document_title: Baseball field

question_text: how far is the pitchers mound to home plate in little league baseball

text: Baseball field

text: Specifications[edit]

text: This section appears to contradict itself on what "the infield" means. Please see the talk page for more information. (January 2017)

text: The starting point for much of the action on the field is home plate, which is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber, 17 inches (43.2 cm) square with two of the corners removed so that one edge is 17 inches (43.2 cm) long, two adjacent sides are 8.5 inches (21.6 cm) and the remaining two sides are 12 inches (30.5 cm) and set at an angle to make a point. Adjacent to each of the two parallel 8.5-inch (21.6 cm) sides is a batter's box. The point of home plate where the two 12-inch (30.5 cm) sides meet at right angles is at one corner of a ninety-foot (27.5 m) square. The other three corners of the square, in counterclockwise order from home plate, are called first base, second base, and third base. Three canvas bags fifteen inches (38 cm) square mark the three bases. These three bags along with home plate form the four points at the corners of the infield.

text: All the bases, including home plate, lie entirely within fair territory. Thus, any batted ball that touches those bases must necessarily be in fair territory. While the first and third base bags are placed so that they lie inside the 90-foot (27.5 m) square formed by the bases, the second base bag is placed so that its center (unlike first, third and home) coincides exactly with the "point" of the ninety-foot (27.5 m) infield square. Thus, although the "points" of the bases are 90 feet (27.5 m) apart, the physical distance between each successive pair of base markers is closer to 88 feet (26.8 m).[2]

text: The lines from home plate to first and third bases extend to the nearest fence, stand or other obstruction and are called the foul lines. The portion of the playing field between (and including) the foul lines is fair territory; the rest is "foul territory." The area in the vicinity of the square formed by the bases is called the infield; fair territory outside the infield is known as the outfield. Most baseball fields are enclosed with a fence that marks the outer edge of the outfield. The fence is usually set at a distance ranging from 300 to 420 feet (91 to 128 m) from home plate. Most professional and college baseball fields have a right and left foul pole. These poles are at the intersection of the foul lines and the respective ends of the outfield fence and, unless otherwise specified within the ground rules, lie in fair territory. Thus, a batted ball that passes over the outfield wall in flight and touches the foul pole is a fair ball and the batter is awarded a home run.

text: First base[edit]

text: First base is the first of four bases that must be touched by a player on the batting team in order to score a run. Unlike when an offensive player reaches second or third base, it is permissible for a batter-runner to overrun first base without being in jeopardy of being put out. After contact is made with the base, the batter-runner may slow down and return to first base at his leisure, so long as he makes no move or attempt to advance to second base. The runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.

text: The first baseman is the defensive player responsible for the area near first base. A professional first baseman is often a slow runner and tall.[citation needed] A tall first baseman presents a large target to which other fielders can throw, and his height gives him a larger range in reaching and catching errant throws. Players who are left-handed are marginally preferable for first base because: first, it is easier for a left-handed fielder to catch a pick-off throw from the pitcher and tag the baserunner; and, second, it is easier for a left handed thrower to make the throw to second base to start a 3-6-3, 3-6-4, or a 3-6-1 double play.[citation needed] Also, a right-handed first baseman must, when setting himself up to receive a throw from an infielder, execute a half-pivot near the base; this is a move that a left-hander need not make (this advantage is very marginal, however). There are three infield positions that can only effectively be occupied by right-handed players: 2nd base, 3rd base, and shortstop. This is because of the time it takes to pivot and set to throw. It takes a left-handed thrower more time to make that pivot and in the fast-paced major league game, that time is critical. As a result, there are fewer positions a left-handed player can occupy, and if that player is not fast, the outfield may not be a good fit.

text: In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the first baseman is assigned the number '3'.

text: Second base[edit]

text: Second base is the second of four stations on a baseball diamond which must be touched in succession by a base runner in order to score a run for that player's team. Second base is typically defended by the second baseman and the shortstop. Second base is also known as the keystone sack. A runner on second base is said to be in "scoring position", owing to the high likelihood of reaching home plate and scoring a run from second base on most base hits. Since second is the farthest base from home plate, it is the most common target of base stealing. The runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.

text: Ideally, the second baseman and shortstop possess quick hands and feet and the ability to release the ball rapidly and with accuracy. One will usually cover second base when the other attempts to field the ball. Both players must communicate well to be able to make a double play. Particular agility is required of the second baseman in double play situations, which usually forces the player to throw towards first while his momentum carries him in the opposite direction. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the second baseman is assigned the number 4, and the shortstop 6.

text: Third base[edit]

text: Third base is the third of four bases a base runner must touch in a counterclockwise succession in order to score a run. Many batted balls that result in the batter being put out (such as a sacrifice fly) may nevertheless allow a runner to reach home plate and score a run from third base, provided that the third and final out is not recorded before he can do so. A runner on third base is therefore particularly valuable to the batting team when fewer than two outs have been recorded. The runner cannot be tagged out if he is touching the base with any part of his body.

text: The third baseman is the defensive player whose responsibility is to defend the area nearest to third base. A third baseman ideally possesses quick reaction to batted balls and a strong arm to make the long throw to first base. The distance from 3rd to 1st is about 127 feet. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the third baseman is assigned the number 5.

text: Home plate[edit]

text: Home plate, formally designated home base in the rules, is the final base that a player must touch to score. Unlike the other bases, home plate is a five-sided slab of whitened rubber that is set at ground level. The use of rubber was developed by Robert Keating, who pitched one game for the 1887 Baltimore Orioles. Previously—and more dangerously—the plate was made of stone, iron, or wood.[3]

text: The dimensions of home plate are 17 inches (43.2 cm) across the front, 8.5 inches (21.6 cm) down each side, with a triangular rear of two sides of 12 inches (30.5 cm). The rear edges are at 45 degrees to the sides, making a point at the back.[1] The plate is white and surrounded by a black strip 3/4 inches (1.9 cm) in width. The plate sits entirely in "fair" territory, with the two rear edges aligned with the right and left field foul lines. The length and angle requirements for home plate mandate that it is not a regular pentagon; it is a 17 inches by 8.5 inches (43.2 x 21.6 cm) rectangle with an isosceles triangle of base 17 inches (43.2 cm) and equal sides of 12 inches (30.5 cm) attached to the back.

text:
Both the Major League Baseball Official Rules and the Little League rulebook say the angle between the two 12 inch sides should be 90 degrees. However, the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle with two sides of 12 inches is

288

{\displaystyle {\sqrt {288}}}

 inches, which is slightly less than the 17 inches required. The home plate as specified is therefore not physically realizable.[4]

text: 50 to 100 feet (15 to 30 meters) behind home plate is the backstop, which is a wall/fence that will stop wild pitches, passed balls, and foul balls. In enclosed stadiums, the backstop is often composed of a lower part, which is like any other part of the wall, and an upper netting to protect spectators seated behind it; in recreational baseball fields, there is usually a tall chain-link fence, including an angled top section, composing the entire backstop.

text: Batter's box and catcher's box[edit]

text: The batter's box is the place where the batter stands when ready to receive a pitch from the pitcher. It is usually drawn in chalk on the dirt surrounding home plate, and the insides of the boxes are watered down before each game.

text: The chalk lines delineating the two Foul Lines are rarely extended through the batter's boxes. However, those lines exist conceptually for the purpose of judging a batted ball fair or foul. In addition, inside edges of the Batter's Boxes are often not laid-in with chalk. Similarly, though not marked, those lines continue to exist for the purpose of the rules pertaining to the batter's box and the batter's position relative thereto.

text: There are two batter's boxes, one on each side of home plate. The batter's boxes are 4 feet wide (1.2 m) and 6 feet long (1.8 m). The batter's boxes are centered lengthwise at the center of home plate with the inside line of each batter's box 6 inches (15.24 cm) from the near edge of home plate. A right-handed batter would stand in the batter's box on the left side of home plate from the perspective of the catcher and umpire. A left-handed batter would stand in the batter's box to their right. A batter may only occupy one batter's box at a time and may not legally leave the batter's box after the pitcher has come set or has started his windup. Should the batter wish to leave the batter's box once the pitcher has engaged the rubber, he must first ask the umpire for time-out. Time will not be granted if the pitcher has already started his pitching motion. For playing rules relating to the batter's box, see Rules 6.05 and 6.06 of the Official Baseball Rules.

text: Foul poles[edit]

text: Foul poles, if present, help umpires judge whether a fly ball hit above the fence line is foul (out of play) or fair (a home run). The poles are a vertical extension of the foul lines at the edge of the field of play. The outer edge of the foul lines and foul poles define foul territory. Both the lines and the poles are in fair territory, in contrast to football and basketball, where the lines marking the playing boundaries are out of bounds. The minimum distance to hit a home run (along either foul line) is set by baseball rules, generally at 325 feet (99 m).[5]

text: Before 1920,[citation needed] the foul lines extended indefinitely; a batter was awarded a home run only if a fly ball out of the field was fair where it landed, or "when last seen" by the umpire. Now, a batted ball that leaves the field in flight is judged fair or foul at the point it leaves the field. Thus, such a fly ball passing on the fair side of a foul pole, or hitting a foul pole, is a home run regardless of where the ball goes thereafter.

text: Foul poles are typically much higher than the top of the outfield fence or wall, and often have a narrow screen running along the fair side of the pole. This further aids the umpires' judgment, as a ball that bounces off this screen is a home run. It can still be a difficult call, especially in ballparks with no outfield stands behind the poles to provide perspective. Wrigley Field is notorious for arguments over long, curving flies down a foul line (most notably in left field) that sail higher than the foul pole.

