document_title: Over the Rainbow

question_text: when did somewhere over the rainbow come out

text: Over the Rainbow

text: Influence and legacy[edit]

text: The song is number one on the "Songs of the Century" list compiled by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. The American Film Institute also ranked the song the greatest movie song of all time on the list of "AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs".

text: The very first artist to record the song was actually big band singer Bea Wain, but MGM prohibited the release until The Wizard of Oz (1939) had opened and audiences heard Judy Garland perform it.[2]

text: It was adopted (along with Irving Berlin's "White Christmas" (1942)) by American troops in Europe in World War II, as a symbol of the United States.

text: In April 2005, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp recognizing lyricist Yip Harburg's accomplishments; it features the opening lyric from the song.[3]

text: The song was used as an audio wakeup call in the STS-88 space shuttle mission in Flight Day 4, which was dedicated to astronaut Robert D. Cabana from his daughter, Sara.[4]

text: The song was honored with the 2014 Towering Song Award by the Songwriters Hall of Fame and was sung at its dinner on June 12, 2014 by Jackie Evancho.[5]

text: In April 2016, The Daily Telegraph listed the song as number 8 on its list of the 100 greatest songs of all time.[6]

text: In March 2017, Garland's original rendition of the song was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant."[7]

text: The Wizard of Oz[edit]

text: The song's sequence and the entirety of the Kansas scenes were directed by King Vidor, though he was not credited. The song was initially deleted from the film after a preview in San Luis Obispo, because MGM chief executive Louis B. Mayer and producer Mervyn LeRoy thought it "slowed down the picture" and that "the song sounds like something for Jeanette MacDonald, not for a little girl singing in a barnyard." However, the persistence of associate producer Arthur Freed and Garland's vocal coach/mentor Roger Edens to keep it in the film eventually paid off - it's for this sequence that the film is best known and remembered.[8]

text: At the start of the film, part of the song is played by the MGM orchestra over the opening credits. A reprise of it was deleted after being filmed. An additional chorus was to be sung by Dorothy while she was locked in the Witch's castle, helplessly awaiting death as the hourglass ran out. However, although the visual portion of that reprise is presumably lost, the soundtrack of it survives and was included in the 2-CD Deluxe Edition of the film's soundtrack, released by Rhino Entertainment in 1995. In that extremely intense and fear-filled rendition, Dorothy cries her way through it, unable to finish, concluding with a tear-filled, "I'm frightened, Auntie Em, I'm frightened!" This phrase was retained in the film and is followed immediately by Aunt Em's brief appearance in the crystal ball, where she is soon replaced by the visage of the witch (Hamilton), mocking and taunting Dorothy before turning toward the camera to cackle. Another instrumental version is played in the underscore in the final scene, and over the closing credits.

text: Original Garland recordings[edit]

text:
"Over the Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz

A sample of the original version of "Over the Rainbow" from The Wizard of Oz, sung by Judy Garland.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: On October 7, 1938, Judy Garland first recorded the song on the MGM soundstages, using an arrangement by Murray Cutter.

text: In September 1939, a studio recording of the song, not from the actual film soundtrack, was recorded and released as a single by Decca Records.

text: In March 1940, that same recording was included on a Decca 78-RPM four-record studio cast album entitled The Wizard of Oz. Although this is not the version of the song featured in the film, Decca would continue to re-release the so-called "Cast Album" well into the 1960s after it was re-issued as a single-record 33 1⁄3 RPM LP.

text: It was not until 1956, when MGM released the true soundtrack album from the film, that the film version of the song was made available to the public. The 1956 soundtrack release was timed to coincide with the television premiere of the film.[9] The soundtrack version has been re-released several times over the years, including in a "Deluxe Edition" from Rhino Records in 1995.[10]

text:
'Over the Rainbow' has become part of my life. It's so symbolic of everybody's dreams and wishes that I'm sure that's why some people get tears in their eyes when they hear it. I've sung it thousands of times and it's still the song that's closest to my heart.
“
”

– Judy Garland, in a letter to Harold Arlen[11]

tag: div

text: Following the film's release in 1939, the song became Garland's signature song and she would perform it for the next 30 years, until her death in 1969. She performed it without altering it, singing exactly as she did for the film. She explained her fidelity by saying that she was staying true to the character of Dorothy and to the message of really being somewhere over the rainbow.[12]

text: In 2017, Garland's recorded rendition of the film was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant."[7]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: An introductory verse ("When all the world is a hopeless jumble…") that was not used in the film is often used in theatrical productions of The Wizard of Oz and is included in the piano sheet music book of songs from the film. It was also used in renditions by Frank Sinatra, by Doris Day on her album Hooray For Hollywood (1958) (Vol.1), by Tony Bennett on his albums Tony Bennett Sings a String of Harold Arlen (1961) and Here's to the Ladies (1995), by Ella Fitzgerald, by Sarah Vaughan, and by Norma Waterson, among others. Garland herself sang the introductory verse only once, on a 1948 radio broadcast of The Louella Parsons Show.[13] Lyrics for a second verse ("Once by a word only lightly spoken…") appear in the British edition of the sheet music.[14]

text: International artists[edit]

text: The first German version in English language was recorded by the Swing Orchestra Heinz Wehner in March 1940. Wehner, at this time a well-known German Swing Artist, also took over the vocals.[15] The first German version in German language was sung by Inge Brandenburg in 1960.[16]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: In singles and albums[edit]

text:
Doo-wop group the Demensions charted the song to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1960.[17]
Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles recorded the song in 1966 and it was featured on the Bluebelles' album of the same name, their first studio album with Atlantic Records.
Australian band Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs' version topped the Australian music charts in 1965 and a later revision of the song also charted in 1974 following Billy Thorpe's blues-based revival of the song at the 1973 Sunbury Pop Festival.[18]
Matchbox reached number 15 on the UK singles chart in 1980 with the song – You Belong to Me (medley)".
Patti LaBelle recorded a solo version of the song in a contemporary R&B/gospel-influenced version that was featured as the final song on LaBelle's 1981 album, The Spirit's in It.
Sam Harris's winning version of the song on the first season of Star Search in 1983, combined on a single with "Hearts on Fire" reached number 67 in the UK singles chart in 1985.
Marusha reached number 3 on the German singles charts in 1994 with her dance version.
Cosmic Gate sampled this track for their single "Somewhere Over the Rainbow", which was released in 2000.
Cliff Richard reached number 11 on the UK singles chart in 2001 with "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World".
Katharine McPhee, an American Idol runner-up, covered the song in 2006. The single peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100.
The Glee cast reached number 43 on the US singles chart and number 30 on the UK singles chart in 2010 with their version.
Nicholas David, a contestant on the third season of the US version of The Voice, charted the song to number 96 in 2012, with sales of 48,000 copies.[19] The Christian Hard Rock group David and the Giants sampled the song on their song "Noah" on their 1978 album This One's for You.[20]
Ariana Grande covered the song at the One Love Manchester benefit concert held on 4 June 2017 for the victims of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing and added it to her Dangerous Woman Tour setlist after the benefit show.[21]
Hibari Misora released a Japanese language version of the song titled Niji no Kanata Ni (虹の彼方に).

