document_title: Joe Turner's Come and Gone

question_text: what does zonia receive from reuben in the play

text: Joe Turner's Come and Gone

text: Title[edit]

text: The original working title of the play was Mill Hand's Lunch Bucket, the title of a painting by Romare Bearden.[1] The title Joe Turner's Come and Gone is a line from the refrain of "Joe Turner", an early blues song.[2]

text: Contextual information[edit]

text: Joe Turner's Come and Gone is the second in a series of August Wilson's The Century Cycle, which chronicled the struggles and lives of African Americans in the 20th century. Joe Turner's Come and Gone is set in the second decade of the 20th century and chronicles the lives of a few freed former enslaved African Americans in the North and deals with the conflicts of racism and discrimination.

text: Plot synopsis[edit]

text: Act One[edit]

text: Scene one - Set in the 1910s, the audience is introduced to Seth Holly's boardinghouse, where Seth and his wife Bertha are in the kitchen watching Bynum in the backyard. Seth is complaining to Bertha about Bynum's strange spiritual activities. Bertha tells Seth to let him be as he isn’t bothering anyone. They also talk about Jeremy, a young man staying in the boardinghouse, getting arrested the night before for supposedly being drunk in public. Seth then has a monologue about the poor situation that the freed slaves are in after traveling up North. He worries that the African Americans are too naïve and that all the promises of jobs in the North will be taken by the poor white Americans. Then Rutherford Selig, the People Finder, comes to order dustpans from Seth, a maker of pots and pans. Then Bynum talks about an adventure that he once took up river where he found the "shiny man", a man he found on the road that offered to explain to him the Secret of Life. He had a spiritual encounter with the man, and sees the ghost of his father, telling him to find his song in life. His song, he later explains, is the Binding Song, which he uses to bind people to one another. Selig leaves and Jeremy enters, and after getting a scolding from Seth, he tells him that the white cops came and picked him up for no reason and that he was, in fact, not drunk at all. Then Herald Loomis and his daughter Zonia enter, looking for a place to stay for the week. They reveal that he is looking for his wife, Martha. After Seth shows them to their room, Jeremy relates a story about his guitar-playing abilities and how he is wary of playing for white men or money because of a bad experience. Bynum convinces Jeremy to go down to a bar to play for some money. Seth confides in Bynum and Bertha his lack of confidence in Loomis, and thinks that he is a "mean looking" man and he doesn’t want to help him find his wife because of it. After this Mattie Campbell enters, looking for Bynum because she has heard that he can "fix things". Her man, Jack, has up and left her, but she wants him to come back. Bynum tells her that he can only bind people that wish to be bound; that she is better off just letting him find his own path in life. Jeremy intervenes and suggests that Mattie stays with him as to cure both of their loneliness. The scene ends with Zonia and Reuben, the little boy from next door. Reuben discloses Bynum's odd tendencies to Zonia and tells her a story about his friend Eugene that used to sell pigeons to Bynum so he could use their blood in his rituals.

text: Scene Two- It is a week later and the audience again finds Seth and Bertha eating breakfast in the kitchen. Seth is still worried about Loomis's intentions and doesn’t like the look of the man. He suspects that he knows who Loomis's wife is but won’t tell him because he is worried about what he will do once he finds her. Selig returns to the house to pick up the dustpans that Seth has made for him and Loomis pays him to try to find his wife because Bynum tells him that Selig is the People Finder.

text: Scene Three- It is the next day and yet again we find Seth and Bertha in the kitchen. Seth is upset because he can’t find anyone to front him the money to make a new factory for making pots and pans. Then Bynum and Jeremy talk about the importance of being in love with a woman and how being with a woman is all a man needs in life. Then the last boarder enters, Molly Cunningham. She is also looking for a place to stay because she missed her train to Cincinnati. Jeremy takes a liking to Molly's appearance.

text: Scene Four- Again they are in the kitchen of the boarding house when the scene opens. The group has just finished eating dinner when Seth suggests they "juba"- an African style call and response song and dance. Herald Loomis enters and demands that they stop the singing. He goes into an episode where he talks in tongues and falls to the floor. He starts recalling a religious hallucination and Bynum has to calm him down and take him upstairs.

text: Act Two[edit]

text: Scene 1- Seth informs Loomis that he has to leave the boardinghouse because he thinks that Loomis was drunk when he had his episode. Seth tells him that he runs a respectable house and won’t put up with any shenanigans. Loomis and Zonia have until the next Saturday to leave the house. Bynum, Molly and Mattie are left in the kitchen where they talk about how children often follow in their parents’ footsteps. Molly asserts that she will never follow her father's path and that she will always be a strong, independent woman. Mattie leaves for Doc Goldblum's, where she cleans and irons for work. Jeremy returns to the house from work and reveals to Seth that he would not give a white foreman 50 cents to keep his job so he was fired. Seth thinks it was an idiotic choice because now he is out of a job and no longer makes $8 a week. Molly tells Jeremy that he could easily get his job back by simply returning to work. Jeremy then asks Molly to travel around with him because he needs a woman that is independent and knows what she wants. Molly agrees but refuses to return to the South.

text: Scene Two- Bynum and Seth are playing a game of dominoes and Bynum is singing a song about Joe Turner. Loomis asks Bynum to stop because he is uncomfortable with the song. Bynum reveals that he knew all along that Loomis was taken away by Joe Turner and that he needs to find his song in order to start his life again. Loomis relates his story to Bynum and Seth, telling them that he was taken by Joe Turner's men while trying to preach to some gambling African Americans. He spent seven years on Turner's chain gang and only survived by the thought of his wife and daughter. He tells them that after seven years he returned home to find that his wife had left and his daughter was living with her grandmother. The scene ends with Loomis being skeptical of Bynum and his voodoo abilities.

text: Scene Three- The scene opens with Bertha reassuring Mattie that she will find everything that she wants and needs in life and that she just has to be patient. The scene ends with Loomis telling Mattie that he's noticed her watching him and that he finds her attractive. He goes to touch her, however, but feels awkward and says "I done forgot how to touch".

text: Scene Four- It is the next morning and Zonia and Reuben are in the yard. Reuben tells Zonia that he has seen the ghost of Seth's mother earlier that morning and she made him keep his promise to Eugene and release the pigeons. They marvel at the idea that people could come back to life in the form of spirits. Reuben then asks Zonia if he can kiss her on the lips and she agrees. They decide that later in life they will find each other to get married.

text: Scene Five- In the final scene Loomis and Zonia leave the boardinghouse as it is Saturday. Bertha tells Mattie that all she needs in life is love and laughing- which they all start to do. Then Martha Pentecost [Loomis] enters with Selig looking for Loomis and Zonia. Loomis reenters with Zonia and he recounts the last decade of his life; his search for her and the heartache it has caused him. Martha tells him that she has moved on with her life because she couldn’t wait for him any longer. Martha also reveals that she had Bynum put a binding spell on her and Zonia and that is why they have come to find each other. Loomis goes into a rage and pulls out a knife. He denounces his Christian background and slashes his chest. The stage directions read "Having found his song, the song of self-sufficiency, fully resurrected, cleansed and given breath, free from any encumbrance other than the workings of his own heart and the bonds of the flesh, having accepted the responsibility for his own presence in the world, he is free to soar above the environs that weighed and pushed his spirit into terrifying contractions." He leaves and the play ends with Bynum yelling "Herald Loomis, you shining! You shining like new money!"

text: Character guide[edit]

text: Seth Holly- In his early fifties, Seth is owner of the boardinghouse and works as a craftsman.

text: Bertha Holly- Seth's wife of 25 years and five years his junior, Bertha runs the boardinghouse. She does all the cooking and cleaning, later with the aid of Zonia.

text: Bynum Walker- A "conjure" man staying with the Holly's at the boardinghouse, Bynum is in his sixties and is a freed slave from the south.

text: Rutherford Selig- The only white character in the play, Selig is a peddler who sells Seth's goods. Known as the "People Finder", Selig is from a family that first brought Africans across the Atlantic to become slaves. But now he unites people by recording the names and places of all the people he peddles to.

text: Jeremy Furlow- Another resident of the boardinghouse, Jeremy is a guitar-playing 25-year-old. He came to the North looking for a job and a way in life. He works construction, putting in the new road outside of town.

text: Herald Loomis- An odd man who dons an overcoat and hat in mid-August, Loomis is 32 and a displaced slave searching for his wife. He was forced to work for Joe Turner for seven years, which separated him from his wife and daughter. He works as a deacon for the Abundant Life Church and at times was possessed by spiritual beings.

text: Zonia Loomis- Herald's daughter, Zonia is described as a tall and skinny 11-year-old.

text: Mattie Campbell- Mattie is a 25-year-old girl who is disappointed with her position in life and is looking for love.

text: Rueben Mercer- Rueben is the Holly's next door neighbor and about Zonia's age.

text: Molly Cunningham- Molly is a good looking young woman of 26 who is strong and independent.

text: Martha Pentecost- Loomis' wife, Martha is about 28 and very religious and a member of the Evangelical church. She left the South and her daughter behind.

text: Joe Turner- While Turner does not make an actual appearance in the play, he is often referred to with the expectation that the audience is aware of who he is. Joe Turner, the brother of the governor of Tennessee, would kidnap black men and force them into labor on his chain gang for seven years.

text: Character analysis[edit]

text: Seth Holly - Born of free African-American parents in the North, He is set in his ways; never losing his composure and always running a respectable house. He even condemns other African Americans that do not follow this kind of lifestyle. He is economically very capitalistic and does whatever is necessary to stay afloat; including working night shifts and odd craftsman jobs he can pick up from Selig. He understands his world on a very literal level, and doesn’t aspire to become more than he is.[3]

text: Bertha Holly- As Seth's wife, She knows her place in the hierarchy of the boardinghouse, yet still has some say in the decision making and will often voice her opinion. A very loving mother to the boardinghouse family. In the end, she tells Mattie that the only two things you need in your life are love and laughter; the things that she has had faith in and have helped her get by.

