document_title: Pericardium

question_text: what is the function of the pericardial sac

text: Pericardium

text: Structure[edit]

text: The pericardium is a tough double layered fibroserous sac which covers the heart.[1] The space between the two layers of serous pericardium (see below), the pericardial cavity, is filled with serous fluid which protects the heart from any kind of external jerk or shock. There are two layers to the pericardial sac: the outermost fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium.

text: Fibrous pericardium[edit]

text: The fibrous pericardium is the most superficial layer of the pericardium. It is made up of dense and loose connective tissue,[2] which acts to protect the heart, anchoring it to the surrounding walls, and preventing it from overfilling with blood. It is continuous with the outer adventitial layer of the neighboring great blood vessels.

text: Serous pericardium[edit]

text: The serous pericardium, in turn, is divided into two layers, the parietal pericardium, which is fused to and inseparable from the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral pericardium, which is part of the epicardium. Both of these layers function in lubricating the heart to prevent friction during heart activity.

text: The visceral layer extends to the beginning of the great vessels (the large blood vessels serving the heart) becoming one with the parietal layer of the serous pericardium. This happens at two areas: where the aorta and pulmonary trunk leave the heart and where the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and pulmonary veins enter the heart.[3]

text: In between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers there is a potential space called the pericardial cavity, which contains a supply of lubricating serous fluid known as the pericardial fluid.

text: When the visceral layer of serous pericardium comes into contact with heart (not the great vessels) it is known as the epicardium. The epicardium is the layer immediately outside of the heart muscle proper (the myocardium).[3] The epicardium is largely made of connective tissue and functions as a protective layer. During ventricular contraction, the wave of depolarization moves from the endocardial to the epicardial surface.

text: Anatomical relationships[edit]

text:
Surrounds heart and bases of pulmonary artery and aorta.
Deep to sternum and anterior chest wall.
The right phrenic nerve passes to the right of the pericardium.
The left phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle.
Pericardial arteries supply blood to the dorsal portion of the pericardium.

text: Function[edit]

text:
Sets heart in mediastinum and limits its motion
Protects it from infections coming from other organs (such as lungs)
Prevents excessive dilation of the heart in cases of acute volume overload
Lubricates the heart

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Inflammation of the pericardium is called pericarditis. This condition typically causes chest pain that spreads to the back that is worsened by lying flat. In patients suffering with pericarditis, a pericardial friction rub can often be heard when listening to the heart with a stethoscope. Pericarditis and is often caused by a viral infection (glandular fever, cytomegalovirus, or coxsackievirus), or more rarely with a bacterial infection, but may also occur following a myocardial infarction. Pericarditis is usually a short-lived condition that can be successfully treated with painkillers, anti-inflammatories, and colchicine. In some cases, pericarditis can become a long-term condition causing scarring of the pericardium which restricts the heart's movement, known as constrictive pericarditis. Constrictive pericarditis is sometimes treated by surgically removing the pericardium in a procedure called a pericardiectomy.[4]

text: Fluid can build up within the pericardial sack, referred to as a pericardial effusion. Pericardial effusions often occur secondary to pericarditis, kidney failure, or tumours and frequently do not cause any symptoms. However, large effusions or effusions that accumulate rapidly can compress the heart in a condition known as cardiac tamponade, causing breathlessness and potentially fatal low blood pressure. Fluid can be removed from the pericardial space for diagnosis or to relieve tamponade using a syringe in a procedure called pericardiocentesis.[5] For cases of recurrent pericardial effusion, an operation to create a hole between the pericardial and pleural spaces can be performed, known as a pericardial fenestration.

text: Additional images[edit]

text: Fibrous pericardium


document_title: Agamemnon

question_text: who helped them recapture mycenae once they were old enough to fight

root

text: Agamemnon

text: Etymology[edit]

text: His name in Greek, Ἀγαμέμνων, means "very steadfast", "unbowed". The word comes from *Ἀγαμέδμων from ἄγαν, "very much" and μέδομαι, "think on".[4]

tag: p

text: Early life[edit]

text: Atreus, Agamemnon's father, murdered the children of his twin brother Thyestes and fed them to Thyestes after discovering Thyestes' adultery with his wife Aerope. Thyestes fathered Aegisthus with his own daughter, Pelopia, and this son vowed gruesome revenge on Atreus' children. Aegisthus successfully murdered Atreus and restored his father to the throne. Aegisthus took possession of the throne of Mycenae and jointly ruled with Thyestes. During this period, Agamemnon and his brother, Menelaus, took refuge with Tyndareus, King of Sparta. There they respectively married Tyndareus' daughters Clytemnestra and Helen. Agamemnon and Clytemnestra had four children: one son, Orestes, and three daughters, Iphigenia, Electra and Chrysothemis. Menelaus succeeded Tyndareus in Sparta, while Agamemnon, with his brother's assistance, drove out Aegisthus and Thyestes to recover his father's kingdom. He extended his dominion by conquest and became the most powerful prince in Greece.[5]

text: Agamemnon's family history had been tarnished by murder, incest, and treachery, consequences of the heinous crime perpetrated by his ancestor, Tantalus, and then of a curse placed upon Pelops, son of Tantalus, by Myrtilus, whom he had murdered. Thus misfortune hounded successive generations of the House of Atreus, until atoned by Orestes in a court of justice held jointly by humans and gods.

text: Trojan War[edit]

text: Agamemnon gathered the reluctant Greek forces to sail for Troy. Preparing to depart from Aulis, which was a port in Boeotia, Agamemnon's army incurred the wrath of the goddess Artemis. There are several reasons throughout myth for such wrath: in Aeschylus' play Agamemnon, Artemis is angry for the young men who will die at Troy, whereas in Sophocles' Electra, Agamemnon has slain an animal sacred to Artemis, and subsequently boasted that he was Artemis' equal in hunting. Misfortunes, including a plague and a lack of wind, prevented the army from sailing. Finally, the prophet Calchas announced that the wrath of the goddess could only be propitiated by the sacrifice of Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia.

text: Classical dramatizations differ on how willing either father or daughter was to this fate; some include such trickery as claiming she was to be married to Achilles, but Agamemnon did eventually sacrifice Iphigenia. Her death appeased Artemis, and the Greek army set out for Troy. Several alternatives to the human sacrifice have been presented in Greek mythology. Other sources, such as Iphigenia at Aulis, say that Agamemnon was prepared to kill his daughter, but that Artemis accepted a deer in her place, and whisked her away to Tauris in the Crimean Peninsula. Hesiod said she became the goddess Hecate.

text: Agamemnon was the commander-in-chief of the Greeks during the Trojan War. During the fighting, Agamemnon killed Antiphus and fifteen other Trojan soldiers, according to one source.[6] But in the "Iliad" itself, he's shown to slaughter hundreds more in Book 11 during his "aristea" loosely translated to "day of glory" which is the most similar to Achilles' "aristea" in Book 21 (they both are compared to lions and destructive fires in battle, their hands are described as "splattered with gore" and "invincible," the Trojans flee to the walls, they both are appealed to by one of their victims, they are both avoided by Hector, they both get wounded in the arm or hand, and they both kill the one who wounded them). Even before his "aristea," Agamemnon was considered to be one of the three best warriors on the Greek side as proven when Hector challenges any champion of the Greek side to fight him in Book 7, and Agamemnon (along with Diomedes and Big Aias) is one of the three most wished for to face him out of the nine strongest Greek warriors who volunteered. And after they reconciled, even Achilles admits in Book 23 that Agamemnon is "the best in strength and in throwing the spear." That claim is further proven by the fact that Agamemnon was the only major warrior on either side to never need the gods' direct intervention to increase his strength or give him any unfair advantages in battle and yet he still caused incredible destruction almost on the scale of Achilles.

text: The Iliad tells the story about the quarrel between Agamemnon and Achilles in the final year of the war. Following one of the Achaean Army's raids, Chryseis, daughter of Chryses, one of Apollo's priests, was taken as a war prize by Agamemnon. Chryses pleaded with Agamemnon to free his daughter but was met with little success. Chryses then prayed to Apollo for the safe return of his daughter, which Apollo responded to by unleashing a plague over the Achaean Army. After learning from the Prophet Calchas that the plague could be dispelled by returning Chryseis to her father, Agamemnon reluctantly agreed, (but first berated Calchas for previously forcing Agamemnon to sacrifice his daughter (Iphigenia) and released his prize. However, as compensation for his lost prize, Agamemnon demanded a new prize. As a result, Agamemnon stole an attractive slave called Briseis, one of the spoils of war, from Achilles.[7]

text: Achilles, the greatest warrior of the age, withdrew from battle in response to Agamemnon's action and put the Greek armies at risk of losing the war. Agamemnon, having realized Achilles's importance in winning the war against the Trojan Army, sent ambassadors begging for Achilles to return, offering him riches and the hand of his daughter in marriage, but Achilles refused, only being spurred back into action when his closest friend, Patroclus, was killed in battle.

text: Although not the equal of Achilles in bravery, Agamemnon was a representative of "kingly authority". As commander-in-chief, he summoned the princes to the council and led the army in battle. His chief fault was his overwhelming haughtiness; an over-exalted opinion of his position that led him to insult Chryses and Achilles, thereby bringing great disaster upon the Greeks.[5]

text: After the capture of Troy, Cassandra, the doomed prophetess and daughter of Priam, fell to Agamemnon's lot in the distribution of the prizes of war.[5]

text: Return to Greece[edit]

text: After a stormy voyage, Agamemnon and Cassandra either landed in Argolis, or were blown off course and landed in Aegisthus' country. Clytemnestra, Agamemnon's wife, had taken Aegisthus, son of Thyestes, as a lover. When Agamemnon came home he was slain by either Aegisthus (in the oldest versions of the story)[8] or Clytemnestra. According to the accounts given by Pindar and the tragedians, Agamemnon was slain in a bath by his wife alone, a blanket of cloth or a net having first been thrown over him to prevent resistance.[9] Clytemnestra also killed Cassandra. Her jealousy of Cassandra, and her wrath at the sacrifice of Iphigenia and at Agamemnon's having gone to war over Helen of Troy, are said to have been the motives for her crime. [5]

text: Aegisthus and Clytemnestra then ruled Agamemnon's kingdom for a time, Aegisthus claiming his right of revenge for Agamemnon's father Atreus having fed Thyestes his own children (Thyestes then crying out "So perish all the race of Pleisthenes!",[10] thus explaining Aegisthus' action as justified by his father's curse). Agamemnon's son Orestes later avenged his father's murder, with the help or encouragement of his sister Electra, by murdering Aegisthus and Clytemnestra (his own mother), thereby inciting the wrath of the Erinyes (English: the Furies), winged goddesses who tracked down wrongdoers with their hounds' noses and drove them to insanity.