text: In films and TV shows[edit]

text:
In the film Third Finger, Left Hand (1940) with Myrna Loy, Melvyn Douglas, and Raymond Walburn, the tune played throughout the film in short sequences.
In the film The Philadelphia Story (1940), James Stewart sings the song while carrying Katharine Hepburn through the gardens, at 77 minutes.
Two years after the release of The Wizard of Oz, the tune appeared throughout the film I Wake Up Screaming (1941), starring Betty Grable and Victor Mature.
The song can also be heard in an ironic context in the Vincent Price horror film, Dr. Phibes Rises Again (1972).
A version sung by Olivia Newton-John is used in the 1997 movie Face/Off, directed by John Woo.
Director Nora Ephron used two different versions of the song in her movies Sleepless in Seattle (1993) and You've Got Mail (1998). They're by Ray Charles and Harry Nilsson, but only Nilsson's is included on a soundtrack release of the films.
Jane Monheit's version is used over the end credits of "Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow" (2004).
In the film 9 (2009), the original song is played.
The song was featured at the end of the Scrubs episode "My Way Home". The song was sung by the "Worthless Peons" (played by the Blanks) in a cappella format. The song was the final of many references to The Wizard of Oz in the episode.[22]

text: Israel Kamakawiwoʻole version[edit]

text:
"Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World"

Single by Israel Kamakawiwoʻole

from the album Facing Future

Released
1993

Format
CD single

Recorded
1988

Label
Mountain Apple Company

Songwriter(s)
E.Y. Harburg, Bob Thiele, George David Weiss

Audio sample

"Somewhere over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World"

file
help

text: Israel Kamakawiwoʻole's album Facing Future, released in 1993, included a ukulele medley of the song and Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World". It reached number 12 on Billboard's Hot Digital Tracks chart the week of January 31, 2004 (for the survey week ending January 18, 2004).[23] In the UK, it was released as a single under the title "Somewhere Over the Rainbow". It entered the UK Official Singles Chart in April 2007 at number 68. In Germany, the single also returned to the German Singles Chart in September 2010. After only 2 weeks on that chart, it had already received gold status for having sold 150,000 copies.[24] In October 2010, it reached No. 1 in the German charts and 2011 it has been certified 5x Gold for selling more than 750,000 copies.[24] It stayed 12 non-consecutive weeks at the top spot and was the most successful single in Germany in 2010.[25] As of March 2012, it's the 2nd best-selling download ever in Germany with digital sales between 500,000 and 600,000.[26][27] In France, it debuted at number 4 in December 2010 and reached number one.[28] In the USA, it was certified Platinum for 1,000,000 downloads sold.[29] To date it has sold over 4.2 million digital copies as of October 2014.[30] In Switzerland, it received Platinum, too, for 30,000 copies sold.[31]

text: This version of the song has been used in several commercials, films and television programs including Finding Forrester, Meet Joe Black, 50 First Dates, Son of the Mask, Snakes on a Plane, Charmed, South Pacific, Cold Case, ER, Life on Mars, Horizon, and Scrubs. The Kamakawiwoʻole version of the song was covered by the cast of Glee on the season one finale, "Journey," and included on the extended play Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals, charting at number 30 in the UK, 31 in Canada and Ireland, 42 in Australia, and 43 in the US.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38] Cliff Richard recorded his own version of the medley based on this one with a medley of "Over the Rainbow/What A Wonderful World" released as a single from the album Wanted, which charted in the UK in 2001 and Aselin Debison recorded the medley for her 2002 album Sweet is the Melody.

text: This version of the song was recorded in 1988, in Honolulu in just one take. Israel called the recording studio at 3am. He was given 15 minutes to arrive by Milan Bertosa. Bertosa is quoted to say ″And in walks the largest human being I had seen in my life. Israel was probably like 500 pounds. And the first thing at hand is to find something for him to sit on." The building security found Israel a big steel chair. "Then I put up some microphones, do a quick sound check, roll tape, and the first thing he does is 'Somewhere Over the Rainbow.' He played and sang, one take, and it was over."[39]

text: Eva Cassidy version[edit]

text:
"Over the Rainbow"

Single by Eva Cassidy

from the album 'The Other Side/Songbird'

Released
29 January 2001 (UK)

Format
CD single

Recorded
1992

Label
Blix Street

Composer(s)
Harold Arlen

Lyricist(s)
E.Y. Harburg

text: Eva Cassidy recorded a version of the song for the 1992 Chuck Brown/Eva Cassidy album The Other Side. After her death in 1996, it was included in her posthumously-released compilation album Songbird, released in 1998 and was released as a CD single in 2001. It was popularised by the BBC on BBC Radio 2 and on the television show Top of the Pops 2; the latter featured a video recording of Cassidy performing it. This publicity helped push sales of the compilation album Songbird to number 1 in the UK charts. Her recording was selected by the BBC in the UK for their Songs of the Century album in the year 1999. Her performance of it at Blues Alley was published for the first time in January 2011 on her Simply Eva album.

text: Track listings[edit]

text:
"Over the Rainbow"
"Dark End of the Street"

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (2001)
Peak
Position

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[40]
42

text: Danielle Hope version[edit]

text:
"Over the Rainbow"

Single by Danielle Hope

Released
23 May 2010 (UK)

Format
Digital download, CD single

Recorded
2010

Genre
Pop

Length
2:58

Label
Polydor Records

Composer(s)
Harold Arlen

Lyricist(s)
E.Y. Harburg

text: Danielle Hope, the winner of the Wizard of Oz-themed BBC talent show Over the Rainbow, released a cover version of the song. It was released by digital download on 23 May 2010 and a CD single was released on 31 May 2010.[41] As it was recorded before a winner was announced, runners-up Lauren Samuels and Sophie Evans also recorded versions of it. These were both later made available for download on 6 June 2010. All three finalists appeared on the CD single's B-side: a Wizard of Oz medley.[41]

text: The single was a charity record, raising money for both the BBC Performing Arts Fund and Prostate UK.[42]

text: Track listings[edit]

text: "Over the Rainbow" – 2:58

text:
"Over the Rainbow"
"The Wizard of Oz medley" – Sophie Evans, Danielle Hope and Lauren Samuels

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (2010)
Peak
Position

UK Singles (Official Charts Company)[43]
29


document_title: Hootie & the Blowfish

question_text: when did hootie and the blowfish come out

root

text: Hootie & the Blowfish

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: Hootie & the Blowfish formed in 1986. The quartet met when they were freshmen at the University of South Carolina in Columbia. Bryan heard Rucker singing in the showers of the dorm they shared and was impressed by his vocal ability. They began playing cover tunes as The Wolf Brothers; eventually they collaborated with Felber, a former high school bandmate of Bryan's, and Jim "Soni" Sonefeld as Hootie & the Blowfish. The name is a conjunction of the nicknames of two of their college friends.[2] Brantley Smith was the original drummer for the band. He left the group to pursue music ministry, but he has made scattered guest appearances with the band (he played cello on their MTV Unplugged performance in 1996, and played drums at Gruene Hall in Gruene, Texas, on June 27, 2008).

tag: p

text: The band independently released two cassette demo EPs in 1991 and 1992. In 1993, they pressed 50,000 copies of a self-released EP, Kootchypop. They were signed to Atlantic Records in August 1993, after being discovered by Atlantic A&R representative Tim Sommer, a former music journalist and member of the art rock band Hugo Largo.[3] Sommer recalled that other record labels were uninterested in signing Hootie & The Blowfish because their sound was radically different from the grunge music that was popular at the time.[3]

text: 1994–1995: Cracked Rear View and mainstream success[edit]

text: Their mainstream debut album was Cracked Rear View (1994). It was an instant success, went platinum 16 times in the United States, became the best-selling album of 1995, and was one of the fastest-selling debut albums of all time. The album featured four hits, "Hold My Hand" (U.S. No. 10), "Let Her Cry" (U.S. No. 9), "Only Wanna Be with You" (U.S. No. 6), and "Time" (U.S. No. 14).[4] The album's last single, "Drowning", was not as successful as its predecessors, peaking only on the Mainstream Rock chart. In 1995, Hootie & the Blowfish and Bob Dylan reached an out-of-court settlement for the group's unauthorized use of Dylan's lyrics in their song "Only Wanna Be with You".[5] Miami Dolphins' Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino appeared in the band's video for the song "Only Wanna Be with You", along with several other athletes.[6]

