document_title: List of countries by length of coastline

question_text: which country has the most coastline in the world

text: Overview[edit]

text: The coastline paradox states that a coastline does not have a well-defined length. Measurements of the length of a coastline behave like a fractal, being different at different scale intervals (distance between points on the coastline at which measurements are taken). The smaller the scale interval (meaning the more detailed the measurement), the longer the coastline will be.[Note 1] This "magnifying" effect is greater for convoluted coastlines than for relatively smooth ones. Treated as fractals, coastlines can however be measured. For example, the coast of Great Britain has a size of about 28000 km1.43, which is called its Hausdorff measure.[1]

text:
Data marked The World Factbook or TWF covers 198 countries and 55 territories, from the book published by the Central Intelligence Agency. In addition to coastline lengths, this is the source of the land area used to calculate the "coast/area ratio" for both TWF and WRI coastline measurement. This ratio measures how many meters of coastline correspond to every square kilometer of land area. The ratio illustrates the ease of accessibility to the country's coast from every point in its interior. Therefore, an island country like Maldives, or a country carved by the sea like Greece, is more likely to have a high ratio, while a landlocked country will have a ratio of zero. Note that the scales at which The World Factbook figures were measured are not stated, nor is it known whether the figures are all reported using the same scale, thus the figures are not necessarily comparable across different countries.
Data marked World Resources Institute or WRI covers 182 independent countries and 13 dependencies, based on data calculated in 2000 from the World Vector Shoreline, United States Defense Mapping Agency, 1989. It may include territories whose status have changed. According to their technical notes, the "coastline length was derived from the World Vector Shoreline database at 1:250,000 scale. The estimates (...) were calculated using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and an underlying database consistent for the entire world. The methodology used to estimate length is based on the following: 1) A country's coastline is made up of individual lines, and an individual line has two or more vertices and/or nodes. 2) The length between two vertices is calculated on the surface of a sphere. 3) The sum of the lengths of the pairs of vertices is aggregated for each individual line, and 4) the sum of the lengths of individual lines was aggregated for a country. In general, the coastline length of islands that are part of a country, but are not overseas territories, are included in the coastline estimate for that country (e.g., Canary Islands are included in Spain). Coastline length for overseas territories and dependencies are listed separately. Disputed areas are not included in country or regional totals."[2]

text: List[edit]

text:
Country
The World Factbook[3]
World Resources Institute[2]
Land area
km2 (TWF)[4]
Coast/area ratio (m/km2)

#
km
#
km
(TWF)
(WRI)

 World[Note 2]
—
7006116230600000000♠1,162,306
—
1,634,701
7008148940000000000♠148,940,000
7.80
11.0

 Others[Note 3]
—
7005356000000000000♠356,000

 Canada
7000100000000000000♠1
7005202080000000000♠202,080
1
265,523
7006909350700000000♠9,093,507
22.2
29.2

 Norway
7000200000000000000♠2
7004581330000000000♠58,133
7
53,199
7005304282000000000♠304,282
191
175

 Indonesia
7000300000000000000♠3
7004547200000000000♠54,720
4
95,181
7006181156900000000♠1,811,569
30.2
52.5

 Greenland[Note 4]
—
7004440870000000000♠44,087

7006216608600000000♠2,166,086
20.4

 Russia
7000400000000000000♠4
7004376530000000000♠37,653[Note 5]
3
110,310
7007163777420000000♠16,377,742
2.30
6.74

 Philippines
7000500000000000000♠5
7004362890000000000♠36,289
8
33,900
7005341353000000000♠341,353
122
114

 Japan
7000600000000000000♠6
7004297510000000000♠29,751
12
29,020
7005364485000000000♠364,485
81.6
79.6

 Australia
7000700000000000000♠7
7004257600000000000♠25,760
6
66,530
7006768230000000000♠7,682,300
3.35
8.66

 United States
7000800000000000000♠8
7004199240000000000♠19,924
2
133,312
7006914759300000000♠9,147,593
2.18
14.6

 Antarctica
—
7004179680000000000♠17,968

7007140000000000000♠14,000,000
1.28

 New Zealand
7000900000000000000♠9
7004151340000000000♠15,134
17
17,209
7005264537000000000♠264,537
57.2
65.1

 China
7001100000000000000♠10
7004145000000000000♠14,500
11
30,017
7006932641000000000♠9,326,410
1.55
3.22

 Greece
7001110000000000000♠11
7004136760000000000♠13,676
19
15,147
7005131957000000000♠131,957
104
115

 United Kingdom
7001120000000000000♠12
7004124290000000000♠12,429
16
19,717
7005241930000000000♠241,930
51.4
81.5

 Mexico
7001130000000000000♠13
7003933000000000000♠9,330
14
23,761
7006194394500000000♠1,943,945
4.80
12.2

 Italy
7001140000000000000♠14
7003760000000000000♠7,600
28
9,226
7005294140000000000♠294,140
25.8
31.4

 Croatia
7001150000000000000♠15
7003736800000000000♠7,368[5]
42
5,664
7004559740000000000♠55,974
112
101

 Denmark
7001160000000000000♠16
7003731400000000000♠7,314
44
5,316
7004424340000000000♠42,434
172
125

 Turkey
7001170000000000000♠17
7003720000000000000♠7,200
31
8,140
7005783562000000000♠783,562
9.19
10.4

 India
7001180000000000000♠18
7003750000000000000♠7,500
18
17,181
7006297319300000000♠2,973,193
2.35
5.78

 Chile
7001190000000000000♠19
7003643500000000000♠6,435
5
78,563
7005743812000000000♠743,812
8.65
106

 Brazil
7001200000000000000♠20
7003749100000000000♠7,491
9
33,379
7006845941700000000♠8,459,417
0.886
3.95

 Micronesia, Federated States of
7001210000000000000♠21
7003611200000000000♠6,112
92
1,295
7002702000000000000♠702
8,710
1,840

 Solomon Islands
7001220000000000000♠22
7003531300000000000♠5,313
26
9,880
7004279860000000000♠27,986
190
353

 Papua New Guinea
7001230000000000000♠23
7003515200000000000♠5,152
15
20,197
7005452860000000000♠452,860
11.4
44.6

 Argentina
7001240000000000000♠24
7003498900000000000♠4,989
30
8,397
7006273669000000000♠2,736,690
1.82
3.07

 Iceland
7001250000000000000♠25
7003497000000000000♠4,970
29
8,506
7005100250000000000♠100,250
49.6
84.8

 Spain[Note 6]
7001260000000000000♠26
7003496400000000000♠4,964
34
7,268
7005498980000000000♠498,980
9.95
14.6

 Metropolitan France
7001270000000000000♠27
7003485300000000000♠4,853
33
7,330
7005640427000000000♠640,427
7.58
11.4

 Madagascar
7001280000000000000♠28
7003482800000000000♠4,828
25
9,935
7005581540000000000♠581,540
8.30
17.1

 Malaysia
7001290000000000000♠29
7003467500000000000♠4,675
27
9,323
7005328657000000000♠328,657
14.2
28.4

 Estonia
7001300000000000000♠30
7003379400000000000♠3,794
61
2,956
7004423880000000000♠42,388
89.5
69.7

 Cuba
7001310000000000000♠31
7003373500000000000♠3,735
21
14,519
7005109820000000000♠109,820
34.0
132

 Svalbard
—
7003358700000000000♠3,587

7004620450000000000♠62,045
57.8

 Bahamas, The
7001320000000000000♠32
7003354200000000000♠3,542
24
11,238
7004100100000000000♠10,010
354
1,120

 Vietnam
7001330000000000000♠33
7003344400000000000♠3,444[Note 7]
23
11,409
7005310070000000000♠310,070
11.1
36.8

 Thailand
7001340000000000000♠34
7003321900000000000♠3,219
35
7,066
7005510890000000000♠510,890
6.30
13.8

 Sweden
7001350000000000000♠35
7003321800000000000♠3,218
13
26,384
7005410335000000000♠410,335
7.84
64.3

 Colombia
7001360000000000000♠36
7003320800000000000♠3,208
41
5,875
7006103870000000000♠1,038,700
3.09
5.66

 Coral Sea Islands
—
7003309500000000000♠3,095

7000290000000000000♠<3
7006103000000000000♠>1,000,000

 Somalia
7001370000000000000♠37
7003333300000000000♠3,333
50
3,898
7005627337000000000♠627,337
5.31
6.21

 Iran
7001380000000000000♠38
7003329400000000000♠3,294[Note 8]
40
5,891
7006163610000000000♠1,636,100
1.59
3.85

 French Southern and Antarctic Lands
—
7003294840000000000♠2,948.4[Note 9]

7003766760000000000♠7,667.6
385

 Venezuela
7001390000000000000♠39
7003280000000000000♠2,800
37
6,762
7005882050000000000♠882,050
3.17
7.67

 South Africa
7001400000000000000♠40
7003279800000000000♠2,798
51
3,751
7006121447000000000♠1,214,470
2.30
3.09

 Ukraine
7001410000000000000♠41
7003278200000000000♠2,782
45
4,953
7005579330000000000♠579,330
4.80
8.55

 Saudi Arabia
7001420000000000000♠42
7003264000000000000♠2,640
32
7,572
7006214969000000000♠2,149,690
1.23
3.52

 Vanuatu
7001430000000000000♠43
7003252800000000000♠2,528
59
3,132
7004121890000000000♠12,189
207
257

 French Polynesia
—
7003252500000000000♠2,525
—
5,830
7003382700000000000♠3,827
660
1,520

 Korea, North
7001440000000000000♠44
7003249500000000000♠2,495
49
4,009
7005120408000000000♠120,408
20.7
33.3

 Panama
7001450000000000000♠45
7003249000000000000♠2,490
43
5,637
7004743400000000000♠74,340
33.5
75.8

 Mozambique
7001460000000000000♠46
7003247000000000000♠2,470
36
6,942
7005786380000000000♠786,380
3.14
8.83

 Egypt
7001470000000000000♠47
7003245000000000000♠2,450
39
5,898
7005995450000000000♠995,450
2.46
5.92

 Peru
7001480000000000000♠48
7003241400000000000♠2,414
55
3,362
7006127999600000000♠1,279,996
1.89
2.63

 Korea, South
7001490000000000000♠49
7003241300000000000♠2,413
22
12,478
7004969200000000000♠96,920
24.9
129

 Germany
7001500000000000000♠50
7003238900000000000♠2,389
52
3,624
7005348672000000000♠348,672
6.85
10.4

 New Caledonia
—
7003225400000000000♠2,254
—
3,624
7004182750000000000♠18,275
123
198

 Ecuador
7001510000000000000♠51
7003223700000000000♠2,237
47
4,597
7005276841000000000♠276,841
8.08
16.6

 Eritrea
7001520000000000000♠52
7003223400000000000♠2,234[5]
54
3,446
7005101000000000000♠101,000
22.1
34.1

 Oman
7001530000000000000♠53
7003209200000000000♠2,092
65
2,810
7005309500000000000♠309,500
6.76
9.08

 Burma
7001540000000000000♠54
7003193000000000000♠1,930
20
14,708
7005653508000000000♠653,508
2.95
22.5

 Yemen
7001550000000000000♠55
7003190600000000000♠1,906
58
3,149
7005527968000000000♠527,968
3.61
5.96

 Morocco
7001560000000000000♠56
7003183500000000000♠1,835
73
2,009
7005446300000000000♠446,300
4.11
4.50

 Portugal
7001570000000000000♠57
7003179300000000000♠1,793
63
2,830
7004914700000000000♠91,470
19.6
30.9

