document_title: Angela Martin

question_text: when do dwight and angela start dating again

text: Angela Martin

text: Overview[edit]

text: Angela Martin is the head of the accounting department at the Scranton branch of the fictitious paper distribution company Dunder Mifflin, extension 128. Cold, condescending, judgmental and uptight, Angela is often negative and frowns upon all frivolous activity in the office, and openly expressed her disapproval of office receptionist Pam Beesly’s flirtation with coworker Jim Halpert. She also frowns upon any sort of superfluousness or inappropriateness in general. Like Dwight, Angela has little sense of humour and almost never smiles or expresses happiness, except when she is talking about her cats or is expressing derisive contempt for her co-workers. Angela is attracted to shows of power, extremely secretive with her other emotions, and vengeful when upset.

text: Biography[edit]

text: In addition to heading the accounting department, Angela is also the former head of the Party Planning Committee and the office's Safety Officer. She is a constant source of complaints to Human Resources, although she retracts those lodged against Dwight Schrute at the onset of their secret romance. Angela lives with several cats, adores posters of infants posed as adults, and is a vegetarian and a singer. When she makes a mistake, Angela's first response is usually to shift the blame to someone else, along with an insult. Angela's extreme religious homophobia makes her dislike Will & Grace (although she says it's because it's "terribly loud"), except for the scenes with Harry Connick, Jr. ("He's so talented"). She is a former child beauty pageant contestant, and says that she enjoys being judged. She tends to list colors that she finds "whorish", including orange and green, that always seem to correspond to the color of clothes being worn by either Phyllis or Meredith. Angela bottles up her emotions to the point that, on occasion, she has private, emotional outbursts over relatively trivial matters. She also seems to be something of a conservative (albeit hypocritical) Christian. She states that the two books she would bring with her to read if stranded on a deserted island are the Bible and The Purpose Driven Life. Further, she would bring The Da Vinci Code, but only so she could burn it. She despises the mystery novel genre because, in her words, "I hate being titillated." However, in a deleted scene from "Dream Team", she says her new boss Charles Miner is mysterious and wants to flip to "his last page". In a deleted scene from Season 3, Angela glowingly compares Dwight to Fox News commentator Sean Hannity. She says in Prince Family Paper that her ideal of male beauty is Boris Becker.

text: She was mainly seen as a minor character in the first two seasons but since starting her relationship with Dwight her character has been explored numerous times and has been so further since their break-up in Fun Run. Throughout season 3 and carrying on into season 4, Angela essentially became the second lead female of the show, after Pam Beesly.

text: Angela has a sister to whom she was very close but has not spoken in sixteen years over a disagreement she does not even remember, a situation that she regards with a great deal of pride. She appears unable to apologize, as further detailed in "Product Recall" when she cannot bring herself to say sorry on behalf of the company (saying instead "our official position is apologetic"), and in "The Return" when she uses a wordy, third-person monologue as a way of apologizing to Oscar for being homophobic. She did, however, say she was sorry to Kevin for being "mean" twice in "The Accountants." She has a second sister who she is also very close with, who is her maid of honor at her wedding during the series finale.

text: It was revealed in "The Return" and confirmed in "Happy Hour" that her middle name is Noelle.

text: Angela drives a light brown first generation Ford Focus sedan, as seen in "The Dundies" and "The Client". In the season six episode "Niagara", she is seen to drive a second generation Saturn S-Series (which Oscar's lover Gill used to drive).

text: Angela's petite size is a running gag of the show. Angela claims to weigh eighty-two pounds and wears a child's size ten ("Women's Appreciation"). In addition, because she finds the clothes at Gap Kids to sometimes be too "flashy", she occasionally shops at the American Girl store, buying items meant for "large colonial dolls". Michael has twice made fun of her stature, nicknaming her "Booster Seat" in reference to small children having to sit on one in restaurants. He later "roasted" her during "Stress Relief" by saying he couldn't see her when she was hiding behind a grain of rice. Her 5'1" height is sharply contrasted to 6'1" Dwight.

text: Angela ruled (in seasons 1-4) the Party Planning Committee (PPC) with an iron fist. Usually when a committee member suggests an idea, Angela immediately shoots it down with a mean comment or sharp rebuke. The PPC normally consists of Angela, Pam, Phyllis, and Meredith, although Meredith was naturally not present when the committee planned her surprise birthday party. Karen became a regular member of the PPC when she was transferred to Scranton, but was expelled by Angela for her "unsuitable" ideas during "A Benihana Christmas". Ryan joined the committee to help plan the Christmas Party, and Oscar joined it to help plan his own "Welcome Back" party ("The Return"). Angela was particularly hard on Phyllis during "Launch Party" and was left with a huge burden when Phyllis got fed up and quit the PPC.

text: It is implied in the webisode series, Blackmail, that she has or had a clandestine sexual relationship with her church pastor when Creed hands out envelopes containing incriminating information on several of his peers and Meredith opens her envelope and asks "Who's Pastor Davis?" prompting Creed to switch the envelopes between Angela and Meredith. After reading the note, Angela appears to be heavily embarrassed.

text: In The Chump, Angela reveals that her four cats are named "Ember, Milky Way, Diane, and Lumpy".

text: In the season eight premiere Angela is married to Robert and pregnant. She is pregnant with her first child but she has a step son with Robert. Angela wanted to name her son "Philip" after her cat, but Pam (who is pregnant with her 2nd child) wanted the name "Philip" after her grandfather. Angela tried browbeating Pamela into giving up the name rights—in a deleted scene, she said Jim wouldn't take care of the name because "he can't even get a decent haircut!"—and after Pam rebuffed her, threatened to take the name first by having a C-section done (even though she would only be six months' pregnant at the time). In the end, both children are named Philip.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Dwight[edit]

text: Dwight is the only person that Angela likes in the office. It is shown in "E-mail Surveillance" that Dwight and Angela have begun a romantic relationship. Although she has said she loves Dwight and cares about him, she refuses to tell anyone about their relationship, and is often made uncomfortable by Dwight's passion for her. Their relationship is seemingly summarized in "A.A.R.M.": when Dwight tells her that yelling through a megaphone expresses "how loudly I love you", Angela meekly whispers "It's too loud." In "Traveling Salesman" Angela forgets to send an accounting folder to corporate, so Dwight drives to New York and gives the folder to them. After Dwight is told he would be fired if he didn't tell Michael why he went to New York, he keeps their relationship secret out of respect for Angela. Angela later tells Michael what happened, but still doesn't reveal their relationship. In "Fun Run" Angela asks Dwight to feed her cat Sprinkles, who is feeling sick, but Dwight kills it, which causes Angela to break up with him. After Angela begins a relationship with Andy in Season 4, she stops dating Dwight, but at the end of "Goodbye Toby" Phyllis sees Angela cheating on Andy with Dwight. Dwight ends their affair in "The Duel" after learning that she has been having sexual relations with Andy. In "The Delivery" Dwight, who wants to improve his sales by having a child, asks Angela to have his baby. The two write up a contract and plan to have a baby together, but in "Happy Hour", Dwight hooks up with Pam's friend Isabel, and tells Angela he doesn't want her to have his baby. In "The Chump" the two call in a lawyer, and Angela refuses to release him from the contract unless he agrees to have sex with her five times. She later voids the contract after meeting Senator Robert Lipton. After she gives birth (Jury Duty), Dwight realizes the baby was conceived before her marriage to Robert and makes the assumption that he, not Robert, is the father. Angela and Dwight go through a paternity test and in "New Guys" it is revealed that Dwight is not Philip's father. In "A.A.R.M." Dwight proposes to Angela, and she accepts. She then tells Dwight that she lied before and Dwight is Philip's father. Angela tells him that she wanted to make sure that Dwight wanted to marry her for no other reason than for love.[1]

text: Pam[edit]

text: Angela generally disapproves of Pam because of "all the people" she has dated in the office. She even calls her the "office mattress" in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". Pam originally didn't invite Angela to her wedding with Roy because she didn't want anyone who'd called her a "hussy" to be at her wedding, and assumes it was Angela who filed a complaint with Toby over her at-work wedding planning (it turned out that it was Jim who did so). Pam is the first to find out about Dwight and Angela's relationship in "E-mail Surveillance". In "The Injury", when Dwight gets a concussion, Pam notices Angela is upset and comforts her by hinting that Dwight is okay. Their relationship does warm up a little in "Traveling Salesman" in which they share some conversation while getting coffee; in a deleted scene, Angela offers Pam her dominant male cat Ash, but after Pam apologetically declines, Angela's chilly behavior returns. In "Niagara", Angela's complaints lead Pam to bluntly say Angela does not have to come to the wedding; while Angela does arrive with everyone else, her main success there is an offer to chaperone Pam on the pre-wedding night, leading Pam to give up on going out and return to her room. In "Costume Contest", Angela uses a dismissive "blech" term regarding Pam. Ironically, both Kinsey and Fischer are close friends in real life.

text: Andy[edit]

text: Angela was in a relationship with Andy throughout Season 4 and carrying on into Season 5. Initially, she dates him on the rebound after a break-up with her boyfriend of two years (Dwight). Scenes imply however that she was beginning to genuinely like him more and more, such as in "Did I Stutter" when Dwight watches the two of them in the break room playing Mad Libs together and laughing. Despite being surprised and shocked by Andy's sudden proposal in "Goodbye Toby", she accepts, and the two are engaged until it comes to a dissolution in "The Duel" when Andy learns she had been having an affair with Dwight.

text: She's later shown to be in a state of depression, and at times openly regrets dating both men. On "Secretary's Day" in Season 6, Andy's new girlfriend Erin finds out about the two's relationship, and publicly demeans Angela in the conference room. Angela has a brief conversation with Erin shortly afterward, where she expresses her humiliation and reminds Erin that she wants to forget the memories of dating him. Andy has rarely talked to Angela or expressed any opinions about her in subsequent episodes. When he quits his job to pursue his dreams of stardom near the series' end, Angela (informed by her own life upheavals) talks to him about not letting pride ruin his life. While Andy assumes she is talking about how their relationship ended and says that is something he does reflect on sometimes, Angela fights through her lingering disgust that she was ever with him and finally tells him, mutedly but sincerely, that she wishes him good luck. Andy is part of Dwight's bachelor party and attends the wedding of his old co-workers.

