document_title: Google Chrome version history

question_text: when was the latest version of chrome released

text: Google Chrome version history

text: The following table summarizes the release history for the Google Chrome web browser.

text:
Discontinued

Stable channel

Beta channel

Dev channel

Canary channel

text:
Major version
Release date
Layout engine[r 1]
V8 engine[r 2]
Significant changes

0.2.149
2008-09-02
WebKit 522
0.3

First release[r 3]

0.3.154
2008-10-29

Improved plugin performance and reliability
Spell checking for input fields
Improved web proxy performance and reliability
Tab and window management updates

0.4.154
2008-11-24
WebKit 525

Bookmark manager with import and export support
Privacy section added to the application options
New blocked popup notification

1.0.154
2008-12-11
WebKit 528

First stable release

2.0.172
2009-05-24
WebKit 530
0.4

35% faster JavaScript on the SunSpider benchmark
Mouse wheel support
Full-screen mode
Full-page zoom
Form auto-fill
Sort bookmarks by title
Tab docking to browser and desktop edges
Basic Greasemonkey support[r 4]

3.0.195
2009-10-12
WebKit 532
1.2

New "new tab" page for improved customization
25% faster JavaScript
HTML5 video and audio tag support
Lightweight theming

4.0.249
2010-01-25
WebKit 532.5
1.3

Extensions
Bookmark synchronization
Enhanced developer tools
Improved HTML5 support
Performance improvements
Full ACID3 pass
HTTP byte range support
Experimental new anti-reflected-XSS feature called "XSS Auditor"[r 5]

4.1.249
2010-03-17

Translate infobar[clarification needed]
New privacy features
Disabled XSS Auditor[r 6]

5.0.375
2010-05-21
WebKit 533
2.1

Browser preference synchronizing
Increased HTML5 support (Geolocation API, App Cache, web sockets, and file drag-and-drop)
Revamped bookmark manager
Adobe Flash Player integrated[r 7][r 8]
First stable releases for macOS, 32 bit Linux, and 64 bit Linux[r 9]

6.0.472
2010-09-02
WebKit 534.3
2.2

Updated and more streamlined UI with simplified Omnibox
New tab page
Merged menu buttons
Form auto-fill
Expanded synchronization support to include extensions and auto-fill data
Support for WebM videos
Built-in PDF support (disabled by default)[r 10]

7.0.517
2010-10-21
WebKit 534.7
2.3.11

Implemented HTML5 parsing algorithm
File API
Directory upload via input tag
macOS version gained AppleScript support for UI automation[r 11]
Late binding enabled for SSL sockets: high priority SSL requests are now always sent to the server first.
New options for managing cookies
Updated New Tab page to enable featuring of web applications

8.0.552
2010-12-02
WebKit 534.10
2.4.9

Chrome Web Store
Built-in PDF viewer that works inside Chrome's sandbox for increased security
Expanded synchronization support to include web applications
Improved plug-in handling[r 12]
This release added "about:flags" to showcase experimental features such as Chrome Instant, side tabs on Windows, tabbed settings, Click to Play,[clarification needed] background web applications, Remoting,[clarification needed] disables outdated plug-ins,[clarification needed] XSS Auditor,[clarification needed] Cloud Print Proxy,[clarification needed] GPU-accelerated compositing, WebGL support for the canvas element, and a "tab overview" mode (like Exposé) for macOS.

9.0.597
2011-02-03
WebKit 534.13
2.5.9

WebGL enabled by default
Adobe Flash sandboxing on Windows and Chrome Instant (a la Google Instant) option[r 13]
WebP support[r 14]
New flags: print preview, GPU-accelerated compositing, GPU-accelerated Canvas 2D, Google Native Client, CRX-less Web Apps, Web page prerendering, experimental Extension APIs, disable hyperlink auditing

10.0.648
2011-03-08
WebKit 534.16
3.0.12

Google Cloud Print sign-in interface enabled by default
Partially implemented sandboxing of the GPU process[r 15][r 16]
Faster JavaScript performance due to incorporation of Crankshaft, an improved compiler for V8[r 17]
Settings pages that open in a tab, rather than a dialog box
Malware reporting and disabling outdated plugins
Password sync
GPU accelerated video
Background WebApps
webNavigation extension API[r 18]

11.0.696
2011-04-27
WebKit 534.24
3.1.8

HTML5 Speech Input API[r 19]
Updated icon[r 20]

12.0.742
2011-06-07
WebKit 534.30
3.2.10

Hardware accelerated 3D CSS
New Safe Browsing protection against downloading malicious files
Ability to delete Flash cookies from inside Chrome[r 21]
Launch Apps by name from the Omnibox
Integrated Sync into new settings pages
Improved screen reader support
New warning when hitting Command-Q on Mac[r 21]
New flags: P2P API
Existing tab on foreground on open
Experimental new tab page
Add grouping to tab context menu
Run PPAPI Flash in the renderer process
Multiple profiles
Removed Google Gears
Print and Save buttons in the PDF viewer[r 22]

13.0.782
2011-08-02
WebKit 535.1
3.3.10

Instant Pages (pre-rendering of Web pages)[r 23]
Native print interface and preview (Linux and Windows only)
Experimental new tab page
Experimental Restrict Instant To Search option

14.0.835
2011-09-16
3.4.14

Native Client (NaCl) enabled for apps in the Chrome Web Store[r 24]
Web Audio API
Additional macOS Lion feature support
Sync Encryption for all data
Print preview on Mac
Validation of HTTPS sites[r 25]
Experimental Web Request extension API
Experimental Content Settings extension API[r 26]

15.0.874
2011-10-25
WebKit 535.2
3.5.10

Faster print preview[r 27]
Redesigned new tab page on by default[r 27]
JavaScript fullscreen API enabled by default[r 27]
Inline installation of Chrome Web Store items by verified sites
Omnibox History synchronization[r 28]
Switched to FFmpeg native VP8 decoder[r 29]
Extensions integrated into settings pages
GPU Accelerated Canvas 2D disabled

16.0.912
2011-12-13
WebKit 535.7
3.6.6

Multiple profiles on by default[r 28]
Optional permissions in Chrome extensions, so the user can opt-in or opt-out of the optional permissions at installation time[r 30]
Experimental support for side tabs was removed.[r 31]

17.0.963
2012-02-08
WebKit 535.11
3.7.12

Updated Omnibox prerendering of pages[r 32]
Download scanning protection[r 32]
New extensions APIs[r 32]
Improved History tab
Removal of "+" symbol from the "new tab" button
Limited support for changing user agent strings
Adjustable margins in print preview[r 33]
Search engine synchronization[r 34]
Disabled GAIA profile info[r 35]

18.0.1025
2012-03-28
2012-06-27 (Android ARM)
2012-09-26
(18.0.1026, Android x86)
WebKit 535.19
3.8.9

Hardware-accelerated Canvas2D graphics[r 36]
WebGL without the need of 3D graphics hardware through the software rasterizer SwiftShader[r 36]
Brighter "new tab" button[r 37]

19.0.1084
2012-05-15
2012-06-28 (iOS)
WebKit 536.5
3.9.24

Access tabs between devices[r 38]
Reorganized and searchable settings interface
Better spell check by using the Google search engine spell checker
Web Store link to the bottom of New Tab page
Experimental JavaScript Harmony (ECMAScript 6) support[r 39]
Experimental Web Intents API[r 40]

20.0.1132
2012-06-26
WebKit 536.10
3.10.6

Experimental touch friendly user interface adjustments. Context menus have extra vertical padding between items.[r 41]
New tab button is bigger and wider

21.0.1180
2012-07-31
2012-08-22 (iOS)
WebKit 537.1
3.11.10

Media Stream API (getUserMedia) enabled by default. (E.g. webcam access via JavaScript.)[r 42]
Gamepad API prototype available by default.
Support for (pointer) and (hover) CSS media queries so sites can optimize their user interface for touch when touch-screen support is available.
HTML5 audio/video and WebAudio now support 24-bit PCM wave files

22.0.1229
2012-09-25
WebKit 537.4
3.12.19

New-style packaged apps are enabled by default.
New menu icon, replacing the wrench icon
Support for TLS 1.1[r 43][r 44]
Support for color management ICC v2 profiles by default[r 45]

23.0.1271
2012-11-06
2012-11-28 (iOS)
WebKit 537.11
3.13.7

Do Not Track preference[r 46]
Hardware video acceleration with 25% more efficient power consumption in some scenarios
Manager for site permission control
New icon for Chrome Web Store when opening new tab
PPAPI Flash Player (or Pepper-based Flash Player) replaced the NPAPI Flash Player on Mac also[r 47]

24.0.1312
2013-01-10
WebKit 537.17
3.14.5

Support for MathML[r 48]
The HTML5 datalist element now supports suggesting a date and time[r 48]
Experimental support for CSS custom filters[r 48][r 49]

25.0.1364
2013-02-21
2013-02-27 (Android)
2013-03-04 (iOS)
WebKit 537.22
3.15.11

Support for Opus audio
Support for VP9 video[r 50]
Silent installs of external extensions are now disabled by default.[r 51]
Web Speech API[r 52]
Encrypted omnibox search (https)[r 53]
Native Client on ARM
Disabled MathML support for the time being[r 54]

Android version (update from 18):

Newer V8 JavaScript engine
Audio now continues to play while Chrome is in the background
Support for pausing audio in Chrome when phone is in use

26.0.1410
2013-03-26
2013-04-03 (Android)
2013-04-09 (iOS)
WebKit 537.31
3.16.14

Improved spell checker (grammar and homonym checking)[r 55]
Desktop shortcuts for multiple users (profiles) on Windows[r 55]
Asynchronous DNS resolver on Mac and Linux[r 55]