 Haiti
7001580000000000000♠58
7003177100000000000♠1,771
77
1,977
7004275600000000000♠27,560
64.3
71.7

 Libya
7001590000000000000♠59
7003177000000000000♠1,770
71
2,025
7006175954000000000♠1,759,540
1.01
1.15

 Angola
7001600000000000000♠60
7003160000000000000♠1,600
67
2,252
7006124670000000000♠1,246,700
1.28
1.81

 Namibia
7001610000000000000♠61
7003157200000000000♠1,572
84
1,754
7005823290000000000♠823,290
1.91
2.13

 Taiwan
7001620000000000000♠62
7003156630000000000♠1,566.3
74
2,007
7004322600000000000♠32,260
48.6
62.2

 Palau
7001630000000000000♠63
7003151900000000000♠1,519

7002459000000000000♠459
3,310

 Northern Mariana Islands
—
7003148200000000000♠1,482

7002464000000000000♠464
3,190

 Ireland
7001640000000000000♠64
7003144800000000000♠1,448
38
6,437
7004688830000000000♠68,883
21.0
93.4

 Tanzania
7001650000000000000♠65
7003142400000000000♠1,424
53
3,461
7005885800000000000♠885,800
1.61
3.91

 Sri Lanka
7001660000000000000♠66
7003134000000000000♠1,340
64
2,825
7004646300000000000♠64,630
20.7
43.7

 United Arab Emirates
7001670000000000000♠67
7003131800000000000♠1,318
62
2,871
7004836000000000000♠83,600
15.8
34.3

 Costa Rica
7001680000000000000♠68
7003129000000000000♠1,290
70
2,069
7004510600000000000♠51,060
25.3
40.5

 Dominican Republic
7001690000000000000♠69
7003128800000000000♠1,288
88
1,612
7004483200000000000♠48,320
26.7
33.4

 Falkland Islands
—
7003128800000000000♠1,288

7004121730000000000♠12,173
106

 Finland
7001700000000000000♠70
7003125000000000000♠1,250
10
31,119
7005303815000000000♠303,815
4.11
102

 Tunisia
7001710000000000000♠71
7003114800000000000♠1,148
79
1,927
7005155360000000000♠155,360
7.39
12.4

 Kiribati
7001720000000000000♠72
7003114300000000000♠1,143
78
1,961
7002811000000000000♠811
1,410
2,420

 Fiji
7001730000000000000♠73
7003112900000000000♠1,129
46
4,638
7004182740000000000♠18,274
61.8
254

 Faroe Islands
—
7003111700000000000♠1,117

7003139300000000000♠1,393
802

Western Sahara
—
7003111000000000000♠1,110

7005266000000000000♠266,000
4.17

 Pakistan
7001740000000000000♠74
7003104600000000000♠1,046
66
2,599
7005881912000000000♠881,912
1.19
2.95

 Jamaica
7001750000000000000♠75
7003102200000000000♠1,022
102
895
7004108310000000000♠10,831
94.4
82.6

 Algeria
7001760000000000000♠76
7002998000000000000♠998
90
1,557
7006238174100000000♠2,381,741
0.419
0.654

 Cape Verde
7001770000000000000♠77
7002965000000000000♠965
97
1,121
7003403300000000000♠4,033
239
278

  Spratly Islands
—
7002926000000000000♠926

7000490000000000000♠<5
7005190000000000000♠>200,000

 Nicaragua
7001780000000000000♠78
7002910000000000000♠910
80
1,915
7005119990000000000♠119,990
7.58
16.0

 Gabon
7001790000000000000♠79
7002885000000000000♠885
72
2,019
7005257667000000000♠257,667
3.43
7.84

 Nigeria
7001800000000000000♠80
7002853000000000000♠853
60
3,122
7005910768000000000♠910,768
0.937
3.43

 Sudan
7001810000000000000♠81
7002853000000000000♠853
68
2,245
7006186148400000000♠1,861,484[6]
0.458
1.21

 Honduras
7001820000000000000♠82
7002832000000000000♠832[Note 10]
82
1,878
7005111890000000000♠111,890
7.44
16.8

 Mauritania
7001830000000000000♠83
7002754000000000000♠754
94
1,268
7006103070000000000♠1,030,700
0.732
1.23

 Hong Kong
—
7002733000000000000♠733
—
955
7003105400000000000♠1,054
695
906

 Timor-Leste
7001840000000000000♠84
7002706000000000000♠706

7004148740000000000♠14,874
47.5

 British Indian Ocean Territory
—
7002698000000000000♠698

7001600000000000000♠60
11,600

 Uruguay
7001850000000000000♠85
7002660000000000000♠660
98
1,096
7005175015000000000♠175,015
3.77
6.26

 Cyprus
7001860000000000000♠86
7002648000000000000♠648
112
671
7003924100000000000♠9,241
70.1
72.6

 Maldives
7001870000000000000♠87
7002644000000000000♠644
75
2,002
7002298000000000000♠298
2,160
6,720

 Bangladesh
7001880000000000000♠88
7002580000000000000♠580
56
3,306
7005130168000000000♠130,168
4.46
25.4

 Liberia
7001890000000000000♠89
7002579000000000000♠579
104
842
7004963200000000000♠96,320
6.01
8.74

 Qatar
7001900000000000000♠90
7002563000000000000♠563
100
909
7004115860000000000♠11,586
48.6
78.5

 Ghana
7001910000000000000♠91
7002539000000000000♠539
106
758
7005227533000000000♠227,533
2.37
3.33

 Kenya
7001920000000000000♠92
7002536000000000000♠536
89
1,586
7005569140000000000♠569,140
0.942
2.79

 Senegal
7001930000000000000♠93
7002531000000000000♠531
91
1,327
7005192530000000000♠192,530
2.76
6.89

  Paracel Islands
—
7002518000000000000♠518

7000775000000000000♠7.75
66,800

 Côte d'Ivoire
7001940000000000000♠94
7002515000000000000♠515
105
797
7005318003000000000♠318,003
1.62
2.51

 Puerto Rico
—
7002501000000000000♠501
—
1,094
7003887000000000000♠8,870
56.5
123

 Kuwait
7001950000000000000♠95
7002499000000000000♠499
107
756
7004178180000000000♠17,818
28.0
42.4

 Latvia
7001960000000000000♠96
7002498000000000000♠498
116
566
7004622490000000000♠62,249
8.00
9.09

 Seychelles
7001970000000000000♠97
7002491000000000000♠491
109
747
7002455000000000000♠455
1,080
1,640

 Guyana
7001980000000000000♠98
7002459000000000000♠459
95
1,154
7005196849000000000♠196,849
2.33
5.86

 Netherlands
7001990000000000000♠99
7002451000000000000♠451[Note 11]
81
1,914
7004338930000000000♠33,893
13.3
56.5

 Cambodia
7002100000000000000♠100
7002443000000000000♠443
96
1,127
7005176515000000000♠176,515
2.51
6.38

 Poland
7002101000000000000♠101
7002440000000000000♠440
99
1,032
7005312679000000000♠312,679
1.41
3.30

 Tonga
7002102000000000000♠102
7002419000000000000♠419
101
909
7002717000000000000♠717
584
1,270

 Samoa
7002103000000000000♠103
7002403000000000000♠403
120
463
7003282100000000000♠2,821
143
164

 Cameroon
7002104000000000000♠104
7002402000000000000♠402
83
1,799
7005469440000000000♠469,440
0.856
3.83

 Sierra Leone
7002104000000000000♠104
7002402000000000000♠402
86
1,677
7004716200000000000♠71,620
5.61
23.4

 Guatemala
7002106000000000000♠106
7002400000000000000♠400
122
445
7005107159000000000♠107,159
3.73
4.15

 Turks and Caicos Islands
—
7002389000000000000♠389

7002948000000000000♠948
410

 Belize
7002107000000000000♠107
7002386000000000000♠386
76
1,996
7004228060000000000♠22,806
16.9
87.5

 Suriname
7002107000000000000♠107
7002386000000000000♠386
114
620
7005156000000000000♠156,000
2.47
3.97

 Marshall Islands
7002109000000000000♠109
7002370400000000000♠370.4
69
2,106
7002181000000000000♠181
2,050
11,600

 Curaçao
—
7002364000000000000♠364

7002444000000000000♠444
820

 Albania
7002110000000000000♠110
7002362000000000000♠362
113
649
7004273980000000000♠27,398
13.2
23.7

 Trinidad and Tobago
7002110000000000000♠110
7002362000000000000♠362
110
704
7003512800000000000♠5,128
70.6
137

 Bulgaria
7002112000000000000♠112
7002354000000000000♠354
121
457
7005108489000000000♠108,489
3.26
4.21

 Guinea-Bissau
7002113000000000000♠113
7002350000000000000♠350
57
3,176
7004281200000000000♠28,120
12.4
113

 Comoros
7002114000000000000♠114
7002340000000000000♠340
119
469
7003223500000000000♠2,235
152
210

 Guinea
7002115000000000000♠115
7002320000000000000♠320
87
1,615
7005245717000000000♠245,717
1.30
6.57

 Djibouti
7002116000000000000♠116
7002314000000000000♠314
123
443
7004231800000000000♠23,180
13.5
19.1

 Georgia
7002117000000000000♠117
7002310000000000000♠310
124
376
7004697000000000000♠69,700
4.45
5.39

 El Salvador
7002118000000000000♠118
7002307000000000000♠307
108
756
7004207210000000000♠20,721
14.8
36.5

 Equatorial Guinea
7002119000000000000♠119
7002296000000000000♠296
115
603
7004280510000000000♠28,051
10.6
21.5

 Montenegro
7002120000000000000♠120
7002293500000000000♠293.5

7005251643000000000♠251,643
51.37

 Israel
7002121000000000000♠121
7002273000000000000♠273[Note 12]
136
205
7004203300000000000♠20,330
13.4
10.1

 Lebanon
7002122000000000000♠122
7002225000000000000♠225
125
294
7004102300000000000♠10,230
22.0
28.7

 Romania
7002122000000000000♠122
7002225000000000000♠225
111
696
7005229891000000000♠229,891
0.979
3.03

 São Tomé and Príncipe
7002124000000000000♠124
7002209000000000000♠209
128
269
7002964000000000000♠964
217
279

 Malta
7002125000000000000♠125
7002252810000000000♠252.81
137
198
7002316000000000000♠316
800
627

 Singapore
7002126000000000000♠126
7002193000000000000♠193
129
268
7002687000000000000♠687
281
390

 Syria
7002126000000000000♠126
7002193000000000000♠193
134
212
7005183630000000000♠183,630
1.05
1.15

 U.S. Virgin Islands
—
7002188000000000000♠188
—
390
7002346000000000000♠346
543
1,130

 Mauritius
7002128000000000000♠128
7002177000000000000♠177
118
496
7003203000000000000♠2,030
87.2
244

 Congo, Republic of the
7002129000000000000♠129
7002169000000000000♠169
135
205
7005341500000000000♠341,500
0.495
0.600

 Bahrain
7002130000000000000♠130
7002161000000000000♠161
132
255
7002760000000000000♠760
212
336

 Brunei
7002130000000000000♠130
7002161000000000000♠161
127
269
7003526500000000000♠5,265
30.6
51.1

 Cayman Islands
—
7002160000000000000♠160

7002264000000000000♠264
606

 Isle of Man
—
7002160000000000000♠160

7002572000000000000♠572
280

 Saint Lucia
7002132000000000000♠132
7002158000000000000♠158
139
166
7002606000000000000♠606
261
274