text: Phyllis[edit]

text: Up until Season 5, Angela is the head of the Party Planning Committee along with Phyllis as her assistant. Angela is patronizing and bossy towards Phyllis, who admits that Angela is hard to deal with and that the two have a severe disliking towards one another. In "Goodbye Toby", Phyllis catches Angela and Dwight having sex in the back of the office (thus cheating on her fiancé at the time) and uses this to blackmail Angela and make her do what she wants. In "New Leads", Michael gives Angela Phyllis' leads, and Angela, in retaliation for all the aggravating tasks she had to endure while under her control, makes her do some accounting work only to shred it later. Phyllis states in "Conflict Resolution" that (even though they constantly butt heads), they are close. By the finale, Phyllis and Angela seemed to have resolved their differences. Angela, incapacitated by a foot injury, apologizes for snapping at Phyllis, who then volunteers to carry Angela down the aisle.

text: Robert Lipton[edit]

text: Angela meets Robert Lipton, who's with his son, at Dwight's hay festival. They get along well, and at the end of the day, he asks for her number. It's later revealed that they've started dating and also that Robert is a state senator. There are strong hints throughout the rest of the season that he's gay, which almost everyone eventually notices. Angela remains oblivious however. In the season 7 finale, he proposes to her and they're officially engaged (marking her second engagement on the show). It was confirmed by Angela Kinsey at the NBC Press Tour that she and Robert will have gotten married over the summer. In the season 8 premiere, it is revealed that Angela and Robert are married and she is pregnant.

text: Other relationships[edit]

text: Angela tends to be somewhat abrasive towards other office workers, often outright insulting them. In the season 3 premiere, she expresses an open homophobia and dislike for Oscar, who is outed as a homosexual. However, it appears that by "The Return" she has decided to overlook her problems with this, helping to plan a party for Oscar's return from vacation. She treats her other accounting colleague, Kevin, with open disdain, although the two are very occasionally seen to show affection for each other, such as in the episode 'Branch Closing', in which they embrace warmly when they learn that the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin is to remain open, or the series 2 episode 'The Injury', in which they are seen smiling and joking together in the background. She has a clear disgust and annoyance with her former boss Michael Scott, often barely able to fathom his ridiculous and time-wasting antics; although she does say she is "thrilled" for Michael and Holly's relationship. In a scene during the extended version of Michael's last episode, she refuses to mention any qualities Michael had, other than the fact that he worked in the same office as she did for nineteen years. Angela also shows concern for Stanley after he suffers a heart attack, trying to protect him from Michael's attempts to "help" him. She strongly disapproves of office romances, playing a game called "Pam-Pong" in which she counts the number of times Jim leaves his desk to talk to Pam (as mentioned above, Angela referred to Pam as the "office mattress"). Somewhat mirroring the relationship between Pam and Toby, throughout the first three seasons Angela is shown to have a crush on Pam's fiancée Roy Anderson, with Roy occasionally showing interest in Angela as well, specifically when asked at one time who in the office he would have sex with besides Pam. During the fifth season, Angela developed a one-sided crush on corporate higher-up Charles Miner. She frequently tried and failed to engage in a relationship with him, often butting heads with Kelly for his affection. It's subtly implied in an online webisode series, "Blackmail", that she has or had a clandestine sexual relationship with her church pastor when Creed hands out envelopes containing incriminating information on several of his peers and Meredith opens her envelope and asks "Who's Pastor Davis?" prompting Creed to switch the envelopes between Angela and Meredith. After reading the note, Angela appears to be heavily embarrassed.

text: Character history[edit]

text: Seasons 1–2[edit]

text: Angela is established as a strict and stubborn office worker, and she is something of a perfectionist. She appears to be a prime example of an authoritarian personality. She is also in charge of the Party Planning Committee and is often at odds with Phyllis Lapin. When it is noted that red streamers are bad during Meredith Palmer's party, she blames it on Phyllis, though it seems to be her fault. There are many deleted scenes in which Angela is interviewed, as well as other members of accounting, suggesting that the series was originally intended to take a two-perspective look at the office: one from accounting's point of view, and one from sales.[2]

text: Angela refuses to accept the "Tight Ass" award at the 8th Annual Dundie Awards. When she sees Kelly give Dwight (her secret love interest) a small kiss in the episode "Christmas Party", she gets angry and throws Christmas ornaments outside the building. Though she is a constant source of complaints to Human Resources (she and Oscar Martinez fight over her poster of babies playing instruments, which she got from Toby Flenderson for Christmas), she redacts those lodged against Dwight at the onset of their secret romance. It is hinted during "Drug Testing" that she does not take birth control, in accordance to her Christian beliefs. This revelation is to the relief of Dwight implying that they are having sex. She has a bobblehead doll made in Dwight's likeness as a Valentine's Day gift, and receives a key to his house in return. Angela hints that she has a crush on Pam's fiancé Roy (Webisodes: The Accountants, "Someone in the Warehouse") and admits that she would choose Roy over Jim if pressed on the matter ("The Secret").[3]

text: Seasons 3–4[edit]

text: Angela is disgusted at the revelation that Oscar is gay ("Gay Witch Hunt"), and does not bother to hide it. Her attitude toward him becomes much more sympathetic after he returns to work following an extended absence ("The Return"), and the two appear to have reconciled. She believes Oscar has the capability to cross over to dating women if he so chooses. Evidently, Angela continues to nurture a crush on Roy, complimenting him on his physique and greeting him, in the third-season episode "Branch Closing". In the same episode, she spontaneously hugs Kevin upon discovering their branch will not be closed, the second moment to date, along with Kevin's cancer scare in the season two episode "Michael's Birthday", in which she has shown anything but contempt for him.

text: In "The Convention", she secretly follows Dwight to the office supply convention in Philadelphia under the name "Jane Doe" and gets a room which Jim accidentally enters, though it does not appear he saw that it was her (exclaiming "Dwight got a hooker!"). Angela would seem to call Dwight "D" outside the office, as she (mistakenly) does when Jim enters Dwight's hotel room. She also persuades Dwight to supplant Michael as Regional Manager (à la Lady Macbeth), but it does not succeed. She has a good first impression of Andy Bernard when he shows up on his first day with a cat screensaver. When Angela rudely shoots down an idea proposed by Karen Filippelli, the PPC defiantly splits into two groups and two parties. Angela holds the less popular one, to which only Kevin, Phyllis, and Hannah come, while [Pam] and Karen lead the more popular one. Eventually the two parties merge back into one and Angela returns a "missing" power cord for the karaoke machine. In "Traveling Salesmen", it is suggested that Angela's middle name is Noelle when she becomes giddy over her blossoming relationship with Dwight (Kurt) Schrute and attempts to bond with Pam, a venture that is cut short when the latter declines Angela's offer of the "dominant male" in a recent litter of cats had by her favorite pet, Sprinkles.

text: In "The Return", she is briefly moved to tears while inviting Oscar to join the PPC as an apology for her apparent disapproval of his homosexuality and is visibly saddened by the insensitivity of Michael's proposal to celebrate Oscar's "Mexicanity" by featuring Mexican lemonade (Lemoñadé, with diacriticals added by Ryan, presumably upon Michael's request)and bite-sized frozen-dinner Chimichangas, though in both instances she may be displacing her grief over Dwight's temporary resignation from the company.

text: In deleted scenes from Phyllis' Wedding, Phyllis seats Angela next to Dennis, a religious vet who shares her passion for cats. The two get along well, but when Dennis asks Angela for her telephone number, Angela tells him she's already having intimate relations with someone (Dwight). Dennis, visibly both upset and disgusted, apologizes to her before leaving, saying "Phyllis neglected to mention your promiscuity."

text: It is illustrated that Angela has a love of learning, as seen in "Ben Franklin" where she is the only female intently listening to the Ben Franklin impersonator, "Diwali" where she takes a cautious interest in learning more about Hindu religion and culture (although she also makes ignorant comments about the religion and Indian food, specifically whining that the naan at the Diwali party is dry), and "The Job" in which she enthusiastically participates in Dwight's lecture on soil.

text: Her refusal to allow Dwight to publicize their relationship prevented him from exonerating himself against suspicion of disloyalty and forced his resignation. Dwight returns to Dunder Mifflin after she clears his name while preserving the secrecy of their relationship (she tells Michael that Dwight bailed her out, but does not correct Michael's clueless assertion that Dwight helped her "as a random co-worker").

text: The relationship between Angela and Dwight is almost of Macbeth proportions as when Dwight was fooled by Michael into believing he was going to be the new regional manager at the branch (which Angela pushed by Dwight going behind Michael's back), Dwight leaves her in charge of the women. In "The Job", when Dwight is temporarily given Michael's job as acting regional manager, Dwight immediately informs her and she seems to rekindle the idea of mastering the puppet strings over Dwight, as well as speculating happily that co-worker Kelly Kapoor will be fired.[4]

text: In the episode "Fun Run", Dwight and Angela's relationship hits a snag when Dwight euthanizes Sprinkles, Angela's old and sickly pet cat. Dwight thought Sprinkles had died after he'd expertly administered it with a lethal dose of Benadryl, and so put the cat in the freezer to cover the smell; however, Angela was horrified to find that Sprinkles had only died when frozen. Angela is especially bothered by this because, "cat heaven is a beautiful place, but you don't get there if you're euthanized". In the next episode, "Dunder Mifflin Infinity", Angela breaks up with Dwight because "every time {she looks} into his eyes, {she sees} Sprinkles's cold, lifeless body". In "Launch Party", Angela prepares a party for the launch of the company website. On the day of the launch, Dwight attempts to woo her back by competing (and winning) against the website to sell more reams of paper than the other, but Angela refuses to consider it. Michael, in a bid for vengeance against a perceived slight by Ryan, orders Angela, with one hour left before the party begins, to implement his over-the-top ideas for decorations and catering. She is unable to do so partly due to not having enough time and partly due to Phyllis taking a stand against her harsher than usual criticism and refusing to help. In the meantime Andy tries to win Angela's affection; although initially unsuccessful (to Dwight's relief), a last-minute performance of "Take a Chance on Me" produces a partly suppressed smile from her. In the episode "Money", Angela decides to go out with Andy after he gives her a cat as a present (actually a stray that Dwight had tried unsuccessfully to give her as a reconciliation gift), giving him instructions on taking her to dinner that included "no seafood places". In the following episodes, they have apparently been seeing each other, but it is implied that Angela still harbors feelings for Dwight, as Andy reports in "Local Ad" that she cried out "Oh, D!" when he kissed her, and Dwight recognizes this as her nickname for him (though Andy thinks it means "Dee" as in "An-Dee").