text: 1996–1997: Fairweather Johnson and promotional singles[edit]

text: The band won the "Best New Artist" award at the 1996 Grammy Awards. Hootie & the Blowfish appeared on MTV Unplugged on the eve of the release of their second album, Fairweather Johnson (1996). It contained the hit single "Old Man and Me" (U.S. No. 13), and sold four million copies in the United States. Hootie & the Blowfish has since released three more studio albums: Musical Chairs, Hootie & the Blowfish and Looking for Lucky. They also released a B-sides and rarities compilation titled Scattered, Smothered and Covered (2000). This album is named in tribute of Waffle House, a popular Southern chain of all-night diners. Specifically, the title refers to an order of hash browns scattered on the grill, smothered with diced onions and covered with melted cheese.[7]

text: In 1995, Hootie & the Blowfish contributed the song "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do" to the Encomium tribute album to Led Zeppelin. Their cover of Canadian group 54-40's "I Go Blind", released on the soundtrack to the television series Friends in 1995, did not appear on Cracked Rear View or Fairweather Johnson, but became a hit on radio in 1996 after three singles from Fairweather Johnson had been released. Both "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do" and "I Go Blind" were later released on the compilation Scattered, Smothered and Covered.

text: 1998–2008: Later years[edit]

text: In 1998, they performed on Frank Wildhorn's concept album of the musical The Civil War.[8] The group covered the 1968 Orpheus hit "Can't Find the Time" for the soundtrack of the Jim Carrey movie Me, Myself & Irene (2001). Orpheus creator and the song's writer Bruce Arnold traded verses with Darius on several occasions, when the band played live on the West Coast. The band had an extensive touring schedule, including an annual New Year's Eve show at Silverton Las Vegas (formerly known as Boomtown Las Vegas) in Enterprise, Nevada. In 2008, the band started releasing their concerts as downloads through trueAnthem.[9] In 2009, Hootie & the Blowfish performed live in a ballet which chronicled their rise and success in the 1990s.[10]

text: 2008–present: Hiatus and solo work[edit]

text: In 2008, Rucker announced in an AOL Sessions interview that Hootie & the Blowfish would be going on hiatus so Rucker could pursue his solo career as a country music performer. Although the band will no longer be recording or touring, Rucker confirmed that they will still perform their scheduled charity concerts, stating, "We have four charity gigs every year and we will still do them, but we will not do a record or tour."[11] Rucker also said that the split will last "for five or six years, or until I record three or four country albums". He later amended his statement, saying, "To be honest with you, we're not even split up right now, and we're not really thinking about splitting up."[12]

text: Rucker has recorded a solo album, Learn to Live, for Capitol Records. It includes the singles "Don't Think I Don't Think About It", "It Won't Be Like This for Long", "Alright", all three of which have reached #1 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart, and "History in the Making", which peaked at #3 on the U.S. Hot Country Songs chart. Rucker's second solo album Charleston, SC 1966 was released October 2010. A third solo album, True Believers, was released May 2013, followed by the Christmas-themed Home for the Holidays (2014), and a fourth solo album, Southern Style, in March 2015.

text: The band reunited for a one-time performance on the Late Show with David Letterman in the run-up to Letterman's retirement from the show in May 2015. That same year, Darius Rucker announced that Hootie & the Blowfish will get back together.[13]

text: Record label[edit]

text: In 1996, Hootie & the Blowfish started their own record label, Breaking Records, as a subsidiary of Atlantic. They had planned to focus on signing local Carolina acts. Edwin McCain and Cravin' Melon were associated with the label at one point, but did not release any material on it. The Meat Puppets, Jump, Little Children, Treadmill Trackstar and Treehouse released one album each on Breaking Records. The label folded in 2000.

text: Charity work[edit]

text: Hootie & the Blowfish have become known for their charity work. The entire band and crew traveled to New Orleans for five days of building houses in Musicians' Village, on October 16–20, 2006.[14] The band's members are avid golfers, and have sponsored the annual spring Monday After the Masters Celebrity Pro-Am Golf Tournament, benefiting local charities, since 1995.[15]

text: Hootie & the Blowfish toured through the Middle East and Europe supporting American troops during a USO tour. On December 5, 1998, Darius Rucker broke into an a cappella solo of the US National Anthem during the lowering of colors on board USS Enterprise (CVN-65), which was docked in Jebel Ali, United Arab Emirates. The band then played an extended concert for crew members of the aircraft carrier.[16]

text: From 2005 to 2009, Hootie & the Blowfish performed at the Animal Mission’s 'Party Animals' silent auction and concert to benefit the shelter animals in Columbia, South Carolina. Each year the event raised over $100,000 and allowed the organization to provide a free spay/neuter program for the Southern community’s pets. On October 18, 2008, Hootie & the Blowfish reunited to do a show at Incirlik Air Base in Turkey.

text: Musical style[edit]

text: Contrasting with the sound of their grunge contemporaries, the band's music was described as "a mainstream pop variation of blues-rock" with "equal parts of jam band grooves and MOR pop."[17][18] The band's sound was also described as heartland rock,[19] roots rock[20] and jangle pop.[21]

text: Band members[edit]

text: Current line-up

text:
Darius Rucker – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1986–2008) (sometimes mistakenly referred to as being Hootie in the band's name)
Mark Bryan – lead guitar, backing vocals, piano (1986–2008)
Dean Felber – bass guitar, backing vocals, piano (1986–2008)
Jim Sonefeld – drums, percussion, backing vocals, rhythm guitar (1989–2008)

tag: ul

text: Touring musicians

text:
Gary Greene – percussion, drums, rhythm guitar, piano, banjo (1995–2000; 2001–2008)
Peter Holsapple – keyboards, mandolin, guitar, lap steel guitar, backing vocals (1995–1998; 2003–2008)
Philip "Fish" Fisher – percussion, drums (2000–2001)

text: Former members

text:
John Nau – keyboards, mandolin, rhythm guitar, harmonica (1994–1998) (studio and occasional fill-in only) (1998–2003) (studio artist and touring musician)
Brantley Smith – drums (1986–1989)

text: Discography[edit]

text: It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Hootie & the Blowfish discography. (Discuss) (August 2017)

tag: table

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
Year
Album details
Peak chart positions
Certifications
(sales threshold)

US
[22]
US Indie
[22]
AUS
[23]
CAN
[24]
GER
[25]
NL
[26]
NZ
[27]
SWE
[28]
SWI
[29]
UK
[30]

1994
Cracked Rear View

Release date: July 5, 1994
Label: Atlantic Records

1
—
7
1
45
—
1
—
—
12

US: Diamond (16× Platinum)[31]
UK: Gold[32]
CAN: Diamond[33]
AUS: 2× Platinum[34]

1996
Fairweather Johnson

Release date: April 23, 1996
Label: Atlantic Records

1
—
12
6
41
37
6
36
37
9

US: 3× Platinum[31]
UK: Silver[32]

1998
Musical Chairs

Release date: September 15, 1998
Label: Atlantic Records

4
—
54
27
72
—
20
—
—
15

US: Platinum[31]

2003
Hootie & the Blowfish

Release date: March 4, 2003
Label: Atlantic Records

46
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
161

2005
Looking for Lucky

Release date: August 9, 2005
Label: Vanguard Records

47
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

"—" denotes releases that did not chart

text: Compilation albums[edit]

text:
Year
Album details
Peak chart
positions

US
[22]
US Indie
[22]

2000
Scattered, Smothered and Covered

Release date: October 24, 2000
Label: Atlantic Records

71
—

2004
The Best of Hootie & the Blowfish: 1993-2003

Release date: March 2, 2004
Label: Atlantic/Rhino Records

62
—

2006
Live in Charleston

Release date: August 8, 2006
Label: Vanguard Records

—
47

"—" denotes releases that did not chart

text: Singles[edit]

text:
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album

US
[35]
US Rock
[36]
US AC
[37]
US Adult
[38]
AUS
[23]
CAN
[1]
GER
[39]
NZ
[40]
UK
[30]

