document_title: Simon Commission

question_text: who was the viceroy when the simon commission visited india

text: Simon Commission

text: Background[edit]

text: The Government of India Act 1919 had introduced the system of diarchy to govern the provinces of British India. The Indian public clamoured for revision of this form of government, and the Government of India Act 1919 itself stated that a commission would be appointed after ten years to investigate the progress of the governance scheme and suggest new steps for reform. In the late 1920s, the Conservative government then in power in Britain feared imminent electoral defeat at the hands of the Labour Party, and also feared the effects of the consequent transference of control of India to such an "inexperienced" body. Hence, it appointed seven MPs to constitute the promised commission to examine the state of Indian constitutional affairs.

text: Some people in India were outraged and insulted that the Simon Commission, which was to determine the future of India, did not include a single Indian member. The Indian National Congress, at its December 1927 meeting in Madras (now Chennai), resolved to boycott the Commission and challenged Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State for India, to draft a constitution that would be acceptable to the Indian populace. A faction of the Muslim League, led by Mohammed Ali Jinnah, also decided to boycott the Commission.

text: However, opinion was divided, with support for co-operation coming from some members of the Muslim League and also both Hindus and members of the Central Sikh League.[3] An All-India Committee for Cooperation with the Simon Commission was established by the Council of India and by selection of the Viceroy, Lord Irwin. The members of the committee were: C. Sankaran Nair (Chairman), Arthur Froom, Nawab Ali Khan, Shivdev Singh Uberoi, Zulfiqar Ali Khan, Hari Singh Gour, Abdullah Al-Mamun Suhrawardy, Kikabhai Premchand and M. C. Rajah. In Burma (Myanmar), which was included in the terms of reference of the Simon Commission, there was strong suspicion either that Burma's unpopular union with India would continue, or that the constitution recommended for Burma by the Commission would be less generous than that chosen for India; these suspicions resulted in tension and violence in Burma leading to the rebellion of Saya San.[4]

text: Protest and death of Lala Lajpat Rai[edit]

text: The Simon Commission left England in January 1928. Almost immediately with its arrival in Bombay on 3 February 1928, its members were confronted by throngs of protesters, although there were also some supporters among the crowds who saw it as the next step on the road to self-governance.[5] A strike began and many people turned out to greet the Commission with black flags. Similar protests occurred in every major Indian city that the seven British MPs visited.[citation needed]

text: One protest against the Simon Commission became infamous. On 30 October 1928, the Commission arrived in Lahore where it was met by protesters waving black flags.[3] The protest was led by Indian nationalist Lala Lajpat Rai, who had moved a resolution against the Commission in the Legislative Assembly of Punjab in February 1928. In order to make way for the Commission, the local police force began beating protestors. Lala Lajpat Rai was critically injured and died a fortnight later.[3]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: The Commission published its 2-volume report in May 1930. It proposed the abolition of dyarchy and the establishment of representative government in the provinces. It also recommended that separate communal electorates be retained, but only until tensions between Hindus and Muslims had died down. In September 1928, ahead of the Commission's release, Motilal Nehru presented his Nehru Report to counter its charges that Indians could not find a constitutional consensus among themselves. This report advocated that India be given dominion status of complete internal self-government.

text: Noting that educated Indians opposed the Commission and also that communal tensions had increased instead of decreased, the British government opted for another method of dealing with the constitutional issues of India. Before the publication of the report, the British government stated that Indian opinion would henceforth be taken into account, and that the natural outcome of the constitutional process would be dominion status for India.

text: The outcome of the Simon Commission was the Government of India Act 1935, which called for "responsible" government at the provincial level in India but not at the national level—that is a government responsible to the Indian community rather than London. It is the basis of many parts of the Indian Constitution. In 1937 the first elections were held in the Provinces, resulting in Congress Governments being returned in almost all Provinces.[6]

text: Clement Attlee was deeply moved by his experience on the Commission, and endorsed the final report. However by 1933 he argued that British rule was alien to India and was unable to make the social and economic reforms necessary for India's progress. He became the British leader most sympathetic to Indian independence (as a dominion), preparing him for his role in deciding on independence in 1947.[7][8]

text: Members of the Commission[edit]

text:
Sir John Simon
Clement Attlee
Harry Levy-Lawson, 1st Viscount Burnham
Edward Cadogan
Vernon Hartshorn
George Lane-Fox
Donald Howard, 3rd Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal


document_title: Treaty of Versailles

question_text: who in germany signed the treaty of versailles

root

text: Treaty of Versailles

text: Background

text: World War I

text: The First World War (1914–1918) was fought across Europe, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. Countries beyond the war zones were also affected by the disruption of international trade, finance and diplomatic pressures from the belligerents.[9] In 1917, two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire, which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin.[10]

tag: p

text: Fourteen Points

text: On 6 April 1917, the United States entered the war against the Central Powers due to German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain, which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives, as well as the interception of the Zimmerman Telegram, sent by the Empire of Germany to Mexico, urging for a declaration of war against the United States. The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies. The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions.[11]

text: On 8 January 1918, United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points. This speech outlined a policy of free trade, open agreements, democracy and self-determination. It also called for a diplomatic end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a Polish state, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a League of Nations to afford "mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike".[12][13] Wilson's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin's Decree on Peace of November 1917, which proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war and called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexations. The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry, a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign-policy advisor Edward M. House, into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but Allied colleagues Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the United Kingdom and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy were sceptical of Wilsonian idealism.[14]

text: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918

text: After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front, the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany on 3 March 1918.[15] This treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles (3,400,000 km2) of territory and 62 million people.[16] This loss equated to a third of the Russian population, a quarter of its territory, around a third of the country's arable land, three-quarters of its coal and iron, a third of its factories (totalling 54 percent of the nation's industrial capacity), and a quarter of its railroads.[16][17]

text: Armistice

text: During the autumn of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse.[18] Desertion rates within the German army began to increase, and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production.[19][20] On the Western Front, the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies.[21] Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied, which prompted uprisings in Germany, which became known as the German Revolution.[22][23] The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points, and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered. Following negotiations, the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice, which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in France and Belgium.[24][25][26]

text: Occupation

text: The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium, France, and Luxembourg within fifteen days.[27] In addition, it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland. In late 1918, Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation.[28]

text: Blockade

text: Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials, primarily from the Americas, which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean. The Blockade of Germany (1914–1919) was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers. The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade, although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people.[29]

text: Polish uprising

text: In late 1918, a Polish government was formed and an independent Poland proclaimed. In December, Poles launched an uprising within the German province of Posen. Fighting lasted until February, when an armistice was signed that left the province in Polish hands, but technically still a German possession.[30]

text: Negotiations

text: Negotiations between the Allied powers started on 18 January in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris. Initially, 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations.[31] The defeated nations of Germany, Austria, and Hungary were excluded from the negotiations. Russia was also excluded because it had negotiated a separate peace (the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) with Germany in 1918. The terms of this treaty awarded Germany a large proportion of Russia's land and resources. Its terms were extremely harsh, as the negotiators at Versailles later pointed out.

text: At first a "Council of Ten" comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy and Japan met officially to decide the peace terms. It became the "Big Four" when Japan dropped out and the top person from each of the other four nations met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions to be ratified by the entire assembly. Apart from Italian issues, the main conditions were determined at personal meetings among the leaders of the "Big Three" nations: British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, and American President Woodrow Wilson.