text: In "Job Fair", Angela and Dwight were the only two left in the office after the remaining members of the team took off early as a result of Michael not being in the office. For the rest of the day, the two share an awkward atmosphere which eventually thaws towards the end of the day.

text: In "Goodbye, Toby", at Toby's outdoor leaving party, Angela reluctantly accepts Andy's proposal of marriage, after he asks her in front of everyone, including his own parents. At the very end of the episode, however, Phyllis is taking some of the party supplies back to the office and walks in on Angela mid-intercourse with Dwight. The episode ended on Angela and Dwight's reaction to Phyllis' walking in.[5]

text: Seasons 5–6[edit]

text: In "Weight Loss", Andy continually pesters Angela with ideas for their wedding. Most of his proposals are outlandish and expensive, and Angela continues to treat him and his ideas with contempt. She pages Dwight, and they meet in the Dunder Mifflin warehouse to have sex. This seems to be a habit, but later in the episode Andy tells Angela he doesn't care where they marry so long as they're together. This moves Angela enough not to cheat on him with Dwight who is left waiting alone on this one occasion but it doesn't last, as Andy continues to irritate Angela about his college friends coming to stay with them for three weeks to perform at the wedding. Angela tells Andy they'll talk about it later and rushes to page and subsequently hook up with Dwight downstairs.

text: Meanwhile, Phyllis has dethroned Angela as head of the Party Planning Committee and does not hesitate to give Angela harsh orders. Angela puts up with Phyllis' sternness because she doesn't want Phyllis to tell Andy she is cheating on him.

text: In "Crime Aid", Dwight, with advice from Phyllis, gives Angela an ultimatum — him or Andy. Angela looks to Andy, signifying that she chooses him, although Dwight says to Phyllis that "she ignored the ultimatum." Dwight then treats Phyllis coldly but forgives her after he realizes she was just trying to help.

text: In "Customer Survey", Angela finally agrees to Andy's renting a tent—as long as it's set on a site which matches Schrute Farm Bed & Breakfast. Andy books the farm and Dwight gleefully agrees to plan every detail of the wedding, pointedly offering to be available to Angela day or night. Angela understands the double meaning and shows signs of being very turned on by it.

text: In "Business Trip", it is revealed she and Andy have never been intimate. When Andy drunk dials her demanding sex, she is disgusted, even though, in the background, viewers can hear Dwight in her bed. She later demotes Andy back to "first base", which for her is a kiss on the forehead.

text: In "The Surplus", Dwight escorts Angela and Andy to Schrute Farms to plan details of the wedding. In a supposed mock ceremony, Dwight stands in for Andy as a Mennonite, German-speaking minister completes the vows. Angela begins to admit she has made a mistake and seems to reconcile with Dwight, however he announces they have actually married. She is angered at his deception and storms off. At the office, she passionately kisses Andy in front of the staff and leaves to "take care of a legal matter", implying she will have the marriage annulled.

text: In "Moroccan Christmas", Phyllis continues her torment of Angela, going as far to force Angela to discard her personal nativity scene and the Christmas tree as they don't fit in with the theme. When she learns that she's eating food served during Ramadan, she immediately spits it out. When Angela finally revolts because she believes Phyllis will never reveal her secret, Phyllis stuns the entire staff by revealing the Dwight-Angela affair. Angela is visibly humiliated and upset (while Dwight is actually amused), and asks Andy (who was out of the room at the announcement) to take her home.

text: However, the truth is eventually revealed in "The Duel", when Michael decides to take the matter into his own hands, much to the objection of the staff by telling Andy the news. Devastated, Andy confronts Angela who tries to squirm her way out of the confrontation before admitting to the affair. This only sparks a duel between Andy and Dwight which seems to arouse Angela because of two men fighting over her. But that is short-lived when Andy tells Dwight that he slept with her twice in comparison to how many times Dwight has slept with her. Initially, Angela said that she only slept with Dwight. The two men break up with Angela with Andy making preparations to cancel the wedding and Dwight throwing out the bobblehead doll purchased for him as a gift by Angela. This all happens before her eyes, and a dejected expression appears on her face.

text: In "Stress Relief", Dwight traps all of the employees in the office, while leading them to believe that it is on fire. Everyone panics and attempts to break out. Angela goes to get her cat, Bandit, who she is revealed to keep in a drawer by her desk. She sees Oscar climbing into the ceiling, and attempts to get him to save her cat by taking it with him, but he is ignoring her. She then attempts to throw Bandit up into the ceiling to Oscar, but this results in the cat going up into one part of the ceiling, and coming down hard out of another part. She later takes part in the roast and during an interview expresses amusement over it, before she realizes she is sounding human and puts her stern facial expression back in place.

text: In "Blood Drive", Angela reveals that she once had two men duel over her, and everyone thinks she means Andy and Dwight, but she corrects them: two men named John (John Mark and John David) once fought for her affections in Ohio (which both Dwight and Andy are bewildered by). She also goes out of her way to tell Oscar she doesn't approve of his homosexuality, even though she also seems generally sympathetic to his tale of romantic failure.

text: In "New Boss", she, along with Kelly, develops a crush on Charles Miner, the new Vice President. It leads to the women battling for his affections, with Angela insulting Kelly in an interview by saying Charles is an attractive and cultured man and "He does not need to go Dumpster-diving for companionship!".

text: In "Company Picnic", Dwight's friend, Rolf, constantly insults Angela on her relationship with Dwight, telling her that he does not hear "Cheaters, Tramps, or Women who break his friends heart," after she wants to play in the volleyball game. However, by the end, Dwight defends Angela, indicating that their relationship may be thawing as the season ends.[6]

text: In "Niagara", Angela implies she has no living grandmothers when hearing Pam talk about hers. At the wedding, she refuses to dance down the aisle like everyone else, and simply just walks down.[7]

text: In "Murder", Angela takes part in Michael's murder mystery game but is uncomfortable at being assigned the role of a voodoo priestess.

text: In "The Delivery", Angela and Dwight make a contract to have a baby, a prospect which brings visible joy to Angela. She makes several attempts to strike up conversations with Dwight while negotiating the contract, indicating that Angela sees the contract as her opportunity to reconcile with Dwight, but she either doesn't notice or ignores Dwight's clear unease after he signs the contract. However, in "Happy Hour", Dwight makes clear both his interest in Pam's friend Isabel Poreba and his decision to nix his deal with Angela. Angela is angry and appears with a court summons ordering Dwight to honor the contract, but he is unmoved and ends up making out with Isabel, while Angela yells she will see him in small claims court.

text: In "Secretary's Day", Angela is upset when Erin learns that Andy was engaged to her, not because she's jealous of Andy and Erin's relationship, but due to her disgust over everyone knowing she had sexual relations with Andy (which at least does confirm Andy's statement in "The Duel" that she and he slept together a few times); Erin doesn't want to hear it or talk to Angela any further. However, it appears as if Angela's relationship with Andy has at least become friendly at this point, as he specifically thanks her for her help with Erin's party, to which she responds with a broad smile.

text: In "The Chump", Dwight and Angela call upon a mediator to settle their contract. The mediator determines that the otherwise 'solid' contract is ultimately unenforceable, since you can't force two people to have sex and make a baby. Instead, Angela could sue Dwight for damages up to thirty thousand dollars for breach of contract. Knowing that Dwight would never want to pay her damages, she offers him a 'settlement'; five separate sessions of intercourse instead. He accepts, gloating that "thirty thousand for sex isn't bad at all". Later, Dwight is seen carrying out various methods to try to sterilize himself before the first 'session'. The episode ends with the two returning to the secret location in the warehouse to have sex. The pair don't notice, however, that Jim and Pam are nearby attempting to take a nap and they can hear everything that is happening.

text: Season 7–8[edit]

text: In "Andy's Play", she has Dwight take her to the Sweeney Todd community production that Andy is a part of. During the play, she attempts to seduce Dwight by changing into tight gardening clothing (she intentionally sticks gum on her dress so as to have an excuse to change). Dwight slowly appears to be falling for her again, and near the end of the episode, attempts to seduce her in return. Before they go too far, she cuts off the sex and drives away in her car (while she's driving, we see a visibly pleased expression on her face).

text: In "Viewing Party", she and Dwight agree to have sex during the night as part of their contract. However, Pam and Jim prevent him from going to Angela due to the fact that their baby seems to be attracted to Dwight, so she's left waiting in the back seat of her car, visibly topless when Pam comes out to see her.

text: In "WUPHF.com", Dwight's hay festival distracts him from fulfilling a request for sex from Angela (per their contract). Angela's at her most irritated when she meets a charming, friendly single father named Robert Lipton whom she actually finds herself smiling at and enjoying the company. When Angela learns the man is a widower, she makes it clear he's welcome to call her. When Dwight is done with the festival, he arrives at his and Angela's warehouse rendezvous point only to see that Angela has stamped their procreation contract VOID.