text: Bynum Walker- Also comfortable with his identity as an African conjurer, Bynum is one of few characters that understands his own identity. Convinced of the fact that everyone has their own song, Bynum perpetuates the theme of identity and our constant search for it.[3]

text: Rutherford Selig- This suspicion of white peddler perpetuates the mistrust between the races in the North and histories repetition. Selig's identity is well enforced with the history of his ancestors and the professions that he and they chose.[3][4]

text: Jeremy Furlow- A generation younger than the Holly's, Jeremy represents a young generation without a purpose and trying to find its own identity as the first liberated slaves. Jeremy's "blues playing" character is classified as a suave, artist young man looking to make a quick buck and travel the nation. He is constantly seeking the attention of the women in his vicinity and tries to find the perfect girl for himself.[3]

text: Herald Loomis- Having been enslaved by Joe Turner for seven years, Loomis has completely lost his way in life. In the end he finds his song, an independent, self-sufficient song that he can sing proudly.[3]

text: Zonia Loomis- Like Reuben, Zonia represents the next innocent, malleable generation. There is a sense that history will repeat itself if the proceeding generation is not taught differently.[4]

text: Mattie Campbell- Originally seeking out Bynum at Seth's boardinghouse, Mattie ends up living there after Jeremy invites her to stay with him after her boyfriend, Jack, left her. In her desperate search for love, Mattie represents a naïve, inexperienced group of young freed slaves that have moved North in search of prosperity. Mattie requires a man to complete her identity, she is weak and subservient; what she would be used to as a Southern slave.[3]

text: Rueben Mercer- Reuben represents the repetitiveness of history. Even as an adolescent, Reuben is aware of his place in society, notices the spiritual differences of people around him, and decides at a very early age that he needs a woman that he can find in end to settle down with and marry. Many of the ideals that are seen in the adult characters of this play are instilled in Reuben and will repeat, the good and the bad, as he grows into adulthood.[4]

text: Molly Cunningham- Molly represents the opposite of Mattie. Molly is young, attractive, and independent. Unwilling to let herself be told what to do anymore, by anyone, Molly is convinced that she will never return to the South and refuses be associated with anything that her old life entailed.

text: Martha Pentecost- Like Molly, Martha is an independent African-American woman. She attempted to escape the racial persecution, but still finds it In the North. For strength, she rejects her African identity and turns to Christianity. She does what it takes to ensure her self-preservation and remains a strong, self-sufficient woman until the end.

text: Joe Turner- Joe Turner is more of a representational character in this play than a literal character. By illegally kidnapping freed and run away slaves, Turner represents the evil of the Southern, racist white man.[3][4] He is based on the person of Joe Turney, brother of Tennessee governor Peter Turney.[5] See pages 53f in "Conversations with August Wilson"[6] "Joe Turner was the brother of Pete Turner, who was the governor of Tennessee, who would press Negroes in peonage." Also, see W.C. Handy's autobiography, p. 145.[7] "It goes back to Joe Turney (also called Turner), brother of Pete Turney, one-time governor of Tennessee. Joe had the responsibility of taking Negro prisoners from Memphis to the penitentiary at Nashville. Sometimes he took them to the "farms" along the Mississippi. Their crimes when indeed there were any crimes, were usually very minor, the object of the arrests being to provide needed labor for spots along the river. As usual, the method was to set a stool-pigeon where he could start a game of craps. The bones would roll blissfully till the required number of laborers had been drawn into the circle. At that point the law would fall upon the poor devils, arrest as many as were needed for work, try them for gambling in a kangaroo court and then turn the culprits over to Joe Turney. That night, perhaps, there would be weeping and wailing among the dusky belles. If one of them chanced to ask a neighbor what had become of the sweet good man, she was likely to receive the pat reply, 'They tell me Joe Turner's come and gone.'"

text: Genre[edit]

text: The genre of Joe Turner's Come and Gone is a drama. According to David Rush a drama is "a serious play in which the universe is reduced in size (173)".[8] He also describes it as a "private struggle, family situation, or a character grappling with some form of social injustice or another". Joe Turner lives in the small world of the Holly's boardinghouse and examines the struggles of its residents. Rush also mentions that

text: "characters in drama don’t fall into easy categories; nor are there recurring plot patterns that we can identify… The plays are always hybrids therefore, the best way to approach them is to apply the criteria of the [classic tragedy, classic comedy, melodrama, and farce] and see what conclusions we can draw."[8]

text: Again, Joe Turner does not seem to fall into one singular genre, but is a collaborative of already existing ones.

text: Style[edit]

text: While there are some depictions of unrealistic events, such as Loomis's "possession" and Bynum's stories about his shining man and inner song, style of Joe Turner is based in realism. In a relatively simple definition of realism, David Rush describes it as

text: "a style that attempts to depict life on stage as it is actually lived by the members of the audience. It shows us so-called everyday events happening to people like us who live in a world like ours and tells its story in a way that makes it appear logical and believable (191).[8]

text: Joe Turner is exactly that, a linear story line with depictions of everyday life for the residents of the boardinghouse. While modern audiences can’t necessarily relate with all aspects of this culture, it is definitely plausible in the context of American history. Later Rush goes on to qualify realism by "three unities: time, place, and action (192)".[8] Again this play follows this definition of realism in that it is linear plot, remains in the place- the boardinghouse in Pittsburgh- and effectively tells the story of the few people that live in this house.

text: In a review of the Ethel Barrymore staging of the play, Clive Barnes comments on the language, idiom, and mix of naturalism and symbolism are beautifully staged and the cast is excellent at depicting the realistic play and develop it a heartrending climax.[9]

text: Language[edit]

text: Much like the style of the play, the language used in Joe Turner is realistic in nature and depicts that of the dialogue of the day. Each of the characters has a specific rhythm and speech pattern. The dialogue of the characters also reflects the accents that the characters would have had; like Seth's Pennsylvanian twang and Loomis's Southern drawl. And according to Anne Fleche, there is a lack of suspense or surprise in the dialogue and the comfort of the language of the characters encourages the theme of reoccurring, oppressing experiences.[4]

text: Theme/ideas[edit]

text: The major themes in Joe Turner's Come and Gone are identity, migration, and racial discrimination. These core themes are ones August Wilson tends to use in many of his plays. one[3][10][11]

text:
Identity: The most prominent theme in Joe Turner is the idea of identity. Each of the characters, whether or not they realize it, is looking for his or her identity as an American, African, man, woman, businessman, and/or artist. As Alen Nadel describes, "For each of the characters, that quest for humanity is for a form of completeness which their circumstances, and history, has denied them. It may be economic security or fair employment practices, or a mate, or a family. (96)" Just because the Civil War decided the emancipation of slaves did not mean that human rights for the freed slaves were guaranteed. African Americans had to fight to find an identity in a strange, hostile environment while trying to hold on to their African roots.
Migration: The shuffling of people after the emancipation of the slaves caused many social and cultural issues throughout the nation. Along with the freedom to move about came the idea that no matter your background, there would be somewhere in the country that you could get by economically, if not be successful.
Racial Discrimination: Even though there seems to be a promise of jobs and freedom in the North, it often seems as racially divided as the South. Jeremy runs into the most discrimination, although all of the characters feel the effects of intolerance. Not only does discrimination affect the residents of the boardinghouse, but there is an even deeper level of exploitation seen throughout the play. Selig gets paid to find people that he relocates, white police officers take Jeremy's money, as does the foreman at his job building the road, and Selig is always trying to get a better price out of Seth for his labor. Even though the Civil War has ended, the African Americans were still being treated as objects rather than human beings.

text: Spectacle[edit]

text: Most of the spectacle in Joe Turner's Come and Gone is related to the spirituality and religious qualities of the characters. Bynum is often performing what characters in the play refer to as voodoo activities. In the beginning of the play he is referred to as spilling the blood of the pigeons and has interesting, different good luck charms and untraditional remedies. Also when Loomis becomes possessed by the Holy Spirit at the end of act one requires some spectacular situations and portrayals. Along with this "possession" is the juba song that requires the singing and dancing that is "as African as possible" with Seth playing harmonica, Bynum singing and drumming, and Jeremy playing guitar.

text: However, most of the play isn’t much spectacle at all. Mostly it chronicles the everyday lives of the residents of the boardinghouse. Some critics of the play even criticize the length of the play and say the play had "little action and but scenes with people yelling at each other".[12] In this way the play structure follows the realism genre in that it depicts real life on stage, with everyday activities being performed; like cooking, cleaning, etc.

text: Music[edit]

text: Music within this community seems to be a pivotal social catalyst. Many of the character either play an instrument or sing; Seth plays the harmonica, Jeremy plays the guitar, and Zonia and Bynum both sing within the play. Zonia is heard at the end of the first scene of act one "singing and playing a game." This playground song is completely innocent in manner and talks about a young girl that often makes mistakes. This song is used to further Zonia's characterization by showing her as the most innocent character in the play. Jeremy plays the guitar, which also has a typical connotation connected with the character Jeremy portrays. He is the naïve, young character that is fresh to the world. Like his guitar, Jeremy is hip and often represents popular, youthful culture. Seth plays the harmonica during the juba that is performed onstage. The juba is described as:

text: "The Juba is reminiscent of the ring shouts of the African slaves. It is a call and response dance. Bynum sits at the table and drums. He calls the dance as other clap hands, shuffle, and stomp around the table. It should be as African as possible, with the performers working themselves up into a near frenzy. The words can be improvised, but should include some mention of the Holy Ghost."

text: This song is a way for the African Americans to relate with one another and continue their relationship with their heritage. Finally, Bynum is often seen and heard singing throughout the show. The first time he sings is to lighten the mood from the work they are doing. Then later he sings about Joe Turner kidnapping slaves and forcing them to work on his chain gang. Bynum's singing is a characterization of his wisdom and age. He seems to know a song for all occasions and characters. Not only does he physically sing on stage, Bynum's character also refers to "finding your song". Music is so important to this man that each person's soul and purpose in life is characterized by their song.[13]

text: Wilson has also been known to be greatly influenced by the blues music period. The title of the play, for instance, is a line from a blues song and the idea of stealing one's song is a great tragedy. Also, music also perpetuates the racial issues of the day as Jeremy is often shot down by white men for musical abilities.[14]

text: Sample production history[edit]

text: Joe Turner's Come and Gone was first produced in 1986 Yale Repertory Theatre.[15]

text: Later, for its press review, it opened on March 26, 1988, at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway in New York City, with the following cast:

text:
Seth Holly: Mel Winkler
Bertha Holly: L. Scott Caldwell
Bynum Walker: Ed Hall
Rutherford Selig: Raynor Scheine
Jeremy Furlow: Bo Rucker
Herald Loomis: Delroy Lindo
Zonia Loomis: Jamila Perry
Mattie Campbell: Kimberleigh Aarn
Reuben Mercer: Richard Parnell Habersham
Molly Cunningham: Kimberly Scott
Martha Pentecost: Angela Bassett

text: Director: Lloyd Richards

text: Set Design: Scott Bradley

text: Costume Design: Pamela Peterson

text: Lighting Design: Michael Giannitti

text: Musical Direction: Dwight Andrews

text: Production Stage Manager: Karen L. Carpenter

text: Stage Manager: Elliott Woodruff

text: Casting Consultants: Meg Simon/ Fran Kumin

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: 1988 New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award for Best Play

text:
1988 Drama Desk Award for Best Play
1988 Tony Award for Best Play


document_title: Multiplication sign

question_text: what is the multiplication sign on the computer

root

text: Multiplication sign

text: Uses[edit]

text: In mathematics, the symbol × has a number of uses, including

tag: p

text:
Multiplication of two scalar numbers, where it is read as "times" or "multiplied by"
Cross product of two vectors, where it is usually read as "cross"
Cartesian product of two sets, where it is usually read as "cross"
Geometric dimension of an object, such as noting that a room is 10 feet × 12 feet in area, where it is usually read as "by" (for example: "10 feet by 12 feet")
Dimensions of a matrix, where it is usually read as "by"

tag: ul

text: In biology, the multiplication sign is used in a botanical hybrid name, for instance Ceanothus papillosus × impressus (a hybrid between C. papillosus and C. impressus) or Crocosmia × crocosmiiflora (a hybrid between two other species of Crocosmia). However, the communication of these hybrid names with a standard non-multiplication "x" is common when the actual "×" symbol is not readily available.

