document_title: List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)

question_text: what is the longest river in the united states

text: Table[edit]

text: The primary source for watershed and discharge data in the table below is Rivers of North America. Conflicting data from other sources, if the difference is greater than 10 percent, is reported in the notes. Discharge refers to the flow at the mouth.[n 1] In the "States, provinces, and image" column, the superscripts "s" and "m" indicate "source" and "mouth". Non-U.S. states appear in italics. Except in the "States, provinces, and image" column, abbreviations are as follows: "km" for "kilometer", "mi" for "mile", "s" for "second", "m" for "meter", and "ft" for "foot".

tag: p

text:
Key

 River is not entirely within the United States.

 Watershed is not entirely within the United States.

text:
Longest main-stem rivers of the United States

#
Name
Mouth[5]
Length
Source
coordinates[11]
Mouth
coordinates[11]
Watershed
area[12]
Discharge[12]
States, provinces, and image[5][11]

1
Missouri River
Mississippi River
7003234100000000000♠2,341 mi
3,768 km[13]
45°55′39″N 111°30′29″W / 45.92750°N 111.50806°W / 45.92750; -111.50806 (Missouri River (source))[14]
38°48′49″N 90°07′11″W / 38.81361°N 90.11972°W / 38.81361; -90.11972 (Missouri River (mouth))
7005529353000000000♠529,353 mi2
1,371,017 km2[15]
[n 2]
7004691000000000000♠69,100 ft3/s
1,956 m3/s
[n 3]
Montanas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missourim

2
Mississippi River
Gulf of Mexico
7003220200000000000♠2,202 mi
3,544 km[17]
[n 4]
47°14′22″N 95°12′29″W / 47.23944°N 95.20806°W / 47.23944; -95.20806 (Mississippi River (source))[18]
29°09′04″N 89°15′12″W / 29.15111°N 89.25333°W / 29.15111; -89.25333 (Mississippi River (mouth))
7006126000000000000♠1,260,000 mi2
3,270,000 km2[19]
[n 5]
7005650000000000000♠650,000 ft3/s
18,400 m3/s
Minnesotas, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisianam

3
Yukon River
Bering Sea
7003197900000000000♠1,979 mi
3,185 km[6]
[n 6]
59°35′00″N 133°47′00″W / 59.58333°N 133.78333°W / 59.58333; -133.78333 (Yukon River (source))[20]
62°35′55″N 164°48′00″W / 62.59861°N 164.80000°W / 62.59861; -164.80000 (Yukon River (mouth))[21]
7005324000000000000♠324,000 mi2
839,200 km2[22]
[n 7]
7005224000000000000♠224,000 ft3/s
6,340 m3/s
British Columbias, Yukon Territory, Alaskam

4
Rio Grande
Gulf of Mexico
7003175900000000000♠1,759 mi
2,830 km[23]
[n 8]
37°47′52″N 107°32′18″W / 37.79778°N 107.53833°W / 37.79778; -107.53833 (Rio Grande (source))[25]
25°57′22″N 97°08′43″W / 25.95611°N 97.14528°W / 25.95611; -97.14528 (Rio Grande (mouth))
7005340000000000000♠340,000 mi2
870,000 km2[26]
[n 9]
7003130000000000000♠1,300 ft3/s
37 m3/s
Colorados, New Mexico, Texasm, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipasm

5
Colorado River
Gulf of California
7003145000000000000♠1,450 mi
2,330 km[16]
[n 10]
40°28′20″N 105°49′34″W / 40.47222°N 105.82611°W / 40.47222; -105.82611 (Colorado River (source))[29]
31°48′57″N 114°48′22″W / 31.81583°N 114.80611°W / 31.81583; -114.80611 (Colorado River (mouth))[30]
7005248000000000000♠248,000 mi2
642,000 km2[10]
[n 11]
7003140000000000000♠1,400 ft3/s
40 m3/s
Colorados, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California, Sonoram, Baja Californiam

6
Arkansas River
Mississippi River
7003144300000000000♠1,443 mi
2,322 km
[n 12]
39°15′30″N 106°20′38″W / 39.25833°N 106.34389°W / 39.25833; -106.34389 (Arkansas River (source))[32]
33°46′30″N 91°04′15″W / 33.77500°N 91.07083°W / 33.77500; -91.07083 (Arkansas River (mouth))
7005160200000000000♠160,200 mi2
414,910 km2[33]
7004355000000000000♠35,500 ft3/s
1,004 m3/s
Colorados, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansasm

7
Columbia River
Pacific Ocean
7003124300000000000♠1,243 mi[6]
2,000 km
[n 13]
50°13′00″N 115°51′00″W / 50.21667°N 115.85000°W / 50.21667; -115.85000 (Columbia River (source))[34]
46°14′39″N 124°03′29″W / 46.24417°N 124.05806°W / 46.24417; -124.05806 (Columbia River (mouth))[35]
7005279548000000000♠279,548 mi2
724,024 km2[36]
[n 14]
7005273000000000000♠273,000 ft3/s
7,730 m3/s
British Columbias, Washingtonm, Oregonm

8
Red River
Atchafalaya and Mississippi rivers
7003112500000000000♠1,125 mi
1,811 km
[n 15]
34°34′35″N 99°57′54″W / 34.57639°N 99.96500°W / 34.57639; -99.96500 (Red River (source))[40]
31°01′10″N 91°44′52″W / 31.01944°N 91.74778°W / 31.01944; -91.74778 (Red River (mouth))
7004655900000000000♠65,590 mi2
169,890 km2[41]
[n 16]
7004301000000000000♠30,100 ft3/s
852 m3/s
[n 17]
Oklahomas, Texas, Arkansas, Louisianam

9
Snake River
Columbia River
7003104000000000000♠1,040 mi
1,674 km[16]
44°07′49″N 110°13′10″W / 44.13028°N 110.21944°W / 44.13028; -110.21944 (Snake River (source))[42]
46°11′10″N 119°01′43″W / 46.18611°N 119.02861°W / 46.18611; -119.02861 (Snake River (mouth))
7005108000000000000♠108,000 mi2
281,000 km2[43]
7004553000000000000♠55,300 ft3/s
1,565 m3/s
Wyomings, Idaho, Oregon, Washingtonm

10
Ohio River
Mississippi River
7002979000000000000♠979 mi
1,575 km[44]
40°26′34″N 80°01′02″W / 40.44278°N 80.01722°W / 40.44278; -80.01722 (Ohio River (source))[45]
36°59′12″N 89°07′50″W / 36.98667°N 89.13056°W / 36.98667; -89.13056 (Ohio River (mouth))
7005204000000000000♠204,000 mi2
529,000 km2[46]
7005308400000000000♠308,400 ft3/s
8,733 m3/s
Pennsylvanias, Ohio, West Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Kentuckym

11
Colorado River of Texas
Gulf of Mexico
7002970000000000000♠970 mi
1,560 km[47]
32°40′47″N 101°43′51″W / 32.67972°N 101.73083°W / 32.67972; -101.73083 (Colorado River of Texas (source)))[48]
28°35′41″N 95°58′59″W / 28.59472°N 95.98306°W / 28.59472; -95.98306 (Colorado River of Texas (mouth))
7004399000000000000♠39,900 mi2
103,341 km2[49]
7003260000000000000♠2,600 ft3/s
75 m3/s
Texass, m

12
Tennessee River
Ohio River
7002935000000000000♠935 mi
1,504 km[50]
35°57′33″N 83°51′01″W / 35.95917°N 83.85028°W / 35.95917; -83.85028 (Tennessee River (source))[51]
37°04′02″N 88°33′53″W / 37.06722°N 88.56472°W / 37.06722; -88.56472 (Tennessee River (mouth))
7004408800000000000♠40,880 mi2
105,870 km2[52]
7004710000000000000♠71,000 ft3/s
2,000 m3/s
Tennessees, Alabama, Kentuckym

13
Canadian River
Arkansas River
7002906000000000000♠906 mi
1,458 km[16]
37°01′11″N 105°04′33″W / 37.01972°N 105.07583°W / 37.01972; -105.07583 (Canadian River (source))[53]
35°27′12″N 95°01′58″W / 35.45333°N 95.03278°W / 35.45333; -95.03278 (Canadian River (mouth))
7004471300000000000♠47,130 mi2
122,070 km2[54]
7003610000000000000♠6,100 ft3/s
174 m3/s
Colorados, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahomam

14
Brazos River
Gulf of Mexico
7002860000000000000♠860 mi
1,390 km[55]
33°16′07″N 100°00′37″W / 33.26861°N 100.01028°W / 33.26861; -100.01028 (Brazos River (source))[56]
28°52′33″N 95°22′42″W / 28.87583°N 95.37833°W / 28.87583; -95.37833 (Brazos River (mouth))
7004446200000000000♠44,620 mi2
115,566 km2[57]
7003880000000000000♠8,800 ft3/s
249 m3/s
Texass, m

15
Green River
Colorado River
7002760000000000000♠760 mi
1,230 km[58]
43°09′13″N 109°40′18″W / 43.15361°N 109.67167°W / 43.15361; -109.67167 (Green River (source))[59]
38°11′21″N 109°53′07″W / 38.18917°N 109.88528°W / 38.18917; -109.88528 (Green River (mouth))
7004449000000000000♠44,900 mi2
116,200 km2[60]
7003610000000000000♠6,100 ft3/s
172 m3/s
Wyomings, Colorado, Utahm

16
Pecos River
Rio Grande
7002730000000000000♠730 mi
1,175 km[61]
35°58′34″N 105°33′29″W / 35.97611°N 105.55806°W / 35.97611; -105.55806 (Pecos River (source))[62]
29°41′59″N 101°22′17″W / 29.69972°N 101.37139°W / 29.69972; -101.37139 (Pecos River (mouth))
7004440000000000000♠44,000 mi2
113,960 km2[63]
7001710000000000000♠71 ft3/s
2 m3/s
New Mexicos, Texasm

17
White River (Arkansas)
Mississippi River
7002720000000000000♠720 mi
1,159 km[64]
35°50′20″N 93°36′16″W / 35.83889°N 93.60444°W / 35.83889; -93.60444 (White River (source))[65]
33°57′05″N 91°04′53″W / 33.95139°N 91.08139°W / 33.95139; -91.08139 (White River (mouth))
7004278720000000000♠27,872 mi2
72,189 km2[66]
7004346000000000000♠34,600 ft3/s
979 m3/s
Arkansass, m, Missouri

18
James River
[n 18]
Missouri River
7002710000000000000♠710 mi
1,140 km[67]
47°28′53″N 99°51′32″W / 47.48139°N 99.85889°W / 47.48139; -99.85889 (James River (source))[68]
42°52′17″N 97°17′26″W / 42.87139°N 97.29056°W / 42.87139; -97.29056 (James River (mouth))
7004209420000000000♠20,942 mi2
54,240 km2[69]
7002854000000000000♠854 ft3/s
24.2 m3/s[69]
[n 19]
North Dakotas, South Dakotam