text: In "Classy Christmas", it's revealed that Robert is actually a state senator (although Angela only refers to him as the 'Senator', making it seem that he is a U.S. Senator like Bob Casey or Pat Toomey). She brings him to the office Christmas party, where she announces that they're officially dating. However, Oscar picks up hints about his attraction to other men (such as glancing at Ryan's backside). Throughout the next few episodes, Angela continues her gloating about Robert's job (at one point trying to impress Deangelo Vickers with the information). The rest of the office staff make fun of this, particularly Michael during his last Dundies ceremony.

text: There are further hints of her boyfriend's homosexuality (or bisexuality). In "Goodbye, Michael", she shows off pictures of her and Robert together with his male 'aide'. The pictures seem to heavily imply that he's gay (with the aide supposedly being his secret lover) but Angela remains oblivious.

text: In "Search Committee", she receives a call from his secretary and is told to meet him at a particular restaurant for lunch. She comes back, having ridden in his limo, and shows the staff a ring on her finger. She tells him how he took her to a replica of a bridge, got down on one knee, and proposed. Immediately after this, she criticizes Jim's informal proposal to Pam and their "ironic wedding". Oscar, who strongly believes that Robert is gay, shares his feelings with Pam and the rest of the office; Ryan Howard states that Robert is definitely gay because he liked a Facebook picture at 3 o'clock in the morning. The office eventually decides not to share their suspicions with Angela out of respect for her feelings, although Angela's constant obnoxious and upbeat attitude about her forthcoming nuptials annoys Pam to the point where she nearly tells Angela the truth about Robert before stopping herself short.

text: Midway through season eight, in "Jury Duty", Angela gives birth to her son Philip (much to Pam's chagrin who wanted that name for her son). Angela claims that he was born prematurely, but when her co-workers visit her at the hospital and see how large the baby is, she is forced to admit that the baby was conceived before her wedding. This leads Dwight to suspect that the baby may be his, but later in "New Guys", it is revealed that Dwight is not the father.

text: Season 9[edit]

text: In "The Whale", Angela suspects that Robert is cheating on her and after confiding this to Oscar, they follow Robert to his gym. When they see Robert acting intimately with a male trainer, Oscar's odd reaction leads Angela to finally suspect that Oscar may be the one having an affair with Robert. In "The Target", Angela seeks revenge on Oscar and hires a hitman to attack him but is later talked out of it by Dwight. Oscar allows her to kick him in the shin instead. Angela and Oscar's battles for the affections of Robert continue uncomfortably when Oscar attends Angela's son's birthday party in "Vandalism".

text: In "Moving On (The Office)", Angela and Dwight become close after she helps him take care of his elderly aunt. They share a kiss but afterwards both say that she should remain faithful to her husband.

text: Angela becomes jealous when Dwight begins courting his neighbor Esther. ("Promos")

text: After the Senator's public coming-out in "Stairmageddon", she explains to the camera crew in "Paper Airplane" that she and the Senator are separated and that she now lives with her son Philip and her cats in her studio apartment. In "Livin' the Dream", it is implied that her cats have been taken away from her by Animal Control, and that she is considering living in a tent in the woods. Instead, she accepts an offer from Oscar Martinez to be his roommate until she is able to find a permanent home. She then breaks down in Oscar's car, revealing to Oscar that she still loves Dwight. She and Oscar become close friends as he supports her in her return to normalcy, and it's revealed that Oscar is Philip's godfather.

text: In the series finale, Angela and Dwight marry and it is revealed that Dwight is in fact the father of her son.

text: Recurring jokes[edit]

text: Throughout the show, Angela has always seemed reluctant to apologize and or accept blame for anything. In the episode "The Alliance", Michael scolds the Party Planning Committee for doing a bad job with the streamers. Angela responds, "Phyllis wanted red. I didn't." In reality, Angela rejected Phyllis' suggestion of green streamers, because "green is whorish". In one of the webisodes for "The Accountants", Angela insists that she is not the source of the accounting discrepancy. When the error is revealed to be hers in "The Best Day of My Life", she initially denies that she made the error, but when Oscar points out that this implies that she allowed an unknown person to access her books, she is forced to admit, "Very well. Case closed". In "A Benihana Christmas", Angela says that she has not spoken to her sister in 16 years over some disagreement she does not even remember. In "The Return", Angela is forced to admit that she failed to submit important documents, but she blames Kevin for failing to remind her. In "Product Recall", Angela is pressured to apologize to Oscar and Kevin for insulting them but she can only say "I'm sorry...that you're both morons". In that same episode, she finds herself unable to apologize to customers on behalf of Dunder Mifflin and can only say "the official position of Dunder Mifflin is apologetic".

text: Behind the scenes[edit]

text: Actress Angela Kinsey infused her character with some of her own personal preferences, including bobble-head dolls, cats, party-planning and Baby Ruth candy bars. She initially auditioned for the part of Pam Beesly. Kinsey was pregnant during the filming of season 4, noticeably so from the episodes "Dinner Party" through "Goodbye, Toby". The producers decided not to incorporate her pregnancy into the story line and shot around it.


document_title: List of American Revolutionary War battles

question_text: the most important battles in the revolutionary war

root

text: This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
[show]

v
t
e

American
Revolutionary War
Campaigns and theaters

Boston
Canada
New York and New Jersey
Saratoga
Philadelphia
Western
Northern
Northern (after Saratoga)
Southern
Yorktown
Naval

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Boston campaign
1774–1776

Powder Alarm
Suffolk Resolves
Lexington and Concord
Boston
Thompson's War
Chelsea Creek
Machias
Bunker Hill
Gloucester
Falmouth
Knox artillery train
Dorchester Heights

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Canadian campaign

Ticonderoga
Fort St. Jean
Longue-Pointe
Arnold's expedition
Quebec
Saint-Pierre
The Cedars
Trois-Rivières
Valcour Bay

[show]

v
t
e

Southern theater
1775–1779

Gunpowder Incident
Kemp's Landing
Snow Campaign
Savage's Old Fields
Great Cane Brake
Great Bridge
Norfolk
Moore's Creek Bridge
Rice Boats
Sullivan's Island
Lindley's Fort
Thomas Creek
Alligator Bridge
1st Savannah
Beaufort
Van Creek
Kettle Creek
Brier Creek
Chesapeake raid
Stono Ferry
Charles Town
2nd Savannah

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Revolutionary War campaigns in New York and New Jersey
1776–1777

Long Island
The Turtle
Staten Island Peace Conference
Kip's Bay
Harlem Heights
Pell's Point
White Plains
Fort Washington
Fort Lee
Geary Ambush
Iron Works Hill
Delaware crossing
Trenton
Assunpink Creek
Princeton
Forage War
Millstone

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Saratoga Campaign
1777

Fort Ticonderoga
Hubbardton
Fort Anne
Slaying of Jane McCrea
Fort Stanwix
Oriskany
Bennington
1st Saratoga (Freeman's Farm)
Forts Clinton and Montgomery
2nd Saratoga (Bemis Heights)
Kingston

[show]

v
t
e

Philadelphia campaign
1777–1778

Bound Brook
Short Hills
Staten Island
Cooch's Bridge
Brandywine
Clouds
Paoli
Germantown
Red Bank
Fort Mifflin
Gloucester
White Marsh
Matson's Ford
Valley Forge
Conway Cabal
Quinton's Bridge
Clow Rebellion
Crooked Billet
Barren Hill
Carlisle Peace Commission
Monmouth

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Northern frontier
after 1777

Cobleskill
Wyoming Valley
Big Runaway
German Flatts
Unadilla and Onaquaga
Carleton's Raid
Cherry Valley
Minisink
Sullivan Expedition
Newtown
Boyd and Parker
Royalton Raid
Klock's Field
Johnstown

[show]

v
t
e

New York City area
after 1777

Baylor Massacre
Edgar's Lane
Stony Point
Paulus Hook
Young's House
Connecticut Farms (NJ)
1st Long Island
Springfield
Bull's Ferry
Pine's Bridge
2nd Long Island
Delaware Bay

[show]

v
t
e

Southern theater
1780–83

Charleston
Moncks Corner
Lenud's Ferry
Waxhaws
Mobley's Meeting House
Ramsour's Mill
Huck's Defeat
Colson's Mill
Rocky Mount
Hanging Rock
Camden
Fishing Creek
Musgrove Mill
Wahab's Plantation
Black Mingo
Charlotte
Kings Mountain
Shallow Ford
Fishdam Ford
Blackstock's Farm
Richmond
Cowpens
Cowan's Ford
Torrence's Tavern
Pyle's Massacre
Wetzell's Mill
Guilford Court House
Fort Watson
Hobkirk's Hill
Fort Motte
Augusta
Ninety-Six
House in the Horseshoe
Eutaw Springs
Lindley's Mill
Videau's Bridge
Wambaw
Combahee River
James Island
Chesapeake Bay

[show]

v
t
e

Western theater

1st Fort Henry
Siege of Boonesborough
Illinois
Vincennes
Treaty of Fort Pitt
Fort Laurens
Chillicothe
Bird's expedition
Piqua
La Balme's Defeat
Coshocton
Lochry's Defeat
Long Run
Gnadenhütten
Little Mountain
Crawford expedition
Bryan Station
Blue Licks
2nd Fort Henry

[show]

v
t
e

Atlantic naval theatre

Nassau
Block Island
Turtle Gut Inlet
Barbados
Yarmouth
Frederica
North Channel
Charles Town
1st Long Island
1st Cape Henry
Cape Split
Cape Breton
Capture of USS Trumbull
Cape Ann
1st Chesapeake
Capture of HMS Savage
1st Delaware Bay
Halifax
2nd Cape Henry
Hudson Bay
2nd Long Island
2nd Delaware Bay
3rd Delaware Bay
2nd Chesapeake Bay

text: This is a list of military actions in the American Revolutionary War. Actions marked with an asterisk involved no casualties.

tag: p

text: Major campaigns, theaters, and expeditions of the war

text:
Boston campaign (1774–76)
Invasion of Quebec (1775–76)
New York and New Jersey campaigns (1776–77)
Saratoga campaign (1777)
Philadelphia campaign (1777–78)
Yorktown campaign (1781)
Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga (1778–81)
Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War (1775–83)
Western theater of the American Revolutionary War (1777–82)
Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War

tag: ul

text: Battles (in chronological order)[edit]

text:
Battle
Date
Colony/State
Outcome

Powder Alarm*
000000001774-09-01-0000September 1, 1774
Massachusetts
British soldiers remove military supplies

Storming of Fort William and Mary*
000000001774-12-14-0000December 14, 1774
New Hampshire
Patriots seize powder and shot after brief skirmish.