text: The minor nations attended a weekly "Plenary Conference" that discussed issues in a general forum, but made no decisions. These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations, many of which were incorporated into the final treaty.[32][33]

text: French aims

text: As the only major allied power sharing a land border with Germany, France was chiefly concerned with weakening Germany as much as possible. The French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau described France's position best by telling Wilson: "America is far away, protected by the ocean. Not even Napoleon himself could touch England. You are both sheltered; we are not." [34] Clemenceau and his colleagues hoped at the very least to have Allied troops occupy bridges over the Rhine and proposed a plan to create a buffer state in the Rhineland in order to create a barrier between a revitalized Germany and France. However, their demands would not be met by the treaty. Instead, France obtained the demilitarization of the Rhineland, a mandate over the Saar and promises of Anglo-American support in case of a new German aggression (a commitment that could not be relied on after the United States failed to ratify the treaty).[35] Clemenceau's inability to procure the Rhineland state led to fierce criticism of him in France and contributed to his subsequent fall from power.[36]

text: British economist John Maynard Keynes argued,

text: So far as possible, therefore, it was the policy of France to set the clock back and undo what, since 1870, the progress of Germany had accomplished. By loss of territory and other measures her population was to be curtailed; but chiefly the economic system, upon which she depended for her new strength, the vast fabric built upon iron, coal, and transport must be destroyed. If France could seize, even in part, what Germany was compelled to drop, the inequality of strength between the two rivals for European hegemony might be remedied for generations.[37]

text: France, which suffered significant destruction in its northern territories (the worst damage sustained in areas that formed a so-called Red Zone) and the second heaviest (after the Russian empire) human losses among allies (see main article World War I casualties), was adamant on the payment of reparations. The failure of the government of the Weimar Republic to pay these reparations led to the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian forces.

text: British aims

text: Britain had suffered little land devastation during the war and Prime Minister David Lloyd George supported reparations to a lesser extent than the French. Britain began to look on a restored Germany as an important trading partner and worried about the effect of reparations on the British economy.[38]

text: American aims

text: Before the end of the war, President Woodrow Wilson put forward his Fourteen Points, which represented the liberal position at the Conference and helped shape world opinion. Wilson was concerned with rebuilding the European economy, encouraging self-determination, promoting free trade, creating appropriate mandates for former colonies, and above all, creating a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace. He opposed harsh treatment of Germany but was outmaneuvered by Britain and France. He brought along top intellectuals as advisors, but his refusal to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation made his efforts seem partisan, and it contributed to a risk of political defeat at home.[39]

text: Treaty

text: In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty. Gustav Bauer, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including Articles 227, 230 and 231.[nb 1] In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours. On 23 June, Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty.[40] On 28 June 1919, the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (the immediate impetus for the war), the peace treaty was signed.[2] The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes, the prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations, freedom of navigation on major European rivers, to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz.[41][42][43][44]

text: Territorial changes

text: The treaty stripped Germany of 25,000 square miles (65,000 km2) of territory and 7 million people. It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established.[17] In Western Europe Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and cede control of the Eupen-Malmedy area. Within six months of the transfer, Belgium was required to conduct a plebiscite on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control, communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League's decision.[45] To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines, Germany was to cede the output of the Saar coalmines to France and control of the Saar to the League of Nations for 15 years; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty.[46] The treaty "restored" the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871 as they pertained to this issue.[47] The sovereignty of Schleswig-Holstein was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time (see Schleswig Plebiscites).[48]

text: In Eastern Europe, Germany was to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia.[49] Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce "all rights and title over the territory". Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland, with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite. The border would be fixed with regard to the vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality.[50] The province of Posen (now Poznan), which had come under Polish control during the Greater Poland Uprising, was also to be ceded to Poland.[30][51] Pomerelia (Eastern Pomerania), on historical and ethnic grounds, was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the Polish Corridor.[52] The sovereignty of part of southern East Prussia was to be decided via plebiscite while the East Prussian Soldau area, which was astride the rail line between Warsaw and Danzig, was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite.[53][54] An area of 51,800 square kilometres (20,000 square miles) was granted to Poland at the expense of Germany.[55] Memel was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers, for disposal according to their wishes.[56] Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland, including the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea, for the League of Nations to establish the Free City of Danzig.[57]

text: Mandates

text: Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into League of Nations mandates under the control of Allied states.[58] Togoland and German Kamerun (Cameroon) were transferred to France. Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium, whereas German South-West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom obtained German East Africa.[59][60][61] As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa, Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle, a sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique.[62] Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong, China, to Japan, not to China. Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia, except for German Samoa, which was taken by New Zealand.[60][63]

text: Military restrictions

text: The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces (the Reichswehr). The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament.[64][65] Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions. The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units, and the General Staff was to be dissolved.[66] Military schools for officer training were limited to three, one school per arm, and conscription was abolished. Private soldiers and Non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of 25 years, with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises. To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men, the number of men allowed to leave early was limited.[67]

text: The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size, with increases limited to population increases; paramilitary forces were forbidden.[68] The Rhineland was to be demilitarized, all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden.[69] Military structures and fortifications on the islands of Heligoland and Düne were to be destroyed.[70] Germany was prohibited from the arms trade, limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons, armoured cars, tanks and military aircraft.[71] The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six light cruisers (not exceeding 6,000 long tons (6,100 t)), twelve destroyers (not exceeding 800 long tons (810 t)) and twelve torpedo boats (not exceeding 200 long tons (200 t)) and was forbidden submarines.[72] The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 15,000 men, including manning for the fleet, coast defences, signal stations, administration, other land services, officers and men of all grades and corps. The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed 1,500 men.[73] Germany surrendered eight battleships, eight light cruisers, forty-two destroyers, and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning. Thirty-two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use.[74] Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force, including naval air forces, and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials. In conjunction, Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty.[75]

text: Reparations

text: In Article 231 Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war "as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies."[76][nb 2] The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers, and it also established an Allied "Reparation Commission" to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take. The commission was required to "give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard", and to submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921. In the interim, the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ($5 billion) in gold, commodities, ships, securities or other forms. The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany.[81][82]

text: Guarantees

text: To ensure compliance, the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years.[83] If Germany had not committed aggression, a staged withdrawal would take place; after five years, the Cologne bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated. After ten years, the bridgehead at Coblenz and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn.[84] If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations, the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately.[85]

text: International organizations

text: Part I of the treaty, as per all the treaties signed during the Paris Peace Conference,[nb 3] was the Covenant of the League of Nations, which provided for the creation of the League, an organization for the arbitration of international disputes.[86] Part XIII organized the establishment of the International Labour Officer, to regulate hours of work, including a maximum working day and week; the regulation of the labour supply; the prevention of unemployment; the provision of a living wage; the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment; the protection of children, young persons and women; provision for old age and injury; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad; recognition of the principle of freedom of association; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures.[87] The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the International Opium Convention.[88]

text: Reactions

text: Among the allies

text: Britain

text: The surrender of the German High Seas Fleet following the Armistice and its internment (and eventual scuttling) in Scapa Flow meant that Britain had already accomplished her primary war goal even before the Paris Peace Conference opened. With the German naval threat removed, Britain began focusing on Germany as a bulwark against the threat posed by the new Soviet Union.

