document_title: List of stadiums by capacity

question_text: what's the biggest nfl stadium in the united states

question_tokens: what 's the biggest nfl stadium in the united states

root

text: List of stadiums by capacity

text: List criteria notes[edit]

text:
The capacity figures are standard, permanent total capacity, including both seating and any permanent standing areas, but excluding any temporary accommodation.
Incidental record attendance is not considered relevant. Only regular capacity counts; for attendance records, see List of sporting venues with a highest attendance of 100,000 or more.
Only stadiums with a capacity of 40,000 or more are included in this list.
Stadiums that are defunct or closed, or those that no longer serve as competitive sports venues (such as Strahov Stadium, which was the largest in the world and holds around 220,000 spectators), are not included. They are listed under List of closed stadiums by capacity.
An asterisk (*) indicates that the team plays only some (few) of its home matches at the venue, and may have another (primary) home ground.
Race tracks (such as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the Tokyo Racecourse) are not stadiums, and are not included here. For a list of all sports venues by capacity, see List of sports venues by capacity.
Capacities are taken whenever possible from the figure stated on the official website of the stadium, its tenants, or a sports event it has hosted

tag: ul

text: List[edit]

text:
Stadium
Capacity
City / State
Country
Tenant(s)
Main use(s)

Rungrado 1st of May Stadium
114,000[1]
Pyongyang
North Korea
Korea DPR national football team*
Association football, athletics, mass games

Michigan Stadium
107,601[2]
Ann Arbor, Michigan
United States
Michigan Wolverines football
American football

Beaver Stadium
106,572[3]
State College, Pennsylvania
United States
Penn State Nittany Lions football
American football

Ohio Stadium
104,944[4]
Columbus, Ohio
United States
Ohio State Buckeyes football
American football

Kyle Field
102,733[5]
College Station, Texas
United States
Texas A&M Aggies football
American football

Neyland Stadium
102,455[6]
Knoxville, Tennessee
United States
Tennessee Volunteers football
American football

Tiger Stadium
102,321[7]
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
United States
LSU Tigers football
American football

Bryant–Denny Stadium
101,821[8]
Tuscaloosa, Alabama
United States
Alabama Crimson Tide football
American football

Darrell K Royal–Texas Memorial Stadium
100,119[9]
Austin, Texas
United States
Texas Longhorns football
American football

Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)
100,024[10]
Melbourne
Australia
Victorian Bushrangers, Melbourne Stars, Melbourne Cricket Club, Richmond FC, Hawthorn FC, Collingwood FC, Melbourne FC, Australia national cricket team*
Cricket, Australian rules football

Camp Nou
99,354[11]
Barcelona
Spain
FC Barcelona
Association football

Soccer City
94,736[12]
Johannesburg
South Africa
South African national football team, Kaizer Chiefs F.C.
Association football

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
93,607[13]
Los Angeles
United States
USC Trojans football, Los Angeles Rams
American football

Sanford Stadium
92,746[14]
Athens, Georgia
United States
Georgia Bulldogs football
American football

Rose Bowl
92,542[15]
Pasadena, California
United States
UCLA Bruins football, Rose Bowl Game
American football

Cotton Bowl Stadium
92,100[16]
Dallas, Texas
United States
Dallas Independent School District
American football

Wembley Stadium
90,000
London
United Kingdom
England national football team
Association football, rugby league, American Football

Ben Hill Griffin Stadium
88,548[17]
Gainesville, Florida
United States
Florida Gators football
American football

Gelora Bung Karno Stadium
88,306[18]
Jakarta
Indonesia
Persija Jakarta, Indonesia national football team
Association football, athletics

Jordan–Hare Stadium
87,451[19]
Auburn, Alabama
United States
Auburn Tigers football
American football

Bukit Jalil National Stadium
87,411[20]
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Malaysia national football team
Association football, athletics