1994
"Hold My Hand"
10
4
6
—
70
36
—
37
50
Cracked Rear View

"Let Her Cry"
9
9
7
—
4
2
78
19
75

1995
"Only Wanna Be with You"
6
2
3
3
40
1
65
17
87

"Time"
14
26
4
1
—
1
—
35
—

"Drowning"
—
21
—
—
—
—
—
—
—

1996
"Old Man & Me (When I Get to Heaven)"
13
6
18
4
60
1
75
41
57
Fairweather Johnson

"Tucker's Town"
38
29
24
12
—
2
—
—
79

"Sad Caper"
—
—
—
26
—
—
—
—
—

1998
"I Will Wait"
—
—
28
3
—
7
—
—
57
Musical Chairs

1999
"Only Lonely"
—
—
29
25
—
—
—
—
169

2003
"Innocence"
—
—
25
24
—
—
—
—
—
Hootie & the Blowfish

"Goodbye Girl"
—
—
24
—
—
—
—
—
—
The Best of Hootie & the Blowfish

2005
"One Love"
—
—
5
20
—
—
—
—
—
Looking for Lucky

2006
"Get Out of My Mind"
—
—
17
17
—
—
—
—
—

"—" denotes releases that did not chart

text: Other singles[edit]

text: Promotional singles[edit]

text:
Year
Single
Peak chart positions
Album

US Rock
[36]
US AC
[37]
US Adult
[38]
CAN
[41]

1995
"I Go Blind"
13
22
3
13
Friends Original TV Soundtrack

"Hey, Hey, What Can I Do"
15
—
—
—
Encomium: a Tribute to Led Zeppelin

"—" denotes releases that did not chart

text: Music videos[edit]

text:
Year
Video
Director

1994
"Hold My Hand"
Adolfo Doring

"Let Her Cry"

1995
"Only Wanna Be With You"
Frank Sacramento

"Time"

1996
"Old Man and Me (When I Get to Heaven)"
Dan Winters

"Tucker's Town"
Greg Masuak

"Sad Caper"
Steven Hanft

"Gravity of the Situation"
Milton Lage

"Be the One"

1998
"I Will Wait"
Ulf Buddensieck

"Only Lonely"
Nigel Dick

2005
"One Love"
Roman White

text: List of awards and nominations received by Hootie & the Blowfish[edit]

text: American Music Award[edit]

text: The American Music Award is an annual American music awards show.

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

1996
Hootie & the Blowfish
Artist of the Year
Nominated

Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group
Nominated

Favorite Pop/Rock New Artist
Won

Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist
Nominated

Cracked Rear View
Favorite Pop/Rock Album
Nominated

1997
Hootie & the Blowfish
Favorite Pop/Rock Band/Duo/Group
Won

text: Grammy Award[edit]

text: The Grammy Award is an award presented by The Recording Academy to recognize achievement in the mainly English-language music industry.

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

1996
Hootie & the Blowfish
Best New Artist
Won

"Let Her Cry"
Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
Won

text: MTV Video Music Award[edit]

text: The MTV Video Music Award is an award presented by the cable channel MTV to honor the best in the music video medium.

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

1995
"Hold My Hand"
Best New Artist
Won

Viewer's Choice Award
Nominated

1996
"Only Wanna Be with You"
Best Group Video
Nominated


document_title: Canada at the Olympics

question_text: what's the medal count for canada in the olympics

question_tokens: what 's the medal count for canada in the olympics

text: Canada at the Olympics

text: Hosted Games[edit]

text: Canada has hosted the Olympic games three times: the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, and the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.

text:
Games
Host city
Dates
Nations
Participants
Events

1976 Summer Olympics
Montreal
17 July – 1 August
92
6,028
123

1988 Winter Olympics
Calgary
13 – 28 February
57
1,423
46

2010 Winter Olympics
Vancouver
12 – 28 February
83
2,629
86

text: Medal tables[edit]

text: Summer games[edit]

text:
Games
Athletes
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank

 1896 Athens
did not participate

 1900 Paris
2
1
0
1
2
13

 1904 St. Louis
52
4
1
1
6
4

 1908 London
87
3
3
10
16
7

 1912 Stockholm
37
3
2
3
8
9

 1920 Antwerp
53
3
3
3
9
12

 1924 Paris
65
0
3
1
4
20

 1928 Amsterdam
69
4
4
7
15
10

 1932 Los Angeles
102
2
5
8
15
12

 1936 Berlin
97
1
3
5
9
17

 1948 London
118
0
1
2
3
25

 1952 Helsinki
107
1
2
0
3
21

 1956 Melbourne
92
2
1
3
6
15

 1960 Rome
85
0
1
0
1
32

 1964 Tokyo
115
1
2
1
4
22

 1968 Mexico City
138
1
3
1
5
23

 1972 Munich
208
0
2
3
5
27

 1976 Montreal (host nation)
385
0
5
6
11
27

 1980 Moscow
did not participate

 1984 Los Angeles
407
10
18
16
44
6

 1988 Seoul
328
3
2
5
10
19

 1992 Barcelona
295
7
4
7
18
11

 1996 Atlanta
303
3
11
8
22
21

 2000 Sydney
294
3
3
8
14
24

 2004 Athens
263
3
6
3
12
21

 2008 Beijing
332
3
9
8
20
19

 2012 London
281
1
6
11
18
36

 2016 Rio de Janeiro
314
4
3
15
22
20

 2020 Tokyo
Future event

Total
63
103
136
302
20

text: Canada also won 1 gold medal and 1 silver medal at the 1906 Summer Olympics, which the IOC no longer recognizes as an official Olympic games, so those medals are not counted in this table.

text:
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

 Athletics
14
15
31
60

 Rowing
9
17
15
41

 Swimming
8
15
26
49

 Canoeing and kayaking (sprint)
4
10
10
24

 Shooting
4
3
2
9

 Boxing
3
7
7
17

 Freestyle wrestling
3
7
7
17

 Synchronized swimming
3
4
1
8

 Trampoline gymnastics
2
3
2
7

 Equestrian (jumping)
2
2
1
5

 Lacrosse
2
0
1
3

 Diving
1
4
8
13

 Track cycling
1
2
5
8

 Triathlon
1
1
0
2

 Football
1
0
2
3

 Golf
1
0
0
1

 Artistic gymnastics
1
0
0
1

 Rhythmic gymnastics
1
0
0
1

 Tennis
1
0
0
1

 Sailing
0
3
6
9

 Weightlifting
0
3
1
4

 Judo
0
2
3
5

 Mountain biking
0
2
1
3

 Road cycling
0
1
2
3

 Taekwondo
0
1
1
2

 Basketball
0
1
0
1

 Equestrian (dressage)
0
0
1
1

 Equestrian (eventing)
0
0
1
1

 Beach volleyball
0
0
1
1

 Rugby sevens
0
0
1
1

Total*
62
103
136
301

text: *One of Canada's Ice Hockey gold medals was won during the 1920 Summer Olympics. This table does not include this medal, resulting in the discrepancy between the medals by games and medals by sports tables.

text: Canada has never won an Olympic medal in the following current summer sports: Archery, Badminton, BMX, Canoeing and kayaking - Slalom, Fencing, Field hockey, Greco-Roman Wrestling, Handball, Indoor Volleyball, Modern pentathlon, Table tennis, and Water polo.

text: Winter games[edit]

text:
Games
Athletes
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total
Rank

