Results[edit]

text:
No.
Date
Venue
Score
Winner
Competition

1
27 March 1871
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
1G – 0
 Scotland
1871 Scotland versus England rugby union match

2
5 February 1872
Kennington Oval, London
2G – 1G
 England
1871-72 Home Nations rugby union matches

3
3 March 1873
West of Scotland F.C., Glasgow
0 – 0
draw
1872-73 Home Nations rugby union matches

4
23 February 1874
Kennington Oval, London
1G – 0
 England
1873-74 Home Nations rugby union matches

5
8 March 1875
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
0 – 0
draw
1874-75 Home Nations rugby union matches

6
6 March 1876
Kennington Oval, London
1G – 0
 England
1875-76 Home Nations rugby union matches

7
5 March 1877
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
1G – 0
 Scotland
1876-77 Home Nations rugby union matches

8
4 March 1878
Kennington Oval, London
0 – 0
draw
1877-78 Home Nations rugby union matches

9
10 March 1879
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
1G – 1G
draw
1878-79 Home Nations rugby union matches

10
28 February 1880
Whalley Range, Manchester
2G – 1G
 England
1879-80 Home Nations rugby union matches

11
19 March 1881
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
1G – 1G
draw
1880-81 Home Nations rugby union matches

12
4 March 1882
Whalley Range, Manchester
0 – 0G (2T)
 Scotland
1881-82 Home Nations rugby union matches

13
3 March 1883
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
(1T) 0G – 0G (2T)
 England
1883 Home Nations Championship

14
1 March 1884
Rectory Field, London
1G – 0
 England
1884 Home Nations Championship

15
13 March 1886
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
0 – 0
draw
1886 Home Nations Championship

16
5 March 1887
Whalley Range, Manchester
0 – 0
draw
1887 Home Nations Championship

17
1 March 1890
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
0 – 6
 England
1890 Home Nations Championship

18
7 March 1891
Athletic Ground, Richmond
3 – 9
 Scotland
1891 Home Nations Championship

19
6 March 1892
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
0 – 5
 England
1892 Home Nations Championship

20
4 March 1893
Headingley, Leeds
0 – 8
 Scotland
1893 Home Nations Championship

21
17 March 1894
Raeburn Place, Edinburgh
6 – 0
 Scotland
1894 Home Nations Championship

22
9 March 1895
Athletic Ground, Richmond
3 – 6
 Scotland
1895 Home Nations Championship

23
14 March 1896
Hampden Park, Glasgow
11 – 0
 Scotland
1896 Home Nations Championship

24
13 March 1897
Fallowfield, Manchester
12 – 3
 England
1897 Home Nations Championship

25
12 March 1898
Powderhall, Scotland
3 – 3
draw
1898 Home Nations Championship

26
11 March 1899
Rectory Field, London
0 – 5
 Scotland
1899 Home Nations Championship

27
10 March 1900
Inverleith, Edinburgh
0 – 0
draw
1900 Home Nations Championship

28
9 March 1901
Rectory Field, London
3 – 18
 Scotland
1901 Home Nations Championship

29
15 March 1902
Inverleith, Edinburgh
3 – 6
 England
1902 Home Nations Championship

30
21 March 1903
Athletic Ground, Richmond
6 – 10
 Scotland
1903 Home Nations Championship

31
19 March 1904
Inverleith, Edinburgh
6 – 3
 Scotland
1904 Home Nations Championship

32
18 March 1905
Athletic Ground, Richmond
0 – 8
 Scotland
1905 Home Nations Championship

33
17 March 1906
Inverleith, Edinburgh
3 – 9
 England
1906 Home Nations Championship

34
16 March 1907
Rectory Field, England
3 – 8
 Scotland
1907 Home Nations Championship

35
21 March 1908
Inverleith, Edinburgh
16 – 10
 Scotland
1908 Home Nations Championship

36
20 March 1909
Athletic Ground, Richmond
8 – 18
 Scotland
1909 Home Nations Championship

37
19 March 1910
Inverleith, Edinburgh
5 – 14
 England
1910 Five Nations Championship

38
18 March 1911
Twickenham, London
13 – 8
 England
1911 Five Nations Championship

39
16 March 1912
Inverleith, Edinburgh
8 – 3
 Scotland
1912 Five Nations Championship

40
15 March 1913
Twickenham, London
3 – 0
 England
1913 Five Nations Championship

41
21 March 1914
Inverleith, Edinburgh
15 – 16
 England
1914 Five Nations Championship

42
20 March 1920
Twickenham, London
13 – 4
 England
1920 Five Nations Championship

43
19 March 1921
Inverleith, Edinburgh
0 – 18
 England
1921 Five Nations Championship

44
18 March 1922
Twickenham, London
11 – 5
 England
1922 Five Nations Championship

45
17 March 1923
Inverleith, Edinburgh
6 – 8
 England
1923 Five Nations Championship

46
15 March 1924
Twickenham, London
19 – 0
 England
1924 Five Nations Championship

47
21 March 1925
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
14 – 11
 Scotland
1925 Five Nations Championship

48
20 March 1926
Twickenham, London
9 – 17
 Scotland
1926 Five Nations Championship

49
19 March 1927
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
21 – 13
 Scotland
1927 Five Nations Championship

50
17 March 1928
Twickenham, London
6 – 0
 England
1928 Five Nations Championship

51
16 March 1929
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
12 – 6
 Scotland
1929 Five Nations Championship

52
15 March 1930
Twickenham, London
0 – 0
  draw
1930 Five Nations Championship

53
21 March 1931
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
28 – 19
 Scotland
1931 Five Nations Championship

54
19 March 1932
Twickenham, London
16 – 3
 England
1932 Home Nations Championship

55
18 March 1933
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 0
 Scotland
1933 Home Nations Championship

56
17 March 1934
Twickenham, London
6 – 3
 England
1934 Home Nations Championship

57
16 March 1935
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
10 – 7
 Scotland
1935 Home Nations Championship

58
21 March 1936
Twickenham, London
9 – 8
 England
1936 Home Nations Championship

59
20 March 1937
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 6
 England
1937 Home Nations Championship

60
19 March 1938
Twickenham, London
16 – 21
 Scotland
1938 Home Nations Championship

61
18 March 1939
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 9
 England
1939 Home Nations Championship

62
15 March 1947
Twickenham, London
24 – 5
 England
1947 Five Nations Championship

63
20 March 1948
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 3
 Scotland
1948 Five Nations Championship