Estadio Azteca
87,000[21]
Mexico City
Mexico
Club América, Mexico national football team
Association football

Memorial Stadium
86,047[22]
Lincoln, Nebraska
United States
Nebraska Cornhuskers football
American football

Borg El Arab Stadium
86,000[23]
Alexandria
Egypt
Egypt national football team
Association football

Salt Lake Stadium
85,000[24]
Kolkata
India
India national football team*, East Bengal, Mohammedan, Mohun Bagan, United, ATK
Association football, athletics

Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium
84,389
Norman, Oklahoma
United States
Oklahoma Sooners football
American football

Stadium Australia
84,000[25]
Sydney
Australia
New South Wales Blues, Australia Wallabies*, Australia Socceroos*, Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs, South Sydney Rabbitohs, Wests Tigers* Sydney Thunder, Australia Kangaroos*
Rugby league, rugby union, cricket, Australian rules football

MetLife Stadium
82,500[26]
East Rutherford, New Jersey
United States
New York Giants, New York Jets
American football, association football

Croke Park
82,300[27]
Dublin
Ireland
GAA
Gaelic football, hurling, camogie.

FedExField
82,000[28]
Landover, Maryland
United States
Washington Redskins
American football

Twickenham Stadium
82,000[29]
London
United Kingdom
England national rugby union team
Rugby union

Memorial Stadium
81,500[30]
Clemson
United States
Clemson Tigers football
American football

Lambeau Field
81,441[31]
Green Bay, Wisconsin
United States
Green Bay Packers
American football

Signal Iduna Park
81,359[32][33]
Dortmund
Germany
Borussia Dortmund
Association football

Stade de France
81,338[34]
Saint-Denis
France
France national football team, France national rugby union team[35]*, Stade Français*, Racing Métro*
Association football, rugby union, rugby league, athletics

Estadio Santiago Bernabéu
81,044[36]
Madrid
Spain
Real Madrid C.F.
Association football

Luzhniki Stadium
81,000
Moscow
Russia
none
Association football

Notre Dame Stadium
80,795[37]
South Bend, Indiana
United States
Notre Dame Fighting Irish football
American football

Shah Alam Stadium
80,372[38]
Shah Alam
Malaysia
PKNS FC
Association football

Camp Randall Stadium
80,321[39]
Madison, Wisconsin
United States
Wisconsin Badgers football
American football

Williams-Brice Stadium
80,250[40]
Columbia, South Carolina
United States
South Carolina Gamecocks football
American football

Estadio Monumental
80,093[41]
Lima
Peru
Universitario de Deportes
Association football

Stadio Giuseppe Meazza (San Siro)
80,018[42]
Milan
Italy
F.C. Internazionale Milano, A.C. Milan
Association football

Guangdong Olympic Stadium
80,012[43]
Guangzhou
China

Association football, athletics

AT&T Stadium
80,000[44]
Arlington, Texas
United States
Dallas Cowboys,Cotton Bowl
American football

Grand Stade de Casablanca
80,000
Casablanca
Morocco
Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca
Association football

Beijing National Stadium
80,000[45]
Beijing
China

Athletics, association football

Stade 5 Juillet 1962
80,000[46]
Algiers
Algeria
MC Algiers
Association football

Stade des Martyrs
80,000[47]
Kinshasa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Congo DR national football team
Association football

Shanghai Stadium
80,000[48]
Shanghai
China
Shanghai East Asia F.C.
Association football

Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium
79,560[49]
Tallahassee, Florida
United States
Florida State Seminoles football
American football

Arrowhead Stadium
79,451[50]
Kansas City, Missouri
United States
Kansas City Chiefs
American football

Estádio do Maracanã
78,838[51]
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
Flamengo, Fluminense, Brazil national football team*
Association football

Azadi Stadium
78,116[52]
Tehran
Iran
Iran national football team, Persepolis, Esteghlal
Association football

EverBank Field
76,867[53]
Jacksonville, Florida
United States
Jacksonville Jaguars
American football