text: Genealogy[edit]

text: Other stories[edit]

text: Athenaeus tells a tale of how Agamemnon mourned the loss of his friend or lover Argynnus, when he drowned in the Cephisus river.[11] He buried him, honored with a tomb and a shrine to Aphrodite Argynnis.[12] This episode is also found in Clement of Alexandria,[13] in Stephen of Byzantium (Kopai and Argunnos), and in Propertius, III with minor variations.[14]

text: The fortunes of Agamemnon have formed the subject of numerous tragedies, ancient and modern, the most famous being the Oresteia of Aeschylus. In the legends of the Peloponnesus, Agamemnon was regarded as the highest type of a powerful monarch, and in Sparta he was worshipped under the title of Zeus Agamemnon. His tomb was pointed out among the ruins of Mycenae and at Amyclae.

text: Another account makes him the son of Pleisthenes (the son or father of Atreus), who is said to have been Aerope's first husband.

text: In works of art, there is considerable resemblance between the representations of Zeus, king of the gods, and Agamemnon, king of men. He is generally depicted with a sceptre and diadem, conventional attributes of kings.

text: Agamemnon's mare was named Aetha. She was also one of two horses driven by Menelaus at the funeral games of Patroclus.[15][16]

text: Following his death at the hands of Aegisthus, Agamemnon made an appearance in Homer's Odyssey within the kingdom of Hades. There, the former king met Odysseus and explained just how he was murdered before he offered Odysseus a warning about the dangers of trusting a woman.[17]


document_title: J. Wellington Wimpy

question_text: who said i'll gladly pay you tuesday

question_tokens: who said i 'll gladly pay you tuesday

text: J. Wellington Wimpy

text: Inspiration[edit]

text: The character seems to have been inspired by more than one person whom Segar had encountered. Wimpy's personality was based upon that of William Schuchert, the manager of the Chester Opera House where Segar was first employed. "Windy Bill," as he was known, was a pleasant, friendly man, fond of tall tales and hamburgers.[2]

text: Additional sources suggest that Segar composed the character's name from the names of two other acquaintances. According to fellow cartoonist Bill Mauldin, the name was suggested by that of Wellington J. Reynolds, one of Segar's instructors at the Chicago Art Institute.[3] In a brief 1935 interview in The Daily Oklahoman, H. Hillard Wimpee of Atlanta indicated that he was connected to the character, having worked with Segar at the Chicago Herald-Examiner in 1917. It became a custom in the office that whoever accepted an invitation for a hamburger would pay the bill. According to Wimpee, after seeing the character in the newspaper, he wrote Segar in 1922 about Wimpy, "afraid of being connected with what [Segar] was doing with [the character]." He said Segar replied, "'You haven't seen anything yet.'"[4]

text: Character[edit]

text: Wimpy is Popeye's friend. In the cartoons, he mainly plays the role of the "straight man" to Popeye's outbursts and wild antics. Wimpy is soft-spoken, very intelligent, and well educated, but also cowardly, very lazy, overly parsimonious and utterly gluttonous. He is also something of a scam artist and, especially in the newspaper strip, can be underhanded.

text: Hamburgers are Wimpy's all-time favorite food, and he is usually seen carrying or eating one or more at a time – e.g., in Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor he is seen grinding meat or eating burgers almost the entire time – however, he is usually too cheap to pay for them himself. A recurring joke involves Wimpy's attempts to con other patrons of the diner into buying his meal for him. His best-known catchphrase started in 1931 as, "Cook me up a hamburger. I'll pay you Thursday." In 1932, this then became the famous, "I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today."[5] The phrase was also slightly altered in the episode "Spree Lunch" to "I'll have a hamburger, for which I will gladly pay you Tuesday." This phrase is now commonly used to illustrate financial irresponsibility[6][7][8] and still appears in modern comedies such as The Drew Carey Show and The Office. The initial part of the phrase was even the title of Episode 6 of the fourth season of Cheers "I'll Gladly Pay You Tuesday."

text: In Robert Altman's 1980 live-action musical film Popeye, where Wimpy was played by veteran character actor Paul Dooley, one of Harry Nilsson's original songs, "Everything Is Food," featured Dooley singing the catch-phrase, as he took a hamburger, as "I would gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today." The response from the chorus, as they reclaimed the same hamburger from him, uneaten, was "He would gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today." Later in the film, a sign in a restaurant reads "Positively NO CREDIT. This means YOU, Wimpy."[citation needed]

text: Wimpy had other frequently used lines in the original comic strip. On some occasions, Wimpy tries to placate someone by saying, "I'd like to invite you over to my house for a duck dinner." He then moves away quickly to a safe distance and yells, "You bring the ducks!" Another such line was, "Jones is my name...I'm one of the Jones boys" – an attempt to defuse a hostile situation with a mistaken identity. To deflect an enemy's wrath, he would sometimes indicate a third party and say, "Let's you and him fight", starting a brawl from which he quickly withdrew.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
During World War II, "Wimpy", in reference to the character, was the nickname given to the Vickers Wellington bomber.
Wimpy is also the namesake of the large chain of Wimpy hamburger restaurants which was founded in Bloomington, Indiana in the 1930s and opened in the UK in 1954; it has maintained operations overseas since 1967. Their UK website states, "The name Wimpy is believed to have come from Popeye's friend J Wellington Wimpy who loved hamburgers as much as Popeye loved spinach."[9]
Wimpy can also be found as the mascot for "Wimpy's Seafood Restaurant and Market" in Osterville, MA on Cape Cod. (Established 1938)[10]
Wimpy made a cameo appearance (as an in-gag to both his facial features; in the context of beef related heart disease and affinity for hamburgers) in the Family Guy episode "McStroke".
Wimpy has appeared in two episodes of the Adult Swim animated series Robot Chicken, often using his "I'll gladly pay you Tuesday" line to buy hamburgers. Often it fails. Voiced by Scott Adsit.
In the Good Eats second season episode "Daily Grind" (aka "A Grind is a Terrible Thing to Waste"), Alton Brown prepares the "perfect burger" (as well as meatloaf & meatballs) for a character named "J. Wellington Whimpy" (misspelled, but looking mostly like the version of Wimpy played by Paul Dooley in the Popeye film) played by then cast regular Steve Rooney.[11]
In the final Pooch the Pup cartoon called She Done Him Right, a dog character looking like Wimpy is seen playing a slot machine.[12]
Wimpy's famous catchphrase gives the name to the hamburger review website A Hamburger Today.[13]
Wimpy is also the focus of an animated Bank of America commercial in which he uses a new smartphone app to finally pay for the food he mooched from his friends.[14]
Season 4 Episode 6 of Cheers is named "I'll Gladly Pay You Tuesday".
In the hit video game World of Warcraft, an NPC can be heard repeating "I'll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today" in the city of Stormwind.

tag: ul


document_title: List of European countries by area

question_text: what's the biggest country in western europe

question_tokens: what 's the biggest country in western europe

text: List of European countries by area

text: It has been suggested that this article be merged with List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe. (Discuss) Proposed since December 2017.

tag: table

text: This article duplicates the scope of other articles. Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style. (December 2017)

text: Below is a list of all countries in Europe, in order of geographical area. Europe's total geographical area is 10,288,305 km².[citation needed]

text: * — Note: some countries are transcontinental, meaning, they are only partially located in Europe. Those are ranked according to the size of their parts within Europe only.

text: The list includes only sovereign states. Therefore, for example the United Kingdom is included in place of the four individual home nations.

text:
Rank
Country
Area (km²)
Notes

1
 Russia*
3,972,400
17,098,242 including North Asia

2
 Ukraine
603,628
-

3
 France
551,394
643,801 when the overseas departments are included

4
 Spain
498,468
505,992 when the Canary Islands, Ceuta and Melilla are included

5
 Sweden
449,964

6
 Norway
385,178
This includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen[1]

7
 Germany
357,168

8
 Finland
338,145

9
 Poland
312,685

10
 Italy
301,338

11
 United Kingdom
248,532
1,976,102 when the British Overseas Territories are included.

12
 Romania
238,392

13
 Belarus
207,600

14
 Kazakhstan*
180,000 (est.)
2,724,902 including Asian part

15
 Greece
131,940

16
 Bulgaria
110,994

17
 Iceland
102,775

18
 Hungary
93,030

19
 Portugal
91,568

20
 Austria
83,858

21
 Czech Republic
78,866

22
 Serbia
77,453
This excludes Kosovo

23
 Ireland
70,273

24
 Lithuania
65,300

25
 Latvia
64,589

26
 Croatia
56,594

27
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
51,129

28
 Slovakia
49,036

29
 Estonia
45,339

30
 Denmark
44,493
This includes Faroe Islands; 2,210,579 including Greenland

31
 Switzerland
41,290

32
 Netherlands
41,198
Excluding Caribbean Netherlands, Aruba, Curacao and Sint Maarten.

33
 Moldova
33,846

34
 Belgium
30,510

35
 Albania
28,748

36
 Macedonia
25,713

37
 Turkey*
23,507
783,562 including Asian part

38
 Slovenia
20,273

39
 Montenegro
13,812

40
 Kosovo
10,908
Partially recognized state

41
 Azerbaijan*
6,960
86,600 including Asian part

42
 Luxembourg
2,586

43
 Georgia*
2,428
69,700 including Asian part

44
 Andorra
468

45
 Malta
316

46
 Liechtenstein
160

47
 San Marino
61

48
 Monaco
1.95

49
 Vatican City
0.44

Total
10,141,183
±5,000

text:
Purple = Russia,
Green = countries with European area bigger than 10,000 km²,
Red = countries with European area smaller than 10,000 km²

text: Definition[edit]

text: Europe and Asia are contiguous with each other and thus the exact boundary between them is not clearly defined, and often follows historical, political, and cultural definitions rather than geographical. This list uses the modern geographical definition thus excluding Armenia, Georgia and Cyprus, which are sometimes also considered part of Europe, the two Caucasus nations for political and cultural reasons, and Cyprus because all larger islands in the Mediterranean have historically been considered European, regardless of their proximity to the European mainland.