text: At Major League Baseball fields, foul poles are usually yellow. Those at Citi Field are orange. At the Rogers Centre, there are no foul poles, but large nets suspended from the roof that serve the same purpose. At Petco Park, there is no foul pole in left field; the pole's function is served by a yellow metal strip along the corner of the Western Metal Supply Co. building.

text: Pitcher's mound[edit]

text: In roughly the middle of the square, equidistant between first and third base, and a few feet closer to home plate than to second base, is a low artificial hill called the pitcher's mound. This is where the pitcher stands when throwing the pitch. Atop the mound is a white rubber slab, called the pitcher's plate or pitcher's rubber. It measures 6 inches (15 cm) front-to-back and 2 feet (61 cm) across, the front of which is exactly 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) from the rear point of home plate. This peculiar distance was set by the rule makers in 1893, not due to a clerical or surveying error as popular myth has it, but intentionally (further details in History section).

text: In Major League Baseball, a regulation mound is 18 feet (5.5 m) in diameter, with the center 59 feet (18 m) from the rear point of home plate, on the line between home plate and second base. The front edge of the pitcher's plate or rubber is 18 inches (46 cm) behind the center of the mound, making the front edge's midpoint 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) from the rear point of home plate. Six inches (15.2 cm) in front of the pitcher's rubber the mound begins to slope downward. The top of the rubber is to be no higher than ten inches (25.4 cm) above home plate. From 1903 through 1968, this height limit was set at 15 inches (38.1 cm), but was often slightly higher, sometimes as high as 20 inches (51 cm), especially for teams that emphasized pitching, such as the Los Angeles Dodgers, who were reputed to have the highest mound in the majors.

text: A pitcher will push off the rubber with his foot in order to gain velocity toward home plate when pitching. In addition, a higher mound generally favors the pitcher. With the height advantage, the pitcher gains more leverage and can put more downward velocity on the ball, making it more difficult for the batter to strike the ball squarely with the bat. The lowering of the mound in 1969 was intended to "increase the batting" once again, as pitching had become increasingly dominant, reaching its peak the prior year; 1968 is known among baseball historians as "The Year of the Pitcher". This restrictive rule apparently did its job, contributing to the hitting surge of modern baseball.

text: A pitcher's mound is difficult for groundskeepers to maintain. Usually before every game it is watered down to keep the dust from spreading. On youth and amateur baseball fields, the mound may be much different from the rule book definition due to erosion and repair attempts. Even in the major leagues, each mound gains its own character, as pitchers are allowed to kick away pieces of dirt in their way, thereby sculpting the mound a bit to their preference.

text: The pitcher may keep a rosin bag on the rear of the mound to dry off his hands. Major League Baseball teams are also permitted cleat cleaners on the back of the mound. This may be a flat grate-style plate, or simply a hand tool such as a piece of wood used to remove mud and dirt from cleats. These items are allowed to remain on the backside of the mound at the discretion of the umpire, thus reducing the probability that they will affect a live play.[6]

text: Baseline[edit]

text: A baseline is the straight line between two adjacent bases. Baselines are not drawn on the field, although the foul lines serve to mark the baseline between home plate and first base, and between third base and home.

text: Running baseline[edit]

text: Generally, base runners are not required to follow the baseline. A base runner seeking to advance more than one base typically "rounds" the base, following a more circular path. However, a base runner's left-right motion is constrained when the defense tries to tag him. At the moment the defense begins the attempt, the baserunner's running baseline is established as a direct line from his current position to the base he is trying for. A runner straying more than three feet (1 m) away from this baseline to avoid a tag may be called out.

text: Running lane[edit]

text: Beginning halfway between home and first base, and ending at first base, there is a second chalk line to the right of the foul line. This second line and the part of the foul line it runs parallel to, form the running lane that defines the path in which a batter-runner must run as he is advancing to first base. Rule 6.05(k) of the Official Baseball Rules states that, if a batter-runner running to first base runs outside the running lane, and "in doing so" interferes with the fielder taking the throw at first, then the batter-runner is automatically out. First base itself is not located in the running lane, but Rule 6.05 lets the batter-runner leave the running lane "by means of a step, stride or slide in the immediate vicinity of first base" to step on first base.[7]

text: Grass line[edit]

text: The grass line, where the dirt of the infield ends and the grass of the outfield begins, has no special significance to the rules of the game, but it can influence the outcome of a game. Dirt running paths between the bases (and, at one time and still in some parks, between the pitcher and the catcher) have existed since the beginning of the game, although they were not mentioned in the rule books until around 1950, and their specifications are flexible. In addition to providing a running path, the grass lines act as a visual aid so that players, umpires and fans may better judge distance from the center of the diamond. Occasionally the ball may take a tricky bounce off the dirt area or the edge between the dirt and the grass. Multiple World Series championships (including 1924, 1960 and 1986) have been decided or heavily influenced by erratic hops of ground balls.

text: In artificial turf stadiums, infield dirt was originally only placed around the bases and around the pitcher's and batting areas, which are referred to as "sliding pits." In this configuration, the "grass line" is usually designated with a white arc. Among Major League Baseball fields, Rogers Centre was the last stadium to maintain this type of configuration and is reconfigured with a full dirt infield starting in the 2016 MLB season.[8]

text: In some college baseball parks with artificial turf fields, the entire field (along with possibly the pitcher's mound) is made up of turf, with parts of the field mainly containing dirt instead merely being clay-colored turf.

text: Outfield[edit]

text: The outfield is made from thick grass or artificial turf. It is where the outfielders play. The positions to play in the outfield are right, center, and left field (named in relation to the batter's position; thus left field is beyond third base and right field is beyond first base). Outfields vary in size and shape depending on the overall size and shape of the playing field. The outfield stretches from the infield to the outfield wall and it contains the warning track. Outfields especially vary from Little League to Major League fields. Little League outfields vary more in size than Major League outfields. Outfields often differ from infields in the specific type of grass used, but most Major League outfields are grass.[9]

text: Warning track[edit]

text: The warning track is the strip of dirt at the edges of the baseball field (especially in front of the home run fence and along the left and right sides of a field). Because the warning track's color and feel differ from the grass field, a fielder can remain focused on a fly ball near the fence and measure his proximity to the fence while attempting to catch the ball safely.

text: A warning track's width is not specified in the rules. It is generally designed to give about three steps of warning to the highest-level players using the field. Typical widths run from about six feet for Little League fields to about 10–15 feet (3 - 4.5 m) for college- or professional-level play. A warning track this wide also lets groundskeepers avoid driving maintenance vehicles on the grass.

text: The track can be composed of finely ground rock particles such as cinders, which is why announcer Bob Wolff called it the "cinder path" rather than the "warning track".

text: The idea of a warning track originated in Yankee Stadium, where an actual running track was built for use in track and field events. When ballpark designers saw how the track helped fielders, it soon became a feature of every ballpark.

text: Single-minded fielders often crash into a wall trying to make a catch despite the warning track. For this reason, outfield walls are typically padded for extra safety. Wrigley Field's brick wall is covered only by ivy, which is not especially soft. However, there are pads on the walls of the tight left and right field corners in foul ground.

text: Warning-track power is a derogatory term for a batter who seems to have just enough power to hit the ball to the warning track for an out, but not enough to hit a home run. The term more generally refers to someone or something that is almost but not quite good enough for something.

text: Outfield wall[edit]

text: The outfield wall or outfield fence is the wall or fence that marks the outer boundary of the outfield. A ball passing over the wall is dead; if it passes over the wall in fair territory while in flight, it is a home run. The official rules do not specify the shape, height, or composition of the wall, or a specific mandatory distance from home plate (though Major League Baseball mandates a minimum distance of 250 feet (76 m) and recommends a minimum distance of 320 feet (98 m) at the foul poles and 400 feet (120 m) at center field). As a result, baseball fields can vary greatly along those lines. The wall has numbers affixed or painted on it that denote the distance in feet from that point on the wall to home plate. In most modern major league ballparks, the wall is made of some hard material (e.g., concrete, plywood, sheet metal) with padding on the field side to protect players who may collide with the wall at high speed while trying to make a play. Chain link fencing may also be incorporated into the wall in areas where the wall needs to be transparent, e.g., an outfield bullpen, a spectator area behind the wall, or to protect a scoreboard incorporated into the wall. Many ballparks feature a yellow line denoting the top of the wall to aid umpires in judging whether the ball passed over the wall or if the ball is fair or foul.

text: Bullpen[edit]

text: The bullpen (sometimes referred to as simply "the pen") is the area where pitchers warm up before entering a game. Depending on the ballpark, it may be situated in foul territory along the baselines or just beyond the outfield fence. Relief pitchers usually wait in the bullpen when they have yet to play in a game, rather than in the dugout with the rest of the team. The starting pitcher also makes his final pregame warmups in the bullpen. Managers can call coaches in the bullpen on an in-house telephone from the dugout to tell a certain pitcher to begin his warmup tosses. "Bullpen" is also used metonymically to describe a team's collection of relief pitchers.

text: On-deck circles[edit]

text: There are two on-deck circles in the field, one for each team, positioned in foul ground between home plate and the respective teams' benches. They are technically known as next-batter's boxes. The on-deck circle is where the next scheduled batter, or "on-deck" batter, warms up while waiting for the current batter to finish his turn. The on-deck circle is either an area composed of bare dirt; a plain circle painted onto artificial turf; or often, especially at the professional level, a mat made from artificial material, with the team or league logo painted onto it.