Android version:[r 56]

Autofill and password sync
Performance and stability improvements

27.0.1453
2013-05-21
2013-05-22 (Android)
2013-06-03 (iOS)
WebKit 537.36
3.17.6

Resource handling optimized for faster page loads[r 57]
Improved Omnibox predictions and spelling correction[r 57]
syncFileSystem API for Google Drive data synchronization[r 57]
Stop packaging Manifest version 1.0 extensions[r 58]

Android version:[r 59]

Fullscreen on phones (scrolling down the page makes the toolbar disappear)
Simpler searching (the query stays visible in the omnibox, making it easier to edit)
Client-side certificate support
Tab history on tablets
"A ton of stability and performance fixes"

28.0.1500
2013-06-17 (Linux)
2013-07-09
(macOS and Windows)
2013-07-10 (Android)
2013-07-17 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
WebKit 537.36 (on iOS)
3.18.5

Replaced layout engine with Blink, a fork of WebKit[r 60][r 61][r 62] on all platforms besides iOS
Faster page loads with the new Blink threaded HTML parser[r 63]
Rich Notifications and Notification Center (HTML-based notifications deprecated)[r 64]
Major improvements to the asm.js benchmark performances[r 63]
Support for the CSS :unresolved pseudoclass for Custom Elements[r 63]
Support for the CSS @supports conditional blocks to test for property:value pairs[r 63]

Android version:

Fullscreen API support (fullscreen browsing on tablets)[r 63]
Experimental WebGL, Web Audio, WebRTC support behind flags[r 63]
Built-in translation[r 65]

iOS version:

Improved interoperability with many other Google Apps[r 66]
Voice Search enhancements[r 66]
Fullscreen for iPad[r 66]
Data usage savings (rolling out over time)[r 66]
Access to browser history[r 66]

29.0.1547
2013-08-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2013-08-21 (Android)
2013-09-12 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.19.18

Support for VP9 final
Support for TLS 1.2
Preliminary QUIC support[r 67]
Improved Omnibox suggestions based on the recency of visited sites
Ability to reset user profile back to its original state
New apps and extensions APIs (such as Native Messaging API for connecting Chrome with native applications installed on the same computer - an alternative to NPAPI[r 68])

Android version:

WebRTC support[r 69]
WebAudio support[r 69]
Improved scrolling responsiveness[r 70] and visual indication when scrolling to the top or bottom of a page[r 69]
Startup performance and stability improvements[r 70]
New color picker user interface for web forms[r 69]
Support for Google's experimental data compression service (comparable to Opera Turbo) that lets Google servers quickly read and optimize a Web page for mobile devices, then transmit it to the smartphone using Google's SPDY network technology.
Rudimentary tab groups implemented

iOS version:

Get back to Search Results faster
Data cost savings enhancements (rolled out incrementally)
Voice search pronoun support (e.g. queries like: “Who is the president of the United States?” followed by “Who is his wife?”)
Improvements to Single Sign On with other Google Apps[r 71]
Support for WebP image format[r 72]

30.0.1599
2013-09-18 (iOS)
2013-10-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2013-10-02 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.20.17

New image context menu item: "Search Google for this image"
New Chrome Apps APIs: webview.request, media gallery write support and downloads[r 73]
New platform features (both in desktop and mobile): support for the WebRTC Device Enumeration API, allowing users to change their microphones and/or camera on the fly without having to restart the WebRTC call; DevTools now supports CSS source maps; Chrome will now match the behavior of IE and not honor the Refresh header or tags when the URL to be refreshed to has a javascript: scheme;[r 73]

Android version:

New gesture: swipe horizontally across the top toolbar to quickly switch tabs
New gesture: drag vertically down from the toolbar to enter into the tab switcher view
New gesture: drag down from the menu to open the menu and select wanted item without having to lift finger
WebGL is enabled by default on high-end devices[r 73]
DeviceMotion (device acceleration and rotation rates) events[r 73]
Media Source Extension is enabled on Android 4.1+[r 73]
Two new experimental features behind a flag: Web Speech API (recognition) and the Vibration API[r 73]

iOS version:

New look and feature enhancements for iOS7
Improvements to Fullscreen behavior especially on iPad (iOS7 only)
New Settings UI
Maps and email links launch the Google Maps and Gmail apps (if installed) automatically. You can change your preference in Settings
Stability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]

31.0.1650
2013-11-12
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2013-11-14 (Android)
2013-11-20 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.21.18

Payment requestAutocomplete() on Chrome for Android, Windows, Chrome OS
PNaCl on desktop versions of Chrome
New Chrome Apps APIs: With URL handlers for apps, Chrome App developers can now specify URLs to be handled by a Chrome App. For example, a document link on a website could open a document editor Chrome App. This gives users more seamless entry points into their favorite Chrome Apps.
Directory access for Apps allows Chrome Apps to access and write to user-approved folders. This feature can be used to share files between a Chrome App and a native app. For example, a Chrome App code editor could modify files managed by a native Git client.
SCTP for WebRTC Data Channel allows P2P data transfers between browsers to be either best effort, reliable, or semi reliable, opening up use cases such as gaming.
Alpha channel support for WebM video enables transparency masking (a.k.a. green screen effects) in WebM videos.
Speech recognition with the JavaScript Web Speech API is now supported on Chrome for Android.
window.devicePixelRatio now takes full-page zoom (but not pinch zoom) into account
Support for { alpha: false } in getContext('2d') lets you create an opaque canvas. This is similar to existing WebGL functionality and can improve the rendering performance of your app.
The Media Source API has been unprefixed and is now supported on Chrome for Android. It allows JavaScript to generate media streams for playback, addressing use cases like adaptive streaming and time shifting live streams.
2D canvas now supports the "ellipse" method.
Support for several Mutation Events has been removed. Consider using MutationObserver instead.[r 75]

iOS version:

Fast form completion with Autofill
Long press on an image to search for related images
Stability / security improvements and bug fixes[r 74]

32.0.1700
2014-01-14
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-01-15 (Android)
2014-01-27 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.22.24

Tab indicators for sound, webcam and casting
A different look for Win8 Metro mode
Automatically blocking malware files
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Various under-the-hood changes for stability and performance

Android version:

Add web page shortcuts right to your home screen more easily from the menu
Reduce data usage in Chrome up to 50%. Visit Settings > Bandwidth management > Reduce data usage to enable.[r 76]

iOS version:

Translate

When you come across a page written in a language that you don’t understand, just look for the translation bar. One tap and the page is quickly translated for you.

Reduce Data Usage

Reduce your data usage by up to 50%. Enable this feature and view your savings: Settings > Bandwidth > Reduce Data Usage.

New Tab Page update to make searching faster and easier

This feature is being rolled out and will be available to all users over time, beginning on iPhone.

33.0.1750
2014-02-18 (iOS)
2014-02-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-02-26 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.23.17

Custom Elements[r 77]
Ogg Opus in MSE and <video>[r 77]
Page Visibility API[r 77]
VTTCue [r 77]
Web Speech API (synthesis)[r 77]
Font-kerning[r 77]
requestAutocomplete()[r 77]
Speech Synthesis[r 77]

Android version:

Download progress notification for file downloads using the Chrome network stack[r 78]
Updated help and feedback UI[r 78]
Support for <datalist> tag[r 78]

iOS version:

Stability and security updates[r 74]

34.0.1847
2014-04-02 (Android)
2014-04-08
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-04-29 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.24.35

Responsive Images and Unprefixed Web Audio
Import supervised users onto new computers
A different look for Windows 8 Metro mode
A number of new apps/extension APIs
New scroll bar look
Ignores autocomplete="off" on password input fields

Android version:

Battery usage optimizations

iOS version:

Updated tour when you start Chrome for the first time
Support for autocomplete in the omnibox for right to left languages

35.0.1916
2014-05-20 (Android)
2014-05-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-05-28 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
3.25.28

More developer control over touch input
New JavaScript features
Unprefixed Shadow DOM v0
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Opus updated to version v1.1

Android version:

Undo Tab Close
Fullscreen video with Subtitles and HTML5 controls
Support for some multi-window devices

iOS version:

Added right-to-left support to the omnibox for Arabic and Hebrew
See your search term in the omnibox, instead of the long search query URL
Easily refine your search queries and view more results on the search results page
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 74]

Linux version:

Switched graphics interface backend from GTK+ to Aura

36.0.1985
2014-07-15 (iOS)
2014-07-16
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-07-16 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.26.31

Rich Notifications Improvements
An Updated Incognito / Guest NTP design
The addition of a Browser crash recovery bubble
Multiple stability and performance improvements[r 79]

Android version:

Improved text rendering on non-mobile optimized sites
Doodles return to the new tab page[r 80]

iOS version:

Allows mobile sites that have added Cast support to work with your Cast-enabled device
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 81]

Linux version:

Chrome App Launcher[r 79]

37.0.2062
2014-08-26
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-09-03 (Android)
2014-09-22 (iOS)[citation needed]
Blink 537.36
3.27.34

DirectWrite support on Windows for improved font rendering
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Multiple stability and performance improvements[r 82]
Removal of the showModalDialog API, breaking several enterprise web apps[r 83]

Android version:

Signing into Chrome signs you into your favorite Google sites
Updated look and feel with elements of Material Design
Multiple performance improvements and bug fixes[r 84]

Windows version:

64-bit Windows support[r 85]

38.0.2125
2014-10-07
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-10-07 (iOS)
2014-10-08 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.28.71

A number of new apps/extension APIs
Support for logging into sites using FIDO U2F Security Key (a USB or smartcard security token) as a factor in 2-factor authentication[r 86]
Under-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 87]

Android version:

Support for Battery Status and Screen orientation APIs
Additional Material Design updates
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 88]

iOS version:

Better support for iPhone 6 and 6+
Download and open files in Google Drive
Stability improvements and bug fixes
Security fix[r 89]

39.0.2171
2014-11-12 (Android)
2014-11-18
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2014-11-24 (iOS)[citation needed]
Blink 537.36
3.29.88

Removes SSL/TLS protocol version fallback to SSLv3
64-bit support for Mac
A number of new apps/extension APIs
Under-the-hood changes for stability and performance[r 90]

Android version:

Number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 91]
Experimental Reader Mode[r 92] can be enabled via chrome://flags[permanent dead link], is not available for tablets in this version

40.0.2214
2015-01-20 (iOS)
2015-01-21
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-01-21 (Android)
Blink 537.36
3.30.33

Disabled SSLv3 support by default
The minimum SSL/TLS version can now be set through about:flags
Updated info dialog for Chrome app on Windows and Linux
A new clock behind/ahead error message[r 93]

Android version:

Updated page info and content settings UI
Number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 94]

iOS version:

New look with Material Design bringing bold graphics, fluid motion, and tactile surfaces
iOS 8 optimizations and support for bigger phones
Support handoff from Chrome to your default browser on macOS
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 95]

41.0.2272
2015-03-03
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-03-11 (Android)
2015-03-16 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.1.0

A number of new apps/extension APIs
Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 96]
Aero interface is disabled in Windows Vista

Android version:

The ability to pull to reload at the top of most pages
A number of bug fixes and performance improvements[r 97]

42.0.2311
2015-04-14
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-04-15 (Android)
2015-04-16 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.2.77

Support for NPAPI plugins disabled by default
A number of new apps, extension and Web Platform APIs (including the Push API)
Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 98]
Add Bookmark is now redesigned.

Android version:

Getting the latest updates from sites with notifications
Adding your favorite sites to your homescreen is now even easier
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 99]

43.0.2357
2015-05-19
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-05-27 (Android)
2015-06-01 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.3.61

Numerous bug fixes and security fixes[r 100]

Android version:

Faster Checkout – Quickly and securely complete checkout forms with data from Google Wallet
Touch to Search – Learn more about words and phrases by touching them on your screen
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 101]
No longer supports Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich)[r 102][r 103]

44.0.2403
2015-07-21
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-07-22 (iOS)
2015-07-29 (Android)
Blink 537.36
4.4.63

A number of new apps/extension APIs
Change in the loading page circle on Chrome tabs
Lots of under the hood changes for stability and performance[r 104]

Android version:

Fixed a boatload of bugs and performance issues.[r 105]

iOS version:

Swipe to navigate: swipe right or left to navigate backwards and forwards
Support for accessing Physical Web content from the Today view
Stability improvements and bug fixes[r 106]

45.0.2454
2015-09-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-09-01 (Android)
2015-09-02 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.5.103

Support for NPAPI plugins permanently disabled
A number of fixes and improvements[r 107]

Android version:

A number of fixes for a whole bunch of performance/stability/other issues.[r 108]

46.0.2490
2015-10-13
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-10-14 (Android)
2015-10-22 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
4.6.85

Change in taskbar logo design
A number of fixes and improvements.[r 109]

Android version:

Under the hood performance and stability tweaks.[r 110]

47.0.2526
2015-12-01 (iOS)
2015-12-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2015-12-02 (Android)
Blink 537.36
4.7.80

Change in appearance on closing tabs with red x's
New PDF viewer design
Security fixes[r 111]

Android version:

"More than a barge load of performance and stability fixes".[r 112]

iOS version:

Added support for more keyboard shortcuts. Bluetooth keyboards can open, close or change tabs or conduct a voice search.
Support for 3D touch on iPhone 6s/+. Force touch the Chrome icon to quickly open a new tab, a new incognito* tab, or conduct a voice search.[citation needed]

48.0.2564
2016-01-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-01-27 (iOS)
2016-01-27 (Android)
Blink 537.36
4.8.271

"Tab discarding" was enabled by default in chrome://flags[permanent dead link]
Window change in right-clicking an embedded web link
The key icon in "Save your password" turns black
"Clear browsing history" has been improved
A large number of fixes and improvements[r 113]

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements.

iOS version:

This version uses WKWebView, the latest rendering engine from Apple.
The crash rate was reduced by 70% and JavaScript execution is now faster.
Redesigned icons on the New Tab page: easier access to more of your frequently-visited sites.
Spotlight integration: Drag down or right from the Home screen and search for your Chrome bookmarks.[citation needed]

49.0.2623
2016-03-02
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-03-09 (iOS)
2016-03-09 (Android)
Blink 537.36
4.9.385

Extension icons now appear near search tab.
Changes in bookmark bar appearances.
Change in Incognito mode window.
Change in scrollbar movement.
Changed Downloads page appearance/design.
A large number of fixes and improvements[r 114]
Removed Windows 8 Mode (Metro mode)
Last version available for Windows XP and Vista, and Mac OS 10.6-10.8.

Android version:

"More than a barge full of performance and stability fixes."[r 115]

iOS version:

Bookmarks has a new look: Easily find your favorites!
Bug and stability fixes.

50.0.2661
2016-04-13
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-04-20 (iOS)
2016-04-26 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.0.71

Auto-fill form letters are now highlighted in bold.
A number of fixes and improvements.[r 116]
No longer supports Windows XP and Vista.

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements.

iOS version:

Bug and stability fixes.

51.0.2704
2016-05-25
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-06-01 (iOS)
2016-06-01 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.1.281

A number of fixes and improvements.[r 117]

Android version:

Brought tab switching back into Chrome (Android L+)[r 118]
Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements.

iOS version:

Bug and stability fixes.

52.0.2743
2016-07-20
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-07-27 (iOS)
2016-07-27 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.2.361

It is impossible to disable DirectWrite.
Bar on the bottom now shows darker text when hovering your mouse over the link.
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 119]

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 120]

iOS version:

Accelerated Mobile Pages ("AMP") – news and articles from many of your favorite publishers will now load instantly.
Lightning bolt and "AMP" next to articles in the "Top Stories" section of search results indicate faster web page loading.

53.0.2785
2016-08-31
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-09-07 (iOS)
2016-09-07 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.3.332

New browser's inside look, including a new bookmark
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 121]
'Simplify page' option removed from 'Save as PDF'.
Shadow DOM v1[1]

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements[r 122]
Muted autoplay for video[r 123]

iOS version:

Chrome's History has a new look and it's now easier to review, find, and delete your browsing history.
Voice Search has been updated with a fresh look. Voice Search can now answer contextual questions such as "How tall is the Eiffel Tower?" followed by "When was it built?"

54.0.2840
2016-10-12
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-10-19 (iOS)
2016-10-19 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.4.500

"Other bookmarks" tab has changed appearance
The message "Right-click to play Adobe Flash Player" now appears while pages with Adobe Flash Player are loading.
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 124]

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements
View article suggestions for you on the new tab page
Play media in the background for sites that support it
Update saved passwords when you change or reset your password[r 125]

iOS version:

No internet connection? Smile and tap the dinosaur
Fixed bookmark icons not displaying correctly
Fixed phone number detection issues in web pages
Stability improvements and bug fixes

55.0.2883
2016-12-01
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2016-12-05 (iOS)
2016-12-06 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.5.372

The History page has changed and is no longer in "Settings"
Flash Player is now off by default for most sites
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 126]
It is not possible to disable top level Material Design[r 127]

iOS version:

You can swipe down or right from the iOS Home screen to search. Searching for "voice" or "incognito" enables you to start Chrome in Voice Search mode or in a new Incognito Tab, respectively. The appearance of items in Spotlight Search will only work for devices that support Spotlight Actions.
The folder named "All Bookmarks" has been removed from the Bookmarks view. You can access all your other devices’ Bookmarks by clicking on the other folders.

Android version:

Bug fixes and speedy performance improvements
Easily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline
View and share your downloads within Chrome
See misspelled words highlighted in text fields
Improvements to contextual search UI[r 128]

56.0.2924
2017-01-25
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-02-01 (iOS)
2017-02-01 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.6.326

HTML5 enabled by default
Adobe Flash Player is automatically blocked for most sites that require the plugin
Labeling of unsecured HTTP sites
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 129]

iOS version:

Scan a QR code or barcode by using 3D Touch on the app logo or searching for "QR" in Spotlight.
We've redesigned the tab switcher layout on iPad to make it easier to access your open sites.

Android version:

Easily download music, videos, and even full web pages for viewing offline
View and share your downloads within Chrome
See misspelled words highlighted in text fields
Improvements to contextual search UI
Bug fixes and significant memory savings[r 130]

57.0.2987
2017-03-09
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-03-14 (iOS)
2017-03-16 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.7.492

CSS grid layout
Improved "Add to Home" screen
Media Session API
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 131]
WebAssembly[r 132]
Background tab policy changes[2]

iOS version:

Chrome can add pages to your Reading List.
Find in Page now works correctly in iOS 10.3.

Android version:

Quickly use emails, addresses, and phone numbers in web pages by tapping on them
Easily access downloaded files and web pages from the new tab page
Long press article suggestions on the new tab page to download them
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 133]

58.0.3029
2017-04-19
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-04-20 (Android)
2017-04-25 (iOS)
Blink 537.36
5.8.283

"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 134]
IndexedDB 2.0
Workers and SharedWorkers in data-URLs.

Android version:

Useful actions like “Find in page” available in apps that open web pages using Chrome
More frequently updated article suggestions on the New Tab page
Use recently visited search engines as your default search engine
See Physical Web suggestions, based on your surroundings, in the address bar
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 135]

iOS version:

Stability improvements and bug fixes.