Battles of Lexington and Concord
000000001775-04-19-0000April 19, 1775
Massachusetts
Patriot victory: British forces raiding Concord driven back into Boston with heavy losses.

Siege of Boston
000000001775-04-19-0000April 19, 1775 –
March 17, 1776
Massachusetts
Patriot victory: British eventually evacuate Boston after Patriots fortify Dorchester heights

Gunpowder Incident*
000000001775-04-20-0000April 20, 1775
Virginia
Virginia governor Lord Dunmore removes powder to a Royal Navy ship, standoff is resolved without violence

Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
000000001775-05-10-0000May 10, 1775
New York
Patriot victory: Patriots capture British posts at Ticonderoga and Crown point

Battle of Chelsea Creek
000000001775-05-27-0000May 27-28, 1775
Massachusetts
Patriots victory: Patriots capture British ship Diana

Battle of Machias
000000001775-06-11-0000June 11-12, 1775
Massachusetts
Patriot forces capture the HM schooner Margaretta

Battle of Bunker Hill
000000001775-06-17-0000June 17, 1775
Massachusetts
British victory: British drive Patriot army from the Charlestown peninsula near Boston but suffer heavy losses

Battle of Gloucester
000000001775-08-08-0000August 8, 1775
Massachusetts
Patriot victory

Siege of Fort St. Jean
000000002018-09-17-0000September 17 –
November 3, 1775
Quebec
Patriot victory: Patriots capture British force and subsequently overrun Montreal and much of Quebec

Burning of Falmouth
000000001775-10-18-0000October 18, 1775
Massachusetts
British burn Falmouth

Battle of Kemp's Landing
000000001775-11-14-0000November 14, 1775
Virginia
British victory

Siege of Savage's Old Fields
000000001775-11-19-0000November 19-21, 1775
South Carolina
Patriot victory: Patriots defeat loyalist force

Battle of Great Bridge
000000001775-12-09-0000December 9, 1775
Virginia
Patriot victory: Lord Dunmore's loyalist force is defeated

Snow Campaign
000000001775-12-01-0000December 1775
South Carolina
Patriot campaign against loyalists in South Carolina

Battle of Quebec
000000001775-12-31-0000December 31, 1775
Quebec
British victory: British repulse Patriot assault on Quebec city

Burning of Norfolk
000000001776-01-01-0000January 1, 1776
Virginia
British bombard Norfolk and Patriots destroy what they see as a loyalist stronghold

Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge
000000001776-02-27-0000February 27, 1776
North Carolina
Patriot victory: loyalist force of Regulators and Highlanders defeated

Battle of the Rice Boats
000000001776-03-02-0000March 2-3, 1776
Georgia
British victory

Battle of Nassau
000000001776-03-03-0000March 3-4, 1776
Bahamas
Patriots raid against the Bahamas to obtain supplies

Battle of Saint-Pierre
000000001776-03-25-0000March 25, 1776
Quebec
Patriot victory

Battle of Block Island
000000001776-04-06-0000April 6, 1776
Rhode Island
British victory

Battle of The Cedars
000000001776-05-18-0000May 18-27, 1776
Quebec
British victory

Battle of Trois-Rivières
000000001776-06-08-0000June 8, 1776
Quebec
British victory: Patriots forced to evacuate Quebec

Battle of Sullivan's Island
000000001776-06-28-0000June 28, 1776
South Carolina
Patriot victory: British attack on Charleston is repulsed

Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet
000000001776-06-29-0000June 29, 1776
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Battle of Lindley's Fort
000000001776-07-15-0000July 15, 1776
South Carolina
Patriot victory: Native Americans attack repulsed

Battle of Long Island
000000001776-08-27-0000August 27, 1776
New York
British victory: in the largest battle of the war the Patriot army is outflanked and routed on Long Island but later manages to evacuate to Manhattan

Landing at Kip's Bay
000000001776-09-15-0000September 15, 1776
New York
British victory: British capture New York City

Battle of Harlem Heights
000000001776-09-16-0000September 16, 1776
New York
Patriot victory: Patriots repulse British attack on Manhattan

Battle of Valcour Island
000000001776-10-11-0000October 11, 1776
New York
British victory: British defeat Patriot naval force on Lake Champlain, but victory comes too late to press the offensive against the Hudson valley

Battle of White Plains
000000001776-10-28-0000October 28, 1776
New York
British victory

Battle of Fort Cumberland
000000001776-11-10-0000November 10-29, 1776
Nova Scotia
British victory

Battle of Fort Washington
000000001776-11-16-0000November 16, 1776
New York
British victory: British capture 3,000 Patriots on Manhattan in one of the most devastating Patriot defeats of the war

Battle of Fort Lee
000000001776-11-20-0000November 20, 1776
New Jersey
British victory: Patriots begin general retreat

Ambush of Geary
000000001776-12-14-0000December 14, 1776
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Battle of Iron Works Hill
000000001776-12-22-0000December 22-23, 1776
New Jersey
British victory

Battle of Trenton
000000001776-12-26-0000December 26, 1776
New Jersey
Patriot victory: Patriots capture Hessian detachment at Trenton

Second Battle of Trenton
000000001777-01-02-0000January 2, 1777
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Battle of Princeton
000000001777-01-03-0000January 3, 1777
New Jersey
Patriot victory: Patriots defeat a small British force, the British decide to evacuate New Jersey

Battle of Millstone
000000001777-01-20-0000January 20, 1777
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Forage War
January-March 1777
New Jersey
Patriots harass remaining British forces in New Jersey

Battle of Punk Hill
000000001777-03-08-0000March 8, 1777
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Battle of Bound Brook
000000001777-04-13-0000April 13, 1777
New Jersey
British victory

Battle of Ridgefield
000000001777-04-27-0000April 27, 1777
Connecticut
British victory

Battle of Thomas Creek
000000001777-05-17-0000May 17, 1777
East Florida
British victory

Meigs Raid
000000001777-05-24-0000May 24, 1777
New York
Patriot victory

Battle of Short Hills
000000001777-06-26-0000June 26, 1777
New Jersey
British victory

Siege of Fort Ticonderoga
000000001777-07-05-0000July 5-6, 1777
New York
British victory

Battle of Hubbardton
000000001777-07-07-0000July 7, 1777
Vermont
British victory

Battle of Fort Ann
000000001777-07-08-0000July 8, 1777
New York
British victory

Siege of Fort Stanwix
000000001777-08-02-0000August 2-23, 1777
New York
Patriot victory: British fail to take Fort Stanwix

Battle of Oriskany
000000001777-08-06-0000August 6, 1777
New York
British victory

Second Battle of Machias
000000001777-08-13-0000August 13-14, 1777
Massachusetts
British victory

Battle of Bennington
000000001777-08-16-0000August 16, 1777
New York
Patriot victory

Battle of Staten Island
000000001777-08-22-0000August 22, 1777
New York
British victory

Battle of Setauket
000000001777-08-22-0000August 22, 1777
New York
British victory

First Siege of Fort Henry
September 1 or 21, 1777
Virginia
Patriot victory

Battle of Cooch's Bridge
000000001777-09-03-0000September 3, 1777
Delaware
British victory

Battle of Brandywine
000000001777-09-11-0000September 11, 1777
Pennsylvania
British victory

Battle of the Clouds
000000001777-09-16-0000September 16, 1777
Pennsylvania
Battle called off due to rain

Battle of Freeman's Farm
000000001777-09-19-0000September 19, 1777
New York
British tactical victory: First of the two Battles of Saratoga

Battle of Paoli
000000001777-09-21-0000September 21, 1777
Pennsylvania
British victory

Siege of Fort Mifflin
000000002018-09-26-0000September 26 –
November 15, 1777
Pennsylvania
British victory

Battle of Germantown
000000001777-10-04-0000October 4, 1777
Pennsylvania
British victory

Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery
000000001777-10-06-0000October 6, 1777
New York
British victory

Battle of Bemis Heights
000000001777-10-07-0000October 7, 1777
New York
Patriot victory: Second of the two Battles of Saratoga, British under Burgoyne driven back and forced to surrender 10 days later

Battle of Red Bank
000000001777-10-22-0000October 22, 1777
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Battle of Gloucester
000000001777-11-25-0000November 25, 1777
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Battle of White Marsh
000000001777-12-05-0000December 5-8, 1777
Pennsylvania
Patriot victory

Battle of Matson's Ford
000000001777-12-11-0000December 11, 1777
Pennsylvania
British victory

Battle of Barbados
000000001778-03-07-0000March 7, 1778
Barbados
British victory

Battle of Quinton's Bridge
000000001778-03-18-0000March 18, 1778
New Jersey
British victory

North Channel Naval Duel
000000001778-04-24-0000April 24, 1778
Great Britain
Patriot victory

Battle of Crooked Billet
000000001778-05-01-0000May 1, 1778
Pennsylvania
British victory

Battle of Barren Hill
000000001778-05-20-0000May 20, 1778
Pennsylvania
Indecisive

Mount Hope Bay raids
000000001778-05-25-0000May 25-30, 1778
Rhode Island
British victory

Battle of Cobleskill
000000001778-05-30-0000May 30, 1778
New York
British-Iroquois victory

Battle of Monmouth
000000001778-06-28-0000June 28, 1778
New Jersey
Draw: British break off engagement and continue retreat to New York

Battle of Alligator Bridge
000000001778-06-30-0000June 30, 1778
East Florida
British victory