text: Coach's boxes[edit]

text: The coach's boxes, located behind first and third base, are where the first and third base coaches are supposed to stand, although coaches often stand outside the box. This is permissible as long as the coach does not interfere with play and the opposing team does not object (in which case the umpire shall ensure that all coaches on both teams must abide by the boundaries of the coach's boxes). The coach's boxes are marked with chalk or paint. In the early days of baseball, the term "coacher's box" was used, as "coach" was taken to be a verb. As the term "coach" evolved into a noun, the name of the box also changed.

text: History[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The basic layout of the diamond has been little changed since the original Knickerbocker Rules of the 1840s. The distance between bases was already established as 90 feet (27.5 m), which it remains to this day. Through trial and error, 90 feet (27.5 m) had been settled upon as the optimal distance. 100 feet (30.5 m) would have given too much advantage to the defense, and 80 feet too much to the offense.

text: The original Knickerbocker Rules did not specify the pitching distance explicitly. By the time major league baseball began in the 1870s, the pitcher was compelled to pitch from within a "box" whose front edge was 45 feet (13.7 m)from the "point" of home plate. Although he had to release the ball before crossing the line, as with bowlers in cricket, he also had to start his delivery from within the box; he could not run in from the field as bowlers do. Furthermore, the pitcher had to throw underhand. By the 1880s, pitchers had mastered the underhand delivery—in fact, in 1880, there were two perfect games within a week of each other.[10]

text: In an attempt to "increase the batting", the front edge of the pitcher's box was moved back 5 feet (1.5 m) in 1881, to 50 feet (15 m) from home plate. The size of the box was altered over the following few years. Pitchers were allowed to throw overhand starting in 1884, and that tilted the balance of power again. In 1887, the box was set at 4 feet (1.2 m) wide and 5.5 feet (1.7 m) deep, with the front edge still 50 feet (15 m) from the plate. However, the pitcher was compelled to deliver the ball with his back foot at the 55.5 foot (16.9 m) line of the box, thus somewhat restricting his ability to "power" the ball with his overhand delivery.[11]:96

text: In 1893, the box was replaced by the pitcher's plate, although "the box" is still used today as a slang term for the pitcher's location on the field. Exactly 5 feet (1.5 m) was added to the point the pitcher had to toe, again "to increase the batting" (and hopefully to increase attendance, as fan interest had flagged somewhat), resulting in the seemingly peculiar pitching distance of 60.5 feet (18.4 m).[11]:230

text: Many sources suggest that the pitching distance evolved from 45 to 50 to 60.5 feet. However, the first two were the "release point" and the third is the "pushoff point", so the 1893 increase was not quite as dramatic as is often implied; that is, the 1893 rule change added only 5 feet to the release point, not 10.5 feet (3.2 m).

text: Originally the pitcher threw from flat ground, but over time the raised mound was developed, somewhat returning the advantage to the pitchers. Before the mid-20th century, it was common for baseball fields to include a dirt pathway between the pitcher's mound and home plate. This feature is sometimes known as the "keyhole" due to the shape that it makes together with the mound. The keyhole was once as wide as the pitcher's box and resembled the "pitch" area used in the game of cricket. Sometimes this path extended through the batting area and all the way to the backstop. Once the rounded pitcher's mound was developed, the path became more ornamental than practical, and was gradually thinned before being largely abandoned by the 1950s. In recent years some ballparks, such as Comerica Park and Chase Field in the major leagues, have revived the feature for nostalgic reasons.

text: Maintenance[edit]

text: Honors and awards[edit]

text: The Sports Turf Managers Association (STMA) presents various awards each year. Starting in 2001, its Sports Turf Manager of the Year Awards have been presented annually in the Triple-A, Double-A, Class A, and Short-Season/Rookie divisions of Minor League Baseball and are chosen from the 16 league winners.[12] STMA also presents the Baseball Field of the Year Award, which includes Schools and Parks, College/University and Professional categories.[13]


document_title: List of Guns N' Roses members

question_text: who is the drummer for guns and roses

question_tokens: who is the drummer for guns and roses

root

text: List of Guns N' Roses members

text: Members[edit]

text: Current members[edit]

text:
Image
Name
Years active
Instruments
Release contributions

Axl Rose
1985–present

vocals
piano
keyboards
synthesizers
percussion

all Guns N' Roses releases

Duff McKagan

1985–1997
2016–present[A]

bass
backing vocals

all Guns N' Roses releases from Live ?!*@ Like a Suicide (1986) to Sympathy For The Devil (1994)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)

Slash

1985–1996
2016–present

lead and rhythm guitar

Dizzy Reed
1990–present

keyboards
synthesizers
piano
backing vocals
percussion

all Guns N' Roses releases from Civil War (1990) and Knockin' On Heavens Door (Days of Thunder version) (1990) to present[B]

Richard Fortus
2002–present

rhythm and lead guitar
backing vocals

Chinese Democracy (2008)
Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)

Frank Ferrer
2006–present

drums
percussion

Melissa Reese
2016–present

keyboards
synthesizers
backing vocals
percussion
sub-bass
programming

none

tag: table

text: Former members[edit]

text:
Image
Name
Years active
Instruments
Release contributions

Izzy Stradlin
1985–1991[C]

rhythm guitar
vocals
percussion

all Guns N' Roses releases from Live?!*@ Like a Suicide (1986) to Use Your Illusion II (1991)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)

Tracii Guns
1985
lead guitar
none

Ole Beich
bass

Rob Gardner

drums
percussion

Steven Adler
1985–1990 [D]

drums
percussion
backing vocals

all Guns N' Roses releases from Live?!*@ Like a Suicide (1986) to Civil War (1990)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)

Matt Sorum
1990–1997

drums
percussion
backing vocals

all Guns N' Roses releases from Knockin' On Heavens Door (Days of Thunder version) (1990) to Sympathy for the Devil (1994)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)

Gilby Clarke
1991–1994

rhythm guitar
backing vocals

Use Your Illusion World Tour - 1992 in Tokyo I (1992)
Use Your Illusion World Tour - 1992 in Tokyo II (1992)
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993)
Live Era '87–'93 (1999)

Paul "Huge" Tobias[E]
1994–2002

rhythm guitar
piano

Sympathy for the Devil (1994)
Oh My God (1999)
Chinese Democracy (2008)

Robin Finck

1997–1999
2000–2008

lead guitar
keyboards

Oh My God (1999)
Chinese Democracy (2008)

Josh Freese
1997–2000
drums
Oh My God (1999)[F]

Tommy Stinson
1998–2016

bass
backing vocals

Oh My God (1999)
Chinese Democracy (2008)
Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)

Chris Pitman[G]

keyboards
synthesizers
sub-bass
percussion
backing vocals
programming

Buckethead
2000–2004
guitars
Chinese Democracy (2008)

Bryan "Brain" Mantia
2000–2006
drums

Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal
2006–2014

guitars
backing vocals

Chinese Democracy (2008)
Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)

DJ Ashba
2009–2015

lead guitar

Appetite for Democracy 3D (2014)

text: Additional[edit]

text: Touring members[edit]

text:
Image
Name
Years active
Instruments
Release contributions

Fred Coury
1987–1988[H]
drums
none

Kid "Haggis" Chaos
1988[I]
bass

Don Henley
1989[J]
drums

Teddy Andreadis
1991–1993

keyboards
harmonica
percussion
backing vocals

Use Your Illusion World Tour - 1992 in Tokyo I (1992) | Use Your Illusion World Tour - 1992 in Tokyo II (1992) | Live Era '87–'93 (1999)

Roberta Freeman
backing vocals

Tracey Amos

Diane Jones

Cece Worrall
horns

Anne King

Lisa Maxwell

text: Session members[edit]

text:
Image
Name
Years active
Instruments
Release contributions

West Arkeen

1988
1990–1991

percussion
acoustic guitar

G N' R Lies (1988) – "Patience", "Used to Love Her", "You're Crazy" and "One in a Million"
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "The Garden"

Howard Teman

percussion
piano

G N' R Lies (1988) – "Patience", "Used to Love Her", "You're Crazy" and "One in a Million"
Use Your Illusion II (1991) – "So Fine"

Rick Richards
1988
percussion
G N' R Lies (1988) – "Patience", "Used to Love Her", "You're Crazy" and "One in a Million"

Ray Grden

Michael Monroe

1990–1991
1992–1993

harmonica
saxophone
vocals

Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Bad Obsession"
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "Ain't It Fun"

Stuart Bailey
backing vocals

Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "November Rain"
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "I Don't Care About You"

Shannon Hoon
1990–1991
vocals

Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Live and Let Die", "Don't Cry", "You Ain't the First", "November Rain" and "The Garden"
Use Your Illusion II (1991) – "Don't Cry" (alt. lyrics)

Johann Langlie

keyboards
drums
programming

Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Live And Let Die", "November Rain", "Garden Of Eden", "Coma"
Use Your Illusion II (1991) – "My World"

Alice Cooper
vocals
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "The Garden"

Jon Thautwein
horns
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Live and Let Die"

Matthew McKagan

Rachel West

Robert Clark

Tim Doyle
tambourine
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "You Ain't the First"

Reba Shaw
backing vocals
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "November Rain"

Mike Clink
nutcracker
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Dead Horse"

