document_title: List of The Vampire Diaries episodes

question_text: when was the last episode of vampire diaries aired

text: List of The Vampire Diaries episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
September 10, 2009 (2009-09-10)
May 13, 2010 (2010-05-13)

2
22
September 9, 2010 (2010-09-09)
May 12, 2011 (2011-05-12)

3
22
September 15, 2011 (2011-09-15)
May 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)

4
23
October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11)
May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)

5
22
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
May 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)

6
22
October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)

7
22
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)

8
16
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2009–10)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Pilot"
Marcos Siega
Teleplay by: Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
September 10, 2009 (2009-09-10)
296766
4.91[5]

2
2
"The Night of the Comet"
Marcos Siega
Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
September 17, 2009 (2009-09-17)
2J5001
3.78[6]

3
3
"Friday Night Bites"
John Dahl
Barbie Kligman & Bryan M. Holdman
September 24, 2009 (2009-09-24)
2J5002
3.81[7]

4
4
"Family Ties"
Guy Ferland
Andrew Kreisberg & Brian Young
October 1, 2009 (2009-10-01)
2J5003
3.53[8]

5
5
"You're Undead to Me"
Kevin Bray
Sean Reycraft & Gabrielle Stanton
October 8, 2009 (2009-10-08)
2J5004
3.52[9]

6
6
"Lost Girls"
Marcos Siega
Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
October 15, 2009 (2009-10-15)
2J5005
3.88[10]

7
7
"Haunted"
Ernest Dickerson
Story by: Andrew Kreisberg
Teleplay by: Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
October 29, 2009 (2009-10-29)
2J5006
4.18[11]

8
8
"162 Candles"
Rick Bota
Barbie Kligman & Gabrielle Stanton
November 5, 2009 (2009-11-05)
2J5007
4.09[12]

9
9
"History Repeating"
Marcos Siega
Bryan M. Holdman & Brian Young
November 12, 2009 (2009-11-12)
2J5008
4.10[13]

10
10
"The Turning Point"
J. Miller Tobin
Story by: Barbie Kligman
Teleplay by: Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
November 19, 2009 (2009-11-19)
2J5009
3.57[14]

11
11
"Bloodlines"
David Barrett
Story by: Sean Reycraft
Teleplay by: Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
January 21, 2010 (2010-01-21)
2J5010
3.68[15]

12
12
"Unpleasantville"
Liz Friedlander
Barbie Kligman & Brian Young
January 28, 2010 (2010-01-28)
2J5011
3.71[16]

13
13
"Children of the Damned"
Marcos Siega
Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
February 4, 2010 (2010-02-04)
2J5012
3.99[17]

14
14
"Fool Me Once"
Marcos Siega
Brett Conrad
February 11, 2010 (2010-02-11)
2J5013
3.51[18]

15
15
"A Few Good Men"
Joshua Butler
Brian Young
March 25, 2010 (2010-03-25)
2J5014
3.33[19]

16
16
"There Goes the Neighborhood"
Kevin Bray
Bryan Oh & Andrew Chambliss
April 1, 2010 (2010-04-01)
2J5015
2.80[20]

17
17
"Let the Right One In"
Dennis Smith
Story by: Brian Young
Teleplay by: Julie Plec
April 8, 2010 (2010-04-08)
2J5016
3.48[21]

18
18
"Under Control"
David Von Ancken
Barbie Kligman & Andrew Chambliss
April 15, 2010 (2010-04-15)
2J5017
3.15[22]

19
19
"Miss Mystic Falls"
Marcos Siega
Bryan Oh & Caroline Dries
April 22, 2010 (2010-04-22)
2J5018
3.33[23]

20
20
"Blood Brothers"
Liz Friedlander
Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
April 29, 2010 (2010-04-29)
2J5019
3.39[24]

21
21
"Isobel"
J. Miller Tobin
Caroline Dries & Brian Young
May 6, 2010 (2010-05-06)
2J5020
3.31[25]

22
22
"Founder's Day"
Marcos Siega
Bryan Oh & Andrew Chambliss
May 13, 2010 (2010-05-13)
2J5021
3.47[26]

text: Season 2 (2010–11)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"The Return"
J. Miller Tobin
Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
September 9, 2010 (2010-09-09)
2J5251
3.28[27]

24
2
"Brave New World"
John Dahl
Brian Young
September 16, 2010 (2010-09-16)
2J5252
3.05[28]

25
3
"Bad Moon Rising"
Patrick Norris
Andrew Chambliss
September 23, 2010 (2010-09-23)
2J5253
3.57[29]

26
4
"Memory Lane"
Rob Hardy
Caroline Dries
September 30, 2010 (2010-09-30)
2J5254
3.18[30]

27
5
"Kill or Be Killed"
Jeff Woolnough
Mike Daniels
October 7, 2010 (2010-10-07)
2J5255
3.47[31]

28
6
"Plan B"
John Behring
Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain
October 21, 2010 (2010-10-21)
2J5256
3.62[32]

29
7
"Masquerade"
Charles Beeson
Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
October 28, 2010 (2010-10-28)
2J5257
3.55[33]

30
8
"Rose"
Liz Friedlander
Brian Young
November 4, 2010 (2010-11-04)
2J5258
3.63[34]

31
9
"Katerina"
J. Miller Tobin
Andrew Chambliss
November 11, 2010 (2010-11-11)
2J5259
3.50[35]

32
10
"The Sacrifice"
Ralph Hemecker
Caroline Dries
December 2, 2010 (2010-12-02)
2J5260
3.46[36]

33
11
"By the Light of the Moon"
Elizabeth Allen
Mike Daniels
December 9, 2010 (2010-12-09)
2J5261
3.16[37]

34
12
"The Descent"
Marcos Siega
Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain
January 27, 2011 (2011-01-27)
2J5262
3.55[38]

35
13
"Daddy Issues"
Joshua Butler
Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
February 3, 2011 (2011-02-03)
2J5263
3.22[39]

36
14
"Crying Wolf"
David Von Ancken
Brian Young
February 10, 2011 (2011-02-10)
2J5264
2.78[40]

37
15
"The Dinner Party"
Marcos Siega
Andrew Chambliss
February 17, 2011 (2011-02-17)
2J5265
3.07[41]

38
16
"The House Guest"
Michael Katleman
Caroline Dries
February 24, 2011 (2011-02-24)
2J5266
2.98[42]

39
17
"Know Thy Enemy"
Wendey Stanzler
Mike Daniels
April 7, 2011 (2011-04-07)
2J5267
2.73[43]

40
18
"The Last Dance"
John Behring
Michael Narducci
April 14, 2011 (2011-04-14)
2J5268
2.81[44]

41
19
"Klaus"
Joshua Butler
Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
April 21, 2011 (2011-04-21)
2J5269
2.70[45]

42
20
"The Last Day"
J. Miller Tobin
Andrew Chambliss & Brian Young
April 28, 2011 (2011-04-28)
2J5270
2.68[46]

43
21
"The Sun Also Rises"
Paul M. Sommers
Caroline Dries & Mike Daniels
May 5, 2011 (2011-05-05)
2J5271
2.84[47]

44
22
"As I Lay Dying"
John Behring
Turi Meyer & Al Septien & Michael Narducci
May 12, 2011 (2011-05-12)
2J5272
2.86[48]

text: Season 3 (2011–12)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"The Birthday"
John Behring
Kevin Williamson & Julie Plec
September 15, 2011 (2011-09-15)
2J6001
3.10[49]

46
2
"The Hybrid"
Joshua Butler
Al Septien & Turi Meyer
September 22, 2011 (2011-09-22)
2J6002
2.52[50]

47
3
"The End of the Affair"
Chris Grismer
Caroline Dries
September 29, 2011 (2011-09-29)
2J6003
2.74[51]

48
4
"Disturbing Behavior"
Wendey Stanzler
Brian Young
October 6, 2011 (2011-10-06)
2J6004
2.63[52]

49
5
"The Reckoning"
John Behring
Michael Narducci
October 13, 2011 (2011-10-13)
2J6005
2.89[53]

50
6
"Smells Like Teen Spirit"
Rob Hardy
Julie Plec & Caroline Dries
October 20, 2011 (2011-10-20)
2J6006
3.03[54]

51
7
"Ghost World"
David Jackson
Rebecca Sonnenshine
October 27, 2011 (2011-10-27)
2J6007
3.28[55]

52
8
"Ordinary People"
J. Miller Tobin
Story by: Nick Wauters
Teleplay by: Julie Plec & Caroline Dries
November 3, 2011 (2011-11-03)
2J6008
3.51[56]

53
9
"Homecoming"
Joshua Butler
Evan Bleiweiss
November 10, 2011 (2011-11-10)
2J6009
3.17[57]

54
10
"The New Deal"
John Behring
Michael Narducci
January 5, 2012 (2012-01-05)
2J6010
3.32[58]

55
11
"Our Town"
Wendey Stanzler
Rebecca Sonnenshine
January 12, 2012 (2012-01-12)
2J6011
2.86[59]

56
12
"The Ties That Bind"
John Dahl
Brian Young
January 19, 2012 (2012-01-19)
2J6012
2.71[60]

57
13
"Bringing Out the Dead"
Jeffrey Hunt
Turi Meyer & Al Septien
February 2, 2012 (2012-02-02)
2J6013
2.74[61]

58
14
"Dangerous Liaisons"
Chris Grismer
Caroline Dries
February 9, 2012 (2012-02-09)
2J6014
3.08[62]

59
15
"All My Children"
Pascal Verschooris
Evan Bleiweiss & Michael Narducci
February 16, 2012 (2012-02-16)
2J6015
2.90[63]

60
16
"1912"
John Behring
Julie Plec & Elisabeth R. Finch
March 15, 2012 (2012-03-15)
2J6016
2.64[64]

61
17
"Break On Through"
Lance Anderson
Rebecca Sonnenshine
March 22, 2012 (2012-03-22)
2J6017
2.69[65]

62
18
"The Murder of One"
J. Miller Tobin
Caroline Dries
March 29, 2012 (2012-03-29)
2J6018
2.44[66]

63
19
"Heart of Darkness"
Chris Grismer
Brian Young & Evan Bleiweiss
April 19, 2012 (2012-04-19)
2J6019
2.21[67]

64
20
"Do Not Go Gentle"
Joshua Butler
Michael Narducci
April 26, 2012 (2012-04-26)
2J6020
2.22[68]

65
21
"Before Sunset"
Chris Grismer
Story by: Charlie Charbonneau & Daphne Miles
Teleplay by: Caroline Dries
May 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)
2J6021
2.54[69]

66
22
"The Departed"
John Behring
Story by: Brett Matthews & Elisabeth R. Finch
Teleplay by: Julie Plec
May 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)
2J6022
2.53[70]

text: Season 4 (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

67
1
"Growing Pains"
Chris Grismer
Caroline Dries
October 11, 2012 (2012-10-11)
2J6651
3.18[71]

68
2
"Memorial"
Rob Hardy
Jose Molina & Julie Plec
October 18, 2012 (2012-10-18)
2J6652
2.91[72]

69
3
"The Rager"
Lance Anderson
Brian Young
October 25, 2012 (2012-10-25)
2J6653
2.87[73]

70
4
"The Five"
Joshua Butler
Brett Matthews & Rebecca Sonnenshine
November 1, 2012 (2012-11-01)
2J6654
3.27[74]

71
5
"The Killer"
Chris Grismer
Michael Narducci
November 8, 2012 (2012-11-08)
2J6655
3.02[75]

72
6
"We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes"
Wendey Stanzler
Evan Bleiweiss & Julie Plec
November 15, 2012 (2012-11-15)
2J6656
2.84[76]

73
7
"My Brother's Keeper"
Jeffrey Hunt
Caroline Dries & Elisabeth R. Finch
November 29, 2012 (2012-11-29)
2J6657
2.86[77]

74
8
"We'll Always Have Bourbon Street"
Jesse Warn
Charlie Charbonneau & Jose Molina
December 6, 2012 (2012-12-06)
2J6658
2.42[78]

75
9
"O Come, All Ye Faithful"
Pascal Verschooris
Michael J. Cinquemani & Julie Plec
December 13, 2012 (2012-12-13)
2J6659
2.81[79]

76
10
"After School Special"
David Von Ancken
Brett Matthews
January 17, 2013 (2013-01-17)
2J6660
2.95[80]

77
11
"Catch Me If You Can"
John Dahl
Brian Young & Michael Narducci
January 24, 2013 (2013-01-24)
2J6661
2.71[81]

78
12
"A View to a Kill"
Brad Turner
Rebecca Sonnenshine
January 31, 2013 (2013-01-31)
2J6662
2.56[82]

79
13
"Into the Wild"
Michael Allowitz
Caroline Dries
February 7, 2013 (2013-02-07)
2J6663
2.50[83]