19
Kuskokwim River
Bering Sea
7002702000000000000♠702 mi
1,130 km[70]
63°05′16″N 154°38′33″W / 63.08778°N 154.64250°W / 63.08778; -154.64250 (Kuskokwim River (source))[71]
60°04′59″N 162°20′02″W / 60.08306°N 162.33389°W / 60.08306; -162.33389 (Kuskokwim River (mouth))
7004480000000000000♠48,000 mi2
124,319 km2[72]
7004670000000000000♠67,000 ft3s
1,900 m3/s
Alaskas, m

20
Cimarron River
Arkansas River
7002698000000000000♠698 mi
1,123 km[73]
36°54′24″N 102°59′12″W / 36.90667°N 102.98667°W / 36.90667; -102.98667 ("Cimarron River (source))[74]
36°10′14″N 96°16′19″W / 36.17056°N 96.27194°W / 36.17056; -96.27194 (Cimarron River (mouth))
7004195100000000000♠19,510 mi2
50,540 km2[75]
7003150000000000000♠1,500 ft3/s
42 m3/s
Oklahomas, m, Colorado, Kansas

21
Cumberland River
Ohio River
7002696000000000000♠696 mi
1,120 km[76]
36°50′42″N 83°19′26″W / 36.84500°N 83.32389°W / 36.84500; -83.32389 (Cumberland River (source))[77]
37°08′36″N 88°24′27″W / 37.14333°N 88.40750°W / 37.14333; -88.40750 (Cumberland River (mouth))
7004179300000000000♠17,930 mi2
46,430 km2[78]
7004304000000000000♠30,400 ft3/s
862 m3/s

Kentuckys, m, Tennessee

22
Yellowstone River
Missouri River
7002678000000000000♠678 mi
1,091 km[79]
43°59′18″N 109°55′45″W / 43.98833°N 109.92917°W / 43.98833; -109.92917 (Yellowstone River (source))[80]
47°58′42″N 103°58′56″W / 47.97833°N 103.98222°W / 47.97833; -103.98222 (Yellowstone River (mouth))
7004704000000000000♠70,400 mi2
182,336 km2[81]
7004128000000000000♠12,800 ft3/s
362 m3/s
Wyomings, Montana, North Dakotam

23
North Platte River
Platte River
7002665000000000000♠665 mi
1,070 km[82]
40°38′23″N 106°24′19″W / 40.63972°N 106.40528°W / 40.63972; -106.40528 (North Platte River (source))[83]
41°06′50″N 100°40′33″W / 41.11389°N 100.67583°W / 41.11389; -100.67583 (North Platte River (mouth))
7004348850000000000♠34,885 mi2
90,352 km2[82]
7002770000000000000♠770 ft3/s
21.9 m3/s
Colorados, Wyoming, Nebraskam

24
Milk River
Missouri River
7002625000000000000♠625 mi
1,005 km[6][n 20]
48°51′20″N 113°01′10″W / 48.85556°N 113.01944°W / 48.85556; -113.01944 (Milk River (source))[85]
48°03′26″N 106°19′07″W / 48.05722°N 106.31861°W / 48.05722; -106.31861 (Milk River (mouth))
7004223320000000000♠22,332 mi2
57,839 km2[86]
[n 21]
7002670000000000000♠670 ft3/s
18.9 m3/s
Alberta, Montanas, m

25
Ouachita River
Black River
7002605000000000000♠605 mi
974 km[87]
31°41′56″N 94°19′57″W / 31.69889°N 94.33250°W / 31.69889; -94.33250 (Ouachita River (source))[88]
31°37′53″N 91°48′25″W / 31.63139°N 91.80694°W / 31.63139; -91.80694 (Ouachita River (mouth))
7004248860000000000♠24,886 mi2
64,454 km2[89]
7004298000000000000♠29,800 ft3/s
843 m3/s
Arkansass, Louisianam

26
Saint Lawrence River
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
7002600000000000000♠600 mi
965 km[90]
[n 22]
44°05′55″N 76°23′28″W / 44.09861°N 76.39111°W / 44.09861; -76.39111 (St. Lawrence River (source))[92]
49°40′00″N 64°30′00″W / 49.66667°N 64.50000°W / 49.66667; -64.50000 (Saint Lawrence River (mouth))[93]
7005620000000000000♠620,000 mi2
1,600,000 km2[94]
[n 23]
7005440000000000000♠440,000 ft3/s
12,600 m3/s
[n 24]
New Yorks, Ontarios, Quebecm

27
Gila River
Colorado River
7002600000000000000♠600 mi
960 km[95]
33°10′47″N 108°12′22″W / 33.17972°N 108.20611°W / 33.17972; -108.20611 (Gila River (source))[96]
32°43′11″N 114°33′19″W / 32.71972°N 114.55528°W / 32.71972; -114.55528 (Gila River (mouth))
7004578500000000000♠57,850 mi2
149,832 km2[97]
[n 25]
7002210000000000000♠210 ft3/s
6 m3/s
[n 26]
New Mexicos, Arizonam

28
Sheyenne River
Red River of the North
7002591000000000000♠591 mi
951 km[98]
47°41′46″N 100°29′52″W / 47.69611°N 100.49778°W / 47.69611; -100.49778 (Sheyenne River (source))[99]
47°01′25″N 96°49′31″W / 47.02361°N 96.82528°W / 47.02361; -96.82528 (Sheyenne River (mouth))
7003880000000000000♠8,800 mi2
23,000 km2
[n 27]
7002288000000000000♠288 ft3/s
8.2 m3/s
[n 28]
North Dakotas, m

29
Tanana River
Yukon River
7002584000000000000♠584 mi
940 km
[n 29]
63°02′57″N 141°51′52″W / 63.04917°N 141.86444°W / 63.04917; -141.86444 (Tanana River (source))[103]
65°09′38″N 151°57′37″W / 65.16056°N 151.96028°W / 65.16056; -151.96028 (Tanana River (mouth))
7004440000000000000♠44,000 mi2
114,000 km2[104]
7004418000000000000♠41,800 ft3/s
1,185 m3/s
Alaskas, m

30
Smoky Hill River
Kansas River
7002576000000000000♠576 mi
927 km[98]
38°57′01″N 102°34′49″W / 38.95028°N 102.58028°W / 38.95028; -102.58028 (Smoky Hill River (source))[105]
39°03′36″N 96°48′04″W / 39.06000°N 96.80111°W / 39.06000; -96.80111 (Smoky Hill (mouth))
7004192600000000000♠19,260 mi2
49,900 km2
[n 30]
7003154200000000000♠1,542 ft3/s
43.7 m3/s
[n 31]
Colorados, Kansasm

31
Niobrara River
Missouri River
7002568000000000000♠568 mi
914 km[98]
42°49′15″N 104°38′50″W / 42.82083°N 104.64722°W / 42.82083; -104.64722 (Niobrara River (source))[107]
42°45′58″N 98°02′50″W / 42.76611°N 98.04722°W / 42.76611; -98.04722 (Niobrara River (mouth))
7004126000000000000♠12,600 mi2
32,600 km2[108]
7003170000000000000♠1,700 ft3/s
49 m3/s
Wyomings, Nebraskam

32
Little Missouri River
Missouri River
7002560000000000000♠560 mi
900 km[109]
44°32′25″N 104°59′57″W / 44.54028°N 104.99917°W / 44.54028; -104.99917 ("Little Missouri River (source))[110]
47°36′38″N 102°52′24″W / 47.61056°N 102.87333°W / 47.61056; -102.87333 (Little Missouri River (mouth))
7003831000000000000♠8,310 mi2
21,500 km2[111]
[n 32]
7002450000000000000♠450 ft3/s
13 m3/s[111]
[n 33]
Wyomings, Montana, South Dakota, North Dakotam

33
Sabine River
Gulf of Mexico
7002553000000000000♠553 mi
890 km[112]
32°48′29″N 95°55′14″W / 32.80806°N 95.92056°W / 32.80806; -95.92056 (Sabine River (source))[113]
29°59′08″N 93°47′26″W / 29.98556°N 93.79056°W / 29.98556; -93.79056 (Sabine River (mouth))
7003975600000000000♠9,756 mi2
25,268 km2[114]
7003840000000000000♠8,400 ft3/s
238 m3/s
Texass, Louisianam

34
Red River of the North
Lake Winnipeg
7002550000000000000♠550 mi
890 km[115]
[n 34]
46°15′52″N 96°35′55″W / 46.26444°N 96.59861°W / 46.26444; -96.59861 (Red River of the North (source))[117]
50°23′47″N 96°48′39″W / 50.39639°N 96.81083°W / 50.39639; -96.81083 (Red River (mouth))[118]
7005111000000000000♠111,000 mi2
287,500 km2[119]
[n 35]
7003830000000000000♠8,300 ft3/s
236 m3/s
North Dakotas, Minnesotas, Manitobam

35
Des Moines River
Mississippi River
7002525000000000000♠525 mi
845 km[120]
44°05′02″N 95°41′17″W / 44.08389°N 95.68806°W / 44.08389; -95.68806 (Des Moines (source))[121]
41°22′52″N 91°25′21″W / 41.38111°N 91.42250°W / 41.38111; -91.42250 (Des Moines River (mouth))
7004120180000000000♠12,018 mi2
31,127 km2[122]
7003640000000000000♠6,400 ft3/s
182 m3/s
Minnesotas, Missouri, Iowam

36
White River (Missouri River)
Missouri River
7002506000000000000♠506 mi
815 km[123]
42°41′10″N 103°50′14″W / 42.68611°N 103.83722°W / 42.68611; -103.83722 (White River (source))[124]
43°42′50″N 99°28′01″W / 43.71389°N 99.46694°W / 43.71389; -99.46694 (White River (mouth))
7004102000000000000♠10,200 mi2
26,418 km2[125]
7002570000000000000♠570 ft3/s
16 m3/s
Nebraskas, South Dakotam

37
Trinity River
Galveston Bay
7002506000000000000♠506 mi
815 km[126]
32°47′54″N 96°53′52″W / 32.79833°N 96.89778°W / 32.79833; -96.89778 (Trinity River (source))[127]
29°44′35″N 94°42′12″W / 29.74306°N 94.70333°W / 29.74306; -94.70333 (Trinity River (mouth))
7004179700000000000♠17,970 mi2
46,540 km2[128]
7003780000000000000♠7,800 ft3/s
222 m3/s
Texass, m

38
Wabash River
Ohio River
7002503000000000000♠503 mi
810 km[98]
40°21′07″N 84°45′57″W / 40.35194°N 84.76583°W / 40.35194; -84.76583 (Wabash River (source))[129]
37°47′53″N 88°01′38″W / 37.79806°N 88.02722°W / 37.79806; -88.02722 (Wabash River (mouth))
7004329500000000000♠32,950 mi2
85,340 km2[130]</ref>
7003100100000000000♠1,001 ft3/s
28 m3/s
Ohios, Indianam, Illinoism

text: Map[edit]


document_title: Maxwell Award

question_text: what is the maxwell award in college football

root

text: Maxwell Award

text:
Maxwell Award

Given for
College football player of the year

Country
United States

Presented by
Maxwell Football Club

History

First award
1937

Most recent
Baker Mayfield , Oklahoma

Website
The Maxwell Award

tag: table

text: The Maxwell Award is presented annually to the college football player judged by a panel of sportscasters, sportswriters, and National Collegiate Athletic Association head coaches and the membership of the Maxwell Football Club to be the best all-around in the United States. The award is named after Robert "Tiny" Maxwell, a Swarthmore College football player, coach and sportswriter. Johnny Lattner (1952, 1953) and Tim Tebow (2007, 2008) are the only players to have won the award twice. It is the college equivalent of the Bert Bell Award of the National Football League, also given out by the Maxwell Club.[1][2]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Player
School
Ref