64
19 March 1949
Twickenham, London
19 – 3
 England
1949 Five Nations Championship

65
18 March 1950
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
13 – 11
 Scotland
1950 Five Nations Championship

66
17 March 1951
Twickenham, London
5 – 3
 England
1951 Five Nations Championship

67
15 March 1952
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 19
 England
1952 Five Nations Championship

68
21 March 1953
Twickenham, London
26 – 8
 England
1953 Five Nations Championship

69
20 March 1954
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 13
 England
1954 Five Nations Championship

70
19 March 1955
Twickenham, London
9 – 6
 England
1955 Five Nations Championship

71
17 March 1956
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 11
 England
1956 Five Nations Championship

72
16 March 1957
Twickenham, London
16 – 3
 England
1957 Five Nations Championship

73
15 March 1958
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 3
  draw
1958 Five Nations Championship

74
21 March 1959
Twickenham, London
3 – 3
  draw
1959 Five Nations Championship

75
19 March 1960
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
12 – 21
 England
1960 Five Nations Championship

76
18 March 1961
Twickenham, London
6 – 0
 England
1961 Five Nations Championship

77
17 March 1962
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 3
  draw
1962 Five Nations Championship

78
16 March 1963
Twickenham, London
10 – 8
 England
1963 Five Nations Championship

79
21 March 1964
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
15 – 6
 Scotland
1964 Five Nations Championship

80
20 March 1965
Twickenham, London
3 – 3
  draw
1965 Five Nations Championship

81
19 March 1966
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 3
 Scotland
1966 Five Nations Championship

82
18 March 1967
Twickenham, London
27 – 14
 England
1967 Five Nations Championship

83
16 March 1968
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 8
 England
1968 Five Nations Championship

84
15 March 1969
Twickenham, London
8 – 3
 England
1969 Five Nations Championship

85
21 March 1970
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
14 – 5
 Scotland
1970 Five Nations Championship

86
20 March 1971
Twickenham, London
15 – 16
 Scotland
1971 Five Nations Championship

87
27 March 1971
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
26 – 6
 Scotland
RFU centenary match

88
18 March 1972
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
23 – 9
 Scotland
1972 Five Nations Championship

89
17 March 1973
Twickenham, London
20 – 13
 England
1973 Five Nations Championship

90
2 February 1974
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
16 – 14
 Scotland
1974 Five Nations Championship

91
15 March 1975
Twickenham, London
7 – 6
 England
1975 Five Nations Championship

92
21 February 1976
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
22 – 12
 Scotland
1976 Five Nations Championship

93
15 January 1977
Twickenham, London
26 – 6
 England
1977 Five Nations Championship

94
4 March 1978
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
0 – 15
 England
1978 Five Nations Championship

95
3 February 1979
Twickenham, London
7 – 7
  draw
1979 Five Nations Championship

96
15 March 1980
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
18 – 30
 England
1980 Five Nations Championship

97
21 February 1981
Twickenham, London
23 – 17
 England
1981 Five Nations Championship

98
16 January 1982
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
9 – 9
  draw
1982 Five Nations Championship

99
5 March 1983
Twickenham, London
12 – 22
 Scotland
1983 Five Nations Championship

100
4 February 1984
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
18 – 6
 Scotland
1984 Five Nations Championship

101
16 March 1985
Twickenham, London
10 – 7
 England
1985 Five Nations Championship

102
15 February 1986
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
33 – 6
 Scotland
1986 Five Nations Championship

103
4 April 1987
Twickenham, London
21 – 12
 England
1987 Five Nations Championship

104
5 March 1988
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 9
 England
1988 Five Nations Championship

105
4 February 1989
Twickenham, London
12 – 12
  draw
1989 Five Nations Championship

106
17 March 1990
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
13 – 7
 Scotland
1990 Five Nations Championship

107
16 February 1991
Twickenham, London
21 – 12
 England
1991 Five Nations Championship

108
26 October 1991
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 9
 England
1991 Rugby World Cup semi-final

109
18 January 1992
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
7 – 25
 England
1992 Five Nations Championship

110
6 March 1993
Twickenham, London
26 – 12
 England
1993 Five Nations Championship

111
5 February 1994
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
14 – 15
 England
1994 Five Nations Championship

112
18 March 1995
Twickenham, London
24 – 12
 England
1995 Five Nations Championship

113
2 March 1996
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
9 – 18
 England
1996 Five Nations Championship

114
1 February 1997
Twickenham, London
41 – 13
 England
1997 Five Nations Championship

115
22 March 1998
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
20 – 34
 England
1998 Five Nations Championship

116
20 February 1999
Twickenham, London
24 – 21
 England
1999 Five Nations Championship

117
2 April 2000
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
19 – 13
 Scotland
2000 Six Nations Championship

118
3 March 2001
Twickenham, London
43 – 3
 England
2001 Six Nations Championship

119
2 February 2002
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
3 – 29
 England
2002 Six Nations Championship

120
22 March 2003
Twickenham, London
40 – 9
 England
2003 Six Nations Championship

121
21 February 2004
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
13 – 35
 England
2004 Six Nations Championship

122
19 March 2005
Twickenham, London
43 – 22
 England
2005 Six Nations Championship

123
25 February 2006
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
18 – 12
 Scotland
2006 Six Nations Championship

124
3 February 2007
Twickenham, London
42 – 20
 England
2007 Six Nations Championship

125
8 March 2008
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
15 – 9
 Scotland
2008 Six Nations Championship

126
21 March 2009
Twickenham, London
26 – 12
 England
2009 Six Nations Championship

127
13 March 2010
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
15 – 15
  draw
2010 Six Nations Championship

128
13 March 2011
Twickenham, London
22 – 16
 England
2011 Six Nations Championship

129
1 October 2011
Eden Park, Auckland, New Zealand
16 – 12
 England
2011 Rugby World Cup

130
4 February 2012
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
6 – 13
 England
2012 Six Nations Championship

131
2 February 2013
Twickenham, London
38 – 18
 England
2013 Six Nations Championship

132
8 February 2014
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
0 – 20
 England
2014 Six Nations Championship

133
14 March 2015
Twickenham, London
25 – 13
 England
2015 Six Nations Championship

134
6 February 2016
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
9 – 15
 England
2016 Six Nations Championship

135
11 March 2017
Twickenham, London
61 – 21
 England
2017 Six Nations Championship