80
14
"Down the Rabbit Hole"
Chris Grismer
Jose Molina
February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14)
2J6664
2.31[84]

81
15
"Stand by Me"
Lance Anderson
Julie Plec
February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21)
2J6665
2.91[85]

82
16
"Bring It On"
Jesse Warn
Elisabeth R. Finch & Michael Narducci
March 14, 2013 (2013-03-14)
2J6666
2.41[86]

83
17
"Because the Night"
Garreth Stover
Brian Young & Charlie Charbonneau
March 21, 2013 (2013-03-21)
2J6667
2.65[87]

84
18
"American Gothic"
Kellie Cyrus
Evan Bleiweiss & Jose Molina
March 28, 2013 (2013-03-28)
2J6668
2.46[88]

85
19
"Pictures of You"
J. Miller Tobin
Neil Reynolds & Caroline Dries
April 18, 2013 (2013-04-18)
2J6669
2.14[89]

86
20
"The Originals"
Chris Grismer
Julie Plec
April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)
2J6670
2.24[90]

87
21
"She's Come Undone"
Darnell Martin
Michael Narducci & Rebecca Sonnenshine
May 2, 2013 (2013-05-02)
2J6671
2.17[91]

88
22
"The Walking Dead"
Rob Hardy
Brian Young & Caroline Dries
May 9, 2013 (2013-05-09)
2J6672
2.28[92]

89
23
"Graduation"
Chris Grismer
Caroline Dries & Julie Plec
May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)
2J6673
2.24[93]

text: Season 5 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

90
1
"I Know What You Did Last Summer"
Lance Anderson
Caroline Dries
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
2J7501
2.59[94]

91
2
"True Lies"
Joshua Butler
Brian Young
October 10, 2013 (2013-10-10)
2J7502
2.14[95]

92
3
"Original Sin"
Jesse Warn
Melinda Hsu Taylor & Rebecca Sonnenshine
October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)
2J7503
2.93[96]

93
4
"For Whom the Bell Tolls"
Michael Allowitz
Brett Matthews & Elisabeth R. Finch
October 24, 2013 (2013-10-24)
2J7504
2.63[97]

94
5
"Monster's Ball"
Kellie Cyrus
Sonny Postiglione
October 31, 2013 (2013-10-31)
2J7505
2.07[98]

95
6
"Handle with Care"
Jeffrey Hunt
Caroline Dries & Holly Brix
November 7, 2013 (2013-11-07)
2J7506
2.59[99]

96
7
"Death and the Maiden"
Leslie Libman
Rebecca Sonnenshine
November 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)
2J7507
2.72[100]

97
8
"Dead Man on Campus"
Rob Hardy
Brian Young & Neil Reynolds
November 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)
2J7508
2.67[101]

98
9
"The Cell"
Chris Grismer
Melinda Hsu Taylor
December 5, 2013 (2013-12-05)
2J7509
2.36[102]

99
10
"Fifty Shades of Grayson"
Kellie Cyrus
Caroline Dries
December 12, 2013 (2013-12-12)
2J7510
2.44[103]

100
11
"500 Years of Solitude"
Chris Grismer
Julie Plec & Caroline Dries
January 23, 2014 (2014-01-23)
2J7511
2.72[104]

101
12
"The Devil Inside"
Kellie Cyrus
Brett Matthews & Sonny Postiglione
January 30, 2014 (2014-01-30)
2J7512
2.42[105]

102
13
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"
Darren Genet
Rebecca Sonnenshine & Holly Brix
February 6, 2014 (2014-02-06)
2J7513
2.16[106]

103
14
"No Exit"
Michael Allowitz
Brian Young
February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)
2J7514
2.03[107]

104
15
"Gone Girl"
Lance Anderson
Melinda Hsu Taylor
March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
2J7515
2.19[108]

105
16
"While You Were Sleeping"
Pascal Verschooris
Caroline Dries
March 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)
2J7516
2.28[109]

106
17
"Rescue Me"
Leslie Libman
Brett Matthews & Neil Reynolds
March 27, 2014 (2014-03-27)
2J7517
1.73[110]

107
18
"Resident Evil"
Paul Wesley
Brian Young & Caroline Dries
April 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
2J7518
1.66[111]

108
19
"Man on Fire"
Michael Allowitz
Melinda Hsu Taylor & Matthew D'Ambrosio
April 24, 2014 (2014-04-24)
2J7519
1.81[112]

109
20
"What Lies Beneath"
Joshua Butler
Elisabeth R. Finch & Holly Brix
May 1, 2014 (2014-05-01)
2J7520
1.84[113]

110
21
"Promised Land"
Michael Allowitz
Rebecca Sonnenshine
May 8, 2014 (2014-05-08)
2J7521
1.50[114]

111
22
"Home"
Chris Grismer
Caroline Dries & Brian Young
May 15, 2014 (2014-05-15)
2J7522
1.61[115]

text: Season 6 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

112
1
"I'll Remember"
Jeffrey Hunt
Caroline Dries
October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)
2J7851
1.81[116]

113
2
"Yellow Ledbetter"
Pascal Verschooris
Julie Plec
October 9, 2014 (2014-10-09)
2J7852
1.67[117]

114
3
"Welcome to Paradise"
Michael Allowitz
Brian Young
October 16, 2014 (2014-10-16)
2J7853
1.83[118]

115
4
"Black Hole Sun"
Kellie Cyrus
Melinda Hsu Taylor & Neil Reynolds
October 23, 2014 (2014-10-23)
2J7854
1.66[119]

116
5
"The World Has Turned and Left Me Here"
Leslie Libman
Brett Matthews
October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)
2J7855
1.58[120]

117
6
"The More You Ignore Me, the Closer I Get"
Garreth Stover
Chad Fiveash & James Stoterau
November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)
2J7856
1.59[121]

118
7
"Do You Remember the First Time?"
Darren Genet
Rebecca Sonnenshine
November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)
2J7857
1.54[122]

119
8
"Fade Into You"
Joshua Butler
Nina Fiore & John Herrera
November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)
2J7858
1.68[123]

120
9
"I Alone"
Kellie Cyrus
Brian Young & Holly Brix
December 4, 2014 (2014-12-04)
2J7859
1.49[124]

121
10
"Christmas Through Your Eyes"
Michael Allowitz
Caroline Dries
December 11, 2014 (2014-12-11)
2J7860
1.82[125]

122
11
"Woke Up with a Monster"
Paul Wesley
Melinda Hsu Taylor
January 22, 2015 (2015-01-22)
2J7861
1.63[126]

123
12
"Prayer for the Dying"
Jeffrey Hunt
Brett Matthews & Rebecca Sonnenshine
January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)
2J7862
1.47[127]

124
13
"The Day I Tried to Live"
Pascal Verschooris
Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux
February 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)
2J7863
1.61[128]

125
14
"Stay"
Chris Grismer
Brian Young & Caroline Dries
February 12, 2015 (2015-02-12)
2J7864
1.52[129]

126
15
"Let Her Go"
Julie Plec
Julie Plec
February 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)
2J7865
1.41[130]

127
16
"The Downward Spiral"
Ian Somerhalder
Brian Young & Caroline Dries
March 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)
2J7866
1.30[131]

128
17
"A Bird in a Gilded Cage"
Joshua Butler
Neil Reynolds
March 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)
2J7867
1.59[132]

129
18
"I Never Could Love Like That"
Leslie Libman
Story by: Matthew D'Ambrosio
Teleplay by: Chad Fiveash & James Storeaux
April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)
2J7868
1.35[133]

130
19
"Because"
Geoffrey Wing Shotz
Melinda Hsu Taylor
April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)
2J7869
1.37[134]

131
20
"I'd Leave My Happy Home for You"
Jesse Warn
Brett Matthews & Rebecca Sonnenshine
April 30, 2015 (2015-04-30)
2J7870
1.21[135]

132
21
"I'll Wed You in the Golden Summertime"
Michael Allowitz
Brian Young
May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07)
2J7871
1.32[136]

133
22
"I'm Thinking of You All the While"
Chris Grismer
Julie Plec & Caroline Dries
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)
2J7872
1.44[137]

text: Season 7 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

134
1
"Day One of Twenty-Two Thousand, Give or Take"
Pascal Verschooris
Caroline Dries
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
3J5701
1.38[138]

135
2
"Never Let Me Go"
Chris Grismer
Brian Young
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)
3J5702
1.40[139]

136
3
"Age of Innocence"
Michael Allowitz
Melinda Hsu Taylor & Holly Brix
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)
3J5703
1.20[140]

137
4
"I Carry Your Heart with Me"
Jeffrey Hunt
Neil Reynolds
October 29, 2015 (2015-10-29)
3J5704
1.24[141]

138
5
"Live Through This"
Kellie Cyrus
Rebecca Sonnenshine
November 5, 2015 (2015-11-05)
3J5705
1.34[142]

139
6
"Best Served Cold"
Darren Genet
Caroline Dries
November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)
3J5706
1.32[143]

140
7
"Mommie Dearest"
Tony Solomons
Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux
November 19, 2015 (2015-11-19)
3J5707
1.10[144]

141
8
"Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me"
Leslie Libman
Brett Matthews
December 3, 2015 (2015-12-03)
3J5708
1.31[145]

142
9
"Cold as Ice"
Geoffrey Wing Shotz
Brian Young
December 10, 2015 (2015-12-10)
3J5709
1.18[146]

143
10
"Hell Is Other People"
Deborah Chow
Holly Brix & Neil Reynolds
January 29, 2016 (2016-01-29)
3J5710
1.23[147]

144
11
"Things We Lost in the Fire"
Paul Wesley
Melinda Hsu Taylor
February 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
3J5711
1.09[148]

145
12
"Postcards from the Edge"
Pascal Verschooris
Rebecca Sonnenshine
February 12, 2016 (2016-02-12)
3J5712
1.05[149]

146
13
"This Woman's Work"
Garreth Stover
Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux
February 19, 2016 (2016-02-19)
3J5713
1.01[150]

147
14
"Moonlight on the Bayou"
Jeffrey Hunt
Caroline Dries & Brett Matthews
February 26, 2016 (2016-02-26)
3J5714
1.12[151]

148
15
"I Would for You"
Mike Karasick
Brian Young
March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04)
3J5715
1.06[152]

149
16
"Days of Future Past"
Ian Somerhalder
Melinda Hsu Taylor
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)
3J5716
1.07[153]

150
17
"I Went to the Woods"
Julie Plec
Story by: Julie Plec & Neil Reynolds
Teleplay by: Neil Reynolds
April 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)
3J5717
1.03[154]

151
18
"One Way or Another"
Rashaad Ernesto Green
Story by: Penny Cox
Teleplay by: Rebecca Sonnenshine
April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15)
3J5718
1.02[155]

152
19
"Somebody That I Used to Know"
Chris Grismer
Story by: Matthew D'Ambrosio
Teleplay by: Holly Brix
April 22, 2016 (2016-04-22)
3J5719
1.02[156]

153
20
"Kill 'Em All"
Kellie Cyrus
Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux
April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29)
3J5720
1.05[157]

154
21
"Requiem for a Dream"
Paul Wesley
Brett Matthews & Neil Reynolds
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
3J5721
0.90[158]

155
22
"Gods and Monsters"
Michael A. Allowitz
Brian Young
May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)
3J5722
1.04[159]

text: Season 8 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

156
1
"Hello Brother"
Michael A. Allowitz
Julie Plec & Kevin Williamson
October 21, 2016 (2016-10-21)
T27.13301
0.98[160]

157
2
"Today Will Be Different"
Pascal Verschooris
Melinda Hsu Taylor
October 28, 2016 (2016-10-28)
T27.13302
0.90[161]

158
3
"You Decided That I Was Worth Saving"
Michael Karasick
Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux
November 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
T27.13303
0.94[162]

159
4
"An Eternity of Misery"
Rob Hardy
Brett Matthews & Neil Reynolds
November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11)
T27.13304
1.00[163]

160
5
"Coming Home Was a Mistake"
James Thompson
Celine Geiger
November 18, 2016 (2016-11-18)
T27.13305
0.92[164]

161
6
"Detoured On Some Random Backwoods Path to Hell"
Paul Wesley
Alan McElroy
December 2, 2016 (2016-12-02)
T27.13306
1.05[165]

162
7
"The Next Time I Hurt Somebody, It Could Be You"
Tanya Hamilton
Shukree Hassan Tilghman
December 9, 2016 (2016-12-09)
T27.13307
0.98[166]

163
8
"We Have History Together"
Ian Somerhalder
Matthew D'Ambrosio
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)
T27.13308
0.95[167]