text: The multiplication sign is also used by historians for an event between two dates. When employed between two dates, for example 1225 and 1232, 1225×1232 means "no earlier than 1225 and no later than 1232". It can also be used in a date range: 1225×1232–1278.[2]

text: History[edit]

text: The multiplication sign (×), often attributed to William Oughtred (who first used it in an appendix to the 1618 edition of John Napier's Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio), apparently had been in occasional use since the mid 16th century.[3]

text: Similar notations[edit]

text: The letter "x" is sometimes used in place of the multiplication sign. This is considered incorrect in mathematical writing.

text: In algebraic notation, widely used in mathematics, a multiplication symbol is usually omitted wherever it would not cause confusion: "a multiplied by b" can be written as ab or a b.

text: Other symbols can also be used to denote multiplication, often to reduce confusion between the multiplication sign × and the commonly used variable x. In many non-Anglophone countries, rather than ×, the primary symbol for multiplication is U+22C5 ⋅ dot operator, for which the interpunct · may be substituted as a more accessible character. This symbol is also used in mathematics wherever multiplication should be written explicitly, such as in "ab = a⋅2 for b = 2"; this usage is also seen in English-language texts. In some languages (especially Bulgarian[citation needed] and French[citation needed]) the use of full stop as a multiplication symbol, such as a.b, is common.

text: Historically, computer language syntax was restricted to the ASCII character set; in the absence of the × character, U+002A * Asterisk became the de facto standard notation of the multiplication operator in computing. This selection is still reflected in the standard numeric keypad, where the arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division are represented by the +, -, *, and / keys, respectively.

text: In computer software[edit]

text: The × symbol is listed in the Latin-1 Supplement character set and is U+00D7 × MULTIPLICATION SIGN (HTML × · ×) in Unicode.  It can be invoked in various operating systems as per the table below.

text: A monadic × symbol is used by the APL programming language to denote the sign function.

text: There is a similar character ⨯ at U+2A2F, but this is not always considered identical to U+00D7, as U+2A2F is intended to explicitly denote the cross product of two vectors.

text:
Mac OS X

in Character Palette, search for MULTIPLICATION SIGN[4][5]

HTML, SGML, XML

× and ×

Microsoft Windows

Alt Gr++
Alt+0215
Alt+0D7[6]

Unix-like

Ctrl+⇧ Shift+U00D7
Compose X X

OpenOffice.org

times

TeX

\times

Unicode

U+00D7

tag: table

text: Unicode[edit]

text: In Unicode, the basic character is U+00D7 × MULTIPLICATION SIGN (HTML × · ×)

text: Other variants are encoded:

text:
U+2297 ⊗ CIRCLED TIMES (HTML ⊗ · ⊗)
U+2715 ✕ MULTIPLICATION X (HTML ✕)
U+2716 ✖ HEAVY MULTIPLICATION X (HTML ✖)
U+2A09 ⨉ N-ARY TIMES OPERATOR (HTML ⨉)
U+2A2F ⨯ VECTOR OR CROSS PRODUCT (HTML ⨯)
U+2A30 ⨰ MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH DOT ABOVE (HTML ⨰)
U+2A31 ⨱ MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH UNDERBAR (HTML ⨱)
U+2A34 ⨴ MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN LEFT HALF CIRCLE (HTML ⨴)
U+2A35 ⨵ MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN RIGHT HALF CIRCLE (HTML ⨵)
U+2A36 ⨶ CIRCLED MULTIPLICATION SIGN WITH CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT (HTML ⨶)
U+2A37 ⨷ MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN DOUBLE CIRCLE (HTML ⨷)
U+2A3B ⨻ MULTIPLICATION SIGN IN TRIANGLE (HTML ⨻)
U+2AC1 ⫁ SUBSET WITH MULTIPLICATION SIGN BELOW (HTML ⫁)
U+2AC2 ⫂ SUPERSET WITH MULTIPLICATION SIGN BELOW (HTML ⫂)


document_title: List of British monarchs

question_text: kings and queens of england in the 1900s

text: List of British monarchs

text: House of Stuart (1707–1714)[edit]

text: Queen Anne had been Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland since 8 March 1702, and so became Queen of Great Britain upon the Union of England and Scotland.

text:
Name
Portrait
Arms
Birth
Marriages
Death
Claim
Ref.

Before the Acts of Union 1707
See List of English monarchs, List of Scottish monarchs, and List of Irish monarchs.

Anne
1 May 1707
–
1 August 1714
(7 years, 92 days)

6 February 1665
St James's Palace

Daughter of James II
and Anne Hyde
George of Denmark
St James's Palace
28 July 1683
No surviving children
1 August 1714
Kensington Palace
Aged 49
Daughter of James VII and II

Cognatic primogeniture

Bill of Rights 1689
[2]

text: House of Hanover (1714–1901)[edit]

text: The Hanoverian succession came about as a result of the Act of Settlement 1701, passed by the Parliament of England, which excluded "Papists" (i.e. Roman Catholics) from the succession. In return for access to the English plantations in North America and the West Indies, the Hanoverian succession and the Union were ratified by the Parliament of Scotland in 1707.

text: After the death of Anne with no living children, George Louis, the son of Sophia of Hanover—granddaughter of James I through his daughter Elizabeth—was the closest heir to the throne who was not Catholic.[i]

text:
Name
Portrait
Arms
Birth
Marriages
Death
Claim
Ref.

George I
George Louis
1 August 1714[a]
–
11 June 1727
(12 years, 315 days)

28 May 1660
Leineschloss

Son of Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg
and Sophia of Hanover
Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle
21 November 1682
2 children
11 June 1727
Osnabrück
Aged 67
Great-grandson of James VI and I

Act of Settlement

Eldest son of Sophia of Hanover
[3]

George II
George Augustus
11 June 1727[b]
–
25 October 1760
(33 years, 137 days)

30 October 1683
Herrenhausen

Son of George I
and Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle
Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach
22 August 1705
Herrenhausen
8 children
25 October 1760
Kensington Palace
Aged 76
Son of George I
[4]

George III
George William Frederick
25 October 1760[c]
–
29 January 1820
(59 years, 97 days)

4 June 1738
Norfolk House

Son of Prince Frederick
and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha
Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
St James's Palace
8 September 1761
15 children
29 January 1820
Windsor Castle
Aged 81
Grandson of George II
[5]

George IV
George Augustus Frederick
29 January 1820[d]
–
26 June 1830
(10 years, 149 days)

12 August 1762
St James's Palace

Son of George III
and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
(1) Maria Fitzherbert
Park Lane
15 September 1785
No verified children

(2) Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
St James's Palace
8 April 1795
1 daughter
26 June 1830
Windsor Castle
Aged 67
Son of George III
[6]

William IV
William Henry
26 June 1830[e]
–
20 June 1837
(6 years, 360 days)

21 August 1765
Buckingham Palace

Son of George III
and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen
Kew Palace
13 July 1818
2 daughters
20 June 1837
Windsor Castle
Aged 71
[7]

Victoria
Alexandrina Victoria
20 June 1837[f]
–
22 January 1901
(63 years, 217 days)

24 May 1819
Kensington Palace

Daughter of the Duke of Kent and Strathearn
and Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
St James's Palace
10 February 1840
9 children
22 January 1901
Osborne House
Aged 81
Granddaughter of George III
[8]

text: Houses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1901–1917) and Windsor (since 1917)[edit]

text: Due to his father Albert, Prince Consort, being of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward VII inaugurated a new royal house when he succeeded his mother Victoria, the last monarch of the House of Hanover, in 1901. George V changed its name in 1917, during the First World War, because of wartime anti-German sentiment in the country. The house name Windsor has since been used.

text:
Name
Portrait
Arms
Birth
Marriages
Death
Claim
Ref.

Edward VII
Albert Edward
22 January 1901[g]
–
6 May 1910
(9 years, 105 days)

9 November 1841
Buckingham Palace

Son of Victoria
and Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
Alexandra of Denmark
St George's Chapel
10 March 1863
6 children
6 May 1910
Buckingham Palace
Aged 68
Son of Victoria
[9]

George V
George Frederick Ernest Albert
6 May 1910[h]
–
20 January 1936
(25 years, 260 days)

3 June 1865
Marlborough House

Son of Edward VII
and Alexandra of Denmark
Mary of Teck
St James's Palace
6 July 1893
6 children
20 January 1936
Sandringham House
Aged 70
Son of Edward VII
[10]

Edward VIII
Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David
20 January 1936[i]
–
11 December 1936
(Abdicated after 326 days)

23 June 1894
White Lodge

Son of George V
and Mary of Teck
Wallis Simpson
Château de Candé
3 June 1937
No children
28 May 1972
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Aged 77
Son of George V
[11]

George VI
Albert Frederick Arthur George
11 December 1936[j]
–
6 February 1952
(15 years, 58 days)

14 December 1895
Sandringham House

Son of George V
and Mary of Teck
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Westminster Abbey
26 April 1923
2 daughters
6 February 1952
Sandringham House
Aged 56
[12]

Elizabeth II
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
6 February 1952[k]
–
Present
(66 years, 77 days)

21 April 1926
Mayfair

Daughter of George VI
and Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
Philip of Greece and Denmark
Westminster Abbey
20 November 1947
4 children
Living
Age 92
Daughter of George VI
[13]

text: Timeline of British monarchs[edit]


document_title: Nissan Xterra

question_text: when did they stop making the nissan xterra

text: Nissan Xterra

text: Introduction[edit]

text: The Xterra was introduced in North America in the 2000 model year (1999 calendar year) and marketed using the tagline Everything you need, nothing you don't.

text: The Xterra was not Nissan's first compact SUV: Nissan Japan had the Nissan Mistral, and the Nissan Rasheen, while Nissan Europe produced and sold the Terrano, a 2-door SUV sold from 1993 to 2006.

text: Nissan licensed the name "Xterra" from Hawaiian-based TEAM Unlimited LLC for an undisclosed amount of money. TEAM Unlimited owns the rights to the Xterra Triathlon as well as the former Lifeguard Challenges. This enabled TEAM Unlimited to grow the Xterra brand.