136
24 February 2018
Murrayfield, Edinburgh
25 – 13
 Scotland
2018 Six Nations Championship

text: Breakdown[edit]

text: In the World Cup, the teams have played on two occasions, 1991 and 2011, with England winning both. In these games, England have scored 25 points, and Scotland 18.

text: In the Home Nations Championship (1871–1909 and 1932–1939), England played Scotland on 44 occasions, England winning 16, Scotland 19 and nine matches have been drawn. In these games, England have scored 149 points, and Scotland 204.

text: In the Five Nations (1910–1931 and 1947–1999), England played Scotland on 70 occasions, England winning 43, Scotland 19 and eight matches have been drawn. In these games, England have scored 946 points, and Scotland 688.

text: In the Six Nations (2000–present), England have played Scotland on 18 occasions, England winning 14, Scotland 4 and one match has been drawn. In these games, England have scored 514 points, and Scotland 257.

text: In other test matches, England have played Scotland on just one occasion, in 1971, at Murrayfield, to mark the 100th anniversary of the very first match played between England and Scotland at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh, with Scotland winning the match by 26 points to 6.


document_title: Rational Dress Society

question_text: when did the rational dress society begin to work

text: Rational Dress Society

text: The Rational Dress Society was an organisation founded in 1881 in London. It described its purpose thus:

text: The Rational Dress Society protests against the introduction of any fashion in dress that either deforms the figure, impedes the movements of the body, or in any way tends to injure the health. It protests against the wearing of tightly-fitting corsets; of high-heeled shoes; of heavily-weighted skirts, as rendering healthy exercise almost impossible; and of all tie down cloaks or other garments impeding on the movements of the arms. It protests against crinolines or crinolettes of any kind as ugly and deforming….[It] requires all to be dressed healthily, comfortably, and beautifully, to seek what conduces to birth, comfort and beauty in our dress as a duty to ourselves and each other.[1]

text: In the catalogue of its inaugural exhibition, it listed the attributes of "perfect" dress as:

text:
1. Freedom of Movement.
2. Absence of pressure over any part of the body.
3. Not more weight than is necessary for warmth, and both weight and warmth evenly distributed.
4. Grace and beauty combined with comfort and convenience.
5. Not departing too conspicuously from the ordinary dress of the time.[2]

text: Leading members of the Society were Lady Harberton (who created the divided skirt), Mary Eliza Haweis and Constance Wilde (wife of Oscar Wilde).[3] Woman cyclists, such as members of the Lady Cyclists' Association, were keen advocates of women's right to dress appropriately for the activity, as part of a belief that cycling offered women an opportunity to escape overly restrictive societal norms.[4]

text: In 1889, a member of the Rational Dress Society, Charlotte Carmichael Stopes, staged a coup at a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in Newcastle upon Tyne, when she arranged an impromptu addition to the programme on the subject of rational dress. Her speech was reported by newspapers across Britain and the notion of rational dress was the biggest news from the meeting.[5]


document_title: Indian Ocean

question_text: why is the indian ocean the warmest in the world

text: Indian Ocean

text: Geography[edit]

text: The borders of the Indian Ocean, as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization in 1953 included the Southern Ocean but not the marginal seas along the northern rim, but in 2000 the IHO delimited the Southern Ocean separately, which removed waters south of 60°S from the Indian Ocean, but included the northern marginal seas.[4] Meridionally, the Indian Ocean is delimited from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific Ocean by the meridian of 146°55'E, running south from the southernmost point of Tasmania. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf.

text: The Indian Ocean covers 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean, or 19.5% of the world's oceans; its volume is 264,000,000 km3 (63,000,000 cu mi) or 19.8% of the world's oceans' volume; it has an average depth of 3,741 m (12,274 ft) and a maximum depth of 7,906 m (25,938 ft).[5]

text: The ocean's continental shelves are narrow, averaging 200 kilometres (120 mi) in width. An exception is found off Australia's western coast, where the shelf width exceeds 1,000 kilometres (620 mi). The average depth of the ocean is 3,890 m (12,762 ft). Its deepest point is Diamantina Deep in Diamantina Trench, at 8,047 m (26,401 ft) deep; Sunda Trench has a depth of 7,258–7,725 m (23,812–25,344 ft). North of 50° south latitude, 86% of the main basin is covered by pelagic sediments, of which more than half is globigerina ooze. The remaining 14% is layered with terrigenous sediments. Glacial outwash dominates the extreme southern latitudes.

text: The major choke points include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, the Lombok Strait, the Strait of Malacca and the Palk Strait. Seas include the Gulf of Aden, Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Laccadive Sea, Gulf of Mannar, Mozambique Channel, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Red Sea and other tributary water bodies. The Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal, which is accessible via the Red Sea. All of the Indian Ocean is in the Eastern Hemisphere and the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere is in this ocean.

text: Marginal seas[edit]

text: Marginal seas, gulfs, bays and straits of the Indian Ocean include:

text:
Andaman Sea
Arabian Sea
Bay of Bengal
Great Australian Bight
Gulf of Mannar
Gulf of Aden
Gulf of Aqaba
Gulf of Tadjoura
Gulf of Bahrain
Gulf of Carpentaria
Gulf of Kutch
Gulf of Khambat
Gulf of Oman
Indonesian Seaway (including the Malacca, Sunda and Torres Straits)
Laccadive Sea
Mozambique Channel
Palk Strait connecting Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Sea of Zanj
Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb connecting Arabian Sea
Strait of Hormuz connecting Persian Gulf

tag: ul

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate north of the equator is affected by a monsoon climate. Strong north-east winds blow from October until April; from May until October south and west winds prevail. In the Arabian Sea the violent Monsoon brings rain to the Indian subcontinent. In the southern hemisphere, the winds are generally milder, but summer storms near Mauritius can be severe. When the monsoon winds change, cyclones sometimes strike the shores of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

text: The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world. Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 0.7–1.2 °C (1.3–2.2 °F) during 1901–2012.[6] Indian Ocean warming is the largest among the tropical oceans, and about 3 times faster than the warming observed in the Pacific. Research indicates that human induced greenhouse warming, and changes in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events are a trigger to this strong warming in the Indian Ocean.[6]

text: Oceanography[edit]

text: Among the few large rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean are the Zambezi, Shatt al-Arab, Indus, Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Jubba and Irrawaddy. The ocean's currents are mainly controlled by the monsoon. Two large gyres, one in the northern hemisphere flowing clockwise and one south of the equator moving anticlockwise (including the Agulhas Current and Agulhas Return Current), constitute the dominant flow pattern. During the winter monsoon, however, currents in the north are reversed.