text: Thus, British policy towards Germany began diverging from France's almost from the moment the guns fell silent. British officials at the conference declared French policy to be "greedy" and "vindictive," with Ramsay MacDonald later announcing, after Hitler's re-militarisation of the Rhineland in 1936, that he was "pleased" that the treaty was "vanishing", expressing his hope that the French had been taught a "severe lesson".[89] In 1938, Lloyd George published a massive two-volume memoir titled The Truth About the Peace Treaties, in which he effectively repudiated the terms of the treaty that bore his signature.[90]

text: France

text: France signed the treaty and was active in the League. The French people rejoiced that Alsace and Lorraine had been returned to France and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations. But the perception that Clemenceau had failed to achieve all of France's demands damaged him politically. When he stood for election as President of France in January 1920, he was defeated. Through much of the 1920s, France was the most vigorous of the wartime Allies in seeking to enforce the treaty's harsher terms, especially with regard to reparations. Without strong British support, however, she was largely unsuccessful. French Marshal Ferdinand Foch—who felt the restrictions on Germany were too lenient—prophetically predicted that "this (treaty) is not peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years."[91]

text: Italy

text: Reaction in Italy to the treaty was extremely negative. The country had suffered high casualties, yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals, notably gaining control of the Dalmatian coast and Fiume. President Wilson rejected Italy's claims on the basis of "national self-determination." For their part, Britain and France—who had been forced in the war's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse—were disinclined to support Italy's position at the peace conference. Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier Vittorio Orlando and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino further undermined Italy's position at the conference. A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference (though he later returned). He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed, effectively ending his active political career. Anger and dismay over the treaty's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of Benito Mussolini's dictatorship three years later.

text: Portugal

text: Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its African colonies, which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany. To this extent, she succeeded in her war aims. The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany's bordering overseas colonies. Otherwise, however, Portugal obtained little at the peace conference. Her promised share of German reparations never materialized, and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new League of Nations went instead to Spain—which had remained neutral in the war. In the end, Portugal ratified the treaty, but got little out of the war, which cost more than 8,000 Portuguese troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives.[92]

text: United States

text: After the Versailles conference, Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that "at last the world knows America as the savior of the world!"[93] However, the Republican Party, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, controlled the US Senate after the election of 1918, and the senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question. It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty.[94]

text: A discontent bloc of 12–18 "Irreconcilables", mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats, fiercely opposed the treaty. One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty, even with reservations added by Lodge. A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations. The largest bloc, led by Senator Lodge,[95] comprised a majority of the Republicans. They wanted a treaty with reservations, especially on Article 10, which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the US Congress.[96] All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them. However, Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills.[97]

text: The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification. Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the treaty, saying it favored the British.[98]

text: After Wilson's presidency, his successor Republican President Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations. Congress subsequently passed the Knox–Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the Central Powers. It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921.[99][100] Soon after, the US–German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921, the US–Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on 24 August 1921, and the US–Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on 29 August 1921.

text: China

text: China felt betrayed as the German territory in China was handed to Japan. The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China and the fall of the nascent Chinese Republic's government and poisoned relations with the West. [101][102]

text: House's views

text: Wilson's former friend Edward Mandell House, present at the negotiations, wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919:

text: I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered, and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris.[103]

text: In Germany

text: On 29 April, the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau arrived in Versailles. On 7 May, when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors, including the so-called "War Guilt Clause", von Brockdorff-Rantzau replied to Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George: "We know the full brunt of hate that confronts us here. You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie."[104] Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations, the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands, and a "violation of honour",[105] soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference.

text: Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty—particularly the provision that blamed Germany for starting the war—as an insult to the nation's honor. They referred to the treaty as "the Diktat" since its terms were presented to Germany on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Germany′s first democratically elected head of government, Philipp Scheidemann, resigned rather than sign the treaty. In a passionate speech before the National Assembly on 21 March 1919, he called the treaty a "murderous plan" and exclaimed,

text: Which hand, trying to put us in chains like these, would not wither? The treaty is unacceptable.[106]

text: After Scheidemann′s resignation, a new coalition government was formed under Gustav Bauer. President Friedrich Ebert knew that Germany was in an impossible situation. Although he shared his countrymen's disgust with the treaty, he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it. He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty, the Allies would invade Germany from the west—and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion. With this in mind, he asked Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war. If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out, Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty. Hindenburg—after prodding from his chief of staff, Wilhelm Groener—concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale. However, rather than inform Ebert himself, he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities. Upon receiving this, the new government recommended signing the treaty. The National Assembly voted in favour of signing the treaty by 237 to 138, with five abstentions (there were 421 delegates in total). This result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline. Foreign minister Hermann Müller and colonial minister Johannes Bell travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany. The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116.[107]

text: Conservatives, nationalists and ex-military leaders condemned the treaty. Politicians of the Weimar Republic who supported the treaty, socialists, communists, and Jews were viewed with suspicion as persons of questionable loyalty.[citation needed] It was rumored that Jews had not supported the war and had played a role in selling Germany out to its enemies. Those who seemed to benefit from a weakened Germany and the newly formed Weimar Republic were regarded as having "stabbed Germany in the back". Those who instigated unrest and strikes in the critical military industries on the home front or who opposed German nationalism were seen to have contributed to Germany's defeat.[citation needed] These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918, its armies were still on French and Belgian territory. Furthermore, on the Eastern Front, Germany had already won the war against Russia and concluded the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. In the West, Germany had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918.[citation needed] Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive, leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel. The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors, with the Jews taking most of the blame.[citation needed]

text: Violations

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency.[citation needed] Nonetheless, even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations (132 billion gold marks) still placed a significant burden on the German economy.[citation needed] Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed, Germans blamed the near-collapse of their economy on the treaty, and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one-third of the hyper-inflation.[citation needed]

text: In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles.[citation needed] In January 1923, French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with "passive resistance", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces.[citation needed] Production and transportation came to a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923.[citation needed] The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925.[citation needed]

text: Some significant violations of the provisions of the treaty were:

text:
At the time of signing in 1919, the dissolution of the General Staff according to Article 160 appeared to happen; however, the core of the General Staff was reestablished and hidden in the Truppenamt.[108][109]
March 1935, under the government of Adolf Hitler, Germany violated the Part V of the Treaty of Versailles by introducing compulsory military conscription in Germany and rebuilding the armed forces.[110][111]
March 1936, Germany violated Article 43 of the treaty by reoccupying the demilitarized zone in the Rhineland.[69][112]
March 1938, Germany violated Article 80 of the treaty by annexing Austria in the Anschluss.[113][114]

tag: ul

text: Historical assessments

text: According to David Stevenson, since the opening of French archives, most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference, though Stevenson notes that "[t]he jury is still out", and that "there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way."[115]

text: In his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace, John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a "Carthaginian peace", a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French revanchism, rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which Germany had accepted at the armistice. He stated: "I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible."[116] Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others (including some US officials) had used at Paris.[117] He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay, and that these would produce drastic instability.[118]

text: French economist Étienne Mantoux disputed that analysis. During the 1940s, Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled The Carthaginian Peace, or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes in an attempt to rebut Keynes' claims. More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments.[119]

text: It has been argued (for instance by historian Gerhard Weinberg in his book A World At Arms[120]) that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany. The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up, and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation (in contrast to the situation following World War II). In a 1995 essay, Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of Austria-Hungary and with Russia withdrawn from Europe, that Germany was now the dominant power in Eastern Europe.[121]

text: The British military historian Correlli Barnett claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was "extremely lenient in comparison with the peace terms that Germany herself, when she was expecting to win the war, had had in mind to impose on the Allies". Furthermore, he claimed, it was "hardly a slap on the wrist" when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russia in March 1918, which had taken away a third of Russia's population (albeit of non-Russian ethnicity), one-half of Russia's industrial undertakings and nine-tenths of Russia's coal mines, coupled with an indemnity of six billion marks.[122] Eventually, even under the "cruel" terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany′s economy had been restored to its pre-war status.