164
9
"The Simple Intimacy of the Near Touch"
Geoff Shotz
Neil Reynolds & Penny Cox
January 20, 2017 (2017-01-20)
T27.13309
0.86[168]

165
10
"Nostalgia's a Bitch"
Kellie Cyrus
Brett Matthews
January 27, 2017 (2017-01-27)
T27.13310
0.94[169]

166
11
"You Made a Choice to Be Good"
Carol Banker
Melinda Hsu Taylor & Celine Geiger
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
T27.13311
0.92[170]

167
12
"What Are You?"
Darren Genet
Chad Fiveash & James Stoteraux
February 10, 2017 (2017-02-10)
T27.13312
1.11[171]

168
13
"The Lies Will Catch Up with You"
Tony Solomons
Neil Reynolds
February 17, 2017 (2017-02-17)
T27.13313
0.99[172]

169
14
"It's Been a Hell of a Ride"
Pascal Verschooris
Brett Matthews & Shukree Hassan Tilghman
February 24, 2017 (2017-02-24)
T27.13314
1.04[173]

170
15
"We're Planning a June Wedding"
Chris Grismer
Story by : Jen Vestuto & Melissa Marlette
Teleplay by : Melinda Hsu Taylor
March 3, 2017 (2017-03-03)
T27.13315
1.14[174]

171
16
"I Was Feeling Epic"
Julie Plec
Julie Plec & Kevin Williamson
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)
T27.13316
1.15[175]

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Aired between
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Forever Yours"
"We're Planning a June Wedding"
"I Was Feeling Epic"
March 10, 2017 (2017-03-10)
1.07[175]

Retrospective of the series featuring interviews with past and present cast members and guest stars, a conversation with the executive producers, Julie Plec and Kevin Williamson, behind-the-scenes footage from the final season and special moments from the past eight years.


document_title: List of Wales national rugby union team records

question_text: who has scored the most points for wales v france

root

text: Team records[edit]

text:
Greatest winning margin[1]

Points margin (score)
Opposing team
Venue
Year

98 (98–0)
Japan
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
2004

91 (102–11)
Portugal
Universitario Lisboa, Lisbon
1994

74 (77–3)
United States
Rentschler Field, Hartford
2005

74 (81–7)
Namibia
Yarrow Stadium, New Plymouth
2011

72 (81–9)
Romania
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
2001

tag: table

text:
Greatest losing margin[2]

Points margin (score)
Opposing team
Venue
Year

83 (13–96)
South Africa
Loftus Versfeld Stadium, Pretoria
1998

57 (6–63)
Australia
Ballymore Stadium, Brisbane
1991

57 (5–62)
England
Twickenham Stadium, London
2007

52 (3–55)
New Zealand
Waikato Stadium, Hamilton
2003

51 (0–51)
France
Wembley Stadium, London
1998

text: Individual career records[edit]

text:
Most appearances[3]

Appearances
Player
Period

129
Gethin Jenkins
2002–2016

117
Alun Wyn Jones
2006-2018

104
Stephen Jones
1998–2011

100
Gareth Thomas
1995–2007

100
Martyn Williams
1996–2012

Most appearances as captain[4]

Appearances
Player
Period

49
Sam Warburton
2011–2017

33
Ryan Jones
2008–2013

28
Ieuan Evans
1991–1995

22
Colin Charvis
2002–2004

22
Rob Howley
1998–1999

text:
Most tries[5]

Tries
Player
Period

58
Shane Williams
2000–2011

40
Gareth Thomas
1995–2007

33
Ieuan Evans
1987–1998

32
George North
2010-2018

22
Colin Charvis
1996–2007

Most points[6]

Points
Player
Period

1,049
Neil Jenkins
1991–2002

917
Stephen Jones
1998–2011

696
Leigh Halfpenny
2008–2018

352
James Hook
2006–2015

304
Paul Thorburn
1985–1991

text: Individual match records[edit]

text:
Most points in a match[7]

Points
Player
Opposing team
Venue
Year

30
Neil Jenkins
Italy
Stadio Comunale di Monigo, Treviso
1999

29
Neil Jenkins
France
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
1999

28
Neil Jenkins
Canada
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
1999

28
Neil Jenkins
France
Stade de France, Saint-Denis
2001

28
Gavin Henson
Japan
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
2004

text:
Hat-tricks[8]

Tries
Player
Opposing team
Venue
Year

4
Willie Llewellyn
England
St. Helen's, Swansea
1899

4
Reggie Gibbs
France
National Stadium, Cardiff
1908

4
Maurice Richards
England
National Stadium, Cardiff
1969

4
Ieuan Evans
Canada
Rugby Park Stadium, Invercargill
1987

4
Nigel Walker
Portugal
Universitario Lisboa, Lisbon
1994

4
Gareth Thomas
Italy
Stadio Comunale di Monigo, Treviso
1999

4
Shane Williams
Japan
Kintetsu Hanazono Rugby Stadium, Osaka
2001

4
Tom Shanklin
Romania
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
2004

4
Colin Charvis
Japan
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
2004

3
Jehoida Hodges
England
St. Helen's, Swansea
1903

3
Johnnie Williams
Ireland
National Stadium, Cardiff
1907

3
Mel Baker
France
Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes
1909

3
Billy Trew
France
Stade Olympique Yves-du-Manoir, Colombes
1909

3
Reggie Gibbs
France
St. Helen's, Swansea
1910

3
Johnnie Williams
Ireland
Lansdowne Road, Dublin
1910

3
Reggie Gibbs
Scotland
Inverleith, Edinburgh
1911

3
Brinley Williams
Ireland
National Stadium, Cardiff
1920

3
J.J. Williams
Australia
National Stadium, Cardiff
1975

3
Glen Webbe
Tonga
FMG Stadium, Palmerston North
1987

3
Ieuan Evans
Portugal
Universitario Lisboa, Lisbon
1994

3
Mike Hall
Portugal
Universitario Lisboa, Lisbon
1994

3
Ieuan Evans
Spain
Campo Universitaria, Madrid
1994

3
Gareth Thomas
Japan
Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein
1995

3
Wayne Proctor
United States
Boxer Stadium, San Francisco
1997

3
Byron Hayward
Zimbabwe
Police Grounds, Harare
1998

3
Gareth Thomas
Japan
Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium, Tokyo
2001

3
Colin Charvis
Romania
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
2001

3
Dafydd James
Romania
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
2001

3
Shane Williams
Argentina
Estadio José Amalfitani, Buenos Aires
2004

3
Tom Shanklin
Japan
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
2004

3
Scott Williams
Namibia
Yarrow Stadium, New Plymouth
2011

3
George North
Italy
Stadio Olimpico, Rome
2015

3
Cory Allen
Uruguay
Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
2015


document_title: List of people on United States banknotes

question_text: who is pictured on the 5000 dollar bill

question_tokens: who is pictured on the 5000 dollar bill

text: Key to banknote type abbreviations[edit]

text: Many of the 53 individuals were depicted on more than one note of a series or denomination. In the description of the banknotes, the date in parentheses indicates the individual’s first appearance on a given note type and denomination. When multiple banknotes are listed, the order, though seeming random, is in accordance with the Friedberg Number,[1] in ascending Friedberg order.[nb 4][nb 5] The engraved portraits are from a virtual exhibit of bank notes[9] which are part of the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution.

tag: p

text:
Key to banknote type abbreviations

Abbr
Note type
Note size

DN
Demand Note
Large

LT
Legal Tender
Large

CITN
Compound Interest Treasury Note
Exception

IBN
Interest Bearing Note
Exception

RC
Refunding Certificate
Exception

SC
Silver Certificate
Large

TN
Treasury Note
Large

NBN
National Bank Note
Large

FRBN
Federal Reserve Bank Note
Large

FRN
Federal Reserve Note
Large

GC
Gold Certificate
Large

SSN
Small Size Banknote
Small

text: People depicted[edit]

text: Each of the 53 individuals depicted on U.S. banknotes (not including fractional currency) is listed alphabetically with their most commonly associated titles, positions held, or affiliations (with dates). Elected and appointed government positions are fairly comprehensive and positions are presented in ascending chronological order.

text:
People on United States banknotes

Name
Born
Died
Portrait[nb 6]
Title/comments
U.S. Banknote(s)[10]
IAD[11]

Adams John Quincy Adams[12]
1767-07-1111 Jul 1767
1848-02-2323 Feb 1848

U.S. Minister to the Netherlands (1794–97), Prussia (1797–1801); State Senate (Massachusetts, 1802); U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1803–08); U.S. Minister to Russia (1809–14), Great Britain (1815–17); U.S. Secretary of State (1817–25); President of the United States (1825–29); U.S. House (Massachusetts, 1831–48).[13]
LT $500 (1869)
1869

Benton Thomas Hart Benton[14]
1782-03-1414 Mar 1782
1858-04-1010 Apr 1858

U.S. Senate (Missouri, 1821–51); U.S. House (Missouri, 1853–55).
GC $100 (1870)
1870

Chase Salmon Portland Chase[15]
1808-01-1313 Jan 1808
1873-05-077 May 1873

U.S. Senate (Ohio, 1849–55 & 1861); Governor (Ohio, 1856–60); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1861–64); Chief Justice of the United States (1864–73).

LT $1 (1862)
CITN $10 (1863)
IBN $10 (1864)
IBN $1,000 (1861)
FRN $10,000 (1918)
SSN $10,000 (1928–34)

1861

ClarkWilliam Clark
1770-08-011 Aug 1770
1838-09-011 Sep 1838

Explorer
Captain, U.S. Army (1789–96); Superintendent of Indian Affairs (1807–13 & 1822–38);[16] Governor, Missouri Territory (1813–20).[17]

LT $10 (1901)

1901

ClayHenry Clay[18]
1777-04-1212 Apr 1777
1852-06-2929 Jun 1852

State House (Kentucky, 1803); U.S. Senate (Kentucky, 1806–07 & 1810–11); Speaker of the House (1811–14, 1815–20, 1823–25); U.S. Secretary of State (1825–29); U.S. Senate (Kentucky, 1831–43 & 1849–52).[19]

LT $50 (1869)

1869

ClevelandGrover Cleveland[20]
1837-03-1818 Mar 1837
1908-06-2424 Jun 1908

Governor (New York, 1883–85); President of the United States (1885–89, 1893–97).

FRBN $20 (1915)
FRN $20 (1914)
SSN $1,000 (1928–34)

1914

ClintonDeWitt Clinton[21]
1769-03-022 Mar 1769
1828-02-1111 Feb 1828

State House (New York, 1797–98); State Senate, (New York, 1798–1802 & 1805–11); U.S. Senate (New York, 1802–03); Mayor, New York City (1803–07, 1808-1810 & 1811-15); Lieutenant Governor (New York, 1811–13); Candidate for President (1812); Governor (New York, 1817–23, 1825–28).[22]

LT $1,000 (1869)

1869

DecaturStephen Decatur[23]
1779-01-055 Jan 1779
1820-03-2222 Mar 1820

Commodore, U.S. Navy; Quasi-War, First Barbary War; Awarded Congressional Gold Medal (1813).

SC $20 (1878)

1878

Everett Edward Everett[24]
1794-04-1111 Apr 1794
1865-01-1515 Jan 1865

U.S. House (Massachusetts, 1825–35); Governor (Massachusetts, 1836–40); U.S. Minister to Great Britain (1841–45); U.S. Secretary of State (1852–53); U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1853–54).

SC $50 (1878)

1878

Farragut David Glasgow Farragut[25]
1801-07-055 Jul 1801
1870-08-1414 Aug 1870

Admiral, Commander-in-Chief (1861–70),[26] U.S. Navy (1810–1868); War of 1812, West Indies, American Civil War; Received Thanks of Congress (1862[26] & 1866).[26]

TN $100 (1890)

1890

Fessenden William Pitt Fessenden[27]
1806-10-1616 Oct 1806
1869-09-088 Sep 1869

State House (Maine, 1832, 1840, 1845–46, 1853–54); U.S. House (Maine, 1841–43); U.S. Senate (Maine, 1854–64); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1864–65).[28]

NBN $20 (1882, reverse)

1882[29]

Franklin Benjamin Franklin[30]
1706-01-1717 Jan 1706
1790-04-1717 Apr 1790

Founder; Delegate, Pennsylvania, Continental Congress; U.S. Postmaster General (1775, Inaugural Holder); Signer, Declaration of Independence (1776); U.S. Minister to France (1778–85), Sweden (1782–83); President of Pennsylvania (1785–88); Delegate, Pennsylvania, U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787).