text:
Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries[2]
Key: blue: states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia; green: countries not geographically in Europe, but closely associated with the continent


document_title: Whale shark

question_text: how long is a whale shark in meters

question_tokens: how long is a whale shark in meters

text: Whale shark

text: Description[edit]

text: Whale sharks have a mouth that can be 1.5 m (4.9 ft) wide, containing 300 to 350 rows of tiny teeth and 10 filter pads which it uses to filter feed.[13] Whale sharks have five large pairs of gills. The head is wide and flat with two small eyes at the front. Whale sharks are grey with a white belly. Their skin is marked with pale yellow spots and stripes which are unique to each individual. The whale shark has three prominent ridges along its sides. Its skin can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) thick. The shark has a pair of dorsal fins and pectoral fins. Juveniles' tails have a larger upper fin than lower fin, while the adult tail becomes semilunate. The whale shark's spiracles are just behind its eyes.

text: The whale shark is the largest non-cetacean animal in the world. The average size of adult whale sharks is estimated at 9.7 m (31.82 ft) and 9 t (20,000 lb).[8] Several specimens over 18 m (59.05 ft) in length have been reported.[14] The largest verified specimen was caught on 11 November 1947, near Baba Island, in Karachi, Pakistan. It was 12.65 m (41.50 ft) long, weighed about 21.5 t (47,000 lb), and had a girth of 7 m (23.0 ft).[8] Stories exist of vastly larger specimens – quoted lengths of 18 m (59 ft) and 45.5 t (100,000 lb) are common in the popular literature, but no scientific records support their existence. In 1868, the Irish natural scientist Edward Perceval Wright obtained several small whale shark specimens in the Seychelles, but claimed to have observed specimens in excess of 15 m (49.2 ft), and tells of shark specimens surpassing 21 m (68.9 ft).

text: In a 1925 publication, Hugh M. Smith described a huge animal caught in a bamboo fish trap in Thailand in 1919. The shark was too heavy to pull ashore, but Smith estimated the shark was at least 17 m (56 ft) long, and weighed around 37 t. These measurements have been exaggerated to 43 t (95,000 lb) and a more precise 17.98 m (59.0 ft) in recent years. A shark caught in 1994 off Tainan County, southern Taiwan, reportedly weighed 35.8 t (79,000 lb).[15] There have even been unverified claims of whale sharks of up to 23 metres (75 ft) and 100 tonnes (220,000 lb). In 1934, a ship named the Maurguani came across a whale shark in the southern Pacific Ocean, rammed it, and the shark became stuck on the prow of the ship, supposedly with 4.6 m (15 ft) on one side and 12.2 m (40 ft) on the other.[16] No reliable documentation exists for these claims and they remain "fish stories".

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: The whale shark inhabits all tropical and warm-temperate seas. The fish is primarily pelagic, living in the open sea but not in the greater depths of the ocean, although it is known to occasionally dive to depths of as much as 1,800 metres (5,900 ft).[17] Seasonal feeding aggregations occur at several coastal sites such as the southern and eastern parts of South Africa; Saint Helena Island in the South Atlantic Ocean; Gulf of Tadjoura in Djibouti, Gladden Spit in Belize; Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia; Lakshadweep, Gulf of Kutch and Saurashtra coast of Gujarat in India;[18] Útila in Honduras; Southern Leyte; Donsol, Pasacao and Batangas in the Philippines; off Isla Mujeres and Isla Holbox in Yucatan and Bahía de los Ángeles in Baja California, México; Maamigili island, Maldives; Ujung Kulon National Park in Indonesia; Cenderawasih Bay National Park in Nabire, Papua, Indonesia; Flores Island, Indonesia; Nosy Be in Madagascar; off Tofo Beach near Inhambane in Mozambique; the Tanzanian islands of Mafia, Pemba, Zanzibar; Gulf of Tadjoura in Djibouti, the Ad Dimaniyat Islands in the Gulf of Oman and Al Hallaniyat islands in the Arabian Sea; and, very rarely, Eilat, Israel and Aqaba, Jordan. Although typically seen offshore, it has been found closer to land, entering lagoons or coral atolls, and near the mouths of estuaries and rivers. Its range is generally restricted to about 30° latitude. It is capable of diving to depths of at least 1,286 m (4,219 ft),[19] and is migratory.[10] On 7 February 2012, a large whale shark was found floating 150 kilometres (93 mi) off the coast of Karachi, Pakistan. The length of the specimen was said to be between 11 and 12 m (36 and 39 ft), with a weight of around 15,000 kg (33,000 lb).[20]

text: In 2011, more than 400 whale sharks gathered off the Yucatan Coast. It was one of the largest gatherings of whale sharks recorded.[21] Aggregations in that area are among the most reliable seasonal gatherings known for whale sharks, with large numbers occurring in most years between May and September. Associated ecotourism has grown rapidly to unsustainable levels.[22]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: Neither mating nor pupping of whale sharks has been observed.

text: The capture of a female in July 1996 that was pregnant with 300 pups indicated whale sharks are ovoviviparous.[10][23][24] The eggs remain in the body and the females give birth to live young which are 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 in) long. Evidence indicates the pups are not all born at once, but rather the female retains sperm from one mating and produces a steady stream of pups over a prolonged period.[25] They reach sexual maturity at around 30 years and their lifespan is an estimated 70[10] to 100 years.[26]

text: On 7 March 2009, marine scientists in the Philippines discovered what is believed to be the smallest living specimen of the whale shark. The young shark, measuring only 38 cm (15 in), was found with its tail tied to a stake at a beach in Pilar, Sorsogon, Philippines, and was released into the wild. Based on this discovery, some scientists no longer believe this area is just a feeding ground; this site may be a birthing ground, as well. Both young whale sharks and pregnant females have been seen in the waters of Saint Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean, where numerous whale sharks can be spotted during the summer.[27][28]

text: Diet[edit]

text: The whale shark is a filter feeder – one of only three known filter-feeding shark species (along with the basking shark and the megamouth shark). It feeds on plankton including copepods, krill, fish eggs, Christmas Island red crab larvae [29] and small nektonic life, such as small squid or fish. It also feeds on clouds of eggs during mass spawning of fish and corals.[1] The many rows of vestigial teeth play no role in feeding. Feeding occurs either by ram filtration, in which the animal opens its mouth and swims forward, pushing water and food into the mouth, or by active suction feeding, in which the animal opens and closes its mouth, sucking in volumes of water that are then expelled through the gills. In both cases, the filter pads serve to separate food from water. These unique, black sieve-like structures are presumed to be modified gill rakers. Food separation in whale sharks is by cross-flow filtration, in which the water travels nearly parallel to the filter pad surface, not perpendicularly through it, before passing to the outside, while denser food particles continue to the back of the throat.[30] This is an extremely efficient filtration method that minimizes fouling of the filter pad surface. Whale sharks have been observed "coughing", presumably to clear a build-up of particles from the filter pads. Whale sharks migrate to feed and possibly to breed.[10][31][32]

text: The whale shark is an active feeder, targeting concentrations of plankton or fish. It is able to ram filter feed or can gulp in a stationary position. This is in contrast to the passive feeding basking shark, which does not pump water. Instead, it swims to force water across its gills.[10][31]

text: A juvenile whale shark is estimated to eat 21 kg (46 pounds) of plankton per day.[33]

text: The BBC program Planet Earth filmed a whale shark feeding on a school of small fish. The same documentary showed footage of a whale shark timing its arrival to coincide with the mass spawning of fish shoals and feeding on the resultant clouds of eggs and sperm.[1]

text: Whale sharks are known to prey on a range of planktonic and small nektonic organisms that are spatiotemporally patchy. These include krill, crab larvae, jellyfish, sardines, anchovies, mackerels, small tunas, and squid. In ram filter feeding, the fish swims forward at constant speed with its mouth fully open, straining prey particles from the water by forward propulsion. This is also called ‘passive feeding’, which usually occurs when prey is present at low density.[34]

text: Interactions with humans[edit]

text: Behavior toward divers[edit]

text: Despite its size, the whale shark does not pose significant danger to humans. Whale sharks are docile fish and sometimes allow swimmers to catch a ride,[35][36][37] although this practice is discouraged by shark scientists and conservationists because of the disturbance to the sharks.[38] Younger whale sharks are gentle and can play with divers. Underwater photographers such as Fiona Ayerst have photographed them swimming close to humans without any danger.[39]

text: The shark is seen by divers in many places, including the Bay Islands in Honduras, Thailand, the Philippines, the Maldives close to Maamigili (South Ari Atoll), the Red Sea, Western Australia (Ningaloo Reef, Christmas Island), Taiwan, Panama (Coiba Island), Belize, Tofo Beach in Mozambique, Sodwana Bay (Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park) in South Africa,[39] the Galapagos Islands, Saint Helena, Isla Mujeres (Caribbean Sea), La Paz, Baja California Sur and Bahía de los Ángeles in Mexico, the Seychelles, West Malaysia, islands off eastern peninsular Malaysia, India, Sri Lanka, Oman, Fujairah, Puerto Rico, and other parts of the Caribbean.[35] Juveniles can be found near the shore in the Gulf of Tadjoura, near Djibouti, in the Horn of Africa.[40]

text: Conservation status[edit]