text: Barnett also claims that, in strategic terms, Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914. Germany′s eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria, who had both in the past balanced German power. Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer, because the former Austrian Empire fractured after the war into smaller, weaker states, Russia was wracked by revolution and civil war, and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany. In the West, Germany was balanced only by France and Belgium, both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany. Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany, the treaty "much enhanced" German power.[123] Britain and France should have (according to Barnett) "divided and permanently weakened" Germany by undoing Bismarck's work and partitioning Germany into smaller, weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again.[124] By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe, Britain "had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War".[125]

text: The British historian of modern Germany, Richard J. Evans, wrote that during the war the German right was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa. Consequently, any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them.[126] Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Evans argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles.[126] Evans further noted that the parties of the Weimar Coalition, namely the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), the social liberal German Democratic Party (DDP) and the Christian democratic Centre Party, were all equally opposed to Versailles, and it is false to claim as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the Weimar Republic.[126] Finally, Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic, instead contending that it was the Great Depression of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy. He also argued that Versailles was not the "main cause" of National Socialism and the German economy was "only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations".[126]

text: Ewa Thompson points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule, a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography, more interested in understanding the German point of view. In nations that found themselves free as the result of the treaty—such as Poles or Czechs—it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours.[127]

text: Regardless of modern strategic or economic analysis, resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi Party.[citation needed] The German historian Detlev Peukert wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the interwar period, and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany.[128] Rather, Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty, and it was this "perception" rather than the "reality" of the Versailles treaty that mattered.[128] Peukert noted that because of the "millenarian hopes" created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe, any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated German Reich were bound to create a nationalist backlash, and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash.[128] Having noted that much, Peukert commented that the policy of rapprochement with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe, and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles.[128] Finally, Peukert argued that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of autarky within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic, not the Treaty of Versailles.[128]

text: French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of Germans in the Sudetenland and in Posen-West Prussia were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment, where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented.[129] Cartier asserts that, out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen-West Prussia in 1921, 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment.[129] In 1926, the Polish Ministry of the Interior estimated the remaining number of Germans at fewer than 300,000.[citation needed] These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler′s annexations of Czechoslovakia and parts of Poland.[129]


document_title: Recording Industry Association of America certification

question_text: who holds the record for most platinum albums

text: Description and qualifications[edit]

text: Presently, an American RIAA-certified Gold record is a single or album that has sold 500,000 units (records, tapes or compact discs). The award was launched in 1958;[3] originally, the requirement for a Gold single was one million units sold and a Gold album represented $1 million in sales (at wholesale value, around a third of the list price).[4] In 1975, the additional requirement of 500,000 units sold was added for Gold albums.[4] Reflecting growth in record sales, the Platinum award was added in 1976 for albums selling one million units, and singles selling two million units.[4][5] The Multi-Platinum award was introduced in 1984, signifying multiple Platinum levels of albums and singles.[6] In 1989, the sales thresholds for singles were reduced to 500,000 for Gold and 1,000,000 for Platinum, reflecting a decrease in sales of singles.[7] In 1992, RIAA began counting each disc in a multi-disc set as one unit toward certification. Reflecting additional growth in music sales, the Diamond award was instituted in 1999 for albums or singles selling ten million units.[3] Because of these changes in criteria, the sales level associated with a particular award depends on when the award was made.

text: Nielsen SoundScan figures are not used in RIAA certification; the RIAA system predates Nielsen SoundScan and includes sales outlets Nielsen misses.[citation needed] Prior to Nielsen SoundScan, RIAA certification was the only audited and verifiable system for tracking music sales in the U.S.; it is still the only system capable of tracking 100% of sales (albeit as shipments less returns, not actual sales like Nielsen SoundScan).[citation needed] This system has allowed, at times, for record labels to promote an album as Gold or Platinum simply based on large shipments. For instance, in 1978 the Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band soundtrack shipped Platinum but was a sales bust, with two million returns.[8] Similarly, all four solo albums by the members of Kiss simultaneously shipped Platinum that same year but did not reach the top 20 of the Billboard 200 album chart.[9] The following year, the RIAA began requiring 120 days from the release date before recordings were eligible for certification, although that requirement has been reduced over the years and currently stands at 30 days. Sony was widely criticized in 1995 for hyping Michael Jackson's double album HIStory as five times Platinum, based on shipments of 2.5 million and using the RIAA's recently adopted practice of counting each disc toward certification, while SoundScan was reporting only 1.3 million copies sold.[10] A similar discrepancy between shipments and sales was reported with The Lion King soundtrack.[11]

text: List of certifications[edit]

text: Records[edit]

text:
500,000 units: Gold album
1,000,000 units: Platinum album
2,000,000 or more units: Multi-Platinum album
10,000,000 units: Diamond album

text: For further information, see Music recording sales certification.

text: Multi-disc[edit]

text: Multi-disc albums are counted once for each disc within the album if it is over 100 minutes in length or is from the vinyl era. For example, each copy of The Smashing Pumpkins's Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness (running time of 121:39), and OutKast's Speakerboxxx/The Love Below (running time of 134:56), both double albums, were counted twice, meaning each album was certified diamond after 5 million copies were shipped. Pink Floyd's The Wall and The Beatles' White Album, both vinyl-era, are also counted double even though their running times are under the minimum requirement.

text: Spanish[edit]

text: Since 2000, the RIAA also awards Los Premios de Oro y De Platino (Gold and Platinum Awards in Spanish) to Latin albums which are defined by the RIAA as a type of product that features at least 51% of content in Spanish.[12]

text: As of December 20, 2013, the award levels for Latin certifications are:[13]

text:
30,000 units: Disco de Oro
60,000 units: Disco de Platino
120,000 units: Disco de Multi-Platino
600,000 units: Disco de Diamante

text: For certifications made before December 20, 2013, the award levels are:[14]

text:
50,000 units: Disco de Oro
100,000 units: Disco de Platino
200,000 units: Disco de Multi-Platino
1,000,000 units: Disco de Diamante

text: Note: The number of sales required to qualify for Oro and Platino awards was higher prior to January 1, 2008.[14] The thresholds were 100,000 units (Oro) and 200,000 units (Platino). All Spanish-language albums certified prior to 2008 were updated to match the current certification at the time.[14][15] "La Bomba" by Bolivian group Azul Azul is the only single to receive a Latin certification based on shipments before the creation of the Latin digital singles awards in 2013.[16] The Disco de Diamante award was introduced after the RIAA updated the thresholds for Latin certifications in December 20, 2013. The Disco de Diamante is awarded to Latin albums that have been certified 10× Platinum.[17][18]

text: Singles[edit]

text: Standard singles are certified:

text:
Gold when it ships 500,000 copies
Platinum when it ships 1,000,000 copies
Multi-Platinum when it ships at least 2,000,000 copies

text: Note: The number of sales required to qualify for Gold and Platinum discs was higher prior to January 1, 1989. The thresholds were previously 1,000,000 units (Gold) and 2,000,000 units (Platinum).[19]

text: Digital singles are certified:

text:
Gold means 500,000 certification units
Platinum means 1,000,000 certification units
Multi-Platinum means 2,000,000+ certification units