1937
Clint Frank
Yale

1938
Davey O'Brien
TCU

1939
Nile Kinnick
Iowa

1940
Tom Harmon
Michigan

1941
Bill Dudley
Virginia

1942
Paul Governali
Columbia

1943
Bob Odell
Pennsylvania

1944
Glenn Davis
Army

1945
Doc Blanchard
Army

1946
Charley Trippi
Georgia
[3]

1947
Doak Walker
SMU

1948
Chuck Bednarik
Pennsylvania

1949
Leon Hart
Notre Dame

1950
Reds Bagnell
Pennsylvania

1951
Dick Kazmaier
Princeton

1952
Johnny Lattner
Notre Dame

1953
Johnny Lattner
Notre Dame

1954
Ron Beagle
Navy

1955
Howard Cassady
Ohio State

1956
Tommy McDonald
Oklahoma

1957
Bob Reifsnyder
Navy

1958
Pete Dawkins
Army

1959
Richie Lucas
Penn State

1960
Joe Bellino
Navy

1961
Bob Ferguson
Ohio State
[1]

1962
Terry Baker
Oregon State

1963
Roger Staubach
Navy

1964
Glenn Ressler
Penn State
[4]

1965
Tommy Nobis
Texas

1966
Jim Lynch
Notre Dame
[5]

1967
Gary Beban
UCLA
[6]

1968
O. J. Simpson
USC
[7]

1969
Mike Reid
Penn State
[8]

1970
Jim Plunkett
Stanford
[2]

1971
Ed Marinaro
Cornell

1972
Brad Van Pelt
Michigan State

1973
John Cappelletti
Penn State

1974
Steve Joachim
Temple

1975
Archie Griffin
Ohio State

1976
Tony Dorsett
Pittsburgh
[9]

1977
Ross Browner
Notre Dame

1978
Chuck Fusina
Penn State

1979
Charles White
USC

1980
Hugh Green
Pittsburgh

1981
Marcus Allen
USC

1982
Herschel Walker
Georgia

1983
Mike Rozier
Nebraska

1984
Doug Flutie
Boston College

1985
Chuck Long
Iowa

1986
Vinny Testaverde
Miami

1987
Don McPherson
Syracuse
[10]

1988
Barry Sanders
Oklahoma State
[11]

1989
Anthony Thompson
Indiana
[12]

1990
Ty Detmer
BYU
[13]

1991
Desmond Howard
Michigan
[14]

1992
Gino Torretta
Miami
[15]

1993
Charlie Ward
Florida State

1994
Kerry Collins
Penn State
[16]

1995
Eddie George
Ohio State

1996
Danny Wuerffel
Florida

1997
Peyton Manning
Tennessee
[17]

1998
Ricky Williams
Texas

1999
Ron Dayne
Wisconsin

2000
Drew Brees
Purdue
[18]

2001
Ken Dorsey
Miami

2002
Larry Johnson
Penn State

2003
Eli Manning
Ole Miss

2004
Jason White
Oklahoma
[19]

2005
Vince Young
Texas

2006
Brady Quinn
Notre Dame
[20]

2007
Tim Tebow
Florida

2008
Tim Tebow
Florida

2009
Colt McCoy
Texas

2010
Cam Newton
Auburn

2011
Andrew Luck
Stanford

2012
Manti Te'o
Notre Dame
[21]

2013
AJ McCarron
Alabama

2014
Marcus Mariota
Oregon

2015
Derrick Henry
Alabama

2016
Lamar Jackson
Louisville
[22]

2017
Baker Mayfield
Oklahoma
[23]


document_title: Jaden Smith

question_text: when did the movie karate kid come out

question_tokens: when did the movie karate kid come out

text: Jaden Smith

text: Early life

text: Smith was born July 8, 1998 in Malibu, California,[2][3] the son of Jada Pinkett Smith and Will Smith. He has an older half-brother, Trey Smith (born 1992),[4] and a younger sister, Willow Smith (born 2000).[5] Smith attended New Village Leadership Academy before being homeschooled by his parents.[6]

text: Smith and his siblings are youth ambassadors for Project Zambi, which provides assistance in conjunction with Hasbro for Zambian children orphaned by AIDS.[7][8]

text: Acting career

text: Smith made his major role debut in the 2006 film The Pursuit of Happyness as Christopher, the son of Chris Gardner, Will Smith's character.[9] For his role, Smith won the award for Breakthrough Performance at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards. Smith next appeared as Jacob in the 2008 Scott Derrickson science fiction film, The Day the Earth Stood Still,[9] a remake of the 1951 classic of the same name.

text: In 2010, along with Jackie Chan, Smith starred in The Karate Kid, a remake of the 1984 film.[10] In May 2013, Will Smith and Jaden starred together, playing father and son, in After Earth. In 2014, it was announced that Smith will return for the sequel Karate Kid 2 with Jackie Chan. The movie will be directed by Breck Eisner, produced by James Lassiter and Will Smith and written by Zak Penn.[11]

text: Smith started his own clothing/lifestyle brand called MSFTSrep. The clothes range from hoodies and T-shirts to trousers and vests. In May 2013 Smith collaborated with a Korean designer, Choi Bum Suk, to create a pop-up store in which customers can buy clothes with their collaborated logos.[12]

text: In April 2014, Smith was cast in the film The Good Lord Bird, which is based on the 2013 novel of the same name by James McBride. Smith plays Henry Shackleford, a young slave living in Kansas Territory in 1857 who encounters abolitionist John Brown.[13]

text: Music career

text: In 2010, Smith rapped alongside Canadian singer Justin Bieber in the song "Never Say Never."[14] The song peaked at 8 on the Billboard Hot 100[15] and was certified 5x platinum in the US.[16]

text: On October 1, 2012, Jaden released his first mixtape, The Cool Cafe.[17] Smith released the sequel to The Cool Cafe on November 8, 2014, titled Cool Tape Vol. 2. [18]

text: Smith started work on his debut studio album in 2014, a process that took three years.[19] Smith announced in December 2016 that his debut studio album would be titled Syre.[20][21] The album was released on November 17, 2017.[22][23]

text: Personal life

text: Smith's father, Will, revealed that his son sought an emancipation ruling, with the consent of his parents, as a fifteenth-birthday present. Will revealed to the media that Smith's primary motivation is the establishment of his own residence and also explained that his children are not subject to strict parenting conduct: "We generally don't believe in punishment. From the time Jaden was five or six we would sit him down, and all he has to do is be able to explain why what he did was the right thing for his life."[24] However, Smith and his father appeared together on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on May 15, 2013, and Smith said:

text: The thing that people don't get is everything at his house is free. So I can get anything and everything at his house, so I'm going to be there for 20, 30 more years. He [Will Smith] says that as soon as I have a movie that's bigger than one of his movies I can get my own house.[25]

text: In 2013, Smith arose controversy when he criticized traditional education and advised people to drop out of school.[6] Talking about teenagers who go to public school, Smith said "kids who go to normal school are so teenagery, so angsty."[26]

text: Smith's inspirations are Kid Cudi and Kanye West.[27]

text: Other ventures

text: Fashion

text: Just Water

text: Smith is also a partner in spring water company Just Water.[28]

text: Discography

text:
Syre (2017)
Erys (2018)[29]

tag: ul

text: Filmography

text:
Film

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2002
Men in Black II

Cameo

2006
The Pursuit of Happyness
Christopher Gardner, Jr.
Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Chemistry
MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Performance
PFCS Award for Best Performance by Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role - Male
Nominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Breakout Male
Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture
Nominated — Black Reel Award for Best Breakthrough Performance
Nominated — Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Young Actor

2008
The Day the Earth Stood Still
Jacob Benson, Jr.
Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Young Actor

2010
The Karate Kid
Dre Parker
BET Award for YoungStars Award
Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film
Nominated — Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Movie Star - Male
Nominated — Kids Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor
Nominated — MTV Movie Award for Biggest Badass Star
Nominated — NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture
Nominated — Black Reel Award for Best Actor
Nominated — Black Reel Award for Best Song
Nominated — Empire Award for Best Newcomer

2011
Justin Bieber: Never Say Never
Himself[30]

2013
After Earth
Kitai Raige
Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor
Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo (w/ Will Smith)
Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Summer's Biggest Teen Bad Ass Star

2018
Life in a Year
Daryn
In production[31]

2018
Untitled Crystal Moselle Project[32]

Post-production

text:
Television

Year
Title
Role
Notes

2003–2006
All of Us
Reggie
Recurring role (6 episodes)

2008
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody
Travis
Episode: "Romancing the Phone"

2016–2017
The Get Down
Marcus "Dizzee" Kipling
Main role (11 episodes)

2017
Neo Yokio
Kaz Kaan
Voice; Main role

2017
Nashville
Himself
Episode: "Kiss You in the Morning"[33]


document_title: Ex (relationship)

question_text: what is the meaning of x girl friend

question_tokens: what is the meaning of x girl friend

text: Ex (relationship)

text: Look up ex in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

text: In social relationships, an ex (plural is exes) is someone with whom a person was once associated, in a relationship, marriage, or once talked to. As a prefix, ex- can refer to a variety of different relationships; for example, one might refer to a music group's ex-guitarist, or someone's ex-friend.[1] When used alone, ex as a noun is assumed to refer to a former sexual or romantic partner, especially a former spouse. This often has a derogatory tinge, especially if it refers to unrequited feelings.


document_title: The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian

question_text: where does junior want to go to find hope

question_tokens: where does junior want to go to find hope

text: The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian

text: Plot[edit]

text: The book follows one school year in the life of Junior, a fourteen-year-old boy living with his family on the Spokane Indian Reservation near Wellpinit, Washington. It is told in episodic diary style, moving from the start of the school year, through the major holidays, to the beginning of summer. It includes both Junior's written record of his life and his cartoon drawings, some of them comically commenting on his situations, and others more seriously depicting important people in his life.

text: The Absolutely True Diary begins by introducing Junior's circumstances, including the fact that he was born with hydrocephalus and therefore is small for his age and suffers from seizures, poor eyesight, stuttering, and lisping. As a result, Junior has always been picked on by other people on the reservation. His family is poor, a condition Junior attributes to being from the reservation and not having opportunities to fulfill their potential; their poverty is displayed early when Junior's dog Oscar gets heat stroke and has to be put down by his father because they cannot afford to take him to a veterinarian. Junior's only child friend is Rowdy, a classmate who is abused at home and is known as a bully on the reservation. Despite his intimidating role, Rowdy often stands up for Junior and lets Junior see his vulnerable side, such as his enjoyment of such kids' comics as Archie and Richie Rich.