text: There is currently no robust estimate of the global whale shark population. The species is considered endangered by the IUCN due to the impacts of fisheries, bycatch losses, and vessel strikes, combined with its long life span and late maturation.[2] It is listed, along with six other species of sharks, under the CMS Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks.[41] In 1998, the Philippines banned all fishing, selling, importing, and exporting of whale sharks for commercial purposes,[42] followed by India in May 2001,[43] and Taiwan in May 2007.[44]

text: In 2010, the Gulf of Mexico oil spill resulted in 4,900,000 barrels (780,000 m3) of oil flowing into an area south of the Mississippi River Delta, where one-third of all whale shark sightings in the northern part of the gulf have occurred in recent years. Sightings confirmed that the whale sharks were unable to avoid the oil slick, which was situated on the surface of the sea where the whale sharks feed for several hours at a time. No dead whale sharks were found.[45]

text: This species was also added to Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in 2003 to regulate the international trade of live specimens and its parts.[46]

text: Hundreds of Whale Sharks are killed annually illegally in China.[47]

text: In captivity[edit]

text: Because of its iconic status, the whale shark is popular in the few public aquariums that keep it, but its large size means that a very large tank is required and it has specialized feeding requirements.[48] Their large size and iconic status have also fuelled an opposition to keeping the species in captivity, especially after the early death of some whale sharks in captivity and certain Chinese aquariums keeping the species in relatively small tanks.[49][50]

text: The first attempt at keeping whale sharks in captivity was in 1934 when an individual was kept for about four months in a netted-off natural bay in Izu, Japan.[51] The first attempt of keeping whale sharks in an aquarium was initiated in 1980 by the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium (then Ocean Expo Park) in Japan.[48] Since 1980, several have been kept at Okinawa, mostly obtained from incidental catches in coastal nets set by fishers (none after 2009), but two were strandings. Several of these were already weak from the capture/stranding and some were released,[48] but initial captive survival rates were low.[50] After the initial difficulties in maintaining the species had been resolved, some have survived long-term in captivity.[48] The record for a whale shark in captivity is an individual that, as of 2017, has lived for more than 18 years in the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium.[48] Following Okinawa, Osaka Aquarium started keeping whale sharks and most of the basic research on the keeping of the species was made at these two institutions.[52] Since the mid-1990s, several other aquariums have kept the species in Japan (Kagoshima City Aquarium, Kinosaki Marine World, Notojima Aquarium, Oita Ecological Aquarium, and Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise), South Korea (Aquaplanet Jeju), China (Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, Dalian Aquarium, Guangzhou Aquarium in Guangzhou Zoo, Qingdao Polar Ocean World and Yantai Aquarium), Taiwan (National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium), India (Aquarium Thiruvananthapuram) and Dubai (Atlantis, The Palm), with some maintaining whale sharks for years and others only for a very short period.[51] The whale shark kept at Dubai's Atlantis, The Palm was rescued from shallow water in 2008 with extensive abrasions to the fins and after rehabilitation it was released in 2010, having lived 19 months in captivity.[53][54] Marine Life Park in Singapore had planned on keeping whale sharks, but scrapped this idea in 2009.[55][56]

text: Outside Asia, the first and so far only place to keep whale sharks is Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta, United States.[51] This is unusual because of the comparatively long transport time and complex logistics required to bring the sharks to the aquarium, ranging between 28 and 36 hours.[52] Georgia keeps four whale sharks: two females, Alice and Trixie, that arrived in 2006,[57] and two males, Taroko and Yushan, that arrived in 2007.[58] Two earlier males at Georgia Aquarium, Ralph and Norton, both died in 2007.[50] Georgia's whale sharks were all imported from Taiwan and were taken from the commercial fishing quota for the species, usually used locally for food.[52][59] Taiwan closed this fishery entirely in 2008.[59]

text: Human culture[edit]

text: In Vietnamese culture, the whale shark is referred to as "sir fish".[60]

text: In the Philippines, it is called butanding and balilan.[61] The whale shark is featured on the reverse of the Philippine 100-peso bill. By law snorkelers must maintain a distance of four feet from the sharks and there is a fine and possible jail time for anyone who touches the animals.[62] The whale shark is also featured on the latest 2015-2017 edition of the Maldivian 1000 rufiyaa banknote, along with the green turtle.


document_title: Brenda's Got a Baby

question_text: who was the girl in the video brenda got a baby

text: Brenda's Got a Baby

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: The opening consists of a duet singing the song's title twice. Much of the rest of the song is one long verse performed by Tupac.

text: The verse begins with Tupac telling a group that he has heard about Brenda's pregnancy. He also notes that she has had virtually no education, and calls this a "damn shame" because she has little hope of a future. Her family is very poor and her father is a drug addict. Brenda is impregnated by her unnamed boyfriend, who is also her cousin, but she is successfully able to hide her pregnancy. Tupac explains that her family wouldn't care if she gave birth, as long as they got their cut of the government assistance.

text: Although she believes that her cousin (her baby's father) will stay with her and help her raise their child, he is merely a molester, and abandons her before she gives birth on the bathroom floor. She throws the baby into a trash bin but later retrieves it when she hears it crying. Her mother scolds her severely, and Brenda becomes so ashamed of herself that she runs away from home.

text: Brenda is now forced to live alone, and unsuccessfully seeks employment. Her attempt to sell crack cocaine results in robbery, and eventually she views prostitution as her only way to earn money and survive. This life path leads to her getting murdered. The fates of her parents, her cousin, and the baby are left unexplained. The song's final minute consists of a chorus singing "Don't you know she's got a baby?" repeatedly. The beginning of the song can be heard in The Game's song "Street Riders" 2Pac has another song which he made late in his career which deals with this same subject called "Mama's Just a Little Girl". The song can be found on his fourth posthumous studio album Better Dayz.

text: Music video[edit]

text: The video of the song is in black-and-white. It was made to visualize what Shakur narrates. The first part shows Shakur and "Brenda" and then the actual story starts. Ethel "Edy" Proctor portrays Brenda.

text: The video begins with "based on a true story," although the characters themselves are fictitious, Shakur wrote the song after reading a story in the newspaper of a 12-year-old girl getting pregnant by her cousin and trying to dispose of the baby in a trash can.

text: Parts of the video were included in Tupac: Resurrection, a 2003 documentary on 2Pac's life, in a television show later in the music video of Ghetto Gospel, in the music video of Changes and appears as a bonus in its entirety on the film's DVD. Part of the video and song was played in 2Pac's biopic film, "All Eyez On Me," released June 16th 2017.

text: The video was directed by the Hughes Brothers.

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1991)
Peak
position

US Rap Singles (Billboard)[2]
3

US R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[2]
23


document_title: Itai-itai disease

question_text: itai-itai disease was a form of poisoning associated with ingestion of

text: Itai-itai disease

text: Cause[edit]

text: Itai-itai disease was caused by cadmium poisoning due to mining in Toyama Prefecture. The earliest records of mining for gold in the area date back to 1710. Regular mining for silver started in 1589, and soon thereafter, mining for lead, copper, and zinc began. Increased demand for raw materials during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I, as well as new mining technologies from Europe, increased the output of the mines, putting the Kamioka Mines in Toyama among the world's top mines. Production increased even more before World War II. Starting in 1910 and continuing through 1945, cadmium was released in significant quantities by mining operations, and the disease first appeared around 1912.[1] Prior to World War II, the mining, controlled by the Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., increased to satisfy the wartime demand. This subsequently increased the pollution of the Jinzū River and its tributaries. The river was used mainly for irrigation of rice fields, but also for drinking water, washing, fishing, and other uses by downstream populations.[1]

text: Due to the cadmium poisoning, the fish in the river started to die, and the rice irrigated with river water did not grow well.[citation needed] The cadmium and other heavy metals accumulated at the bottom of the river and in the water of the river. This water was then used to irrigate the rice fields. The rice absorbed heavy metals, especially the cadmium. The cadmium accumulated in the people eating contaminated rice.

text: When the population complained to Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co. about this pollution, the company built a basin to store the mining waste water before leading it into the river. This proved ineffective, and many had already been sickened. The causes of the poisoning were not well understood and, up to 1946, it was thought to be simply a regional disease or a type of bacterial infection.[1]

text: Medical tests started in the 1940s and 1950s, searching for the cause of the disease. Initially, it was expected to be lead poisoning due to the lead mining upstream. Only in 1955 did Dr. Hagino and his colleagues suspect cadmium as the cause of the disease.[1] Toyama Prefecture also started an investigation in 1961, determining that the Mitsui Mining and Smelting's Kamioka Mining Station caused the cadmium pollution and that the worst-affected areas were 30 km downstream of the mine. In 1968, the Ministry of Health and Welfare issued a statement about the symptoms of itai-itai disease caused by the cadmium poisoning.[3]

text: The reduction of the levels of cadmium in the water supply reduced the number of new disease victims; no new victim has been recorded since 1946. While the victims with the worst symptoms came from Toyama prefecture, the government found victims in five other prefectures.

text: The mines are still in operation and cadmium pollution levels remain high, although improved nutrition and medical care has reduced the occurrence of itai-itai disease.[4]

text: Symptoms[edit]

text: One of the main effects of cadmium poisoning is weak and brittle bones. Spinal and leg pain is common, and a waddling gait often develops due to bone deformities caused by the cadmium. The pain eventually becomes debilitating, with fractures becoming more common as the bone weakens. Other complications include coughing, anemia, and kidney failure, leading to death.[4]

text: A marked prevalence in older, postmenopausal women has been observed. The cause of this phenomenon is not fully understood, and is currently under investigation. Current research has pointed to general malnourishment, as well as poor calcium metabolism relating to the women's age.[4]

text: Recent animal studies have shown that cadmium poisoning alone is not enough to elicit all of the symptoms of itai-itai disease.[4] These studies are pointing to damage of the mitochondria of kidney cells by cadmium as a key factor of the disease.