text: From 2004 through July 2006, the certification level was 100,000 downloads for Gold and 200,000 for Platinum. When the RIAA changed the certification standards to match retail distribution in August 2006, all Platinum and Multi-Platinum awards for a digital release were withdrawn. Gold certifications, however, were not, meaning a song that was downloaded over 100,000 times and certified so by the RIAA during that time frame retains its Gold status.[20]

text: Starting May 9, 2013 RIAA certifications for singles in the "digital" category include on-demand audio and/or video song streams in addition to downloads at a rate of 100 streams=1 certification "unit".[21][22] On January 2, 2016, this rate was updated to 150 streams = 1 certification unit.[23]

text: Latin digital singles are certified:

text:
Disco de Oro (Gold) means 30,000 certification units
Disco de Platino (Platinum) means 60,000 certification units
Disco de Multi-Platino (Multi-Platinum) means 120,000+ certification units

text: The Latin Digital Single Awards began on December 20, 2013. As with the digital sales, 100 streams count as one download sale.[13]

text: Video Longform[edit]

text: Along with albums, digital albums, and singles there is another classification of music release called "Video Longform." This release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria are slightly different from other styles.[24]

text:
Gold: 50,000 copies
Platinum: 100,000 copies
Multi-Platinum: 200,000 copies

text: Records[edit]

text: Lists from RIAA site showing current status holders of RIAA Certifications:

text:
List of best-selling music artists in the United States
List of best-selling albums in the United States
List of best-selling singles in the United States
List of best-selling Latin albums in the United States

text: Artists with the most album certifications[edit]

text: Albums that have been certified Gold might receive additional certifications for achieving Platinum and Multi-Platinum levels.

text:
Artist
# Gold
# Platinum
# Multi-Platinum
# Diamond
Total
Source

AC/DC
22
20
12
1
55
[25]

Aerosmith
25
18
12
1
56
[25]

Alabama
22
20
10
0
52
[25]

The Beach Boys
20
9
6
0
35
[25]

The Beatles
48
42
26
6
122
[25]

Bee Gees
15
9
2
1
27
[25]

Garth Brooks
21
21
15
7
63
[25]

Jimmy Buffett
17
9
3
0
29
[25]

Mariah Carey
15
13
9
2
39
[25]

Johnny Cash
19
10
5
0
34
[25]

Kenny Chesney
16
11
5
0
32
[25]

Chicago
23
18
8
0
49
[25]

Eric Clapton
23
11
7
1
42
[25]

John Denver
21
13
7
1
41
[25]

Neil Diamond
40
21
11
0
72
[25]

Celine Dion
13
11
8
2
34
[25]

The Doors
20
14
5
1
40
[25]

Bob Dylan
33
15
5
0
53
[25]

Eminem
9
8
8
2
27
[25]

Grateful Dead
20
6
4
0
30
[25]

Jimi Hendrix
16
10
6
0
32
[25]

Isley Brothers
15
10
3
0
28
[25]

Alan Jackson
18
15
8
0
41
[25]

Michael Jackson
15
13
9
2
38
[25]

Jefferson Airplane/Starship
20
5
1
0
26
[25]

Jethro Tull
15
3
1
0
19
[25]

Billy Joel
18
17
12
2
49
[25]

Elton John
37
27
12
1
77
[25]

Toby Keith
18
12
5
0
35
[25]

Kenny G
15
11
8
1
35
[25]

Kiss
26
10
3
0
39
[25]

Led Zeppelin
19
18
14
5
56
[25]

Lynyrd Skynyrd
20
13
7
0
40
[25]

Madonna
20
17
12
2
51
[25]

Barry Manilow
24
13
6
0
43
[25]

Mannheim Steamroller
18
8
4
0
30
[25]

Dean Martin
17
2
0
0
19
[25]

Johnny Mathis
15
6
2
0
23
[25]

Dave Matthews Band
17
14
7
0
38
[25]

Paul McCartney
16
7
4
0
27
[25]

Reba McEntire
27
19
9
0
55
[25]

John Mellencamp
15
12
5
0
32
[25]

Anne Murray
15
6
2
0
23
[25]

Willie Nelson
18
14
6
0
38
[25]

Tom Petty
15
8
5
1
29
[25]

Pink Floyd
19
15
12
2
48
[25]

Elvis Presley
90
52
25
1
168
[25]

Prince
18
11
4
1
33
[25]

Queen
19
12
7
0
38
[25]

Kenny Rogers
28
17
7
1
53
[25]

The Rolling Stones
43
28
11
1
83
[25]

Linda Ronstadt
17
13
7
0
37
[25]

Rush
24
14
3
0
41
[25]

Santana
21
10
7
1
39
[25]

Frank Sinatra
34
10
4
0
48
[25]

Bruce Springsteen
22
17
10
2
51
[25]

Rod Stewart
27
19
10
0
56
[25]

George Strait
39
33
13
0
85
[25]

Barbra Streisand
51
30
12
0
93
[25]

James Taylor
20
14
5
1
40
[25]

The Temptations
17
6
1
0
24
[25]

U2
16
16
11
1
44
[25]

Luther Vandross
19
15
7
0
41
[25]

The Who
18
12
5
0
35
[25]

Andy Williams
18
3
0
0
21
[25]

Hank Williams, Jr.
23
8
1
0
32
[25]

Neil Young
18
7
3
0
28
[25]

text: Artists with the most single certifications[edit]

text: Singles that have been certified Gold might receive additional certifications for achieving Platinum and Multi-Platinum levels. For example, Eminem has had 13 singles certified Gold, 8 of which went on to achieve Platinum certification as well.

text: This list includes the RIAA formats 'Single','12 inch single' and 'Video Single'. This list includes singles of the RIAA types 'standard' and 'digital'.

text:
Very few artists ever received a Gold 12-inch single (Donna Summer, Barbra Streisand for "Enough Is Enough", and Madonna for "Angel"/"Into The Groove")
12 inch singles were given a Gold certification after sales of 500,000 or more copies sold. This took place back when more 12-inch singles were manufactured and sold.

text: This table tracks artists with some number of singles that have received at least twenty total certifications.

text:
Artist
# Gold
# Platinum
# Multi-Platinum
Total
source

Eminem
13
8
6
27
[26]

Adele
12
9
5
26
[27]

Elvis Presley
54
27
8
89
[28]

Rihanna
40
33
29
102
[29]

Katy Perry
17
17
13
47
[30]

Lil Wayne
25
21
10
56
[31]

Mariah Carey
25
12
2
39
[32]

Taylor Swift
53
36
21
110
[33]

Madonna
27+Gold 12 inch
6
2
47
[34]

Beyoncé
25
13
5
43
[35][36]

The Beatles
28
9
4
41
[37]

Michael Jackson
23
10
1
34
[38]

Whitney Houston
19
8
3
30
[39]

Janet Jackson
20
4
-
24
[40]

Elton John
18
8
1
27
[41]

Lady Gaga
15
13
12
40
[42]

Bruno Mars
18
16
13
47
[43]

Kanye West
31
24
13
68
[44]

R. Kelly
14
7
-
21
[45]

Usher
14
9
1
24
[46]

Chris Brown
20
22
14
56
[47]

T.I.
16
11
4
31
[48]

Jay-Z
22
15
7
44
[49]

Linkin Park
11
7
2
20
[50]

Black Eyed Peas
12
9
8
29
[51]

Ariana Grande
10
8
5
23
[52]

Justin Timberlake
12
9
4
25
[53]

Ludacris
10
7
3
20
[54]

Kenny Chesney
24
8
-
36
[55]

Flo Rida
13
11
10
34
[56]

Brad Paisley
17
8
4
29
[57]