 Antigua and Barbuda
7002133000000000000♠133
7002153000000000000♠153
126
289
7002442600000000000♠442.6
346
653

 Dominica
7002134000000000000♠134
7002148000000000000♠148
141
152
7002751000000000000♠751
197
202

 Christmas Island
—
7002138900000000000♠138.9

7002135000000000000♠135
1,030

 Saint Kitts and Nevis
7002135000000000000♠135
7002135000000000000♠135

7002261000000000000♠261
517

 Wallis and Futuna
—
7002129000000000000♠129

7002142000000000000♠142
908

 Guam
—
7002125500000000000♠125.5

7002544000000000000♠544
231

 Jan Mayen
—
7002124100000000000♠124.1

7002377000000000000♠377
329

 Benin
7002136000000000000♠136
7002121000000000000♠121
140
153
7005110622000000000♠110,622
1.09
1.38

 Grenada
7002136000000000000♠136
7002121000000000000♠121
133
252
7002344000000000000♠344
352
733

 Cook Islands
7002138000000000000♠138
7002120000000000000♠120

7002236000000000000♠236
508

 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
—
7002120000000000000♠120

7002242000000000000♠242
496

 American Samoa
—
7002116000000000000♠116

7002199000000000000♠199
583

 Bermuda
—
7002103000000000000♠103
—
180
7001540000000000000♠54
1,910
3,330

 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
—
7002101900000000000♠101.9

7002412000000000000♠412
247

 Tokelau
—
7002101000000000000♠101

7001120000000000000♠12
8,420

 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
—
7002100000000000000♠100[Note 13]

7002308000000000000♠308
325

 Barbados
7002139000000000000♠139
7001970000000000000♠97
143
97
7002430000000000000♠430
226
226

 Lithuania
7002140000000000000♠140
7001900000000000000♠90
131
258
7004626800000000000♠62,680
1.44
4.12

 United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges
—
7001857000000000000♠85.7

7001224100000000000♠22.41
3,820

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7002141000000000000♠141
7001840000000000000♠84
130
264
7002389000000000000♠389
216
679

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
—
7001838000000000000♠83.8

7002253800000000000♠253.8[6]
330

 British Virgin Islands
—
7001800000000000000♠80

7002151000000000000♠151
530

 Gambia
7002142000000000000♠142
7001800000000000000♠80
117
503
7004100000000000000♠10,000
8.00
50.3

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
—
7001741009999900000♠74.1

7000500000000000000♠5
14,800

 Jersey
—
7001700000000000000♠70

7002116000000000000♠116
603

 Aruba
—
7001685000000000000♠68.5
—
107
7002180000000000000♠180
381
594

 Belgium
7002143000000000000♠143
7001665000000000000♠66.5
144
76
7004302780000000000♠30,278
2.20
2.51

 Niue
7002144000000000000♠144
7001640000000000000♠64

7002260000000000000♠260
246

 Anguilla
—
7001610000000000000♠61

7001910000000000000♠91
670

 Saint Martin
—
7001589000000000000♠58.9[Note 14]

7001544000000000000♠54.4
1,080

 Iraq
7002145000000000000♠145
7001580000000000000♠58
142
105
7005437367000000000♠437,367
0.133
0.240

 Togo
7002146000000000000♠146
7001560000000000000♠56
145
53
7004543850000000000♠54,385
1.03
0.975

 Pitcairn Islands
—
7001510000000000000♠51

7001470000000000000♠47
1,090

 Guernsey
—
7001500000000000000♠50

7001780000000000000♠78
641

 Slovenia
7002147000000000000♠147
7001466000000000000♠46.6
146
41
7004201510000000000♠20,151
2.31
2.03

 Macau
—
7001410000000000000♠41
—
36
7001282000000000000♠28.2
1,450
1,280

 Gaza Strip
—
7001400000000000000♠40

7002360000000000000♠360
111

 Montserrat
—
7001400000000000000♠40

7002102000000000000♠102
392

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
7002148000000000000♠148
7001370000000000000♠37
138
177
7006226704800000000♠2,267,048
0.0163
0.0781

 Norfolk Island
—
7001320000000000000♠32

7001360000000000000♠36
889

 Nauru
7002149000000000000♠149
7001300000000000000♠30

7001210000000000000♠21
1,430

 Bouvet Island
—
7001296000000000000♠29.6

7001490000000000000♠49
604

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
—
7001260000000000000♠26

7001140000000000000♠14
1,860

 Jordan
7002150000000000000♠150
7001260000000000000♠26[Note 15]
147
27
7004888020000000000♠88,802
0.293
0.304

 Tuvalu
7002151000000000000♠151
7001240000000000000♠24

7001260000000000000♠26
923

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
7002152000000000000♠152
7001200000000000000♠20
148
23
7004511870000000000♠51,187
0.391
0.449

 Wake Island
—
7001193000000000000♠19.3

7000650000000000000♠6.5
2,970

 Gibraltar
—
7001120000000000000♠12

7000650000000000000♠6.5
1,850

 Clipperton Island
—
7001111000000000000♠11.1

7000600000000000000♠6
1,850

 Navassa Island
—
7000800000000000000♠8

7000540000000000000♠5.4
1,480

 Monaco
7002153000000000000♠153
7000410009999999999♠4.1

7000200000000000000♠2
2,050

 Saint Barthélemy
—
6999500000000000000♠NA

7001210000000000000♠21

 Sint Maarten
—
6999500000000000000♠NA[Note 16]

7001340000000000000♠34
0.0147

 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
—
6999500000000000000♠NA

7003390300000000000♠3,903
0.000128

 Kazakhstan
7002154000000000000♠154
6999400000000000000♠0[Note 17]
48
4,528
7006269970000000000♠2,699,700
0
1.68

 Turkmenistan
7002155000000000000♠155
6999300000000000000♠0[Note 18]
93
1,289
7005469930000000000♠469,930
0
2.74

 Azerbaijan
7002156000000000000♠156
6999200000000000000♠0[Note 19]
103
871
7004826290000000000♠82,629
0
10.5

 West Bank
—
5000000000000000000♠0[Note 20]

7003564000000000000♠5,640
0

 Afghanistan
7002158000000000000♠158
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005652230000000000♠652,230
0
0

 Andorra
7002159000000000000♠159
5000000000000000000♠0

7002468000000000000♠468
0

 Armenia
7002160000000000000♠160
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004282030000000000♠28,203
0
0

 Austria
7002161000000000000♠161
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004824450000000000♠82,445
0
0

 Belarus
7002162000000000000♠162
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005202900000000000♠202,900
0
0

 Bhutan
7002163000000000000♠163
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004383940000000000♠38,394
0
0

 Bolivia
7002164000000000000♠164
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006108330100000000♠1,083,301
0
0

 Botswana
7002165000000000000♠165
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005566730000000000♠566,730
0
0

 Burkina Faso
7002166000000000000♠166
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005273800000000000♠273,800
0
0

 Burundi
7002167000000000000♠167
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004256800000000000♠25,680
0
0

 Central African Republic
7002168000000000000♠168
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005622984000000000♠622,984
0
0

 Chad
7002169000000000000♠169
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006125920000000000♠1,259,200
0
0

 Czech Republic
7002170000000000000♠170
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004772470000000000♠77,247
0
0

 Ethiopia
7002171000000000000♠171
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006100000000000000♠1,000,000
0
0

 Hungary
7002172000000000000♠172
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004896080000000000♠89,608
0
0

 Kyrgyzstan
7002173000000000000♠173
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005191801000000000♠191,801
0
0

 Laos
7002174000000000000♠174
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005230800000000000♠230,800
0
0

 Lesotho
7002175000000000000♠175
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004303550000000000♠30,355
0
0

 Liechtenstein
7002176000000000000♠176
5000000000000000000♠0

7002160000000000000♠160
0

 Luxembourg
7002177000000000000♠177
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7003258600000000000♠2,586
0
0

 Macedonia
7002178000000000000♠178
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004254330000000000♠25,433
0
0

 Malawi
7002179000000000000♠179
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004940800000000000♠94,080
0
0

 Mali
7002180000000000000♠180
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006122019000000000♠1,220,190
0
0

 Moldova
7002181000000000000♠181
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004328910000000000♠32,891
0
0

 Mongolia
7002182000000000000♠182
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006155355600000000♠1,553,556
0
0

   Nepal
7002183000000000000♠183
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005143351000000000♠143,351
0
0

 Niger
7002184000000000000♠184
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7006126670000000000♠1,266,700
0
0

 Paraguay
7002185000000000000♠185
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005397302000000000♠397,302
0
0

 Rwanda
7002186000000000000♠186
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004246680000000000♠24,668
0
0

 San Marino
7002187000000000000♠187
5000000000000000000♠0

7001610000000000000♠61
0

 Serbia
7002188000000000000♠188
5000000000000000000♠0

7004883610000000000♠88,361
0

 Slovakia
7002189000000000000♠189
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004481050000000000♠48,105
0
0

 South Sudan
7002190000000000000♠190
5000000000000000000♠0

7005644329000000000♠644,329[6]
0

 Swaziland
7002191000000000000♠191
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004172040000000000♠17,204
0
0

  Switzerland
7002192000000000000♠192
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7004399970000000000♠39,997
0
0

 Tajikistan
7002193000000000000♠193
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005141510000000000♠141,510
0
0

 Uganda
7002194000000000000♠194
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005197100000000000♠197,100
0
0

 Uzbekistan
7002195000000000000♠195
6999100000000000000♠0
85
1,707
7005425400000000000♠425,400
0
4.01

  Vatican City
7002196000000000000♠196
5000000000000000000♠0

6999440000000000000♠0.44
0

 Zambia
7002197000000000000♠197
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005743398000000000♠743,398
0
0

 Zimbabwe
7002198000000000000♠198
5000000000000000000♠0
149
0
7005386847000000000♠386,847
0
0