Sports Authority Field at Mile High
76,125[54]
Denver
United States
Denver Broncos, Denver Outlaws
American football, lacrosse

Atatürk Olympic Stadium
76,092[55]
Istanbul
Turkey
İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K.
Association football, athletics

Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium
76,000[56]
Fayetteville, Arkansas
United States
Arkansas Razorbacks football[57]
American football

Old Trafford
75,639[58]
Manchester
United Kingdom
Manchester United F.C.
Association football, rugby league

Spartan Stadium
75,025[59]
East Lansing, Michigan
United States
Michigan State Spartans football
American football

Allianz Arena
75,024
Munich
Germany
Bayern Munich, 1860 Munich
Association football

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
75,000[60]
Kochi
India
Indian Cricket Team, Kerala cricket team, FC Kochin, Malabar United FC, Viva Kerala FC, Kerala Blasters FC
Association football, cricket

Cairo International Stadium
75,000[61]
Cairo
Egypt
Egypt national football team, El Ahly, El Zamalek
Association football

Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium
75,000
Isfahan
Iran
Sepahan F.C.
Association football

Hard Rock Stadium
65,326[62]
Miami Gardens, Florida
United States
Miami Dolphins, Miami Hurricanes football
American football, baseball

Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti
74,624[63]
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Argentina national football team, River Plate
Association football

Principality Stadium
74,500[64]
Cardiff
United Kingdom
Wales national rugby union team, Wales football team
Rugby union, association football, rugby league

Olympiastadion
74,228[65]
Berlin
Germany
Hertha BSC Berlin
Association football, athletics

Ralph Wilson Stadium
73,967[66]
Orchard Park, New York
United States
Buffalo Bills
American football

Bank of America Stadium
73,298[67]
Charlotte, North Carolina
United States
Carolina Panthers
American football

Mercedes-Benz Superdome
73,208[68]
New Orleans
United States
New Orleans Saints
American football, association football, baseball

FirstEnergy Stadium
73,200[69]
Cleveland
United States
Cleveland Browns
American football

Stadio Olimpico
72,698[70]
Rome
Italy
A.S. Roma, S.S. Lazio
Association football, athletics

International Stadium Yokohama
72,327[71]
Yokohama
Japan
Yokohama F. Marinos
Association football

Gelora Bandung Lautan Api Stadium
72,000
Bandung
Indonesia
Persib Bandung
Association football, athletics

NRG Stadium
72,000[72]
Houston
United States
Houston Texans
American football

Legion Field
72,000[73]
Birmingham, Alabama
United States
UAB Blazers football
American football

Athens Olympic Stadium
71,030[74]
Athens
Greece
AEK Athens
Association football, athletics

M&T Bank Stadium
71,008[75]
Baltimore
United States
Baltimore Ravens
American football

Faurot Field
71,004
Columbia, Missouri
United States
Missouri Tigers football
American football

Mercedes-Benz Stadium
71,000
Atlanta
United States
Atlanta Falcons, Atlanta United FC
American football, association football

Kinnick Stadium
70,585[76]
Iowa City, Iowa
United States
Iowa Hawkeyes football
American football

SDCCU Stadium
70,561[77]
San Diego
United States
San Diego State Aztecs football
American football, baseball

Husky Stadium
70,138[78]
Seattle
United States
Washington Huskies football
American football

Estádio Nacional de Brasília
70,064[79]
Brasília
Brazil
Sociedade Esportiva do Gama*
Association football

Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex
70,050[80]
Kiev
Ukraine
FK Dynamo Kyiv
Association football, Athletics

Seoul Olympic Stadium
69,950
Seoul
South Korea
Korea Republic national football team, Seoul E-Land FC
Athletics, association football

Baku National Stadium
69,870[81]
Baku
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan national football team
Association football, athletics