LT $50 (1874)
RC $10 (1879)
FRN $100 (1914)
SSN $100 (1928–present)

1874

Fulton Robert Fulton[31]
1765-11-1414 Nov 1765
1815-02-2424 Feb 1815

Engineer; Inventor

SC $2 (1896, reverse)

1896

Gallatin Albert Gallatin[32]
1761-01-2929 Jan 1761
1849-08-1212 Aug 1849

State House (Pennsylvania, 1790–92); U.S. Senate (Pennsylvania, 1793–94); U.S. House (Pennsylvania, 1795–1801); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1801–14); U.S. Minister to France (1815–23), Great Britain (1826–27).[33]

LT $500 (1862)

1862

Garfield James Abram Garfield[34]
1831-11-1919 Nov 1831
1881-09-1919 Sep 1881

State Senate, (Ohio, 1859–61);[35] Major General, U.S. Army, (1861–63);[36] U.S. House (Ohio, 1863–81); President of the United States (1881). Shot by Charles J. Guiteau on 2 July 1881.[37]

NBN $5 (1882)
GC $20 (1882)

1882

Grant Ulysses Simpson Grant[38]
1822-04-2727 Apr 1822
1885-07-2323 Jul 1885

Commanding General (1864–69), U.S. Army (1843–54, 1861–69 & 1877–85); U.S. Secretary of War, (Interim, 12 August 1867 – 12 January 1868);[39] President of the United States (1869–77)
Mexican–American War, American Civil War; Received Thanks of Congress (1863) and awarded The Congressional Gold Medal(1863).[40]

SC $1 (1899)
SC $5 (1886), (1896, reverse)
FRBN $50 (1918)
FRN $50 (1914)
GC $50 (1913)
SSN $50 (1928–present)

1886

Hamilton Alexander Hamilton[41]
1757-01-1111 Jan 1757
1804-07-1212 Jul 1804

Founder; Lieutenant Colonel, Continental Army (1775–); Continental Congress (1782–83); State House (New York, 1787); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1789–95); Major General, Senior Officer, U.S. Army (1799–1800).[42]

DN $5 (1861)
LT $2 (1862)
LT $5 (1862)
LT $20 (1869)
LT $50 (1862)
CITN $50 (1863)
IBN $50 (1864)
IBN $500 (1864)
FRN $1,000 (1918)
GC $1,000 (1870)
SSN $10 (1928–present)

1861

Hancock Winfield Scott Hancock[43]
1824-02-1414 Feb 1824
1886-02-099 Feb 1886

Major General (1866–86), U.S. Army (1844–86); Mexican–American War, American Civil War. Received Thanks of Congress (1866);[44] Candidate for President (1880).

SC $2 (1886)

1886

Harrison Benjamin Harrison[45]
1833-08-2020 Aug 1833
1901-03-1313 Mar 1901

Brigadier General, U.S. Army (1862–65);[46] U.S. Senate (Indiana, 1881–87); President of the United States (1889–93).

NBN $5 (1902)

1902

Hendricks Thomas Andrews Hendricks[47]
1819-09-077 Sep 1819
1885-11-2525 Nov 1885

State House (Indiana, 1848–49); U.S. House (Indiana, 1851–55); Assistant Treasurer of the United States (1853); U.S. Senate (Indiana, 1863–69); Governor (Indiana, 1873–77); Vice President of the United States (1885, Died in Office).[48]

SC $10 (1886)

1886

Hillegas Michael Hillegas[49]
1729-04-2222 Apr 1729
1804-09-2929 Sep 1804

Provincial Assembly (Pennsylvania, 1765–75); Treasurer of the United States (1775–89, Inaugural Holder).

GC $10 (1907)

1907

Jackson Andrew Jackson[50]
1767-03-1515 Mar 1767
1845-06-088 Jun 1845

U.S. House (Tennessee, 1796–97); U.S. Senate (Tennessee, 1797–98); Judge, Tennessee Supreme Court (1798–1804); Major General, U.S. Army, Awarded Congressional Gold Medal(1815); Military Governor of Florida (10 March 1821 – 18 July 1821); U.S. Senate (Tennessee, 1823–25); President of the United States (1829–37). An assassination attempt (the first on a U.S. President) was made by Richard Lawrence on 30 January 1835 outside the Capitol building.[51]

LT $5 (1869)
LT $10,000 (1878)
IBN $50 [Two-Year] (1861)
FRBN $10 (1915)
FRN $10 (1914)
GC $10,000 (1870)
SSN $20 (1928–present)

1861

Jefferson Thomas Jefferson[52]
1743-04-1313 Apr 1743
1826-07-044 Jul 1826

Founder; House of Burgesses (Virginia, 1769); Delegate, Virginia Continental Congress (1775–76 & 1783–84); Signer, Declaration of Independence (1776); Governor (Virginia, 1779–81); U.S. Minister to France (1785–89); U.S. Secretary of State (1790–93, Inaugural Holder ); Candidate for President (1796); Vice President of the United States (1797–1801); President of the United States (1801–09).

LT $2 (1869)
FRBN $2 (1918)
SSN $2 (1928–present)

1869

Knox John Jay Knox, Jr. [53]
1828-03-1919 Mar 1828
1892-02-1212 Feb 1892

Comptroller of the Currency, Department of the Treasury (1872–84).[54]

NBN $100 (1902)

1902

Lewis Meriwether Lewis[55]
1774-08-1818 Aug 1774
1809-10-1111 Oct 1809

Explorer; Governor, Louisiana/Missouri Territory (1807–09).[56]

LT $10 (1901)

1901

Lincoln Abraham Lincoln[57]
1809-02-1212 Feb 1809
1865-04-1515 Apr 1865

State House (Illinois, 1834–41); U.S. House (Illinois, 1847–49); President of the United States (1861–65).[58] Assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on 15 April 1865.[59]

DN $1 (1861)
LT $10 (1862)
LT $100 (1869)
CITN $20 (1863)
IBN $20 (1864)
SC $1 (1899)
SC $5 (1923)
FRBN $5 (1915)
FRN $5 (1914)
GC $500 (1870)
SSN $5 (1928–present)

1861

Madison James Madison[60]
1751-03-1616 Mar 1751
1836-06-2828 Jun 1836

Founder; Member, First General Assembly of Virginia (1776); Delegate, Virginia, Continental Congress (1780–83 & 1786–88); Virginia House of Delegates (1783–86); U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787); U.S. House (Virginia, 1789–97); U.S. Secretary of State (1801–09); President of the United States (1809–17).

LT $5,000 (1878)
FRN $5,000 (1918)
GC $5,000 (1870)
SSN $5,000 (1928–34)

1870

Manning Daniel Manning
1831-05-1616 May 1831
1887-12-2424 Dec 1887

U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1885–87)

SC $20 (1886)

1886

Mansfield Joseph King Fenno Mansfield[61]
1803-12-2222 Dec 1803
1862-09-1818 Sep 1862

Major General (1862), U.S. Army (1822–62); Mexican–American War, American Civil War.

LT $500 (1874)

1874

Marcy William Learned Marcy[62]
1786-12-1212 Dec 1786
1857-07-044 Jul 1857

Adjutant General, New York State Militia (1821–23); New York State Comptroller (1823); Judge, New York Supreme Court (1829–31); U.S. Senate (New York, 1831–33); Governor (New York, 1833–39); Commissioner of Mexican Claims (1839–42); U.S. Secretary of War (1845–49); U.S. Secretary of State (1853–57).[63]

SC $1,000 (1878)

1878

Marshall John Marshall[64]
1755-09-2424 Sep 1755
1835-07-066 Jul 1835

Captain, Continental Army (1776–81);[65] Virginia General Assembly (1782–91, 1797); U.S. Minister to France (1797); U.S. House (Virginia, 1799–1800); U.S. Secretary of State (1800–01); Chief Justice of the United States (1801–35).

TN $20 (1890)
FRN $500 (1918)

1890

McCulloch Hugh McCulloch[66]
1801-12-077 Dec 1801
1895-05-2424 May 1895

Comptroller of the Currency (1863–65); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1865–69 & 1884–85).

NBN $20 (1902)

1902

McKinley William McKinley, Jr.[67]
1843-01-2929 Jan 1843
1901-09-1414 Sep 1901

Major, U.S. Army (1861–65); U.S. House (Ohio, 1877–84 & 1885–91); Governor (Ohio, 1892–96);[68] President of the United States (1897–1901). Shot by Leon Czolgosz on 6 September 1901.[69]

NBN $10 (1902)
SSN $500 (1928–34)

1902

McPherson James Birdseye McPherson[70]
1828-11-1414 Nov 1828
1864-07-2222 Jul 1864

Major General (1862–64), U.S. Army (1853–64), American Civil War; Killed in battle.[71]

TN $2 (1890)

1890

Meade George Gordon Meade[72]
1815-12-3131 Dec 1815
1872-11-066 Nov 1872

Major General (1862–69), U.S. Army (1835–69); Mexican–American War, American Civil War; Received Thanks of Congress (1864).[73]

TN $1,000 (1890)

1890

Monroe James Monroe[74]
1758-04-2828 Apr 1758
1831-07-044 Jul 1831

Major, Continental Army (1776–79); Colonel, Virginia State Militia (1780);[75] Continental Congress (1783–86); State House (Virginia, 1786 & 1810–11); U.S. Senate (Virginia, 1790–94); U.S. Minister to France (1794–96); Governor (Virginia, 1799–1802 & 1811); U.S. Minister to Great Britain (1803–07); U.S. Secretary of State (1811–14 & 1815–17); U.S. Secretary of War (Interim, 27 August 1814 – 15 March 1815);[76] President of the United States (1817–25).

SC $100 (1878)

1878

Morris Robert Morris[77]
1734-01-3131 Jan 1734
1806-05-088 May 1806

Founder; Delegate, Pennsylvania, Continental Congress (1776); Signer, Declaration of Independence (1776); State House (Pennsylvania, 1778–81 & 1785–87); United States Superintendent of Finance (1781–84).

LT $1,000 (1862)
SC $10 (1878)

1862

Morse Samuel Finley Breese Morse [78]
1791-04-2727 Apr 1791
1872-04-022 Apr 1872

Inventor,[79] Morse Telegraph; Co-Inventor, Morse Code; Painter.[80]

SC $2 (1896, reverse)

1896

Running Running Antelope
1821 (circa)c.1821
1896 (circa)c.1896

Sioux Chief of the Hunkpapa

SC $5 (1899)

1899

Scott Winfield Scott[81]
1786-06-1313 Jun 1786
1866-05-2929 May 1866

Commanding General (1841–61), U.S. Army (1808–61); War of 1812, Seminole Wars, Black Hawk War, Mexican–American War, American Civil War; Military Governor, Mexico City (1847–48); U.S. Secretary of War (Interim, 24 July 1850 – 15 August 1850);[82] Candidate for President (1852). Awarded Congressional Gold Medal (1814[83] and 1848).[83]

IBN $500 [Two-Year] (1861)
IBN $100 [Three-Year] (1864)

1861

Seward William Henry Seward[84]
1801-05-1616 May 1801
1872-10-1616 Oct 1872

State Senate (New York, 1831–34); Governor (New York, 1839–43); U.S. Senate (New York, 1849–61);[85] U.S. Secretary of State (1861–69). An assassination attempt was made by Lewis Powell, a co-conspirator of John Wilkes Booth, the same night President Lincoln was shot (15 April 1865).[86]

TN $50 (1891)

1891

Sheridan Philip Henry Sheridan[87]
1831-03-066 Mar 1831
1888-08-055 Aug 1888

Commanding General (1883–88), U.S. Army (1853–88); American Civil War, Indian Wars. Received Thanks of Congress (1865).[87]

SC $5 (1896, reverse)
TN $10 (1890)

1890

ShermanJ John Sherman[88]
1823-05-1010 May 1823
1900-10-2222 Oct 1900

U.S. House (Ohio, 1855–61); U.S. Senate (Ohio, 1861–77 & 1881–97); President pro tem, U.S. Senate (1885–87);[89] U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1877–81); U.S. Secretary of State (1897–98).

NBN $50 (1902)

1902

ShermanW William Tecumseh Sherman[90]
1820-02-088 Feb 1820
1891-02-1414 Feb 1891

U.S. Secretary of War (Interim, 9 September 1869 – 18 October 1869);[89] Commanding General (1869–83), U.S. Army (1840–84); American Civil War, Indian Wars. Received Thanks of Congress (1864[91] & 1865).[91]

TN $500 (1891)

1891[92]

Stanton Edwin McMasters Stanton[93]
1814-12-1919 Dec 1814
1869-12-2424 Dec 1869

U.S. Attorney General (1860–61); U.S. Secretary of War (1862–68); U.S. Supreme Court (appointed 1869, died before taking office).[93]

TN $1 (1890)

1890

Sumner Charles Sumner[94]
1811-01-066 Jan 1811
1874-03-1111 Mar 1874

U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1851–74).