text: The story then moves to Junior's first day of high school and to the incident that sets up the plot of the book: when his geometry teacher, Mr. P, hands out the textbooks, Junior sees his mother's maiden name written in his, meaning that the textbook is at least thirty years old. Angered and saddened by the fact that the reservation is so poor that it cannot afford new textbooks, Junior violently throws the book, which hits Mr. P's face, breaking his nose. When he visits Junior at home, Mr. P convinces Junior to transfer to Reardan High School, sensing a degree of precociousness in the young teenager. The town of Reardan is far wealthier than Wellpinit—Junior is the only Indian at Reardan besides the team mascot.[3] Although Junior's family is poor, and although the school is 22 miles away and transportation is unreliable, they support him and do what they can to make it possible for him to stay in the new school. Rowdy, however, is upset by Junior's decision to transfer, and the once-best friends have very little contact during the year.

text: Junior develops a crush on the school's most popular white girl, Penelope, and becomes study friends with an intelligent student named Gordy. His interactions with the white students give him a better perspective both on white culture and his own. He realizes how much stronger his family ties are than those of his white classmates, noticing that many of the white fathers never come to their children's school events. Junior also realizes that the white students have different rules than those he grew up with, which is evident when he reacts to an insult from the school's star athlete, Roger, by punching him in the face. Junior hits him, as he would have been expected to do on the reservation, and he expects Roger to get revenge. But Roger never does; in fact, Roger and his friends show Junior more respect. Junior also gets closer to Penelope, which makes him more popular with the other girls at the school.

text: Roger suggests that Junior try out for the basketball team, and to Junior's surprise, he makes the varsity team, which puts him against his former school, Wellpinit, and specifically Rowdy, who is Wellpinit's star freshman. Their first match demonstrates to Junior just how angry the reservation people are at him for transferring: when he enters the court, they boo and insult him. During the game, Rowdy elbows Junior in the head and knocks him unconscious. While suffering some injuries from the game, Junior and his coach become closer as Coach tells him that he admires Junior's commitment to the team. Later on, his grandmother, who Junior looks up to the most on the reservation, is hit and killed by a drunk driver. After his grandmother's funeral, a family friend, Eugene, is shot in the face by his friend Bobby after fighting over alcohol. After grieving and reflecting on his loved ones' deaths, Junior plays in his basketball team's second match against Wellpinit. Reardan wins and Junior gets to block Rowdy. Junior feels triumphant until he sees the Wellpinit players' faces after their defeat and remembers the difficulties they face at home and their lack of hope for a future; ashamed, he runs to the locker room, where he vomits and then breaks down in tears. Later, Junior receives news of the death of his sister and her husband who were killed in a fire at their trailer.

text: In the course of the year, Junior and his family suffer many tragedies, all related to alcohol abuse. These events test Junior's sense of hope for a better future and make him wonder about the darker aspects of reservation culture. But they also help him see how much his family and his new friends love him, and he learns to see himself as both Indian and American. Meanwhile, Rowdy realizes that Junior is the only nomad on the reservation, which makes him more of a "traditional" Indian than everyone else in town. In the end, Junior and Rowdy reconcile while playing basketball and resolve to correspond no matter where the future takes them.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Themes and symbolism[edit]

text: Hope and dreams[edit]

text: Throughout the novel, Junior shares his dreams with the readers. In the first chapter, he dreams of becoming a cartoon artist in order to get rich and escape the cycles of poverty and abuse on the reservation. The idea that hope exists off the rez is echoed in later chapters, where Junior finds himself caught between home on the reservation and pursuing his dreams in the outside world. Junior asks his parents, "Who has the most hope?" to which they answer "White people".[h] The rez is characterized by lack of opportunity and poor education, the solution to which appears to lie in the Western world. Hence, the novel explores the theme of hope and dreams through Junior's struggles to find a path to break free of his seemingly doomed fate on the reservation.[citation needed]

text: Bullying[edit]

text: Junior admits to being a target of bullying due to his appearance and medical history (lisp, seizures, water on the brain). He reveals this information in a way that is both comical as well as sympathetic; he invites readers to share and relate to his experience being bullied. After transferring to Reardan High School, Junior must also deal with being the only poor Native American student in a school full of rich white people, and the pressures of keeping up appearances for fear of losing his peers’ social acceptance.

text: Violence[edit]

text: Junior lives under the constant threat of physical violence. Although he attempts to assuage the threat through his drawings and light-hearted approach to the problem, he is nevertheless subjected to regular beatings by members of the reservation, including the adults. Violence serves as a form of communication in the reservation; Junior believes it is the Native Americans' acknowledgement that they are going nowhere that fuels their violence. Thus, as is true with Rowdy, physical violence is also communicative.

text: Race[edit]

text: The novel uses humorous narratives and comics to convey the theme of race. It explores racial issues such as stereotyping of Native and White people, the use of indigenous culture as sports mascots, interracial friendships, and cultural tokenization. For example, Junior notes that the only other "Indian" at Reardan was its school mascot, calling attention to the ubiquitous use of indigenous symbols in sports (see "List of sports team names and mascots derived from indigenous peoples"). Although Junior often dichotomizes Whites and Indians, Alexie reveals the stereotyping that occurs while still blurring the lines between races. Junior eventually establishes friendship with many of the White Reardan students, who see past race and accept him for his caring nature, his intelligence, and his basketball talents.

text: Alcohol abuse[edit]

text: Alcohol abuse is an issue salient to the Spokane reservation.[9] It is directly responsible for the character deaths in the novel and the deaths of most of the Indians on the reservation.[i] The novel highlights the destructive nature of alcohol abuse and its major contribution to the stagnation of progression at the reservation and dysfunction of the family. Junior voices his disapproval for its widespread use and considers it to be directly responsible for much of the disarray in his own family.

text: The portrayal of alcoholism in the novel is representative of the problem Native Americans have with the use of alcohol. Much of Alexie's desire to explore and address the issue of alcoholism derives from his own experiences with alcohol on the reservation. When asked if he feels the need to address alcoholism as a Native American, he replied "the whole race is filled with alcoholics. For those Indians who try to pretend it's a stereotype, they're in deep, deep denial," and by addressing it that "with the social hope that by writing about it, maybe it'll help people get sober, and it has." [10]

text: Friendship[edit]

text: The centerpiece of the novel is the friendship between Junior and Rowdy, which frames the novel. In the first chapter, Junior says, "Rowdy might be the most important person in my life. Maybe more important than my family."[j] In the absence of his drunk, emotionally-distant father and eccentric mother, Junior finds solace in Rowdy. But as the novel progresses, Junior begins to make friends at Reardan High and learns just how crucial it is to build new relationships with different people, as they each serve an important role or function in his life.[k]

text: Writing and literature[edit]

text: Writing and literature play important roles in the lives of Junior, Rowdy, and Mary. Rowdy reads comics as a way to escape from his abusive, dysfunctional home: "He likes to pretend he lives in comic books," Alexie reveals.[l] Similarly, Mary reads and writes romance novels in order to escape (and run away) from her equally harsh reality. In contrast, Junior draws cartoons and writes because it makes him feel important and is his way of communicating with the world. Alexie furthers the distinction between Junior on Mary on page 46—he writes, "My sister is running away to get lost, but I am running away because I want to find something."[11] Alexie's commentary on Junior's perspective (through drawings, dialogue, and Junior's own views on literature) highlights Junior's ambitiousness, curiosity, and drive. In essence, writing, drawing, and reading are activities that are cathartic to Rowdy, Mary, and Junior. These outlets function as coping mechanisms to make the dysfunction, violence, and abuse in the characters' lives more bearable.

text: Oscar[edit]

text: Oscar is Junior's stray mutt, best friend, and "the only living thing he can depend on."[m] He is euthanized by Junior's father at the beginning of the novel because they are unable to afford to take him to a vet. Oscar is a symbol of the struggles and consequences of being poor. Junior's inability to aid his friend reminds him of the poverty he believes he is destined to inherit.[n] However, Oscar's death is also a turning point for Junior, as it acts as a catalyst for his realization and change.

text: Basketball[edit]

text: In the novel, basketball is a symbol of improvement. Before his arrival to Reardan, Junior was, by his own words, "a decent player."[o] While at Reardan, Junior improves because of the expectations set by his coach and teammates, and becomes a valuable asset to the team. By the end of the novel, Junior believes he will be able to beat Rowdy someday. The transformation Junior undergoes through the sport is a testament of his will-power and dedication to better himself.

text: Family[edit]

text: Family takes significance part in this book. Even Junior's family are poor, they always supported him and he mentioned that they are the only people who listen to him. His sister sends letters and give him hope. His dad who is alcoholic saved five dollars for him. Junior knows that it is easy for his father to spend that five dollars on alcohol but the fact that he saved it for him made him feel special. This shows that money is not everything to become happy.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews[edit]

text: Bruce Barcott of The New York Times said of the novel in a 2007 review, "For 15 years now, Sherman Alexie has explored the struggle to survive between the grinding plates of the Indian and white worlds. He's done it through various characters and genres, but The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian may be his best work yet. Working in the voice of a 14-year-old forces Alexie to strip everything down to action and emotion, so that reading becomes more like listening to your smart, funny best friend recount his day while waiting after school for a ride home."[12]

text: The New York Times opined that this was Alexie's "first foray into the young adult genre, and it took him only one book to master it."[12] The San Francisco Chronicle praised it as "[a] great book full of pain, but luckily, the pain is spiked with joy and humor."[13]

text: Reviewers also commented on Alexie's treatment of difficult issues. Delia Santos, a publisher for the civilrights.org page, noted, "Alexie fuses words and images to depict the difficult journey many Native Americans face. … Although Junior is a young adult, he must face the reality of living in utter poverty, contend with the discrimination of those outside of the reservation, cope with a community and a family ravaged and often killed by alcoholism, break cultural barriers at an all-White high school, and maintain the perseverance needed to hope and work for a better future."[14][15] Andrew Fersch, a publisher for Vail Daily, commented, "most folks block out most of their teenage memory, [while] Alexie embraced it with humor."[16]

text: In another review published in November 2016 by Dakota Student website, author Breanna Roen says that she has never seen the way that this book, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, conveys so much happiness, love, and grief.[17] Alexie's work in this novel can’t be compared to other Native American books; it is "a whole different ball game," Roen asserts.[17] The review continues to state that the theme regarding identity, home, race, poverty, tradition, friendship, hope and success is seen throughout the entire book, leaving the readers on the edge of their seats and wanting more.[17] Roen says that she could hardly put the book down and is avidly looking for something similar.[17]

text: In the review, "A Brave Life: The Real Struggles of a Native American Boy make an Uplifting Story" published in The Guardian, author Diane Samuels says that Alexie's book has a "combination of drawings, pithy turns of phrase, candor, tragedy, despair and hope … [that] makes this more than an entertaining read, more than an engaging story about a North American Indian kid who makes it out of a poor, dead-end background without losing his connection with who he is and where he's from."[18] In some areas, Samuels criticizes Alexie's stylistic reliance on the cartoons.[18] However, she continues to say that for the most part, Sherman Alexie has a talent for capturing the details and overview in a well-developed and snappy way.[18] Samuels finishes her review by stating that: "Opening this book is like meeting a friend you'd never make in your actual life and being given a piece of his world, inner and outer. It's humane, authentic and, most of all, it speaks."[18]