München Olympiastadion
69,250[82]
Munich
Germany

Athletics

Nissan Stadium
69,143
Nashville, Tennessee
United States
Tennessee Titans, Tennessee State Tigers football
American football

Gillette Stadium
68,756
Foxborough, Massachusetts
United States
New England Patriots, New England Revolution, UMass Minutemen football
American football, association football

Lincoln Financial Field
68,532
Philadelphia
United States
Philadelphia Eagles, Temple Owls football
American football

Levi's Stadium
68,500
Santa Clara, California
United States
San Francisco 49ers
American football

Krestovsky Stadium
68,134
Saint Petersburg
Russia
FC Zenit Saint Petersburg
Association football

Wanda Metropolitano
67,703
Madrid
Spain
Atlético Madrid
Association football

Stade Vélodrome
67,344
Marseille
France
Olympique de Marseille, RC Toulon*
Association football, rugby union

Murrayfield Stadium
67,144
Edinburgh
United Kingdom
Scotland national rugby union team*[83]
Rugby union

Palaran Stadium
67,075
Samarinda
Indonesia

Athletics, association football

Morumbi Stadium
67,052[84]
São Paulo
Brazil
São Paulo FC
Association football

CenturyLink Field
67,000
Seattle
United States
Seattle Seahawks, Seattle Sounders FC[85]
American football, association football

King Fahd International Stadium
67,000[86]
Riyadh
Saudi Arabia
Al Nasr, Al-Hilal, Al Shabab
Association football

The Dome at America's Center
66,965
St. Louis
United States
None

Yadegar-e Emam Stadium
66,833[87]
Tabriz
Iran
Teraktor Sazi
Association football

Seoul World Cup Stadium
66,806
Seoul
South Korea
Korea Republic national football team, FC Seoul
Association football

U.S. Bank Stadium
66,655
Minneapolis
United States
Minnesota Vikings
American football

Daegu Stadium
66,422
Daegu
South Korea
Daegu FC
Athletics, association football

Eden Gardens
66,349[88]
Kolkata
India
Indian national cricket team, Kolkata Knight Riders, Bengal cricket team*
Cricket

Lane Stadium
66,233
Blacksburg, Virginia
United States
Virginia Tech Hokies football
American football

London Stadium
66,000[89]
London
United Kingdom
West Ham United F.C., British Athletics
Athletics, association football, cricket, rugby union, rugby league

Sun Devil Stadium
65,870[90]
Tempe, Arizona
United States
Arizona State Sun Devils football
American football

Raymond James Stadium
65,847
Tampa, Florida
United States
Tampa Bay Buccaneers, South Florida Bulls football
American football

Paul Brown Stadium
65,535
Cincinnati
United States
Cincinnati Bengals
American football

Camping World Stadium
65,438[91]
Orlando, Florida
United States
Jones High School, Orlando, Orlando City Soccer Club
American football, association football

Heinz Field
68,400 [92]
Pittsburgh
United States
Pittsburgh Steelers, Pittsburgh Panthers football
American football

Centenario Stadium
65,045[93]
Montevideo
Uruguay
Uruguay national football team, Club Nacional de Football, Club Atlético Peñarol and other local teams
Association football

Basra Sports City
65,000
Basra
Iraq
Iraq national football team
Association football

Foro Sol
65,000
Mexico City
Mexico
Autódromo Hermanos Rodriguez
Baseball

Kamuzu Stadium
65,000
Blantyre
Malawi
Malawi national football team
Association football

Alamodome
65,000
San Antonio
United States
UTSA Roadrunners football
American football, baseball

Ford Field
65,000
Detroit
United States
Detroit Lions
American football

Stade Olympique de Radès
65,000
Radès
Tunisia
Tunisia national football team
Association football

Jaber Al-Ahmad International Stadium
65,000
Kuwait City
Kuwait
Kuwait national football team
Association football