SC $500 (1878)

1878

Thomas George H. Thomas[95]
1816-07-3131 Jul 1816
1870-03-2828 Mar 1870

Major General (1864–70), U.S. Army (1840–70); Mexican–American War, American Civil War. Received Thanks of Congress (1865).[96]

TN $5 (1890)

1890

WashingtonG George Washington[97]
1732-02-2222 Feb 1732
1799-12-1414 Dec 1799

Founder; Virginia House of Burgesses (1758–75);[98] Delegate, VA, Continental Congress (1774–75); Commander-in-Chief, Continental Army (1775–83);[99] Member, U.S. Constitutional Convention (1787); President of the United States (1789–97); Lieutenant General, Commander of the United States Army (1798–99).[100]

LT $1 (1869)
CITN $100 (1863)
IBN $100 (1864)
IBN $1,000 [Two-Year] (1861)
IBN $500 [Three-Year] (1861)
SC $1 (1896, reverse)
SC $1 (1923)
SC $2 (1899)
FRBN $1 (1918)
GC $20 (1905)
SSN $1 (1928–present)

1861

WashingtonM Martha Washington[101]
1731-06-022 Jun 1731
1802-05-2222 May 1802

First Lady of the United States (1789–97).

SC $1 (1886)
SC $1 (1896, reverse)

1886

Webster Daniel Webster[102]
1782-01-1818 Jan 1782
1852-10-2424 Oct 1852

U.S. House (New Hampshire, 1813–17); U.S. House (Massachusetts, 1823–27); U.S. Senate (Massachusetts, 1827–41 & 1845–50); Candidate for President (1836); U.S. Secretary of State (1841–43 & 1850–52).[103]

LT $10 (1869)

1869

WilsonWoodrow Wilson[104]
1856-12-2828 Dec 1856
1924-02-033 Feb 1924

Governor (New Jersey, 1911–13); President of the United States (1913–21). Recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (1919).[105]

SSN $100,000 (1934)

1934

WindomWilliam Windom[106]
1827-05-1010 May 1827
1891-01-2929 Jan 1891

U.S. House (Minnesota, 1859–69); U.S. Senate (Minnesota, 1870–71, 1871–81 & 1881–83); U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1881, 1889–91).[104]

SC $2 (1891)

1891

Wright Silas Wright, Jr.[107]
1795-05-2424 May 1795
1847-08-2727 Aug 1847

U.S. House (New York, 1827–29 & 1829–30); U.S. Senate (New York, 1833–44); Governor (New York, 1845–47).

GC $50 (1882)

1882

text: Summary of titles/positions[edit]

text: Below is a summary of the titles/positions held, at one time or another, by the 53 individuals depicted on United States banknotes from 1861 to the present. The list of positions is not exhaustive, but does address the central elected federal and state officials, members of the President’s cabinet, military figureheads, and several of the founders and framers of the United States government.

text: Fifty-three people held at least 132 elected and appointed positions for a cumulative total of over 763 years of public service.

text:
Summary of titles/positions held

Position/title
No. people

President of the United States
13

Vice President
2

Speaker of the House
1

President pro tem
1

Secretary of State
11

Secretary of the Treasury
8

Secretary of War
3

Attorney General
1

United States Senate
20

United States House
17

State Senate
6

State House
11

Governor
15

Delegate, Continental Congress
7

Signer, Declaration of Independence
3

Member, U.S. Constitutional Convention
5

Commanding General
6

Supreme Court
2

text: Portraits on other American banknotes[edit]

text: Christopher Memminger, the first Secretary of the Treasury of the Confederate States of America, was featured on the CSA $5.00 bill.[108]


document_title: List of earthquakes in the United States

question_text: what is the strongest earthquake in the united states

text: The following is a list of notable earthquakes and/or tsunamis which had their epicenter in areas that are now part of the United States with the latter affecting areas of the United States. Those in italics were not part of the United States when the event occurred.

text:
Date
State(s)
Magnitude
Fatalities
Article
Further information

000000001700-01-26-0000January 26, 1700
Washington, Oregon, California
8.7–9.2
Unknown
1700 Cascadia earthquake

000000001755-11-18-0000November 18, 1755
Massachusetts
5.9
Unknown
1755 Cape Ann earthquake

000000001811-12-16-0000December 16, 1811
Missouri
7.2–8.1
Unknown
1811–1812 New Madrid earthquakes

000000001812-12-08-0000December 8, 1812
California
6.9–7.5
7001400000000000000♠40+
1812 San Juan Capistrano earthquake

000000001857-01-09-0000January 9, 1857
California
7.9
7000200000000000000♠2
1857 Fort Tejon earthquake

000000001867-04-24-0000April 24, 1867
Kansas
5.1
5000000000000000000♠0
1867 Manhattan, Kansas earthquake

000000001868-04-02-0000April 2, 1868
Hawaii
7.9
7001770000000000000♠77
1868 Hawaii earthquake and tsunami

000000001868-10-21-0000October 21, 1868
California
6.3–6.7
7001300000000000000♠30
1868 Hayward earthquake

000000001872-12-14-0000December 14, 1872
Washington
6.5–7.0
5000000000000000000♠0
1872 North Cascades earthquake

000000001872-03-26-0000March 26, 1872
California
7.4–7.9
7001270000000000000♠27
1872 Lone Pine earthquake

000000001886-08-31-0000August 31, 1886
South Carolina
6.9–7.3
7001600000000000000♠60
1886 Charleston earthquake

000000001906-04-18-0000April 18, 1906
California
7.9
7003300000000000000♠3,000+
1906 San Francisco earthquake

000000001909-09-27-0000September 27, 1909
Indiana
5.1
5000000000000000000♠0
1909 Wabash River earthquake

000000001915-10-03-0000October 3, 1915
Nevada
7.1
5000000000000000000♠0
1915 Pleasant Valley earthquake

000000001925-06-29-0000June 29, 1925
California
6.8
7001130000000000000♠13
1925 Santa Barbara earthquake

000000001931-08-16-0000August 16, 1931
Texas
5.8
5000000000000000000♠0
1931 Valentine earthquake

000000001933-03-10-0000March 10, 1933
California
6.4
7002120000000000000♠120
1933 Long Beach earthquake

000000001936-07-15-0000July 15, 1936
Oregon, Washington
5.8
5000000000000000000♠0
1936 State Line earthquake

000000001940-05-18-0000May 18, 1940
California
6.9
7000900000000000000♠9
1940 El Centro earthquake

000000001940-12-20-0000December 20, 1940
New Hampshire
5.3
5000000000000000000♠0
1940 New Hampshire earthquakes

000000001940-12-24-0000December 24, 1940
New Hampshire
5.5
5000000000000000000♠0
1940 New Hampshire earthquakes

000000001946-04-01-0000April 1, 1946
Alaska
8.6
7002165000000000000♠165
1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake and tsunami

000000001947-05-06-0000May 6, 1947
Wisconsin
Unknown
0
1947 Wisconsin earthquake

000000001948-12-04-0000December 4, 1948
California
6.3
5000000000000000000♠0
1948 Desert Hot Springs earthquake

000000001949-04-13-0000April 13, 1949
Washington
6.7
7000800000000000000♠8
1949 Olympia earthquake

000000001952-07-21-0000July 21, 1952
California
7.3
7001140000000000000♠14
1952 Kern County earthquake

000000001957-03-09-0000March 9, 1957
Alaska
8.6
5000000000000000000♠0
1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake and tsunami

000000001958-07-09-0000July 9, 1958
Alaska
7.8
7000500000000000000♠5 (tsunami)
1958 Lituya Bay earthquakes and megatsunami

000000001959-08-17-0000August 17, 1959
Montana, Wyoming, Idaho
7.3–7.5
7001280000000000000♠28+
1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake

000000001964-03-27-0000March 27, 1964
Alaska
9.2
7002143000000000000♠143
1964 Alaska earthquake and tsunami

000000001965-02-04-0000February 4, 1965
Alaska
8.7
5000000000000000000♠0
1965 Rat Islands earthquake and tsunami

000000001965-04-29-0000April 29, 1965
Washington
6.7
7000700000000000000♠7
1965 Puget Sound earthquake

000000001967-08-09-0000August 9, 1967
Colorado
5.3
5000000000000000000♠0
Rocky Mountain Arsenal#Deep injection well

000000001967-11-26-0000November 26, 1967
Colorado
5.2
5000000000000000000♠0
Rocky Mountain Arsenal#Deep injection well

000000001968-11-09-0000November 9, 1968
Illinois
5.4
5000000000000000000♠0
1968 Illinois earthquake

000000001969-10-02-0000October 2, 1969
California
5.6, 5.7
7000100000000000000♠1
1969 Santa Rosa earthquakes
Doublet

000000001971-02-09-0000February 9, 1971
California
6.5–6.7
7001580000000000000♠58–65
1971 San Fernando earthquake

000000001975-02-02-0000February 2, 1975
Alaska
7.6
5000000000000000000♠0
1975 Near Islands earthquake

000000001975-07-09-0000July 9, 1975
Minnesota
4.6
5000000000000000000♠0
1975 Morris earthquake

000000001975-11-29-0000November 29, 1975
Hawaii
7.2
7000200000000000000♠2
1975 Hawaii earthquake

000000001983-05-02-0000May 2, 1983
California
6.5
5000000000000000000♠0
1983 Coalinga earthquake

000000001983-10-28-0000October 28, 1983
Idaho
7.3
7000200000000000000♠2
1983 Borah Peak earthquake

000000001984-04-24-0000April 24, 1984
California
6.2
5000000000000000000♠0
1984 Morgan Hill earthquake

000000001987-10-01-0000October 1, 1987
California
5.9
7000800000000000000♠8
1987 Whittier Narrows earthquake

000000001989-10-17-0000October 17, 1989
California
6.9
7001630000000000000♠63
1989 Loma Prieta earthquake

000000001991-06-28-0000June 28, 1991
California
5.6
7000200000000000000♠2
1991 Sierra Madre earthquake

000000001992-04-25-0000April 25–26, 1992
California
6.5–7.2
5000000000000000000♠0
1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes

000000001992-06-28-0000June 28, 1992
California
7.3
7000300000000000000♠3
1992 Landers earthquake

000000001992-06-28-0000June 28, 1992
California
6.5
5000000000000000000♠0
1992 Big Bear earthquake

000000001993-03-25-0000March 25, 1993
Oregon
5.6
5000000000000000000♠0
1993 Scotts Mills earthquake

000000001993-09-20-0000September 20, 1993
Oregon
6.0
7000200000000000000♠2
1993 Klamath Falls earthquakes

000000001994-01-17-0000January 17, 1994
California
6.7
7001570000000000000♠57
1994 Northridge earthquake

000000001995-04-14-0000April 14, 1995
Texas
5.7
5000000000000000000♠0
1995 Marathon earthquake

000000001996-05-02-0000May 2, 1996
Washington
5.6
5000000000000000000♠0
1996 Duvall earthquake

000000001998-09-25-0000September 25, 1998
Pennsylvania
5.2
5000000000000000000♠0
1998 Pymatuning earthquake

000000001999-10-16-0000October 16, 1999
California
7.1
5000000000000000000♠0
1999 Hector Mine earthquake

000000002001-02-28-0000February 28, 2001
Washington
6.8
7000100000000000000♠1
2001 Nisqually earthquake

000000002002-11-03-0000November 3, 2002
Alaska
7.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2002 Denali earthquake

000000002003-04-29-0000April 29, 2003
Alabama
4.6
5000000000000000000♠0
2003 Alabama earthquake

000000002003-12-22-0000December 22, 2003
California
6.5
7000200000000000000♠2
2003 San Simeon earthquake

000000002006-09-10-0000September 10, 2006
Florida
5.8
5000000000000000000♠0
2006 Gulf of Mexico earthquake

000000002006-10-15-0000October 15, 2006
Hawaii
6.7
5000000000000000000♠0
2006 Kiholo Bay earthquake

000000002007-10-30-0000October 30, 2007
California
5.6
5000000000000000000♠0
2007 Alum Rock earthquake

000000002008-02-21-0000February 21, 2008
Nevada
6.0
5000000000000000000♠0
2008 Wells earthquake

000000002008-04-18-0000April 18, 2008
Illinois
5.4
5000000000000000000♠0
2008 Illinois earthquake

000000002008-07-29-0000July 29, 2008
California
5.5
5000000000000000000♠0
2008 Chino Hills earthquake

000000002010-01-09-0000January 9, 2010
California
6.5
5000000000000000000♠0
2010 Eureka earthquake

000000002010-02-10-0000February 10, 2010
Illinois
3.8
5000000000000000000♠0
2010 Illinois earthquake