text: In the review "Using The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian to Teach About Racial Formation", Miami University professor Kevin Talbert says that Alexie chose to narrate the story through the eyes of fourteen-year-old Junior to transport his readers into "uncomfortable or incongruent spaces."[19] He continues to say that the novel's writing allows for topics about class and racial struggles to be intertwined with more common adolescent struggles like sexual desires, controlling hormones, and managing relationships with friends and family. Furthermore, Talbert believes that, unlike other Young Adult novels, this book captures issues of race and class in a way that reaches a wider audience.[19] The article also states that Junior's narration in the novel sends a message to society, "that adolescents have important things to say, that being fourteen years old matters."[19]

text: Critical Interpretation[edit]

text: Dr. Bryan Ripley Crandall, director of the Connecticut Writing Project at Fairfield University, posits in his critical essay "Adding a Disability Perspective When Reading Adolescent Literature: Sherman Alexie's The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian" that the book presents a progressive view of disability.[20] Arnold has what he calls "water on the brain", which would correctly be referred to as hydrocephalus. Crandall points out that Arnold is never held back by his disability, but in fact laughs at himself: "With my big feet and pencil body, I looked like a capital L walking down the road."[1] According to Crandall, the illustrations by Ellen Forney, which are meant to be the cartoons that Arnold draws, represent a new way for the disabled narrator to communicate with the readers: they "initiate further interpretations and conversations about how students perceive others who are not like them, especially individuals with disabilities."[20] Arnold's hydrocephaly doesn't prevent him from becoming a basketball star at his new school. His disability fades as a plot device as the book progresses.[1]

text: David Goldstein, in his paper "Sacred Hoop Dreams: Basketball in the Work of Sherman Alexie", analyses the importance of basketball in the novel. He suggests that it represents "the tensions between traditional lifeways and contemporary social realities."[21] According to Goldstein, Junior/Arnold sees losing at basketball as "losing at life." The Reardan kids are eternal winners because of their victories on the court: "Those kids were magnificent."[1] Goldstein notes how basketball is also a sport of poverty in America — "it costs virtually nothing to play, and so is appropriate for the reservation."[21]

text: Nerida Weyland's article, "Representations of Happiness in Comedic Young Adult Fiction: Happy Are the Wretched" describes how Junior/Arnold is an example of the complex, not-innocent child often presented in modern young adult literature.[22] As detailed in Alyson Miller's "Unsuited to Age Group: The Scandals of Children's Literature," society has created an "innocence of the idealized child"; Alexie's protagonist is the opposite of this figure.

text: According to Weyland, Alexie doesn’t play by the rules – the use of humor in the book is directed at established "power hierarchies, dominant social ideologies or topics deemed taboo".[22] Weyland suggests that the outsized effect of this feature of the book is revealed in the controversy its publication caused, as it was banned and challenged in schools all over the country.[22] Weyland states that Alexie's book with Forney's black-comedy illustrations explore themes of "racial tension, domestic violence, and social injustice" in a never-before-done way.[22] As an example, Alexie uses the anecdote of the killing of Junior's dog, Oscar, to expand on the idea of social mobility, or lack thereof – Junior states that he understood why the dog had to be killed rather than taken to the vet, because his parents were poor and they "came from poor people who came from poor people who came from poor people, all the way back to the very first poor people."[22][23] Weyland notes how readers are likely to be uncomfortable with Junior/Arnold/Alexie making light of topics of such importance (racism, poverty, alcoholism) through the use of dark comedy.[22]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Alexie won three major "year's best" awards for Diary, a biannual award for books by and about Native Americans, and a California award that annually covers the last four years. The awards are listed below:

text:
2007 National Book Award for Young People's Literature.[24]
2008 American Indian Youth Literature Awards. American Indian Library Association Best Young Adult Book.[25]
2008 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award, Fiction and Poetry.[26]
2009 Odyssey Award as the year's "best audiobook for children or young adults", read by Alexie (Frederick, MD: Recorded Books, LLC, 2008, ISBN 1-4361-2490-5).[27]
2010 California Young Reader Medal, Young Adult Book (eligible to win once during its first four years).[28]

text: Diary was also named to several annual lists including three by the United States' library industry (not including being banned).

text:
"Best Books of 2007", School Library Journal.[29]
2008 "Top Ten Best Books for Young Adults", Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA).[30]
2009 "Amazing Audiobooks for Young Adults", YALSA.[31]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian has been at the center of many controversies regarding the depiction of sex and violence in books written for young adults. For its grappling with these issues, "some people thought it was the greatest book ever, and some people thought it was the most perverted book ever," said Shawn Tobin, a superintendent of a Georgia school district.[32]

text: Censorship[edit]

text: The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian has faced removal from libraries and school curricula and exclusion from student reading lists, among other barriers designed to stop students from accessing the book. The National Coalition Against Censorship has called The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian the book it defends more than any other.[33] The topics addressed in the book that have been controversial are its perceived cultural insensitivity, provocative and explicit language, scenes that are sexually explicit or anti-family, and depictions of bullying and violence.[34]

text: Antioch Township, Illinois (2009)[edit]

text: Local parents caught wind of the book's references to alcoholism, sensitive cultural topics, and sexual innuendos: in the beginning of June, seven Antioch parents attended a 117th District School Board meeting to request that the book be removed from the curriculum.[35] However, the novel was not banned from Antioch High School's curriculum following the controversy. Instead, the English Department introduced an alternative option for summer reading—students who preferred to read John Hart's Down River were permitted to do so.[36]

text: Crook County, Oregon (2009)[edit]

text: In Prineville, Oregon one parent raised objections to the school board about how the book contains references to masturbation and is generally inappropriate. In response, the Crook County School District temporarily removed the book from classrooms. The removal was upheld, but the book remained available to students in school libraries.[36]

text: Stockton, Missouri (2010)[edit]

text: A parent complained about the violence, language, and sexual content in The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, and the Stockton School District Board voted to ban the book from school libraries. The decision was voted upon multiple times, but ultimately the ban was upheld.[36]

text: Newcastle, Wyoming (2010)[edit]

text: In 2010, Wyoming's Newcastle Middle School attempted to include Diary in its 8th grade English curriculum. At first, the district allowed it under the premise that children who were not allowed to read it would bring a signed paper allowing them to read the alternate book Tangerine. About two weeks after the announcement was made to the 8th graders, the school board banned teaching it in a curriculum, but still allowed it in the library for those who wished to read it.[37]

text: Helena, Montana (2011)[edit]

text: In 2011, one parent in the Helena School District objected to the book's "obscene, vulgar, and pornographic language." However, the school district voted to retain the book in schools.[36]

text: Richland, Washington (2011)[edit]

text: In 2011, a 9th grade Language Arts teacher at the Richland Public High School piloted Diary in his curriculum, and with the help of his students, reported to the school's board on the inclusion of the book in a high school curriculum.[38] Parents of students in the class were notified ahead of time that the teacher was interested in the book, as a result, parents were able to opt their student out of reading the novel if they so chose.[38]

text: In June 2011, the school board voted 3-2 to remove the book from the school entirely. Board members had not read the book, but cited the split Instructional Materials Committee vote as reason to ban the novel.[38]

text: The board members later learned that some members of the Instructional Materials Committee had not read the book, and so the board members agreed to vote again, but read it for themselves before the vote.[39] On July 11, 2011, the school board voted 4-1 to reverse its earlier decision.[39]

text: Dade County, Georgia (2012)[edit]

text: In 2012, the book was removed from the Dade County school libraries and required high school reading lists due to complaints about "vulgarity, racism, and anti-Christian content".[36]

text: Mattapoisett, Massachusetts (2012)[edit]

text: In 2012 in the Old Rochester Regional Junior High School, the book was challenged as an 8th grade English assignment, but ultimately retained by the school.[36]

text: Union County, New Jersey (2012)[edit]

text: In 2012, the book was challenged in 9th grade English classes in Westfield High School for "very sensitive material in the book including excerpts on masturbation amongst other explicit sexual references, encouraging pornography, racism, religious irreverence, and strong language." However, the school board decided to retain the book as part of the curriculum.[36]

text: Yakima, Washington (2013)[edit]

text: Sherman Alexie's Diary was challenged in his home state of Washington, only a few hours drive away from where the semi-autobiographical work is set. This means that various people have objected to certain content, theme, or language in this book. The dispute over the book's appropriateness for high school students took place in the West Valley School District in 2013. Specifically, many parents claimed that the book contains inappropriate and sexual content and language that are unsuitable for high school students.[40]

text: As of now, there have been four official complaints about the book that have been recorded.[40] Resultantly, Alexie's book was removed from 10th grade classes and made supplemental literature for 11th and 12th grades, instead of required reading.[40]

text: Queens, New York (2014)[edit]

text: A middle school in Queens removed Diary from required reading due to the references to masturbation, which the school considered inappropriate for middle schoolers.[36]

text: Billings, Montana (2014)[edit]

text: The book was challenged on the 10th grade reading list at Skyview High School, where a parent complained "[t]his book is, shockingly, written by a Native American who reinforces all the negative stereotypes of his people and does it from the crude, obscene, and unfiltered viewpoint of a 9th-grader growing up on the reservation." The book was not removed from the school list.[36]

text: Jefferson County, West Virginia (2014)[edit]

text: A Jefferson County parent complained about the novel's graphic nature, resulting in the book being pulled from all county schools.[36]

text: Sweet Home, Oregon (2014)[edit]

text: Some parents of students of a Sweet Home Junior High English class voiced concerns about the book's content, specifically the objectification of women and young girls. The concerns resulted in the book being officially challenged, but nothing more.[36]

text: Meridian, Idaho (2014)[edit]

text: In April 2014, Diary was pulled from the Meridian district's supplemental reading list after significant parental disapproval of the novel's subject matter.[33] The book had been a part of its curriculum since 2010. Students protested to remove the ban but were unsuccessful.[33]

text: According to Marshall University Libraries, in 2015 the text was banned from the Meridian (ID) school districts' required texts due to parents complaining that it "discusses masturbation, contains profanity, and has been viewed as anti-Christian."[41]

text: Brunswick, North Carolina (2014)[edit]

text: On July 1, 2014, a grandmother in Brunswick, North Carolina, filed a complaint against Diary at Cedar Grove Middle School. Two weeks later, the school's Media Advisory Committee met and unanimously agreed to keep the book in its curriculum because the committee saw the value in "the realistic depiction of bullying and racism, as well as a need for tolerance and awareness of cultural differences."[42] The grandmother, Frances Wood, appealed the decision, remaining adamant that "[t]his book is not morally acceptable… Everything in it is degrading. There's nothing uplifting in it."[43]

text: One year later, Wood challenged the book yet again, this time at West Brunswick High School. Wood lost this protest against the book when the principal of West Brunswick High School responded a few days later that the county school board's policy was that their decision on a book held for all schools in the county, and that those decisions could not be revisited for two years.[44]

text: Highland Park, Texas (2015)[edit]

text: In 2015, the superintendent of the Highland Park Independent School District suspended Diary from the school approved book list. The suspension was very brief, and the superintendent reinstated the book soon after.[36]

text: Defense of the Novel[edit]

text: Teachers and students, as well as Alexie himself, have spoken out in defense of The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. Alexie responded to complaints about the novel's gritty themes in a 2011 Wall Street Journal article entitled "Why the Best Kids Books Are Written in Blood", in which he argues that attempts to prevent school-aged children from learning about the harsher aspects of contemporary life are "way, way too late". He uses his own life as an example:

text: "Of course, all during my childhood, would-be saviors tried to rescue my fellow tribal members. They wanted to rescue me. But, even then, I could only laugh at their platitudes. In those days, the cultural conservatives thought that KISS and Black Sabbath were going to impede my moral development. They wanted to protect me from sex when I had already been raped. They wanted to protect me from evil though a future serial killer had already abused me. They wanted me to profess my love for God without considering that I was the child and grandchild of men and women who’d been sexually and physically abused by generations of clergy."[45]

text: In the same article, Alexie explains that he has visited many classrooms and received numerous letters and messages from students who liked the book, noting that these students have had difficult experiences similar to his own—"depression, attempted suicide, gang warfare, sexual and physical abuse, absentee parents, poverty, racism, and learning disabilities"—and he notes:

text: "I have yet to receive a letter from a child somehow debilitated by the domestic violence, drug abuse, racism, poverty, sexuality, and murder contained in my book. To the contrary, kids as young as ten have sent me autobiographical letters written in crayon, complete with drawings inspired by my book, that are just as dark, terrifying, and redemptive as anything I’ve ever read."[45]

text: Some defenders discuss the brighter messages of the book, pointing out that the novel shows positive perspectives on life and holds an anti-alcohol message. In a Chicago Tribune article entitled "Some Parents Seek to Ban The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian", John Whitehurst, an English teacher at Antioch High School, argues that Alexie's book should still be a part of their school curriculum:

text: "While there is graphic language, keep in mind that Arnold [the main character] uses this language to express his own feelings to himself or to exchange taunts with his best friend, he never uses this language in front of girls, to his family or to other adults, and he doesn't act on such thoughts. He is consistently polite."[35]

text: Other defenses have more to do with the nature of censorship in general, while still focusing on the value of the novel. In Richland, Washington, the School Board voted to ban the book, despite the voting members not having read it themselves. There was a public outcry following this censorship, and the decision was later reversed. Board member Rick Donohoe issued this statement:

text: "The book’s 14-year-old protagonist struggles with poverty, racism and death. Those themes, and particularly the main character’s perseverance in the face of these challenges, bear important lessons for students. When I’m voting a book out of the classroom, I’m denying parents the right to choose to have that book read by their students. In the future, I will read every book I vote on."[46]

text: The Spokesman Review, a newspaper in Spokane, Washington, which was the setting of the novel and birthplace of Alexie, published an article satirizing the opposition to the novel. This article took the voice of a troubled parent, and imitated the commonly heard complaints about the book:

text: "But this book for young adults is just way too real for comfort. Oh, yeah. It won a National Book Award, too. That should tell you how far the country has slipped. According to a news report, “a committee had recommended the book stay on the 10th-grade supplemental reading list, with students required to get parental permission to read it.” Narrow minds prevailed over that logic despite an effort by Brady Kissel, a Mountain View High School student who collected 350 signatures to save the book. Troublemaker."[47]

text: Not all opinions on the novel are completely polarized. Some have discussed the merits of the book, while also mentioning the risks of exposing children to the harsher scenes. Young Adult Fiction author Raquel Rivera wrote in an essay on censorship:

text: "I recently insisted my son, now 12 years old, read The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. It is an excellent book and happens to have much useful material for a boy entering his teens... But there is a scene in Part-Time Indian in which a racist joke is told, and the protagonist is compelled to fight. For me, the joke was nothing more than a tool to propel the plot. In the story it is duly vanquished and forgotten. But the joke stayed with my son, and he continued to be bothered by it."[48]

text: Historical Trauma of the Spokane Indians[edit]

text: Sherman Alexie grew up on the Spokane Indian Reservation in Wellpinit, Washington. While living on the reservation, he had to make sacrifices and choices that guided the direction of his future. In Diary, he writes a story based on the challenges he faced once he left the reservation, and how his decision to go to school for a proper education was quite difficult to adjust to. Critics have discussed the role of Historical Trauma in Alexie's life and works.

text: In "Healing The Soul Wound," Jan Johnson, a writer and literary critic, analyzes Sherman Alexie's purpose in sharing stories of marginalization and oppression in Native American communities. Johnson identifies the "soul wound," a concept that evolved from the historical oppression of Native Americans.[49] This phenomenon is responsible for the characterization of Native Americans as individuals who are constantly suffering, and according to Johnson, this struggle has become a cultural trait.[49] Johnson writes, "Alexie feels that—as a result of this grim history—suffering and trauma are fundamental to the experience of being Native American. Ceaseless suffering attains an epistemological status." [49] Johnson also talks about how Junior went from being one of the smartest kids on the reservation, to being a target in his new prominently white school. Johnson explains that behaviors of the characters in Flight is a reflection on the traumas Native American Indians went through.[50] On the other hand, Diary is a possible indication of the healing process from the tragedies and traumas the Spokane Indians faced throughout history.[50] It is important for people to understand how this specific group and other groups of Native Americans were dehumanized and ripped of their cultural values, which is what Johnson considered to be the "soul wound" of American Indians.[50]

text: In Sherman Alexie, A Collection of Critical Essays, critics Jeff Burglund and Jan Roush interpret Jan Johnson's definition of the soul wound as "intergenerational suffering." [51] On pages 10 and 11 of Diary, Alexie elaborates on the concept of generational poverty when he reveals that Junior's family is too poor to care for the family's sick dog: "My parents came from poor people who came from poor people who came from poor people, all the way back to the very first poor people," he writes.[52] Junior is "wounded," which Alexie shows through Junior's alcoholic father, his misguided sister, and his defeating social life. Through Diary, Alexie aims to make a larger statement about the need for change in both the internal structure and the external perception of Native American communities in the United States.[53]Columbus and his men colonized the new land they encountered in horrid ways that diminished Native people of anything they had. Violent invasions by Columbus and his crew left the Indians with nothing to call their own. Sacred land, animals, plants, and relatives were all lost during the time of what Maria Yellow Brave Heart and Lemyra DeBruyn called the "American Indian Holocaust." [50] The ones that were somewhat fortunate enough to stay alive were brainwashed of everything they knew, and were forced to believe and follow the religious practices of the Christian faith despite the fact it was not what they believed in. The Indians were also forced to relocate and leave everything, which led to many of them dying due to illness or unbearable conditions they had to walk in.[54] Some Native peoples are still affected by this trauma.[54] Many argue that "historical unresolved grief" is the cause of high crime rates and mental health issues among Native American people today.[54] Maria Yellow Horse Brave Heart and Lemyra DeBruyn explain the meaning behind "historical disenfranchised grief" and how it is overlooked by Americans. American Indians are experiencing disenfranchised grief because of how this group of people was and still is seen as savage, emotionless, and lacking of right or reason to mourn and grieve.[54]

text: Multicultural literature[edit]

text: There are many arguments for why Sherman Alexie's The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian is an example of multicultural literature. A textbook called Sherman Alexie in the Classroom was recently published in order to help teachers and educators explore how multicultural texts can impact the learning outcome of students––especially for Native Americans in the modern times. This text explores the significance and the message behind the works of Sherman Alexie, including poetry, novels, films strips, and much more.

text: Sherman Alexie's novel, The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian, is a multicultural text that many English teachers use in order to educate their students about the Native American heritage. The author, Alexie, himself is of the Spokane heritage, and as a result, he uses his own background and personal experiences to write this specific novel in a semi-autobiographical format.[55] Teachers refer to the textbook, Sherman Alexie in the Classroom, to claim that the book provides an opportunity to educate non-Native American students to "work through their white guilt and develop anti-racist perspectives." [55]

text: In an interview, Alexie stated that, "The primary audience is college-educated white women, so that's who reads everything. If you want to talk about an indication of that--certainly this book is geared towards young adults, but I was at the American Library Association convention in DC a couple of weeks ago, and there were something like 15,000 librarians there and 99 percent of them were white women so ... Thank God ... they seem to be the people most willing to ignore barriers and boundaries and to reach across, so that's who my audience is in reality. In this book, specifically, I'm really hoping it reaches a lot of native kids certainly, but also poor kids of any variety who feel trapped by circumstance, by culture, by low expectations, I'm hoping it helps them get out."[56]

text: Alexie also wants his "literature to concern the daily lives of Indians. [He] think[s] most Native American literature is so obsessed with nature that [he doesn't] think it has any useful purpose". Alexis was quoted saying, "There's a kid out there, some boy or girl who will be that great writer, and hopefully they'll see what I do and get inspired by that".[57]

text: Furthermore, Alexie's texts encourage educators to initiate discussions in their classrooms about the Native American culture as a whole.[55] Many stereotypes of Native Americans exist in the United States; therefore, many people have erroneous views of what modern Native Americans' lives are like. 11th and 12th grade English teacher, Bryan Ripley Crandall, believes that learning about different cultural backgrounds creates a diverse learning environment.[58] Crandall also states that the Native American narrative of Alexie's book is a way of giving minority students an access to their own background and heritage within an American education.[58] Therefore, Alexie's multicultural literature of The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian provides an expanded perspective of the daily lives of Native Americans living on the reservation in today's world.[55]

text: Autobiographical elements[edit]

text: The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian is semi-autobiographical.[59] The novel started as a section of Sherman Alexie's family memoir, but after the persistence of a young adult editor, he decided to use it as a basis for his first young adult novel.[60] Sherman Alexie states, "If I were to guess at the percentage, it would be about seventy-eight percent true." [26] Like Arnold, Sherman Alexie grew up on the Spokane Reservation in Wellpinit with an alcoholic father.[2][61] He was also born with hydrocephalus, like Arnold, but Alexie did not have any speech impediments.[62] Like Arnold, Alexie was also teased for his government-issued, horn-rimmed glasses and nicknamed "The Globe" by fellow students because of his giant head.[2] Another similarity between Alexie and his character is that Alexie also left the reservation to attend high school at Reardan High, but Alexie chose to go to Reardan to achieve the required credits he needed to go to college.[2] Like Arnold, Alexie also became the star player of Reardan's basketball team, and was the only Indian on the team besides the school's team mascot.[2] The scene where Arnold finds that he is using the same textbook his mother did thirty years before him is drawn from Alexie's own experiences. The only difference from Alexie's life and the novel is that Alexie threw the book against the wall out of anger, and did not hit anyone as Junior did.[26]

text: In his own writing, Alexie unapologetically describes himself as "kind of mixed up, kind of odd, not traditional. I'm a rez kid who's gone urban, and that's what I write about. I've never pretended to be otherwise."[63] "A smart Indian is a dangerous person," Alexie states in a personal essay, "[a smart Indian is] widely feared and ridiculed by Indians and non-Indians alike." [53] Junior encapsulates this type of experience when he receives strong censure both from his tribal community and from his peers and teachers at his new school, Reardan. In the personal essay, Alexie's continued explanation of his own experience is reflected in Junior's.[53] Alexie recalls, "I fought with my classmates on a daily basis. They wanted me to stay quiet when the non-Indian teacher asked for answers….[W]e were Indian children who were expected to be stupid. …[W]e were expected to fail in the non-Indian world." [53] Through Junior's success at Reardan and his realizations about life on the reservation, Alexie represents a possibility for the success of Native American children—by defeating the expectation that he is doomed to fail, Junior crosses social boundaries and defeats unfavorable odds.[53] Alexie's reflections again demonstrate that Junior's experiences are semi-autobiographical.