Wyoming Massacre
000000001778-07-03-0000July 3, 1778
Pennsylvania
British-Iroquois victory

First Battle of Ushant
000000001778-07-27-0000July 27, 1778
Bay of Biscay
British victory

Siege of Pondicherry
August 21–October 19 1778
India
British victory

Battle of Newport
000000001778-08-29-0000August 29, 1778
Rhode Island
British victory

Grey's raid
000000001778-09-05-0000September 5-17, 1778
Massachusetts
British victory

Invasion of Dominica
000000001778-09-07-0000September 7, 1778
Dominica
French victory

Siege of Boonesborough
000000001778-09-07-0000September 7, 1778
Virginia
Patriot victory

Attack on German Flatts
000000001778-09-17-0000September 17, 1778
New York
British-Iroquois victory

Baylor Massacre
000000001778-09-27-0000September 27, 1778
New Jersey
British victory

Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga
000000001778-10-02-0000October 2-16, 1778
Indian Reserve
Patriot victory

Battle of Chestnut Neck
000000001778-10-06-0000October 6, 1778
New Jersey
British victory

Little Egg Harbor massacre
000000001778-10-16-0000October 16, 1778
New Jersey
British victory

Carleton's Raid
October 24-November 14 1778
Vermont
British victory

Cherry Valley Massacre
000000001778-11-11-0000November 11, 1778
New York
British-Iroquois victory

Battle of St. Lucia
000000001778-12-15-0000December 15, 1778
St. Lucia
British victory

Capture of St. Lucia
000000001778-12-18-0000December 18-28, 1778
St. Lucia
British victory

Capture of Savannah
000000001778-12-29-0000December 29, 1778
Georgia
British victory

Battle of Beaufort
000000001779-02-03-0000February 3, 1779
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Kettle Creek
000000001779-02-14-0000February 14, 1779
Georgia
Patriot victory

Siege of Fort Vincennes
000000001779-02-23-0000February 23-25, 1779
Quebec
Patriot victory

Battle of Brier Creek
000000001779-03-03-0000March 3, 1779
Georgia
British victory

Battle of Chillicothe
May 1779
Quebec
Patriot victory

Chesapeake raid
000000001779-05-10-0000May 10-24, 1779
Virginia
British victory

Capture of Saint Vincent
000000001779-06-16-0000June 16-18, 1779
St. Vincent
French victory

Battle of Stono Ferry
000000001779-06-20-0000June 20, 1779
South Carolina
British victory

Great Siege of Gibraltar
June 24, 1779-February 7, 1783
Gibraltar
British victory

Capture of Grenada
000000001779-07-02-0000July 2, 1779
Grenada
French victory

Tryon's raid
000000001779-07-05-0000July 5-14, 1779
Connecticut
British victory

Battle of Grenada
000000001779-07-06-0000July 6, 1779
Grenada
French victory

Battle of Stony Point
000000001779-07-16-0000July 16, 1779
New York
Patriot victory

Battle of Minisink
000000001779-07-22-0000July 22, 1779
New York
British-Iroquois victory

Penobscot Expedition
July 24-August 29, 1779
Massachusetts
British victory

Battle of Paulus Hook
000000001779-08-19-0000August 19, 1779
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Battle of Newtown
000000001779-08-29-0000August 29, 1779
Indian Reserve
Patriot victory

Capture of Fort Bute
000000001779-09-07-0000September 7, 1779
West Florida
Patriot-Spanish victory

Battle of Lake Pontchartrain
000000001779-09-10-0000September 10, 1779
West Florida
Patriot victory

Boyd and Parker ambush
000000001779-09-13-0000September 13, 1779
Indian Reserve
British-Iroquois victory

Action of 14 September 1779
000000001779-09-14-0000September 14, 1779
Azores
British victory

Siege of Savannah
September 16-October 18, 1779
Georgia
British victory

Battle of Baton Rouge
000000001779-09-20-0000September 20-21, 1779
West Florida
Patriot-Spanish victory

Battle of Flamborough Head
000000001779-09-23-0000September 23, 1779
Great Britain
Patriot victory

Battle of San Fernando de Omoa
October 16-November 29, 1779
Guatemala
British victory

Action of 11 November 1779
000000001779-11-11-0000November 11, 1779
Portugal
British victory

First Battle of Martinique
000000001779-12-18-0000December 18, 1779
Martinique
British victory

Action of 8 January 1780
000000001780-01-08-0000January 8, 1780
Spain
British victory

Battle of Cape St. Vincent
000000001780-01-16-0000January 16, 1780
Portugal
British victory

Battle of Young's House
000000001780-02-03-0000February 3, 1780
New York
British victory

San Juan Expedition
March-November, 1780
Guatemala
Patriot-Spanish victory

Battle of Fort Charlotte
000000001780-03-02-0000March 2-14, 1780
West Florida
Patriot-Spanish victory

Siege of Charleston
March 29-May 12, 1780
South Carolina
British victory: British recapture South Carolina following the battle

Battle of Monck's Corner
000000001780-04-14-0000April 14, 1780
South Carolina
British victory

Second Battle of Martinique
000000001780-04-17-0000April 17, 1780
Martinique
Patriot victory

Battle of Lenud's Ferry
000000001780-05-06-0000May 6, 1780
South Carolina
British victory

Bird's invasion of Kentucky
May 25-August 4, 1780
Virginia
British victory

Battle of St. Louis
000000001780-05-25-0000May 25, 1780
Louisiana
Patriot-Spanish victory

Battle of Waxhaws
000000001780-05-29-0000May 29, 1780
South Carolina
British victory

Battle of Connecticut Farms
000000001780-06-07-0000June 7, 1780
New Jersey
British victory

Battle of Mobley's Meeting House
000000001780-06-10-0000June 10-12, 1780
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Ramsour's Mill
000000001780-06-20-0000June 20, 1780
North Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Springfield
000000001780-06-23-0000June 23, 1780
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Huck's Defeat
000000001780-07-12-0000July 12, 1780
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Bull's Ferry
000000001780-07-20-0000July 20-21, 1780
New Jersey
Loyalist victory

Battle of Colson's Mill
000000001780-07-21-0000July 21, 1780
North Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Rocky Mount
000000001780-08-01-0000August 1, 1780
South Carolina
Loyalist victory

Battle of Hanging Rock
000000001780-08-06-0000August 6, 1780
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Pekowee
000000001780-08-08-0000August 8, 1780
Quebec
Patriot victory

Action of 9 August 1780
000000001780-08-09-0000August 9, 1780
Atlantic
Spanish victory

Battle of Camden
000000001780-08-16-0000August 16, 1780
South Carolina
British victory

Battle of Fishing Creek
000000001780-08-18-0000August 18, 1780
South Carolina
British victory

Battle of Musgrove Mill
000000001780-08-18-0000August 18, 1780
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Black Mingo
000000001780-08-28-0000August 28, 1780
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Wahab's Plantation
000000001780-09-20-0000September 20, 1780
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Charlotte
000000001780-09-26-0000September 26, 1780
North Carolina
British victory

Battle of Kings Mountain
000000001780-10-07-0000October 7, 1780
South Carolina
Patriot victory: halts first British invasion of North Carolina

Royalton Raid
000000001780-10-16-0000October 16, 1780
Vermont
British victory

Battle of Klock's Field
000000001780-10-19-0000October 19, 1780
New York
Patriot victory

La Balme's Defeat
000000001780-11-05-0000November 5, 1780
Quebec
British-Iroquois victory

Battle of Fishdam Ford
000000001780-11-09-0000November 9, 1780
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Blackstock's Farm
000000001780-11-20-0000November 20, 1780
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Fort St. George
000000001780-11-23-0000November 23, 1780
New York
Patriot victory

Battle of Jersey
000000001781-01-06-0000January 6, 1781
Jersey
British victory

Battle of Mobile
000000001781-01-07-0000January 7, 1781
West Florida
Patriot-Spanish victory

Battle of Cowpens
000000001781-01-17-0000January 17, 1781
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Cowan's Ford
000000001781-02-01-0000February 1, 1781
North Carolina
British victory

Capture of Sint Eustatius
000000001781-02-03-0000February 3, 1781
Sint Eustatius
British victory

Battle of Haw River
000000001781-02-25-0000February 25, 1781
North Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Wetzell's Mill
000000001781-03-06-0000March 6, 1781
North Carolina
British victory

Siege of Pensacola
March 9-May 8, 1781
West Florida
Patriot-Spanish victory

Battle of Guilford Court House
000000001781-03-15-0000March 15, 1781
North Carolina
British victory

Battle of Cape Henry
000000001781-03-16-0000March 16, 1781
Virginia
British victory

Siege of Fort Watson
000000001781-04-15-0000April 15-23, 1781
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Battle of Porto Praya
000000001781-04-15-0000April 15, 1781
Cape Verde
Draw

Battle of Blandford
000000001781-04-25-0000April 25, 1781
Virginia
British victory

Battle of Hobkirk's Hill
000000001781-04-25-0000April 25, 1781
South Carolina
British victory

Battle of Fort Royal
000000001781-04-29-0000April 29, 1781
Martinique
French victory

Action of 1 May 1781
000000001781-05-01-0000May 1, 1781
France
British victory

Battle of Fort Motte
000000001781-05-08-0000May 8-12, 1781
South Carolina
Patriot victory

Siege of Augusta
May 22-June 6, 1781
Georgia
Patriot victory

Siege of Ninety-Six
May 22-June 6, 1781
South Carolina
British victory

Invasion of Tobago
May 24-June 2, 1781
Tobago
French victory

Action of 30 May 1781
000000001781-05-30-0000May 30, 1781
Barbary Coast
British victory

Battle of Spencer's Ordinary
000000001781-06-26-0000June 26, 1781
Virginia
British victory

Francisco's Fight
July 1781
Virginia
Patriot victory

Battle of Green Spring
000000001781-07-06-0000July 6, 1781
Virginia
British victory