text: Legal action[edit]

text: Twenty-nine plaintiffs, consisting of 9 victims and 20 family members of victims, sued the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. in 1968 in the Toyama Prefectural court. In June 1971, the court found the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. guilty. Subsequently, the company appealed to the Nagoya District Court in Kanazawa, but the appeal was rejected in August 1972. The Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co. agreed to pay for the medical care of the victims, finance the monitoring of the water quality performed by the residents, and pay reparations to the victims of the disease.[1]

text: People who consider themselves victims of itai-itai disease have to contact the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare to have their claims assessed. Many victims were not satisfied with government actions and demanded a change in the official procedures. This caused the government to review the criteria for recognizing a victim legally; the government also reassessed the treatment of the disease.

text: A person is considered to have itai-itai disease if he or she lived in the contaminated areas, has kidney dysfunctions and softening of the bones, but not related heart problems. One hundred and eighty-four victims have been legally recognized since 1967, of whom 54 were recognized in the period from 1980 to 2000. An additional 388 people have been identified as potential victims, those who had not been officially examined yet.[1] Fifteen victims were still alive as of 1993[update].

text: Economic costs[edit]

text: The cadmium pollution had contaminated many agricultural areas. Heavy metal pollution affected many areas in Japan, and as a result the Prevention of Soil Contamination in Agricultural Land Law of 1970 was enacted. It ordered planting to be stopped so that restoration of the soil could be enacted to areas with 1ppm of cadmium or more contamination in the soil. Surveying in Toyama Prefecture began in 1971, and by 1977, 1500 hectares along the Jinzū River were designated for soil restoration. These farmers were compensated for lost crops and for lost production in past years by the Mitsui Mining and Smelting, Toyama Prefecture, and the national government. As of 1992[update], only 400 hectares remained contaminated.[1]

text: In 1992, the average annual health expense compensation was ¥743 million. Agricultural damage was compensated with ¥1.75 billion per year, or a total of annually ¥2.518 billion. Another ¥620 million were invested annually to reduce further pollution of the river.[1]

text: On 17 March 2012, officials concluded the cleanup project of the cadmium-polluted areas in the Jinzū River basin. Eight-hundred and sixty-three hectares of topsoil had been replaced since the cleanup began in 1979 at a total cost of ¥40.7 billion. The project had been financed by the Japanese national government, Mitsui Mining, and the Gifu and Toyama prefectural governments.[5]


document_title: Safety coffin

question_text: saying saved by the bell where did it originate

text: Safety coffin

text: History[edit]

text: The fear of being buried alive peaked during the cholera epidemics of the 18th and 19th centuries but accounts of live burial have been recorded even further back. When his tomb was reopened, the philosopher John Duns Scotus (1266 – 1308) was reportedly found outside his coffin with his hands torn and bloody after attempting to escape. The fears of being buried alive were heightened by reports of doctors and accounts in literature and the newspapers. As well as dealing with the subject in "The Fall of the House of Usher" and "The Cask of Amontillado", Edgar Allan Poe wrote "The Premature Burial", which was published in 1844. It contained accounts of supposedly genuine cases of premature burial as well as detailing the narrator's own (perceived) interment while still alive.

text: The general fear of premature burial led to the invention of many safety devices which could be incorporated into coffins. Most consisted of some type of device for communication to the outside world such as a cord attached to a bell that the interred person could ring should they revive after the burial. A safety coffin of this type appears in the 1979 film The First Great Train Robbery.[1] Other variations on the bell included flags and pyrotechnics. Some designs included ladders, escape hatches, and even feeding tubes, but many forgot a method for providing air.

text: Robert Robinson died in Manchester in 1791. A movable glass pane was inserted in his coffin, and the mausoleum had a door for purposes of inspection by a watchman, who was to see if he breathed on the glass. He instructed his relatives to visit his grave periodically to check that he was still dead.[2]

text: The first recorded safety coffin was constructed on the orders of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick before his death in 1792. He had a window installed to allow light in, an air tube to provide a supply of fresh air, and instead of having the lid nailed down he had a lock fitted. In a special pocket of his shroud he had two keys, one for the coffin lid and a second for the tomb door.

text: P.G. Pessler, a German priest, suggested in 1798 that all coffins have a tube inserted from which a cord would run to the church bells. If an individual had been buried alive they could draw attention to themself by ringing the bells. This idea, while highly impractical, led to the first designs of safety coffins equipped with signalling systems. Pessler's colleague, Pastor Beck, suggested that coffins should have a small trumpet-like tube attached. Each day the local priest could check the state of putrefaction of the corpse by sniffing the odours emanating from the tube. If no odour was detected or the priest heard cries for help the coffin could be dug up and the occupant rescued.

text: Dr. Adolf Gutsmuth was buried alive several times to demonstrate a safety coffin of his own design, and in 1822 he stayed underground for several hours and even ate a meal of soup, bratwurst, marzipan, sauerkraut, spätzle, beer, and for dessert, prinzregententorte, delivered to him through the coffin's feeding tube.

text: The 1820s also saw the use of "portable death chambers" in Germany. A small chamber, equipped with a bell for signalling and a window for viewing the body, was constructed over an empty grave. Watchmen would check each day for signs of life or decomposition in each of the chambers. If the bell was rung the "body" could be immediately removed, but if the watchman observed signs of putrefaction in the corpse, a door in the floor of the chamber could be opened and the body would drop down into the grave. A panel could then be slid in to cover the grave and the upper chamber removed and reused.

text: In 1829, Dr. Johann Gottfried Taberger designed a system using a bell which would alert the cemetery nightwatchman. The corpse would have strings attached to its hands, head and feet. A housing around the bell above ground prevented it ringing accidentally. An improvement over previous designs, the housing prevented rainwater from running down the tube and netting prevented insects from entering the coffin. If the bell rang the watchman had to insert a second tube and pump air into the coffin with a bellows to allow the occupant to survive until the casket could be dug up.

text: The systems using cords tied to the body suffered from the drawback that the natural processes of decay often caused the body to swell or shift position, causing accidental tension on the cords and a "false positive". Franz Vester's 1868 "Burial Case" overcame this problem by adding a tube through which the face of the "corpse" could be viewed. If the interred person came to, they could ring the bell (if not strong enough to ascend the tube by means of a supplied ladder) and the watchmen could check to see if the person had genuinely returned to life or whether it was merely a movement of the corpse. Vester's design allowed the viewing tube to be removed and reused once death was assured.

text: Count Michel de Karnice-Karnicki, a chamberlain to the Tsar of Russia, patented his own safety coffin, called Le Karnice, in 1897 and demonstrated it at the Sorbonne the following year. His design detected movement in the coffin and opened a tube to supply air while simultaneously raising a flag and ringing a bell. Le Karnice never caught on: it was too sensitive to allow for even a slight movement in a decaying corpse, and a demonstration in which one of Karnice-Karnicki's assistants had been buried alive ended badly when the signalling systems failed. Luckily, the breathing tube had activated and the assistant was disinterred unharmed, but the reputation of Le Karnice was damaged beyond repair.

text: In 1995 a modern safety coffin was patented by Fabrizio Caselli. His design included an emergency alarm, intercom system, a torch (flashlight), breathing apparatus, and both a heart monitor and stimulator.[3]

text: Despite the fear of burial while still alive, there are no documented cases of anybody being saved by a safety coffin.[citation needed]

text: "Saved by the bell" expression[edit]

text: Folk etymology has suggested that perhaps the phrases "saved by the bell", "dead ringer" and "graveyard shift" come from the use of safety coffins in the Victorian era; however, these have been dispelled as urban myth, attributed to a linguistic e-mail hoax Life in the 1500s.[4][5] The "saved by the bell" expression is actually well established to have come from boxing, where a boxer who is still on their feet but close to being knocked down can be saved from losing by the bell ringing to indicate the end of the round.[6]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The 2009 song The Tale of Solomon Snell by Duncan Sheik from his album Whisper House tells the story of a man who for his burial gives instructions to be buried in a safety coffin with a bell mechanism attached but ultimately fails to be saved due to the person in charge of listening to the bell getting drunk.


document_title: List of Super Bowl champions

question_text: who did the minnesota vikings lose to in the super bowl

text: List of Super Bowl champions

text: Super Bowl Championship (1966–present)

text: Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows:

text:
Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams' Super Bowl record to date.
Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl.
City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl.

text:
National Football League (NFL, 1967–1970)

American Football League (AFL, 1967–1970)

NFL champion‡(4, 2–2)

AFL champion^(4, 2–2)

National Football Conference (NFC, 1971–present)

American Football Conference (AFC, 1971–present)

NFC champion*(48, 25–23)

AFC champion†(48, 23–25)

text:
Game

Date

Winning team

Score

Losing team

Venue

City

Attendance

Ref

01 !I

000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967

Green Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡(1, 1–0)

3510 !35–10

Kansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^(1, 0–1)

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

Los Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]

061946 !61,946

[11]

02 !II

000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968

Green Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡(2, 2–0)

3314 !33–14

Oakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^(1, 0–1)

Miami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl

Miami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]

075546 !75,546

[12]

03 !III

000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969

New York Jets 01 !New York Jets^(1, 1–0)

1607 !16–7

Indianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡(1, 0–1)

Miami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)

Miami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]

075389 !75,389

[13]

04 !IV

000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970

Kansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^(2, 1–1)

2307 !23–7

Minnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡(1, 0–1)

Tulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium

New Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana

080562 !80,562

[14]

05 !V

000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971

Indianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†(2, 1–1)

1613 !16–13

Dallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys*(1, 0–1)

Miami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)

Miami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]

079204 !79,204

[15]

06 !VI

000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972

Dallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys*(2, 1–1)

2403 !24–3

Miami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†(1, 0–1)

Tulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)

New Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)

081023 !81,023

[16]

07 !VII

000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973

Miami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†(2, 1–1)

1407 !14–7

Washington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins*(1, 0–1)

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)

Los Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]

090182 !90,182

[17]

08 !VIII

000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974

Miami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†(3, 2–1)

2407 !24–7

Minnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings*(2, 0–2)

Rice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium

Houston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas

071882 !71,882

[18]

09 !IX

000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975

Pittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†(1, 1–0)

1606 !16–6

Minnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings*(3, 0–3)

Tulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)

New Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)

080997 !80,997

[19]

10 !X

000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976

Pittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†(2, 2–0)