59.0.3071
2017-06-05
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-06-06 (iOS)
2017-06-06 (Android)
Blink 537.36
5.9.211

"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 136]
Revamped Settings and "About Google Chrome" page with Material Design
Headless mode in Linux and macOS.[r 137]

iOS version:

Fixed a user-reported issue that resulted in hangs and significant slowdowns when switching tabs.
Fixed a crash involving dialogs presented while switching tabs.
Stability improvements and bug fixes.

Android version:

View and manage in-progress downloads on the Downloads page
View and clear your browsing data more easily on the redesigned History page
Long-press a link to open it in a new Chrome tab (from Chrome Custom Tabs)
Bug fixes and performance improvements[r 138]

60.0.3112
2017-07-25
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-07-25 (iOS)
2017-07-31 (Android)
Blink 537.36
6.0.286

MacBook Pro Touch Bar support.
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 139]

iOS version:

"Request Mobile Site" button can switch from a website's desktop version back to its mobile version

Android version

Load pages faster and use less memory with an updated JavaScript engine
Bug fixes and performance improvements
Clear browsing data more easily[r 140]

61.0.3163
2017-09-05
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-09-05 (iOS)
2017-09-05 (Android)
Blink 537.36
6.1.534

Native support for JavaScript modules
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 141]

iOS version:

Added a new button for scanning QR codes above the virtual keyboard

Android version

Addition of Web Share API
Bug fixes and performance improvements
Translate pages with a more compact and intuitive toolbar
Pick images to post online with an improved image picker[r 142]

62.0.3202
2017-10-17
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
2017-10-18 (iOS)
2017-10-19 (Android)
Blink 537.36
6.2.414

The "Save Your Password" icon gets a new appearance
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 143]
Support for OpenType variable fonts
Network Information API updated to report users actual Internet speed, not just connection type, to websites
HTTP sites that request user data will now be flagged as "non-secure" (red) in the Chrome Omnibox[r 144]

iOS version

Two new Today widgets are added by tapping the Edit button at the bottom of the iOS Search screen
Ability to drag a URL from another app and drop it into Chrome's omnibox or the tab strip, or from Chrome's content area to another app on iOS 11 iPads
The Payment Request API has been introduced

Android version

Download files faster with accelerated downloads
View and copy passwords saved with Chrome if device lock is enabled
Quickly see your data savings in the Chrome menu when Data Saver is on[r 145]

63.0.3239
2017-12-05 (iOS)
2017-12-05 (Android)
2017-12-06
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
Blink 537.36
6.3.292

Various fixes from internal audits, fuzzing and other initiatives
"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 146]
Browser allows you to import JavaScript modules dynamically
With async generator functions and the async iteration protocol, consumption or implementation of streaming data sources becomes streamlined
You can override the browser's default overflow scroll behavior with the CSS overscroll-behavior property[r 147]

iOS version:

Swipe up on the New Tab Page to explore suggested content from the web
The ability to reorder bookmarks is back!

Android version:

Chrome for Android will make permission requests modal dialogs
"Stability and performance improvements."[r 148]

64.0.3282
2018-01-23 (Android)
2018-01-24 (iOS)
2018-01-24
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
Blink 537.36
6.4.388

"A number of fixes and improvements."[r 149]
Support for ResizeObservers, will notify you when an element’s content rectangle has changed its size.
Modules can now access to host specific metadata with import.meta.
The pop-up blocker gets strong.
window.alert() no longer changes focus.
Chrome now supports named captures in regular expressions.
The default preload value for <audio> and <video> elements is now metadata.
You can now use Request.prototype.cache to view the cache mode of a Request and determine whether a request is a reload request.
Using the Focus Management API, you can now focus an element without scrolling to it with the preventScroll attribute.[r 150]

Android version:

Prevents sites with abusive ad experiences from opening new windows or tabs without your permission.
"Stability and performance improvements."[r 151]

iOS version:

You can now disable Article Suggestions without also disabling omnibox suggestions by going to Chrome Settings
If you previously turned off "Search and Site Suggestions" to disable Article Suggestions and would like to turn back on your Search Suggestions in the omnibox, you can do that from Chrome Settings > Privacy
Support for iPhone X
This latest release requires iOS 10 or later

64.0.3282
2017-12-14
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
Blink 537.36
6.4
Current Beta channel

65.0
2017-12-15
(Linux, macOS and Windows)
Blink 537.36
6.5
Current Dev channel

66.0
2018-01-22
(Windows, macOS and Android)
Blink 537.36
6.6
Current Canary channel

Major version
Release date
Layout engine[r 1]
V8 engine[r 2]
Significant changes

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Release date is the date of first release. All channels have subsequent updates which are not shown. For release update history see Google Chrome Releases.
The first stable release in Windows, macOS and Linux was Google Chrome 5.0.375. The first stable release on Android was Chrome 18.0.1025123 (Chrome for Android).[r 152][r 153][r 154]
Old development and beta builds are not shown after they become stable releases.
As of Chrome 26, Linux installations of the browser may be updated only on systems that support GCC v4.6 and GTK v2.24 or later. Thus systems such as Ubuntu Lucid 10.04 LTS, Debian 6's 2.20, and RHEL 6's 2.18 are now among those marked as deprecated.[r 155]
As of Chrome 59, Linux Chrome defaults to GTK+3. Older versions of Linux, e.g. RHEL 6 or Centros 6, with only GTK+2 support, are not able to run this version of Chrome. Red Hat's GTK+2 build of Firefox ESR is probably the last remaining regularly updated browser on RHEL 6/CentOS 6.[3]
Versions 6–32 had Google Chrome Frame counterparts, until its development was discontinued.[r 156][not in citation given]
As of version 50, macOS 10.6, 10.7, 10.8, Windows XP and Vista are no longer supported.


document_title: Horton Hears a Who! (film)

question_text: who is jojo in horton hears a who

question_tokens: who is jojo in horton hears a who

root

text: Horton Hears a Who! (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A dust speck is dislodged from its obscure place and sent adrift through the Jungle of Nool. At the same time, Horton the elephant, the jungle's eccentric nature teacher, takes a dip in the pool. The dust speck floats past him in the air, and he hears a tiny yelp coming from it. Believing that an entire society of microscopic creatures are living on that speck, he places it atop of a clover. Horton finds out the speck harbors the city of Whoville and its inhabitants, the Whos, led by Mayor Ned McDodd.

tag: p

text: He has a wife, Sally, 96 daughters (whose names all begin with the letter H), and one teenage son named JoJo. Despite being the oldest and next in line for the mayoral position, JoJo doesn't want to be the next mayor, and because he's so scared of disappointing his father, never talks. Once Horton begins carrying the speck with him, the city starts experiencing strange phenomena (earthquakes and changes in the weather), and the Mayor finds his attempts to caution Whoville challenged by the Town Council, led by the opportunistic yet condescending Chairman.

text: After he makes contact with Horton, the Mayor finds out from Dr. Mary Lou LaRue that Whoville will be destroyed if Horton does not find a "safer, more stable home". Horton resolves (with the help of his best friend Morton the mouse) to place the speck atop Mt. Nool, the safest place in the jungle. The head of the jungle, Jane Kangaroo, disbelieving Horton's beliefs and resenting him for overshadowing her authority, attempts several times to demand that Horton give up the speck, but Horton ignores her demands. Also taking force toward Horton are the Wickersham Brothers, a group of monkeys who love making misery. Eventually, the Kangaroo enlists a vulture named Vlad Vladikoff to get rid of the speck by force.

text: Vlad manages to steal the clover away from Horton and drops it into a massive field of identical pink clovers, causing an apocalyptic tremor in Whoville. After unsuccessfully picking nearly three million clovers, Horton eventually recovers the clover (exactly the 3,000,000th clover). The Kangaroo eventually finds out, thanks to Mrs. Quilligan, that Horton still has the speck, and decides to rally the jungle community into fighting Horton, saying that Horton's goal will lead to anarchy. Upon cornering him, the Kangaroo offers Horton an escape from punishment by renouncing Whoville's existence.

text: Despite Horton's heartfelt speech when he refuses, the Kangaroo orders the animals to rope and cage him, and to have the speck and the Whos destroyed in a pot of boiling beezlenut oil. The Mayor enlists all of his people to make noise by shouting "We are here!", as well as playing a variety of instruments, so the animals may hear them, assisted by JoJo's "Symphonophone", an invention which creates a huge musical contribution (which reveals that JoJo's "true" passion is music), but still fails to penetrate the surface of the speck.

text: As Horton lies beaten and captured, the Kangaroo easily takes the clover, and drops it. Meanwhile, JoJo grabs the horn used to project Horton's voice, runs up the highest tower and screams "YOPP!", breaking through the sound barrier just seconds before the speck hits the oil.

text: The Kangaroo's son, Rudy grabs the clover and returns it to Horton. The animals finally hear the Whos and realize the truth and isolate the Kangaroo for tricking them. While being praised for his integrity by his neighbors, Horton even forgives the devastated Kangaroo, and she befriends him with a makeshift umbrella for Whoville. Here, the people of Whoville and the animals of Nool gather in song and recite the chorus from "Can't Fight This Feeling". The film ends with the narrator revealing that the Jungle of Nool, or rather Earth, is just one speck, like Whoville, among numerous others, floating in outer space.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey as Horton the Elephant, an outgoing, eccentic, big-hearted, loving, sweet, and thoughtful elephant and teacher in the Jungle of Nool. Horton has no tusks, lives by himself and possesses acute hearing abilities.
Steve Carell as Mayor Ned McDodd, the mayor of Whoville. He has 96 daughters, 1 son named JoJo and a wife named Sally.
Carol Burnett as Jane Kangaroo, who mistrusts Horton's inquisitive nature as a threat to her legal authority over Nool.
Will Arnett as Vlad Vladikoff, a scary, savage, eccentric Russian-accented[5] vulture hired by the Sour Kangaroo to steal Horton's clover.
Seth Rogen as Morton the Mouse, a mouse and Horton's best friend in the Jungle of Nool.
Dan Fogler as the Chairman of Whoville, dedicated to Whoville tradition and mistrustful of the Mayor.