text: In August 2015, Nissan announced that the Xterra would cease production and the last Xterra would be sold in the fall of 2015. Nissan has no plans for a replacement or successor.[2][3]

text: First generation (WD22)[edit]

text:
First Generation (WD22)

Overview

Production
May 1999–2004 (North America and Brazil)
1999–2009 (Iran)
1999–present (China)

Designer
Diane Allen (1997)[4]

Body and chassis

Related
Nissan Frontier

Powertrain

Engine

Petrol engines:
2.4L KA24DE 143 hp (107 kW) I4
3.3L VG33E 170 hp (130 kW) V6
3.3L VG33E 180 hp (130 kW) V6
3.3L SC VG33ER 210 hp (160 kW) V6
Diesel engines:
2.8L TDI 4.07TCA 132 hp (98 kW) I4
2.8L TDI CRD 4.07TCE 140 hp (100 kW) I4

Transmission
4-speed automatic
5-speed manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,650 mm (104 in)

Length
4,522 mm (178.0 in)

Width
1,788 mm (70.4 in)

Height
2002–04 XE: 1,872 mm (73.7 in)
2002–04 SE 4WD: 1,884 mm (74.2 in)
2002–04 SE 2WD:1,889 mm (74.4 in)
2002–04 S/C 4WD: 1,834 mm (72.2 in)
2002–04 SC 2WD: 1,877 mm (73.9 in)
2000–01 XE: 1,872 mm (73.7 in)
2000–01 SE 4WD: 1,879 mm (74.0 in)
2000–01 SE 2WD: 1,869 mm (73.6 in)

text: During its first two years there were two trim levels, each with increasing content levels: Xterra XE and Xterra SE.

text: The Xterra featured a 143 hp (107 kW) KA24DE I4, 5-speed manual transmission, and steel wheels. It lacked step rails and roof rack.

text: The XE models were configured with several option packages combining the 170 horsepower 3.3 L VG33E V6 engine with either a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic transmission, as well as such features as roof rack, side step-rails, sun roof, and carpeted floor mats.

text: The SE featured standard equipment that was optional on an XE.

text: Canadian models from 1999 to 2004 were limited only to the VG33E V6, and only available with part-time 4WD.

text: Xterra was freshened for 2002 (July 2001 production) with a redesigned dash and center console, improved powertrain, and new front end styling. The 3.3L VG33E V6 was upgraded to 180 hp (134 kW) and a 210 hp (157 kW) supercharged VG33ER option was carried over from the 2001 Nissan Frontier, with 246 lb·ft (334 N·m) of torque for the automatic, and 231 lb·ft (313 N·m) of torque with 5-speed manual.

text: For 2003, new options became available, including side-curtain airbags and a tire pressure monitoring system. Audio systems were upgraded, the premium 6-disc, 4-speaker AM/FM/CD setup being replaced by a 6-speaker 300W Rockford Fosgate AM/FM/CD system with an 8-inch subwoofer that took up a small portion of the rear storage area. Although 2004 was the last year for this generation, some models were made as late as January 2005.

text: Second generation (N50)[edit]

text:
Second generation (N50)

Overview

Production
April 2004–2015

Model years
2005-2015

Body and chassis

Platform
Nissan F-Alpha platform

Related
Infiniti QX56
Nissan Armada
Nissan Frontier
Nissan Pathfinder
Nissan Titan

Powertrain

Engine
4.0 L VQ40DE 265 hp (198 kW) V6

Transmission
5-speed automatic
6-speed manual

Dimensions

Wheelbase
2,700 mm (110 in)

Length
4,539 mm (178.7 in)

Width
1,849 mm (72.8 in)

Height
1,902 mm (74.9 in)

text: Unveiled at the New York International Auto Show in 2004, the Xterra was redesigned for 2005 on the Nissan F-Alpha platform used by the Frontier, entering showrooms April 2004 for the 2005 model year. Offering a rear differential locker on the off-road model, the new model is larger in all dimensions than its predecessor. Utilizing Nissan's variable valve timing fitted 4.0 L VQ40DE engine, it produces 261 hp (195 kW).[5][6][7]

text: 2009 update[edit]

text: The Xterra received a facelift for 2009 (July 2008 production) with more options and colors, leather seats on SE models, and roof mounted lights on off-road models. The last year of the Nissan Xterra in Mexico was 2008, as the larger-but-cheaper unibody Nissan Rogue replaced in the product lineup. Reasons why the Xterra stopped sales in Mexico was for Nissan to free up room for the 2009 Suzuki Equator at the Smyrna plant, and also because of Nissan building fewer Xterras due to declining sales in the United States and Canada.[citation needed] After that, the Xterra is now mutually exclusive with the unibody X-Trail sold outside the United States and Canada. However, the X-Trail was sold in Canada from 2005 to 2006 alongside the Xterra, but after the 2006 model year, Nissan replaced the X-Trail in Canada with the Rogue.

text: In 2012, production was moved from Smyrna, Tennessee, to Nissan's facility in Canton, Mississippi.

text: 2014 update[edit]

text: Changes include:

text:
An updated NissanConnect with a Navigation system with available NissanConnect Apps smartphone integration for iPhone and Android, allowing the user to connect with Pandora, iHeartRadio, Facebook and more.
To the new app integration, the NissanConnect with Navigation system's capabilities now include SiriusXM Traffic, SiriusXM Travel Link (fuel prices, movie times, stock updates and weather), SiriusXM Weather (SiriusXM subscription required, sold separately), Streaming Audio via Bluetooth, Hands-free Text Messaging Assistant and audio voice recognition.
New 16-inch aluminum-alloy wheel designs for the S and PRO-4X grades
standard Bluetooth Hands-free Phone System, steering wheel audio controls and sunglass holder (overhead console) on all grade levels;
push-type HVAC controls and upgraded audio system added to X grade;
addition of heated front seats on PRO-4X (standard cloth, available leather-appointed seats);
new Hyper Silver paint added for the grille and underguard.

text: Early US models include X, S and PRO-4X, with a choice of 6-speed manual or 5-speed automatic transmissions, a choice of part-time 4-wheel drive or 2-wheel drive.[8][9]

text: Discontinuation[edit]

text: The Xterra was discontinued in the U.S. after the 2015 model year. Poor fuel economy, declining sales, and mandated upgrades to safety and emissions were cited as reasons.[10][11]

text: Awards and recognition[edit]

text:
2000 Motor Trend's Sport Utility of the Year
2000 North American Truck of the Year
2000 New England Motor Press Association's Winter Vehicle Award of New England for Best in Class – Mini Sport Utility
2001 Named Top Car by AAA New Car and Truck Buying Guide
2005 Named on the Automobile Magazine's 50 Great New Cars list
2006 Nominated as North American Truck of the Year
2006 Motor Trend's Sport Utility of the Year
2006 Motor Trend's Truck Trend's Best Little-Guy SUV Award
2006 Car and Driver Rock-Hopper SUV Winner.[12]
2006 4×4 of the Year award from Peterson's 4-Wheel and Off-Road magazine.
2006 Edmunds.com Editor's Most Wanted Vehicle
2009 4Wheeler Magazine's SUV of the Year
2010 Xterra received the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's highest Side-impact Safety Rating (five stars).

text: Production outside of North America[edit]

text: All Nissan-produced Xterras manufactured outside the U.S. were built in São José dos Pinhais, Brazil until 2007. (Nissan ceased Brazilian production entirely in 2007.) It is built under license by Pars Khodro in Iran as the Nissan Roniz, and in China by Zhengzhou Nissan Automobile as the (Japanese: Nissan Paladin) since 2003. The Paladin uses the same chassis and running gear as the first generation Nissan Xterra, and the 2.4L KA24DE engine mated to a 5-speed manual transmission. The front end is from the local Pickup. (The second generation Xterra model is only available in North America.)

text: Dongfeng Motors produces a Chinese version of the Xterra called the Oting. It is based on the first generation of the Xterra.


document_title: Sue Ane Langdon

question_text: who played the nurse on andy griffith show

text: Sue Ane Langdon

text: Biography[edit]

text: Early life[edit]

text: Langdon was born in Paterson, New Jersey to Albert G. Lookhoff (February 26, 1901 – May 1, 1938) and Grace (née Huddle; January 12, 1908 – November 21, 1980). Grace Lookhoff, an operatic soprano, studied music at Washington University in Saint Louis and Juilliard. Her opera performances, beginning with her New York debut in Lewisohn Stadium, included appearances with the Cleveland Orchestra, the Three Choirs Festival (Worcester, Massachusetts), the Coolidge Festival (Washington, D.C.), and the Saint Louis Municipal Opera. Grace's teaching career indicates a timeline of where her daughter grew up.

text:
1941–1947 – Instructor of Voice and director of the Vesper Choir, Coe College, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
1947–1951 – Instructor of Voice, Texas A&I, Kingsville

text: Sue Ane was enrolled at the University of North Texas. She was also briefly enrolled full-time at Idaho State University.[3]

text: Career[edit]

text: Langdon's film debut came in The Great Impostor (1961), starring Tony Curtis. Langdon went on to have leading roles in films such as The Rounders (1965), Hold On! (1966), A Guide for the Married Man (1967), A Man Called Dagger (1967), The Cheyenne Social Club (1970), and A Fine Madness (1966)[4] which led to her posing nude for Playboy magazine. In 1966, United Artists Pictures released Frankie and Johnny in which Langdon co-starred along with Elvis Presley, Donna Douglas and Harry Morgan. Her later films included The Evictors (1979), Without Warning (1980), Zapped! (1982), UHF (1989) and Zapped Again! (1990).

text: Langdon's first regular role on network series television came as the third actress to play Alice Kramden in Jackie Gleason's The Honeymooners sketches and shows. Preceded by Pert Kelton and Audrey Meadows and followed by Sheila MacRae and Meadows again, she shared a Life magazine cover with Gleason promoting his 1962 return to weekly variety television. A premature departure from the role following a brief four week run left her mark on the American Scene Magazine era of Gleason's career a small one at best. The press reported at the time "incompatible personality differences" between her and "The Great One". Four years later MacRae took over the role for the color, hour-long musical versions.[5]

text: Langdon was more frequently seen on the small screen in guest spot roles such as Kitty Marsh during the NBC portion (1959–1961) of Bachelor Father. The next year, she appeared twice on Rod Cameron's syndicated crime drama COronado 9. In 1961 she made her first of three appearances on Perry Mason as Rowena Leach in "The Case of the Crying Comedian". In 1962, she appeared as nurse Mary Simpson in an episode of CBS's The Andy Griffith Show. (Another actress, Julie Adams, also played Nurse Mary on the Griffith Show.) In another popular situation comedy, Langdon played a scatter-brained defendant on trial in a Dick Van Dyke Show episode called "One Angry Man."