Naval battle of Louisbourg
000000001781-07-21-0000July 21, 1781
Nova Scotia
Franco-Patriot victory

Battle of Dogger Bank
000000001781-08-05-0000August 5, 1781
North Sea
British victory

Invasion of Minorca
August 19, 1781-February 5, 1782
Minorca
Franco-Spanish victory

Lochry's Defeat
000000001781-08-24-0000August 24, 1781
Quebec
British-Iroquois victory

Battle of the Chesapeake
000000001781-09-05-0000September 5, 1781
Virginia
French victory

Battle of Groton Heights
000000001781-09-06-0000September 6, 1781
Connecticut
British victory

Battle of Eutaw Springs
000000001781-09-08-0000September 8, 1781
South Carolina
British victory

Battle of Lindley's Mill
000000001781-09-13-0000September 13, 1781
North Carolina
Patriot victory

Long Run Massacre
000000001781-09-13-0000September 13, 1781
Virginia
British-Iroquois victory

Siege of Yorktown
September 28-October 19, 1781
Virginia
Franco-Patriot victory: Cornwallis surrenders his force of over 7,000

Battle of Fort Slongo
000000001781-10-03-0000October 3, 1781
New York
Patriot victory

Siege of Negapatam
October 21-November 11, 1781
India
British victory

Battle of Johnstown
000000001781-10-25-0000October 25, 1781
New York
Patriot victory

Second Battle of Ushant
000000001781-12-12-0000December 12, 1781
Bay of Biscay
British victory

Battle of Videau's Bridge
000000001782-01-02-0000January 2, 1782
South Carolina
British victory

Siege of Brimstone Hill
January 11-February 13, 1782
St. Christopher
Franco-Patriot victory

Capture of Trincomalee
000000001782-01-11-0000January 11, 1782
Ceylon
British victory

Capture of Demerara and Essequibo
January 22-February 5, 1782
Demerara and Essequibo
Franco-Patriot victory

Battle of Saint Kitts
000000001782-01-25-0000January 25-26, 1782
St. Christopher
British victory

Battle of Sadras
000000001782-02-17-0000February 17, 1782
India
French victory

Capture of Montserrat
000000001782-02-22-0000February 22, 1782
Montserrat
French victory

Battle of Wambaw
000000001782-02-24-0000February 24, 1782
South Carolina
British victory

Gnadenhütten massacre
000000001782-03-08-0000March 8, 1782
Ohio

Battle of Roatán
000000001782-03-16-0000March 16, 1782
Guatemala
Patriot-Spanish victory

Action of 16 March 1782
000000001782-03-16-0000March 16, 1782
Strait of Gibraltar
British victory

Battle of Little Mountain
000000001782-03-22-0000March 22, 1782
Virginia
British-Iroquois victory

Battle of Delaware Bay
000000001782-04-08-0000April 8, 1782
New Jersey
Patriot victory

Battle of the Saintes
000000001782-04-09-0000April 9-12, 1782
Dominica
British victory

Battle of Providien
000000001782-04-12-0000April 12, 1782
Ceylon
French victory

Battle of the Black River
April-August, 1782
Guatemala
British victory

Battle of the Mona Passage
000000001782-04-19-0000April 19, 1782
Mona passage
British victory

Action of 20–21 April 1782
000000001782-04-20-0000April 20-21, 1782
Bay of Biscay
British victory

Capture of the Bahamas
000000001782-05-06-0000May 6, 1782
Bahamas
Patriot-Spanish victory

Crawford expedition
May 25-June 12, 1782
Quebec
British-Iroquois victory

Naval battle off Halifax
000000001782-05-28-0000May 28-29, 1782
Nova Scotia
British victory

Raid on Lunenburg
000000001782-07-01-0000July 1, 1782
Nova Scotia
Patriot victory

Battle of Negapatam
000000001782-07-06-0000July 6, 1782
Ceylon
British victory

Hudson Bay Expedition
000000001782-08-08-0000August 8, 1782
Rupert's Land
Franco-Patriot victory

Siege of Bryan Station
000000001782-08-15-0000August 15-17, 1782
Virginia
Patriot victory

Battle of Blue Licks
000000001782-08-19-0000August 19, 1782
Virginia
British-Iroquois victory

Battle of the Combahee River
000000001782-08-26-0000August 26, 1782
South Carolina
British victory

Battle of Trincomalee
August 25-September 3, 1782
Ceylon
French victory

Siege of Fort Henry
000000001782-09-11-0000September 11-13, 1782
Virginia
Patriot victory

Grand Assault on Gibraltar
000000001782-09-13-0000September 13, 1782
Gibraltar
British victory

Action of 18 October 1782
000000001782-10-18-0000October 18, 1782
Hispaniola
British victory

Action of 6 December 1782
000000001782-12-06-0000December 6, 1782
Martinique
British victory

Action of 22 January 1783
000000001783-01-22-0000January 22, 1783
Virginia
British victory


document_title: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

question_text: what is the first line of an http request to the server

text: Hypertext Transfer Protocol

text: Technical overview[edit]

text: HTTP functions as a request–response protocol in the client–server computing model. A web browser, for example, may be the client and an application running on a computer hosting a website may be the server. The client submits an HTTP request message to the server. The server, which provides resources such as HTML files and other content, or performs other functions on behalf of the client, returns a response message to the client. The response contains completion status information about the request and may also contain requested content in its message body.

text: A web browser is an example of a user agent (UA). Other types of user agent include the indexing software used by search providers (web crawlers), voice browsers, mobile apps, and other software that accesses, consumes, or displays web content.

text: HTTP is designed to permit intermediate network elements to improve or enable communications between clients and servers. High-traffic websites often benefit from web cache servers that deliver content on behalf of upstream servers to improve response time. Web browsers cache previously accessed web resources and reuse them when possible to reduce network traffic. HTTP proxy servers at private network boundaries can facilitate communication for clients without a globally routable address, by relaying messages with external servers.

text: HTTP is an application layer protocol designed within the framework of the Internet protocol suite. Its definition presumes an underlying and reliable transport layer protocol,[4] and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is commonly used. However HTTP can be adapted to use unreliable protocols such as the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), for example in HTTPU and Simple Service Discovery Protocol (SSDP).

text: HTTP resources are identified and located on the network by Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), using the Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI's) schemes http and https. URIs and hyperlinks in HTML documents form inter-linked hypertext documents.

text: HTTP/1.1 is a revision of the original HTTP (HTTP/1.0). In HTTP/1.0 a separate connection to the same server is made for every resource request. HTTP/1.1 can reuse a connection multiple times to download images, scripts, stylesheets, etc after the page has been delivered. HTTP/1.1 communications therefore experience less latency as the establishment of TCP connections presents considerable overhead.

text: History[edit]

text: The term hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 in the Xanadu Project, which was in turn inspired by Vannevar Bush's 1930s vision of the microfilm-based information retrieval and management "memex" system described in his 1945 essay "As We May Think". Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN are credited with inventing the original HTTP along with HTML and the associated technology for a web server and a text-based web browser. Berners-Lee first proposed the "WorldWideWeb" project in 1989—now known as the World Wide Web. The first version of the protocol had only one method, namely GET, which would request a page from a server.[5] The response from the server was always an HTML page.[6]

text: The first documented version of HTTP was HTTP V0.9 (1991). Dave Raggett led the HTTP Working Group (HTTP WG) in 1995 and wanted to expand the protocol with extended operations, extended negotiation, richer meta-information, tied with a security protocol which became more efficient by adding additional methods and header fields.[7][8] RFC 1945 officially introduced and recognized HTTP V1.0 in 1996.

text: The HTTP WG planned to publish new standards in December 1995[9] and the support for pre-standard HTTP/1.1 based on the then developing RFC 2068 (called HTTP-NG) was rapidly adopted by the major browser developers in early 1996. By March 1996, pre-standard HTTP/1.1 was supported in Arena,[10] Netscape 2.0,[10] Netscape Navigator Gold 2.01,[10] Mosaic 2.7,[citation needed] Lynx 2.5,[citation needed] and in Internet Explorer 2.0.[citation needed] End-user adoption of the new browsers was rapid. In March 1996, one web hosting company reported that over 40% of browsers in use on the Internet were HTTP 1.1 compliant.[citation needed] That same web hosting company reported that by June 1996, 65% of all browsers accessing their servers were HTTP/1.1 compliant.[11] The HTTP/1.1 standard as defined in RFC 2068 was officially released in January 1997. Improvements and updates to the HTTP/1.1 standard were released under RFC 2616 in June 1999.

text: In 2007, the HTTPbis Working Group was formed, in part, to revise and clarify the HTTP/1.1 specification. In June 2014, the WG released an updated six-part specification obsoleting RFC 2616:

text:
RFC 7230, HTTP/1.1: Message Syntax and Routing
RFC 7231, HTTP/1.1: Semantics and Content
RFC 7232, HTTP/1.1: Conditional Requests
RFC 7233, HTTP/1.1: Range Requests
RFC 7234, HTTP/1.1: Caching
RFC 7235, HTTP/1.1: Authentication

text: HTTP/2 was published as RFC 7540 in May 2015.

text:
Year
HTTP Version

1991
0.9

1996
1.0

1997
1.1

2015
2.0

text: HTTP session[edit]

text: An HTTP session is a sequence of network request-response transactions. An HTTP client initiates a request by establishing a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection to a particular port on a server (typically port 80, occasionally port 8080; see List of TCP and UDP port numbers). An HTTP server listening on that port waits for a client's request message. Upon receiving the request, the server sends back a status line, such as "HTTP/1.1 200 OK", and a message of its own. The body of this message is typically the requested resource, although an error message or other information may also be returned.[1]

text: HTTP authentication[edit]

text: HTTP provides multiple authentication schemes such as basic access authentication and digest access authentication which operate via a challenge-response mechanism whereby the server identifies and issues a challenge before serving the requested content.