Fogler also voices Yummo Wickersham, leader of the Wickersham ape tribe brothers.

Isla Fisher as Dr. Mary Lou LaRue, a professor at Who U.
Jonah Hill as Tommy, a bear and one of Horton's students.
Amy Poehler as Sally O'Malley, the Mayor's wife and mother to Jojo and her 96 daughters.
Jaime Pressly as Mrs. Quilligan, a bird and Jessica's mother.
Charles Osgood as the Narrator
Jesse McCartney as JoJo, the Mayor's son.
Josh Flitter as Rudy Kangaroo, the Sour Kangaroo's son.
Niecy Nash as Miss Yelp, the Mayor's assistant.
Laura Ortiz as Jessica Quilligan, a bird, Mrs. Quilligan's daughter and one of Horton's students.
Selena Gomez as Helga, one of the Mayor's 96 daughters.
Joey King as Katie, a cute, but eccentric little baby yak.
Bill Farmer as Willie, a bear and Tommy's dad.
Heather Goldenhersh as a Who Girl

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2005, as Blue Sky Studios was completing Robots, the studio started courting Dr. Seuss' widow Audrey Geisel on getting the adaptation rights for Horton Hears a Who!.[6] The art director for Robots, Steve Martino, along with story consultant and additional scene director Jimmy Hayward,[7] created a model of protagonist Horton and some animation tests to showcase their design ideas to Geisel,[6] who eventually agreed on "a seven-figure deal" for both the book and its predecessor Horton Hatches the Egg. Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio were then hired to write the script,[8] to be directed by Hayward and Martino with a set release date of 2008.[7]

text: Geisel was credited as a supervising producer and watched production up close,[6] and also gave the directors full access to her late husband's archives, and thus they investigated on his original sketches, 3-D sculptures, work done for The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T and even memos Dr. Seuss traded with Chuck Jones during the production of the Grinch TV special.[9] For references in doing the character animation, along with footage of the voice actors performing their lines, the Blue Sky animators recorded themselves performing the script in an "acting room" to see what of their body language could translate well into the film.[10]

text: To make Horton different from the mammoths Blue Sky worked with in the Ice Age series, the elephant would at times walk on two legs, in a way that it looked like "a fat man in an elephant suit". While the design had a major difference from the original book, with a bigger mouth to allow for wider facial expressions like those of Jim Carrey, as the directors noticed Horton's design in the book varied according to his emotion, the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects.[11]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The original score for the film's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell. A soundtrack, consisting of the film's score, was released on March 25, 2008, by Varèse Sarabande.[12][13] Near the end of the picture, the cast comes together and sings the song, "Can't Fight This Feeling" by REO Speedwagon.[14]

text:
Horton Hears a Who!
(Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by John Powell

Released
March 25, 2008

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
59:56

Label
Varèse Sarabande

Producer
John Powell

tag: table

text: Others songs featured in the film are:[15]

text:
Title
Performer

"Can't Fight This Feeling"
Jim Carrey, Steve Carell, Amy Poehler, Carol Burnett, Dan Fogler, Seth Rogen, Will Arnett and Jesse McCartney

"Quickie"
Thomas Foyer

"Swingville Sashay"
Muff & Rezz

"Agua Melao"
Gilberto Candido

"The Blue Danube"
Johann Strauß (as Johann Strauss II)

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 132 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "Horton Hears A Who! is both whimsical and heartwarming, and is the rare Dr. Seuss adaptation that stays true to the spirit of the source material."[16] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, calculated a score of 71 out of 100 based on 31 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[17] According to CinemaScore, the film version rated an "A−" on an "A+" to "F" scale.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Horton Hears a Who! grossed a total of $297 million on a $85 million budget. $155 million came from the United States and Canada, and $143 million from other territories.[18]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $45 million in 3,954 theaters, averaging $11,384 per theater in the United States and Canada, and ranking #1 at the box office.[19]

text: The film previously had the fourth-largest opening weekend in March, behind Ice Age, Ice Age: The Meltdown and 300, and as of September 2012, it ranks on the 15th place.[20] In the United States and Canada, Horton Hears a Who! was also the #1 film its second weekend of release, grossing $25 million over the Easter frame, in 3,961 theaters and averaging $6,208 per venue. It dropped to #2 in its third weekend grossing $17.8 million in 3,826 theaters and averaging $4,637 per venue.

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: Horton Hears a Who!, like other Dr. Seuss creations, contains layered subtexts and messages. A major theme regards on learning about universal values between vastly different places and people, as shown by the quote "A person's a person, no matter how small". This is employed on many levels, primarily with Horton hearing a world in a speck, while also appearing with the Mayor's relationship with his son, and Sour Kangaroo learning the truth about Horton's beliefs.[21]

text: The movie characters display traditional gender roles. According to NPR host and father of three daughters Peter Sagal, "In a new subplot added by the filmmakers, the mayor of Whoville has 96 daughters. He has one son. Guess who gets all his attention? Guess who saves the day?"[22]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Annie Award[23]
Best Animated Effects
Alen Lai
Nominated

Best Character Animation in a Feature Production
Jeff Gabor

Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production
Sang Jun Lee

Best Music in an Animated Feature Production
John Powell

Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production
Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio

ASCAP Award[24]
Top Box Office Films
John Powell for Bolt, Hancock and Jumper
Won

Golden Trailer Award[25]
Best Animation/Family TV Spot for "Whomongous"
Horton Hears a Who!
Nominated

IFMCA Award[26]
Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Film
John Powell

Golden Reel Award[27]
Best Sound Editing - Sound Effects, Foley, Music, Dialogue and ADR Animation in a Feature Film
Randy Thom (supervising sound editor, sound designer)
Dennis Leonard (supervising sound editor)
Jonathan Null (supervising dialogue/adr editor)
Sue Fox (supervising foley editor)
Thomas A. Carlson (music editor)
Steve Slanec (dialogue editor)
Colette D. Dahanne (sound effects editor)
Pete Horner (sound effects editor)
Kyrsten Mate (sound effects editor)
Mac Smith (sound effects editor)
Jeremy Bowker (foley editor)
Andrea Gard (foley editor)
Ronni Brown (foley artist)
Ellen Heuer (foley artist)
Dennie Thorpe (foley artist)
Jana Vance (foley artist)

OFCS Award[28]
Best Animated Feature
Horton Hears a Who!

Satellite Award[29]
Best Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media
Horton Hears a Who!

Best Original Score
John Powell

Young Artist Award[30]
Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role - Young Actress
Selena Gomez, Shelby Adamowsky and Joey King

text: Home media release[edit]

text: Dr. Seuss' Horton Hears a Who! was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 9, 2008. Three versions of the DVD are available: a single-disc edition, a 2-disc special edition, and a gift set packaged with a Horton plush.[31]

text: A Blu-ray combo pack with a DVD and digital copy was released on October 11, 2011.[32] The home media included an Ice Age-related short film, Surviving Sid.

text: In the United States, the film earned $77,630,768 from DVD sales and $180,434 from Blu-ray sales for a total of $77,811,202 in video sales.[33]


document_title: Battle of the Sexes (film)

question_text: who plays jack in battle of the sexes

question_tokens: who plays jack in battle of the sexes

text: Battle of the Sexes (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film dramatizes the events leading up to the 1973 match between Billie Jean King (Emma Stone) and Robert Larimore Riggs (Steve Carell), and their personal lives. King and Gladys Heldman (Sarah Silverman) confront Jack Kramer (Bill Pullman) who has announced a tennis tournament where the top prize for women is one-eighth of the men’s prize, despite equal ticket sales. King and Heldman threaten to start their own tour but Kramer won't alter the terms, citing the inferiority of women’s tennis. He later expels the women who join the new tour from the Lawn Tennis Association. The women's tour struggles until Heldman wins a lucrative sponsorship from Virginia Slims cigarettes. Billie Jean begins an affair with Marilyn Barnett (Andrea Riseborough), her hairdresser, threatening her marriage to Larry King (Austin Stowell).