 1924 Chamonix
12
1
0
0
1
8

 1928 St. Moritz
23
1
0
0
1
5

 1932 Lake Placid
42
1
1
5
7
4

 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
29
0
1
0
1
9

 1948 St. Moritz
28
2
0
1
3
6

 1952 Oslo
39
1
0
1
2
6

 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
37
0
1
2
3
10

 1960 Squaw Valley
44
2
1
1
4
7

 1964 Innsbruck
55
1
1
1
3
10

 1968 Grenoble
70
1
1
1
3
13

 1972 Sapporo
47
0
1
0
1
17

 1976 Innsbruck
59
1
1
1
3
11

 1980 Lake Placid
59
0
1
1
2
14

 1984 Sarajevo
67
2
1
1
4
8

 1988 Calgary
112
0
2
3
5
13

 1992 Albertville
108
2
3
2
7
9

 1994 Lillehammer
95
3
6
4
13
7

 1998 Nagano
144
6
5
4
15
4

 2002 Salt Lake City
150
7
3
7
17
4

 2006 Turin
196
7
10
7
24
5

 2010 Vancouver
206
14
7
5
26
1

 2014 Sochi
220
10
10
5
25
3

 2018 Pyeongchang
226
11
8
10
29
3

 2022 Beijing
Future event

Total
73
64
62
199
5

text:
Sport
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

 Ice hockey
13
6
3
22

 Freestyle skiing
12
9
4
25

 Speed skating
9
13
15
37

 Short track speed skating
9
12
12
33

 Figure skating
6
11
12
29

 Curling
6
3
2
11

 Bobsleigh
5
2
2
9

 Snowboarding
4
4
3
11

 Alpine skiing
4
1
6
11

 Skeleton
2
1
1
4

 Cross-country skiing
2
1
0
3

 Biathlon
2
0
1
3

 Luge
0
1
1
2

Total*
74
64
62
200

text: *One of Canada's ice hockey gold medals was won during the 1920 Summer Olympics. This table includes this medal, resulting in the discrepancy between the medals by games and medals by sports tables.

text: Canada has never won an Olympic medal in the following current winter sports: Nordic combined and Ski jumping.

text: Records[edit]

text: In 2012, Equestrian show jumper Ian Millar competed at his tenth Summer Olympics, tying the record for most Olympic games participated in set by Austrian sailor Hubert Raudaschl between 1964 and 1996. He has been named to eleven straight Olympic teams, but did not compete at the 1980 Summer Olympics due to the Canadian boycott.[1] In 2008 he won his first medal, a silver medal in the team jumping event.[2]

text: Clara Hughes is the first and only Olympian of any country or gender, to win multiple medals at both the Winter and the Summer Games, with two Summer and four Winter medals.[3] Clara Hughes and Cindy Klassen hold the record for most Olympic medals won by a Canadian of either gender, with six each.[3] Cindy Klassen holds the record for most Winter medals won by a Canadian of either gender, with six.[3]

text: Catriona Le May Doan became the first Canadian to defend their gold medal at the Olympics. She repeated her gold medal in the women's 500m long track speedskating event at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics from the 1998 Nagano Olympics.[4][5]

text: Alexandre Bilodeau became the first freestyle skiing gold medallist to defend his Olympic title, and first repeat gold medallist, winning the men's moguls at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics. He became the second Canadian to defend their Olympic gold, and first man.[4][5][6]

text: Trampoline gymnast Rosie MacLennan was the first Canadian to defend their gold medal in an individual sport at the Summer Olympics. She won gold both at the 2012 and 2016 Summer Games, becoming the first Olympian to defend their title in that discipline.[7]

text: After captaining the women's ice hockey team to gold at the 2014 Winter Olympics, Caroline Ouellette became the first Winter Olympian of any country or gender to enter four or more career events and win gold in each.[8] Oullette had previously won gold in ice hockey in 2002, 2006, and 2010.

text: Jennifer Jones skipped the Canadian women's team at the 2014 Winter Olympics to a Gold medal. She is the first ever female skip in Olympic history to be undefeated throughout the tournament. Jones, Kaitlyn Lawes, Jill Officer, Dawn McEwen and spare Kirsten Wall went unbeaten with an 11-0 record defeating China, Sweden (round-robin and finals), Great Britain (round-robin and semi-finals), Denmark, Switzerland, Japan, Russia, the United States, and Korea.[9][10]

text: During the 2016 Summer Olympics, swimmer Penny Oleksiak became the first Canadian of either gender to win four medals in the same Summer Games and the country's youngest Olympic champion at the age of 16 with a gold in the 100 m freestyle, a silver in the 100 m butterfly, and two bronzes in the women's freestyle relays (4 × 100 m and 4 × 200 m).[11] She became the first Olympic champion born in the 2000s. The bronze medal she captured at the women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay a few days earlier also made her the first Olympic medalist born in the 2000s along with teammate Taylor Ruck.[12]

text: After capturing gold in 2010 Winter Olympics, Tessa Virtue and Scott Moir became the first ice dancers from North America to win an Olympic gold medal, ending the 34-year streak of the Europeans. They were the first ice dance team to win the Olympic gold on home ice and the first ice dancers to win gold in their Olympic debut. They are the youngest pair ever to win an Olympic title at 20 and 22 respectively. They went on to win two more silver medals in 2014 Winter Olympics and two more gold medals in 2018 Winter Olympics, making them the most decorated figure skaters in Olympic history.

text: Although not an Olympian, broadcaster Richard Garneau covered 23 Olympic Games, more than any other journalist in the world, starting with Rome in 1960 to London in 2012, missing only the Atlanta and Nagano Games. The International Olympic Committee awarded him posthumously the Pierre de Coubertin medal in recognition of his exceptional service to the Olympic movement.[13]

text: Top Medal earners[edit]

text: Years in bolded text are Olympics at which that competitor won a medal.

text:
Athlete
Sport
Type
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Klassen, CindyCindy Klassen
Speed skating
Winter
2002, 2006, 2010
1
2
3
6

Hughes, ClaraClara Hughes
Cycling
Summer
1996, 2000, 2012
0
0
2
6

Speed skating
Winter
2002, 2006, 2010
1
1
2

Hefford, JaynaJayna Hefford
Ice hockey
Winter
1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014
4
1
0
5

Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser

Moir, ScottScott Moir
Figure skating
Winter
2010, 2014, 2018
3
2
0
5

Virtue, TessaTessa Virtue

Hamelin, CharlesCharles Hamelin
Short track
Winter
2006, 2010, 2014, 2018
3
1
1
5

Gagnon, MarcMarc Gagnon
Short track
Winter
1994, 1998, 2002
3
0
2
5

Tremblay, François-LouisFrançois-Louis Tremblay
Short track
Winter
2002, 2006, 2010
2
2
1
5

Thompson, LesleyLesley Thompson
Rowing
Summer
1984, 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000,
2008, 2012, 2016
1
3
1
5

Edwards, PhilPhil Edwards
Athletics
Summer
1928, 1932, 1936
0
0
5
5

Ouellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette
Ice hockey
Winter
2002, 2006, 2010, 2014
4
0
0
4

Botterill, JenniferJennifer Botterill
Ice hockey
Winter
1998, 2002, 2006, 2010
3
1
0
4

Kellar, BeckyBecky Kellar

Agosta, MeghanMeghan Agosta
Ice hockey
Winter
2006, 2010, 2014, 2018
3
1
0
4

Heddle, KathleenKathleen Heddle
Rowing
Summer
1992, 1996
3
0
1
4

McBean, MarnieMarnie McBean

Bédard, ÉricÉric Bédard
Short track
Winter
1998, 2002, 2006
2
1
1
4

Boucher, GaétanGaétan Boucher
Speed skating
Winter
1976, 1980, 1984, 1988
2
1
1
4