June 11 Stadium
65,000
Tripoli
Libya
Libya national football team, Al-Ahly, Al-Ittihad, Al Madina Tripoli
Association football

Estádio da Luz
64,642
Lisbon
Portugal
Benfica
Association football

Vaught–Hemingway Stadium
64,038
Oxford, Mississippi
United States
Ole Miss Rebels football
American football

Workers Stadium
64,000
Beijing
China
Beijing Guoan
Association football

Castelão
63,903
Fortaleza
Brazil
Ceará, Fortaleza
Association football

LaVell Edwards Stadium
63,725
Provo, Utah
United States
Brigham Young University Cougars football
American football

Saitama Stadium 2002
63,700
Saitama
Japan
Urawa Red Diamonds
Association football

University of Phoenix Stadium
63,400
Glendale, Arizona
United States
Arizona Cardinals
American football

California Memorial Stadium
63,186[94]
Berkeley, California
United States
California Golden Bears football
American football

Estadio Olímpico Universitario
63,186[95]
Mexico City
Mexico
Club Universidad Nacional, Pumas Dorados de la UNAM
Association football, American football

Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum
63,026
Oakland, California
United States
Oakland Raiders, Oakland Athletics
American football, baseball

Lucas Oil Stadium
63,000[96]
Indianapolis
United States
Indianapolis Colts
American football, basketball

Kenan Memorial Stadium
62,980
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
United States
North Carolina Tar Heels football
American football

Memorial Stadium
62,872
Champaign, Illinois
United States
Illinois Fighting Illini football
American football

Ellis Park Stadium
62,567
Johannesburg
South Africa
Golden Lions, Lions, Orlando Pirates F.C.
Rugby union, association football

Ross–Ade Stadium
62,500
West Lafayette, Indiana
United States
Purdue Boilermakers football
American football

Veltins-Arena
62,271
Gelsenkirchen
Germany
FC Schalke 04
Association football

Mineirão Stadium
62,170[97]
Belo Horizonte
Brazil
Clube Atlético Mineiro, Cruzeiro Esporte Clube,
Association football

Yizhong Sports Center
62,000
Qingdao
China
Qingdao Jonoon*
Association football

Jack Trice Stadium
61,500[98]
Ames, Iowa
United States
Iowa State Cyclones football
American football

Scott Stadium
61,500
Charlottesville, Virginia
United States
Virginia Cavaliers football
American football

Soldier Field
61,500
Chicago
United States
Chicago Bears
American football

Yale Bowl
61,446
New Haven, Connecticut
United States
Yale Bulldogs football
American football

Davis Wade Stadium
61,337[99]
Starkville, Mississippi
United States
Mississippi State Bulldogs football
American football

Eden Park
61,136
Auckland
New Zealand
New Zealand All Blacks, Auckland Blues
Rugby union

Kroger Field
61,000
Lexington, Kentucky
United States
Kentucky Wildcats football
American football

Mercedes-Benz Arena
60,649[100]
Stuttgart
Germany
VfB Stuttgart
Association football

Grêmio Arena
60,540
Porto Alegre
Brazil
Grêmio
Association football

Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium
60,492
Jackson, Mississippi
United States
Jackson State Tigers
American football

Jones AT&T Stadium
60,454
Lubbock, Texas
United States
Texas Tech Red Raiders football
American football

Celtic Park
60,411[101]
Glasgow
United Kingdom
Celtic F.C.
Association football

Emirates Stadium
60,338
London
United Kingdom
Arsenal F.C.
Association football

Stadio San Paolo
60,240
Naples
Italy
Napoli
Association football

Boone Pickens Stadium
60,218[102]
Stillwater, Oklahoma
United States
Oklahoma State Cowboys football
American football

Estádio do Arruda
60,044
Recife
Brazil
Santa Cruz Futebol Clube
Association football

Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium
60,000
Surabaya
Indonesia
Persebaya Surabaya
Association football

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium
60,000[103]
Delhi
India
India national football team*
Association football, athletics