Bruce Foster
programming
Use Your Illusion I (1991) – "Coma"

Diane Mitchell
spoken word vocals

Michelle Loiselle

Monica Zierhut-Soto

Patricia Fuenzalida

Rose Mann

Susanne Filkins

The Waters
backing vocals
Use Your Illusion II (1991) – "Knockin' on Heaven's Door"

Mike Staggs
1992–1993
guitar
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "Ain't It Fun"

Mike Fasano
percussion
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "Hair of the Dog"

Richard Duguay
guitars
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "You Can't Put Your Arms Around a Memory"

Eddie Huletz
backing vocals

Blake Stanton
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "I Don't Care About You"

Eric Mills

Riki Rachtman

Carlos Booy
acoustic guitar
"The Spaghetti Incident?" (1993) – "Look at Your Game, Girl"

Dave Navarro
1999
guitar
"Oh My God" (1999)

Gary Sunshine

Stuart White
programming

Eric Caudieux
1997–2007

drum machine
sub drums

Chinese Democracy (2008) – "If the World" and "This I Love"

Sebastian Bach
vocals
Chinese Democracy (2008) – "Sorry"

Pete Scaturro
keyboards

Suzy Katayama
French horn
Chinese Democracy (2008) – "Madagascar"

Patti Hood
harp
Chinese Democracy (2008) – "This I Love"

Caram Costanzo
sub drums

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Duff McKagan also performed with the band as a live guest at a show on October 14, 2010, and as a touring substitute for Tommy Stinson in 2014.[30]
Jump up ^ Civil War was recorded before Knockin' On Heavens Door but Knockin' On Heavens Door was released before Civil War.
Jump up ^ Izzy Stradlin also performed with the band as a touring substitute for Gilby Clarke in 1993, and as a live guest at several shows in 2006 and 2012.[30]
Jump up ^ Adler appeared as a live guest during the band's Not in This Lifetime... Tour, on July 6th, July 9th, and August 19th.[31]
Jump up ^ Credited as either Paul Huge or Paul Tobias.
Jump up ^ Josh Freese's drum recordings were not included on Chinese Democracy, being re-recorded by Bryan Mantia after Freese left the band, but Freese was credited for arrangements on four tracks.[32]
Jump up ^ Pitman filled in on bass guitar in a 2007 show that Tommy Stinson was unable to attend.
Jump up ^ Fred Coury replaced regular drummer Steven Adler between December 1987 and January 1988 due to an injury.[33][34][35]
Jump up ^ Kid "Haggis" Chaos replaced regular bassist Duff McKagan for a show on May 27, 1988 as McKagan was getting married.[34]
Jump up ^ Don Henley replaced regular drummer Steven Adler for the 1989 American Music Awards show on January 30, 1989.[36]

tag: ol


document_title: Gun laws in Florida

question_text: do you need a permit or license to own a gun in florida

text: Gun laws in Florida

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
Subject/Law
Long guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes

State license to Purchase?
No
No
None

Firearm registration?
No
No
Chapter 790.335
It is a felony under Florida law to create, maintain or publish any list, record or registry of legally owned firearms or law-abiding firearm owners.

Owner license required?
No
No
None

Assault weapon law?
No
No
None

Magazine Capacity Restriction?
No
No
None

Concealed Carry license required?
N/A
Yes
Chapter 790.06
Allows concealed possession of handguns, electronic weapons or devices, tear gas guns, knives, or billies, but not long guns or machine guns per Chapter 790.06(1).

Open Carry?
No
No
Chapter 790.053,
Open carry of firearms is generally banned except open or concealed carry is allowed for without a license under 790.25 for certain protected places and activities. Exceptions include in the home, place of work, hunting, fishing, camping, or while practice shooting and while traveling to and from those activities.

State Preemption of local restrictions?
Yes
Yes
Chapter 790.33

NFA weapons restricted?
No
No
Chapter 790.161
Making, possessing, throwing, projecting, or discharging any destructive device, or any attempt to do so is a felony in Florida.

Peaceable Journey laws?
No
No
None
Federal rules observed.

Duty to inform?
No
No
None
Florida law does not require one to disclose one's possession of a firearm on contact with Law Enforcement.

Background checks required for private sales?
No
No
None

Red flag law?
Yes
Yes
SB 7026
The police can get judicial approval to confiscate, for up to a year, the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others.

text: Preemption[edit]

text: Florida law prohibits localities from regulating firearms, other than with regards to zoning laws (i.e., for restricting where gun sellers may locate their businesses). The Florida Legislature has since 1987 occupied the whole field of regulation of firearms and ammunition, including the purchase, sale, transfer, taxation, manufacture, ownership, possession, and transportation. Due to a lack of penalties associated with violating the preemption statute, it was almost universally ignored by city and county authorities until, on December 7, 2010, Representative Matt Gaetz introduced a bill to the Florida Legislature adding penalties for violating the existing preemption statute. It was signed into law by Governor Rick Scott on June 2, 2011.[3] Penalties may include fines, removal from public office, termination of employment and other punishments.[4]

tag: p

text: Concealed carry[edit]

text: Firearms regulations are uniform throughout Florida, and a carry license is valid everywhere other than in a few specially-defined areas. These prohibited places include any police station, prison, courthouse, polling place, government meeting place, airport, seaport, or tavern.[5] Concealed carry is also prohibited in any school, except for authorized security personnel or armed marshals.[6][7]

text: Anyone lawfully carrying a firearm in a concealed manner, may briefly and openly display the firearm to the ordinary sight of another person, unless the firearm is intentionally displayed in an angry or threatening manner, not in necessary self-defense.[8]

text: Currently, Florida's Concealed Weapon License is one of the most widely recognized, state-issued concealed weapon license. The resident Florida Concealed Weapon License is recognized in thirty-five different states, while the non-resident Florida Concealed Weapon License is recognized in thirty states.[9]

text: "Concealed firearm" is defined in F.S.S.790.001(2) as "any firearm, as defined in subsection (6), which is carried on or about a person in such a manner as to conceal the firearm from the ordinary sight of another person."[10]

text: Unlicensed concealed carry is allowed during a mandatory evacuation as a result of a state of emergency.[11]

text: As of 2018, some school employees may choose to receive special training in order to carry a firearm at school.[12]

text: Open carry[edit]

text: Open carry when on foot in a public area is generally illegal, but is permitted in certain circumstances, as defined by Florida statute 790.25(3). For example, open carry is permitted while hunting, fishing, camping, gun shows, or while shooting, and while going to and from such activities.[13] The open carry ban statute was challenged in court[14] but the ban was upheld.[15]

text: Vehicle carry[edit]

text: Vehicle carry without a license when the weapon is not immediately accessible/available for use is permitted.

text: Handguns must be either "securely encased" -F.S.S.790.25(3)(l) Some cite this as a grey area or risky- or not immediately available for use.[16] "Securely encased" means in a glove compartment, whether or not locked; snapped in a holster; in a gun case, whether or not locked; in a zippered gun case; or in a closed box or container which requires a lid or cover to be opened for access.[17] Carry of a Handgun on one's person inside a vehicle without a license is not permitted (except in the case of open carry in accordance with the law outlined above). Once a handgun is securely encased, it can be stored anywhere inside the vehicle and is not limited to just the glove compartment/center console.

text: Long guns may be anywhere in a private conveyance when such firearm is being carried for a lawful use.[18]

text: As of July 1, 2008, Florida became a "Take your gun to work" state (F.S. 790.251). This law prohibits most businesses from firing any employee for keeping a legal firearm locked in his or her vehicle in the company parking lot. The purpose of the new law is to allow citizens to exercise their Second Amendment rights during their commutes to and from work. Exceptions listed in F.S. 790.251(7) include school property, correctional institutions, nuclear power plants, national defense facilities, facilities for explosives or combustible materials, or a motor vehicle owned, rented, or leased by a person's employer.

text: A case was filed against Walt Disney World Resort by a former Disney security guard who was fired, despite having a CWL, for having a firearm locked in his car on July 1, in violation of Disney's pre-existing no weapons allowed policy. The case was later dropped by the plaintiff citing personal and financial reasons. Disney claims that they are exempt from the new state law, on the basis of their having a fireworks license for conducting nightly fireworks shows at Disney World.[19][20]

text: Castle doctrine and "stand your ground"[edit]

text: "Castle doctrine" refers to the generally accepted common-law principle that one is not required to retreat when in one's own dwelling. Eliminating the requirement to retreat outside the home (i.e. in public) is generally referred to as a "stand your ground" law. As of October 1, 2005, Florida became a "No Duty to Retreat" (i.e. Stand Your Ground) state. Florida Castle Doctrine law establishes that law-abiding residents and visitors may legally presume the threat of bodily harm or death from anyone who breaks into a residence or occupied vehicle and may use defensive force, including deadly force, against the intruder. With the passage of Florida's Stand Your Ground law, this principle now also applies in any other place where a person "has a right to be." Essentially, that person has "no duty to retreat" if attacked and may "meet force with force, including deadly force if he or she reasonably believes it is necessary to do so to prevent death or great bodily harm to himself or herself or another or to prevent the commission of a forcible felony". Note that all of the generally accepted common-law principles of self-defense must still be followed.[21]

text: A person who uses force within the parameters of the law is immune from criminal prosecution or civil action and cannot be arrested unless a law enforcement agency determines there is probable cause that the force used was unlawful. If a civil action is brought and the court finds the defendant to be immune under the law, the defendant will be awarded all costs of defense.