text: Meanwhile, Riggs’ marriage to the wealthy Priscilla Wheelan (Elisabeth Shue) is in trouble because of his addiction to gambling. Thrown out of his house when he can’t conceal a Rolls Royce he won in a tennis bet, he hits upon the idea of a challenge match against the top woman player, boasting that even at age 55 he can beat any woman. King declines, but Margaret Court (Jessica McNamee), who recently beat King in a match, accepts. Riggs easily defeats Court and King decides she has to accept his challenge, but demands a final say as to the arrangements. King trains intensely, while Riggs relaxes. King objects to Kramer as a game announcer, threatening to not play unless he withdraws, which he does. After a slow start, King wins the match.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Emma Stone as Billie Jean King
Steve Carell as Robert Larimore Riggs, Larry Riggs’ father and Priscilla’s husband
Andrea Riseborough as Marilyn Barnett, Billie Jean King's hairdresser and lover.
Sarah Silverman as Gladys Heldman, the founder of World Tennis magazine.
Bill Pullman as Jack Kramer
Alan Cumming as Ted Tinling, Billie Jean King's fashion designer and close friend.
Elisabeth Shue as Priscilla Wheelan, Bobby Riggs’s wife and Larry’s mother.
Austin Stowell as Larry King, Billie Jean King's husband.
Natalie Morales as Rosie Casals, a tennis player.
Eric Christian Olsen as Lornie Kuhle, a younger tennis pro and friend of Bobby Riggs, who becomes his advisor.
Lewis Pullman as Larry Riggs, Bobby and Priscilla’s son.
Jessica McNamee as Margaret Court
Martha MacIsaac as Jane Bartkowicz
Mickey Sumner as Valerie Ziegenfuss
Lauren Klein as Nancy Richey
Ashley Weinhold as Kristy Pigeon
Fidan Manashirova as Judy Tegart-Dalton
Kaitlyn Christian as Kerry Melville
Bridley Elliott as Julie Heldman
Wallace Langham as Henry
Mark Harelik as Hank Greenberg
Fred Armisen as Rheo Blair
Chris Parnell as DJ
John C. McGinley as Herb
Tom Kenny as Bob Sanders

text: Production[edit]

text: The project and its two leads were announced in April 2015.[8] Brie Larson was, for a brief period, set to replace Stone, due to scheduling conflicts, however, these were cleared up.[9][10] On March 3, 2016, Andrea Riseborough was cast to play Marilyn Barnett, King’s hairdresser and lover.[11] Later that month, three more were cast in the film, Elisabeth Shue as Riggs' wife;[12] Austin Stowell as Larry King, Billie Jean's husband;[13] and Sarah Silverman as Gladys Heldman, the founder of World Tennis magazine.[14] Four actors joined the cast in April: Eric Christian Olsen as Lornie Kuhle,[15] Jessica McNamee as tennis player Margaret Court,[16] Alan Cumming as designer Ted Tinling,[17] and Natalie Morales as player Rosie Casals.[18]

text: Principal photography on the film began in Los Angeles on April 13, 2016, with a budget of more than $25 million.[19][20]

text: For the tennis match scenes, tennis players Kaitlyn Christian and Vince Spadea were the body doubles of Stone and Carell, respectively.[21][22]

text: Release[edit]

text: Battle of the Sexes had its world premiere at the Telluride Film Festival on September 2, 2017.[23] It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2017,[24] and at the BFI London Film Festival on October 7, 2017.[25] The film began a limited release in the United States on September 22, 2017, before going wide the following week.[26]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of December 19, 2017[update], Battle of the Sexes has grossed $12.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $5.2 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $17.8 million.[4]

text: In its opening weekend, the film grossed $515,450 from 21 theaters, an average of $24,545 per theater.[27] The film expanded the following Friday, where it was released alongside the openings of Flatliners, 'Til Death Do Us Part and American Made, and was projected to gross around $6 million from 1,213 theaters over the weekend.[28] It ended up making $3.4 million over the weekend, finishing 6th at the box office. Deadline.com noted the film's weekend gross was disappointing given its cast and positive reviews.[27] The following week the film was added to another 609 theaters and made $2.4 million, dropping just 30%.[29]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 86% based on 245 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Battle of the Sexes turns real-life events into a crowd-pleasing, well-acted dramedy that ably entertains while smartly serving up a volley of present-day parallels."[30] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film a weighted average score of 73 out of 100, based on 46 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[31] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[32]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

AARP's Movies for Grownups Awards
February 5, 2018
Best Actor
Steve Carell
Pending
[33]

Best Time Capsule
Battle of the Sexes
Pending

Casting Society of America
January 18, 2018
Studio or Independent – Comedy
Justine Arteta and Kim Davis-Wagner
Nominated
[34]

Critics' Choice Movie Awards
January 11, 2018
Best Actor in a Comedy
Steve Carell
Nominated
[35]

Best Actress in a Comedy
Emma Stone
Nominated

GLAAD Media Awards
April 12, 2018
Outstanding Film – Wide Release
Battle of the Sexes
Pending
[36]

Golden Globe Awards
January 7, 2018
Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Steve Carell
Nominated
[37]

Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical
Emma Stone
Nominated

Satellite Awards
February 10, 2018
Best Actress – Motion Picture
Emma Stone
Pending
[38]

Screen Actors Guild Awards
January 21, 2018
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role
Steve Carell
Nominated
[39]


document_title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

question_text: when did the royal proclamation of 1763 end

text: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: Background[edit]

text: The Treaty of Paris was officially conclusion of the Seven Years' War, of which the French and Indian War was the North American theater. Under this treaty, France ceded ownership to Britain all of continental North America east of the Mississippi River, including Quebec, and the rest of Canada. Spain received all French territory west of the Mississippi. Both Spain and Britain received some French islands in the Caribbean. France kept a few small islands used by fishermen,[2] modern-day Haiti and the rich sugar island of Guadeloupe.

text: Provisions[edit]

text: New colonies[edit]

text: Besides regulating colonial expansion, the Proclamation of 1763 dealt with the management of inherited French colonies from the French and Indian War. It established government for four areas: Quebec, West Florida, East Florida, and Grenada.

text: Native lands[edit]

text: Some Native American peoples—primarily in the Great Lakes region—had a long and close relationship with France, and were dismayed to find that they were now under British sovereignty. They missed the amicable relationship with the French, along with the gifts they bestowed upon them, neither of which they had with the British. Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–66), a war launched by a group of natives around the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, was an unsuccessful effort by the western tribes to push the British back. However tribes were able to take over a large number of the forts which commanded the waterways involved in trade within the region and export to Great Britain. The Proclamation of 1763 had been in the works before Pontiac's Rebellion, but the outbreak of the conflict hastened the process.[3] British officials hoped the proclamation would reconcile American Indians to British rule and help to prevent future hostilities.

text: Proclamation line[edit]

text: At the outset, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 defined the jurisdictional limits of the occupied territories of North America. Explaining parts of the Frontier expansion in North America, in Colonial America and especially Canada colony of New France, a diminutive new colony, the Province of Quebec was carved. The territory northeast of the St. John River on the Labrador coast was placed under the Newfoundland Colony.[4] The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory, temporarily barred to settlement, to the great disappointment of the land speculators of Virginia and Pennsylvania, who had started the Seven Years' War to gain these territories.[5] The proclamation created a boundary line (often called the proclamation line) between the British colonies on the Atlantic coast and American Indian lands (called the Indian Reserve) west of the Appalachian Mountains. The proclamation line was not intended to be a permanent boundary between the colonists and Aboriginal lands, but rather a temporary boundary which could be extended further west in an orderly, lawful manner.[6][7] It was also not designed as an uncrossable boundary; people could cross the line, just not settle past it. Its contour was defined by the headwaters that formed the watershed along the Appalachians. All land with rivers that flowed into the Atlantic was designated for the colonial entities, while all the land with rivers that flowed into the Mississippi was reserved for the native Indian population. The proclamation outlawed the private purchase of Native American land, which had often created problems in the past. Instead, all future land purchases were to be made by Crown officials "at some public Meeting or Assembly of the said Indians". Furthermore, British colonials were forbidden to settle on native lands, and colonial officials were forbidden to grant ground or lands without royal approval. The proclamation gave the Crown a monopoly on all future land purchases from American Indians.

text: British colonists and land speculators objected to the proclamation boundary since the British government had already assigned land grants to them. Many settlements already existed beyond the proclamation line,[3] some of which had been temporarily evacuated during Pontiac's War, and there were many already granted land claims yet to be settled. For example, George Washington and his Virginia soldiers had been granted lands past the boundary. Prominent American colonials joined with the land speculators in Britain to lobby the government to move the line further west. Their efforts were successful, and the boundary line was adjusted in a series of treaties with the Native Americans. In 1768 the Treaty of Fort Stanwix and the Treaty of Hard Labour, followed in 1770 by the Treaty of Lochaber, opened much of what is now Kentucky and West Virginia to British settlement.

text: Legacy[edit]

text:
Indigenous peoples
in Canada

First Nations
Inuit
Métis

History[show]

Paleo-Indians
Pre-colonization
Genetics
Residential schools
Indian hospitals
Conflicts
First Nations
Inuit

Politics[show]

Crown and Indigenous peoples
Treaty rights
Health Policy
Numbered Treaties
Royal Commission
Self-government
Indian Act
British Columbia Treaty Process
Idle No More
Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
Politics
Organizations
Case law

Indigenous and Northern
Affairs Canada

Culture[show]

Indigenous cultures
Indigenous personalities
Country food
Music

Demographics[show]

Indian reserves
AB

FN
Métis

Atlantic CA
BC
MB
ON
QC
SK
Territories
Pacific Coast

Linguistics[show]

Indigenous languages
Inuit languages
Indigenous English Dialects
NAPA
Aboriginal syllabics
Inuit grammar

Religions[show]

Traditional beliefs

Inuit mythology

Index[show]

Index of articles
Indigenous
First Nations
Inuit
Métis
Stubs

Wikiprojects[show]
Portal

Indigenous Canadian portal

WikiProject

Indigenous North Americans

First Nations

Commons
Wiktionary

Inuit

Commons
Wiktionary

Métis

Commons
Wiktionary

v
t
e

text: Indigenous People of Treaty Six Territory[edit]

text: The Royal Proclamation continued to govern the cession of Indigenous land in British North America, especially Upper Canada and Rupert's Land. The proclamation forms the basis of land claims of Indigenous peloples in Canada – First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is thus mentioned in Section 25 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

text: According to historian Colin Calloway, "[settler] scholars disagree on whether the proclamation recognized or undermined tribal sovereignty".[8] The proclamation established the important precedent that the indigenous population had certain rights to the lands they occupied.