text: Deep water circulation is controlled primarily by inflows from the Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, and Antarctic currents. North of 20° south latitude the minimum surface temperature is 22 °C (72 °F), exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) to the east. Southward of 40° south latitude, temperatures drop quickly.

text: Precipitation and evaporation leads to salinity variation in all oceans, and in the Indian Ocean salinity variations are driven by: (1) river inflow mainly from the Bay of Bengal, (2) fresher water from the Indonesian Throughflow; and (3) saltier water from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.[7] Surface water salinity ranges from 32 to 37 parts per 1000, the highest occurring in the Arabian Sea and in a belt between southern Africa and south-western Australia. Pack ice and icebergs are found throughout the year south of about 65° south latitude. The average northern limit of icebergs is 45° south latitude.

text: Geology[edit]

text: As the youngest of the major oceans,[8] the Indian Ocean has active spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges. In the Indian Ocean these spreading ridges meet at the Rodrigues Triple Point with the Central Indian Ridge, including the Carlsberg Ridge, separating the African Plate from the Indian Plate; the Southwest Indian Ridge separating the African Plate form the Antarctic Plate; and the Southeast Indian Ridge separating the Australian Plate from the Antarctic Plate.The Central Ridge runs north on the in-between across of the Arabian Peninsula and Africa into the Mediterranean Sea.

text: A series of ridges and seamount chains produced by hotspots pass over the Indian Ocean. The Réunion hotspot (active 70–40 million years ago) connects Réunion and the Mascarene Plateau to the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and the Deccan Traps in north-western India; the Kerguelen hotspot (100–35 million years ago) connects the Kerguelen Islands and Kerguelen Plateau to the Ninety East Ridge and the Rajmahal Traps in north-eastern India; the Marion hotspot (100–70 million years ago) possibly connects Prince Edward Islands to the Eighty Five East Ridge.[9] These hotspot tracks have been broken by the still active spreading ridges mentioned above.

text: Marine life[edit]

text: Among the tropical oceans, the western Indian Ocean hosts one of the largest concentration of phytoplankton blooms in summer, due to the strong monsoon winds. The monsoonal wind forcing leads to a strong coastal and open ocean upwelling, which introduces nutrients into the upper zones where sufficient light is available for photosynthesis and phytoplankton production. These phytoplankton blooms support the marine ecosystem, as the base of the marine food web, and eventually the larger fish species. The Indian Ocean accounts for the second largest share of the most economically valuable tuna catch.[10] Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna.[11]

text: Research indicates that increasing ocean temperatures are taking a toll on the marine ecosystem. A study on the phytoplankton changes in the Indian Ocean indicates a decline of up to 20% in the marine phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean, during the past six decades.[12] The tuna catch rates have also declined abruptly during the past half century, mostly due to increased industrial fisheries, with the ocean warming adding further stress to the fish species.[12]

text: Endangered marine species include the dugong, seals, turtles, and whales.[11]

text: An Indian Ocean garbage patch was discovered in 2010 covering at least 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). Riding the southern Indian Ocean Gyre, this vortex of plastic garbage constantly circulates the ocean from Australia to Africa, down the Mozambique Channel, and back to Australia in a period of six years, except for debris that get indefinitely stuck in the centre of the gyre.

text: In 2016, UK researchers from Southampton University identified six new animal species at hydrothermal vents beneath the Indian Ocean. These new species were a "Hoff" crab, a "giant peltospirid" snail, a whelk-like snail, a limpet, a scaleworm and a polychaete worm.[13]

text: History[edit]

text: First settlements[edit]

text: The history of the Indian Ocean is marked by maritime trade; cultural and commercial exchange probably date back at least seven thousand years.[14] During this period, independent, short-distance oversea communications along its littoral margins have evolved into an all-embracing network. The début of this network was not the achievement of a centralised or advanced civilisation but of local and regional exchange in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and Arabian Sea. Sherds of Ubaid (2500–500 BCE) pottery have been found in the western Gulf at Dilmun, present-day Bahrain; traces of exchange between this trading centre and Mesopotamia. Sumerian traded grain, pottery, and bitumen (used for reed boats) for copper, stone, timber, tin, dates, onions, and pearls.[15] Coast-bound vessels transported goods between the Harappa civilisation (2600–1900 BCE) in India (modern-day Pakistan and Gujarat in India) and the Persian Gulf and Egypt.[14]

text: Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, an Alexandrian guide to the world beyond the Red Sea — including Africa and India — from the first century CE, not only gives insights into trade in the region but also shows that Roman and Greek sailors had already gained knowledge about the monsoon winds.[14] The contemporaneous settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sailors shows that the littoral margins of the Indian Ocean were being both well-populated and regularly traversed at least by this time. Albeit the monsoon must have been common knowledge in the Indian Ocean for centuries.[14]

text: The world's earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia (beginning with Sumer), ancient Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent (beginning with the Indus Valley civilization), which began along the valleys of the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile and Indus rivers respectively, all developed around the Indian Ocean. Civilizations soon arose in Persia (beginning with Elam) and later in Southeast Asia (beginning with Funan).

text: During Egypt's first dynasty (c. 3000 BCE), sailors were sent out onto its waters, journeying to Punt, thought to be part of present-day Somalia. Returning ships brought gold and myrrh. The earliest known maritime trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley (c. 2500 BC) was conducted along the Indian Ocean. Phoenicians of the late 3rd millennium BCE may have entered the area, but no settlements resulted.

text: The Indian Ocean's relatively calmer waters opened the areas bordering it to trade earlier than the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. The powerful monsoons also meant ships could easily sail west early in the season, then wait a few months and return eastwards. This allowed ancient Indonesian peoples to cross the Indian Ocean to settle in Madagascar around 1 CE.[16]

text: Era of discovery[edit]

text: In the 2nd or 1st century BCE, Eudoxus of Cyzicus was the first Greek to cross the Indian Ocean. The probably fictitious sailor Hippalus is said to have discovered the direct route from Arabia to India around this time.[17] During the 1st and 2nd centuries AD intensive trade relations developed between Roman Egypt and the Tamil kingdoms of the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas in Southern India. Like the Indonesian peoples above, the western sailors used the monsoon to cross the ocean. The unknown author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes this route, as well as the commodities that were traded along various commercial ports on the coasts of the Horn of Africa and India circa 1 CE. Among these trading settlements were Mosylon and Opone on the Red Sea littoral.