King Abdullah Sports City
60,000
Jeddah
Saudi Arabia
Saudi national football team*
Association football

Estadio Libertadores de América
60,000
Avellaneda
Argentina
Club Atlético Independiente
Association football

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai
60,000
Chennai
India
India national football team*, Indian Bank Recreational Club
Association football

Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium
60,000
Guwahati
India
Assam Cricket Association, India national cricket team
Cricket

Estadio Monumental Virgen de Chapi
60,000
Arequipa
Peru
FBC Melgar, Club IDUNSA
Association football

Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium
60,000
Morgantown, West Virginia
United States
West Virginia Mountaineers football
American football

National Heroes Stadium
60,000
Lusaka
Zambia
Zambia national football team
Association football

Abuja Stadium
60,000
Abuja
Nigeria
Nigeria national football team
Association football

Gaddafi Stadium
60,000
Lahore
Pakistan
Pakistan national cricket team*, Lahore Lions, Lahore Eagles, Pakistan International Airlines cricket team, Lahore Badshahs
Cricket

DY Patil Stadium
56,000
Navi Mumbai
India
Mumbai Indians*
Cricket

Lake Tanganyika Stadium
60,000
Kigoma
Tanzania
Reli FC*
Association football

Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
60,000
Dar es Salaam
Tanzania
Tanzania national football team
Association football

Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre Stadium
60,000
Shenyang
China

Association football, athletics

Stade Leopold Senghor
60,000
Dakar
Senegal
Senegal national football team, ASC Jeanne d'Arc
Association football

Moi International Sports Centre
60,000
Nairobi
Kenya
Kenya national football team
Association football

Nanjing Olympic Sports Center
60,000
Nanjing
China
Jiangsu Sainty F.C.
Association football, athletics

National Sports Stadium
60,000
Harare
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe national football team
Association football, athletics

Odi Stadium
60,000
Mabopane
South Africa
Garankuwa United
Association football

Tianhe Stadium
60,000
Guangzhou
China
Guangzhou Evergrande F.C.
Association football

Tianjin Olympic Centre Stadium
60,000
Tianjin
China
Tianjin Teda F.C.
Association football

Wuhan Sports Center Stadium
60,000
Wuhan
China
Wuhan Zall F.C.
Association football

Hohhot City Stadium
60,000
Hohhot
China
local football teams
Association football

Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium
60,000
Jinan
China
Shandong Luneng Taishan F.C.
Association football, athletics

Hefei Olympic Sports Center Stadium
60,000
Hefei
China
local football teams
Association football, athletics

Harbin Sports City Center Stadium
60,000
Harbin
China
local football teams
Association football, athletics

Guangxi Sports Center
60,000
Nanning
China
local football teams
Association football, athletics

Perth Stadium
60,000
Perth
Australia
Fremantle FC, West Coast Eagles, Australia Wallabies*, Perth Scorchers, Australia national cricket team*
Australian rules football, rugby union, cricket

Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium
59,308[104]
Memphis, Tennessee
United States
Memphis Tigers football
American football

Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo
59,283[105]
Guayaquil
Ecuador
Barcelona Sporting Club
Association football

Parc Olympique Lyonnais
59,186[106]
Décines
France
Olympique Lyonnais
Association football

Chongqing Olympic Sports Center
58,680
Chongqing
China
Chongqing F.C.
Association football

Stadio San Nicola
58,248
Bari
Italy
A.S. Bari
Association football

National Stadium, Warsaw
58,145
Warsaw
Poland
Poland national football team
Association football, American football

İzmir Atatürk Stadyumu
51,295[107]
Izmir
Turkey
Altay S.K.*, Göztepe SK,.*
Association football

Arizona Stadium
57,803
Tucson, Arizona
United States
Arizona Wildcats football
American football

Olímpico Sevilla
57,619
Seville
Spain
Spain national football team*
Association football