text: Some see the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as a "fundamental document" for First Nations land claims and self-government.[9] It is “the first legal recognition by the British Crown of Aboriginal rights"[10] and imposes a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown. The intent and promises made to the native in the Proclamation have been argued to be of a temporary nature, only meant to appease the Native peoples who were becoming increasingly resentful of “settler encroachments on their lands”[11] and were capable of becoming a serious threat to British colonial settlement.[12][13] Advice given by a merchant to the Board of Trade on August 30, 1764, expressed that

text: The Indians all know we cannot be a Match for them in the midst of an extensive woody Country...from whence I infer that if we are determined to possess Our Posts, Trade & ca securely, it cannot be done for a Century by any other means than that of purchasing the favour of the numerous Indian inhabitants.[14]

text: Some historians believe that “the British were trying to convince Native people that there was nothing to fear from the colonists, while at the same time trying to increase political and economic power relative to First Nations and other European powers.”[15] Others argue that the Royal Proclamation along with the subsequent Treaty of Niagara, provide for an argument that “discredits the claims of the Crown to exercise sovereignty over First Nations”[16] and affirms Aboriginal “powers of self-determination in, among other things, allocating lands.”[17]

text: United States[edit]

text: The influence of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on the coming of the American Revolution has been variously interpreted. Many historians argue that the proclamation ceased to be a major source of tension after 1768, since the aforementioned treaties opened up extensive lands for settlement. Others have argued that colonial resentment of the proclamation contributed to the growing divide between the colonies and the mother country. Some historians argue that even though the boundary was pushed west in subsequent treaties, the British government refused to permit new colonial settlements for fear of instigating a war with Native Americans, which angered colonial land speculators.[18] Others argue that the Royal Proclamation imposed a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown.[19][citation needed]

text: George Washington was given 20,000 acres (81 km2) of wild land in the Ohio region for his services in the French and Indian War. In 1770, Washington took the lead in securing the rights of him and his old soldiers in the French War, advancing money to pay expenses in behalf of the common cause and using his influence in the proper quarters. In August 1770, it was decided that Washington should personally make a trip to the western region, where he located tracts for himself and military comrades and eventually was granted letters patent for tracts of land there. The lands involved were open to Virginians under terms of the Treaty of Lochaber of 1770, except for the lands located 2 miles south of Fort Pitt, now known as Pittsburgh.[20]

text: In the United States, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ended with the American Revolutionary War because Great Britain ceded the land in question to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783). Afterward, the U.S. government also faced difficulties in preventing frontier violence and eventually adopted policies similar to those of the Royal Proclamation. The first in a series of Indian Intercourse Acts was passed in 1790, prohibiting unregulated trade and travel in Native American lands. In 1823, the U.S. Supreme Court case Johnson v. M'Intosh[21] established that only the U.S. government, and not private individuals, could purchase land from Native Americans.

text: 250th anniversary celebrations[edit]

text: In October 2013 the 250th anniversary of the Royal Proclamation was celebrated in Ottawa with a meeting of Indian leaders and Governor-General David Johnston.[22] The Aboriginal movement Idle No More held birthday parties for this monumental document at various locations across Canada.[23]


document_title: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

question_text: the tenure of the office of the lokayukt of up

text: Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta

text: Selection procedure[edit]

text: According to the Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta and UpLokayukta Act of 1975, the Governor of the state can appoint a person to be the Lokayukta and one or more persons as uplokayukta(s)(Deputy Lokayukta). The Lokayukta's appointment is made after consultations with the Chief Justice of the Allahabad High Court, and the leader of the opposition in the state assembly.The Uplokayukta(s) can be appointed after consulting the Lokayukta.[10]

text: A person is eligible for the post of the Lokayukta or Uplokayukta if he/she fulfills the following criteria.[11]

text:
A judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court.
Never held an office of member of Parliament or severed their connection with it.
Never held an office of State Legislature.
Holding no office of trust or profit, or severed their connection with the business or profession if had joined in the past.

text: Any person appointed as the Lokayukta or Uplokayukta serves the office for a period of eight years after an amendment increased the tenure length by two years.[12][13] The perks and allowances of the Lokayukta are the same as that of the chief justice while that of an Uplokayukta to a judge of the state's High court.[14]

text: Roles and Responsibilities[edit]

text: The functioning of the Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta is to initiate inquiries on complaints regarding maladministration and corruption concerning a State Public Servant".[3] The investigation can be started with specific approval of the concerned ministry[15] and can be either a Grievance or Allegation. Grievance means any claim by a person who faced injustice or undue hardship due to maladministration, whereas, allegation is in relation to a public servant, any government company or corporation in the state or pension and other claims.[3]

text: Lokayukta or an Uplokayukta enjoys the same powers as that of a civil court under the code of Civil Procedure, 1908 which includes summoning the person, checking any public record or request copy from any court or office and issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents.[16] The lokayukta is also required to ensure the safe custody of relevant documents. Every investigation is conducted in private, and the identity of the complainant and that of the public servant under investigation not disclosed in any form unless it is related to public importance.[17] After the completion of an investigation, the lokayukta is required to submit the report to the governor.[18]

text: In case of a false complaint, the lokayukta is empowered to take appropriate action as specified under Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, which may involve detention of the complainant and up to three years of imprisonment with fine. However, the person can make an appeal which can be admitted only by the session court.[19] However, in any such case, the court cannot compel the lokayukta, uplokayukta or any public servant to furnish any evidence recorded or collected.[20]

text: The State Government, by a notification published in the gazette, can confer additional powers for specific investigations to the office of the Lokayukta[21] and can even allow them to make new rules for the same.[22]

text: Recommendations[edit]

text: Many names were suggested for selecting a new Lokayukta after the term of N.K. Mehrotra expired.[23] Despite objections raised by both, the chief justice of the Allahabad High Court and the governor, the state government forwarded the name of retired judge Ravindra Singh to the governor at least four times, without following the due procedure. The chief justice had raised strong objections citing Ravindra Singh's alleged political affiliations with the ruling government of the samajwadi party.[24] The government headed by Akhilesh Yadav neither proposed a fresh name, nor called a meeting of the selection committee regarding the appointment,[25][26] which led to governor Ram Naik rejecting the name of Singh for a fifth time in August 2015.[27][28] The state government passed an amendment in the state assembly on August 28, 2015, removing the clause that required the chief justice of the Allahabad High Court to be a part of the selection committee.;[28] The bill,however lies pending with the governor[27][29][note 1]

text: Hearings in the Supreme Court[edit]

text: Multiples hearings occurred in the Supreme Court for appointing a new lokayukta. On July 2, 2015, the Court sought the response of the Uttar Pradesh government on a plea seeking replacement of the state's current lokayukta N.K. Mehrotra,[31] The Allahabad High Court also sought response for the same from the government on July 23, 2015.[26] The apex court issued a notice to the government in December, regarding the initiation of contempt proceedings against it for non-compliance of the Court's previous order.[32] On receiving no reply from the government, the supreme court, on December 14, criticized the for not appointing a new lokayukta in the state [27] and fixed the petitions on the issue for a hearing on December 16. The Supreme Court had earlier upheld constitutional validity of extending tenure of lokayukta to eight years on 24 April 2014 and had asked for the list of possible appointees within six months.[9][13] Since the government failed to recommend the list within the time-frame,[33] the Court[34] appointed Virendra Singh as the new lokayukta by exercising its constitutional power under Article 142 of the Constitution[35][36] The court, however retracted this decision later, after hearing a plea[37] and appointed former judge of Allahabad High Court Sanjay Mishra as the new lokayukta in January 2016.[38][39]

text: Appointment[edit]

text: The former Lokayukta N.K. Mehrotra was appointed on 16 March 2006 under the Uttar Pradesh Lokayukta Act.[12][13][40] After his term expired on 15 March 2012, the Uttar Pradesh government on the same day brought an ordinance and another on 18 March and extended the period from existing six to eight years, which was later upheld by the Supreme Court.[9][27]

text: On July 31, 2012, the state government cabinet approved to keep the office of lokayukta out of the purview of the RTI Act, 2005 citing secrecy while investigating corruption charges.[41][42] N.K. Mehrotra served nine years in the office, the longest term by a lokayukta in the country.[43] On December 16, 2015, the Supreme Court, invoking its constitutional powers, appointed justice Virendra Singh as the new Lokayukta, while expressing deep regret for constitutional authorities failing to comply with the court's order.[44][45]

text: Following objection to Justice Singh's appointment,[46] on January 28, 2016, the Supreme Court retracted its decision and appointed former judge Sanjay Mishra to the office .[47][48]

text: Lokayukta(s) of Uttar Pradesh.[49]

text:
No[note 2]
Name
Term
(tenure length)

1
Vishambar Dayal
14 September 1977
13 September 1982
1826 days

2
Vacant
14 September 1982
9 January 1983
118 days

3
Mirza Mohammad Murtza Hussain
10 January 1983
10 January 1989
2193 days

4
Vacant
11 January 1989
27 January 1989
17 days

5
Kailash Nath Goyal
28 January 1989
28 January 1995
2192 days

6
Vacant
29 January 1995
8 February 1995
11 days

7
Rajeshwar Singh
9 February 1995
13 January 2000
1800 days

8
Vacant
14 January 2000
15 March 2000
62 days

9
Sudhir Chandra Verma
16 March 2000
15 March 2006
2191 days

10
N.K. Mehrotra
16 March 2006
30 January 2016
3607 days

11
Sanjay Mishra[7]
31 January 2016
Incumbent
816 days

text: Notable cases[edit]

text: The state lokayukta has probed many high-profile cases and some of them are mentioned below.