text: Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians reached most of the far flung islands and atolls and populated them, almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa, the Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished.[18] Maldivian ships used the Indian Monsoon Current to travel to the nearby coasts.[19]

text: From 1405 to 1433 Admiral Zheng He led large fleets of the Ming Dynasty on several treasure voyages through the Indian Ocean, ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa.[20]

text: In 1497 Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and became the first European to sail to India and later the Far East. The European ships, armed with heavy cannon, quickly dominated trade. Portugal achieved pre-eminence by setting up forts at the important straits and ports. Their hegemony along the coasts of Africa and Asia lasted until the mid 17th century. Later, the Portuguese were challenged by other European powers. The Dutch East India Company (1602–1798) sought control of trade with the East across the Indian Ocean. France and Britain established trade companies for the area. From 1565 Spain established a major trading operation with the Manila Galleons in the Philippines and the Pacific. Spanish trading ships purposely avoided the Indian Ocean, following the Treaty of Tordesillas with Portugal. By 1815, Britain became the principal power in the Indian Ocean.

text: Industrial era[edit]

text: The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revived European interest in the East, but no nation was successful in establishing trade dominance. Since World War II the United Kingdom was forced to withdraw from the area, to be replaced by India, the USSR, and the United States. The last two tried to establish hegemony[citation needed] by negotiating for naval base sites. Developing countries bordering the ocean, however, seek to have it made a "zone of peace"[citation needed] so that they may use its shipping lanes freely. The United Kingdom and United States maintain a military base on Diego Garcia atoll in the middle of the Indian Ocean.

text: Contemporary era[edit]

text: On 26 December 2004 the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean were hit by a tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. The waves resulted in more than 226,000 deaths and over 1 million people were left homeless.

text: In the late 2000s the ocean evolved into a hub of pirate activity. By 2013, attacks off the Horn region's coast had steadily declined due to active private security and international navy patrols, especially by the Indian Navy.[21]

text: Malaysian Airlines Flight 370, a Boeing 777 airliner with 239 persons on board, disappeared on 8 March 2014 and is alleged to have crashed into the southeastern Indian Ocean about 2,000km from the coast of southwest Western Australia. Despite an extensive search, the whereabouts of the remains of the aircraft are unknown.

text: Trade[edit]

text: The sea lanes in the Indian Ocean are considered among the most strategically important in the world with more than 80 percent of the world’s seaborne trade in oil transits through Indian Ocean and its vital choke points, with 40 percent passing through the Strait of Hormuz, 35 percent through the Strait of Malacca and 8 percent through the Bab el-Mandab Strait.[22]

text: The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean.[11] Beach sands rich in heavy minerals, and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, Pakistan, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.

text: Major ports and harbours[edit]

text: The Port of Singapore is the busiest port in the Indian Ocean, located in the Strait of Malacca where it meets the Pacific. Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kochi, Mormugao Port, Mundra, Port Blair, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Ennore, and Tuticorin are the major Indian ports. South Asian ports include Chittagong in Bangladesh, Colombo, Hambantota and Galle in Sri Lanka, Chabahar in Iran and ports of Karachi, Sindh province and Gwadar, Balochistan province in Pakistan. Aden is a major port in Yemen and controls ships entering the Red Sea. Major African ports on the shores of the Indian Ocean include: Mombasa (Kenya), Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar (Tanzania), Durban, East London, Richard's Bay (South Africa), Beira (Mozambique), and Port Louis (Mauritius). Zanzibar is especially famous for its spice export. Other major ports in the Indian Ocean include Muscat (Oman), Yangon (Burma), Jakarta, Medan (Indonesia), Fremantle (port servicing Perth, Australia) and Dubai (UAE).

text: Chinese companies have made investments in several Indian Ocean ports, including Gwadar, Hambantota, Colombo and Sonadia. This has sparked a debate about the strategic implications of these investments.[23]. India is heavily investing in the Chabahar port in Iran.

text: Bordering countries and territories[edit]

text: Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nations within the ocean are Madagascar (the world's fourth largest island), Bahrain, Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles and Sri Lanka. The archipelago of Indonesia and the island nation of East Timor border the ocean on the east.

text: Heading roughly clockwise, the states and territories (in italics) with a coastline on the Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf) are:

text: Africa

text:
South Africa
 Mozambique
 Madagascar
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (FRA)
 France (Mayotte and Réunion)
 Mauritius
 Comoros
 Tanzania
 Seychelles
 Kenya
 Somalia
 Djibouti
 Eritrea
 Sudan
 Egypt

text: Asia

text:
Egypt
 Israel
 Jordan
 Saudi Arabia
 Yemen
 Oman
 United Arab Emirates
 Qatar
 Bahrain
 Kuwait
 Iraq
 Iran
 Pakistan
 India
 Maldives
 British Indian Ocean Territory (UK)
 Sri Lanka
 Bangladesh
 Myanmar
 Thailand
 Malaysia
 Brunei
 Singapore
 Indonesia
 Cocos (Keeling) Islands (AUS)
 Christmas Island (AUS)
 Timor-Leste

text: Australasia

text:
Ashmore and Cartier Islands (AUS)
 Indonesia
 Australia

text: Southern Indian Ocean

text:
Heard Island and McDonald Islands (AUS)
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands (FRA)
 Prince Edward Islands (RSA)


document_title: Manchester by the Sea (film)

question_text: where was the film manchester by the sea filmed

text: Manchester by the Sea (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story takes place in the present, while the narrative includes flashbacks that inform the viewer of significant events from the past and the characters' motivations. The protagonist is Lee Chandler, a janitor and handyman, who lives a solitary life in a basement apartment in Quincy, Massachusetts.  The movie opens with scenes of him performing tasks for tenants of the apartment complex where he works. His interaction with them is minimal. After being reprimanded by his boss for swearing at an irritated tenant, he gets into a drunken bar fight with two businessmen believing they were "looking" at him.

text: Lee receives word that his brother Joe has suffered a cardiac arrest, but he dies before Lee can get to the hospital. Lee insists on being the one to tell Joe's teenage son, Patrick, about his father's death. While making funeral arrangements, they learn that Joe's body cannot be buried until spring when the ground thaws. Lee opts to remain in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts until the delayed burial.