Tim McGraw
24
12
3
39
[58]

Jason Aldean
21
15
5
41
[59]

Nicki Minaj
14
10
5
29
[60]

Ne-Yo
10
8
5
23
[61]

Drake
22
16
11
49
[62]

Demi Lovato
10
9
4
23
[63]

Rascal Flatts
13
8
-
21
[64]

Fall Out Boy
13
10
5
28
[65]

text: RIAA Diamond certifications[edit]

text: Diamond (10+ million) certified albums and singles[66]

text:
Year of Release
Artist(s)
Title
Label(s)
Certification
Year of Certification
Release Type

1982
Michael Jackson
Thriller
Epic
33× Platinum
2017
Album

1976
Eagles
Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975)
Elektra
29× Platinum
2006
Album (Greatest Hits)

1985
Billy Joel
Greatest Hits Volume I & Volume II
Columbia
23× Platinum
2011
Album (Greatest Hits)

1971
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin IV
Atlantic
23× Platinum
2006
Album

1979
Pink Floyd
The Wall
Columbia
23× Platinum
1999
Album

1980
AC/DC
Back in Black
Epic
22× Platinum
2007
Album

1998
Garth Brooks
Double Live
Capitol Nashville
21× Platinum
2006
Album (Live Album)

1977
Fleetwood Mac
Rumours
Warner Bros.
20× Platinum
2014
Album

1997
Shania Twain
Come On Over
Mercury Nashville
20× Platinum
2004
Album

1968
The Beatles
The Beatles
Apple
19× Platinum
2001
Album

1987
Guns N' Roses
Appetite for Destruction
Geffen
18× Platinum
2008
Album

1992
Whitney Houston
The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album
RCA
18× Platinum
2017
Album (Soundtrack)

1976
Boston
Boston
Epic
17× Platinum
2003
Album

1974
Elton John
Greatest Hits
Island
17× Platinum
2016
Album (Greatest Hits)

1990
Garth Brooks
No Fences
Capitol
17× Platinum
2006
Album

1973
The Beatles
1967-1970
EMI
17× Platinum
2010
Album (Greatest Hits)

1995
Alanis Morissette
Jagged Little Pill
Maverick
16× Platinum
1998
Album

1977
Bee Gees
Saturday Night Fever: The Original Movie Sound Track
Capitol
16× Platinum
2017
Album (Soundtrack)

1976
Eagles
Hotel California
Asylum
16× Platinum
2001
Album

1994
Hootie & the Blowfish
Cracked Rear View
Atlantic
16× Platinum
1999
Album

1975
Led Zeppelin
Physical Graffiti
Swan Song
16× Platinum
2006
Album

1991
Metallica
Metallica
Atlantic/Elektra
16× Platinum
2012
Album

1984
Bob Marley & The Wailers
Legend
Island
15× Platinum
2014
Album (Compilation)

1984
Bruce Springsteen
Born in the U.S.A.
Columbia
15× Platinum
1995
Album

1988
Journey
Greatest Hits
Columbia
15× Platinum
2011
Album (Greatest Hits)

1973
Pink Floyd
The Dark Side of the Moon
Harvest
15× Platinum
1998
Album

1999
Santana
Supernatural
Arista
15× Platinum
2003
Album

1973
The Beatles
1962-1966
Apple
15× Platinum
2001
Album (Greatest Hits)

2011
Adele
21
Columbia
14× Platinum
2016
Album

1997
Backstreet Boys
Backstreet Boys
Jive
14× Platinum
2001
Album

1999
Britney Spears
...Baby One More Time
Jive
14× Platinum
2004
Album

1991
Garth Brooks
Ropin' the Wind
Capitol
14× Platinum
1998
Album

1977
Meat Loaf
Bat Out of Hell
Cleveland International
14× Platinum
2001
Album

1972
Simon & Garfunkel
Simon and Garfunkel's Greatest Hits
Columbia
14× Platinum
2003
Album (Greatest Hits)

1978
Steve Miller Band
Greatest Hits 1974-78
Capitol
14× Platinum
2017
Album (Greatest Hits)

1999
Backstreet Boys
Millennium
Jive
13× Platinum
2001
Album

1986
Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band
Live/1975–85
Columbia
13× Platinum
1999
Album (Live Album)

1991
Pearl Jam
Ten
Epic
13× Platinum
2009
Album

1984
Prince and The Revolution
Purple Rain
Warner Bros.
13× Platinum
1996
Album

1985
Whitney Houston
Whitney Houston
Arista
13× Platinum
1999
Album

1986
Bon Jovi
Slippery When Wet
Mercury
12× Platinum
1995
Album

1994
Boyz II Men
II
Motown
12× Platinum
1996
Album

1987
Def Leppard
Hysteria
Mercury
12× Platinum
1998
Album

1998
Dixie Chicks
Wide Open Spaces
Monument
12× Platinum
2003
Album

1995
Jewel
Pieces of You
Atlantic
12× Platinum
2006
Album

2010
Justin Bieber
"Baby" (Featuring Ludacris)
Island/Def Jam
12× Platinum
2013
Single

1992
Kenny G
Breathless
Arista
12× Platinum
1998
Album

1980
Kenny Rogers
Greatest Hits
Liberty
12× Platinum
1997
Album (Greatest Hits)

1969
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin II
Atlantic
12× Platinum
1999
Album

1996
Matchbox Twenty
Yourself or Someone Like You
Atlantic
12× Platinum
2001
Album

1985
Phil Collins
No Jacket Required
Atlantic
12× Platinum
2001
Album

1995
Shania Twain
The Woman in Me
Mercury Nashville
12× Platinum
2000
Album

1994
Soundtrack
Forrest Gump
Epic
12× Platinum
2000
Album (Soundtrack)

1969
The Beatles
Abbey Road
Apple
12× Platinum
2001
Album

1971
The Rolling Stones
Hot Rocks 1964-1971
London
12× Platinum
2002
Album (Greatest Hits)

1993
Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers
Greatest Hits
Interscope
12× Platinum
2015
Album (Greatest Hits)

2000
*NSYNC
No Strings Attached
Jive
11× Platinum
2001
Album

2015
Adele
25
Columbia/XL
11× Platinum
2017
Album

1980
Aerosmith
Aerosmith's Greatest Hits
Columbia
11× Platinum
2007
Album (Greatest Hits)

1996
Celine Dion
Falling Into You
550 Music
11× Platinum
2001
Album

1999
Creed
Human Clay
Wind-up
11× Platinum
2004
Album

1982
Eagles
Eagles Greatest Hits, Volume 2
Asylum
11× Platinum
2002
Album (Greatest Hits)

1997
Elton John
"Candle in the Wind 1997"/"Something About the Way You Look Tonight"
Rocket
11× Platinum
1997
Single (Double A-side)

2010
Eminem
"Love the Way You Lie" (Featuring Rihanna)
Aftermath/Interscope
11× Platinum
2013
Single

1976
James Taylor
Greatest Hits
Warner Bros.
11× Platinum
1996
Album (Greatest Hits)

1998
Kid Rock
Devil Without a Cause
Lava
11× Platinum
2003
Album

1973
Led Zeppelin
Houses of the Holy
Atlantic
11× Platinum
1999
Album

2000
Linkin Park
Hybrid Theory
Warner Bros.
11× Platinum
2017
Album

2003
Outkast
Speakerboxxx/The Love Below
LaFace
11× Platinum
2006
Album

2002
Shania Twain
Up!
Mercury Nashville
11× Platinum
2004
Album

1987
Soundtrack
Dirty Dancing
RCA
11× Platinum
1994
Album (Soundtrack)

1997
Soundtrack
Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture
Sony Classical
11× Platinum
2000
Album (Soundtrack)