 French Guiana

—
763

 Guadeloupe

—
581

 Martinique

—
369

 Caribbean Netherlands

—
361

 Réunion

—
219


document_title: Gambling in New Jersey

question_text: how many casinos are in atlantic city new jersey

root

text: Gambling in New Jersey

text: History[edit]

text: Early era[edit]

text: Gambling has a long legacy in New Jersey, with the state historically being more permissive of gambling than most other states. Until they were banned in 1844, lotteries were common in New Jersey. They were used to help pay for the military during the French and Indian War and American Revolution, and help finance the construction of Queen's College (now Rutgers University) and the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).[1][2]

tag: p

text: Freehold Raceway is the oldest racetrack in the United States, with horse racing having taken place there informally since the 1830s. The Monmouth County Agricultural Society was formed on December 17, 1853, and in 1854 they began holding an annual fair with harness racing at Freehold Raceway[3][4] Monmouth Park Racetrack opened in 1870. In 1894, the New Jersey Legislature banned parimutuel gambling,[5] and in 1897 the voters of New Jersey approved a referendum which amended the state constitution to ban all gambling (or possibly all commercial gambling).[6]

text: Expansion of gambling[edit]

text: From 1894 to 1939, all gambling was theoretically outlawed in New Jersey, but enforcement was spotty, and it is not clear whether social gambling was prohibited. Bookmaking, numbers games, and slot machines were common through the state, many churches and other non-profit organizations openly held bingos, and Freehold Raceway operated without interruption.[7] Racetrack gambling was re-legalized in 1939. In 1953, voters approved a referendum to officially allow non-profit organizations to have bingo and raffles. In 1959, amusement games were re-legalized after a 1957 court decision had declared them to be a form of illegal gambling.[8] In 1970, 81.5% of New Jersey voted in favor of a referendum creating the New Jersey Lottery,[1] and in 1975, New Jersey initiated the Pick-It (later renamed the Pick-3), the first legal lottery game in the United States where buyers could pick their own numbers.[9]

text: In 1974, New Jersey voters voted against legalizing casino gambling statewide, but two years later approved a new referendum which legalized casinos, but restricted them to Atlantic City.[10][11] At that time, Nevada was the only state with legal casino gambling. Resorts Atlantic City was the first casino to open in 1978.[12] As part of the state's budget showdown in 2006, gambling in Atlantic City's casinos and at racetracks in the state were forced to close after it was determined that the official monitors from the New Jersey Casino Control Commission were essential and New Jersey law stated that gambling establishments could not legally operate without state oversight. The closures cost the state an estimated $1.3 million in casino revenues in addition to the loss of state taxes collected on casino employee wages.[13]

text: Sports betting[edit]

text: In January 2012, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie signed legislation allowing sports betting in New Jersey after it was approved by a 2-to-1 margin in a voter referendum held in November 2011.[14] The law permits any of the state's 12 casinos and 4 racetracks to offer gambling on professional and college sports, but prohibits them from accepting bets on college events played in New Jersey, or out-of-state games involving New Jersey college teams.[15] The New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement subsequently issued regulations for sports betting.[16]

text: The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the National Basketball Association (NBA), the National Football League (NFL), the National Hockey League, and Major League Baseball filed a federal lawsuit against New Jersey to prevent sports betting, based on the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992 which banned sports betting in all but four states.[17] In February 2013, United States District Court judge Michael A. Shipp ruled in favor of the athletic leagues, and barred New Jersey from issuing sports betting licenses. The court ruled that under the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, the regulation of gambling and the granting of a grandfather clause to four states is within Congress's power.[18][19] In September 2013, a three-judge panel from the 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals voted 2-1 to uphold Shipp's decision.[20][21][needs update] Christie said he will appeal the case to the United States Supreme Court.[22]

text: On June 27, 2017, the Supreme Court agreed to hear Christie v. NCAA.[23] The Supreme Court will likely hear oral arguments in the fall of 2017, with a decision in 2018.

text: Online gambling[edit]

text: In January 2011, the New Jersey Legislature passed a bill sponsored by Raymond Lesniak to allow online gambling by New Jersey residents over the age of 21.[24][25] Because the state constitution only allows casino gambling in Atlantic City,[26] the legislation specified that the computer servers operating the online gambling websites must be located at licensed casinos in Atlantic City.[24] The Lesniak bill evaded possible federal prohibitions against online gambling by authorizing the Casino Control Commission to create regulations to ensure that the bets were placed from inside New Jersey.[24][27] However, Governor Chris Christie vetoed the legislation because of concerns that "allowing customers to bet through any computer terminal left open the chance of commercial businesses such as nightclubs and cafes becoming gambling hubs around the state", and "the bill further created a legal fiction that a bet placed anywhere in New Jersey counted as an Atlantic City bet."[28]

text: In December 2011, the United States Justice Department issued a legal opinion that the Federal Wire Act only prohibited online sports betting, and not online casino games.[29] John Wefing, a constitutional scholar at Seton Hall Law School, told a state Assembly committee that he did not believe that a constitutional amendment was needed to authorize online gambling because "any online poker bet would not be completed until a server in Atlantic City accepted the wager,"[30] and "wagers are contracts, and the law recognizes that contracts occur where the final action needed to take place occurs."[31] However, State Senator Jennifer Beck has stated that online gambling cannot be legalized with the approval of New Jersey voters,[32] and several federal courts decisions have said that an online bet occurs in both the location of the website, and the location of the gambler.[33][34]

text: To address Christie's concerns, new legislation was drafted that prohibits businesses other than Atlantic City casinos from advertising online gambling, or allowing their facilities to be used for online gambling.[35][36] On February 26, 2013, a revised bill permitting Internet gambling was overwhelming approved by the New Jersey Legislature, and then signed into law by Chris Christie.[37] The law legalizes online casino gambling for a 10-year trial period, restricts the operation of the websites to Atlantic City's eleven casinos, and imposes a 15% tax on online gambling revenue, instead of the 8% currently imposed on casinos.[38][clarification needed]

text: The act requires that the gambler be at least 21 years old and play from a computer in New Jersey. The gambler's location will likely be verified through a global positioning system (GPS), and the bill allows interstate compacts to be signed in future in order to authorize multistate gambling.[38] Comps will be available, but will need to be redeemed by visiting the casino.[39] Macquarie Capital estimates that online gambling will provide Atlantic City's casino with $260 to $400 million in additional revenue per year.[40] The Casino Control Commission will create regulations for online gambling. It is unclear when online gambling licenses will be issued, or if there will be any legal challenges to the new law.[37]

text: Online casinos opened for business via a synchronized launch on November 21, 2013.[41] At launch, game options were limited, but by 2017, twelve separate online casino brands offered many hundreds of games including a wide variety that have been brought over from the traditional casino world.[42]

text: In June 2017, it was reported that the New Jersey online gambling industry surpassed over $100 Million in tax revenue.[43] The combined revenues of all online casinos in New Jersey now actually exceed the revenues of the three NJ brick & mortar casinos with the lowest revenue figures.[44]

text: Expansion of casino gambling outside Atlantic City[edit]

text: The proposed New Jersey Casino Expansion Amendment resulted from an agreement among Gov. Chris Christie and Democratic state legislators. State legislators were in deadlock over who would be allowed to own new casinos and tax revenue sharing. The measure does not say where the casinos would be allowed. Location and other matters such as tax rates would be determined by enabling legislation to be passed by the state legislature. A law passed by popular vote in 1976 gives Atlantic City a monopoly on casino gambling in New Jersey.[45][46]

text: An analysis by Fitch, a credit-rating agency, determined that as many as four of Atlantic City's eight casinos would be bankrupted by expanding casino gambling outside the city. Supporters of gambling in North Jersey say that the measure would help Atlantic City by redirecting as much as $200 million a year in tax revenue to the city. Opponents say that it is unlikely that much revenue would be generated and that it would not make up for the losses due to new competition. In recent years four Atlantic City casinos have closed, causing severe economic problems.[47][48]

text: Casino gambling[edit]

text: New Jersey currently has seven casinos, all of which are located in Atlantic City. In 2011, New Jersey's casinos employed approximately 33,000 employees, had 28.5 million visitors, made $3.3 billion in gaming revenue, and paid $278 million in taxes.[49] They are regulated by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission and New Jersey Division of Gaming Enforcement.

text: Current casinos[edit]

text:
Casino
Opening Date
Theme
Hotel Rooms[50]
Section of Atlantic City

Bally's
December 29, 1979
Modern
1,749
Midtown

Borgata
July 2, 2003
Tuscany
2,767
Marina

Caesars
June 26, 1979
Roman Empire
1,141
Midtown

Golden Nugget
June 19, 1985
Gold Rush Era
727
Marina

Harrah's
November 27, 1980
Marina Waterfront
2,590
Marina

Resorts
May 28, 1978
Roaring Twenties
942
Uptown

Tropicana
November 26, 1981
Old Havana
2,078
Downbeach

Wild Wild West*
July 2, 1997
American Old West
N/A (shared with Bally's)
Midtown

tag: table

text: The Wild Wild West Casino is officially part of Bally's, but is often considered by the public to be a separate casino.

tag: ul

text: Renamed casinos[edit]

text:
Casino
hideName Change

ACH Casino Resort
Renamed Atlantic Club Casino Hotel

Atlantic City Hilton
Renamed ACH Casino Resort

Bally's Grand
Renamed The Grand

Brighton Casino
Renamed Sands Atlantic City

Del Webb's Claridge
Renamed Claridge

Golden Nugget (Original)
Renamed Bally's Grand

Harrah's at Trump Plaza
Renamed Trump Plaza

Playboy Hotel & Casino
Permanent casino license denied; renamed Atlantis Casino

The Grand
Renamed the Atlantic City Hilton

Trump's Castle
Renamed Trump Marina

Trump Marina
Renamed Golden Nugget

Revel Hotel Casino
Closed; Renamed TEN

text: Closed casinos[edit]

text:
Casino
Opening Date
Closing Date
Status of Property

Atlantis Casino
April 14, 1981
October 3, 1999
License revoked; later became the Trump World's Fair

Atlantic Club
December 12, 1980
January 13, 2014
Building and contents sold to Caesars Entertainment, Inc., slots and tables sold to Tropicana Casino & Resort Atlantic City; currently uninhabited

The Claridge Casino and Hotel
July 20, 1981
February 2014
Merged into Bally's, then Sold and Reopened as a non-casino hotel

Revel
April 2, 2012
September 1, 2014
Building still standing; currently in redevelopment into Ocean Resort Casino

Sands
August 31, 1980
November 11, 2006
Building demolished; currently "Atlantic: Wonder Park"

Showboat
April 2, 1987
August 31, 2014
Reopened as a non-casino hotel/resort on 7/8/2016

Trump Plaza
May 26, 1984
September 16, 2014
Building still standing; currently uninhabited

Trump World's Fair
May 15, 1996
October 3, 1999
Building demolished; being redeveloped as BET Investments Boardwalk Development Project

Trump Taj Mahal
April 2, 1990
October 10, 2016
Building still standing; Purchased by Hard Rock Hotel & Casino

text: Cancelled casinos[edit]

text:
Casino
Status of property

Camelot
Cancelled; currently an empty lot

Dunes Atlantic City
Never completed; currently an empty lot

Hard Rock Casino
Cancelled; currently an empty lot

Hilton (Original)
Casino license denied; current site of Golden Nugget Atlantic City

Le Jardin
Cancelled; currently an empty lot

Margaritaville Marina Casino
Cancelled; current site of Golden Nugget Atlantic City

Mirage Atlantic City
Cancelled; currently an empty lot

MGM Grand Atlantic City
Cancelled; currently an empty lot

Penthouse Casino
Never completed; current site of Trump Plaza's East Tower

Pinnacle Atlantic City
Cancelled; currently an empty lot

Sahara Atlantic City
Cancelled; currently a parking lot

text: Online Casinos[edit]

text:
Online Brand
Land-based partner
Permit
Launch Date

888 Casino
Caesars
NJIGP 15-007
November 21, 2013 [51]

Betfair
Golden Nugget
NJIGP 15-002
November 21, 2013 [52]

Borgata Casino
Borgata
NJIGP 15-001
November 21, 2013 [53]

Caesars Casino
Caesars
NJIGP 15-007
November 21, 2013 [54]

Golden Nugget Casino
Golden Nugget
NJIGP 15-002
December 13, 2013 [55]

Harrah's Casino
Caesars
NJIGP 15-007
November 21, 2013 [54]

Mohegan Sun
Resorts
NJIGP 15-008
July 20, 2015 [56]

Pala Casino
Borgata
NJIGP 15-001
November 17, 2014 [57]

PartyPoker
Borgata
NJIGP 15-001
November 21, 2013 [58]

PokerStars
Resorts
NJIGP 15-008
March 16, 2016 [59]

PlayMGM
Borgata
NJIGP 15-001
August 1, 2017 [60]

Resorts
Resorts
NJIGP 15-008
February 26, 2015 [61]

Scores Casino
Borgata
NJIGP 15-001
July 31, 2017 [62]