text: At Joe's lawyer's office, Lee is shocked to discover that his brother named him Patrick's legal guardian. During the scene, the viewer is shown — through flashbacks — that Lee once lived in Manchester with his then-wife Randi and their three small children. His negligence, however, while intoxicated led to a house fire that killed the children. No criminal charges were filed against him. However, after being questioned at the police station, Lee grabbed a gun from an officer's holster and attempted suicide. In light of these events, Lee is reluctant to commit to the guardianship and unwilling to move back to Manchester, where the locals treat him as an outcast. He begins planning for Patrick to move to Boston with him. Patrick is deeply rooted in the Manchester community and strongly objects to the idea. Lee commits to staying only through the end of the school year.

text: Over time, Patrick and Lee re-establish their bond, although conflict continues between them when it comes to making decisions about Joe's boat, Patrick's girlfriends, and their future living arrangements. Through flashbacks, Patrick's mother Elise is shown to have had substance abuse problems and abandoned the family, so Lee is opposed to Patrick reconnecting with her. Even so, Patrick emails Elise about Joe's death, and she invites him to have lunch with her. She has committed to Christianity and sobriety with her fiancé, Jeffrey, but during an awkward meal with them, Patrick finds himself unable to connect with her. He is unsettled further when Jeffrey emails him, insisting on being an intermediary in any future communication between Patrick and his mother. Lee's subsequent positive comments about Elise's sobriety lead Patrick to believe his uncle is trying to get rid of him, assertions Lee denies.  In response to this strain in their relationship, Lee takes steps to possibly extend his stay in Manchester, and begins to seek ways to spend more time with Patrick.

text: One day Lee runs into his ex-wife Randi, her newborn Dylan, and her friend Rachel. After Rachel leaves to get the car, a sobbing Randi expresses remorse for her treatment of Lee during their divorce and asks him to have lunch. Lee deflects her apology, feeling that he doesn't deserve it. When she insists that they reconnect and pleads with him not to "just die," he leaves before he can become emotional. Distraught, a drunk Lee picks a fight with strangers at a bar and is knocked out. He awakens in the living room of George (a family friend) and breaks down in tears. At home, Patrick shows his uncle deference after observing his battered state and seeing pictures of the deceased children in Lee's bedroom.

text: Lee arranges for George and his wife to adopt Patrick so the boy can remain in Manchester while Lee gets a job in Boston. When Patrick asks Lee why staying is not an option, Lee admits that he "can't beat it." At this, Patrick cries and Lee comforts him. During a walk after Joe's burial service, Lee tells Patrick that he is searching for a residence in Boston with an extra room so that Patrick can visit whenever he wants. In the final scene, Lee and Patrick go fishing on Joe's refurbished boat that Patrick has inherited.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Casey Affleck as Lee Chandler, a grief-stricken loner
Michelle Williams as Randi, Lee's ex-wife
Kyle Chandler as Joseph "Joe" Chandler, Lee's brother
Lucas Hedges as Patrick Chandler, 16-year-old son of Joe and Elise
Ben O'Brien as young Patrick
Gretchen Mol as Elise Chandler, Joe's former wife
C.J. Wilson as George, the Chandlers' family friend
Tate Donovan as Patrick's hockey coach
Kara Hayward as Silvie McGann, one of Patrick's girlfriends
Anna Baryshnikov as Sandy, one of Patrick's girlfriends
Heather Burns as Jill, Sandy's mother
Erica McDermott as Sue, boat yard boss
Matthew Broderick as Jeffrey, Elise's fiancé
Oscar Wahlberg as Joel, Patrick's friend
Stephen Henderson as Mr. Emery, Lee's boss
Josh Hamilton as Wes, Joe's Lawyer

text: Director Kenneth Lonergan appears briefly as a pedestrian.

text: Themes[edit]

text: The film is a treatment of profound grief from which it is difficult or impossible to recover. In an essay in Cineaste magazine, Colin Fleming writes that "the question Lonergan invites us to ask ourselves is how on earth would we be able to carry on after an event so tragically full of loss and guilt."[4] Speaking to the persistence of grief, Film Comment magazine says that "Lonergan is telling us that Lee's grief cannot be contained or subdued because his past lives on wherever he goes."[5] Remarking on the way flash-backs appear suddenly during the movie, critic Anthony Lane says that Lonergan "proceeds on the assumption that things are hard, some irreparably so, and that it's the job of a film not to smooth them over."[6] However, one critic noted that juxtaposed with the tragedy is "the harsh comedy that colors much of the dialogue, and the near-farcical frequency with which things go wrong."[7]  Along those same lines, critic Steven Mears called the film "a study of grief and reticence that finds droll humor in those very sources,"[8] and Richard Alleva says the loving but tense relationship between Lee and Patrick "keeps the story nicely balanced between rough hewn comedy and delicate pathos."[9] Explaining his objective, Lonergan said, "I don't like the fact that, nowadays, it feels like it's not permissible to leave something unresolved ... Some people live with their trauma for years. I'm not interested in rubbing people's faces in suffering ... But I don't like this lie that everybody gets over things that easily. Some people can't get over something major that's happened to them at all; why can’t they have a movie too?"[10]

text: The film's events take place through the cultural filter of a blue-collar, New England community. John Krasinski and Matt Damon initially approached Lonergan about developing the story in New England.[11] As Lonergan researched the areas surrounding Manchester-by-the-Sea, he sought to include details specific to the area, such as its distance from Quincy, the delayed burial because of the frozen ground in a historical cemetery, and the realities of fishing life.[11] Critic Sam Lansky remarked that the lead character's New England roots make him "disinclined to emote,"[12] and Tom Shone said that Lonergan's dialog forces "the story’s heartbreak to peep from behind these tough, flinty New England exteriors."[13]

text: Development and production[edit]

text: Matt Damon and John Krasinski had brainstormed a film about an "emotionally crippled" handyman, and brought the idea to Lonergan for his input, thinking that Krasinski would star and Damon would direct.[10] Damon had previously worked with Lonergan in a play and on the 2011 film Margaret.[14] Both actors became occupied with other projects while Lonergan worked on the screenplay for three years.[10] After Damon read a rough draft of the script, he insisted that Lonergan should direct it and that he would star in it.[10][15] They announced they would collaborate on the project on September 6, 2014,[citation needed] and pre-production began on September 8, 2014.[14] However, Damon would not have a break in his schedule for another year,[10] and in early December 2014, while filming The Finest Hours, Casey Affleck revealed to The Boston Globe that he would replace Damon in the role of Lee Chandler.[16] Damon said he "wouldn't give this role up to anybody but Casey Affleck."[10]