text: Firearm sales[edit]

text: As of 2018, one must be at least 21 years old to purchase any firearm in Florida.[12] Florida law does not restrict private firearms transfers between Florida residents.

text: The Florida Constitution, Art VIII Sec. 5(b), permits counties to enact ordinances that require a criminal history records check and a 3 to 5-day waiting period when any part of a firearm sale is conducted on property to which the public has the "right of access",[22] such as at a gun show conducted on public property. These local option ordinances may not be applied to holders of a concealed weapons license.[23] As of 2018, this waiting period applies to all counties, with exceptions for concealed weapons licensees, hunters, military, and law enforcement.[12] Prior, only Miami-Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Hillsborough, and Volusia counties had enacted such ordinances.

text: Other laws[edit]

text: Under Florida's red flag law, the police can get judicial approval to confiscate, for up to a year, the firearms of a person deemed a danger to themselves or others.[12][24]

text: The possession of a bump stock is illegal. This is a gun stock that can be used to increase the rate of fire of a semi-automatic rifle.[25][24]


document_title: Bowl eligibility

question_text: how many games does a football team have to win to be bowl eligible

text: Bowl eligibility

text: History[edit]

text: On April 26, 2006, the NCAA announced that they were relaxing the rules for eligibility starting with the 2006 season, particularly in light of the new twelve-game college football season. Now, teams with a minimum non-losing, or .500, record can qualify for bowl games if their conference has a contract with a bowl game. Also, other teams with a minimum non-losing .500 record (i.e. 6–6) could earn bowl bids if all other FBS teams with winning records have been taken and postseason spots still remain vacant. In thirteen-game seasons (used because of conference championship games, or allowable for Hawaiʻi and any of its home opponents in a given season), a team must win seven games.[2]

text: Occasionally there will be more bowl eligible teams than there are spots in the NCAA football bowl games in the season. In these cases, some bowl eligible teams will not be invited to play in any NCAA football bowl game. Typically, teams with seven or more wins will not be left out of bowl games, although many seasons, most recently 2012, see at least one such team uninvited. Before the 2010–11 season, the Division I rulebook, specifically Bylaw 30.9.2.1, had several provisions that attempted to ensure that teams with seven wins will receive preference for bowl bids:[3]

text:
Bowl games that have a contract with a conference must select a team with at least seven wins if one is available.
Any bowl berths that become eligible when a conference fails to meet its contracted tie-ins must first be filled by any eligible seven-win teams before any remaining FBS 6–6 teams can be accommodated.
Additionally, conferences are not allowed to sign contingency agreements with bowl games that would allow 6–6 teams from their conferences to receive bowl berths at the expense of any potential team with seven or more wins. While this does not prevent conferences from signing contingency agreements that are triggered when a second conference is unable to provide enough eligible teams to fill all of its contracted berths, it does not allow a 6–6 team from the contingency conference access to a bowl game over a seven win team from a third conference.

tag: ul

text: In 2008, these rules affected bowls contracted to the Big 12 and Pac-10, which each had at least one more bowl slot than eligible teams. The same applies to bowls contracted to the SEC. However, in that season, the WAC had a contingency agreement with one of the Pac-10's bowls, specifically the Poinsettia Bowl, providing that the bowl would select a WAC team (ultimately Boise State) if the Pac-10 did not have enough teams to fulfill their bowl contracts. The same contingency agreement applied in that season to the Sun Belt Conference and the Papa John's, Independence & St. Petersburg Bowls. Similarly, these rules affected bowls contracted to the ACC in 2009 because that conference has nine bowl tie-ins, but only had seven eligible teams that season.

text: Starting with the 2010–11 bowl season, the rule that required the selection of seven-win teams before any 6–6 teams was eliminated.[4] The first season of the new rule saw Temple go uninvited despite going 8–4, including a win over eventual Big East BCS representative Connecticut. In the 2011-12 bowl season, the UCLA Bruins were invited to a bowl game despite a losing record after playing a conference championship game (6-6 in regular season, played and lost in Pac-12 Championship Game in extenuating circumstances), while 7-5 winning team Western Kentucky and 6-6 non-losing team Ball State did not receive invites.

text: Like NCAA sports where a tournament determines an automatic conference bid to the postseason tournament, a team can finish with a losing record (or a winning record but not eligible because of FCS wins) and still appear in a bowl game. In another change to bowl eligibility rules that took effect in 2010–11, a team that wins its conference but has an overall losing record must receive an NCAA waiver to appear in a bowl game.[5] Previously, the waiver required no NCAA action. The new rule is still largely consistent with the NCAA rules in all other team sports, where a team that has a losing record that wins their conference championship through the conference tournament earns the automatic bid to the NCAA tournament.[6]

text: The NCAA typically awarded waivers in extenuating circumstances when a 6-6 team played in a conference championship game as a result of the division winning team being ineligible because of sanctions. This prevents the conference championship game from affecting bowl eligibility of team that advances to the conference championship in case of division-winning teams being sanctioned. The Pac-12 and ACC have both used it for such division champions, UCLA in 2011 and Georgia Tech in 2012, both of which were 6-6 and advanced to the conference championship game as a result of sanctions to the division winning teams (USC in the 2011 Pac-12 South, North Carolina and Miami in the 2012 ACC Coastal). Both lost in their conference championship games, but the NCAA awarded both waivers.[7]

text: Starting with the 2013 season, this waiver is established by rule and all 6-6 teams participating in a conference championship game will be bowl eligible.[8]

text: On August 2, 2012, the NCAA Division I Board of Directors approved a significant change to the process to determine bowl eligible teams, going so far as to potentially allow 5-7 teams to go to a bowl, in case there were not enough regular bowl-eligible teams to fill every game. If a bowl has one or more conferences/teams unable to meet their contractual commitments and there are no available bowl-eligible teams, the open spots can be filled – by the particular bowl's sponsoring agencies – as follows:[9]

text:
Teams finishing 6-6 with one win against a team from the lower Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), regardless of whether that FCS school meets NCAA scholarship requirements. Until now, an FCS win counted only if that opponent met the scholarship requirements—specifically, that school had to award at least 90% of the FCS maximum of 63 scholarship equivalents over a two-year period. In the 2012 season, programs in four FCS conferences cannot meet the 90% requirement (56.7 equivalents)—the Ivy League, which prohibits all athletic scholarships; the Pioneer Football League and Georgetown, which do not currently award football scholarships; and the Northeast Conference, which limits football scholarships to 38 equivalents.
6-6 teams with two wins over FCS schools.
Teams that finish 6-7 with loss number seven in their conference championship game (that has been eliminated by the conference championship waiver rule).
6-7 teams that normally play a 13-team schedule, such as Hawaii's home opponents. Although Hawaii normally plays a 13-game schedule, it only played 12 games in the 2012 season.
FCS teams who are in the final year of the two-year FBS transition process, if they have at least a 6-6 record.
Finally, 5-7 teams that have a top-5 Academic Progress Rate (APR) score. This was later adjusted to allow other 5-7 teams to be selected thereafter—in order of their APR.[9]

text: The 2015-16 bowl season featured a record 40 bowl games, and 3 teams with losing records (5-7 San Jose State, 5-7 Minnesota, 5-7 Nebraska). [10] Despite this, the Arizona Bowl was unable to fill teams for its Conference USA or alternate Sun Belt Conference tie-ins, leading to both teams being Mountain West Conference teams, and the first time since the 1979 Orange Bowl that a non-championship bowl game was played between members of the same conference.[11]


document_title: Digestive enzyme

question_text: what is the name of the protease which is released in the stomach

text: Digestive enzyme

text: Mouth[edit]

text: Complex food substances that are taken by animals and humans must be broken down into simple, soluble, and diffusible substances before they can be absorbed. In the oral cavity, salivary glands secrete an array of enzymes and substances that aid in digestion and also disinfection. They include the following:[1]

text:
lingual lipase: Lipid digestion initiates in the mouth. Lingual lipase starts the digestion of the lipids/fats.
Salivary amylase: Carbohydrate digestion also initiates in the mouth. Amylase, produced by the salivary glands, breaks complex carbohydrates to smaller chains, or even simple sugars. It is sometimes referred to as ptyalin.
lysozyme: Considering that food contains more than just essential nutrients, e.g. bacteria or viruses, the lysozome offers a limited and non-specific, yet beneficial antiseptic function in digestion.

text: Of note is the diversity of the salivary glands. There are two types of salivary glands:

text:
serous glands: These glands produce a secretion rich in water, electrolytes, and enzymes. A great example of a serous oral gland is the parotid gland.
Mixed glands: These glands have both serous cells and mucous cells, and include sublingual and submandibular glands. Their secretion is mucinous and high in viscosity.

text: Stomach[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The enzymes that are secreted in the stomach are gastric enzymes. The stomach plays a major role in digestion, both in a mechanical sense by mixing and crushing the food, and also in an enzymatic sense, by digesting it. The following are enzymes produced by the stomach and their respective function:

text:
Pepsin is the main gastric enzyme. It is produced by the stomach cells called "chief cells" in its inactive form pepsinogen, which is a zymogen. Pepsinogen is then activated by the stomach acid into its active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down the protein in the food into smaller particles, such as peptide fragments and amino acids. Protein digestion, therefore, first starts in the stomach, unlike carbohydrate and lipids, which start their digestion in the mouth.
Gastric lipase: Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa in the stomach. It has a pH optimum of 3–6. Gastric lipase, together with lingual lipase, comprise the two acidic lipases. These lipases, unlike alkaline lipases (such as pancreatic lipase), do not require bile acid or colipase for optimal enzymatic activity. Acidic lipases make up 30% of lipid hydrolysis occurring during digestion in the human adult, with gastric lipase contributing the most of the two acidic lipases. In neonates, acidic lipases are much more important, providing up to 50% of total lipolytic activity.