SugarHouse
Golden Nugget
NJIGP 15-002
September 13, 2016 [63]

Tropicana Casino
Tropicana
NJIGP 15-005
November 21, 2013 [64]

Virgin Casino
Tropicana
NJIGP 15-005
January 24, 2014 [65]

WSOP.com
Caesars
NJIGP 15-007
November 21, 2013 [66]

text: New Jersey Lottery[edit]

text: New Jersey currently has 7 types of lottery games, which are sold by retailers around the state. The games are overseen by the New Jersey Lottery Commission, and the revenue is used to award prize winners (59%), raise money for education (34%), pay commissions to retailers (6%), and cover lottery administrative cost (1%).[67]

text: Current games[edit]

text:
Game
First Sold
Frequency of Drawings

Pick-3
May 22, 1975
Twice daily

Pick-4
June 9, 1977
Twice daily

Cash 5
September 30, 1992
Once daily

Pick-6
May 9, 1980
Monday and Thursday

Mega Millions
May 26, 1999
Tuesday and Friday

Powerball
January 31, 2010
Wednesday and Saturday

Instant games (scratch-offs)
June 17, 1975
Upon purchase

text: Former games[edit]

text:
Game
Started
Ended

Lottery (original game)
December 16, 1970

5-Digit Daily Game
November 29, 1972
January 1, 1976

Lottery Bingo/Super Bingo
February 6, 1980
July 29, 1981

Lucky 7
February 3, 1990
March 10, 1990

5-Card Lotto
January 11, 1988
September 18, 1990

Lotzee
June 14, 1998
September 13, 2003

Monopoly Millionaires' Club
October 19, 2014
December 26, 2014

text: Horse racing & off-track betting[edit]

text: New Jersey currently has four racetracks and four off-track betting (OTB) halls, all of which are regulated by the New Jersey Racing Commission (an entity of the New Jersey Office of the Attorney General).[68] The state passed a law in 2013 permitting one horse race per year on a New Jersey beach, and Monmouth Park will be conducting a beach race in Atlantic City based on the Palio di Siena.[69][70]

text: Current racetracks[edit]

text:
Racetrack
Opening Date
Town

Freehold Raceway
1830s (informally)
1854 (official)
Freehold

Meadowlands Racetrack
September 1, 1976
East Rutherford

Monmouth Park Racetrack
July 30, 1870
Oceanport

text: Current off-track betting halls[edit]

text:
OTB Hall
Opening Date
Town

Favorites at Gloucester Township
July 2, 2014
Gloucester Township

Favorites at Toms River
April 29, 2008
Toms River

Favorites at Vineland
March 30, 2007
Vineland

Favorites at Woodbridge
October 17, 2007
Fords

Winners Bayonne
July 17, 2012
Bayonne

text: Former racetracks[edit]

text:
Racetrack
Opening Date
Closing Date
Town

Atlantic City Race Course
July 22, 1946
January 16, 2015
Mays Landing

Garden State Park Racetrack
July 7, 1942
May 3, 2001
Cherry Hill

text: Charity, amusement, and social gambling[edit]

text: The state of New Jersey allows charity gambling, where non-profit organizations (e.g., churches, fraternal organizations) to run bingos, raffles, casino nights, and armchair races.[71] Amusement parks, carnivals, and boardwalks in shore communities are allowed to have amusement games involving skill or chance (e.g., spinning wheels, skeeball).[72] Charity gambling and amusement games are regulated by the New Jersey Legalized Games of Chance Control Commission.

text: New Jersey permits social gambling (e.g., workplace football pool, a family poker game) insofar as the organizer of the game is on equal terms with the other participants, and does not take a cut of the gambling proceeds. Furthermore, it is never a criminal offense in New Jersey to be a player in a gambling operation.[73] However, the New Jersey Alcoholic Beverage Commission prohibits bars and other holder of liquor licenses from allowing social gambling.[74]

text: Illegal gambling[edit]

text: Each year billions of dollars of illegal gambling takes place in New Jersey.[75] Illegal gambling operations range from employees who make money on office sports betting pools to online poker websites to multimillion-dollar enterprises run by organized criminals.[76][77] Despite the availability of legal gambling in New Jersey, studies have shown that illegal gambling persists because it offers options that are not available legally (e.g., casino gambling outside of Atlantic City), and because some gamblers prefer using a bookmaker whom they personally know.[78] State law does not punish players, but a person operating an illegal gambling enterprise, or possessing equipment or records used for illegal gambling can face up to five years' imprisonment depending on the quantity and size of the bets.[79] However, illegal gambling arrests are rare in New Jersey, and there is presumption of non-incarceration for first-time offenders.[80][81]

text: Minimum age[edit]

text: A person must be 21 years of age to gamble at a casino in New Jersey.[82] It is legal for a minor to go to a casino, insofar as they do not gamble, consume alcoholic beverage, or remain on the gambling floor.[83] Underage gambling at a casino is a disorderly persons offense (misdemeanor), punishible by a $500–$1000 fine and a mandatory six-month driver's license suspension, and plea bargaining of underage gambling charges is prohibited.[84] The legal age for other forms of licensed gambling (e.g., lottery, horse race) is 18, but a person under 18 may take part in amusement games where the prize is an item (e.g., a stuffed animal), and not cash.[85] There is no minimum age for social gambling.


document_title: Bob's your uncle

question_text: where does saying bob's your uncle come from

question_tokens: where does saying bob 's your uncle come from

text: Bob's your uncle

text: ...And Bob's your uncle is an expression of unknown origin, that means "and there it is" or "and there you have it." It is commonly used in United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries. Typically, someone says it to conclude a set of simple instructions or when a result is reached. The meaning is similar to that of the French expression "et voilà!"

text: "Bob's your uncle" is an exclamation that is used when "everything is all right" and the simple means of obtaining the successful result is explained. For example: "left over right; right over left, and Bob's your uncle – a reef knot." Sometimes the phrase is followed with "and Nellie's your aunt" or "and Fanny's your aunt." It is sometimes elaborately phrased Robert is your mother's brother or similar for comic effect.

text: Origin[edit]

text: The origins are uncertain, but a common theory is that the expression arose after Conservative Prime Minister Robert "Bob" Cecil appointed his nephew Arthur Balfour as Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1887, an act which was apparently both surprising and unpopular. Whatever other qualifications Balfour might have had, "Bob's your uncle" was seen as the conclusive one.[1][2]


document_title: When the Boat Comes In

question_text: who played sarah hedley in when the boat comes in

text: When the Boat Comes In

text: Series breakdown[edit]

text:
Series 1: 8 January to 1 April 1976 (13 50 min episodes)
Series 2: 29 October 1976 to 4 February 1977 (13 50 min episodes)
Series 3: 8 September to 15 December 1977 (15 50 min episodes)
Series 4: 17 February to 21 April 1981 (10 50 min episodes)

text: Regular cast[edit]

text:
James Bolam as Jack Ford (1976–77,81 / Series 1-4 / 48 episodes)
James Garbutt as Bill Seaton (1976–77 / Series 1-3 / 39 episodes)
Jean Heywood as Bella Seaton (1976–77 / Series 1-3 / 39 episodes)
John Nightingale as Tom Seaton (1976–77 / Series 1-3 / 39 episodes)
Edward Wilson as Billy Seaton (1976–77, 81 / Series 1-4 / 35 episodes)
Malcolm Terris as Matt Headley (1976–77 / Series 1-3 / 34 episodes)
Susan Jameson as Jessie Ashton née Seaton (1976–77, 81 / Series 1-4 / 30 episodes)
Madelaine Newton as Dolly (1976–77 / Series 1-3 / 30 episodes)
Basil Henson as Sir Horatio Manners (1976–77 / Series 1-3 / 25 episodes)
Geoffrey Rose as Arthur Ashton (1976–77 / Series 1-3 / 18 episodes)
Rosalind Bailey as Sarah Headley née Lytton (1977, 81 / Series 2-4 / 23 episodes)
William Fox as the Duke of Bedlington (1976–77 / Series 2-3 / 13 episodes)
Lois Baxter as Lady Caroline #2 (1977, 81 / Series 3-4 / 15 episodes)

text: Semi-regular cast[edit]

text:
Michelle Newell as Mary Seaton née Routledge (1976 / Series 1 / 6 episodes)
Noel O'Connell as Young Tommy (1976–77 / Series 2-3 / 6 episodes)
Catherine Terris as Miss Laidlaw (1976–77 / Series 2-3 / 7 episodes)
Vernon Drake as Hotel Porter (1976–77 / Series 2-3 / 7 episodes)
Isla Blair as Lady Caroline #1 (1976–77 / Series 2 / 5 episodes)
Roger Avon as Stan Liddell (1977, 81 / Series 2-4 / 5 episodes)
Ian Cullen as Geordie Watson (1977, 81 / Series 2-4 / 4 episodes)
Bobby Pattinson as Eddy Morton (1976–77 / Series 2-3 / 4 episodes)
John Gabriel as Dr. Stoker (1976–77 / Series 2-3 / 3 episodes)
Ralph Michael as Father Courtnay (1976–77 / Series 2-3 / 3 episodes)
Sheri Shepstone as Nellie (1976–77 / Series 2-3 / 3 episodes)
John Malcolm as Poskett (1976–77 / Series 2-3 / 3 episodes)
Martin Duncan as Roddy (1977 / Series 2-3 / 3 episodes)
David Lawton as Tovey #1 (1976–77 / Series 2 / 3 episodes)
John Kidd as Tovey #2 (1977 / Series 3/ 5 episodes)
Christopher Benjamin as Channing (1977 / Series 3/ 3 episodes)
Colin Douglas as John Ryder (1977 / Series 3/ 3 episodes)
Murray Hayne as Norman Hodges (1977 / Series 3/ 3 episodes)
Peter McGowan as Len Laidlaw (1977 / Series 3/ 3 episodes)
Christine Anderson as Rosie Mason (1977 / Series 3/ 3 episodes)
W. Morgan Sheppard as Robert Joseph Dixon (1977 / Series 3/ 3 episodes)
Mary Larkin as Isobel Murcheson (1977 / Series 3/ 3 episodes)
Joby Blanshard as Milburn (1977 / Series 3 / 3 episodes)
Judy Loe as Tania Corley (1981 / Series 4 / 3 episodes)

text: Series One (1976)[edit]

text:
Title
Airdate
Overview

# 1: A Land Fit for Heroes and Idiots
8 January 1976
In 1919 Sergeant Jack Ford returns to Gallowshield on discharge leave from the army. He meets Jessie Seaton, a schoolteacher, her brother Tom and his fiancée Mary. Later, Jack meets Jessie’s brother, Billy a medical student and her parents – Bill, a miner, and Bella. Will Scrimgour, a shell-shocked ex-soldier, beats a child who was tormenting him. He is arrested and committed for trial despite Jack’s evidence about his condition. The magistrate, Major Pinner, who is standing for election as a Liberal, is bitter that he never won a medal. Pinner wins the election, but Jack humiliates him by arranging for local veterans to throw their own medals at him. Written by James Mitchell: featuring James Bate as Will Scrimgour, Roger Hammond as Pinner.

# 2: Say Hello...... Say Tirra
15 January 1976
Bella takes in Harry, a young boy whose mother has died. Harry steals 10 shillings from a fruit seller. Father Keenley, a local priest, arranges for the boy to be sent on an emigration scheme to Australia; Bella reluctantly agrees. Written by Tom Hadaway: featuring Tony Doyle as Father Keenley, Jeremy Watkin as Harry.