text: Affleck officially replaced Damon on January 5, 2015.[17] On January 9, Michelle Williams joined the cast as Lee Chandler's wife;[18] Kyle Chandler joined as Affleck's character's older brother on February 24.[19] In April 2015, Lucas Hedges joined the cast of the film.[20] Lonergan has said that Hedges' audition was "special", but that he was unsure of how the young actor would do "because his background is so different [from that of the character]. Ultimately he did a beautiful job."[11] It was later revealed Erica McDermott had also joined the cast.[21]

text: Gigi Pritzker was set to produce and finance the film through her company Odd Lot Entertainment.[14]  However, in March 2015, it was reported that Sierra/Affinity had come aboard to finance the film, and Kimberly Steward would produce and finance through her company K Period Media, Kevin J. Walsh through his company B Story, Chris Moore through CMP, and Damon through his company Pearl Street Films. The film was executive produced by Josh Godfrey, John Krasinski, Declan Baldwin, and Bill Migliore; Pritzker was no longer attached to produce.[22]

text: Coming from a theater background, Lonergan had the actors do table read-style rehearsals for two weeks before filming.[23]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on March 23, 2015, in the namesake town of Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts.[24] Filming took place elsewhere on the North Shore, at locations in Beverly, Essex, Gloucester, Swampscott, Lynn, Middleton, Tewksbury, and Salem.[25][26]

text: Release[edit]

text: The film had its world premiere on January 23, 2016, at the Sundance Film Festival.[27] Shortly after, Amazon Studios acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film for $10 million, beating Sony Pictures Classics, Universal Pictures, Lionsgate, and Fox Searchlight.[28][29] This was the second largest disclosed purchase at the Sundance Film Festival after The Birth of a Nation at $17.5 million.[30] Roadside Attractions, of which Lionsgate owns 45%, later became co-distributor of the film with Amazon.[31]

text: The film was screened at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2016,[32] the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2016,[33][34] the New York Film Festival on October 1, 2016,[35][36] and the BFI London Film Festival on October 8, 2016.[37] The film was theatrically released on November 18, 2016.[38] The film was made available to stream on Amazon in the US on February 7, 2017,[39] and on Amazon Prime on May 5 of that year.[40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Manchester by the Sea grossed $47.7 million in the United States and Canada and $30 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $77.7 million, against a production budget of $8.5 million.[3]

text: The film began a limited release on November 18, 2016, and grossed $256,498 from four theaters for the weekend, making for a per-theater average of $64,125. It began a wide release on December 16, 2016, opening against Rogue One and Collateral Beauty, and grossed $4.2 million, finishing 6th at the box office.[41]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Manchester by the Sea received particular praise for Lonergan's screenplay and direction, as well as the performances of Affleck, Williams and Hedges, with Rolling Stone calling it the "must-see film" of the 2016 Sundance Festival.[10] On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95% based on 295 reviews, with an average rating of 8.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Manchester by the Sea delivers affecting drama populated by full-bodied characters, marking another strong step forward for writer-director Kenneth Lonergan."[42] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 96 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[43] The film was counted among the best films of 2016.[44]

text: Giving the film five-out-of-five stars, Phil de Semlyen of Empire called the film "masterfully told and beautifully acted" and favorably compared Affleck's performance to that of Marlon Brando in On the Waterfront, saying "there’s not much higher praise than that."[45] Variety's Justin Chang said it was a "beautifully textured, richly enveloping drama."[46] Critic Peter Travers said the movie "ranks with the year’s very best films," and that "it takes a piece out of you."[47] RogerEbert.com's Matt Zoller Seitz gave the film four-out-of-four stars, stating that it is "the kind of movie you'll want to see a second time with someone who hasn't seen it yet, to remember what it was like to watch it for the first time."[48] Anthony Lane with The New Yorker called the film "carefully constructed, compellingly acted, and often hard to watch."[7] Entertainment Weekly's Leah Greenblatt said that "the exquisitely crafted, emotionally ragged Manchester doesn’t just ask for time and effort; it earns it."[49] The film was included on many end-of-year lists, including those of the American Film Institute,[50] Rolling Stone,[51] the BBC,[52] The New York Times,[53] the Los Angeles Times,[54] and The Washington Post.[55]

text: The scene which drew the most critical praise featured the characters Randi and Lee speaking again years after their divorce. Anthony Lane called it the "highlight" of the movie.[6] Speaking of Williams' performance, Tom Shone said that "if this actress were put on earth to do one thing only, it would be this scene."[13] Zoller called the scene "a duet of mortification and mercy that stacks up with the best of Mike Leigh (Secrets and Lies)... The effect is cathartic."[48] Affleck says he strove to show restraint while acting the scene, explaining, "The challenge was to have all of those feelings and hold it without weeping and wailing and gnashing your teeth. To be there, and not be there."[12]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Manchester by the Sea received six nominations at the 89th Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Affleck), Best Supporting Actor (Hedges), Best Supporting Actress (Williams) and Best Original Screenplay,[56] winning two for Best Original Screenplay for Lonergan and Best Actor for Affleck. It was the first-ever film released by a digital streaming service to be nominated for Best Picture.[57]

text: Affleck won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama; the film was nominated for four additional awards at the 74th ceremony: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actress (for Williams) and Best Screenplay.[58]

text: Manchester by the Sea received six nominations at the 70th British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, Best Direction, Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Original Screenplay.[59] Affleck won Best Actor in a Leading Role and Lonergan won Best Original Screenplay.[60]

text: Music[edit]

text: Lesley Barber was selected to score the film, as she had previously worked on Lonergan's film You Can Count On Me.[61] She developed the first musical themes after reading the script.[62] Once she established the themes, she worked with the orchestra to create a specific sound that "emoted" the sound of the ocean with "underlying tension" — but with lightness — for exterior shots.[61] Barber took  inspiration from early New England church music from the 1700s, including Calvinist hymns and other music of the Pilgrims and the Colonial era, with its emphasis on a cappella vocals.[63] Barber also developed the music to complement her understanding of the essence of the film's scenes based on emails and conversations with Lonergan.[61] For example, to score scenes that reflected Lee's "interior landscape," she sent the music to her daughter Jacoba Barber Rozema (an opera major),[62] and then recorded her singing in her dorm room via Skype.[62][63] Barber said the more confined space made for a "perfect sound."[63] Orchestration was added to the track later.[62] For the opening flash-back of Lee in happier times, Barber recorded her daughter's vocals in a large, spacious auditorium.[61] Instead of giving Lonergan demos, Barber provided him with more finished pieces earlier in the editing process to allow the director to have a better sense of the music while editing.[61] The film was cut down after the Sundance screening, requiring Barber to rework and simplify some of the music.[61]