text: Langdon made her second guest appearance on Perry Mason in 1964 as murder victim Bonnie in "The Case of the Scandalous Sculptor." Her third Perry Mason appearance was in the 1966 episode "The Case of the Avenging Angel" as Dorothy (Dotty) Merrill. Other guest appearances on TV programs included Gunsmoke, 77 Sunset Strip, Bourbon Street Beat, Room for One More, Mannix, Thriller, Bonanza, Ironside, McHale's Navy, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Banacek, The Wild Wild West, Hart to Hart, Three's Company, The Love Boat, Happy Days and as herself on Rowan and Martin's Laugh In.

text: She co-starred in two television series in the 1970s. Arnie, a sitcom starring actor Herschel Bernardi, debuted in 1970 and aired for two seasons on CBS. Langdon portrayed Lillian Nuvo, the wife of a loading dock Forman turned corporate executive, and won a Golden Globe award for her performance. Grandpa Goes to Washington, an NBC hour-long comedy starring veteran actor Jack Albertson, featured Langdon as Rosie Kelley, the daughter-in-law of an over-65 maverick United States Senator. Premiering in 1978 opposite Happy Days and Laverne and Shirley, the top-rated block of shows at the time, her third attempt at weekly episodic television lasted four months. A final stab at her own series came in the ABC comedy When the Whistle Blows. A 1980 mid-season replacement, Langdon played Darlene Ridgeway, the owner of a saloon frequented by local construction workers. Another rare 60-minute comedy, it lasted ten weeks.

text: Langdon was presented one of the Golden Boot Awards in 2003 for her contribution to television and cinema westerns.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Sue Ane Lookhoff married Jack Emrek (born Robert J. Hanusek; 1920–2010) on April 4, 1959 in Las Vegas, Nevada.[6] The couple remained married until his death on April 27, 2010 in Calabasas, California. They had no children. Emrek was a motion picture, stage and television director.[7]


document_title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)

question_text: where was the tv show in the heat of the night filmed

text: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the premiere episode, Philadelphia detective Virgil Tibbs has returned to his fictional home town of Sparta, Mississippi, for his mother's funeral. By virtue of his relationship with William Gillespie, the white police chief, fostered during a previous murder investigation in which he assisted, Tibbs is persuaded to remain in Sparta as chief of detectives. Gillespie wants him to be part of his effort to help overcome the local squad's reputation of being racist and underskilled. Although the team suffers friction over Tibbs' dissatisfaction with the department's limited resources and racial attitudes and Gillespie is annoyed at the detective's condescending suspicions about his home town, the two men prove highly effective in enforcing the law.

text: Tibbs takes a leave of absence, moving to Jackson, Mississippi, to complete his law degree on a compressed schedule. Upon his return to Sparta, he and his wife Althea have separated, and they later divorce. She moves back to Philadelphia with their twins to be near her parents. Through the hard work of Harriet Delong, Tibbs is able to retire and keep his city pension, although he was two months shy of the qualifying period. He begins practicing law when he accepts a position in Ben Taylor's law office. Rollins' final appearance on the series was February 2, 1994.

text: Meanwhile, the Sparta city council dismisses Gillespie. The council selects Hampton Forbes (Carl Weathers) to take Gillespie's place as police chief. Forbes is the town's first African American to serve in that position. Gillespie finds a new post of equivalent authority as county sheriff. The two senior police officials find that they get along in excellent fashion, in both professional and personal spheres.

text: Themes[edit]

text: The show dealt with a variety of issues, including racism, police brutality, hate crimes, drug abuse, alcoholism, rape, AIDS, misogyny, incest, child abuse, anti-Semitism, prostitution, government corruption, domestic violence, gambling, mental disorders, dysfunctional families, suicide, poverty, homophobia, and drunk driving.

text: Season-by-season overview[edit]

text: First season[edit]

text: The first season of the show was filmed in Hammond, Louisiana. This locale was selected by executive producer Juanita Bartlett to represent the small southern town of Sparta, Mississippi. Actually, the producers had difficulty finding filming locations that were usable, because other, more modern structures were close enough to be picked up in the images.[1] Eight episodes were filmed—the two-hour pilot movie and six regular one-hour episodes. The series premiered on March 6, 1988, with the season finale airing May 3, 1988.

text: Many conflicts arose between Juanita Bartlett and series star Carroll O'Connor over the writing of the series. At first, she allowed him to consult on the series per his contract. After the pilot, however, she ordered scripts from her writers. O'Connor described these as "recycled material from other crime shows". He was disappointed in the writing, feeling that the writers were taking big-city stories and imposing them on a small town. He believed that the key to this show's success was to express its small-town locale and characters through the stories.[2] Scripts would be given to him marked FINAL: NO REWRITES, but O'Connor often rewrote scripts anyway. This angered the production staff members, which felt they were burning up fax machines with the changes.[2] O'Connor described Bartlett as a very arrogant person.[1]

text: In the early episodes, there was an emphasis on grisly murders or other crimes, rather than the lives of the New South-era characters, for which the series later became known. Story lines included the pride of Sparta County getting her head bashed in, a man and his wife's distant cousin having an affair, the affair of a black man who was attempting to buy Sparta's newspaper, and a rich white woman ending up dead in the local newspaper plant after an argument between the woman and her husband. In the two-part episode "Blind Spot", a rich businessman and ex-friend of Tibbs, who stole a scholarship from him in high school, has promised to bring prosperity back to Sparta. But he is caught in a game of murder and drug dealing, using one of Sparta's richest mansions as his home base. The season closes with Scooter going with his uncle, Althea, and Virgil to discuss the possibility of having children.

text: Anne Marie Johnson, who played Althea, summed up what it was like to film the show in the little town of Hammond. She said, "My high school was bigger than this town".[citation needed]

text: Second season[edit]

text: Season two began airing in December 1988 due to a writers strike. The series had a new look and a new set of executive producers. On-location shooting was moved from Louisiana to Covington, Georgia. The season premiere was aired as a two-hour TV-movie, "Don't Look Back"; the plot revolved around a copycat murder of one that Gillespie had investigated 20 years earlier. It introduced two new regular characters—Joanne St. John (played by Lois Nettleton), the chief's sometime girlfriend and owner of the local diner, "The Magnolia Cafe"; and Officer Wilson Sweet (played by Geoffrey Thorne), fresh out of the Police Academy. This episode also introduced the first of several new recurring characters, including Doctor (or, "Doc") Robb, the county coroner (played by veteran actor Dan Biggers). The episode "The Creek" saw the introduction of the first new police character and the second prominent Georgia performer to claim a regular role on the series, "Officer Randy Goode" (1988–1993) played by Randall Franks, who was cast following the show's move to Covington, Georgia.

text: Plots in this season included a prominent citizen being murdered due to sexual abuse and incest in his family; Virgil's ex-partner and Althea's ex-lover (Michael Warren from Hill Street Blues) coming to visit for a reunion that no one would ever forget; Chief Gillespie's having to face his own bigoted past when he arrests a close friend (played by Ed Ames) (who is also the sheriff of the neighboring county) for committing a racially motivated murder; Bubba's getting caught up in a murderous love triangle; Althea's niece "Nicole" visiting, and with new friend "Bobby Skinner" (Bubba's nephew) stumbling upon criminal malfeasance in the episode "City Mouse Country Mouse". Mary Crosby and Judith Chapman stir up trouble when the sisters are implicated in their father's murder. It is truly a sibling rivalry with a murderous twist. A bitter strike leads to murder, but not all is as it seems when a new manager takes over Thail River Mill and drives the union to strike after only three months—it is snowing in Sparta and "Mississippi is Burning".

text: During the filming of the episode "Walkout", Carroll O'Connor began to experience fatigue. After being checked by the set doctor, it was discovered that he needed sextuple heart bypass surgery, due to years of heavy smoking. During the last four episodes of the season, Joe Don Baker was brought in as Tom Dugan, a replacement for Chief Gillespie, who was said to be away at a police training conference at Quantico. Dugan was appointed acting chief by Councilwoman White, but he was actually working undercover for the FBI in an attempt to stop the assassination of a civil rights preacher. The season finale titled "Missing" has the chief being kidnapped by two men in pig masks. Carroll O'Connor wanted the chief to be undergoing heart surgery in the story line, but the husband and wife producers came up with this story line instead. It was the final straw in a long line of complaints, and these producers were fired at the end of the season. Carroll O'Connor took over as executive producer for season three.[1]

text: Note: When Jeri Taylor and her husband decided to do the show, she was quoted as saying, "I was one of those in the '60's that was out marching for civil rights," and "I was one of those who thought the major work had all been done. When we (Taylor and her husband, Moessinger) decided to do the show, we took research trips to the South, and we saw that there had been an enormous amount of change. We came back with a renewed vigor but also with the realization that there is still a lot more to be done. There is still deeply entrenched racism. And addressing that became a much larger element in our thinking about the show."

text: "What makes race relations a constant in our show is the two lead characters—one is white and one is black," Moessinger said. "Whether they are angry at each other, whether they're happy or sad, we're showing the interaction of two men who are trying to do the best in life. If we never put one race issue into it, if we never said one word about it, the message is there because it's showing how people ought to interrelate, how they ought to work together, how they ought to get along."[3]

text: Third season[edit]

text: In the third season, Carroll O'Connor took complete control of the show, after firing husband and wife executive producing team David Moessinger and Jeri Taylor.

text: The third season saw a number of changes to the show. The character of Joanne St. John was eliminated to make room for councilwoman Harriet Delong. Althea grappled with the effects and aftermath of rape, after she was attacked and raped by the music teacher at Sparta High School. We learned that Parker was a Vietnam veteran. Dee Shaw joined the cast as officer Dee Sheppard.

text: In plot lines, Parker almost crosses the line between police ethics and love when he falls for Kate Morell and her daughter J.C.; a former boxer that used to run for the mob tries to blackmail them. The chief tries unsuccessfully to save him, telling Althea, "The FBI wants to buy what King Baylor knows before the mob kills him and the mob wants him dead before the FBI can buy him. It's that simple". Althea's reply is "Chief, I believe that is the coldest thing I have ever heard you say". There is a murder at a nursing home, and a race riot almost erupts when a white cab driver who got a black girl pregnant in The Bottoms is found dead with $1,500 missing. Gillespie and Tibbs take opposite sides in the case, creating some tense drama. Althea's girlfriend from high school visits from Philadelphia and quickly takes an interest in Officer Sweet, but things end tragically. The chief must save a young girl from being tried as an adult after she is charged with killing her parents and hiding their bodies.

text: In "First Girl", Gillespie hires Christine Rankin, Sparta PD's first female black officer. Her life is tragically cut short, making room for her replacement, Luanne Corbin, played by Crystal R. Fox. Luanne would remain a prominent character throughout the rest of the series, although Crystal Fox was listed in the ending credits as a guest star until season seven where she finally appeared in the opening credits.