2000
The Beatles
1
Capitol
11× Platinum
2010
Album (Greatest Hits)

1967
The Beatles
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band
Capitol
11× Platinum
1997
Album

1994
TLC
CrazySexyCool
LaFace
11× Platinum
1999
Album

2009
Lady Gaga
"Bad Romance"
Streamline/Interscope
11× Platinum
2015
Single

2014
Mark Ronson
"UpTown Funk!" (Featuring Bruno Mars)
RCA
11× Platinum
2016
Single

1998
*NSYNC
*NSYNC
RCA
10× Platinum
2000
Album

1996
2Pac
All Eyez On Me
Death Row/Interscope
10× Platinum
2014
Album

1998
2Pac
Greatest Hits
Interscope
10× Platinum
2011
Album (Greatest Hits)

1986
Beastie Boys
Licensed To Ill
Def Jam
10× Platinum
2015
Album

1977
Billy Joel
The Stranger
Columbia
10× Platinum
2003
Album

1994
Bob Seger & The Silver Bullet Band
Greatest Hits
Capitol
10× Platinum
2017
Album (Greatest Hits)

2000
Britney Spears
Oops!... I Did It Again
Jive
10× Platinum
2005
Album

2012
Carly Rae Jepsen
"Call Me Maybe"
Schoolboy/Interscope
10× Platinum
2016
Single

1971
Carole King
Tapestry
Ode
10× Platinum
1995
Album

1997
Celine Dion
Let's Talk About Love
550 Music/Epic
10× Platinum
1999
Album

1985
Creedence Clearwater Revival
Chronicle: The 20 Greatest Hits
Fantasy
10× Platinum
2016
Album (Greatest Hits)

1983
Def Leppard
Pyromania
Mercury
10× Platinum
2004
Album

1999
Dixie Chicks
Fly
Monument
10× Platinum
2002
Album

1976
Doobie Brothers
Best of The Doobies
Warner Bros.
10× Platinum
1996
Album (Greatest Hits)

2014
Ed Sheeran
"Thinking Out Loud"
Atlantic
10× Platinum
2017
Single

1970
Elvis Presley
Elvis' Christmas Album
RCA Camden/Pickwick
10× Platinum
2011
Album

2002
Eminem
The Eminem Show
Aftermath/Interscope
10× Platinum
2011
Album

2000
Eminem
The Marshall Mathers LP
Aftermath/Interscope
10× Platinum
2011
Album

2010
Eminem
"Not Afraid"
Shady/Aftermath/Interscope
10× Platinum
2014
Single

1992
Eric Clapton
Unplugged
Reprise
10× Platinum
1996
Album (Live Album)

2012
Florida Georgia Line
"Cruise"
BMX
10× Platinum
2016
Single

1989
Garth Brooks
Garth Brooks
Capitol
10× Platinum
2006
Album

1997
Garth Brooks
Sevens
Capitol Nashville
10× Platinum
2006
Album

1994
Garth Brooks
The Hits
Liberty
10× Platinum
1998
Album (Greatest Hits)

2007
Garth Brooks
The Ultimate Hits
Pearl
10× Platinum
2016
Album (Greatest Hits)

1987
George Michael
Faith
Columbia
10× Platinum
1996
Album

1994
Green Day
Dookie
Reprise
10× Platinum
1999
Album

2012
Imagine Dragons
"Radioactive"
KIDinaKORNER/Interscope
10× Platinum
2015
Single

2010
Katy Perry
"Firework"
Capitol
10× Platinum
2015
Single

2013
Katy Perry
"Dark Horse"
Capitol
10× Platinum
2015
Single

2013
Katy Perry
"Roar"
Capitol
10× Platinum
2017
Single

2008
Lady Gaga
"Poker Face"
Streamline/Interscope
10× Platinum
2015
Single

1990
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin
Atlantic
10× Platinum
2006
Album (Boxed Set)

1983
Lionel Richie
Can't Slow Down
Motown
10× Platinum
1985
Album

2013
Lorde
"Royals"
Republic
10× Platinum
2017
Single

2012
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis
"Thrift Shop" (Featuring Wanz)
Macklemore, LLC
10× Platinum
2015
Single

1984
Madonna
Like a Virgin
Sire
10× Platinum
1998
Album

1990
Madonna
The Immaculate Collection
Sire
10× Platinum
2001
Album (Greatest Hits)

1995
Mariah Carey
Daydream
Columbia
10× Platinum
1998
Album

1993
Mariah Carey
Music Box
Columbia
10× Platinum
1997
Album

2014
Meghan Trainor
"All About That Bass"
Epic
10× Platinum
2018
Single

1987
Michael Jackson
Bad
Epic/Legacy
10× Platinum
2017
Album

1990
MC Hammer
Please Hammer, Don't Hurt 'Em
Capitol
10× Platinum
1991
Album

2000
Nelly
Country Grammar
Republic
10× Platinum
2016
Album

2005
Nickelback
All the Right Reasons
Roadrunner
10× Platinum
2017
Album

1991
Nirvana
Nevermind
DGC
10× Platinum
1999
Album

1995
No Doubt
Tragic Kingdom
Trauma/Interscope
10× Platinum
1999
Album

2002
Norah Jones
Come Away With Me
Blue Note
10× Platinum
2005
Album

1967
Patsy Cline
Patsy Cline's Greatest Hits
MCA
10× Platinum
2005
Album (Greatest Hits)

1980
R.E.O. Speedwagon
Hi Infidelity
Epic/Legacy
10× Platinum
2017
Album

1994
Soundtrack
The Lion King: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Disneyland
10× Platinum
1995
Album (Soundtrack)

1976
Stevie Wonder
Songs in the Key of Life
Motown
10× Platinum
2005
Album

2008
Taylor Swift
Fearless
Big Machine
10× Platinum
2017
Album

1985
The Doors
The Best of The Doors
Elektra
10× Platinum
2007
Album (Greatest Hits)

1997
The Notorious B.I.G.
Life After Death
Bad Boy/Arista
10× Platinum
2000
Album

1995
The Smashing Pumpkins
Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness
Virgin
10× Platinum
2012
Album

1987
U2
The Joshua Tree
Island
10× Platinum
1995
Album

2004
Usher
Confessions
So So Def
10× Platinum
2008
Album

1984
Van Halen
1984 (MCMLXXXIV)
Warner Bros.
10× Platinum
1999
Album

1978
Van Halen
Van Halen
Warner Bros.
10× Platinum
1996
Album

1983
ZZ Top
Eliminator
Warner Bros.
10× Platinum
1996
Album

text: RIAA Diamante certifications[edit]

text: Diamante certified Latin albums and singles (1+ million for Latin albums certified before December 2013 and 600,000+ for Latin albums and singles certified after December 2013[67]

text:
Year of Release
Artist(s)
Title
Label(s)
Certification
Year of Certification
Release Type