text: Hormones or compounds produced by the stomach and their respective function:

text:
Hydrochloric acid (HCl): This is in essence positively charged hydrogen atoms (H+), or in lay-terms stomach acid, and is produced by the cells of the stomach called parietal cells. HCl mainly functions to denature the proteins ingested, to destroy any bacteria or virus that remains in the food, and also to activate pepsinogen into pepsin.
Intrinsic factor (IF): Intrinsic factor is produced by the parietal cells of the stomach. Vitamin B12 (Vit. B12) is an important vitamin that requires assistance for absorption in terminal ileum. Initially in the saliva, haptocorrin secreted by salivary glands binds Vit. B, creating a Vit. B12-Haptocorrin complex. The purpose of this complex is to protect Vitamin B12 from hydrochloric acid produced in the stomach. Once the stomach content exits the stomach into the duodenum, haptocorrin is cleaved with pancreatic enzymes, releasing the intact vitamin B12. Intrinsic factor (IF) produced by the parietal cells then binds Vitamin B12, creating a Vit. B12-IF complex. This complex is then absorbed at the terminal portion of the ileum.
Mucin: The stomach has a priority to destroy the bacteria and viruses using its highly acidic environment but also has a duty to protect its own lining from its acid. The way that the stomach achieves this is by secreting mucin and bicarbonate via its mucous cells, and also by having a rapid cell turn-over.
Gastrin: This is an important hormone produced by the "G cells" of the stomach. G cells produce gastrin in response to stomach stretching occurring after food enters it, and also after stomach exposure to protein. Gastrin is an endocrine hormone and therefore enters the bloodstream and eventually returns to the stomach where it stimulates parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and Intrinsic factor (IF).

text: Of note is the division of function between the cells covering the stomach. There are four types of cells in the stomach:

text:
Parietal cells: Produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.
Gastric chief cells: Produce pepsinogen. Chief cells are mainly found in the body of stomach, which is the middle or superior anatomic portion of the stomach.
Mucous neck and pit cells: Produce mucin and bicarbonate to create a "neutral zone" to protect the stomach lining from the acid or irritants in the stomach chyme.
G cells: Produce the hormone gastrin in response to distention of the stomach mucosa or protein, and stimulate parietal cells production of their secretion. G cells are located in the antrum of the stomach, which is the most inferior region of the stomach.

text: Secretion by the previous cells is controlled by the enteric nervous system. Distention in the stomach or innervation by the vagus nerve (via the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system) activates the ENS, in turn leading to the release of acetylcholine. Once present, acetylcholine activates G cells and parietal cells.

text: Pancreas[edit]

text: Pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland, in that it functions to produce endocrinic hormones released into the circulatory system (such as insulin, and glucagon), to control glucose metabolism, and also to secrete digestive/exocrinic pancreatic juice, which is secreted eventually via the pancreatic duct into duodenum. Digestive or exocrine function of pancreas is as significant to the maintenance of health as its endocrine function.

text: Two of the population of cells in the pancreatic parenchyma make up its digestive enzymes:

text:
Ductal cells: Mainly responsible for production of bicarbonate (HCO3), which acts to neutralize the acidity of the stomach chyme entering duodenum through the pylorus. Ductal cells of the pancreas are stimulated by the hormone secretin to produce their bicarbonate-rich secretions, in what is in essence a bio-feedback mechanism; highly acidic stomach chyme entering the duodenum stimulates duodenal cells called "S cells" to produce the hormone secretin and release to the bloodstream. Secretin having entered the blood eventually comes into contact with the pancreatic ductal cells, stimulating them to produce their bicarbonate-rich juice. It is interesting to note that secretin also inhibits production of gastrin by "G cells", and also stimulates acinar cells of the pancreas to produce their pancreatic enzyme.
Acinar cells: Mainly responsible for production of the inactive pancreatic enzymes (zymogens) that, once present in the small bowel, become activated and perform their major digestive functions by breaking down proteins, fat, and DNA/RNA. Acinar cells are stimulated by cholecystokinin (CCK), which is a hormone/neurotransmitter produced by the intestinal cells (I cells) in the duodenum. CCK stimulates production of the pancreatic zymogens.

text: Pancreatic juice, composed of the secretions of both ductal and acinar cells, is made up of the following digestive enzymes:[2]

text:
Trypsinogen, which is an inactive(zymogenic) protease that, once activated in the duodenum into trypsin, breaks down proteins at the basic amino acids. Trypsinogen is activated via the duodenal enzyme enterokinase into its active form trypsin.
Chymotrypsinogen, which is an inactive (zymogenic) protease that, once activated by duodenal enterokinase, turns into chymotrypsin and breaks down proteins at their aromatic amino acids. Chymotrypsinogen can also be activated by trypsin.
Carboxypeptidase, which is a protease that takes off the terminal amino acid group from a protein
Several elastases that degrade the protein elastin and some other proteins.
Pancreatic lipase that degrades triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
Sterol esterase
Phospholipase
Several nucleases that degrade nucleic acids, like DNAase and RNAase
Pancreatic amylase that breaks down starch and glycogen which are alpha-linked glucose polymers. Humans lack the cellulases to digest the carbohydrate cellulose which is a beta-linked glucose polymer.

text: Pancreas's exocrine function owes part of its immaculate function to bio-feedback mechanisms controlling secretion of its juice. The following significant pancreatic bio-feedback mechanisms are essential to the maintenance of pancreatic juice balance/production:[3]

text:
Secretin, a hormone produced by the duodenal "S cells" in response to the stomach chyme containing high hydrogen atom concentration (high acidicity), is released into the blood stream; upon return to the digestive tract, secretion decreases gastric emptying, increases secretion of the pancreatic ductal cells, as well as stimulating pancreatic acinar cells to release their zymogenic juice.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a unique peptide released by the duodenal "I cells" in response to chyme containing high fat or protein content. Unlike secretin, which is an endocrine hormone, CCK actually works via stimulation of a neuronal circuit, the end-result of which is stimulation of the acinar cells to release their content. CCK also increases gallbladder contraction, resulting in bile squeezed into the cystic duct, common bile duct and eventually the duodenum. Bile of course helps absorption of the fat by emulsifying it, increasing its absorptive surface. Bile is made by the liver, but is stored in the gallbladder.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is produced by the mucosal duodenal cells in response to chyme containing high amounts of carbohydrate, proteins, and fatty acids. Main function of GIP is to decrease gastric emptying.
Somatostatin is a hormone produced by the mucosal cells of the duodenum and also the "delta cells" of the pancreas. Somatostatin has a major inhibitory effect, including on pancreatic production.

text: Small intestine[edit]

text: The following enzymes/hormones are produced in the duodenum:

text:
secretin: This is an endocrine hormone produced by the duodenal "S cells" in response to the acidity of the gastric chyme.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a unique peptide released by the duodenal "I cells" in response to chyme containing high fat or protein content. Unlike secretin, which is an endocrine hormone, CCK actually works via stimulation of a neuronal circuit, the end-result of which is stimulation of the acinar cells to release their content.[4] CCK also increases gallbladder contraction, causing release of pre-stored bile into the cystic duct, and eventually into the common bile duct and via the ampulla of Vater into the second anatomic position of the duodenum. CCK also decreases the tone of the sphincter of Oddi, which is the sphincter that regulates flow through the ampulla of Vater. CCK also decreases gastric activity and decreases gastric emptying, thereby giving more time to the pancreatic juices to neutralize the acidity of the gastric chyme.
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP): This peptide decreases gastric motility and is produced by duodenal mucosal cells.
motilin: This substance increases gastro-intestinal motility via specialized receptors called "motilin receptors".
somatostatin: This hormone is produced by duodenal mucosa and also by the delta cells of the pancreas. Its main function is to inhibit a variety of secretory mechanisms.

text: Throughout the lining of the small intestine there are numerous brush border enzymes whose function is to further break down the chyme released from the stomach into absorbable particles. These enzymes are absorbed whilst peristalsis occurs. Some of these enzymes include:

text:
Erepsin: converts peptones and polypeptides into amino acids.
Maltase: converts maltose into glucose.
Lactase: This is a significant enzyme that converts lactose into glucose and galactose. A majority of Middle-Eastern and Asian populations lack this enzyme. This enzyme also decreases with age. As such lactose intolerance is often a common abdominal complaint in the Middle-Eastern, Asian, and older populations, manifesting with bloating, abdominal pain, and osmotic diarrhea.
Sucrase: converts sucrose into glucose and fructose.
Other disaccharidases


document_title: List of Mount Everest records

question_text: who holds the record for most everest summits

text: List of Mount Everest records

text: Records[edit]

text: Highest number of times to reach the summit[edit]

text: † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Highest number of times to reach the summit
21
Apa Sherpa
   Nepal
2012-05-11 !May 11, 2011
[1]

Phurba Tashi Sherpa
   Nepal
2013-05-19 !May 19, 2013
[2]

Kami Rita Sherpa
   Nepal
2013-05-19 !May 19, 2013
[2]

text: Other number of times records[edit]

text: † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Most ascents by a woman
8
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[3][4][5]