text: Critic Steven Mears says the film's score "gives form" to the feelings of blue-collar Americans.[8] Bobby Finger with Jezabel called it "an elegant white noise ... a hypnotic soundtrack to focused thought."[64] Caitlin Warren of Spindle Magazine said the score adds perfectly "to the raw emotion of the film without ever overwhelming it to the point of feeling contrived or cheesy."[65] Film score critic Jonathan Broxton said the music "dwells in the bitterness of regret" and that it has "a captivating, dream-like quality that is ... dramatically appropriate for the film it accompanies."[66]

text: The use of "Adagio in G minor" to accompany the reveal of Lee's tragedy got mixed reviews. The New Yorker said that "any piece of music that has been used for Rollerball, Gallipoli, and Flashdance has, by definition, been squeezed dry."[6] Mark Kermode of the BBC said that the piece "has been overused so much in pop entertainment that when it turns up, it's distracting."[67] On the other hand, Koresky noted that in the montage, "Lonergan thickly lays on the Handel, Bach, and Albinoni, making this sequence almost surreally operatic in its horror."[5] In an interview, Lonergan said he originally used the piece as a stand-in track while editing, but ultimately decided to keep it in.[67] The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ruled the film's score ineligible for Oscar consideration due to the volume of music from classical composers on the soundtrack. In a statement Barber released to Variety, she said, "While I accept the Academy’s decision, I also support my director's decision to use these pieces and I'm also very proud of the substantial contribution that the original score made to the film as well."[63]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: All music is written by Lesley Barber unless otherwise noted. The orchestra was conducted by James Shearman.[66] Jacoba Barber-Rozema, Barber's daughter, provided special vocals.[66] The album was recorded and mixed by XXX, and edited by Mick Gormley.[66] The album was produced by Barber and Stefan Karrer.[66]

text: No.TitleWriter(s)PerformerLength1."Manchester by the Sea Chorale" Jacoba Barber Rozema2:202."Manchester Minimalist Piano and Strings"  2:193."Plymouth Chorale" Rozema, Musica Sacra Chorus and Orchestra[68]1:254."Pifa (Pastoral Symphony)" (from Messiah)George Frederick HandelMusica Sacra Orchestra3:005."Smoke"  1:536."Floating 149" (A Cappella) Rozema1:537."Floating 149" (Strings Reprise)  2:208."Sonata for Oboe & Piano, 1st Movement"Camille Saint-SaënsGerhard Kanzian and Ed Lewis2:259."Manchester Minimalist Piano and Strings" (Strings Reprise)  1:0410."He Shall Feed His Flock Like a Shepherd; Come Unto Him" (from Messiah)HandelMusica Sacra Chorus and Orchestra5:1111."Manchester Minimalist Piano and Strings" (Variation)  2:1912."Adagio per Archi E Organo in Sol Minore"Tomaso Albinoni and Remo GiazottoThe London Philharmonic Orchestra8:3413."Smoke Reprise With Bass And Strings"  1:3714."I'm Beginning to See the Light"Duke Ellington, Don George, Johnny Hodges, and Harry JamesElla Fitzgerald and The Ink Spots2:4415."Chérubin"Jules MassenetMunich Radio Orchestra with the choir of the Bavarian State Opera3:0116."Manchester By The Sea Strings Reprise"  2:19Total length:44:07


document_title: Total cost

question_text: consist of the sum of the fixed and variable costs for any given level of production

text: Total cost

text: In economics and cost accounting, total cost (TC) describes the total economic cost of production and is made up of variable costs, which vary according to the quantity of a good produced and include inputs such as labor and raw materials, plus fixed costs, which are independent of the quantity of a good produced and include inputs (capital) that cannot be varied in the short term, such as buildings and machinery.

text: Total cost in economics includes the total opportunity cost of each factor of production as part of its fixed or variable costs.

text: The rate at which total cost changes as the amount produced changes is called marginal cost. This is also known as the marginal unit variable cost.

text: If one assumes that the unit variable cost is constant, as in cost-volume-profit analysis developed and used in cost accounting by the accountants, then total cost is linear in volume, and given by: total cost = fixed costs + unit variable cost * amount.

text: The total cost of producing a specific level of output is the cost of all the factors of input used. Conventionally, economists use models with two inputs: capital, K; and labor, L. Capital is assumed to be the fixed input, meaning that the amount of capital used does not vary with the level of production. The rental price per unit of capital is denoted r. Thus, the total fixed costs equal Kr. Labor is the variable input, meaning that the amount of labor used varies with the level of output. In fact, in the short run, the only way to vary output is by varying the amount of the variable input. Labor is denoted L and the per unit cost, or wage rate, is denoted w, so the total variable costs is Lw. Consequently, total cost is fixed costs (FC) plus variable cost (VC), or TC = FC + VC = Kr +wL.

text: Other economic models have the total variable cost curve (and therefore total cost curve) illustrate the concepts of increasing, and later diminishing, marginal returns.

text: In marketing, it is necessary to know how total costs divide between variable and fixed. "This distinction is crucial in forecasting the earnings generated by various changes in unit sales and thus the financial impact of proposed marketing campaigns." In a survey of nearly 200 senior marketing managers, 60 percent responded that they found the "variable and fixed costs" metric very useful.[1]

text: Calculating Cost[edit]

text:
Average Total Cost (ATC) = Total Cost / Q (Output is quantity produced or ‘Q’)
Average Variable Cost (AVC) = Total Variable Cost / Q
Average Fixed Cost (AFC) = ATC – AVC
Total Cost (TC) = (AVC + AFC) X Output (Which is Q)
Total Variable Cost (TVC) = AVC X Output
Total Fixed Cost (TFC) = TC – TVC
Marginal Cost (MC) = Change in Total Costs / Change in Output
Marginal Product (MP) = Change in Total Product / Change in Variable Factor
Marginal Revenue (MR) = Change in Total Revenue / Change in Q
Average Product (AP) = TP / Variable Factor
Total Revenue (TR) = Price X Quantity
Average Revenue (AR) = TR / Output
Total Product (TP) = AP X Variable Factor
Economic Profit = TR – TC > 0
A Loss = TR – TC < 0
Break Even Point = AR = ATC
Profit Maximizing Condition = MR = MC