# 3: Fish in Woolly Jumpers
22 January 1976
Times are hard as the miners strike. Jack, who is now engaged to Jessie, still has money. Tom is desperate for money because Mary is suffering from tuberculosis. He borrows from Jack. Jack sleeps with Dolly, the widowed sister of his war comrade, Matt Headley. Tom threatens to expose him unless he can join Jack’s sheep-rustling gang. Jack agrees. Tom is almost caught, but Jack knocks out the policeman. Against Jack's expectations, Jessie condones his activities. Written by James Mitchell.

# 4: Swords and Pick Handles
29 January 1976
Jack visits Sir Horatio Manners, father of his late commanding officer and gives him a present of a sword. Manners offers him a job. Tom is scabbing to get money for Mary. Jack saves him from a beating. Tom then turns to theft. Written by James Mitchell.

# 5: Coal Comfort
5 February 1976
As the strike continues, Bill works out that an abandoned coal seam runs under his house and digs for coal in the front room. Tom pursues two children who have stolen leeks from his allotment, but takes pity on them when he discovers that their mother is a war widow with no pension. Written by Alex Glasgow.

# 6: Empire Day on the Slag Heap
12 February 1976
The strike ends with no concessions won by the miners. Jessie’s headmaster, Arthur Ashton, proposes to her. Matt tells Jack that Dolly is pregnant and he agrees to marry her. Bill is crippled in an accident at the pit. Jack prevents the mine owner from defrauding him of proper compensation. Jack tells Jessie that he has to marry Dolly. After he leaves, she breaks down in tears. Written by James Mitchell.

# 7: A First Time for Everything
19 February 1976
Bella turns the front of the house into a shop using Bill's compensation. Bill, confined to a wheelchair, is initially hostile to the plan. Jessie is impressed by the talent and intelligence of fourteen-year-old pupil, Ronnie Fairburn, and tries to dissuade him from working in the mines. But his widowed mother needs the money and Ronnie wants to become a man. Ronnie is killed on his first day in the pit. Jessie gets engaged to Arthur and Jack marries Dolly at the Register Office. Written by Alex Glasgow: featuring Tony Nelson as Ronnie.

# 8: Paddy Boyle's Discharge
26 February 1976
Mary has died. Jack meets an old comrade, Sid Hepburn, who is still in the army. Hepburn is with the Black and Tans in Ireland on very good pay. Hepburn and his colleague, Harry Bartram take Jack to see Captain Leslie who tries to recruit him. Paddy Boyle, an Irish member of Jack's sheep-stealing gang, is a member of Sinn Féin. Hepburn and Bartram are shot by Paddy and his Sinn Féin boss, Michael Lynch. Despite a warning cry from Jack, Paddy and Lynch are shot by Captain Leslie. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Ralph Watson as Paddy Boyle, George Irving as Sid Hepburn, Terrence Hardiman as Captain Leslie, Patrick Durkin as Bartram, Eamonn Boyce as Lynch.

# 9: Angel on Horseback
4 March 1976
Tom falls for a nurse, Rosie Trotter. Just before he dies, Mick Murphy, Bella's uncle, places a bet in Bella's name with his nephew, Ralph, a bookie’s runner. Mick's funeral is well-attended, but the winning bet was never placed because Ralph was arrested. Written by Sid Chaplin: featuring J. G. Devlin as Mick Murphy, Judy Lamb as Rosie Trotter, John White as Ralph Murphy, Patrick Newell as the Undertaker.

# 10: King for a Day
11 March 1976
Jack agreed to help Manners buy a house from Lord Calderbeck by acting as front man. At Calderbeck’s house, he meets his nephew Freddy who wants to marry Jane Cromer, a wealthy young widow. Jane sleeps with Jack, but eventually decides to marry Freddy. Billy, who is working on a nearby farm, helps Jack obtain inside information, and Jack negotiates a good deal with Freddy and a large commission from Manners. He learns that Dolly has had a miscarriage. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Lesley-Anne Down as Jane Cromer.

# 11: Happy New Year, Some Say
18 March 1976
Jack is looking after Glaswegian socialist lecturer, Sandy Lewis, who is speaking at the Co-Op Hall. There is also a Tory meeting at the George Hotel, and Tom avoids capture having stolen from the cloakroom. Billy takes Bill to a New Year's party at Jessie's against his will. Jack turns up with Sandy who needs somewhere to stay the night. Bill is summonsed for keeping the shop open too late. He suspects a rival shopkeeper of reporting him, and Sandy throws a brick through his window. Written by Alex Glasgow: featuring Bill Simpson as Sandy Lewis.

# 12: Heads You Win, Tails I Lose
25 March 1976
Tom is threatened by two local ruffians from whom he has won money. Jessie tries to persuade widow, Lizzie Armstrong, to let her son, Robert, take up a grammar school scholarship, but Lizzie needs him to leave school to earn money. Matt proposes to Lizzie who refuses him. Jack helps Tom take on the ruffians, who are then humiliated by a 'tin-panning' by local women arranged by Lizzie. Written by Sid Chaplin: featuring Val McLane as Lizzie Armstrong.

# 13: Kind Hearted Rat with a Lifebelt
1 April 1976
Les Mallow, the local branch chairman, asks Jack to help him become district secretary of the fitters union. Jack refuses. He then persuades the branch to vote against a strike and to provide financial help to Mrs Downey, the widow of union member. Tom is awaiting trial for theft. Widow Downey - who informed on Tom - is evicted. Jack helps her recover her furniture by breaking into her flat. He then lets himself be arrested. Both he and Tom are sent to Durham jail. A month later, Jack is released to a hero's welcome. As planned, he is now favourite to beat Mallow in the election for district secretary, a post with a salary of £400 a year. Written by James Mitchell: featuring John Woodvine as Les Mallow, Pamela Ruddock as Mrs Downey.

text: Series Two (1976–77)[edit]

text:
Title
Airdate
Overview

# 1: Ask for Twopence, Take a Penny
29 October 1976
Jack is now the district secretary of the fitters union, and he appoints Matt as his deputy. Les Mallow still wants Jack's job and reveals that his predecessor had agreed to ask for a two-pence an hour pay increase. Jack discovers that the plan was to settle for a penny. Mallow says that Jack must deliver this to keep his job beyond the probationary period. Jack persuades Sir Horatio Manners, now chairman of the large Lewis Bishop shipyard, to concede the extra penny to keep him rather than Mallow as union secretary. But Jack is now in Manners' debt. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Alan Browning as Les Mallow.

# 2: Tram Ride to the Bluebell
5 November 1976
Jack, Dolly and Matt move to their posh new house in Lavender Avenue. Dolly wants to adopt a child, and is distraught to find that Jack's prison record will prevent this. Tom, now helping in the shop, is threatened by Big Mac, whom he and Jack had exposed as a tobacco baron when they were in prison. Jack and Matt beat up Mac and his friends. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Roddy McMillan as Big Mac.

# 3: A Pillowful of Buttercups
12 November 1976
Jack is approached by Ted Chater, a Sergeant who knew him in Murmansk. Chater has got his girlfriend pregnant, unaware that she was a minor. Jack hides Chater while he looks for the girl. He traces her father, Stobart, and learns that she killed herself after he told her that the regimental adjutant, Captain Barford, would put Chater in prison. Manners invites Barford and Jack to a shooting-party. Manners wants Jack to demolish a country house, Mandrake Place, to make room for a housing project. Jack stops Chater from shooting Barford, but then leaves him to shoot himself. Written by James Mitchell: featuring David Daker as Ted Chater, Paul Darrow as Barford, Colin Douglas as Stobart.

# 4: Roubles for the Promised Land
19 November 1976
Billy is unable to get medical work due to his socialist principles. Tom, living in a hostel, befriends Kaganovich, a Russian Jew hoping to travel to Palestine and looking for Jack. Kaganovich accuses Jack of stealing money from his late father during the Russian revolution. Jack claims he was given the money for helping the old man escape. In any case it is worthless ‘Kerensky money'. Jack persuades Tom to return home. Written by James Mitchell: featuring David Graham as Kaganovich.

# 5: Some Bulbs to Keep the Garden Bright
26 November 1976
Les Mallow wants Jack to expose seed merchant Sanderson, whose brother is on the housing committee and sells plants to council tenants at extortionate prices. If Jack refuses, Les threatens to reveal what Jack had done in Murmansk. He had learned about this from a drunken Matt. Jessie asks Jack to employ Billy as the union's doctor for compensation cases. She lets slip that Mallow has a shameful secret in his family. Jack discovers that Mallow is living off his sister's immoral earnings, and threatens to reveal this unless he backs off. Tom starts work as a jobbing gardener. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Alan Browning as Les Mallow.

# 6: God & Love & Wellesley Street
3 December 1976
Billy gets a job at the Wellesley Street free clinic run by Dr. Stoker. His family disapprove because he has turned down Jack's job offer and will not be able to repay what he owes Bill and Tom. Charlotte Courtnay, a novelist from London, comes looking for her father, a priest who is also working with Stoker. She becomes friendly with Tom, but Jack thinks she is toying with him and persuades her to return to London before he gets hurt. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Ginette Clarke as Charlotte Courtnay.

# 7: Whatever Made You Think the War Was Over?
10 December 1976
To repay his debt to Manners, Jack has to close down production for a week at Buell-Hodge, a firm that pays its workers well over the minimum. Jack calls a strike over conditions at the factory. Using Matt's name, he also discovers that Buell's American machines are dangerous. This enables him to close down Manners' factory as well, so Manners cannot fulfil Buell's big contract and put him out of business. Bella gets drunk and flirts with Jack. Written by James Mitchell.

# 8: Ladies, Women, Sweethearts & Wives
17 December 1976
Bill opens a second shop. Jessie has a baby boy. Jack and Dolly go to a dinner party at the Duke of Bedlington’s, where Jack is to negotiate terms for his members to work a new trading estate being built on some of the Duke's land. Manners warns Jack not to take Dolly. As he predicted, bitchy society ladies pick on Dolly, but Lady Caroline, the Duke's daughter, is kind to her. Later, Jack sees Tom offer her a shoulder to cry on. Written by James Mitchell.

# 9: After the Bonfire
7 January 1977
Dolly leaves Jack to be with Tom. Jack gets them both jobs on the duke's staff. He becomes increasingly friendly with Lady Caroline and buys land from her to spite Manners. Billy finally accepts Jack's job offer, saying that the money he earns will be split between repaying his family and Stoker’s clinic. Written by James Mitchell.

# 10: A Wreath with Our Names On
14 January 1977
Billy is shocked that Stan Mather, a cousin of Dolly's late husband, is still working at Lewis Bishop despite having pleurisy. When he is fatally injured in an accident, Jack forces Billy to keep quiet about Stan's being unfit to work to ensure his widow gets compensation. Lady Caroline offers to give Dolly and Tom the money for a cottage, but they get it from Bill instead. Jack makes his peace with Dolly and they send Stan's widow a wreath. Written by James Mitchell.

# 11: The Way It Was in Murmansk
21 January 1977
Stan Liddell, local Labour party secretary, asks Jack to speak on behalf of their candidate at the forthcoming election, Geordie Watson. Jack agrees on condition that Matt is made a councillor and gives a rousing speech, also bribing voters to ensure Watson's victory. The elections cause an argument between Jessie and Arthur. Matt's new girlfriend, Sarah Lytton, becomes housekeeper for him and Jack. Written by James Mitchell.