Most summits without supplemental oxygen
10
Ang Rita
   Nepal
1996-05-23 !May 23, 1996
[6]

Most summits by a foreigner †
15
Dave Hahn
 United States

[7][8][9]

Most ascents by a foreign woman †
6
Melissa Arnot
 United States

[10][11]

text: First to summit a certain number of times[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit
Summited
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
 New Zealand,    Nepal
1953-05-29 !May 29, 1953

First woman to summit once
Summited
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12]

First to summit twice
2
Nawang Gombu
   Nepal
1963, 1965
[13][14][15]

First woman to summit twice
2
Santosh Yadav
 India
1992, 1993
[16]

First to summit three times
3 by 1982
Sungdare Sherpa
   Nepal

[17]

First woman to summit three times
3 by 2003
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[18]

First to summit 4 times
4 by 1985
Sungdare Sherpa
   Nepal

[19]

First woman to summit 4 times
4 by 2004
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[20]

First to summit 5 times
5 by 1988
Sungdare Sherpa
   Nepal

[19]

First woman to summit 5 times
5 by 2005
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[21]

First person to summit 6 times
6 by 1990
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[19]

First woman to summit 6 times
6 by 2006
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

First person to summit 7 times
7 by 1992
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[22]

First woman to summit 7 times
7 by 2016
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[3]

First person to summit 8 times
8 by 1993
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[22]

First person to summit 9 times
9 by 1995
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[23]

First person to summit 10 times
10 by 1996
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[23]

First person to summit 11 times
11 by 2000
Apa Sherpa
   Nepal

[24]

text: Apa continued to increase in summits until 2011, achieving 21 times.[25]

text: Double summiting records[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

First dual ascent made by a woman on Mount Everest summit within five days
Summited
Anshu Jamsenpa
 India
21 May 2017
[26]

text: Fastest ascents[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp
with supplemental oxygen
8 hours and 10 minutes
Pemba Dorje
   Nepal
2004-05-21 !May 21, 2004
[27]

Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp
without supplemental oxygena
20 hours and 24 minutes
Aman Kumar Sinha
 India
1998-10-17 !October 17, 2008
[28]

Fastest ascent without supplemental oxygen
and fastest ascent from Everest North Base Camp
16 hours and 45 minutes
Hans Kammerlander
 Italy
1996-5-24 !May 24, 1996
[29]

Longest stay on the summit
21 hours
Babu Chiri Sherpa
   Nepal
1999-05-06 !May 6, 1999
[30]

text: Deadliest accident[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Nation
Date
Ref

Most deaths in one day at Everest
22
   Nepal, China
2015-04-25 !April 25, 2015
[31]

text: Oldest summiters[edit]

text: This table shows the progression of the record for oldest male summiter, as well as some additional examples of aged summiters for comparison

text:
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

80 years 224 days
Yuichiro Miura (b 1932)
 Japan
2013-05-23 !May 23, 2013
[32]

76 years 340 days
Min Bahadur Sherchan (b 1931)
   Nepal
2008
[32][33][34]

75 years 227 days
Yuichiro Miura
 Japan
2008
[32][33][34]

72 years
Bill Burke
 United States
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[35][36]

71 years 61 days
Katsusuke Yanagisawa
 Japan
2007-05-22 !May 22, 2007
[37][38]

70 years 225 days
Takao Arayama
 Japan
May 2006
[38][39]

70 years 222 days
Yuichiro Miura
 Japan
May 2003
[32][33][38][39]

65 years 176 days
Tomiyasu Ishikawa
 Japan
2002-05-17 !17 May 2002
[40]

65 years
Sir Ranulph Fiennes (b 1944)
 United Kingdom
2009-05-21 !21 May 2009
[41]

64 years
Sherman Bull
 United States
2001-05-25 !May 25, 2001
[42][43]

63 years 311 days
Toshio Yamamoto
 Japan
2000
[44][45]

60 years 161 days
Lev Sarkisov
 Georgia
1999-05-12 !May 12, 1999
[44][46]

60 years 160 days
Ramon Balanca (Blanco) Suarez
 Venezuela
1993 (b. 1933)
[47]

55 years
Richard Bass (b. 1929)
 United States
April 1985
[47][48]

50 years
Chris Bonington (b. 1934)
 United Kingdom
April 1985
[47]

50 years
Jozef Psotka (b. 1934, died on descent)
 Czechoslovakia
October 1984
[47]

50 years 118 days
Gerhard Schmatz (b 1929)
 West Germany
October 1979
[40][49]

49 years 52 days
Pierre Mazeaud (b 1929)
 France
15 Oct 1978
[40]

42 years 6 months
Sonam Gyatso (b 1922)
 India
22 May 1965
[40]

39 years
Tenzing Norgay (b 1914)
   Nepal
29 May 1953
[40]

text: Norgay was older than Hillary, so they became the modern day starting point for oldest and youngest climbers respectively.

text: This table shows the progression of the record for oldest female summiter.

text:
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

73 years 180 days
Tamae Watanabe
 Japan
2012-05-19 !May 19, 2012
[50][51]

63 years 177 days
Tamae Watanabe
 Japan
2002-05-16 !May 16, 2002
[50][51]

50 years
Anna Czerwińska
 Poland
2000-05-22 !May 22, 2000
[52]

47 years 98 days (died in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster)
Yasuko Namba
 Japan
1996-05-10 !May 10, 1996
[51]

47 years 21 days
Mary Lefever
 United States
1993-05-19 !May 19, 1993
[40]

39 years 228 days (died on descent)
Hannelore Schmatz
 Germany
1979-10-02 !October 10, 1979
[40]

35 years, 236 days
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12][40]

text: Junko Tabei was the first woman to reach the summit, and thus set the initial records for both oldest and youngest female summiter.

text: Youngest summiters[edit]

text: Due to some variations in record keeping, there may be some variation in the examples

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest
13 years 10 months 10 days old
Jordan Romero
 United States
2010-05-22 !May 22, 2010
[53]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2003-2010)
15 years old
Ming Kipa (female)
   Nepal
2003-05-24 !May 24, 2003
[54][55][56]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2001-2003)
16-year 14 days old
Temba Tsheri
   Nepal
2001-5-24 !May 24, 2001
[42]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (1990–2001)
17 years old
Bertrand Roche
 France
1990-5-24 !1990
[42]

text: Purna was about a month older than Romero at the time of her summiting in 2014:

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Next youngest person and youngest female
13 years 11 months old
Malavath Purna
 India
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[57][58]

text: Youngest female[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Youngest girl to climb Mount Everest
13 years and 11 months old
Malavath Purna
 India
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[57][58]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2003-2010)
15 years old
Ming Kipa
   Nepal
2003-05-24 !May 24, 2003
[54][55][56]

Youngest woman up to Summit Everest up to that time
19 years 35 days
Dicky Dolma
 India
May 10, 1993
[59]

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
22 years, 273 days
Kim Soon-Jo
 South Korea
May 10, 1993

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
24 years, 215 days
Santosh Yadav
 India
May 12, 1992

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
27 years 5 days
Lydia Bradey
 New Zealand
October 14, 1988
[40][60]

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
29-year 2 days
Sharon Wood
 Canada
May 20, 1986
[40]

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
30 years 28 days
Bachendri Pal
 India
May 23, 1984
[40]

First (so both the youngest and oldest) woman to summit
35 years 236 days
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12][40]

text: See also

text:
Nimdoma Sherpa
Samantha Larson
Nima Chhamzi Sherpa, summited May 19, 2012 at the age of 16.[61]

text: Firsts[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit
Summited
Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
 New Zealand,    Nepal
1953-05-29 !May 29, 1953

Youngest female person to climb from Tibetan Side of Everest
Summited
Malavath Purna
 India
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[57][58]

First woman to reach the summit
Summited
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12]

First ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler
 Italy,  Austria
May 8, 1978

First winter ascent
Summited
Krzysztof Wielicki and Leszek Cichy
 POL
February 17, 1980

First solo ascent, simultaneously first solo ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Reinhold Messner
 Italy
August 20, 1980

First paraglider descent from summit
Summited, descended by paraglider
Jean-Marc Boivin
 France
September 26, 1988
[62]

First female ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Lydia Bradey
 New Zealand
October 14, 1988
[60]

First Nepalese woman to successfully summit and descend
Summited, descended
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal
May 18, 2000
[63]

First to descend on a snowboard
Summited, descended by snowboard
Marco Siffredi
 France
May, 2001

First person to reach the summit from three different routes (South Col., North Face and Khangshung Face)
Summited by 3 routes
Kushang Sherpa
 India
1993- 2003
[64]
[65]

First two people to marry on top of Mount Everest
Summited, married
Pem Dorjee and Moni Mulepati
   Nepal
May 30, 2005
[66]

First twins to climb Mount Everest together
Summited
Tashi and Nungshi Malik
 India
May 19, 2013
[67]

First to climb the Everest Triple Crown
Summited
Kenton Cool and Dorje Gylgen
 United Kingdom,   Nepal
May 21, 2013
[68]

First to recite national anthem at everest
Summited
Ratnesh Pandey
 India
May 21, 2016

text: Disabled or diseased summiters[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Amputated foot
Summited Everest
Tom Whittaker
 United States
May 27, 1998
[69]

Blind
Summited Everest via South Col
Erik Weihenmayer
 United States
May 25, 2001