2117 !21–17

Dallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys*(3, 1–2)

Miami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)

Miami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]

080187 !80,187

[20]

11 !XI

000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977

Oakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†(2, 1–1)

3214 !32–14

Minnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings*(4, 0–4)

Rose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl

Los Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]

103438 !103,438

[21]

12 !XII

000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978

Dallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys*(4, 2–2)

2710 !27–10

Denver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†(1, 0–1)

Louisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome

New Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)

076400 !76,400

[22]

13 !XIII

000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979

Pittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†(3, 3–0)

3531 !35–31

Dallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys*(5, 2–3)

Miami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)

Miami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]

079484 !79,484

[23]

14 !XIV

000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980

Pittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†(4, 4–0)

3119 !31–19

Los Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams*(1, 0–1)

Rose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)

Los Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]

103985 !103,985

[24]

15 !XV

000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981

Oakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†(3, 2–1)

2710 !27–10

Philadelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles*(1, 0–1)

Louisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)

New Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)

076135 !76,135

[25]

16 !XVI

000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982

San Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers*(1, 1–0)

2621 !26–21

Cincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†(1, 0–1)

Pontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome

Detroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]

081270 !81,270

[26]

17 !XVII

000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983

Washington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins*(2, 1–1)

2717 !27–17

Miami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†(4, 2–2)

Rose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)

Los Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]

103667 !103,667

[27]

18 !XVIII

000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984

Oakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†(4, 3–1)

3809 !38–9

Washington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins*(3, 1–2)

Tampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium

Tampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida

072920 !72,920

[28]

19 !XIX

000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985

San Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers*(2, 2–0)

3816 !38–16

Miami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†(5, 2–3)

Stanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium

San Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]

084059 !84,059

[29]

20 !XX

000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986

Chicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears*(1, 1–0)

4610 !46–10

New England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†(1, 0–1)

Louisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)

New Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)

073818 !73,818

[30]

21 !XXI

000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987

New York Giants 01 !New York Giants*(1, 1–0)

3920 !39–20

Denver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†(2, 0–2)

Rose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)

Los Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]

101063 !101,063

[31]

22 !XXII

000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988

Washington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins*(4, 2–2)

4210 !42–10

Denver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†(3, 0–3)

Qualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]

San Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California

073302 !73,302

[32]

23 !XXIII

000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989

San Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers*(3, 3–0)

2016 !20–16

Cincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†(2, 0–2)

Hard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]

Miami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]

075129 !75,129

[33]

24 !XXIV

000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990

San Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers*(4, 4–0)

5510 !55–10

Denver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†(4, 0–4)

Louisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)

New Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)

072919 !72,919

[34]

25 !XXV

000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991

New York Giants 02 !New York Giants*(2, 2–0)

2019 !20–19

Buffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†(1, 0–1)

Tampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)

Tampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)

073813 !73,813

[35]

26 !XXVI

000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992

Washington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins*(5, 3–2)

3724 !37–24

Buffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†(2, 0–2)

Metrodome 01 !Metrodome

Minneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota

063130 !63,130

[36]

27 !XXVII

000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993

Dallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys*(6, 3–3)

5217 !52–17

Buffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†(3, 0–3)

Rose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)

Los Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]

098374 !98,374

[37]

28 !XXVIII

000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994

Dallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys*(7, 4–3)

3013 !30–13

Buffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†(4, 0–4)

Georgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome

Atlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia

072817 !72,817

[38]

29 !XXIX

000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995

San Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers*(5, 5–0)

4926 !49–26

San Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†(1, 0–1)

Hard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]

Miami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]

074107 !74,107

[39]

30 !XXX

000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996

Dallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys*(8, 5–3)

2717 !27–17

Pittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†(5, 4–1)

Sun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium

Phoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]

076347 !76,347

[40]

31 !XXXI

000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997

Green Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers*(3, 3–0)

3521 !35–21

New England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†(2, 0–2)

Louisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)

New Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)

072301 !72,301

[41]

32 !XXXII

000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998

Denver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†(5, 1–4)

3124 !31–24

Green Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers*(4, 3–1)

Qualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]

San Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)

068912 !68,912

[42]

33 !XXXIII

000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999

Denver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†(6, 2–4)

3419 !34–19

Atlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons*(1, 0–1)

Hard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]

Miami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]

074803 !74,803

[43]

34 !XXXIV

000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000

Los Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams*(2, 1–1)

2316 !23–16

Tennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†(1, 0–1)

Georgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)

Atlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)

072625 !72,625

[44]

35 !XXXV

000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001

Baltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†(1, 1–0)

3407 !34–7

New York Giants 03 !New York Giants*(3, 2–1)

Raymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium

Tampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)

071921 !71,921

[45]

36 !XXXVI

000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002

New England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†(3, 1–2)

2017 !20–17

Los Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams*(3, 1–2)

Louisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)

New Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)

072922 !72,922

[46]

37 !XXXVII

000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003

Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers*(1, 1–0)

4821 !48–21

Oakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†(5, 3–2)

Qualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]

San Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)

067603 !67,603

[47]

38 !XXXVIII

000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004

New England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†(4, 2–2)

3229 !32–29

Carolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers*(1, 0–1)

NRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]

Houston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)

071525 !71,525

[48]

39 !XXXIX

000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005

New England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†(5, 3–2)

2421 !24–21

Philadelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles*(2, 0–2)

ALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium

Jacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida

078125 !78,125

[49]

40 !XL

000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006

Pittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†(6, 5–1)

2110 !21–10

Seattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks*(1, 0–1)

Ford Field 01 !Ford Field

Detroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]

068206 !68,206

[50]

41 !XLI

000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007

Indianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†(3, 2–1)

2917 !29–17

Chicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears*(2, 1–1)

Hard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]

Miami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]

074512 !74,512

[51]

42 !XLII

000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008

New York Giants 04 !New York Giants*(4, 3–1)

1714 !17–14

New England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†(6, 3–3)

University of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium

Phoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]

071101 !71,101

[52]

43 !XLIII

000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009

Pittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†(7, 6–1)

2723 !27–23

Arizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals*(1, 0–1)

Raymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)

Tampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)

070774 !70,774

[53]

44 !XLIV

000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010

New Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints*(1, 1–0)

3117 !31–17

Indianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†(4, 2–2)

Hard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]

Miami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]

074059 !74,059

[54]

45 !XLV

000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011

Green Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers*(5, 4–1)

3125 !31–25

Pittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†(8, 6–2)

Cowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium

Arlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas

103219 !103,219

[55]

46 !XLVI

000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012

New York Giants 05 !New York Giants*(5, 4–1)

2117 !21–17

New England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†(7, 3–4)

Lucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium

Indianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana

068658 !68,658

[56][57]

47 !XLVII

000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013

Baltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†(2, 2–0)

3431 !34–31

San Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers*(6, 5–1)

Louisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)

New Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)

071024 !71,024

[56][58]

48 !XLVIII

000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014

Seattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks*(2, 1–1)

4308 !43–8

Denver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†(7, 2–5)

MetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium

East Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey

082529 !82,529

[59]

49 !XLIX

000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015

New England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†(8, 4–4)

2824 !28–24

Seattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks*(3, 1–2)

University of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)

Phoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]

070288 !70,288

[60][61]

50 !50 [note 4]

000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016

Denver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†(8, 3–5)

2410 !24–10

Carolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers*(2, 0–2)

Levi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium

San Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]

071088 !71,088

[61][62][63]

51 !LI

000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017

New England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†(9, 5–4)

3428 !34–28 (OT)

Atlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons*(2, 0–2)

NRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]

Houston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)

070807 !70,807

[61][62][63]

52 !LII

000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018

Philadelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles*(3, 1–2)

4133 !41–33

New England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†(10, 5–5)

U.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium

Minneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)

067612 !67,612

[64][65]

53 !LIII

000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]

X 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion*

0019 !—

X 2019 !To be determined (TBD)

Mercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium

Atlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)

TBD

[66][67]

54 !LIV

000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]

X 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion* at 2019–20 AFC champion†

0020 !—

X 2020 !To be determined

Hard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]

Miami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]

TBD

[66][67]

55 !LV

000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]

X 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion*

0021 !—

X 2021 !To be determined

Raymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)

Tampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)

TBD

[66][67]

56 !LVI

000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]

X 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion*

0022 !—

X 2022 !To be determined

City of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park

Los Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]

TBD

[66][67]

Game

Date

Winning team

Score

Losing team

Venue

City

Attendance

Ref

text: Consecutive winners

text: Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls, one of which (Pittsburgh) has accomplished it twice:

text:
Green Bay Packers (Super Bowls I and II)
Miami Dolphins (VII and VIII)
Pittsburgh Steelers (twice: IX and X as well as XIII and XIV)
San Francisco 49ers (XXIII and XXIV)
Dallas Cowboys (XXVII and XXVIII)
Denver Broncos (XXXII and XXXIII)
New England Patriots (XXXVIII and XXXIX)

text: No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row, although several have come close:

text:
The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls, and also won the NFL championship the preceding year.
The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls (VI, VII, and VIII), winning the last two.
The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls (IX and X); the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders. They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls (XIII and XIV) for four wins in six seasons.
The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXIII and XXIV); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants.
The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls (XXVII and XXVIII); the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers. The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons.
The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX, for three wins in four seasons. They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season (XXXVII). The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season (50) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos.

text: Consecutive losers

text: Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls:

text:
Buffalo Bills (4) (Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII) – The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls, let alone lose in all four appearances.
Minnesota Vikings (2) (Super Bowls VIII and IX) – They also lost Super Bowl XI, and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons.
Denver Broncos (2) (Super Bowls XXI and XXII) – They also lost Super Bowl XXIV, but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons.

text: Super Bowl appearances by team

text:
NFL‡/NFC* teams (27 wins)

AFL^/AFC† teams (25 wins)