# 12: In the Front Line You Get Shot At
28 January 1977
A factory owner called Colfax refuses on principle to recognise union labour. Manners tells Jack that head office want to try to force the union on Colfax, and says that as a bet Colfax will give him a thousand pounds if the attempt fails. Using Eddy Morton to win the men's support, Jack threatens strike action. But he has to call the strike off when Colfax calls in the police. He suspects that Boothroyd from head office has tipped off Colfax. Jack tears up Manners' cheque for £1000 recognising it as a trick to implicate him in corruption. Bella is rushed to hospital with appendicitis. Written by James Mitchell: featuring John Savident as Colfax.

# 13: The Simple Pleasures of the Rich
4 February 1977
Dolly is pregnant by Tom. Jack announces that he is resigning as Union secretary and handing over to Matt. He will also move out of the house to allow Matt and Sarah privacy when they marry. When Jack demands a high price, Manners refuses to buy the land that Jack obtained from Lady Caroline. Nevertheless, Jack decides to go ahead with the demolition of Mandrake Place. Tom helps in return for Jack's agreeing to let Dolly divorce him. In the event, Jack insists that he rather than Tom fires the shot. Written by James Mitchell.

text: Series Three (1977)[edit]

text:
Title
Airdate
Overview

# 1: A House Divided
8 September 1977
Matt and Tom rescue the injured Jack from the ruins of Mandrake Place. Arthur is appalled by the destruction and contacts the Association for the Preservation of Great Houses. Its Chairman, James Channing, threatens to prosecute. Jessie warns Jack and offers him an alibi. Jack learns from Caroline that her brother-in-law, Roddy, and Channing have been lovers. To Caroline’s disgust he says he will use this to blackmail Roddy into persuading Channing drop the prosecution. Written by James Mitchell.

# 2: A Tiger, a Lamb & a Basket... of Fruit
15 September 1977
Jessie calls a family meeting to ensure that Matt and Tom are not arrested for their part in the demolition of Mandrake Place. Bill offers Dolly a job managing his new shop in Garibaldi Street. Jack is beaten up by two thugs employed by Roddy. He gets his own back on one of them and then tells Roddy he will get him sent to prison unless all charges are dropped. Written by James Mitchell.

# 3: My Bonnie Lass, Goodbye
22 September 1977
Jack forces Channing to support his story that the destruction of Mandrake Place was an accident. Manners, claiming to believe this story, then refuses to pay him. Jessie is dismayed when Arthur tells her that they are moving to Kent where he has a better paid job. Jack, after a farewell kiss, arranges an introduction with the Kent Fabian Society so she can carry on with her political activities. He then leaves for Scarborough to provide Dolly’s grounds for divorce. Written by James Mitchell.

# 4: A Ticket to Care for the Wounded
29 September 1977
Matt's position as union district secretary is threatened by Eddy Morton. In an attempt to show Matt up, Eddy tells Matt that Manners has done a deal with Friedrich von Peltzer, the duke's German nephew. As this could mean his members lose jobs to Germany, Matt threatens strike action unless the deal is cancelled. Matt wins the vote to confirm him in his job, but then makes Eddy his deputy, aware from Billy that he is terminally ill. Dolly persuades Tom to leave the duke's estate so she can run Bill's new shop. Written by Jeremy Burnham.

# 5: Travel Light, Travel Far
6 October 1977
Riddled with cancer, Dr. Stoker takes an overdose and dies, leaving Billy to run the free clinic with only Father Courtnay to help. Jack supplies Dolly with a solicitor, who tells her that she and Tom must live apart to appear blameless. Manners pays Jack to front Pioneer Enterprises, a 'nominee company' to act as go-between with Peltzer. Matt finds out and fights Jack. He later discovers that Jack's contract with Manners guarantees 20 more fitters jobs. Written by Jeremy Burnham.

# 6: Requiem for a Loser
13 October 1977
Jack learns that the witness to his infidelity has died. Dolly, told by her solicitor that her own adultery jeopardises her case, accuses Jack of deliberately stalling. Billy collapses from exhaustion. At Sarah’s insistence, Matt asks Jack rather than Eddy Morton to be his best man. Eddy is drunk and abusive at the wedding and then drops dead. Father Courtnay, who is leaving the parish, discovers that Jack is trying to buy the Wellesley Street clinic. Written by Jeremy Burnham.

# 7: Debts Owed, Debts Paid
20 October 1977
Jack threatens to reveal that he bought votes for Geordie Watson unless he ensures Matt is made a councillor as promised. Geordie must also get Stan Liddell to ensure that the Council sells Wellesley Street to Jack. Billy asks a fellow doctor if a new operation could allow Bill to walk again. To annoy Manners, Caroline asks Jack to a ball as her father's guest. Written by James Mitchell.

# 8: The Empire Builders
27 October 1977
Billy reveals that Bill might walk again if he has an operation, but Bella is against it. Having bought Wellesley Street cheaply, Jack demands £5000 to sell it to Colfax, who needs to expand there. He persuades Bill to introduce loyalty savings stamps in his shops, the two of them splitting the profits. Written by James Mitchell.

# 9: Look Up & See the Sky
3 November 1977
Colfax visits Jack to haggle over the sale of Wellesley Street. Jack knows that Colfax has already invested in expensive new plant and holds out for the full amount and acceptance of union labour. Colfax eventually agrees when Jack threatens to sell to Manners, who would then be able to bankrupt Colfax and take over his factory. Bella tells Jack about the possibility of an operation for Bill, and Jack reveals this to Tom. Written by James Mitchell: featuring David King as Colfax.

# 10: Letters from Afar
10 November 1977
Left-winger Regan threatens a strike at Lewis Bishop unless a sacked worker is reinstated. Matt resorts to trickery to get information for Jack about Ryders, a local engineering firm run by an old-fashioned patriarch. Joe Prestwick, a former loyal employee, persuades Mr. Ryder to give Billy an old warehouse to use as a new clinic. With Ryders' undervalued shares continuing to rise, Manners tries to buy the Duke's shares. Written by Colin Morris: featuring Nat Jackley as Joe Prestwick.

# 11: The Father of Lies
17 November 1977
Jack is using a nominee company to buy up Ryders shares for Manners. The Duke warns him off involving Caroline in the scheme. As the share price keeps rising, Manners has to offer Lewis Bishop shares in exchange. Jack persuades Bill to have the operation. Dolly gives birth a month early. Written by Colin Morris.

# 12: Diamond Cut Diamond
24 November 1977
Dolly's divorce comes through and baby Matthew William is christened. Bill goes into hospital. Regan calls an unofficial strike at Lewis Bishop and disrupts Manners' press conference about the Ryders take-over. To assume total control of Ryders, Manners needs the duke's block vote. Jack says he can deliver it, but tells the Duke to vote for Ryder. He persuades Matt to make the strike official and ensures that the news breaks at the meeting. The take-over fails, costing Manners a lot of money and finally giving Jack his revenge for Mandrake Place. Jack and Lady Caroline do well, having sold their shares to Manners when the price was high. Written by Colin Morris.

# 13: A Marriage & a Massacre
1 December 1977
After his operation, Bill is able to walk with a stick. Tom is frustrated working in the shop. Billy and his assistant, medical student Isobel Murcheson, alert Matt to the case of Mr. Dixon, mentally unsound after an accident at Lewis Bishop for which Manners paid his hospital bill. Jack visits the duke who asks him to find out who is sending him threatening letters and killing animals on his estate. Caroline tells Jack she is engaged. Written by James Mitchell.

# 14: High Life & Hunger
8 December 1977
Isobel's reactionary father tries to ban her from working at the clinic. He is Bill's wholesaler and threatens to cut off his credit. Billy and Bill argue and Bill suffers a fall. Jack visits Dixon who sends him away. Jack employs a group of homeless unemployed, including upper class con man High Life DeVere, to help him catch the person threatening the duke. He discovers it is Dixon. Written by James Mitchell: featuring James Woolley as High Life De Vere.

# 15: Please Say Goodbye Before You Go
15 December 1977
Jack flirts with Isobel at a charity ball and meets Lady Caroline’s fiancé, Mostyn. Jack and High Life catch Dixon breaking into the duke's house to destroy a picture of one of the duke's ancestors who resembles his son, Christopher. Dixon wants revenge because Christopher had seduced his daughter. Manners agrees to look after Dixon. Jack lends Tom money for his own market garden, then tells Matt he is leaving for America. Matt asks why he is going to a land where you can't get whisky. “To sell them some”, Jack replies. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Timothy Carlton as Mostyn, James Woolley.

text: Series Four (1981)[edit]

text:
Title
Airdate
Overview

# 1: Back to Dear Old Blighty
17 February 1981
Jack has made a fortune from bootlegging and lost it in the Wall Street Crash. An alcoholic and in debt to gangsters, he flees New York as a stowaway. In Liverpool he meets Canon Penfold, who gets him a room in a hostel. He has to share with Charlie Rowse, an embittered ex-teacher who forces him to drink and beats him up. Jack hits back at him and quits the hostel. Morty Black, an old business friend from New York, offers him money. Written by James Mitchell: featuring David Graham as Morty Black, Bernard Horsfall as Charlie Rowse, Jeremy Child as Canon Penfold.

# 2: A Gift from Heaven
24 February 1981
Jack returns to Gallowshield and lodges with Sarah, who tells him that Matt drowned in a boating accident. Jack learns from the boat's owner, Doughty, that Matt killed himself having stolen union funds to support his mistress, Thelma Clark. She is now dating Sarah's brother, Harry. Harry has photographs of Doughty's smuggling activities with which to blackmail him. Jack steals them and sells them to Doughty. They have Harry beaten up and run him out of town. Jack burns Matt's love letters to Thelma to convince Sarah that he was not unfaithful. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Bryan Pringle as Doughty.

# 3: A Medal for the Argentine
3 March 1981
Jack meets Margaret Carter-Brown, the niece of Lewis Bishop's managing director John Hartley. She is a Socialist researching the plight of the unemployed on Tyneside. He takes her to see Danny Lockhart, who is unemployed and has sold his war medal. Hartley learns that the Argentine navy want a warship and asks Jack to use his contacts to win the contract for Lewis Bishop. The deal fails, but Jack is able to win another order for an American millionaire and uses his fee to buy back Danny's medal. Written by James Mitchell: featuring William Squire as Hartley.

# 4: Flies & Spiders
10 March 1981
Doughty introduces Jack to Captain Bauer, who offers Jack work guarding an air-strip in South America against local tribes. Learning that Bauer wants the locals killed for the oil on their land, Jack refuses. He buys fire damaged goods from Bauer and he and Sarah sell them in Gallowshield market. Margaret becomes engaged. Written by James Mitchell: featuring William Squire, Bryan Pringle.

# 5: Oh, My Charming Billy Boy
17 March 1981
Schoolteacher, Sid Meek, tells Jack about Matt's nephew, Bill Pierce. He is a law student at Oxford but wants to drop out to get married. Sid is secretly in love with Bill and supporting him financially. In Oxford, Jack meets Bill, his patron, Labour philanthropist Violet Laurence, and her niece, Imogen Lorrimer. Jack loans Bill money to pay off his debts. Written by James Mitchell: featuring David Daker as Sid Meek, Paul Antony-Barber as Bill Pierce, Sabina Franklyn as Imogen Lorrimer, Louie Ramsay as Violet Laurence.