Cystic fibrosis
Summited Everest
Nick Talbot
 United Kingdom
May 2016
[70]

Left arm amputated
Summited Everest
Gary Guller
 United States
May 23, 2003
[71]

Double leg amputee
Summited Everest
Mark Inglis
 New Zealand
May 15, 2006

Right leg amputee
Summited Everest
Nelson Cardona
 Colombia
May 17, 2010
[72]

With no fingers
Summited Everest
Kim Hong-Bin
 South Korea
May 16, 2007
[73][74]

Double arm amputee
Summited Everest
Sudarshan Gautam
   Nepal  Canada
May 20, 2013
[75][76]

Female amputee (one leg)
Summited Everest
Arunima Sinha
 India
May 21, 2013
[77]

Hemophiliac
Summited Everest
Chris Bombardier
 United States
May 22, 2017
[78]

Insulin-dependent diabetic
Summited Everest
Geri Winkler
 Austria
May 20, 2006
[79][80]

Type I diabetes
Summited Everest
Will Cross
 United States
May 23, 2006
[81][82][83]

Multiple sclerosis first woman
Summited Everest
Lori Schneider
 United States
May 23, 2009
[84][85]

Multiple sclerosis first man
Summited Everest
Niels van Buren
 The Netherlands
May 2016
[86]

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis and partially blind
Summited Everest
Cindy Abbott
 United States
May 23, 2010
[87][88]

Crohn's disease and ostomy
Summited South Summit of Everest
Rob Hill
 Canada
May 25, 2010
[89][90]

Cancer survivor (Hodgkins disease and Askin's sarcoma); one lung
Summit
Sean Swarner
 United States
May 16, 2002
[91][92]

Blind
Summited Everest via North Col
Andy Holzer
 Austria
May 21, 2017
[93]

First cancer patient
Summited Everest
Ian Toothill
 United Kingdom
May 27, 2017
[94]

text: Other[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Overflight of summit
8848m
David McIntyre and Sir Douglas Douglas-Hamilton
 United Kingdom
1933-04-03 !April 3, 1933
[95]

Highest of rotorcraft landing and take-off
8848m
Didier Delsalle
 France
2005-05-00 !May, 2005
[96]

text:
Elizabeth Hawley, has kept records for Everest from 1960s to at least 2015.[97]
Marc Kopp was the first disabled person to skydive over Mount Everest, in 2013; he suffers from multiple sclerosis.[98]

text: Nepali records[edit]

text: Many Mount Everest records are held by Nepali, especially those from the Sherpa region who are synonymous with hospitality, hard-work, and brave alpinism.

text:
On 11 May 2011, Apa Sherpa successfully reached the summit of Everest for the twenty-first time, breaking his own record for the most successful ascents.[99] He first climbed Mount Everest in 1989 at the age of 29.[100]

Phurba Tashi Sherpa (also 21 times)
Kami Rita Sherpa (21 times by 2017)

One famous Nepalese female mountaineers was Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest, but who died during the descent. Another well-known woman Sherpa was the two-time Everest summiter Pemba Doma Sherpa, who died after falling from Lhotse on 22 May 2007.[101]
Nepali mountaineer Lhakpa Sherpa, the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest and descend from it, has stood atop of Everest 7 times by 2016 and 8 times by 2017, the most times for woman.[102][103]

text: Another examples of noted Nepali Everest mountaineers:

text:
Temba Tsheri
Nima Chhamzi Sherpa
Nimdoma Sherpa
Ming Kipa
Chhurim

text: About names: Many Nepalese are only given one name, and are often named for a day of the week

text: One source of confusion was in record keeping was that the South side was essentially closed in 2014 due to an avalanche disrupting the Khumbu Icefall. So most of the summiters summited from the North side, except for a small a group that flew a helicopter over the Khumbu Icefall, even though it was not open. This is why in 2016 Adrian Ballinger said on Instagram "9 Sherpa using supplemental oxygen became the first to summit on the South Side of Everest in the past 3 years" in 2016.[104] The full Nepal route to the summit was not open in 2014 or in 2015, but there was a group that summited from the south side in 2014 as part of a Chinese team that used a helicopter to reach that area.[104]

text: Most summits in one day[edit]

text: For the Mountain overall, the most in one day is May 19, 2012 when 179-234 reached the top.[105][106][107]

text: Everest base camp records[edit]

text: Records for non-summits such about the main Nepal-side Base camp:

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Fastest run from Everest Base Camp to Kathmandu
63 hours 8 minutes
Sam Finch (Ashleworth)
 United Kingdom
2013-21-04  !Apr 21, 2013
[citation needed]

Youngest person to trek to Everest Base Camp
Age: 4
Virat Sheokand
 India
April 2017

Youngest children to trek to Everest Base Camp
Ages: 6 and 8
James and Tobin Aidan O'Donnell
 United Kingdom
August 2016
[108]

Youngest siblings to trek to Everest Base Camp
Ages: 6, 8 and 11
James, Tobin and Aidan O'Donnell
 United Kingdom
August 2016
[108]

First person with Down's Syndrome to Everest Base Camp
15 years old
Eli Reimer
 United States
2013
[109]

Youngest Australian to trek to Everest Base Camp
9 years old
Oscar Squirrell
 Australia
April 2017

text: Some Everest-related marathons that start at Base camp or near Everest include the Everest Marathon, Tenzing Hillary Everest Marathon, and the Mount Everest Challenge Marathon.[110]

text: Death statistics[edit]


document_title: Category:Indian astronauts

question_text: how many indian astronauts have gone to space

text: Category:Indian astronauts

text: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astronauts from India.

text: Pages in category "Indian astronauts"

text: The following 2 pages are in this category, out of  2 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

text: M

text: Ravish Malhotra

text: S

text: Rakesh Sharma

text: Astronauts by nationalityIndian people by occupationSpace programme of India


document_title: Because I could not stop for Death

question_text: where was because i could not stop for death published

text: Because I could not stop for Death

text: Summary[edit]

text: The poem was published posthumously in 1890 in Poems: Series 1, a collection of Dickinson's poems assembled and edited by her friends Mabel Loomis Todd and Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The poem was published under the title "The Chariot". It is composed in six quatrains with the meter alternating between iambic tetrameter and iambic trimeter. Stanzas 1, 2, 4, and 6 employ end rhyme in their second and fourth lines, but some of these are only close rhyme or eye rhyme. In the third stanza, there is no end rhyme, but "ring" in line 2 rhymes with "gazing" and "setting" in lines 3 and 4 respectively. Internal rhyme is scattered throughout. Figures of speech include alliteration, anaphora, paradox, and personification. The poem personifies Death as a gentleman caller who takes a leisurely carriage ride with the poet to her grave. She also personifies immortality.[1] The volta (turn) happens in the fourth quatrain. Structurally, the syllables shift from its constant 8-6-8-6 scheme to 6-8-8-6. This parallels with the undertones of the sixth quatrain. The personification of death changes from one of pleasantry to one of ambiguity and morbidity: "Or rather--He passed Us-- / The Dews drew quivering and chill--" (13-14). The imagery changes from its original nostalgic form of children playing and setting suns to Death's real concern of taking the speaker to afterlife.

text: Text[edit]

text:
Close transcription[2]
First published version[3]

Because I could not stop for Death —
He kindly stopped for me —
The Carriage held but just Ourselves —
And Immortality.

We slowly drove — He knew no haste
And I had put away
My labor and my leisure too,
For His Civility —

We passed the School, where Children strove
At Recess — in the Ring —
We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain —
We passed the Setting Sun —

Or rather — He passed Us —
The Dews drew quivering and Chill —
For only Gossamer, my Gown —
My Tippet — only Tulle —

We paused before a House that seemed
A Swelling of the Ground —
The Roof was scarcely visible —
The Cornice — in the Ground —

Since then — 'tis Centuries — and yet
Feels shorter than the Day
I first surmised the Horses' Heads
Were toward Eternity —

THE CHARIOT

Because I could not stop for Death,
He kindly stopped for me;
The carriage held but just ourselves
And Immortality.

We slowly drove, he knew no haste,
And I had put away
My labor, and my leisure too,
For his civility.

We passed the school where children played,
Their lessons scarcely done;
We passed the fields of gazing grain,
We passed the setting sun.

We paused before a house that seemed
A swelling of the ground;
The roof was scarcely visible,
The cornice but a mound.

Since then 'tis centuries; but each
Feels shorter than the day
I first surmised the horses' heads
Were toward eternity.

text: Critique[edit]

text: In 1936 Allen Tate wrote, "[The poem] exemplifies better than anything else [Dickinson] wrote the special quality of her mind ... If the word great means anything in poetry, this poem is one of the greatest in the English language; it is flawless to the last detail. The rhythm charges with movement the pattern of suspended action back of the poem. Every image is precise and, moreover, not merely beautiful, but inextricably fused with the central idea. Every image extends and intensifies every other ... No poet could have invented the elements of [this poem]; only a great poet could have used them so perfectly. Miss Dickinson was a deep mind writing from a deep culture, and when she came to poetry, she came infallibly.”[4]

text: Musical settings[edit]

text: The poem has been set to music by Aaron Copland as the twelfth song of his song cycle Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson. And again, by John Adams as the second movement of his choral symphony Harmonium, and also set to music by Nicholas J. White as a single movement piece for chorus and chamber orchestra. Natalie Merchant and Susan McKeown have created a song of the same name while preserving Dickinson's exact poem in its lyrics.