000000002010-07-07-0000July 7, 2010
California
5.4
5000000000000000000♠0
2010 Borrego Springs earthquake

000000002010-12-30-0000December 30, 2010
Indiana
3.8
5000000000000000000♠0
2010 Indiana earthquake

000000002011-08-22-0000August 22, 2011
Colorado
5.3
5000000000000000000♠0
2011 Colorado earthquake

000000002011-08-23-0000August 23, 2011
Virginia
5.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2011 Virginia earthquake

000000002011-11-05-0000November 5, 2011
Oklahoma
5.6
5000000000000000000♠0
2011 Oklahoma earthquake

000000002014-06-23-0000June 23, 2014
Alaska
7.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2014 Aleutian Islands earthquake

000000002014-07-25-0000July 25, 2014
Alaska
5.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2014 Southeast Alaska earthquake

000000002014-08-24-0000August 24, 2014
California
6.0
7000100000000000000♠1
2014 South Napa earthquake

000000002014-09-25-0000September 25, 2014
Alaska
6.2
5000000000000000000♠0
2014 Southern Alaska earthquake

000000002016-01-24-0000January 24, 2016
Alaska
7.1
5000000000000000000♠0
2016 Old Iliamna earthquake

000000002016-09-03-0000September 3, 2016
Oklahoma
5.8
5000000000000000000♠0
2016 Oklahoma earthquake

000000002018-01-23-0000January 23, 2018
Alaska
7.9
5000000000000000000♠0
2018 Alaska earthquake

text: Earthquake swarms which affected the United States:

text:
1962–71 Denver earthquake swarm[1]
Enola earthquake swarm
2008 Reno earthquakes
Guy-Greenbrier earthquake swarm
2009–present Oklahoma earthquake swarms

tag: ul

text: Earthquakes which affected the United States but whose epicenters were outside the United States borders:

text:
1925 Charlevoix–Kamouraska earthquake – magnitude 6.2 earthquake, no injuries or fatalities anywhere
2010 Baja California earthquake (Mexico near S California) – magnitude 7.2 earthquake, 4 fatalities and 100 injuries, none in the United States

text: Earthquakes which did not affect the United States directly, but caused tsunamis which did:

text:
1960 Valdivia earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 9.5 earthquake, between 2200–6000 fatalities, including 61 in Hilo, HI
2006 Kuril Islands earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.3 earthquake, no injuries or fatalities anywhere
2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.0 earthquake with an epicenter 120 miles (190 km) southwest of American Samoa generated tsunami waves up to 16 feet (5 m), killing 34 people in American Samoa and causing extensive damage[2]
2010 Chile earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 8.8 earthquake, ~525 fatalities and unknown number of injuries, none in the United States
2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami – magnitude 9.0 earthquake, 15,850–28,000 fatalities and 6,011 injured, one fatality and unknown number of injuries in the United States
2012 Haida Gwaii earthquake – magnitude 7.8 earthquake with an epicenter on Moresby Island in British Columbia, the second largest Canadian earthquake ever recorded by a seismometer, over 100,000 people were evacuated to higher ground in the state of Hawai'i


document_title: Ideology

question_text: what is a coherent set of values and beliefs about public policy called

text: Ideology

text: Etymology and history[edit]

text: The term "ideology" was born during the Great Terror of French Revolution, and acquired several other meanings thereafter.

text: The word, and the system of ideas associated with it, was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy in 1796,[2] while he was in prison pending trial during the Terror. The word was created by assembling the words idea, from Greek ἰδέα (near to the Lockean sense) and -logy, from -λογία.

text: The coup that overthrew Maximilien Robespierre allowed Tracy to pursue his work. [3][4]

text: Tracy reacted to the terroristic phase of the revolution by trying to work out a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational mob impulses that had nearly destroyed him. He devised the term to refer to a "science of ideas" which he hoped would form a secure foundation for the moral and political sciences by examining two things: 1) sensations people experienced as they interact with the material world; and 2) the ideas that formed in their minds due to those sensations. He conceived of "Ideology" a liberal philosophy which provided a powerful defense of individual liberty, property, free markets, and constitutional limits on state power. He argues that among these aspects ideology is the most generic term, because the science of ideas also contains the study of their expression and deduction. [5]

text: Tracy worked this out during the Napoleonic regime, and Napoleon Bonaparte came to view 'Ideology' a term of abuse which he often hurled against his liberal foes in Tracy's Institut National. According to Karl Mannheim's historical reconstruction of the shifts in the meaning of ideology, the modern meaning of the word was born when Napoleon used it to describe his opponents as "the ideologues". Karl Marx adopted this negative sense of the term and used it in his writings (he described Tracy as a "fischblütige Bourgeoisdoktrinär", a fishblooded bourgeois doctrinaire). [6]

text: Tracy's major book, The Elements of Ideology, was soon translated into the major languages of Europe, and in the next generation, when post-Napoleonic governments adopted a reactionary stance, influenced the Italian, Spanish and Russian thinkers who had begun to describe themselves as "liberals" and who attempted to reignite revolutionary activity in the early 1820s (these included the Carlist rebels in Spain, the Carbonari societies in France and Italy, and the Decembrists in Russia).

text: In the century after Tracy, the term ideology moved back and forth between positive and negative connotations.

text: (Perhaps the most accessible source for the near-original meaning of ideology is Hippolyte Taine's work on the Ancien Régime (the first volume of "Origins of Contemporary France"). He describes ideology as rather like teaching philosophy by the Socratic method, but without extending the vocabulary beyond what the general reader already possessed, and without the examples from observation that practical science would require. Taine identifies it not just with Destutt De Tracy, but also with his milieu, and includes Condillac as one of its precursors. (Destutt de Tracy read the works of Locke and Condillac while he was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror.))

text: The term "ideology" has dropped some of its pejorative sting, and has become a neutral term in the analysis of differing political opinions and views of social groups.[7] While Karl Marx situated the term within class struggle and domination,[8][9] others believed it was a necessary part of institutional functioning and social integration.[10]

text: Analysis[edit]

text: There has been considerable analysis of different ideological patterns. This kind of analysis has been described by some as meta-ideology—the study of the structure, form, and manifestation of ideologies. Recent analysis tends to posit that ideology is a coherent system of ideas, relying upon a few basic assumptions about reality that may or may not have any factual basis. Ideas become ideologies (that is, become coherent, repeated patterns) through the subjective ongoing choices that people make, serving as the seed around which further thought grows. According to most recent analysis, ideologies are neither necessarily right nor wrong. Believers in ideology range from passive acceptance through fervent advocacy to true belief. An excessive need for certitude lurks at fundamentalist levels in politics and religions.

text: This accords with definitions such as given by Manfred Steger and Paul James which emphasize both the issue of patterning and contingent claims to truth:

text: Ideologies are patterned clusters of normatively imbued ideas and concepts, including particular representations of power relations. These conceptual maps help people navigate the complexity of their political universe and carry claims to social truth.[11]

text: The works of George Walford and Harold Walsby, done under the heading of systematic ideology, are attempts to explore the relationships between ideology and social systems. Charles Blattberg has offered an account which distinguishes political ideologies from political philosophies.[12]

text: David W. Minar describes six different ways in which the word "ideology" has been used:

text:
As a collection of certain ideas with certain kinds of content, usually normative;
As the form or internal logical structure that ideas have within a set;
By the role in which ideas play in human-social interaction;
By the role that ideas play in the structure of an organization;
As meaning, whose purpose is persuasion; and
As the locus of social interaction.

tag: ol

text: For Willard A. Mullins an ideology should be contrasted with the related (but different) issues of utopia and historical myth. An ideology is composed of four basic characteristics:

text:
it must have power over cognition
it must be capable of guiding one's evaluations;
it must provide guidance towards action; and
it must be logically coherent.

text: Terry Eagleton outlines (more or less in no particular order) some definitions of ideology:[13]

text:
the process of production of meanings, signs and values in social life;
a body of ideas characteristic of a particular social group or class;
ideas which help to legitimate a dominant political power;
false ideas which help to legitimate a dominant political power;
systematically distorted communication;
that which offers a position for a subject;
forms of thought motivated by social interests;
identity thinking;
socially necessary illusion;
the conjuncture of discourse and power;
the medium in which conscious social actors make sense of their world;
action-oriented sets of beliefs;
the confusion of linguistic and phenomenal reality;
semiotic closure;
the indispensable medium in which individuals live out their relations to a social structure;
the process whereby social life is converted to a natural reality.

text: The German philosopher Christian Duncker called for a "critical reflection of the ideology concept" (2006). In his work, he strove to bring the concept of ideology into the foreground, as well as the closely connected concerns of epistemology and history. In this work, the term ideology is defined in terms of a system of presentations that explicitly or implicitly claim to absolute truth.

text: Though the word "ideology" is most often found in political discourse, there are many different kinds of ideology: political, social, epistemological, ethical, etc.

text: Marxist view[edit]

text: In the Marxist economic base and superstructure model of society, base denotes the relations of production and modes of production, and superstructure denotes the dominant ideology (religious, legal, political systems). The economic base of production determines the political superstructure of a society. Ruling class-interests determine the superstructure and the nature of the justifying ideology—actions feasible because the ruling class control the means of production. For example, in a feudal mode of production, religious ideology is the most prominent aspect of the superstructure, while in capitalist formations, ideologies such as liberalism and social democracy dominate. Hence the great importance of the ideology justifying a society; it politically confuses the alienated groups of society via false consciousness.

text: Some explanations have been presented. György Lukács proposes ideology as a projection of the class consciousness of the ruling class. Antonio Gramsci uses cultural hegemony to explain why the working-class have a false ideological conception of what are their best interests. Marx argued that "The class which has the means of material production at its disposal has control at the same time over the means of mental production."[14]

text: The Marxist formulation of "ideology as an instrument of social reproduction" is conceptually important to the sociology of knowledge,[15] viz. Karl Mannheim, Daniel Bell, and Jürgen Habermas et al. Moreover, Mannheim has developed, and progressed, from the "total" but "special" Marxist conception of ideology to a "general" and "total" ideological conception acknowledging that all ideology (including Marxism) resulted from social life, an idea developed by the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. Slavoj Žižek and the earlier Frankfurt School added to the "general theory" of ideology a psychoanalytic insight that ideologies do not include only conscious, but also unconscious ideas.

text: Louis Althusser's ideological state apparatuses[edit]

text: Louis Althusser proposed both spiritual and materialistic conception of ideology, which made use of a special type of discourse: the lacunar discourse. A number of propositions, which are never untrue, suggest a number of other propositions, which are. In this way, the essence of the lacunar discourse is what is not told (but is suggested).

text: For example, the statement "All are equal before the law", which is a theoretical groundwork of current legal systems, suggests that all people may be of equal worth or have equal "opportunities". This is not true, for the concept of private property and power over the means of production results in some people being able to own more (much more) than others. This power disparity contradicts the claim that all share both practical worth and future opportunity equally; for example, the rich can afford better legal representation, which practically privileges them before the law.

text: Althusser also proffered the concept of the ideological state apparatus to explain his theory of ideology. His first thesis was "ideology has no history": while individual ideologies have histories, interleaved with the general class struggle of society, the general form of ideology is external to history.

text: For Althusser, beliefs and ideas are the products of social practices, not the reverse. His thesis that "ideas are material" is illustrated by the "scandalous advice" of Pascal toward unbelievers: "kneel and pray, and then you will believe". What is ultimately ideological for Althusser are not the subjective beliefs held in the conscious "minds" of human individuals, but rather discourses that produce these beliefs, the material institutions and rituals that individuals take part in without submitting it to conscious examination and so much more critical thinking.