Davis, VictorVictor Davis
Swimming
Summer
1984, 1988
1
3
0
4

Morrison, DennyDenny Morrison
Speed skating
Winter
2006, 2010, 2014, 2018
1
2
1
4

van Koeverden, AdamAdam van Koeverden
Kayaking
Summer
2004, 2008, 2012, 2016
1
2
1
4

Oleksiak, PennyPenny Oleksiak
Swimming
Summer
2016
1
1
2
4

Groves, KristinaKristina Groves
Speed skating
Winter
2002, 2006, 2010
0
3
1
4

Vicent, TaniaTania Vicent
Short track
Winter
1998, 2002, 2006, 2010
0
2
2
4

Heymans, ÉmilieÉmilie Heymans
Diving
Summer
2000, 2004, 2008, 2012
0
2
2
4

Wilson, AlexAlex Wilson
Athletics
Summer
1928, 1932
0
1
3
4

text: 3+ Medals at one Olympics[edit]

text:
Athlete
Sport
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Edwards, PhilPhil Edwards
Athletics
1932 Summer
0
0
3 !800 m
1500 m
4×400 m relay
3

Wilson, AlexAlex Wilson
Athletics
1932 Summer
0
1 !800 m
2 !400 m
4×400 m relay
3

Tanner, ElaineElaine Tanner
Swimming
1968 Summer
0
2 !100 m backstroke
200 m backstroke
1 !4×100m freestyle
3

Davis, VictorVictor Davis
Swimming
1984 Summer
1 !200 m breaststroke
2 !100 m breaststroke
4×100 m medley
0
3

Ottenbrite, AnneAnne Ottenbrite
Swimming
1984 Summer
1 !200 m breaststroke
1 !100 m breaststroke
1 !4×100 m medley
3

Boucher, GaétanGaétan Boucher
Speed skating
1984 Winter
2 !1000 m
1500 m
0
1 !500 m
3

Gagnon, MarcMarc Gagnon
Short track
2002 Winter
2 !500 m
5000 m relay
0
1 !1500 m
3

Klassen, CindyCindy Klassen
Speed skating
2006 Winter
1 !1500 m
2 !1000 m
Team pursuit
2 !3000 m
5000 m
5

Oleksiak, PennyPenny Oleksiak
Swimming
2016 Summer
1 !100 m freestyle
1 !100 m butterfly
2 !4×100 m freestyle
4×200 m freestyle
4

De Grasse, AndreAndre De Grasse
Athletics
2016 Summer
0
1 !200 m
2 !100 m
4×100 m relay
3

Boutin, KimKim Boutin
Short track
2018 Winter
0
1 !1000 m
2 !500 m
1500 m
3


document_title: Pound for pound

question_text: what does it mean to be pound for pound

question_tokens: what does it mean to be pound for pound

text: Pound for pound

text: Pound for pound is a ranking used in combat sports, such as boxing[1] or mixed martial arts,[2] of who the better fighters are relative to their weight (i.e., adjusted to compensate for weight class). As these fighters do not compete directly, judging the best fighter pound for pound is subjective, and ratings vary. They may be based on a range of criteria including "quality of opposition", factors such as how exciting the fighter is or how famous they are, or be an attempt to determine who would win if all those ranked were the same size. In boxing, the term was historically associated with fighters such as Benny Leonard and Sugar Ray Robinson who were widely considered to be the most skilled fighters of their day, to distinguish them from the generally more popular (and better compensated) heavyweight champions.[3] Since 1990, The Ring magazine has maintained a pound for pound rank of fighters.[3] ESPN.com has a list for mixed martial artists.[4] In December 2013, Ronda Rousey became the first woman to appear on the top 10 of a mixed-gender major publication.[5]


document_title: National Football League Coach of the Year Award

question_text: who won nfl football coach of the year

question_tokens: who won nfl football coach of the year

text: AP NFL Coach of the Year[edit]

text:
Bold
Denotes team won the Super Bowl/NFL Championship that season

Italic
Denotes first year head coach of that team

*
Denotes interim coach

text:
Season
Coach
Team
Record

2017
Sean McVay
Los Angeles Rams
11-5

2016
Jason Garrett
Dallas Cowboys
13-3

2015
Ron Rivera (2)
Carolina Panthers
15-1

2014
Bruce Arians (2)
Arizona Cardinals
11-5

2013
Ron Rivera
Carolina Panthers
12-4

2012
Bruce Arians*
Indianapolis Colts
11-5

2011
Jim Harbaugh
San Francisco 49ers
13-3

2010
Bill Belichick (3)
New England Patriots
14-2

2009
Marvin Lewis
Cincinnati Bengals
10-6

2008
Mike Smith
Atlanta Falcons
11-5

2007
Bill Belichick (2)
New England Patriots
16-0

2006
Sean Payton
New Orleans Saints
10-6

2005
Lovie Smith
Chicago Bears
11-5

2004
Marty Schottenheimer
San Diego Chargers
12-4

2003
Bill Belichick
New England Patriots
14-2

2002
Andy Reid
Philadelphia Eagles
12-4

2001
Dick Jauron
Chicago Bears
13-3

2000
Jim Haslett
New Orleans Saints
10-6

1999
Dick Vermeil
St. Louis Rams
13-3

1998
Dan Reeves (2)
Atlanta Falcons
14-2

1997
Jim Fassel
New York Giants
10-5-1

1996
Dom Capers
Carolina Panthers
12-4

1995
Ray Rhodes
Philadelphia Eagles
10-6

1994
Bill Parcells (2)
New England Patriots
10-6

1993
Dan Reeves
New York Giants
11-5

1992
Bill Cowher
Pittsburgh Steelers
11-5

1991
Wayne Fontes
Detroit Lions
12-4

1990
Jimmy Johnson
Dallas Cowboys
7-9

1989
Lindy Infante
Green Bay Packers
10-6

1988
Mike Ditka (2)
Chicago Bears
12-4

1987
Jim Mora
New Orleans Saints
12-3

1986
Bill Parcells
New York Giants
14-2

1985
Mike Ditka
Chicago Bears
15-1

1984
Chuck Knox (3)
Seattle Seahawks
12-4

1983
Joe Gibbs (2)
Washington Redskins
14-2

1982
Joe Gibbs
Washington Redskins
8-1

1981
Bill Walsh
San Francisco 49ers
13-3

1980
Chuck Knox (2)
Buffalo Bills
11-5

1979
Jack Pardee
Washington Redskins
10-6

1978
Jack Patera
Seattle Seahawks
9-7

1977
Red Miller
Denver Broncos
12-2

1976
Forrest Gregg
Cleveland Browns
9-5

1975
Ted Marchibroda
Baltimore Colts
10-4

1974
Don Coryell
St. Louis Cardinals
10-4

1973
Chuck Knox
Los Angeles Rams
12-2

1972
Don Shula (4)
Miami Dolphins
14-0

1971
George Allen (2)
Washington Redskins
9-4-1

1970
Paul Brown
Cincinnati Bengals
8-6

1969
Bud Grant
Minnesota Vikings
12-2

1968
Don Shula (3)
Baltimore Colts
13-1

1967
George Allen
Don Shula (2) (tie)
Los Angeles Rams
Baltimore Colts
11-1-2
11-1-2

1966
Tom Landry
Dallas Cowboys
10-3-1

1965
George Halas (2)
Chicago Bears
9-5

1964
Don Shula
Baltimore Colts
12-2

1963
George Halas
Chicago Bears
11-1-2

1962
Allie Sherman (2)
New York Giants
12-2

1961
Allie Sherman
New York Giants
10-3-1

1960
Buck Shaw
Philadelphia Eagles
10-2

1959
Vince Lombardi
Green Bay Packers
7-5

1958
Weeb Ewbank
Baltimore Colts
9-3

1957
George Wilson
Detroit Lions
8-4

text: Sporting News NFL Coach of the Year[edit]