1995
Selena
Dreaming of You
Universal Music Latino
59× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Album

2017
Luis Fonsi
"Despacito"
Universal Music Latino
55× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

1994
Selena
Amor Prohibido
Universal Music Latino
36× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Album

2015
Nicky Jam
"El Perdón"
Sony Music Latin
27× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

2016
Nicky Jam
"Hasta el Amanecer"
Sony Music Latin
22× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

2013
Romeo Santos
"Propuesta Indecente"
Sony Music Latin
20× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

2017
Maluma
"Felices los 4"
Sony Music Latin
20× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

2011
Romeo Santos
"Promise" (Featuring Usher)
Sony Music Latin
19× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

2002
Selena
Ones
Universal Music Latino
18× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Album (Greatest Hits)

1993
Gloria Estefan
Mi Tierra
Epic
16× Platinum (Latin)
2000
Album

2013
Marc Anthony
"Vivir Mi Vida"
Sony Music Latin
16× Platinum (Latin)
2015
Single

2016
Shakira
"Chantaje" (Featuring Maluma)
Sony Music Latin
16× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

1990
Ottmar Liebert
Nouveau Flamenco
Higher Octave
14× Platinum (Latin)
2002
Album

2017
Nicky Jam
"El Amante"
Sony Music Latin
13× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

2014
Romeo Santos
"Odio" (Featuring Drake)
Sony Music Latin
13× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

2016
Enrique Iglesias
"Duele el Corazón"
Sony Music Latin
12× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

2015
Gente de Zona
"La Gozadera"
Sony Music Latin
12× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

1992
Maná
¿Dónde Jugarán los Niños?
WEA Latina
12× Platinum (Latin)
2000
Album

2017
Becky G
"Mayores" (Featuring Bad Bunny)
Sony Music Latin
11× Platinum (Latin)
2018
Single

2014
Romeo Santos
"Eres Mía"
Sony Music Latin
11× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Single

2014
Romeo Santos
Formula, Vol. 2
Sony Music Latin
11× Platinum (Latin)
2016
Album

2005
Shakira
Fijación Oral, Vol. 1
Epic
11× Platinum (Latin)
2009
Album

1996
Charlie Zaa
Sentimientos
Sonolux
10× Platinum (Latin)
2012
Album

2014
J Balvin
"Ay Vamos"
Capitol Latin
10× Platinum (Latin)
2015
Single

2015
J Balvin
"Ginza"
Capitol Latin
10× Platinum (Latin)
2016
Single

2013
J Balvin
"6 AM" (Featuring Farruko)
Capitol Latin
10× Platinum (Latin)
2015
Single

1997
Maná
Sueños Líquidos
WEA Latina
10× Platinum (Latin)
2000
Album

1999
Selena
All My Hits: Todos Mis Exitos
Universal Music Latino
10× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Album (Greatest Hits)

1998
Selena
Anthology
Universal Music Latino
10× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Album (Greatest Hits)

1992
Selena
Entre a Mi Mundo
Universal Music Latino
10× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Album

1993
Selena
Mis Mejores Canciones: 17 Super Exitos
Universal Music Latino
10× Platinum (Latin)
2017
Album (Greatest Hits)


document_title: Adnan (name)

question_text: what is the meaning of adnan in hindi

question_tokens: what is the meaning of adnan in hindi

text: Adnan (name)

text:
AdnanPronunciation
Arabic: [ʕadnaːn]Gender
MaleLanguage(s)
Arabic, Bosnian, Turkish, and PersianOriginMeaning
"settler, pioneer"

text:
Adnan (Arabic: عدنان) means "The person who has existence in two parallel worlds" In Urdu "وہ شخص جو دو متوازی دنیا میں وجود رکھتا ہے and also it has spiritual meaning "The person who has existence in two paradise " In Urdu "جو شخص دو جنت میں وجود رکھتا ہے"
Adnan (Arabic: عدنان, ʿAdnān) is a masculine name common in the Muslim World. Its eponymous bearer was Adnan, a legendary figure of both pre-Islamic and Islamic mythology. The etymological meaning of the name is settler, from a semitic root `dn; "to stay, abide".

text: People with the Name Adnan[edit]

text:
Adnan Abdo al-Sukhni (born 1961), Syrian politician
Adnan Adıvar (1882–1955), Turkish politician
Adnan Aganović (born 1987), Croatian footballer
Adnan Ahmed (born 1984), British professional footballer
Adnan Akmal (born 1985), Pakistani Test-Cricketer-Wicketkeeper
Adnan Ali Daif, Bahrainian retired footballer
Adnan Alisic (born 1984), Dutch footballer
Adnan Awad (born 1942), Palestinian captain
Adnan Babajić (born 1988), Bosnian singer and television personality
Adnan Badran (born 1935), Jordanian scientist, academic, politician and prime minister
Adnan Barakat (born 1982), Moroccan footballer
Adnan bin Saidi (1915–1942), Malayan soldier who fought and died in Singapore
Adnan Coker (born 1927), Turkish abstract artist
Adnan Çolak (born 1952), Turkish serial killer
Adnan Dirjal (born 1960), Iraqi retired footballer and national team coach
Adnan al-Dulaimi, Iraqi politician
Adnan Erkan (born 1968), Turkish footballer
Adnan Kapau Gani (1905–1968), Indonesian politician
Adnan Güngör (born 1980), Turkish footballer
Adnan Gušo (born 1975), Bosnian retired footballer and team coach
Adnan Hamidovic (born 1982), Bosnian rapper better known by his stage name Frenkie
Adnan Harmandić, (born 1983), Bosnian handball player
Adnan al-Husayni (born 1947), Palestinian politician
Adnan Hussein (born 1954), Lebanese academic and politician
Adnan al-Janabi, Iraqi politician
Adnan Januzaj (born 1995), Belgian professional footballer
Adnan Kahveci (1949–1993), Turkish politician
Adnan Al-Kaissie (born 1939), Iraqi-American professional wrestler
Adnan Karim (born 1963), Kurdish singer
Adnan Kassar (born 1930), Lebanese businessman and politician
Adnan Khashoggi (born 1935), billionaire Saudi Arabian businessman
Adnan Mansour (born 1946), Lebanese politician
Adnan Maral (born 1968), Turkish-German actor
Adnan Menderes (1899–1961), Turkish prime minister 1950–1960
Adnan Mravac (born 1981), Bosnian footballer
Adnan Nawaz, British news and sports broadcaster
Adnan Oktar (born 1956), Turkish creationist, author, and television personality
Adnan Omran (born 1934), Syrian politician
Adnan Pachachi (born 1923), Iraqi politician
Adnan Polat (born 1953), Turkish businessman
Adnan Sami (born 1973), Pakistani singer, musician, pianist, actor and composer
Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah (born 1975), Saudi Arabian member of al-Qaeda
Adnan Al-Shargi, Lebanese football manager
Adnan Siddiqui (born 1964), Pakistani model and television actor
Adnan Süvari (1926–1991), Turkish football coach
Adnan Syed (born 1980), American convicted murderer
Adnan Al Talyani (born 1964), Emirati retired footballer
Adnan Terzić (born 1960), former Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Adnan Yaakob (born 1950), Malaysian politician and the current Menteri Besar of Pahang
Adnan Yıldız (born 1966), Turkish footballer
Adnan Zahirović (born 1990), Bosnian footballer
Adnan al-Zurufi (born 1966), Iraqi politician
Adnan al-Malki (1918–1955) Syrian Army officer

text: Surname[edit]

text:
Ali Adnan, Iraqi archer
Azman Adnan (born 1971), Malaysian footballer
Etel Adnan (born 1925), Lebanese-American poet, essayist, and visual artist
Hassan Adnan (born 1975), Pakistani cricket player

text: This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.

text: Given namesSurnamesArabic-language surnamesArabic masculine given namesBosniak masculine given namesBosnian masculine given namesTurkish masculine given namesPakistani masculine given names

text: Articles containing Arabic-language textArticles with text from the Semitic languages collectiveAll set index articles