NFL‡/AFC† team (0-1 as part of the NFL, 2-1 as part of the AFC)[note 6]

text: In the sortable table below, teams are ordered first by number of appearances, then by number of wins, and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl. In the "Seasons" column, bold years indicate winning seasons, and italic years indicate games not yet completed.

text:
Appearances

Team

Wins

Losses

Winningpercentage

Seasons

10A-05W-01YA-02YW !10
New England Patriots†

05W-10A-02YW-01YA !5
05L-10A-01YL-01YA !5
.500

1985 !1985,† 1996,† 2001,† 2003,† 2004,† 2007,† 2011,† 2014,† 2016,† 2017†

08A-06W-08YA-10YW !8
Pittsburgh Steelers†[note 6]

06W-08A-10YW-08YA !6
02L-08A-08YL-08YA !2
.750

1974 !1974,† 1975,† 1978,† 1979,† 1995,† 2005,† 2008,† 2010†

08A-05W-23YA-23YW !8
Dallas Cowboys*

05W-08A-23YW-23YA !5
03L-08A-40YL-23YA !3
.625

1970 !1970,* 1971,* 1975,* 1977,* 1978,* 1992,* 1993,* 1995*

08A-03W-03YA-03YW !8
Denver Broncos†

03W-08A-03YW-03YA !3
05L-08A-05YL-03YA !5
.375

1977 !1977,† 1986,† 1987,† 1989,† 1997,† 1998,† 2013,† 2015†

06A-05W-06YA-24YW !6
San Francisco 49ers*

05W-06A-24YW-06YA !5
01L-06A-06YL-06YA !1
.833

1981 !1981,* 1984,* 1988,* 1989,* 1994*, 2012*

05A-04W-08YA-08YW !5
Green Bay Packers‡*

04W-05A-08YW-08YA !4
01L-05A-21YL-08YA !1
.800

1966 !1966,‡ 1967,‡ 1996,* 1997,* 2010*

05A-04W-07YA-07YW !5
New York Giants*

04W-05A-07YW-07YA !4
01L-05A-18YL-07YA !1
.800

1986 !1986,* 1990,* 2000,* 2007,* 2011*

05A-03W-27YA-27YW !5
Washington Redskins*

03W-05A-27YW-27YA !3
02L-05A-35YL-27YA !2
.600

1972 !1972,* 1982,* 1983,* 1987,* 1991*

05A-03W-16YA-35YW !5
Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders^†

03W-05A-35YW-16YA !3
02L-05A-16YL-16YA !2
.600

1967,^ 1976,† 1980,† 1983,† 2002†

05A-02W-34YA-45YW !5
Miami Dolphins†

02W-05A-45YW-34YA !2
03L-05A-34YL-34YA !3
.400

1971 !1971,† 1972,† 1973,† 1982,† 1984†

04A-02W-09YA-12YW !4
Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts‡†[note 6]

02W-04A-12YW-09YA !2
02L-04A-09YL-09YA !2
.500

1968 !1968,‡ 1970,† 2006,† 2009†

04A-00W-42YA-53YW !4
Minnesota Vikings‡*

00W-04A-53YW-25YA !0
04L-04A-42YL-42YA !4
.000

1969 !1969,‡ 1973,* 1974,* 1976*

04A-00W-25YA-53YW !4
Buffalo Bills†

00W-04A-53YW-25YA !0
04L-04A-25YL-25YA !4
.000

1990 !1990,† 1991,† 1992,† 1993†

03A-01W-17YA-19YW !3
St. Louis/Los Angeles Rams*

01W-03A-19YW-17YA !1
02L-03A-17YL-17YA !2
.333

1979 !1979,* 1999,* 2001*

03A-01W-03YA-04YW !3
Seattle Seahawks*

01W-03A-04YW-03YA !1
02L-03A-03YL-03YA !2
.333

2005 !2005,* 2013,* 2014*

03A-01W-01YA-01YW !3
Philadelphia Eagles*

01W-03A-01YW-01YA !1
02L-03A-14YL-01YA !2
.333

1980 !1980,* 2004,* 2017*

02A-02W-06YA-06YW !2
Baltimore Ravens†[note 7]

02W-02A-06YW-06YA !2
00L-02A-22YL-06YA !0
1.000

2000 !2000,† 2012†

02A-01W-49YA-49YW !2
Kansas City Chiefs^†

01W-02A-49YW-49YA !1
01L-02A-52YL-49YA !1
.500

1966 !1966,^ 1969^

02A-01W-12YA-33YW !2
Chicago Bears*

01W-02A-33YW-12YA !1
01L-02A-12YL-12YA !1
.500

1985 !1985,* 2006*

02A-00W-30YA-53YW !2
Cincinnati Bengals†

00W-02A-53YW-30YA !0
02L-02A-30YL-30YA !2
.000

1981 !1981,† 1988†

02A-00W-03YA-23YW !2
Carolina Panthers*

00W-02A-23YW-03YA !0
02L-02A-03YL-03YA !2
.000

2003 !2003,* 2015*

02A-00W-02YA-53YW !2
Atlanta Falcons*

00W-02A-53YW-02YA !0
02L-02A-02YL-02YA !2
.000

1998 !1998,* 2016*

01A-01W-50YA-50YW !1
New York Jets^†

01W-01A-50YW-50YA !1
00L-01A-53YL-50YA !0
1.000

1968 !1968^

01A-01W-18YA-18YW !1
Tampa Bay Buccaneers*

01W-01A-18YW-18YA !1
00L-01A-44YL-18YA !0
1.000

2002 !2002*

01A-01W-09YA-09YW !1
New Orleans Saints*

01W-01A-09YW-09YA !1
00L-01A-52YL-09YA !0
1.000

2009 !2009*

01A-00W-24YA-53YW !1
San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers†

00W-01A-53YW-24YA !0
01L-01A-24YL-24YA !1
.000

1994 !1994†

01A-00W-19YA-53YW !1
Houston/Tennessee Oilers/Tennessee Titans†

00W-01A-53YW-19YA !0
01L-01A-19YL-19YA !1
.000

1999 !1999†

01A-00W-10YA-53YW !1
St. Louis/Arizona Cardinals*

00W-01A-53YW-10YA !0
01L-01A-10YL-10YA !1
.000

2008 !2008*

00A-00W-53YA-53YW-11CG !0
Cleveland Browns†[note 6][note 7]

00W-00A-53YW-53YA-11CG !0
00L-00A-53YL-53YA-11CG !0
–

none

00A-00W-53YA-53YW-05CG !0
Detroit Lions*

00W-00A-53YW-53YA-05CG !0
00L-00A-53YL-53YA-05CG !0
–

none

00A-00W-23YA-23YW-00CG !0
Jacksonville Jaguars†

00W-00A-23YW-23YA-00CG !0
00L-00A-23YL-23YA-00CG !0
–

none

00A-00W-16YA-16YW-00CG !0
Houston Texans†

00W-00A-16YW-16YA-00CG !0
00L-00A-16YL-16YA-00CG !0
–

none

text: Teams with no Super Bowl appearances

text: Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl. Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season:

text:
Cleveland Browns, NFL champions four times in 1950, 1954, 1955, and 1964; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951, 1952, 1953, 1957, 1965, 1968, and 1969; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986, 1987, and 1989.[68] The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All-America Football Conference, joined the NFL in 1950, suspended operations from 1996 to 1998, and resumed play in 1999.[69] The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996, and have since won two Super Bowls.[70]
Detroit Lions, NFL champions four times in 1935, 1952, 1953, and 1957; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991[71]
Jacksonville Jaguars, 1995 expansion team; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996, 1999, and 2017.[72]
Houston Texans, 2002 expansion team; Divisional Round appearances in 2011, 2012, and 2016 seasons.

text: In addition, Detroit, Houston, and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls, making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl.

text: Teams with long Super Bowl droughts

text: Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl, there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL (1995 and 2002, respectively), resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams.

text: Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL–NFL merger in 1970:[73]

text:
New York Jets (most recently appeared in Super Bowl III, 1968 season)
Kansas City Chiefs (Super Bowl IV in 1969 season)

text: However, the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl, both being members of the now-defunct AFL at the time.

text: The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL–NFL merger, but prior to the 1995 regular season:

text:
Minnesota Vikings (Super Bowl XI, 1976 season)
Miami Dolphins (Super Bowl XIX, 1984 season)
Cincinnati Bengals (Super Bowl XXIII, 1988 season)
Washington Redskins (Super Bowl XXVI, 1991 season)
Buffalo Bills (Super Bowl XXVIII, 1993 season)
Los Angeles Chargers (played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX, 1994 season)

text: Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories

text: Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning. In descending order of number of appearances, they are:

text:
Minnesota Vikings (4), appeared in Super Bowls IV, VIII, IX, and XI. They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969, the last year before the AFL–NFL merger, but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl. An NFL expansion team in 1961, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Buffalo Bills (4), appeared in Super Bowls XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and XXVIII. Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965, the season before the first Super Bowl.
Cincinnati Bengals (2), appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII. An AFL expansion team in 1968, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Atlanta Falcons (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI. An expansion team in 1966, they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships.
Carolina Panthers (2), appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50. A post-merger expansion team, their first season was in 1995.
Arizona Cardinals (1), appeared in Super Bowl XLIII. Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals.
Los Angeles Chargers (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers. Their only AFL championship was in 1963.
Tennessee Titans (1), appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV. They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers.

text: Super Bowl rematches

text: The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl:

text:
Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers (3) – Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh, and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas. See also Cowboys–Steelers rivalry.
Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins (2) – Super Bowl VII was won by Miami, and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington.
Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers (2) – Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco.
Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys (2) – Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII, the only rematch in consecutive seasons, were both won by Dallas.
New England Patriots and New York Giants (2) – Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York.
New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles (2) – Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England, Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia.


document_title: Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story

question_text: who sings in walk hard the dewey cox story

text: Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story

text: Plot[edit]

text: This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Dewey Cox begins his quest for stardom in Springberry, Alabama in 1946. While playing with his brother Nate, Dewey accidentally cuts his brother in half at the waist with a machete. The trauma of the incident causes Dewey to lose his sense of smell. After his brother's death is announced by a physician making a house call, Dewey's mother sends him to the local store to buy some butter and a candle. There, he meets a blues guitarist, who lets Dewey play his guitar. Dewey is a natural.