text:
Year
NFL Coach
Team

2017
Sean McVay
Los Angeles Rams

2016
Jason Garrett
Dallas Cowboys

2015
Ron Rivera (2)
Carolina Panthers

2014
Bruce Arians
Arizona Cardinals

2013
Ron Rivera
Carolina Panthers

2012
Mike Smith (3)
Atlanta Falcons

2011
Jim Harbaugh
San Francisco 49ers

2010
Mike Smith (2)
Atlanta Falcons

2009
Sean Payton (2)
New Orleans Saints

2008
Mike Smith
Atlanta Falcons

2007
Bill Belichick (2)
New England Patriots

2006
Sean Payton
New Orleans Saints

2005
Tony Dungy
Indianapolis Colts

2004
Bill Cowher (2)
Pittsburgh Steelers

2003
Bill Belichick
New England Patriots

2002
Andy Reid (2)
Philadelphia Eagles

2001
Dick Jauron
Chicago Bears

2000
Andy Reid
Philadelphia Eagles

1999
Dick Vermeil (2)
St. Louis Rams

1998
Dan Reeves (2)
Atlanta Falcons

1997
Jim Fassel
New York Giants

1996
Dom Capers
Carolina Panthers

1995
Ray Rhodes
Philadelphia Eagles

1994
George Seifert (2)
San Francisco 49ers

1993
Dan Reeves
New York Giants

1992
Bill Cowher
Pittsburgh Steelers

1991
Joe Gibbs(3)
Washington Redskins

1990
George Seifert
San Francisco 49ers

1989
Lindy Infante
Green Bay Packers

1988
Marv Levy
Buffalo Bills

1987
Jim Mora
New Orleans Saints

1986
Bill Parcells
New York Giants

1985
Mike Ditka
Chicago Bears

1984
Chuck Knox (3)
Seattle Seahawks

1983
Joe Gibbs(2)
Washington Redskins

1982
Joe Gibbs
Washington Redskins

1981
Bill Walsh
San Francisco 49ers

1980
Chuck Knox(2)
Buffalo Bills

1979
Dick Vermeil
Philadelphia Eagles

1978
Jack Patera
Seattle Seahawks

1977
Red Miller
Denver Broncos

1976
Chuck Fairbanks
New England Patriots

1975
Ted Marchibroda
Baltimore Colts

1974
Don Coryell
St. Louis Cardinals

1973
Chuck Knox
Los Angeles Rams

1972
Don Shula (4)
Miami Dolphins

1971
George Allen (2)
Washington Redskins

1970
Don Shula (3)
Miami Dolphins

1969
Bud Grant
Minnesota Vikings

1968
Don Shula (2)
Baltimore Colts

1967
George Allen
Los Angeles Rams

1966
Tom Landry
Dallas Cowboys

1965
George Halas (2)
Chicago Bears

1964
Don Shula
Baltimore Colts

1963
George Halas
Chicago Bears

1962
No Award

1961
Vince Lombardi
Green Bay Packers

1960
No Award

1959
No Award

1958
No Award

1957
No Award

1956
Jim Lee Howell
New York Giants

1955
Joe Kuharich
Washington Redskins

1954
No Award

1953
Paul Brown (3)
Cleveland Browns

1952
J. Hampton Pool
Los Angeles Rams

1951
Paul Brown (2)
Cleveland Browns

1950
Steve Owen
New York Giants

1949
Paul Brown
Cleveland Browns

1948
Greasy Neale
Philadelphia Eagles

1947
Jimmy Conzelman
Chicago Cardinals

text: Pro Football Weekly NFL Coach of the Year[edit]

text:
Year
NFL Coach[4]
Team

2008
Tony Sparano
Miami Dolphins

2007
Bill Belichick (2)
New England Patriots

2006
Sean Payton
New Orleans Saints

2005
Lovie Smith
Chicago Bears

2004
Marty Schottenheimer
San Diego Chargers

2003
Bill Belichick
New England Patriots

2002
Andy Reid
Philadelphia Eagles

2001
Dick Jauron
Chicago Bears

2000
Jim Haslett
New Orleans Saints

1999
Dick Vermeil
St. Louis Rams

1998
Dan Reeves (2)
Atlanta Falcons

1997
Jim Fassel
New York Giants

1996
Dom Capers
Carolina Panthers

1995
Ray Rhodes
Philadelphia Eagles

1994
Bill Parcells (2)
New England Patriots

1993
Dan Reeves
New York Giants

1992
Bill Cowher
Pittsburgh Steelers

1991
Wayne Fontes
Detroit Lions

1990
Art Shell
Los Angeles Raiders

1989
George Seifert
San Francisco 49ers

1988
Mike Ditka
Chicago Bears

1987
Jim Mora
New Orleans Saints

1986
Bill Parcells
New York Giants

1985
No Award
-

1984
Dan Reeves
Denver Broncos

1983
Joe Gibbs (2)
Washington Redskins

1982
Joe Gibbs
Washington Redskins

1981
Bill Walsh
San Francisco 49ers

1980
Chuck Knox (2)
Buffalo Bills

1979
Dick Vermeil
Philadelphia Eagles

1978
Walt Michaels
New York Jets

1977
Red Miller
Denver Broncos

1976
Chuck Fairbanks
New England Patriots

1975
Ted Marchibroda
Baltimore Colts

1974
Don Coryell
St. Louis Cardinals

1973
Chuck Knox
Los Angeles Rams

1972
Don Shula (3)
Miami Dolphins

1971
George Allen(2)
Washington Redskins

1970
Don Shula (2)
Miami Dolphins

1969
AFL – John Madden
NFL – Bud Grant
Oakland Raiders
Minnesota Vikings

1968
AFL – Hank Stram
NFL – Don Shula
Kansas City Chiefs
Baltimore Colts

text: Maxwell Football Club NFL Coach of the Year[edit]

text:
Earle "Greasy" Neale Award

Given for
Professional Coach of the Year

Country
United States

Presented by
Maxwell Football Club

History

First award
1989

Most recent
Jack Del Rio

Website
Earle "Greasy" Neale Award

text: Created in 1989 and presented by the Maxwell Football Club, the award is officially titled the Earle "Greasy" Neale Award for "Professional Coach of the Year".

text:
Year
AFC/NFC Coach
Team

2016
Jack Del Rio
Oakland Raiders

2015
Ron Rivera
Carolina Panthers

2014
Bruce Arians
Arizona Cardinals

2013
Chip Kelly
Philadelphia Eagles

2012
Chuck Pagano/Bruce Arians[5]
Indianapolis Colts

2011
Mike McCarthy[6]
Green Bay Packers

2010
Andy Reid
Philadelphia Eagles

2009
Sean Payton
New Orleans Saints

2008
Jeff Fisher
Tennessee Titans

2007
Bill Belichick
New England Patriots

2006
Sean Payton
New Orleans Saints

2005
Tony Dungy
Indianapolis Colts

2004
Marty Schottenheimer
San Diego Chargers

2003
Dick Vermeil
Kansas City Chiefs

2002
Andy Reid
Philadelphia Eagles

2001
Dick Jauron
Chicago Bears

2000
Andy Reid
Philadelphia Eagles

1999
Dick Vermeil
St. Louis Rams

1998
Dennis Green
Minnesota Vikings

1997
Tony Dungy
Tampa Bay Buccaneers

1996
Dom Capers
Carolina Panthers

1995
Ray Rhodes
Philadelphia Eagles

1994
Bill Parcells
New England Patriots

1993
Dan Reeves
New York Giants

1992
Bobby Ross
San Diego Chargers

1991
Wayne Fontes
Detroit Lions

1990
Art Shell[7]
Los Angeles Raiders

1989
Chuck Noll
Pittsburgh Steelers

text: Touchdown Club of Columbus NFL Coach of the Year[edit]

text: This award is officially called the Paul Brown Trophy.