text:
Submitted report on the alleged nexus between Ponty Chadha and government headed by Mayawati.[50]
Recommended CBI investigation against prominent BSP leader Naseemuddin Siddiqui for allegedly amassing disproportionate assets.[51][52]
Investigated assets case against state mining minister Gayatri Prasad Prajapati.[53]
On January 29, 2015, two MLA's of the state assembly were disqualified by the governor on recommendation of lokayukta which indicted them for irregularities.[54]
The lokayukta acquitted Noida based engineer Yadav Singh,[55] despite him being investigated by the CBI for allegedly amassing huge wealth .[56]

text: Limitations of Powers[edit]

text: The lokayukta cannot act on any complaint pertaining to people occupying following constitutional posts.[3][57]

text:
The Chief Justice or any judge of the High court or member of judicial services.
Officer or servant of any court.
The Accountant General, Uttar pradesh.
Chairman or any member of the Uttar pradesh Public Service Commission or its staff.
The Chief Election Commissioner, the Election Commissioner, the Regional Commissioner and the Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh.
Any member of the secretariat staff of either House of the state legislature.

text: If the investigation involves internal security of the state or the disclosure of proceedings of the cabinet of the state government or any committee of that cabinet, then the person cannot be compelled to give any evidence or produce any document.[16] The state government after consultation with the lokayukta, in view of public interest, may exempt a public servant from investigation via notification in the state gazette .[58]

text: The following matters cannot be covered in the investigation conducted by the lokayukta.[3][59]

text:
Investigations related to crime.
Proceedings relating to the internal security of the state.
Actions in relation to determining whether a matter will go or will continue to be prosecuted in a court.
Action concerning commercial relations of the administration of the government or of the local authority or other corporations, except where the complainant alleged harassment in meeting contractual obligations.
Appointments related to removal, pay, disciplinary action, superannuation or other matters relating to conditions of services of public servants but not including actions relating to claims for pension, gratuity, provident fund or to any claims which arises on retirement, removal or termination of service.
Grant of honors and awards. If this is done in a confidential manner,an investigation cell may be established under the Lokayukta.

text: Removal[edit]

text: According to the Article 311 of the constitution, the lokayukta or an up-lokayukta can be removed only if found guilty in the report of committee headed by the judge of either Supreme court or Chief justice of the High court. The report is then forwarded to the Governor and then presented before the state legislature with each house of the legislature votes for the removal by 2/3 majority.[60]


document_title: Response to the State of the Union address

question_text: when did response to state of the union start

text: The response to the State of the Union address is a rebuttal speech, often brief, delivered by a representative (or representatives) of the opposition party following a presidential State of the Union address. When the president is a Democrat, the rebuttal is given by a Republican, and vice versa.

text: The practice began in 1966 when Republican U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois) and U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan) appeared on TV to offer a response to the address by Democratic President Lyndon Johnson.[1] The opposition party's response has varied in format, ranging from a prerecorded 45-minute TV program in 1970[2] to a call-in show in 1972 where a panel of congressmen answered unrehearsed questions from callers.[1] Since the late 1980s, it usually has been a televised speech given soon after the State of the Union address.[1]

text: Three people have given both a response and a State of the Union address: Democrat Bill Clinton and Republicans Gerald Ford and George H. W. Bush.

text: List of responses[edit]

text:
Date
President
Response given by[1]

January 12, 1966
Lyndon Johnson
U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)
U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)1

January 10, 1967
U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen (Illinois)
U.S. Representative Gerald Ford (Michigan)

January 17, 1968
U.S. Senators Howard Baker (Tennessee), Peter Dominick (Colorado), Robert Griffin (Michigan), Thomas Kuchel (California), George Murphy (California), Chuck Percy (Illinois), Hugh Scott (Pennsylvania), and John Tower (Texas)
U.S. Representatives George Bush (Texas), Gerald Ford (Michigan), Mel Laird (Wisconsin), Bob Mathias (California), Dick Poff (Virginia), Al Quie (Minnesota), Charlotte Reid (Illinois), and Bill Steiger (Wisconsin)

January 22, 1970
Richard Nixon
U.S. Senators Scoop Jackson (Washington), Mike Mansfield (Montana), Ed Muskie (Maine), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)
U.S. Representatives Donald Fraser (Minnesota), John McCormack (Massachusetts), and Patsy Mink (Hawaii)2

January 22, 1971
U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)

January 20, 1972
U.S. Senators Lloyd Bentsen (Texas), Frank Church (Idaho), Tom Eagleton (Missouri), and Bill Proxmire (Wisconsin)
U.S. Representatives Carl Albert (Oklahoma), Hale Boggs (Louisiana), John Brademas (Indiana), Martha Griffiths (Michigan), John Melcher (Montana), Ralph Metcalfe (Illinois), and Leonor Sullivan (Missouri)

January 20, 1974
U.S. Senator Mike Mansfield (Montana)

January 15, 1975
Gerald Ford
U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey (Minnesota)
U.S. Representative Carl Albert (Oklahoma)

January 19, 1976
U.S. Senator Ed Muskie (Maine)

January 19, 1978
Jimmy Carter
U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)

January 23, 1979
U.S. Senator Howard Baker (Tennessee)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)

January 23, 1980
U.S. Senator Ted Stevens (Alaska)
U.S. Representative John Rhodes (Arizona)

January 26, 1982
Ronald Reagan
U.S. Senators Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Alan Cranston (California), Gary Hart (Colorado), Bennett Johnston (Louisiana), Ted Kennedy (Massachusetts), Don Riegle (Michigan), Paul Sarbanes (Maryland), and Jim Sasser (Tennessee)
U.S. Representatives Al Gore (Tennessee), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts)2

January 25, 1983
U.S. Senators Joe Biden (Delaware), Bill Bradley (New Jersey), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), and Paul Tsongas (Massachusetts)
U.S. Representatives Les AuCoin (Oregon), Tom Daschle (South Dakota), Bill Hefner (North Carolina), Barbara Kennelly (Connecticut), George Miller (California), Tip O'Neill (Massachusetts), Paul Simon (Illinois), and Tim Wirth (Colorado)2

January 25, 1984
U.S. Senators Max Baucus (Montana), Joe Biden (Delaware), David Boren (Oklahoma), Robert Byrd (West Virginia), Dee Huddleston (Kentucky), Carl Levin (Michigan), and Claiborne Pell (Rhode Island)
U.S. Representatives Barbara Boxer (California), Dante Fascell (Florida), Bill Gray (Pennsylvania), Tom Harkin (Iowa), and Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)

February 6, 1985
Governor Bill Clinton (Arkansas), Governor Bob Graham (Florida)
U.S. Representative Tip O’Neill (Massachusetts)3

February 4, 1986
U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)
Governor Chuck Robb (Virginia)
U.S. Representatives Tom Daschle (South Dakota) and Bill Gray (Pennsylvania)
Lieutenant Governor Harriett Woods (Missouri)

January 27, 1987
U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)

January 25, 1988
U.S. Senator Robert Byrd (West Virginia)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)

January 31, 1990
George H. W. Bush
U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)

January 29, 1991
U.S. Senator George Mitchell (Maine)

January 28, 1992
U.S. Representative Tom Foley (Washington)

January 25, 1994
Bill Clinton
U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)

January 24, 1995
Governor Christine Todd Whitman (New Jersey)

January 23, 1996
U.S. Senator Bob Dole (Kansas)

February 4, 1997
U.S. Representative J. C. Watts (Oklahoma)

January 27, 1998
U.S. Senator Trent Lott (Mississippi)

January 19, 1999
U.S. Representatives Jennifer Dunn (Washington) and Steve Largent (Oklahoma)

January 27, 2000
U.S. Senators Susan Collins (Maine) and Bill Frist (Tennessee)

January 29, 2002
George W. Bush
U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)

January 28, 2003
Governor Gary Locke (Washington)

January 23, 2004
U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota)
U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)

February 2, 2005
U.S. Senator Harry Reid (Nevada)
U.S. Representative Nancy Pelosi (California)

January 31, 2006
Governor Tim Kaine (Virginia)

January 23, 2007
U.S. Senator Jim Webb (Virginia)

January 28, 2008
Governor Kathleen Sebelius (Kansas)

January 27, 2010
Barack Obama
Governor Bob McDonnell (Virginia)

January 25, 2011
English: U.S. Representative Paul Ryan (Wisconsin)

Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)

January 24, 2012
Governor Mitch Daniels (Indiana)

February 12, 2013
U.S. Senator Marco Rubio (Florida) – English and Spanish

January 28, 2014
English: U.S. Representative Cathy McMorris Rodgers (Washington)

Spanish: U.S. Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Florida)

January 20, 2015
English: U.S. Senator Joni Ernst (Iowa)

Spanish: U.S. Representative Carlos Curbelo (Florida)

January 12, 2016
Governor Nikki Haley (South Carolina)

January 30, 2018
Donald Trump
English: U.S. Representative Joe Kennedy III (Massachusetts)

Spanish: State Delegate Elizabeth Guzmán (Virginia)

text:
1First organized, televised response to a presidential State of the Union message
2Denotes prerecorded program
3Randomly selected Democratic voters participated in this televised discussion

text: Non–State of the Union responses[edit]

text: In addition to responses to official State of the Union addresses, there have been five official responses to non–State of the Union speeches which were delivered soon after presidential inaugurations.

text:
Date
President
Address type
Response given by

February 9, 1989
George H. W. Bush
First address to joint session of Congress
U.S. Senator Lloyd Bentsen (Texas)
U.S. Representative Jim Wright (Texas)[1]

February 17, 1993
Bill Clinton
First address to joint session of Congress
U.S. Representative Bob Michel (Illinois)[1]

February 27, 2001
George W. Bush
First address to joint session of Congress
U.S. Senator Tom Daschle (South Dakota)
U.S. Representative Dick Gephardt (Missouri)[3]

February 24, 2009
Barack Obama
First address to joint session of Congress
Governor Bobby Jindal (Louisiana)[4]

February 28, 2017
Donald Trump
First address to joint session of Congress
English: Former Governor Steve Beshear (Kentucky)

Spanish: Activist Astrid Silva (Nevada)[5]