text: In 1953, after a successful, yet oddly controversial, talent show performance, then 14-year-old Dewey decides to leave Springberry with his newly identified 12-year-old girlfriend, Edith. They soon marry, have sex, and have a baby after 8.7 months; While working at an all-African American nightclub, Dewey gets a break when he replaces singer Bobby Shad at the last minute, much to the delight of the Hasidic Jewish record executives attending the show.

text: Dewey then is brought to the studio where he is interrupted while recording a rockabilly rendition of "That's Amore". The recording executive berates Dewey as talentless. Backed into a corner, Dewey makes the first recording of "Walk Hard", the song inspired by a speech Dewey gave to Edith.

text: Within 35 minutes, the song becomes a hit, and Dewey begins to get caught up in the fame of rock and roll. When Dewey stumbles upon a room of groupies smoking with drummer Sam, Sam introduces Dewey to marijuana. Sam tells Dewey to leave because he "don't want no part of this shit" (a running gag throughout the film) but Dewey eventually tries it and continues to do so every time he finds Sam with a new drug. His attitude and drug problems cause him to become unfaithful to Edith. Dewey's father then returns to inform Dewey that Dewey's mother has died. Pa manages to make Dewey feel responsible for her death, contributing to an already high level of inner turmoil. Dewey is then introduced to cocaine, which leads to a change in his music to a louder, "Punk rock" type. With the addition of backup singer Darlene Madison, Dewey produces several more hit records. However, they become attracted to each other, and Dewey weds Darlene while still married to Edith, which leads to both women leaving him. He then snaps at his monkey companion, who is "only concerned with fruit and touching himself". Dewey is eventually busted after purchasing drugs from an undercover cop, serves time in jail, and spends time in rehab before Darlene returns.

text: They move to Berkeley, California in 1966 at the beginning of the '60s counterculture movement. Dewey writes protest songs for midgets. His singing style is then compared by a reporter to that of Bob Dylan, which Dewey angrily denies.

text: During a band visit to India, Dewey takes LSD with The Beatles, which causes Dewey to lose touch with reality yet again and have a Yellow Submarine-esque hallucination. Dewey becomes obsessed with every aspect of the recording process and is consumed with creating his masterpiece entitled Black Sheep (a homage to Brian Wilson's Smile). The band does not appreciate his insane style of music and his continuous abuse of the others in the group. As a result, the band breaks up; Darlene is also unable to deal with Dewey's insanity and drug problems and leaves him. Dewey goes through another stay in rehab, where he is visited by Nate's ghost. Nate ridicules Dewey's self-pity and tells him to start writing songs again.

text: Dewey is next seen jogging into the 1970s, and hosting a CBS variety television show. But his song-block prevents him from writing a masterpiece for his brother. (In the director's cut, Dewey remarries again, this time to Cheryl Tiegs.) Nate appears again and tells Dewey that he needs to tell Pa that he loves him. Although Dewey's father appreciates his courage, he challenges Dewey to a fight to the death with machetes. However, Pa accidentally cuts himself in half. Just before he dies, the senior Cox forgives Dewey and tells him to be a better father than he was. His death causes Dewey to have an emotional breakdown and he destroys almost everything in his home.

text: Dewey accepts that it is time to focus on spending time with his numerous children. Darlene returns to him in 1992, divorced and single. Dewey talks to Darlene about what he has done since they last met. After finally understanding what is most important to him, Dewey regains his sense of smell and they get remarried.

text: In the present day, L'Chaim's son Dreidel pays a visit to Dewey's estate. He informs Dewey that he has become popular with younger listeners through rapper Lil' Nutzzak's sampling of "Walk Hard". Dewey is upset about this at first, but pays it little mind when he is informed that he is to receive the lifetime achievement award. Dewey is reluctant to play a song at first, fearing the temptations he once succumbed to, but his wife, children and grandchildren put their full support behind him. Dewey reunites with his band and he is finally able to fulfill his dream of creating one great masterpiece that sums up his entire life with his final song, "Beautiful Ride." The ghost of his family listens to his song. Three minutes after the performance, Dewey, still on stage, suffers a heart attack and dies.

text: After the credits roll, a short black-and-white clip purporting to be "The actual Dewey Cox, October 16, 2002" is played. (The real Cox is again played by Reilly, but using a more gravelly voice.)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John C. Reilly as Dewey Cox, a parody of several 20th century musicians, including Ray Charles, Johnny Cash, Bob Dylan, and Brian Wilson.

Conner Rayburn as young Dewey Cox

Jenna Fischer as Darlene Madison Cox, a parody of June Carter

Angela Correa as Darlene's singing voice

Raymond J. Barry as Pa Cox is similar to Johnny Cash's father Ray Cash.
Margo Martindale as Ma Cox
Kristen Wiig as Edith, a parody of Vivian Liberto
Tim Meadows as Sam McPherson
Chris Parnell as Theo
Matt Besser as Dave
Chip Hormess as Nate Cox

Jonah Hill as older Nate (uncredited)

David "Honeyboy" Edwards as The Old Blues Singer
Paul Bates as Nightclub manager
David Krumholtz as Schwartzberg
Craig Robinson as Bobby Shad
Harold Ramis as L'Chaim
Simon Helberg as Dreidel L'Chaim
Philip Rosenthal as Mazeltov
Martin Starr as Schmendrick
John Michael Higgins as "Walk Hard" recording engineer
Ed Helms as Stage manager
Jane Lynch as Gail, the news reporter
Angela Little Mackenzie as Beth Anne
Skyler Gisondo as Dewford "Dewdrop/Dewey" Cox, Jr.
Lurie Poston as a Cox kid
Jack McBrayer as DJ
Nat Faxon as Awards show stage manager
Odette Yustman as Reefer girl
Frankie Muniz as Buddy Holly
John Ennis as The Big Bopper
Jack White as Elvis Presley
Adam Herschman as Jerry Garcia
The Temptations (Otis Williams, Ron Tyson, Terry Weeks, Joe Herndon, Bruce Williamson) as themselves
Eddie Vedder as himself
Jackson Browne as himself
Jewel as herself
Ghostface Killah as himself
Lyle Lovett as himself
Gerry Bednob as Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
Cheryl Tiegs (in the director's cut unrated version) as herself

text: Uncredited[edit]

text:
Paul Rudd as John Lennon
Jack Black as Paul McCartney
Justin Long as George Harrison
Jason Schwartzman as Ringo Starr
Patrick Duffy (unrated version) as himself
Morgan Fairchild (unrated version) as herself
Cheryl Ladd (unrated version) as herself

text: Production and development[edit]

text:
I just had this idea to do a fake biopic—or a real biopic about a fake person—and follow a musician's career trajectory.

Jake Kasdan, 2007[3]

tag: div

text: Jake Kasdan brought the idea to his friend and fellow director Judd Apatow. They then began writing the film together.[3] The tongue-in-cheek references in this fake biopic were drawn from various sources. Apatow and Kasdan noted that they watched various types of biopics for inspiration, including those of Jimi Hendrix and Marilyn Monroe.[4] Despite the humorous approach, the film was crafted in the serious tone of films earmarked for an Oscar, adding to the irony.[5]

text: John C. Reilly, who actually sings and plays guitar, was chosen to play the title role. "We took the clichés of movie biopics and just had fun with them," Reilly said.[3] The "deliberate miscasting" of celebrity cameos, such as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, was intended to enhance the comedy.[6] The movie's poster is a reference to the "young lion" photos of Jim Morrison.[7]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film was praised by notable critics, including Roger Ebert (who gave the film 3 out of 4 stars),[8] receiving 74% positive reviews at Rotten Tomatoes, classifying it as "certified fresh".

text: The movie, however, was not commercially successful, taking $18 million at the US box office which was less than the film's budget.[9]

text: John C. Reilly received a Golden Globe nomination for his role.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on April 8, 2008.[10] In the opening weekend, 263,001 DVD units were sold, generating revenue of $5,110,109. As of May 2010, DVD sales have gathered revenue of $15,664,735.[11]

text: Promotional appearances[edit]

text: Along with a backing band "the hardwalkers", Reilly made seven musical appearances as Dewey Cox in the weeks prior to the film's release date.[12]

text:
December 5, 2007 - Rock & Roll Hall of Fame (Cleveland, OH)
December 6, 2007 - The Cubby Bear (Chicago, IL)
December 7, 2007 - Stubb's BBQ (Austin, TX)
December 8, 2007 - Mercy Lounge (Nashville, TN)
December 10, 2007 - Great American Music Hall (San Francisco, CA)
December 11, 2007 - The Blacksheep (Colorado Springs, CO)
December 13, 2007 - Guitar Center on Sunset Blvd. (Los Angeles, CA)
December 19, 2007 - Knitting Factory (New York, NY)
December 19, 2007 - Performed in the character of Dewey Cox on Good Morning America.[13]

text: Several fake commercials were aired including one with John Mayer, hinting Dewey might be his father.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Singer-songwriters Dan Bern and Mike Viola (of the Candy Butchers) wrote most of the film's songs, including "There's a Change a Happenin'", "Mulatto", "A Life Without You (Is No Life at All)", "Beautiful Ride" and "Hole in My Pants". Charlie Wadhams wrote the song "Let's Duet". Marshall Crenshaw wrote the title song, and Van Dyke Parks penned the Brian Wilson-esque 1960s-styled psychedelic jam "Black Sheep" (the recording session seems to be a specific parody of Wilson's Smile album sessions, on which Van Dyke Parks worked).[3] Antonio Ortiz wrote "Take My Hand". A number of critics noted the unusually high quality of many of the individual songs on the soundtrack, how well they reflected the styles and times they were attempting to parody, and how well they stood on their own as quality compositions. The soundtrack was nominated for both a Grammy and Golden Globe Award and was nominated and won the Sierra Award for Best Song in a Motion Picture from the Las Vegas Film Critics Society. John C. Reilly sang on all the tracks and played guitar on most of them.