text: Ideology and the Commodity in the works of Guy Debord[edit]

text: The French Marxist theorist Guy Debord, founding member of the Situationist International, argued that when the commodity becomes the "essential category" of society, i.e. when the process of commodification has been consummated to its fullest extent, the image of society propagated by the commodity (as it describes all of life as constituted by notions and objects deriving their value only as commodities tradeable in terms of exchange value), colonizes all of life and reduces society to a mere representation, The Society of the Spectacle.[16]

text: Silvio Vietta: ideology and rationality[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on Talk:Ideology. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced. (July 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The German cultural historian Silvio Vietta described the development and expansion of Western rationality from ancient times onwards as often accompanied by and shaped by ideologies like that of the "just war", the "true religion", racism, nationalism, or the vision of future history as a kind of heaven on earth in communism. He said that ideas like these became ideologies by giving hegemonic political actions an idealistic veneer and equipping their leaders with a higher and, in the "political religions" (Eric Voegelin), nearly God-like power, so that they became masters over the lives (and the deaths) of millions of people. He considered that ideologies therefore contributed to power politics irrational shields of ideas beneath which they could operate as manifestations of idealism.[17][18]

text: Eric Hoffer: unifying agents[edit]

text: The American philosopher Eric Hoffer identified several elements which work to unify followers of a particular ideology:[19]

text: 1) Hatred: "Mass movements can rise and spread without a God, but never without belief in a devil."[20]. The "ideal devil" is a foreigner.[21]

text: 2) Imitation: "The less satisfaction we derive from being ourselves, the greater is our desire to be like others ... the more we mistrust our judgment and luck, the more are we ready to follow the example of others."[22]

text: 3) Persuasion: The proselytizing zeal of propagandists derives from "a passionate search for something not yet found more than a desire to bestow something we already have."[23]

text: 4) Coercion: Hoffer asserts that violence and fanaticism are interdependent.[24] People forcibly converted to Islamic or communist beliefs become as fanatical as those who did the forcing.[25] "It takes fanatical faith to rationalize our cowardice."[26]

text: 5) Leadership: Without the leader, there is no movement. Often the leader must wait long in the wings until the time is ripe. He calls for sacrifices in the present, to justify his vision of a breathtaking future. The skills required include: audacity, brazenness, iron will, fanatical conviction; passionate hatred, cunning, a delight in symbols; ability to inspire blind faith in the masses and a group of able lieutenants.[27] Charlatanism is indispensable, and the leader often imitates both friend and foe, "a single-minded fashioning after a model". He will not lead followers towards the "promised land", but only "away from their unwanted selves".[28]

text: 6) Action: Original thoughts are suppressed, and unity encouraged, if the masses are kept occupied through great projects, marches, exploration and industry.[29]

text: 7) Suspicion: "There is prying and spying, tense watching and a tense awareness of being watched." This pathological mistrust goes unchallenged and encourages conformity, not dissent.[30]

text: Ronald Inglehart[edit]

text: Ronald Inglehart of the University of Michigan is author of the World Values Survey which since 1980 has mapped social attitudes in 100 countries representing 90% of global population. Results indicate that where people live is likely to be closely correlated with their ideological beliefs. In much of Africa, South Asia and the Middle East, people prefer traditional beliefs and are less tolerant of liberal values. Protestant Europe, at the other extreme, adheres more to secular beliefs and liberal values. Alone among high-income countries, the United States is exceptional in its adherence to traditional beliefs, in this case Christianity.

text: Political ideologies[edit]

text: In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals, principles, doctrines, myths, or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. Political ideologies are concerned with many different aspects of a society, including (for example): the economy, education, health care, labor law, criminal law, the justice system, the provision of social security and social welfare, trade, the environment, minors, immigration, race, use of the military, patriotism, and established religion.

text: Political ideologies have two dimensions:

text:
Goals: how society should work
Methods: the most appropriate ways to achieve the ideal arrangement

text: There are many proposed methods for the classification of political ideologies, each of these different methods generate a specific political spectrum.[citation needed] Ideologies also identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the center or the right), though precision in this respect can very often become controversial. Finally, ideologies can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g., populism) and from single issues that a party may be built around (e.g. legalization of marijuana). Philosopher Michael Oakeshott provides a good definition of ideology as "the formalized abridgment of the supposed sub-stratum of the rational truth contained in the tradition".

text: A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends power should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. Each political ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. democracy, demagogy, theocracy, caliphate etc.), and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism, socialism, etc.). Sometimes the same word is used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, "socialism" may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system.

text: Studies of the concept of ideology itself (rather than specific ideologies) have been carried out under the name of systematic ideology.

text: Post 1991, many commentators claim that we are living in a post-ideological age,[31] in which redemptive, all-encompassing ideologies have failed, and this view is often associated[by whom?] with Francis Fukuyama's writings on "the end of history".[32] On the other hand, Nienhueser sees research (in the field of human resource management) as ongoingly "generating ideology".[33]

text: Slavoj Zizek has pointed out how the very notion of post-ideology can enable the deepest, blindest form of ideology. A sort of false consciousness or false cynicism, engaged in for the purpose of lending one's point of view the respect of being objective, pretending neutral cynicism, without truly being so. Rather than help avoiding ideology, this lapse only deepens the commitment to an existing one. Zizek calls this "a post-modernist trap".[34] Peter Sloterdijk advanced the same idea already in 1988.[35]

text: There are several studies that show that affinity to a specific political ideology is heritable.[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]

text: Government ideology[edit]

text: When a political ideology becomes a dominantly pervasive component within a government, one can speak of an ideocracy.[45] Different forms of government utilize ideology in various ways, not always restricted to politics and society. Certain ideas and schools of thought become favored, or rejected, over others, depending on their compatibility with or use for the reigning social order.

text: Implementation[edit]

text: "Madmen in authority, who hear voices in the air, are distilling their frenzy from some academic scribbler of a few years back", said Lord Keynes.[46] How do ideologies become part of government policy? In The anatomy of revolution, Crane Brinton said that new ideology spreads when there is discontent with the old regime.[47] Extremists such as Lenin and Robespierre will overcome more moderate revolutionaries.[48] This stage is soon followed by Thermidor, a reining back of revolutionary enthusiasm under pragmatists like Stalin and Napoleon Bonaparte who bring "normalcy and equilibrium".[49] A very similar sequence ("men of ideas>fanatics>practical men of action") occurs in Eric Hoffer, The True Believer,[50] and Brinton's sequence is reiterated by J. William Fulbright.[51] The revolution thus becomes established as an Ideocracy but its rise is likely to be checked by a Political midlife crisis.

text: Epistemological ideologies[edit]

text: Even when the challenging of existing beliefs is encouraged, as in scientific theories, the dominant paradigm or mindset can prevent certain challenges, theories, or experiments from being advanced.

text: A special case of science adopted as ideology is that of ecology, which studies the relationships among living things on Earth. Perceptual psychologist James J. Gibson believed that human perception of ecological relationships was the basis of self-awareness and cognition itself. Linguist George Lakoff has proposed a cognitive science of mathematics wherein even the most fundamental ideas of arithmetic would be seen as consequences or products of human perception—which is itself necessarily evolved within an ecology.

text: Deep ecology and the modern ecology movement (and, to a lesser degree, Green parties) appear to have adopted ecological sciences as a positive ideology.

text: Some accuse ecological economics of likewise turning scientific theory into political economy, although theses in that science can often be tested. The modern practice of green economics fuses both approaches and seems to be part science, part ideology.

text: This is far from the only theory of economics to be raised to ideology status—some notable economically based ideologies include neoliberalism, monetarism, mercantilism, mixed economy, social Darwinism, communism, laissez-faire economics, and free trade. There are also current theories of safe trade and fair trade which can be seen as ideologies.

text: Psychological research[edit]

text: Psychological research[52] increasingly suggests that ideologies reflect (unconscious) motivational processes, as opposed to the view that political convictions always reflect independent and unbiased thinking. Jost, Ledgerwood and Hardin proposed in 2008 that ideologies may function as prepackaged units of interpretation that spread because of basic human motives to understand the world, avoid existential threat, and maintain valued interpersonal relationships.[52] These authors conclude that such motives may lead disproportionately to the adoption of system-justifying worldviews. Psychologists have generally found that personality traits, individual difference variables, needs, and ideological beliefs seem to have a common thread.[citation needed]

text: Ideology and semiotic theory[edit]

text: According to the semiotician Bob Hodge, ideology "identifies a unitary object that incorporates complex sets of meanings with the social agents and processes that produced them. No other term captures this object as well as 'ideology'. Foucault's 'episteme' is too narrow and abstract, not social enough. His 'discourse', popular because it covers some of ideology's terrain with less baggage, is too confined to verbal systems. 'Worldview' is too metaphysical, 'propaganda' too loaded. Despite or because of its contradictions, 'ideology' still plays a key role in semiotics oriented to social, political life."[53] Authors such as Michael Freeden have also recently incorporated a semantic analysis to the study of ideologies.

text: Quotations[edit]

text: "We do not need ... to believe in an ideology. All that is necessary is for each of us to develop our good human qualities. The need for a sense of universal responsibility affects every aspect of modern life." – the Dalai Lama.[54]

text: "The nice thing about an ism is how quickly it becomes a wasm." – Richard Taruskin.[55]

text: "The function of ideology is to stabilize and perpetuate dominance through masking or illusion." – Sally Haslanger[56]


document_title: The Lion King II: Simba's Pride

question_text: who voiced simba in the lion king 2

question_tokens: who voiced simba in the lion king 2

text: The Lion King II: Simba's Pride

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the Pride Lands of Africa, King Simba and Queen Nala's newborn daughter, Kiara, is presented to the assembled animals by Rafiki, a mandrill who serves as shaman and advisor. Simba's father Mufasa proudly watches over the ceremony from the Heavens above. Kiara becomes annoyed with her father's overprotective parenting. Simba assigns Timon and Pumbaa, a meerkat and warthog, to follow her. Kiara ignores her father's warning and the duo's attention and enters the "Outlands," where she meets Kovu, a cub who was chosen by Simba's Uncle Scar to be his heir and they escape from crocodiles. When Kovu retaliates to Kiara's playing, Simba confronts the young cub just as Kovu's mother Zira confronts him. Zira reminds Simba of how he exiled her and the other Outsiders, and she reveals that Scar selected Kovu to be his successor.

text: After returning to the Pride Lands, Nala and the rest of the pride head back to Pride Rock while Simba lectures Kiara about the danger posed by the Outsiders. He then tells her that they are a part of each other. In the Outlands, Zira reminds Kovu that Simba killed Scar and exiled the lions who respect him. Kovu explains that he does not think it is so bad to have Kiara as his good friend, but Zira realizes she can use Kovu's friendship with Kiara to seek revenge on Simba.

text: Several years later, Kiara, now a young adult, begins her first solo hunt. Simba has Timon and Pumbaa follow her in secret, causing her to hunt away from the Pride Lands. As part of Zira's plan, Kovu's siblings Nuka and Vitani trap Kiara in a fire, allowing Kovu to rescue her. Unable to thank the young rogue, Simba is forced to accept Kovu's place since he rescued Kiara. Later that night, Simba has a nightmare about attempting to save Mufasa from falling into the wildebeest stampede but is stopped by Scar who then morphs into Kovu and sends Simba to his death.

text: The next day, Kovu contemplates attacking Simba as he was instructed to, but he teaches Kiara how to hunt instead and eventually realizes his feelings for her. Later, Kiara and Kovu stargaze where they talk about the Great Kings of the Past and Kovu wonders if there is a darkness in him like there was in Scar. Simba watches the two from afar and Nala convinces him to give Kovu a chance. Kovu attempts to reveal his mission to Kiara, but Rafiki interrupts and leads them to the jungle, where he introduces them to "upendi" (an erroneous form of upendo, which means "love" in Swahili). The two lions fall in love. That night, Simba allows Kovu to sleep inside Pride Rock with the rest of the pride, but Vitani tells Zira about Kovu's failure to kill Simba. Zira sets a trap for her son and Simba.

text: The next day, Kovu wants to reveal his mission to Kiara, but Simba takes him around the Pride Lands and tells him the real story of Scar. The Outsiders attack Simba and Kovu attempts to intervene, but Vitani injures him. Nuka attempts to kill Simba, but Simba escapes and Nuka is killed. Zira scratches Kovu for his brother's death, causing him to turn on her. Kovu returns to Pride Rock to plead Simba for his forgiveness but is exiled. Kiara makes Simba realize that he is acting irrationally, and flees to find Kovu. The two lions later find each other and profess their love. Realizing that they must reunite the Outsiders and Pridelanders, Kiara and Kovu return to the Pride Lands, where they convince them to stop fighting. Kiara shoves Zira over a cliff to rescue Simba, but despite Kiara's offer to be rescued, Zira falls to her death.

text: With his enemy gone, Simba accepts the Outsiders back into the Pride Lands and appoints Kovu and Kiara as his successors.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Matthew Broderick as Simba, son of Mufasa and Sarabi, King of the Pride Lands and Kiara's father. Cam Clarke provided his singing voice. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Simba.
Neve Campbell as Kiara, daughter of Simba and Nala. Liz Callaway provided adult Kiara's singing voice. Lianne Hughes served as the supervising animator for Kiara.

Michelle Horn voiced young Kiara, while Charity Sanoy provided her singing voice and Ashley Edner provided her lion growls.

Jason Marsden as Kovu, Zira's son and Nuka and Vitani's younger brother. Gene Miller provided Kovu's singing voice. Andrew Collins served as the supervising animator for Kovu.

Ryan O'Donohue provided the voice of young Kovu.