text: HTTP provides a general framework for access control and authentication, via an extensible set of challenge-response authentication schemes, which can be used by a server to challenge a client request and by a client to provide authentication information.[12]

text: Authentication realms[edit]

text: The HTTP Authentication specification also provides an arbitrary, implementation specific construct for further dividing resources common to a given root URI. The realm value string, if present, is combined with the canonical root URI to form the protection space component of the challenge. This in effect allows the server to define separate authentication scopes under one root URI.[12]

text: Request methods[edit]

text: HTTP defines methods (sometimes referred to as verbs) to indicate the desired action to be performed on the identified resource. What this resource represents, whether pre-existing data or data that is generated dynamically, depends on the implementation of the server. Often, the resource corresponds to a file or the output of an executable residing on the server. The HTTP/1.0 specification[13] defined the GET, POST and HEAD methods and the HTTP/1.1 specification[14] added 5 new methods: OPTIONS, PUT, DELETE, TRACE and CONNECT. By being specified in these documents their semantics are well known and can be depended on. Any client can use any method and the server can be configured to support any combination of methods. If a method is unknown to an intermediate it will be treated as an unsafe and non-idempotent method. There is no limit to the number of methods that can be defined and this allows for future methods to be specified without breaking existing infrastructure. For example, WebDAV defined 7 new methods and RFC 5789 specified the PATCH method.

text: All general-purpose HTTP servers are required to implement at least the GET and HEAD methods, and all other methods are considered optional by the specification.[22]

text: Safe methods[edit]

text: Some of the methods (for example, HEAD, GET, OPTIONS and TRACE) are, by convention, defined as safe, which means they are intended only for information retrieval and should not change the state of the server. In other words, they should not have side effects, beyond relatively harmless effects such as logging, caching, the serving of banner advertisements or incrementing a web counter. Making arbitrary GET requests without regard to the context of the application's state should therefore be considered safe. However, this is not mandated by the standard, and it is explicitly acknowledged that it cannot be guaranteed.

text: By contrast, methods such as POST, PUT, DELETE and PATCH are intended for actions that may cause side effects either on the server, or external side effects such as financial transactions or transmission of email. Such methods are therefore not usually used by conforming web robots or web crawlers; some that do not conform tend to make requests without regard to context or consequences.

text: Despite the prescribed safety of GET requests, in practice their handling by the server is not technically limited in any way. Therefore, careless or deliberate programming can cause non-trivial changes on the server. This is discouraged, because it can cause problems for web caching, search engines and other automated agents, which can make unintended changes on the server. For example, a website might allow deletion of a resource through a URL such as http://example.com/article/1234/delete, which, if arbitrarily fetched, even using GET, would simply delete the article.[23]

text: One example of this occurring in practice was during the short-lived Google Web Accelerator beta, which prefetched arbitrary URLs on the page a user was viewing, causing records to be automatically altered or deleted en masse. The beta was suspended only weeks after its first release, following widespread criticism.[24][23]

text: Idempotent methods and web applications[edit]

text: Methods PUT and DELETE are defined to be idempotent, meaning that multiple identical requests should have the same effect as a single request (note that idempotence refers to the state of the system after the request has completed, so while the action the server takes (e.g. deleting a record) or the response code it returns may be different on subsequent requests, the system state will be the same every time[citation needed]). Methods GET, HEAD, OPTIONS and TRACE, being prescribed as safe, should also be idempotent, as HTTP is a stateless protocol.[1]

text: In contrast, the POST method is not necessarily idempotent, and therefore sending an identical POST request multiple times may further affect state or cause further side effects (such as financial transactions). In some cases this may be desirable, but in other cases this could be due to an accident, such as when a user does not realize that their action will result in sending another request, or they did not receive adequate feedback that their first request was successful. While web browsers may show alert dialog boxes to warn users in some cases where reloading a page may re-submit a POST request, it is generally up to the web application to handle cases where a POST request should not be submitted more than once.

text: Note that whether a method is idempotent is not enforced by the protocol or web server. It is perfectly possible to write a web application in which (for example) a database insert or other non-idempotent action is triggered by a GET or other request. Ignoring this recommendation, however, may result in undesirable consequences, if a user agent assumes that repeating the same request is safe when it isn't.

text: Security[edit]

text: The TRACE method can be used as part of a class of attacks known as cross-site tracing; for that reason, common security advice is for it to be disabled in the server configuration.[25] Microsoft IIS supports a proprietary "TRACK" method, which behaves similarly, and which is likewise recommended to be disabled.[25]

text: Summary table[edit]

text:
HTTP Method
RFC
Request Has Body
Response Has Body
Safe
Idempotent
Cacheable

GET
RFC 7231
Optional
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

HEAD
RFC 7231
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

POST
RFC 7231
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes

PUT
RFC 7231
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No

DELETE
RFC 7231
No
Yes
No
Yes
No

CONNECT
RFC 7231
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

OPTIONS
RFC 7231
Optional
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

TRACE
RFC 7231
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No

PATCH
RFC 5789
Yes
Yes
No
No
No

text: Status codes[edit]

text: In HTTP/1.0 and since, the first line of the HTTP response is called the status line and includes a numeric status code (such as "404") and a textual reason phrase (such as "Not Found"). The way the user agent handles the response primarily depends on the code and secondarily on the other response header fields. Custom status codes can be used since, if the user agent encounters a code it does not recognize, it can use the first digit of the code to determine the general class of the response.[26]

text: The standard reason phrases are only recommendations and can be replaced with "local equivalents" at the web developer's discretion. If the status code indicated a problem, the user agent might display the reason phrase to the user to provide further information about the nature of the problem. The standard also allows the user agent to attempt to interpret the reason phrase, though this might be unwise since the standard explicitly specifies that status codes are machine-readable and reason phrases are human-readable. HTTP status code is primarily divided into five groups for better explanation of request and responses between client and server as named: Informational 1XX, Successful 2XX, Redirection 3XX, Client Error 4XX and Server Error 5XX.

text: Persistent connections[edit]

text: In HTTP/0.9 and 1.0, the connection is closed after a single request/response pair. In HTTP/1.1 a keep-alive-mechanism was introduced, where a connection could be reused for more than one request. Such persistent connections reduce request latency perceptibly, because the client does not need to re-negotiate the TCP 3-Way-Handshake connection after the first request has been sent. Another positive side effect is that in general the connection becomes faster with time due to TCP's slow-start-mechanism.

text: Version 1.1 of the protocol also made bandwidth optimization improvements to HTTP/1.0. For example, HTTP/1.1 introduced chunked transfer encoding to allow content on persistent connections to be streamed rather than buffered. HTTP pipelining further reduces lag time, allowing clients to send multiple requests before waiting for each response. Another addition to the protocol was byte serving, where a server transmits just the portion of a resource explicitly requested by a client.

text: HTTP session state[edit]

text: HTTP is a stateless protocol. A stateless protocol does not require the HTTP server to retain information or status about each user for the duration of multiple requests. However, some web applications implement states or server side sessions using for instance HTTP cookies or hidden variables within web forms.

text: Encrypted connections[edit]

text: The most popular way of establishing an encrypted HTTP connection is HTTP Secure.[27] Two other methods for establishing an encrypted HTTP connection also exist: Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol, and using the HTTP/1.1 Upgrade header to specify an upgrade to TLS. Browser support for these two is, however, nearly non-existent.[28][29][30]

text: Message format[edit]

text: The client and server communicate by sending plain-text (ASCII) messages. The client sends requests to the server and the server sends responses.

text: Request message[edit]

text: The request message consists of the following:

text:
A request line (e.g., GET /images/logo.png HTTP/1.1, which requests a resource called /images/logo.png from the server).
Request header fields (e.g., Accept-Language: en).
An empty line.
An optional message body.

text: The request line and other header fields must each end with <CR><LF> (that is, a carriage return character followed by a line feed character). The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace.[31] In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all header fields except Host are optional.

text: A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 specification in RFC 1945.[32]

text: Response message[edit]

text: The response message consists of the following:

text:
A status line which includes the status code and reason message (e.g., HTTP/1.1 200 OK, which indicates that the client's request succeeded).
Response header fields (e.g., Content-Type: text/html).
An empty line.
An optional message body.

text: The status line and other header fields must all end with <CR><LF>. The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace.[31] This strict requirement for <CR><LF> is relaxed somewhat within message bodies for consistent use of other system linebreaks such as <CR> or <LF> alone.[33]

text: Example session[edit]

text: Below is a sample conversation between an HTTP client and an HTTP server running on www.example.com, port 80. As mentioned in the previous sections, all the data is sent in a plain-text (ASCII) encoding, using a two-byte CR LF ('\r\n') line ending at the end of each line.

text: Client request[edit]

text: A client request (consisting in this case of the request line and only one header field) is followed by a blank line, so that the request ends with a double newline, each in the form of a carriage return followed by a line feed. The "Host" field distinguishes between various DNS names sharing a single IP address, allowing name-based virtual hosting. While optional in HTTP/1.0, it is mandatory in HTTP/1.1.

text: Server response[edit]

text: The ETag (entity tag) header field is used to determine if a cached version of the requested resource is identical to the current version of the resource on the server. Content-Type specifies the Internet media type of the data conveyed by the HTTP message, while Content-Length indicates its length in bytes. The HTTP/1.1 webserver publishes its ability to respond to requests for certain byte ranges of the document by setting the field Accept-Ranges: bytes. This is useful, if the client needs to have only certain portions[34] of a resource sent by the server, which is called byte serving. When Connection: close is sent, it means that the web server will close the TCP connection immediately after the transfer of this response.

text: Most of the header lines are optional. When Content-Length is missing the length is determined in other ways. Chunked transfer encoding uses a chunk size of 0 to mark the end of the content. Identity encoding without Content-Length reads content until the socket is closed.

text: A Content-Encoding like gzip can be used to compress the transmitted data.

text: Similar protocols[edit]

text: The Gopher protocol was a content delivery protocol that was displaced by HTTP in the early 1990s. The SPDY protocol is an alternative to HTTP developed at Google, it is superseded by the new HTTP protocol, HTTP/2.