text: In the two-part episode, "Citizen Trundel", written by O'Connor, Cynthia Deming, and William J. Royce, Harriet DeLong's sister Natalie is murdered by her secret lover, multimillionaire V.J Trundel. The situation causes Harriet a tremendous amount of grief, not only because of Natalie's murder, but because Gillespie and Tibbs are not able to implicate Trundel in the crime, much less charge him for it. In Part Two, it is shown that Norman Luft and Jessica Franks, two of Trundel's most trusted employees, facilitated not only Natalie's murder but the murder of the man they hired to kill her. Jessica is arrested, and Luft is apprehended attempting to leave Sparta by private plane with Trundel. Gillespie confronts Trundel with the knowledge that even though he has escaped a murder charge, he will still have to live with the burden of having his lover and the mother of his son, Eric Delong, murdered and having to live with the risk that Eric would one day confront him over it. Unable to bear the weight of his guilt, Trundel commits suicide by crashing the plane only minutes after taking off. This episode was of special significance to series costar Denise Nicholas. Ten years before, her real-life sister had been murdered and the culprit had never been caught. When Carroll O'Connor approached Denise about the story line, she had to write him a note explaining the situation. He offered to have her not appear in the episode but she chose to do so to bring closure for her and her family. Only Carroll O'Connor and director Leo Penn knew the truth during filming. This is the first episode in which we see Bill and Harriet's relationship begin to gel.[4]

text: Howard Rollins' drug and alcohol problems[edit]

text: During the second half of season 3, Howard Rollins took six weeks off when he entered a drug and alcohol rehab program to battle his addiction issues.[5] The episodes he missed included King's Ransom, Triangle, Hello in There, December Days, and An Angry Woman. MGM worked around his rehab schedule. Episodes were not necessarily aired in the order they were filmed, which explains why Tibbs was present one week and not the next. To explain his absence, he was said to be in New Orleans working for the FBI. He considered committing suicide shortly before Christmas 1989, prompting his stay in rehab.[5] Carroll O'Connor threatened to sue a tabloid which published a story saying that MGM and Carroll had fired Rollins for being absent from the set due to his problems.[5] Denise Nicholas, who played Harriet Delong, said "Carroll set the standard for loyalty. If he liked you, he really liked you and would be there for you" [TV Guide, July 2001].

text: Fourth season[edit]

text: Cynthia Deming and William J. Royce were made story editor(s).

text: The season begins with a two-hour movie titled "Brotherly Love" and the birth of Virgil and Althea's twins. William and Sarah Tibbs were welcomed into the world on September 18, 1990. While Althea is waiting to go into labor, Tibbs' friend from the Philadelphia Police Force is murdered, and Tibbs heads up to the "big city" to clear his friend's name, only to be framed for murder himself. It is now up to Chief Gillespie to find out the truth, clear Virgil's name, and make it home in time for the twins' birth. Other stories include a mild-mannered teacher being accused of child molestation, only to commit suicide due to inflammation from the press. In "Family Matters", Virgil's cousin is a suspect in a string of robberies. Virgil promises his Aunt Ruta that he wants to be a family again and that Ty will not get hurt. When the boy ends up shooting himself while fighting with Virgil for the gun used in the robberies, Ruta cuts herself off from the rest of the family. There is a Christmas clip show, a show about a bounty hunter, and a story line in which the Sparta P.D. has to save a wrongly convicted man from death row, among many other story lines.

text: Harriet DeLong's ex-husband Vic returns to Sparta plotting to rob his former employer in a revenge scheme. On a misty Sunday morning, three men shoot a security guard at the Lambry plant and steal a bundle of money waiting to be paid out on Monday morning. Harriet's son Eugene tries to assist his father and almost loses his life. The case brings Bill and Harriet closer together, while it drives a wedge between Harriet and Eugene. Eugene reminds his mother that "Aunt Natalie was killed by a white man", while Bill brushes off Eugene's fool notions about him and his mama for now. Virgil, on the other hand, is not buying it and can see the relationship between Bill and Harriet developing quite nicely.

text: The season closes with Althea close to a breakdown over the stress of Virgil's job on the police force after he is almost killed by a stray bullet which he does not tell her about. She is worried that her children will grow up without their father. She begs him to try something different. Chief Gillespie burns up the wires to get Virgil on his way to law school, and Althea apologizes for not being more understanding as she, Virgil, and Chief Gillespie share a glass of wine together.

text: Fifth season[edit]

text: The fifth season begins with the revelation that Chief Gillespie has a daughter by the name of Lana Farren, played by Christine Elise (formerly of Beverly Hills, 90210). The chief is now good friends with her mother, Georgia Farren, played by legendary actress Stella Stevens. Georgia Farren asks Bill to help her put some of her affairs in order and to keep all of her "boyfriends" as well as her ex-husband away from her assets, which she intends to leave to Lana. Bill immediately puts Ted Marcus on the case to assist Lana in obtaining the property meant to be given to her by her mother. In the meantime, Georgia returns to Gulfport and is murdered. The chief takes this very personally and sets out to find her killer, Ken Farren, who evidently learns that Bill Gillespie is Lana's real father. At the end of the episode, Lana finds out that Bill is her real father but does not want to have anything to do with him because of his nonexistence in her life for 20 years. This hurts Bill deeply, and he has a hard time dealing with it. Note: The character of Lana will not be seen again until the season six episode "Random's Child".

text: Other story lines include a taxidermist who is obsessed with a schoolteacher, a game of high-stakes poker that ends in murder, Bubba's finding out that Sheriff McComb's deputy is growing pot on the side, Sweet's finding out the truth about the murder of his grandfather in 1948 (a story based on the life of Medgar Evers), and a humorous episode in which a family reunion goes awry after the father returns to collect the money he stole in a bank robbery 15 years before, only to find out that the mother has remarried and spent a good portion of the money. Once the money is located, the insurance company wants it back, but Bill and Virgil keep the money as evidence—requiring the insurance company to sue the police department to recover the funds. In "Moseley's Lot", one brother wants the other dead after he drags two thugs from New Orleans home to Sparta. A once-promising family business is destroyed over drugs, money, and jealousy.

text: Season 5 sees the return of Virgil's Aunt Ruta in "Ruta's Awakening". Ruta is the only witness to a struggle that ends in the death of a young robbery suspect. Her prejudice against the police and against Virgil clouds her memory of the incident. But after visiting her son Tyrell in prison, whereupon he tells her that the shooting that left him hospitalized was not Virgil's fault, her memory of the incident returns, and the episode ends with Virgil and Ruta happily reconciled.

text: In "Sanctuary" and "The Law on Trial", Sheriff McComb has Gillespie and Tibbs brought up on charges after an escaped prisoner is given sanctuary in a monastery and the two don't arrest him when he refuses to give himself up. Althea fears that if Virgil is convicted, it will be the end of his career as a cop and will hinder his chances of being an attorney. Judge Simms presides over the case. The jury is not able to reach a verdict, and Gillespie and Tibbs are freed. Ted Marcus represents Gillespie and Tibbs in the trial, and Father DiMarco represents himself at trial. Father DiMarco's heartfelt summation to the jury contributes to the case being dismissed.

text: The conflict between Sheriff McComb and Chief Gillespie lingers on through several more episodes, and that conflict affects every crossover dealing with subsequent interactions between McComb's deputies and Gillespie's officers. It isn't until the arrival of Chief Hampton Forbes (Carl Weathers) that we see Sheriff McComb and Chief Gillespie as friends again.

text: The episode and the season end with Althea and Virgil celebrating Virgil's being able to attend law school while remaining on the payroll of the Sparta Police Department. Bill and Harriet spend the night together.

text: Sixth season[edit]

text: At the beginning of Season 6, In the Heat of the Night moved from NBC to CBS. Originally, CBS opted to pick up the series for only a set of six two-hour movies. However, it was eventually picked up for a full 22-episode order.

text: The first two episodes of the season see the affair between Gillespie and DeLong intensify, only to be interrupted by a crack war involving Eugene Glendon. Eugene is Harriet DeLong's son from her marriage to Vic Glendon, a convict who came back to Sparta to rob the mill and former workplace of his employer where a cop was murdered during the attempt to apprehend the robbers. Vic Glendon is later convicted and sent to death row at Parchman Prison.

text: Althea Tibbs witnesses the suicide of one of her students, Garth Watkins (played by Walton Goggins), causing her to suffer a near mental breakdown. Garth's girlfriend has long broken up with him and taken to older, married men, but Garth is still obsessed with her. Garth steals the boots and gun of his girlfriend's stepfather and travels to Pervis Lake and sits in wait for Megan Fowler (the girlfriend) and Lyle Ridley (the older married man) and fatally shoots Lyle while he and Megan are chasing each other outside the cabin that belongs to Lyle Ridley and his wife. Parker and Dee suffer the dreaded task of traveling to the Ridley residence to tell Mrs. Ridley that her husband was shot at their lake home and that he was with a 17-year-old girl.

text: Other highlights this season included the return of Luanne's brother (played by Designing Women's Meshach Taylor), a faded country music singer (played by Robert Goulet) who ends up committing murder; Bubba's being stalked by an obsessed admirer; Sweet's being falsely accused of accepting a bribe; and a two-part episode directed by Larry Hagman involving the white supremacy that still exists in the new South. In a two-part episode written by O'Connor and Cynthia Deming, titled "Even Nice People" and "Lake Winahatchie", the mob, led by their real estate connection Lewis Alvin Epp, tries to force Lana off her farmland, first by trying to buy it and then by torching it so that they can build the "Sparta South Development".

text: Howard Rollins' firing[edit]

text: Rollins was fired due to health reasons plus three outstanding warrants in Rockdale County and the city of Covington, GA.[6] He was replaced for season seven by Carl Weathers. Filming began on April 28, 1993. Rollins had not been seen on the set since January 1993, when season six wrapped. Despite numerous attempts by the media to contact Rollins, who was believed to be living in New York City, only series star Carroll O'Connor was in contact with Rollins during this period. It was hoped that Rollins would get his legal and personal issues resolved and return to the series full time, both to practice law and to assist the Sparta P.D. with cases, but this was not the case.

text: After season 6, Anne-Marie Johnson and Geoffrey Thorne left the series. Rollins would return occasionally as a guest star, while Johnson took a starring role on Fox's In Living Color. Thorne left to pursue a career as a novelist and screenwriter. Thorne's character simply vanished from the series without any explanation.