text: Media[edit]

text: Audiobook[edit]

text: The author Sherman Alexie himself narrates the audiobook of The Absolutely True Diary Of A Part-Time Indian, which has won many awards for its creation of an idiosyncratic, first-person voice.[64] "Alexie is the perfect choice to read his own story," notes critic Kristi Jemtegaard.[64] Alexie is able to convey the messages that the missing cartoons, caricatures, and sketches reveal in the printed text.[64] Alexie, who has experience as an orator, won the Taos Poetry Circus World Heavyweight Championship award three years in a row for his oratorical virtuosity.[2]

text: Film Adaptation[edit]

text: According to The Hollywood Reporter, in December 2016, Fox 2000 studios acquired the rights to produce The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian. The producing team consists of Hugh Jackman, Wyck Godfrey, Isaac Klausner, and Lauren Shuler Donner. The film is currently under development, and a set release date has not been announced as of yet.

text: Educational Resources[edit]

text:
"The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian data visualization and analysis" (online and PDF). LitCharts.com. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
Scholastic's The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Teaching Guide. Retrieved 31 May 2017


document_title: Eric Forman

question_text: who does eric end up with in that 70s show

text: Eric Forman

text: Storylines[edit]

text: Being the show's main character for the first seven seasons, Eric appears in many storylines. The show opens with Eric, a scrawny, socially awkward 16-year-old, dealing with his ever-evident and growing crush on the girl next door, Donna Pinciotti. During this time, Eric obtains the signature 1969 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser and takes it out of town, despite his father's warnings not to. This, evidently, impresses Donna and leads to the pair's first kiss.[2] The next episode, Eric's Birthday set on May 18, 1976 (originally making him born in 1959), sees the pair dealing with their kiss as well as Eric's long-awaited 17th birthday. As the series progresses, Eric's friends' influence over him begins to surface as he finds himself arrested due to Kelso being caught driving a stolen car while he was a passenger, due to an earlier ban on his Vista Cruiser. Eric and Donna soon share a first date, but all goes awry as Donna becomes intoxicated due to a mix-up with the drink order, causing an awkward and uncomfortable experience for Eric.[3] During the high school prom, the two decide to rent a nearby motel room for after, though ultimately decide not to engage in intercourse after receiving the attention of fellow students.[4]

text: Coinciding with the beginning of his relationship with Donna, (he secretly has a crush on Veronica Russell) Eric must deal with the death of his grandmother, sharing a rare bonding moment with his father Red and his best friend Hyde's abandonment. It is Eric who ultimately decides that Hyde should move in with them. Season 2's episode, "Halloween" revealed that it was Eric who causes Hyde's downward spiral to rebellious stoner due to Eric framing Hyde for the destruction of a classmates school work. The pair end up in an argument, but all is resolved as they choose to forget it ever happened. Eric is suspended from school for smoking on school property after taking the blame but is allowed to return to school when the truth is later revealed. He also received his first steady job from his father at PriceMart[5] and Donna and Eric lose their virginity to each other at Midge and Bob's renewal wedding vows.[6]

text: Throughout season three, the pair's relationship holds a steady foundation despite Eric's constant awkward antics, such as accidental sexism and pantsing Donna. However, things take a turn for the worse as Eric's offer for a promise ring is rejected by Donna and he decides that if she doesn't see a future with him they should break up.[7] Despite it being his decision, this leads him to spiral into depression, dreaming at one point what it would be like if he had never dated Donna. He is angered on several occasions as Donna deals with their breakup and the downfall of her parents' marriage by acting insultingly toward him, even publishing in the school's newspaper a story that parallels their relationship.[8] He is also resentful of her relationship with Michael Kelso's older brother Casey, who is offensive and smug. When Donna begins acting out due to Casey's influence, Eric becomes concerned but refuses to take her back the evening Casey breaks up with her.

text: Regretting it instantly, Eric goes to find her to once again reconcile, and learns that she and Michael have taken off for California where they spend the remainder of the summer. Despite his parents foreboding, Eric takes off after Donna and they reconcile instantly and continue their relationship. Later, Eric contemplates in front of his friends the idea of proposing to Donna, something they all instantly point out the idiocy. However, the two do get engaged as he proposes, somewhat awkwardly, atop the water tower. After taking the SAT's he realizes he got the lowest score of the group, even getting a worse score than Kelso,[9] prompting him to work harder in order to marry Donna. Eric also thinks hard about his future, choosing to move to Madison with Donna. In the fifth season, Eric and Donna become engaged, despite widespread discouragement (and anger, in the case of Red). However, they refuse to call off the engagement and remain engaged until the end of the sixth season. Eventually, they both begin to experience pre-wedding jitters and Eric, acting upon these feelings, skips his wedding rehearsal. He then returns in the next episode and Donna forgives him.

text: After spending much of 1978–79 lazing around, Eric eventually decides he needs to do something with his life. This prompts many attempts to find a long-term career. It is not until a conversation with friends that he realizes his passion is in teaching. However, Red has spent Eric's college money on his muffler shop, but the guidance counselor at Eric's former high school offers him the choice of a fully paid education if he first spends a year teaching in Africa. Eric accepts, much to his mother and Donna's dismay. After a few weeks of preparation and receiving the cold treatment from Kitty and Donna, Eric packs his bags and prepares to leave. With the blessing from Red and forgiveness from his mother and Donna, he drives off with the Vista Cruiser to a hearty farewell.

text: Eric's family includes his doting mother, Kitty Forman, who has impending separation anxiety and menopause, his crabby father, Red Forman, who is a strict Korean War military veteran, and his older sister, Laurie Forman, who is a promiscuous blonde who uses her looks to get what she wants. Eric's best friend, Steven Hyde, who was essentially abandoned by his parents, later becomes his foster brother. Eric was the show's protagonist from seasons one through seven until he was written out due to Grace's departure from the series. However, despite Eric's absence, he is mentioned at least once in all 22 episodes of season eight. He makes a brief cameo appearance in the final episode titled "That '70s Finale."

text: Season eight[edit]

text: Due to Eric's departure from the show at the beginning of its eighth season, Eric was no longer the central focus of the show, though his character was still heavily used to influence elements of it, and he's mentioned in every episode of the season. Picking up a month after the seventh season's finale, Eric is revealed to have successfully become accustomed to his job teaching in Africa. As Donna's relationship with a new character Randy begins to intensify, it becomes apparent that Eric has broken up with her yet again. Eric returns home on New Year's Eve to reconcile with Donna, welcome the new year in with his friends and continue his teaching career.

text: Personality[edit]

text: A nice guy at heart, Eric is generally geeky, physically weak and somewhat clumsy. He is not athletic and shows little interest in sports. He is a smart-aleck teenager with a lightning-fast wit and a sarcastic and deadpan sense of humor. He also lights "incense" with his friends in his basement. Eric is also known to screw things up a lot, which is parodied throughout the series.

text: Eric is often picked on for his slight stature and other characters have likened him to "Opie" (for the character Opie Taylor, from The Andy Griffith Show), and Archie Andrews. Other unfortunate nicknames include "Foreplay" (by Casey Kelso), "Foreskin" (by Donna), "Zitty Stardust" (in reference to him being unable to take a zit-free yearbook photo), "Scrawny Little Neighbor Boy" (by Hyde), and "Dumbass" (by Red).

text: His girlfriend Donna is physically stronger, smarter and larger than he is, a fact which is cause for many jokes by all who know them. Donna is seen beating everyone individually on more than one occasion.

text: Though physically weak, Eric can show a surprising amount of courage and even physical power when necessary. When incensed enough he will stand up to anyone, including his father and during these moments he can be surprisingly eloquent. He stood up to Red when he was troubled about Kitty's apparent pregnancy and told him to be a man for her. He also stands up to both of his parents in his insistence on marrying Donna, despite their repeated attempts to stop him. He threatens Casey Kelso with serious injury if he hurt Donna and even defended his father by punching another teenager (David Milbank) who had informed him that Red will eventually lose his job at the auto parts plant. He also beat a Green Bay Packers fan up during a game, after the fan (along with Red) repeatedly insult Eric for wearing a Chicago Bears jersey; however, Eric turns to violence only when the fan insults Red for telling him to stop arguing once the game was over, as Red only saw the argument as being appropriate banter between opposing fans during the game. This made Red proud enough to remark that his son had the "Forman Rage."

text: Eric's best friend is rebel Steven Hyde. When Hyde's mother leaves town at the end of the first season, Eric tries to persuade his parents to do something about his best friend's living conditions and thus Hyde is invited to live with the Formans, which he does for most of the series. When Red is quick to throw Hyde out after an arrest for drug possession, Eric attempts to help him by proving Red's hypocrisy.

text: Of his group of friends, Eric seemed to dislike Jackie the most in the beginning, though as the series progresses, they develop a friendship. Throughout, the two have a clear "frenemy" relationship. They demonstrate their annoyance with each other, but show compassion for each other many times, and through it all, are close. At the series' beginning, Jackie admits to trusting and liking Eric, confiding in him that she might be pregnant. In "The Pill," for example, she says to Eric's surprise, "Look, I've always been able to trust you—and, god, you are such a nice guy." Later in the episode, once Kelso threatens to break up with Jackie, Eric yells at him, having developed protective feelings towards her. This proves that their burning of each other throughout the show is only for laughs and friendly bickering, as none of their hostility is ever serious. Eric is consistent in ignoring Jackie as an object of sexual desire, but this changes in "What Is and What Should Never Be" where Hyde helps Eric realize that Jackie is "hot." After this, Eric has shown to have a sexual attraction to her, as shown in many episodes. Jackie is, at times, demeaning towards Eric due to his effeminate qualities, dorkiness and physical weakness. They have been known to occasionally help each other out. In the episode "Jackie's Cheese Squeeze," Eric admits that they are "friends," as long as they don't refer to each other as such in public, and in the season seven finale, Jackie calls Eric from Chicago and admits that she's always cared for him, and that he was always very special to her.

text: Eric is a well-known fan of science fiction, such as Star Trek and especially Star Wars, in which he compares himself to Luke Skywalker. This is cause for much ridicule at the hands of his exasperated family and friends. He is known to keep a collection of Star Wars models and figurines. He is also known to have a large, beloved collection of G.I. Joe. He listens to artists such as Led Zeppelin, KISS, Aerosmith, Pink Floyd, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Deep Purple, Queen, Styx and Rush. He is also a Beatles fan and has been known to liken his group of friends to them, accusing Jackie of "breaking up the band" with her romantic entanglements with Kelso and Hyde (calling her Yoko, in reference to Yoko Ono). It is also hinted that he is both a Batman and Spider-Man fan, having Spider-Man bed sheets and a considerable number of comic books, most of them bearing the Marvel Comics logo with the titular character on the covers. When he fights a fan at the Packers game, he tells Red that he learned his moves from Spider-Man; coincidentally, Topher Grace starred as Eddie Brock, a character who obtains powers very similar to Spider-Man, thus transforming him into the monstrous Venom in Spider-Man 3 in 2007.