Suzanne Pleshette as Zira, the leader of the Outsiders, Scar's most loyal follower and the mother of Nuka, Vitani, and Kovu. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Zira.
Moira Kelly as Nala, Queen of the Pride Lands, Simba's mate and Kiara's mother. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Nala.
Andy Dick as Nuka, Zira's son, Vitani and Kovu's older brother and the oldest male of Zira's family. Ian Harrowell served as the supervising animator for Nuka.
Nathan Lane as Timon, a wise-cracking and self-absorbed yet somewhat loyal meerkat who is Pumbaa and Simba's best friend. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Timon.
Ernie Sabella as Pumbaa, a naïve warthog who suffers from flatulence and is Timon's and Simba's best friend. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Pumbaa.
Robert Guillaume as Rafiki, the mandrill shaman of The Pride Lands. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Rafiki.
Jennifer Lien as Vitani, Zira's daughter and Nuka and Kovu's sister. Kevin Peaty served as the supervising animator for Vitani.

Lacey Chabert voiced young Vitani while Crysta Macalush provided her singing voice.

Edward Hibbert as Zazu, a hornbill who serves as the king's majordomo. Bob Baxter served as the supervising animator for Zazu.
James Earl Jones as Mufasa, Simba's father and the previous King of the Pride Lands.
Jim Cummings as Scar, Mufasa's younger brother, Simba's uncle and Kiara's great-uncle, who appears in a brief cameo.

text: Production[edit]

text: Discussion began about the possibility of a sequel to The Lion King before the first film even hit theaters.[1] In January 1995, it was reported that a Lion King sequel was to be released "in the next twelve months".[2] However, it was delayed, and then it was reported in May 1996 that it would be released in "early next year" of 1997.[3] By 1996, producer Jeannine Roussel and director Darrell Rooney signed on board to produce and direct the sequel.[4] In August 1996, Cheech Marin reported that he would reprise his role as Banzai the Hyena from the first film, but the character was ultimately cut from the sequel.[5] In December 1996, Matthew Broderick was confirmed to be returning as Simba while his wife, Sarah Jessica Parker, and Jennifer Aniston were in talks to voice Aisha, Simba's daughter. Andy Dick was also confirmed to have signed on to voice Nunka, the son of Scar, who attempts to romance Aisha.[6] Ultimately, the character was renamed Kiara, and voiced by Neve Campbell.[7] Nunka was renamed Kovu, and voiced by Jason Marsden.[8] Then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner urged for Kovu's relationship to Scar to be changed during production as being Scar's son would make him Kiara's first cousin once-removed. According to Rooney, the final draft gradually became a variation of Romeo and Juliet. "It's the biggest love story we have," he explained. "The difference is that you understand the position of the parents in this film in a way you never did in the Shakespeare play."[9] Because none of the original animators were involved in the production, the majority of the animation was done by Walt Disney Television Animation's studio in Sydney, Australia. However, all storyboarding and pre-production work was done at the Feature Animation studio in Burbank, California.[9] By March 1998, Disney confirmed the sequel would be released on October 27, 1998.[10]

text: Release[edit]

text: Coincided with its direct-to-video release, Simba's Pride was accompanied with a promotional campaign which included tie-ins with McDonald's, Mattel, and Lever 2000.[11][12][13] Unlike the North American release, Simba's Pride was theatrically released in European and Latin American countries in spring 1999.[14][15]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released on VHS in the United States on October 27, 1998 and on DVD as a limited issue on November 23, 1999. The DVD release featured the film in a letterboxed 1.66:1 aspect ratio, the trailer for the movie, and a music video of "Love Will Find A Way" performed by Heather Headley and Kenny Lattimore.[16] In 1998, Disney believed that The Lion King II: Simba's Pride would be so popular that it shipped 13 million copies to stores for the October 27 release date.[17] In March 2001, it was reported that in its first three days, 3.5 million VHS copies were sold, and ultimately about thirteen million copies were sold.[18] In September 2001, it was reported that Simba's Pride had sold more than 15 million copies.[19] Overall, consumer spending on The Lion King II: Simba's Pride accumulated about $300 million — roughly the same figure of its predecessor's theatrical release at that time,[20] and continues to be one of the top-selling direct-to-video releases of all time, with $464.5 million worldwide in sales and rentals.[21]

text: On August 31, 2004, the film was re-released on VHS and a 2-Disc Special Edition DVD. The DVD edition featured optional pop-up informational commentary, interactive games (the "Virtual Safari") featuring Timon, Pumbaa and Rafiki, five humorous "Find Out Why" shorts, an animated short based on Lebo M's "One By One", and a "Proud of Simba's Pride" featurette.[22] The Special Edition version featured changes made to the film such as Kovu in the water being inexplicably re-animated as well as other alterations.[16] A DVD boxed set of the three The Lion King films (in two-disc Special Edition formats) was released on December 6, 2004. In January 2005, the film, along with the sequels, went back into moratorium.[23]

text: On October 4, 2011, Simba's Pride was included in an eight-disc box set trilogy set with the other two films.[24] The Blu-ray edition for the film was released as a separate version on March 6, 2012.[25] The Blu-ray edition has three different versions, a 2-disc Blu-ray/DVD combo pack, a 1-disc edition, and a digital download. The Blu-ray edition has also been attached with a new Timon & Pumbaa short, in which the two friends gaze at the night sky as the star constellations resemble their favorite meal, insects.[25]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the film an approval rating of 33% based on six reviews with an average score of 5.6/10.[26]

text: Siskel & Ebert gave the film a "two-thumbs up" and said it was a "satisfactory sequel to one of the most popular films of all time, The Lion King". However, they also said it was best that it went to video, citing that the music was lacking and not remotely equal to the original's soundtrack.[27] TV Guide gave the film 2½ stars out of four, claiming that, despite being of slightly higher quality than Disney's previous direct-to-video animated sequels, "comes nowhere near the level of its big-screen predecessor", either musically or artistically. The review later went on to say that "Though most of the original characters and their voices are back, they all sound bored, apart from the zesty addition of Suzanne Pleshette as the scheming Zira. The overall result is OK for kids, who will enjoy the low humor provided by the comical meerkat Timon and the flatulent warthog Pumbaa, but it could have been so much better."[28]

text: Writing for Variety, Joe Leydon commented in his review "In marked contrast to most of the studio's small screen sequels to bigscreen animated hits, the new pic isn't merely kids' stuff. Not unlike its predecessor, Lion King II has enough across-the-board appeal to entertain viewers of all ages."[29] Caryn James of The New York Times concluded her review with "It's the rare sequel that matches the creative flair of an original, of course. The Lion King II may be derivative, but it is also winning on its own."[8]

text: Entertainment Weekly critic Stephen Witty, who graded the sequel a C+, wrote, "Despite its drawbacks, The Lion King II could make a decent rental for undemanding under-7 fans of the original, who won't be overburdened by the psychodrama. For true believers who've already watched and rewound their copies to shreds, it might even make a good buy. And for them, hey, hakuna matata. But for the rest of us, caveat emptor might be a better motto."[30] James Plath of Movie Metropolis gave the film 6/10, saying that, "Simply put, we've seen it all before."[31] Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed derided, "the sequel is as predictable a sequel as can be. It takes from The Fox and the Hound with shades of Romeo and Juliet and side steps the interesting Simba in favor of his bland daughter Kiara, and Timon and Pumba [sic]."[32]

text: Music[edit]

text: Songs[edit]

text: The songwriters were Marty Panzer, Tom Snow, Kevin Quinn, Randy Petersen, Mark Mancina, Jay Rifkin, Lebo M, Jack Feldman, Scott Warrender, and Joss Whedon.

text:
"He Lives in You" – Sung by Lebo M and his African choir. This song represents Kiara's birth and is the equivalent of "Circle of Life". The song is a reference to when Rafiki told Simba in the first film that Mufasa "lives" in him. Also appears in the Broadway version of the first film. The end title is performed by Tina Turner.
"We Are One" – Sung by Cam Clarke and Charity Sanoy. Following Kiara's encounter with Kovu and Zira in which she endangers herself, Simba explains how important she is to the pride and that the pride is one.
"My Lullaby" – Sung by Suzanne Pleshette, Andy Dick, and Crysta Macalush. Zira's lullaby to Kovu, which outlines her plot for him to kill Simba and how proud it would make her.
"Upendi" – Sung by Robert Guillaume, Liz Callaway, Gene Miller, and Ladysmith Black Mambazo. Rafiki's song to Kiara and Kovu about love, friendship, and happiness. Sung by Rafiki and his animal friends.
"One of Us" – Sung following Kovu being exiled by Simba after he accuses Kovu of betraying him. This was the first time the animals other than lions outside of the main characters (excluding The Lion King 1½) have been seen talking.
"Love Will Find a Way" – Sung by Liz Callaway and Gene Miller. A romantic love song that includes of Kiara and Kovu's first encounter following Kovu's banishment. The pair concludes that their mutual feelings for each other are too strong and true for their differences to keep them apart. The end title version is performed by R&B artists Kenny Lattimore and Heather Headley.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: An audio CD entitled Return to Pride Rock: Songs Inspired by Disney's The Lion King II: Simba's Pride was released on September 8, 1998. Although not promoted as a soundtrack to the film, it contained all the songs from the film and some additional songs inspired by it by Lebo M.

text: Related television series[edit]

text: In January 2016, a television series titled The Lion Guard began airing on Disney Junior, following a television pilot film The Lion Guard: Return of the Roar in November 2015. The series takes place during the years in-between Kiara's first meeting with Kovu as a cub and her first hunt as a young adult.[33] It focuses on Kiara's younger brother Kion who as second-born, becomes leader of The Lion Guard, a group who protect the Pride Lands and defend the Circle of Life.

text: Kovu, Nuka, Vitani and Zira appeared in the season one episode "Lions of the Outlands".


document_title: Angel of the North

question_text: when did the angel of the north get built

text: Angel of the North

text: Concept[edit]

text: According to Gormley, the significance of an angel was three-fold: first, to signify that beneath the site of its construction, coal miners worked for two centuries; second, to grasp the transition from an industrial to an information age, and third, to serve as a focus for our evolving hopes and fears.[2]

text: Construction[edit]

text: Work began on the project in 1994, and cost £800,000.[5] Most of the project funding was provided by the National Lottery. The Angel was installed on 15 February 1998.[6]

text: Due to its exposed location, the sculpture was built to withstand winds of over 100 mph (160 km/h). Thus, foundations containing 600 tonnes (590 long tons; 660 short tons) of concrete anchor the sculpture to rock 70 feet (21 m) below. The sculpture was built at Hartlepool Steel Fabrications Ltd using COR-TEN weather-resistant steel. It was made in three parts—with the body weighing 100 tonnes (98 long tons; 110 short tons) and two wings weighing 50 tonnes (49 long tons; 55 short tons) each—then brought to its site by road. The components were transported in convoy—the body on a 48-wheel trailer—from their construction site in Hartlepool, up the A19 road to the installation site 28 miles (45 km) away; the nighttime journey took five hours and attracted large crowds.[6][7]

text: The Angel aroused some controversy in British newspapers, at first, including a "Gateshead stop the statue" campaign, while local councillor Martin Callanan was especially strong in his opposition. However, it has since been considered to be a landmark for North East England[6][8] and has been listed by one organisation as an "Icon of England".[9] It has often been used in film and television to represent Tyneside, as are other local landmarks such as the Tyne Bridge and the Gateshead Millennium Bridge.

text: The sculpture is also humorously known by some local people as the "Gateshead Flasher", because of its location and appearance.[10]

text: Maquettes[edit]

text: Several maquettes were produced during the development stage of the project.[11] A life-size model from which the sculpture was created was sold at auction for £2.28 million in July 2008.[12] An additional bronze maquette used in fundraising in the 1990s, owned by Gateshead Council, was valued at £1 million on the BBC show Antiques Roadshow on 16 November 2008—the most valuable item ever appraised on the programme.[11][13] In 2011 German fashion designer Wolfgang Joop sold his life-size maquette (previously kept in the garden of his mansion in Potsdam, Germany) at an auction at Christie's in London for £3.4 million to an anonymous bidder.[14][15] Another maquette was donated to the National Gallery of Australia in 2009, and stands in its Sculpture Garden.[16]

text: Other projects[edit]

text: Inspired by the Angel of the North, several similar projects have been proposed. The Angel of the South title has been given by some to the Willow Man, which sits to the side of the M5 in Somerset, while a project, informally named the Angel of the South, has been proposed in Ebbsfleet, Kent. The sculpture Brick Man (also by Gormley) was proposed for the Holbeck area of Leeds.

text: Photo gallery[edit]

text:
Detail of the Angel's body

Rear view of Angel of the North (man-size maquette) at the National Gallery of Australia

A Lego model of Angel of the North in Miniland