text: Seventh season[edit]

text: Season 7 began with Bill Gillespie being forced out of office and former Memphis, Tennessee Police Department Inspector Hampton Forbes hired as the new police chief. After nearly three decades on the Sparta police force, Gillespie does not receive a new contract from the city council because of his open relationship with Harriet DeLong. However, Gillespie is soon appointed as the acting Sheriff of Newton County when Nathan McComb suffers a heart attack and is too ill to continue his duties. Bill's first case as Sheriff is to solve the murder of one of the richest families in Sparta—the Barons. Wade Hatton, played by Stacy Keach, is a lawyer from New Orleans who has returned to his native Sparta to revisit his childhood memories and romance Sarah Hallisey. The prime suspect in the case is a 16-year-old black youth, played by Wayne Brady with an intellectual disability. Gillespie eventually solves the case with the help of Hatton, Hallisey, and Judge Cully—much to the dissatisfaction of District Attorney Darnell, who feels the prisoner is being treated in a privileged status due to his disability. Meanwhile, Chief Forbes is escorted on a driving tour of Sparta by Bubba Skinner and Officer Covey. Forbes gets to see both the finest street in town, along which Bubba indicates that he has solved many major crimes, as well as "The Bottoms". Chief Forbes soon realizes that Sparta is no different from Memphis, and he and Gillespie will need to work together to keep the town safe from the criminal elements. Howard Rollins returns in his new capacity as attorney Virgil Tibbs and assists on three of the Sparta PD's cases after having moved into Ben Taylor's law office.

text: Other cases involve a friend of Bubba Skinner's being given the AIDS virus from a lover who knew he had it, a nine-year-old little girl being killed because of a drunk driver (Hagman-directed), a young inter-racial couple being stalked by a white supremacist (Brent Lunay), first seen in the episode "Odessa", written by Denise Nicholas. Other cases include Parker's being accused of police brutality, and the return of Daddy Roy and Miz Rhoda. Both Anne Meara and Jerry Stiller make special guest appearances in two separate episodes. Gillespie must once again confront his racist past when a new synagogue moves into Sparta and the Rabbi detests Gillespie for being an anti-Semite back in the 1960s. This both angers and shocks Harriet. Lana Gillespie also makes one final appearance as Bill's daughter in the Hagman-directed episode "A Love Lost", in which he must protect her from a former boyfriend who is involved in a gun running scheme with someone in Sparta.

text: In the episode "Ches and the Grand Lady", Bobby Short reprises his role as the blues musician from "Sweet, Sweet Blues". The episode also guest stars Jean Simmons as the dying grand dame of Sparta who also happens to be Ches's old flame and the overbearing great-aunt of Lonnie Jamison. Another episode involves the return of Maybelle Chesboro (played by Elizabeth Ashley), the ex-madam. She has returned to operate a legal phone sex business. One of her employees tries to blackmail one of Holly Colmer's friends and ends up getting shot. Chesboro decides to give up working in the business for good, but not before visiting Gillespie and attempting to get romantic with him.

text: Finally, in "Dangerous Engagement", Gillespie and DeLong tie the knot at the same sanctuary involved in the sanctuary case from season five. Father DiMarco has since died, but the new Monk agrees to marry them. Chief Forbes serves as best man. In the meantime, a newspaper misprint makes Gillespie the target of an escaped killer from Texas whose father Sheriff McComb sent to death row. His son is now seeking revenge.

text: The season and the TV series wraps up with the two-hour movie of the week, "Give Me Your Life", starring Peter Fonda as Appfel. The story (by O'Connor and written by Cynthia Deming & William J Royce) is loosely based on the real-life drama unfolding in Waco, Texas with David Koresh and his followers.

text: TV movies[edit]

text: Four made-for-television movies were produced during the 1994-95 season. Once released on DVD, these movies combined were considered to be the eighth season of the show.[7] The movies were:

text:
A Matter of Justice
Who was Geli Bendl? (directed by Larry Hagman)
By Duty Bound
Grow Old Along with Me

text: Series co-star Hugh O'Connor committed suicide two months before the fourth film aired. When the film was broadcast in its original, two-hour format, a black screen was added in between the intro tag and the opening title; it read "In memory of Hugh O'Connor: 1962–1995".

text: Writing staff[edit]

text:
Carroll O'Connor (1989–95) as Matt Harris
Mark Rodgers (1989–90)
David Moessinger (1988–89)
Jeri Taylor (1988–89)
Edward Deblasio (1989–90)
Nancy Bond (1988–90)
William J Royce (1989–94)
Cynthia Deming (1990–94)
Robert Bielak (1990–91)
Mitch Schneider (1990–94)
Joe Gannon (1991–94)
Denise Nicholas (1992–95)
Terri Erwin (1989–91)
Bill Taub (1991)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Carroll O'Connor
Starred in the lead role of William O. "Bill" Gillespie. Gillespie was a tough but honorable small city police chief. At first somewhat resentful of Virgil Tibbs, Gillespie would later become very close to Virgil and the rest of the Tibbs family. It should be noted that their relationship in the TV series is much less adversarial than it is in the film version. For the first six seasons he was the chief of the Sparta Police Department until he was fired by the city council at the beginning of the 7th season. He would then become interim County Sheriff after the previous Sheriff became too ill to continue his duties. Gillespie would become the permanent Sheriff by the end of the series. Chief Gillespie was a World War 2 Veteran and identified himself as serving with a colored man in the 227th Military Police (it is assumed the 227th was a colored unit and Gillespie was the commanding officer). Gillespie had a penchant for wearing high-powered sidearms such as the Colt Python and later a brushed chrome Desert Eagle. Gillespie was married at one time to Anna, his Italian war bride whom he brought home from his WWII service in Italy. Anna became pregnant - both she and their son would die in childbirth. He also had an older daughter Lana, played by Christine Elise. Gillespie eventually fell in love with Harriett DeLong. Throughout the series run, O'Connor was one of the actors to appear in every episode of the series on both networks (NBC) and (CBS), with the exception of four shows near the end of the 1988-89 season that he missed while recovering from open heart surgery.

Howard Rollins
Starred in the lead role of Virgil Tibbs. Virgil had grown up in Sparta but later moved north and became a police detective in Philadelphia, PA. He would later return to Sparta after being offered a job as chief of detectives and the rank of Captain with the city police department. At first Tibbs and Gillespie butted heads, but would soon become close friends - Gillespie even became Godfather to Virgil and Althea's twins. Tibbs also initially clashed with Bubba early in the series, but after helping Bubba clear his name during a case where he was falsely accused of rape, they became good friends as well. Even though some city council members wanted to make him chief, Tibbs firmly rebuffed their offers, preferring to work with Gillespie. After continued legal problems, Rollins was dropped from the series in 1993, and Tibbs was written out of the series as having left the community following his graduation from law school and becoming an attorney in private practice. Rollins would return as a guest star several times during the 7th season in his new profession, attorney at law.

Alan Autry
Played Virgil Lawrence "Bubba" Skinner. At first Bubba was something of a redneck. Intimidating and physically powerful, he was never afraid to use force when needed, but despite his rough exterior, he was a good man deep down. He was also a sort of ladies' man around Sparta, as he always seemed to have a new girlfriend. He was known to turn female heads - including that of Althea Tibbs who refers to him as a "hunk." Bubba was deeply resentful of Virgil's presence on the police force at first, clashing with him on several occasions. He eventually became close friends with the Tibbs family, particularly after Virgil helped clear his name in a false allegation of rape. As the series progresses, Bubba is shown to be a brave and honorable man who is more complex and intelligent than people give him credit for. Through the course of the series, Bubba became more racially tolerant, referring to bigots and racists as "knotheads." Bubba was also from a large family, and was shown several times during the series to be an expert shot with a rifle. When the Sparta police needed a sniper (such as when Captain Tibbs's wife Althea was taken hostage in the episode ".......And then you die,") it was Skinner who took the shot with a scoped rifle kept in the trunk of his squad car. Bubba carried a Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolver in his belt holster like most of the other Sparta police officers. In Season 1, Bubba's rank seemed to be patrolman but was never explicitly stated. By Season 2's premiere he was a Sergeant. Eventually he rose to the rank of Captain before Gillespie left the Sparta Police. In Season 5, it is revealed that Bubba's first and middle initials are V.L. Bubba also always wore "white socks" with his uniform. Bubba usually was the one who was asked to arrest the tougher suspects due to his large size and immense strength.

Anne-Marie Johnson
Starred as Virgil's wife, teacher and counselor Althea Tibbs. She starred in that role for six seasons. Althea's life in Sparta was difficult—she was raped at the beginning of the third season, and later suffered a mental breakdown after witnessing the suicide of one of her students. Althea did not reappear for the 7th season, and her character was written out as Althea had been separated from Virgil and moved back to Pennsylvania.

Lois Nettleton
Played Joanne St. John from 1988 to 1989. She was the owner of the Magnolia Cafe, a popular eatery in Sparta (as seen in the show's opening). After it was revealed that Joanne was once a prostitute, she eventually left Sparta.

David Hart
Played Parker Williams. He was a very perceptive character. He genuinely loved the people of Sparta whom he had sworn to serve and protect, and he often sensed when someone was hurting. Parker knew everybody in town and was able to get through to them because of his kindness. Parker generally sat behind the dispatcher's desk, handling the telephone and radio, although he also was assigned to patrol duty. In 1994, he rose to the rank of Senior Sergeant. Parker was a Vietnam veteran, as explained in the episode "My Name is Hank." As a comic relief, Parker always had a Mason jar of sweet tea on his desk, including when he was at the Tibbs's house for Christmas in the episode "Blessings." Parker can be seen holding his tea jar with a Christmas bow stuck on it.

Christian LeBlanc
Portrayed Junior Abernathy, a patrolman seen only during Season 1. Junior was a young and inexperienced policeman who often was chastised by Detective Tibbs or Chief Gillespie for not knowing proper police procedure. However, Junior often rose to the occasion to assist in arrests or at other incidents in Sparta.

Geoffrey Thorne
Joined the cast as Wilson Sweet in 1988. Aside from Tibbs, Sweet was one of the first black men to join the force. His ambition was to rise in the ranks of the Sparta police force and become Sparta's first black Police Chief - a part which was eventually played by Carl Weathers. The character disappeared in Season 7 after Thorne left the show and was never mentioned again.

Hugh O'Connor
Played the role of Lonnie Jamison, an officer and senior investigator on the Sparta police force. Lonnie eventually rose to the rank of Lieutenant and Acting Chief of Detectives. Lonnie was a very capable officer and took his job seriously. He usually had a serious and straightforward personality, with a dry humor that always fit the moment, and he was an amiable and friendly person overall. One of the many facets of Lonnie's character was fierce, never-give-up loyalty to his friends. A prime example of that loyalty occurred over several episodes as Lonnie's friendship with Harriet DeLong's son Eugene. Lonnie was Eugene's track team coach at Sparta High, and it was Lonnie Jamison who was able to get through to the young man when Eugene's father was being tried for murder, episode "No Other Road." Later, in "A Small War," when Eugene's friend was killed in a drive-by at a drug pusher's house, Lonnie tried to convince Eugene to talk about what he had witnessed. Eugene resisted, testing Lt. Jamison's patience, but when Eugene agreed to help the police identify the shooter, it was Lonnie who drove him up to Jackson. Actually, Lonnie let Eugene drive, and they took Jamison's Corvette. That scene was another example of Lonnie helping to get through to Eugene. Lonnie was a crack shot with a rifle and was often selected by Chief Gillespie to handle a situation requiring a long range rifle shot, as in episodes "My Name is Hank," "An Eye for An Eye," and "CrackDown." Along with Bubba, the Sparta Police had a very lethal sniper team.