text: Eric has had many typical teenage jobs over the series. He has worked at Fatso Burger, PriceMart, a dog food factory and as a waiter at the Holiday Hotel. In the beginning of the series, Red vehemently opposes Eric's attempts to get a job during the second season citing that it would interfere with his schoolwork and make it harder for him to get into a good college located far away. Kitty supports Red by saying Eric's job is being her "precious little baby boy." When Eric announces his marriage proposal to Red and Kitty, Red fires him from his job at PriceMart so he couldn't make the money to get married. Kitty costs him a potential job at a bank for the same reason. Red and Kitty even go so far as to revoke their offer to pay for Eric's college tuition in a final act of desperation to put a stop to the wedding but are unsuccessful. In season seven, Eric is ridiculed by his father when he takes a year off from school and work to contemplate his future and enjoy being lazy. Eric takes pleasure in the contempt Red has for this decision.

text: Eric is usually very supportive of his friends, even though it is very rarely reciprocated. On several occasions, when the group find themselves in a predicament as the result of a prank gone awry or some other unforeseen circumstance, the rest of the group would take off, leaving Eric to absorb the brunt of the trouble, after which the group (mainly Hyde) would hassle and tease Eric for getting into trouble (as in "Stolen Car," "Eric Gets Suspended," "Eric's Hot Cousin" and "Rip This Joint"). This has much to do with Eric's trusting nature and indicates that what he lacks in physical strength and courage, he more than makes up for in strength of character. Eric however, has been known to get his revenge on his backstabbing friends from time to time, such as when Kelso took the group on a "dine-and-dash" without telling them and the group eventually abandoning Donna and Eric at the restaurant. Eric and Donna get their revenge by serving a batch of brownies which they referred to as "special" brownies. However, in this case, the "special" ingredient that Eric and Donna include is a chocolate-flavored laxative. This was a particular problem for Fez, whose girlfriend had arrived to make amends with him, just as he was running for the bathroom. At times, however, Eric's friends will come to his aid when he's truly at the end of his rope. His less morally inclined friends are quick to take advantage of him and sometimes take his willingness to help them for granted. However, Eric is also quick to stand up for himself whenever he feels he has been wronged by his friends' actions. Although in later episodes, he seems to become more selfish, babied by his mother and lazy.

text: Eric is also quite stubborn, which has on several occasions brings bad luck to himself. For example, when Donna calls from California and when Kitty tries to tell him, Eric refuses to even listen to his mother and (when he finds out the call) later scolds her for not telling him. Also, when Hyde is about to get kicked out of the Forman's house for his drug use, Eric tells Red that he also does drugs (despite Donna telling him not to), only to find out that Hyde is allowed to stay. Another prime example is during his first break-up with Donna: he refuses to see the signs that she is hesitant to say they will always be together, even when Hyde tries to explain it to him, and when faced with the truth chooses to end the relationship rather than accept Donna is not ready. (However, he would later on acknowledge it was unfair for him to pressure Donna.)

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Eric's relationship with his parents is characterized by his attempts to prove to them that he is mature and independent. Eric's father, Red, is a notorious authoritarian and often refers to Eric as "dumbass" and "boy." He frequently threatens "to put his foot in Eric's ass." Red finds Eric lacking the qualities which he feels a grown man should possess, including physical strength, sportsmanship, and interest in manly pursuits, like hunting and fishing. Despite the fact that Red's strict parenting often prevents intimate father-son moments, Red truly cares for his son. On rare occasions, Red displays genuine fatherly love such as in "That Wresting Show" and "Street Fighting Man," as well as when he learns that Eric is a good hunter and chose not to shoot a deer because he didn't want to. Oddly, Eric is, in many ways, a younger version of his father. Both display a dry sense of humor and tend to be the sanest people in their circle of friends.

text: Eric's mother, Kitty, typically supports Eric against the wishes of her husband and she often scolds Red for being too hard on him. However, she also does not consider Eric to be a man and often refers to him as her "precious little baby boy." Eric appreciates his mom's support but her overblown displays of affection often leave him feeling embarrassed. At times, Kitty's love for Eric borders on Hitchcockian. His mother is often insecure about being replaced by Donna as the woman in Eric's life. Their rivalry is played up in many episodes (often comically, but sometimes to the point of it being problematic). In theory, she's okay with a sexual relationship between Donna and Eric (even pressing the two to discuss it with her); however, in reality, she goes into a depression after learning that Eric and Donna had sex and considers Donna a harlot who has stolen her baby boy away from her. Eric reassured Kitty that he would always need her because, "[Red]'s going to be riding [his] ass for the rest of [his] life". When Eric tells his parents about his plan to spend a year teaching in Africa, his mother is less than thrilled. This is most notably and comically presented when, the morning after his announcement, Kitty fixes everyone at the breakfast table a smiley-face breakfast with eggs and bacon and then hands Eric a plain pancake and says, "nothing smiling up at you, nothing". Even with a couple of days before his departure, Kitty reveals that she hid mailed notifications that Eric must receive certain vaccinations before he can leave. Eric protests his mom's actions but she still tries to dissuade him, stating that the needles used for the vaccinations are "as big as sausages" and "will hurt a lot."

text: In the episode "Eric's Birthday," the gang is acutely aware that Kitty has planned a surprise party for Eric, despite her claims to the contrary. This annoys Eric because he believes that surprise parties are for kids, which indicates that Kitty won't accept the fact that he is becoming a man. However, throughout the episode "Magic Bus," Eric expects Kitty to throw him a surprise party even though she and the gang constantly tell him that there is no surprise party. He becomes upset when he realizes that his mother is telling the truth. After Eric disobeys his parents' orders not to go forward with his plans to marry Donna, Red finally deems Eric a man and offers his blessing while a devastated Kitty turns on Red for allowing her "precious baby boy" to get married. Though Eric and Donna call off the wedding, they decide to move, which causes Kitty even more grief. She's even less pleased when she learns that Red is fine with it.

text: Eric's relationship with his older sister, Laurie, is based on mutual ridicule and contempt. Eric repeatedly mocks Laurie for being a whore while she chides him for being weak and less favored by their father. On several occasions, Eric and Laurie have tolerated each other and have even shown a brother-sister bond. When Eric saw his parents having sex, Laurie tried to comfort him, which included hugging him and stroking his hand. In the middle of a fight between the two, Hyde tried to break it up, and the two teamed up on him, complimenting each other's insults. Eric once even defended Laurie from Red. After discovering that Laurie moved out and was living with a man, Red, having been forced to face reality about his daughter's behavior and reputation, attempted to alienate her. Sympathizing with her, Eric attempted to defend Laurie, saying that Red was being too hard on her. Laurie once told Eric and Donna to move away after they got married and even cried during her apology. Eric tasted the tear and, having deemed it legitimate, replied "I have a sister!" and hugged her. Laurie appeared to have turned a new leaf but soon regressed back to her old habits of mean-spirited and lascivious behavior.

text: Other appearances[edit]

text:
Topher Grace briefly reprised the role in a Robot Chicken skit, featuring the That '70s Show characters. The skit was titled "That '00s Show".
Eric Forman was portrayed by Max Wrottesley in the short-lived British adaption, Days Like These.


document_title: The Great Outdoors (film)

question_text: where does the great outdoors movie take place

text: The Great Outdoors (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Chicagoan Chester "Chet" Ripley, his wife, Connie, and their two sons, Buckley "Buck" and Ben, are on vacation at a lake resort in Pechoggin, Wisconsin during the summer. All is going as planned until Connie's sister, Kate, Kate's investment broker husband, Roman Craig, and their twin daughters, Mara and Cara, crash the vacation.

text: Ghost stories at the family BBQ include one of a man-eating grizzly bear that Chet met face-to-face when he was younger. Chet says that while he and Connie were honeymooning at the same lake, he was attacked by a giant grizzly bear. When he fired at it with a shotgun, the buckshot shaved the hair off the top of the bear's head and from that day on, it was known as the "Bald-Headed Bear" of Clare County.

text: After Roman pulls Chet around the lake on an impromptu water ski ride with his rented speedboat, tensions between the families erupt. Chet is ready to pack up and go home, even as his teenage son Buck tries to romance a local girl, Cammie. The budding romance goes well until Chet is challenged to eat the Old 96'er (a 96-ounce steak) at a family dinner which causes Buck to break their date. Buck tries to apologize to Cammie for being late, but Cammie refuses to speak to him.

text: Connie and Kate bond at a local bar when the conversation drifts to Kate's challenges of being wealthy. Later, just at the peak of tension between families, it emerges that Roman has made a bad investment and is broke. He has not told Kate and was planning to hit up Chet for the cash.

text: Later, during a thunderstorm, the twins wander off and fall into a mine shaft. Chet and Roman find them, but the claustrophobic Roman is reluctant to descend into the tiny mine shaft. After some encouragement from Chet, Roman summons up all his courage, while Chet goes in search of a rope to pull them out. Upon realizing that the mine is stocked with old dynamite, Roman takes his daughters and climbs out of the shaft on his own.

text: When Chet returns with the rope, he is horrified to discover the "Bald-Headed Bear" lurking in the mine. It chases him back to his house, smashes through the door, and rampages through the house. Wally, the cabin owner, bursts in with a loaded shotgun while Roman tries to hold off the animal with a fire poker and an oar. Chet takes the gun and shoots the bear, blowing the fur off its backside. Roaring, the bear runs out of the house.

text: The next morning, the two families part on good terms. Unbeknownst to Chet, Connie has invited Roman's family to stay with them until they can get back on their feet. Cammie and Buck make up and end their summer romance, as Buck and his family head back to Chicago.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dan Aykroyd as Roman Craig
John Candy as Chester "Chet" Ripley
Stephanie Faracy as Connie Ripley
Annette Bening as Kate "Katie" Craig
Robert Prosky as Wally
Chris Young as Buckley "Buck" Ripley
Ian Giatti as Ben "Benny" Ripley
Hillary and Rebecca Gordon as Cara and Mara Craig
Lucy Deakins as Cammie

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The film was shot on location in Bass Lake, California, a small resort town near Yosemite National Park over three weeks in October 1987.[1]

text: Ducey's Bass Lake Lodge, a rustic 1940s resort in Bass Lake, was featured as Wally and Juanita’s Perk’s Pine Lodge. The Loon’s Nest vacation cabin, built as a set, was designed to match the style of Ducey’s existing cabins.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Great Outdoors earned a mixed response from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 40% based on 15 reviews.[2]

text: Janet Maslin of The New York Times reported that the film did not have enough collective energy to light a campfire in her review.[3] Kevin Thomas of The Los Angeles Times called the film as "a crass, blah comedy about summer vacation perils" and said he was surprised the film got made at all. He described the credits sequence where Aykroyd dances to Wilson Pickett's "Land of a 1,000 Dances" as the only genuine fun and energy in the entire film.[4] "Imagine that it's raining cats and dogs and you're locked in a north woods cabin for weeks with the people you like least, and you'll pretty much have a feel for what it's like to sit through this movie," said Hal Hinson of The Washington Post.[5]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $6,121,115 in its opening weekend and ended up with a North American domestic box office gross of $41,455,230, and a worldwide gross of $43,455,230.[6][7]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack for the film was released by Atlantic Records in 1988 and featured many of the songs used in the film.

text: Reboot[edit]

text: On April 27, 2017, Universal Pictures has Kevin Hart starring in a reboot of the film with Michael De Luca producing.[8]