Carter–Finley Stadium
57,583[108]
Raleigh, North Carolina
United States
NC State Wolfpack football
American football

National Olympic Stadium
57,363
Tokyo
Japan
Japan national football team
Association football, athletics

Volkspark Stadion
57,030
Hamburg
Germany
Hamburger SV
Association football

Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes
57,000
Córdoba
Argentina

Association football

Estadio Jalisco
56,713
Guadalajara
Mexico
Club Atlas, Leones Negros de la Universidad de Guadalajara, Club Deportivo Oro
Association football

Benito Villamarín
56,500
Seville
Spain
Real Betis
Association football

Docklands Stadium
56,347
Melbourne
Australia
Western Bulldogs, St Kilda FC, Carlton FC, Essendon FC, North Melbourne FC, Melbourne Victory, Melbourne Renegades
Australian rules football, cricket, association football

Commonwealth Stadium
56,302
Edmonton
Canada
Edmonton Eskimos, FC Edmonton*
Canadian football, association football, rugby union, athletics

Olympic Stadium
56,040
Montreal
Canada
Montreal Alouettes*,[109] Montreal Impact*[110]
Canadian football, baseball, association football

Estádio Beira-Rio
56,000
Porto Alegre
Brazil
Sport Club Internacional
Association football

Stadium Puskás Ferenc
56,000[111]
Budapest
Hungary
Hungary national football team
Association football

Dodger Stadium
56,000
Los Angeles
United States
Los Angeles Dodgers
Baseball

Papa John's Cardinal Stadium
56,000
Louisville, Kentucky
United States
Louisville Cardinals football
American football

Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys
55,926
Barcelona
Spain

Athletics

Arena Națională
55,634
Bucharest
Romania
Romania national football team
Association football

Municipal Corporation Stadium
55,575
Kozhikode
India
Viva Kerala
Association football, cricket

Stadion Crvena Zvezda
55,538
Belgrade
Serbia
Red Star Belgrade
Association football

Estadio La Casa Blanca
55,400
Quito
Ecuador
Liga Deportiva Universitaria
Association football

Etihad Stadium
55,097
Manchester
United Kingdom
Manchester City F.C.
Association football

Vicente Calderón Stadium
55,005
Madrid
Spain
Atlético Madrid
Association football

Trivandrum International Stadium
55,000
Thiruvananthapuram
India
India national cricket team,Kerala cricket team
Cricket and Association football[112]

Singapore National Stadium
55,000
Singapore
Singapore
Singapore national football team
Association football, Rugby, Cricket, athletics

Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium
55,000
Hyderabad
India
Hyderabad cricket team, Sunrisers Hyderabad
Cricket

Cape Town Stadium
55,000[113]
Cape Town
South Africa
Ajax Cape Town
Association football

Bobby Dodd Stadium
55,000
Atlanta
United States
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football
American football

Estadio Latinoamericano
55,000
Havana
Cuba
Industriales, Metropolitanos
Baseball

Helong Stadium
55,000
Changsha
China
Hunan Billows F.C. (Hunan Xiangtao)
Association football

Feroz Shah Kotla Ground
55,000
Delhi
India
Delhi cricket team, Delhi Daredevils
Cricket

Sardar Patel Stadium
55,000
Ahmedabad
India
Gujarat cricket team
Cricket

Semple Stadium
55,000
Thurles
Ireland
Tipperary GAA
Hurling, Gaelic football

World Games Stadium
55,000
Kaohsiung
Taiwan

Association football

MCA Pune International Cricket Centre
55,000[114]
Pune
India
Maharashtra Cricket Association
Cricket

Plovdiv Stadium
55,000
Plovdiv
Bulgaria
junior football teams
Association football, athletics

Esprit Arena
54,600
Düsseldorf
Germany
Fortuna Düsseldorf
Association football

Boris Paichadze Stadium
54,549
Tbilisi
Georgia
FC Dinamo Tbilisi, Georgia national football team, Georgia national rugby union team
Association football, rugby union