# 6: Friends, Romans, Countrymen
24 March 1981
Jack has been living in London for three years with Imogen. She leaves him to avoid scandal as her aunt is standing to be Labour MP for Gallowshield. Tipped off about oil by Geordie Watson, Jack buys cheap land in Gallowshields to sell to the interested company. At a toga party given by Mrs. Laurence for the Tyneside hunger marchers, Jack meets Jessie. Although still married to Arthur, she is seeing upper class socialist Robin Cunningham. She opposes the land deal, but Jack buys her silence by threatening to tell Arthur about Robin. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Sabina Franklyn, Louie Ramsay, Christopher Neame as Robin Cunningham.

# 7: The Bright Young Things
31 March 1981
Having made money from his deal with the oil company, Jack is mixing in London high society. His land agent, Frank, asks Jack to broker the sale of an expensive emerald necklace to Morty Black. The necklace is owned by Philip Martin whose sister, Jane, is unbalanced and would kill to get the necklace for herself. The sale goes ahead. When Jack learns that Morty paid off the mobsters who were after him, he waives his share of the price. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Simon Cadell as Philip Martin, Mel Martin as Jane Martin, David Graham.

# 8: Action!
7 April 1981
Lady Caroline invites Jack to visit her in Northumberland. Sarah is seeing Stan Lidell. Jack helps shopkeeper Manny Goldstein who is being persecuted by Blackshirt thugs. At a function given by Caroline's husband, Edward Mostyn, Jack argues with the local Fascist leader, Hector Smith-Jameson, which attracts him to socialist guest, Tania Corley. Jack buys a share in Manny's shop and when the thugs attack it again, he forces Smith-Jameson to pay compensation or face prosecution, and then exposes him for having paid money to a Jew. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Timothy Carlton as Mostyn, John Rowe as Smith-Jameson, Ray Mort as Manny.

# 9: Comrades in Arms
14 April 1981
Tania’s mother, Lady Leamington, gives a party to raise funds for the victims of Franco in the Spanish civil war. Billy treats Bob Randall, son of Jack's old sergeant-major Fred, wounded fighting for the Spanish Republicans. Jack considers himself in debt to Fred who once saved his life. Jessie and Billy get Fred to persuade Jack to smuggle guns to the Republicans. Using a pleasure cruise as cover, Jack sails for Spain with Tania, Jessie, Billy and communist Nigel Scott-Palliser. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Clive Merrison as Scott-Palliser, Phyllida Law as Lady Leamington, David Wood as Ceddie Corley, Colin Douglas as Fred Randall.

# 10: Roll of Honour
21 April 1981
Jack learns from Ceddie Corley that Scott-Palliser is planning to have him arrested for gunrunning. He sends Tania home, warns the ship's captain and goes ashore with the ship's steward, Raoul Savory. Jessie is shocked to discover that Scott-Palliser plans to give the guns to the Communists and not the Socialists. Raoul diverts the Communist convoy. Jack, Jessie, Billy and Raoul set off to deliver the guns to the socialists. They fight off Franco's Moorish cavalry, but Scott-Palliser is lying in wait and shoots Jack. Written by James Mitchell: featuring Michael Melia as Raoul Savory, Clive Merrison, David Wood.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: All four series are available on DVD in the UK.

text: Further reading[edit]

text: McNally, Karen (2007). "The Geordie and the American Hero: Revisiting Classic Hollywood Masculinity in When the Boat Comes In". Journal of British Cinema and Television. Edinburgh University Press. 4 (1): 102. doi:10.3366/JBCTV.2007.4.1.102.


document_title: When Calls the Heart

question_text: who is jack's mother in when calls the heart

question_tokens: who is jack 's mother in when calls the heart

text: When Calls the Heart

text: Plot[edit]

text: When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher (Erin Krakow), a young teacher accustomed to her high-society life. She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley, a small coal-mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb, Alberta. There, life is simple—but often fraught with challenges. Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley, except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton (Daniel Lissing). He believes Thatcher’s wealthy father has doomed the lawman's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate’s daughter. The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2, Season 2 after the coal mine was closed.

text: Living in this 1910 coal town, Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own. Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton, whose husband, the foreman of the mine, and her only son—along with 45 other miners—have recently been killed in an explosion, which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen—a result of the mining-company site manager's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine. The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads, food on the table, and compile a wage for the town's teacher.[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
January 11, 2014 (2014-01-11)
March 29, 2014 (2014-03-29)

2
7
April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)
June 13, 2015 (2015-06-13)

New Year's Wish
December 26, 2015 (2015-12-26)

3
8
February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21)
April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)

Christmas
December 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)

4
10
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)

The Christmas Wishing Tree
December 25, 2017 (2017-12-25)

5
10
February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton
Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton (Seasons 1-5)
Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton
Jack Wagner as Bill Avery
Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen
Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter
Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd
Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery
Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley
Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey
Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan
Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan
Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery
Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery
Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam
Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings
Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery
Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock
Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery
Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn
Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher
Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter
Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton
Ava Grace Cooper as Opal
Max Lloyd-Jones as Tom Thornton
Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton
Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher
Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington
Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan
Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson
Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher
Will Verchere-Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar
Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings
Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher
Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar
Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves
Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell (season 4)
Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera (season 4)
Josie Bissett as AJ Foster

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent, strong-minded, passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city. The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher, Elizabeth has two sisters, older sister Viola and younger sister Julie. Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley, a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher, and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live, lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family. She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him. However, over time they become good friends, and develop an obvious attraction to one another. In the final episode of season 1, "Prelude to a Kiss," (also titled as "Final Adieu"), after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season, Jack tells Elizabeth, "You're the one, you're the only one" and they share a kiss. Throughout season 2, Elizabeth's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low. Finally, in the season 2 finale, she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her. After being comforted both admitting that they love each other, Jack and Elizabeth kiss.
Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy. Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton. Jack has a younger brother, Tom (named after his father). As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity, he often finds himself protecting and saving people. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip (after Rip Van Winkle) and takes home with him. A source of comfort and companion in the small town, Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Rip, who's afraid of thunder, hides in the mine shafts during a storm. Jack and Elizabeth search for him; in their search, their relationship grows stronger. Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth, he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him. However, he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time. In "Rules of Engagement" (S.1), it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him. However, they have both changed and realize that they cannot have a relationship as they once did ever again. In "Prelude to a Kiss" (S.1), Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley. Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched, he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her, "You're the one, you're the only one." She replied that she was "not going anywhere", Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss. In season 2, Elizabeth and Jack share a hot-and-cold relationship until the finale, "With All My Heart." They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss. Jack's brother, Tom, is introduced season 2's "Trials of the Heart," and their rocky relationship continues until "Coming Together, Coming Apart." Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him, but he wouldn't be proud of the way he was currently living. Both in tears, Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around. More recently, Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator, Lee Coulter. In season 3, Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good. In "Hearts In Question," Jack's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly. She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her, but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is: a trustworthy, dedicated teacher. In the season finale, "Prayers From The Heart," Jack is injured in a flood. But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee's best man at his wedding.
Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident. Abigail is a very kind woman, and she stands strongly for the things she believes in. She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends. When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage, Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live. After being complimented on her cooking, Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley. Together, Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe. At the end of season 1, Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery, a Mountie, serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton's. In season 2, Abigail takes in her daughter-in-law, Clara, the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had. With Bill's past being revealed, Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor, Frank Hogan. Also, she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth.
Bill Avery is a mysterious, quiet man. He first appears in season 1's "Rules of Engagement," in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen's wrongdoings. Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton. Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill's family and his wedding ring. He later tells her that his son died, as well as his wife. However, his wife, Nora, comes to confront him in season 2's "Heart's Desire."
Henry Gowen is a cold, cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine. After the mine was shut down, Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold, cynical presence whenever people are around him. Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town. He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants, which is never for the good of the town.
Rosemary "Rosie" LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant, enthusiastic actress from New York. She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton, but they both realized that it wouldn't work out. Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as "the competition," but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth, even if she has a hard time showing it. At the beginning of season 2, Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends. Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person. Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth, even if only on an acquaintance level. Truthfully, she cares about everyone in Hope Valley, especially Lee, with whom she shares an mutual attraction. When Rosie is not spending time with Lee, talking to Abigail, or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress, she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley's newspaper! In season 3, Rosemary's friendship with Elizabeth deepened. Instead of viewing her as an adversary, she finds a friend in Elizabeth. Throughout season 3, Rosemary's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic. In "Heart Of A Hero," seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs, Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre doesn't have to be built. He insists, but she says how important his job is. He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre, telling her that she is "the best part of his life." The couple shares in their first kiss. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking he is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to him, telling how much she loves him. In "Heartbreak," Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming. This has always been Rosemary's dream, to be an actress. Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best, but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him. Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley, with Lee. Lee then tells her that he has another "role" that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage. She happily accepts. In "Hearts In Question," Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding. The couple weds in the season 3 finale "Prayers From The Heart," with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor.
Leland "Lee" Coulter is a kind, laidback, patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley. When timber becomes Coal Valley's major source of natural resources, the town is renamed Hope Valley. He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her. When she declines his romantic intentions, Lee recruits his friend, Molly Sullivan, to make Rosemary jealous; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit, appreciating Lee's good qualities. Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality, Lee's compassion and patience never fails with her. With Rosemary's help, Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in "Heart and Home." When not at work, Lee enjoys being with friends, including Jack Thornton, who shares Lee's simple and laidback outlook, allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice. In season 3, Lee's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside. Through Bill and Jack's investigation, they find the culprit. In season 3's "Heart Of A Hero," Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her. Lee promises that one day, he will build her the theatre at a time when he isn't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking Lee is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee, telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured. He however hears each and every word. She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her. In the episode "Heartbreak," Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood. When she gives up the movie, seeing her future in Hope Valley with him, he asks her to marry him. The couple weds in the season 3 finale, "Prayers From The Heart." Jack serves the role of Lee's best man.
Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth's hopeless romantic younger sister. She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who aren't quite what they seem. In season 2 she gets involved with Jack's brother Tom, which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth's relationship.
Cat Montgomery is a kind, encouraging woman in Coal Valley. She is a widow and mother of three: Gabe, Miles, and Emily. Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came. She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self-sacrificing acts in "Secrets and Lies." Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement, Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in "Cease and Desist." She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail. In "These Games," she also helps Jack catch a thief.
Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley. She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative, even in a very positive situation. In "Heart and Home," Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her, which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat, though she remains fairly outspoken. While not always likable, Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley.
Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher. Molly's husband was killed in the mine disaster. She has a daughter Rosaleen. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much. When she runs away, Elizabeth finds her in the mine, feeling guilty that she didn't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead. She fears her mother will blame her, but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will "say that she loves her more than life itself." Molly is reunited with her daughter, to the joy of the town's people. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Lee feels it's time to "play hard to get" with Rosemary, so he enlists help from Molly. She pretends to be interested in him romantically. This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him. Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town.
Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail's late son Peter, and is a sweet, quiet, and sensitive young woman. Abigail never knew she had a daughter-in-law until season 2's "Trials of the Heart;" with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed. In "Heart's Desire," Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley, an offer that Clara accepts.
Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton. He is interested in her, though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series, originally planned to be filmed in Colorado, is filmed south of Vancouver, British Columbia, on a farm surrounded by vineyards. The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013. Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set.[10] The Thatcher home is the University Women's Club of Vancouver.[11]

text: The series was renewed for a second season,[12] which aired from April 25 to June 13, 2015. Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season, which aired from February 21 to April 10, 2016,[13] with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season.[14]

text: In mid-2016, it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two-hour special. On April 11, 2016, Lissing and Krakow announced via the series' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season, which aired from February 19 to April 23, 2017.[15][16]

text: Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22, 2017, and ended on December 21, 2017.[17][18]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015.[19] The network has since aired all five seasons.[20][21] The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017.