text: Kansas City Committee of 101 AFC/NFC Coach of the Year Awards[edit]

text: UPI NFL Coach of the Year[edit]

text:
Year
AFC coach
Team
NFC coach
Team

1996
Tom Coughlin
Jacksonville Jaguars
Dom Capers
Carolina Panthers

1995
Marty Schottenheimer
Kansas City Chiefs
Ray Rhodes
Philadelphia Eagles

1994
Bill Parcells
New England Patriots
Dave Wannstedt
Chicago Bears

1993
Marv Levy
Buffalo Bills
Dan Reeves
New York Giants

1992
Bobby Ross
San Diego Chargers
Dennis Green
Minnesota Vikings

1991
Dan Reeves
Denver Broncos
Wayne Fontes
Detroit Lions

1990
Art Shell
Los Angeles Raiders
Jimmy Johnson
Dallas Cowboys

1989
Dan Reeves
Denver Broncos
Lindy Infante
Green Bay Packers

1988
Marv Levy
Buffalo Bills
Mike Ditka
Chicago Bears

1987
Ron Meyer
Indianapolis Colts
Jim Mora
New Orleans Saints

1986
Marty Schottenheimer
Cleveland Browns
Bill Parcells
New York Giants

1985
Raymond Berry
New England Patriots
Mike Ditka
Chicago Bears

1984
Chuck Knox
Seattle Seahawks
Bill Walsh
San Francisco 49ers

1983
Chuck Knox
Seattle Seahawks
John Robinson
Los Angeles Rams

1982
Tom Flores
Los Angeles Raiders
Joe Gibbs
Washington Redskins

1981
Forrest Gregg
Cincinnati Bengals
Bill Walsh
San Francisco 49ers

1980
Sam Rutigliano
Cleveland Browns
Leeman Bennett
Atlanta Falcons

1979
Sam Rutigliano
Cleveland Browns
Jack Pardee
Washington Redskins

1978
Walt Michaels
New York Jets
Dick Vermeil
Philadelphia Eagles

1977
Red Miller
Denver Broncos
Leeman Bennett
Atlanta Falcons

1976
Chuck Fairbanks
New England Patriots
Jack Pardee
Chicago Bears

1975
Ted Marchibroda
Baltimore Colts
Tom Landry[8]
Dallas Cowboys

1974
Sid Gillman
Houston Oilers
Don Coryell
St. Louis Cardinals

1973
John Ralston
Denver Broncos
Chuck Knox
Los Angeles Rams

1972
Chuck Noll
Pittsburgh Steelers
Dan Devine
Green Bay Packers

1971
Don Shula
Miami Dolphins
George Allen
Washington Redskins

1970
Paul Brown
Cincinnati Bengals
Alex Webster
New York Giants

Year
AFL Coach
Team
NFL Coach
Team

1969
Paul Brown
Cincinnati Bengals
Bud Grant
Minnesota Vikings

1968
Hank Stram
Kansas City Chiefs
Don Shula
Baltimore Colts

1967
John Rauch
Oakland Raiders
George Allen
Los Angeles Rams

1966
Mike Holovak
Boston Patriots
Tom Landry[9]
Dallas Cowboys

1965
Lou Saban
Buffalo Bills
George Halas[10]
Chicago Bears

1964
Lou Saban
Buffalo Bills
Don Shula
Baltimore Colts

1963
Al Davis
Oakland Raiders
George Halas[11]
Chicago Bears

1962
Jack Faulkner
Denver Broncos
Allie Sherman
New York Giants

1961
Wally Lemm
Houston Oilers
Allie Sherman
New York Giants

1960
Lou Rymkus
Houston Oilers
Buck Shaw[12]
Philadelphia Eagles

Year

NFL Coach
Team

1959

Vince Lombardi
Green Bay Packers

1958

Weeb Ewbank[13]
Baltimore Colts

1957

Paul Brown
Cleveland Browns

1956

Buddy Parker
Detroit Lions

1955

Joe Kuharich
Washington Redskins


document_title: French First Republic

question_text: who abolished the monarchy and declared france a republic

text: French First Republic

text: End of the monarchy in France[edit]

text: Under the Legislative Assembly, which was in power before the proclamation of the First Republic, France was engaged in war with Prussia and Austria. In July 1792, the Duke of Brunswick, commanding general of the Austro–Prussian Army, issued his Brunswick Manifesto, in which he threatened the destruction of Paris should any harm come to King Louis XVI of France. The foreign threat exacerbated France's political turmoil amid the French Revolution and deepened the passion and sense of urgency among the various factions. In the violence of 10 August 1792, citizens stormed the Tuileries Palace, killing six hundred of the King's Swiss guards and insisting on the removal of the king.[2] A renewed fear of anti-revolutionary action prompted further violence, and in the first week of September 1792, mobs of Parisians broke into the city's prisons, killing over half of the prisoners. This included nobles, clergymen, and political prisoners, but also numerous common criminals, such as prostitutes and petty thieves, many murdered in their cells—raped, stabbed, and slashed to death. This became known as the September Massacres.[3]

text:
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text: The National Convention[edit]

text: As a result of the spike in public violence and the political instability of the constitutional monarchy, a party of six members of France's Legislative Assembly was assigned the task of overseeing elections. The resulting Convention was founded with the dual purpose of abolishing the monarchy and drafting a new constitution. The Convention's first act, on 10 August 1792, was to establish the French First Republic and officially strip the king of all political powers. The King, by then a private citizen bearing his family name of Capet, was subsequently put on trial for crimes of high treason starting in December 1792. On 16 January 1793 he was convicted, and on 21 January, he was executed by guillotine.[4]

text: Throughout the winter of 1792 and spring of 1793, Paris was plagued by food riots and mass hunger. The new Convention did little to remedy the problem until late spring of 1793, occupied instead with matters of war. Finally, on 6 April 1793, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety, and was given a monumental task: "To deal with the radical movements of the Enragés, food shortages and riots, the revolt in the Vendée and in Brittany, recent defeats of its armies, and the desertion of its commanding general."[5] Most notably, the Committee of Public Safety instated a policy of terror, and the guillotine began to fall on perceived enemies of the republic at an ever-increasing rate, beginning the period known today as the Reign of Terror.[6]

text: Despite growing discontent with the National Convention as a ruling body, in June the Convention drafted the Constitution of 1793, which was ratified by popular vote in early August. However, the Committee of Public Safety was seen as an "emergency" government, and the rights guaranteed by the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the new constitution were suspended under its control. The Committee's laws and policies took the revolution to unprecedented heights.

text: The Directory[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: After the arrest and execution of Robespierre in July 28, 1794, the Jacobin club was closed, and the surviving Girondins were reinstated. A year later, the National Convention adopted the Constitution of the Year III. They reestablished freedom of worship, began releasing large numbers of prisoners, and most importantly, initiated elections for a new legislative body. On 3 November 1795, the Directory was established. Under this system, France was led by a bicameral Parliament, consisting of an upper chamber called the Council of Elders (with 250 members) and a lower chamber called the Council of Five Hundred (with, accordingly, 500 members), and a collective Executive of five members called the Directory (from which the historical period gets its name). Due to internal instability, caused by hyperinflation of the paper monies called Assignats,[7] and French military disasters in 1798 and 1799, the Directory lasted only four years, until overthrown in 1799.[citation needed]

text: The Consulate[edit]

text: The period known as the French Consulate began with the coup of 18 Brumaire in 1799. Members of the Directory itself planned the coup, indicating clearly the failing power of the Directory. Napoleon Bonaparte was a co-conspirator in the coup, and became head of the government as the First Consul. He would later proclaim himself Emperor of the French, ending the First French Republic and ushering in the French First Empire.[8]