Carl Weathers
Joined the cast in the final season as Police Chief Hampton Forbes. He was picked to lead the department after the controversial firing of Bill Gillespie. Forbes was the first black chief of the department and a 20-year veteran of the Memphis, TN, police department, serving in one of the four police districts in the city of Memphis. He retired from the MPD to become the new Police Chief in Sparta. Forbes became friends with Gillespie and often worked closely with him when Gillespie became county sheriff.

Crystal R. Fox
Played Luanne Corbin. After the first black woman to join the force, Officer Christine Rankin, died in the line of duty on her first day on the job, Corbin was recruited to take her place. Crystal was featured in the episode "Singin' the Blues," which gave her the opportunity to display her talent as a singer as well as a fine actress. Her beautiful singing voice was also featured in the episode "Odessa," where she sang the Gospel song "Jesus Savior, Pilot Me."

Denise Nicholas
Played Sparta City Council woman Harriet DeLong. Harriet's relationship with Chief Gillespie was deeply adversarial in the beginning, and the two clashed often when she first appeared on the show. But over the course of the series, Harriet saw Gillespie's softer, more caring side and began to think more fondly of him. By the time Denise Nicholas became a series regular, Harriet and Gillespie were becoming a couple, much to the disapproval of her son, Eugene. In the two-part episode, "Citizen Trundel," Harriet's sister, Natalie was the mistress of conniving businessman, V.J. Trundel, who later had her murdered. They had a son named Eric from their illicit affair, and Harriet eventually gained custody of him after Trundel committed suicide by deliberately crashing his private airplane after a confrontation about the murder with Gillespie. Emily Trundel, V.J.'s estranged widow, attempted to gain custody of Eric in the following season, but only succeeded in gaining visitation rights, something Harriet deeply opposed.

Randall Franks
Played Officer Randy Goode (1988–1993) Randy Goode began his work on the series as a partner to Wilson Sweet in "The Creek;" he soon began driving Chief Gillespie and Detective Tibbs around.

Harvey E. Lee Jr.
Played Officer Ken Covey. (Joined the show in the sixth season.)

Mark Johnson
Played Officer Luke Everett. (Joined the show in the sixth season.)

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role

Maureen Dowdell
Played Nurse Tracey Boggs, Bubba's girlfriend. Also played Nurse Jill and Lydia Kinsey.

Thom Gossom Jr.
Ted Marcus

Fran Bennett
Virgil's aunt Ruta Gibson

Karen Carlson
Sarah Hallisey

Rugg Williams
Eugene Glendon

Wallace Merck
Colmer

Christine Elise
Lana Farren - Gillespie's daughter by Georgia Farren as the result of a long-ago love affair. They had no relationship while Lana was growing up.

Adair Simon
Emily Trundel

Bob Penny
Alvin Epp

Scott Brian Higgs
Randy Calhoun

Wilbur Fitzgerald
Dist. Atty. Gerard Darnelle

Afemo Omilami
Jimmy Dawes

Burgess Meredith
Judge Cully

Stuart Culpepper
Judge Henry Sims

Joe Don Baker
Captain Tom Dugan - A retired Mississippi Highway Patrol police captain, Dugan appeared on the last four episodes of the second season. Baker was brought in as a stand-in for Carroll O'Connor while O'Connor was recovering from open heart surgery. Dugan was placed in the department by the FBI to uncover a plot by white supremacists to assassinate a civil rights leader. Dugan was murdered by these same white supremacists at the end of the second season. Dugan's godson, who had become involved with these people, later agreed to help the police.

Ron Culbreth
Sheriff Nathan McComb - the former county sheriff. Culbreth appeared on nine episodes as Sheriff McComb. In the 7th season, McComb became too ill to continue his duties, and Gillespie was appointed as acting sheriff in his place. Prior to his appearances as McComb, Culbreth also appeared on the episode Missing in another guest role.

Pat Hingle
Roy Eversole - Parker Williams' step-father. Hot tempered, Eversole had a great deal of difficulty maintaining steady employment. Eversole was once a murder suspect after getting into a heated argument with a former employer, who was subsequently found dead a short time later.

Tonea Stewart
Virgil's aunt Etta Kibby

Dee Shaw
Officer Dee Shepard

Jen Harper
Dr. Day

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: During the series' 7½-season run, many familiar, unfamiliar, and longtime character actors and actresses have made guest appearances, and others were newcomers who went on to become well-known. Some of those appearing in The Heat of the Night episodes were: Ed Ames, Frances Fisher, Rod Masterson, Mel Stewart, Denzel Washington, Nana Visitor, Gail O'Grady, Peter Fonda, Don Galloway, Corbin Bernsen, Dana Barron, Marco St. John, Larry Black, Ted Lange, Mickey Jones, Mitchell Laurance, Laura Johnson, Jordan Vaughn, Martha Byrne, Walton Goggins, Maury Covington, Earl Holliman, Michael Beck, Randy Brooks, Wayne Brady, Art Evans, Nicolas Cowan, Lou Walker, Alan Arbus, Robert Goulet, Bobby Short, Iman, William Sadler, Michael Spound, Bill McKinney, Lisa Pelikan, Mark Rolston, Jennifer Bassey, Marc Macaulay, Jean Simmons, Thomas Jefferson Bird, Vanessa Bell Calloway, J.D. Hall, John Davis Chandler, George C. Scott, Joe Senaca, Stephen Root, Bruce Kirby, Lisa Rieffel, Marla Gibbs, Ernest Lee Thomas, Ken Marshall, Laurence Fishburne, Josh Lucas (as Joshua Lucas), Ted Manson, Mariska Hargitay, Jason Beghe, Meshach Taylor, Francesco Quinn, Jeffrey Buckner Ford, Gary Anthony Williams, Richard McKenzie, Fred Thompson, Craig Shoemaker, Stephen Nichols, Stacy Keach, Mitchell Anderson, James Best, Sonny Shroyer, Michael Warren, Byron Cherry, Whitman Mayo, Ken Curtis, Louise Fletcher, Victor French, among many others. Future Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman stars, Helene Udy, William Shockley and Chad Allen made guest appearances. Future Desperate Housewives star Doug Savant and veteran actor Kevin McCarthy also made their guest appearances on the two-part pilot episode, as well as O. J. Simpson, who made a cameo appearance.

text: Broadcast history and ratings[edit]

text: The series debuted as a midseason replacement for the short-lived NBC series J.J. Starbuck, premiering on March 6, 1988. The series ran on the network until May 19, 1992, then was shown on CBS until its finale after an eighth season, on May 16, 1995.

text:
Season
Time
Rank
Rating
Viewers

1987–88
Tuesday at 9:00-10:00 PM on NBC
19
17.0
15,639,200

1988–89
18
17.3
15,564,900

1989–90
19
16.9
13,871,900

1990–91
21
14.9 (tied with Major Dad)
N/A

1991–92
Tuesday at 9:00-10:00 PM on NBC (October 1, 1991 - January 7, 1992)
Tuesday at 8:00-9:00 PM on NBC (January 14 - May 19, 1992)
30
13.1 (tied with The Golden Girls)
N/A

1992–93
Wednesday at 9:00-10:00 PM on CBS
46
N/A
10,630,000

1993–94
Thursday at 8:00-9:00 PM on CBS (September 16, 1993 - January 6, 1994)
Wednesday at 9:00-10:00 PM on CBS (January 12 - May 11, 1994)
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: On August 30, 2012, TGG Direct released the first season on DVD in Region 1 for the very first time.[8] The eighth and final season was released on June 11, 2013.[7]

text: On October 23, 2012, TGG Direct released an 8-disc best-of set entitled In the Heat of the Night - 24hr Television Marathon.[9]

text: TGG Direct released seasons 4 and 5 onto DVD on December 10, 2013. However, due to licensing issues, the following episodes are missing from the box set: Brotherly Love, Shine On Sparta Moon, Sweet, Sweet Blues, Sanctuary, Law On Trial.[10][11]

text: TGG Direct released seasons 2 & 3 in a single boxed set onto DVD on March 11, 2014. However, due to clearance issues, the following episodes are excluded from Season 2 and Season 3 Season 2 Excluded Episodes: The Family Secret, The Hammer and the Glove, A Trip Upstate, Intruders, Sister Sister, Walkout Season 3 Excluded Episodes: Fairest of Them All, Crackdown, Anniversary, My Name is Hank, King's Ransom, A Loss of Innocence, Home is Where the Heart Is, Indiscretions, Citizen Trundel Part 1 and Part 2

text: TGG Direct also released seasons 6 and 7 in individual boxed sets onto DVD on March 11, 2014. However, due to clearance issues, the following episode is excluded from Season 6: Random's Child and the following episodes are excluded from Season 7: Singin' The Blues, Every Man's Family, Maybelle Returns, Ches and the Grand Lady, Dangerous Engagement.

text: Locations[edit]

text: The television series also took place in a fictionalized version of Sparta, Mississippi. While there is a real Sparta, the version of Sparta shown on television is very different from the real town. For example, the TV Sparta is situated along Interstate 20, while the real town is nowhere near any interstate. During the first season, Hammond, Louisiana was the site of the show's production. In the second season, the show was moved to Georgia, to an area east of Atlanta and it remained there for the rest of its run. The principal area of Sparta was in fact downtown Covington, Georgia. Rural scenes were filmed in a wide surrounding area, in the Georgia counties of Newton (where Covington is located), Rockdale, Walton, Morgan, and Jasper. Decatur in Dekalb County was used as a stand-in for an episode as the Mississippi Capital city of Jackson, and Atlanta itself was used in one episode, in which Bubba worked on a case there. In fact, during the series' run, many of the cast members had homes in the area and were often spotted in local restaurants and retail stores. The cast members would also go around to local schools to speak to students.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The theme song, "In the Heat of the Night," was recorded by Quincy Jones, and is usually paired with "They Call Me Mr. Tibbs" on albums. Bill Champlin of the band Chicago sang the opening theme song for the television series.

text: Randall Franks and Alan Autry co-produced the cast CD "Christmas Time's A Comin'" for Sonlite and MGM/UA featuring the entire cast and a host of music stars and it was released Christmas 1991 and 1992 and was among the top holiday recordings of those years around the South and Midwest.