Silesian Stadium
54,477[115]
Chorzów
Poland
Poland national football team
Association football, speedway, athletics

Friends Arena
54,329
Solna
Sweden
AIK, Sweden national football team
Association football

BC Place
54,320
Vancouver
Canada
BC Lions, Vancouver Whitecaps FC
Canadian football, association football

Hrazdan Stadium
54,208
Yerevan
Armenia
Armenia national football team
Association football

War Memorial Stadium
54,120[116]
Little Rock, Arkansas
United States
Arkansas Razorbacks football*[57]
American football

Anfield
54,074[117]
Liverpool
United Kingdom
Liverpool F.C.
Association football

Borussia-Park
54,067
Mönchengladbach
Germany
Borussia Mönchengladbach
Association football

Rogers Centre
54,000
Toronto
Canada
Toronto Blue Jays
Baseball

Moses Mabhida Stadium
54,000[118]
Durban
South Africa

Association football

Autzen Stadium
54,000
Eugene, Oregon
United States
Oregon Ducks football
American football

Busan Asiad Stadium
53,864
Busan
South Korea
Busan IPark
Association football

Folsom Field
53,750
Boulder, Colorado
United States
Colorado Buffaloes football
American football

Estadio Ciudad de La Plata
53,600
La Plata
Argentina
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata, Estudiantes de La Plata
Association football

Adelaide Oval
53,583
Adelaide
Australia
Australia national cricket team*, Southern Redbacks, Adelaide Strikers, Adelaide Crows, Port Adelaide Power
Cricket, Australian rules football

Johan Cruyff Arena
53,502[119]
Amsterdam
Netherlands
Ajax Amsterdam
Association football

Estádio Parque do Sabiá
53,350
Uberlândia
Brazil
Uberlândia Esporte Clube
Association football

San Mamés
53,332
Bilbao
Spain
Athletic Bilbao
Association football

Aleppo International Stadium
53,200
Aleppo
Syria
Al-Ittihad
Association football

Ernst Happel Stadion
53,008[120]
Vienna
Austria
Austria national football team, FK Austria Wien*, SK Rapid Wien*
Association football

Memorial Stadium
52,692
Bloomington, Indiana
United States
Indiana Hoosiers football
American football

Türk Telekom Stadium
52,652
Istanbul
Turkey
Galatasaray S.K.
Association football

Franklin Field
52,593
Philadelphia
United States
Penn Quakers football
American football, athletics

Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium
52,530
Istanbul
Turkey
Fenerbahçe S.K.
Association football

Donbass Arena
52,518
Donetsk
Ukraine
Shaktar Donetsk
Association football

Lang Park
52,500
Brisbane
Australia
Queensland Maroons, Brisbane Broncos, Queensland Reds, Brisbane Roar FC, Australia Kangaroos*, Australia Wallabies*, Australia Socceroos*
Rugby league, rugby union, association football

Falcon Stadium
52,480
Colorado Springs, Colorado
United States
Air Force Falcons football
American football

Estadio Mestalla
52,469
Valencia
Spain
Valencia CF
Association football

High Point Solutions Stadium
52,454
Piscataway, New Jersey
United States
Rutgers Scarlet Knights football
American football, association football, lacrosse

St James' Park
52,387
Newcastle upon Tyne
United Kingdom
Newcastle United F.C.
Association football

Yankee Stadium
52,325[121]
New York City
United States
New York Yankees, New York City FC
Baseball, association football

Commerzbank-Arena
51,500
Frankfurt
Germany
Eintracht Frankfurt
Association football

Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium
52,200
Manhattan, Kansas
United States
Kansas State Wildcats football
American football

Huainan Sports Stadium
52,080
Huainan
China
local football teams
Association football

Growthpoint Kings Park Stadium
52,000[122]
Durban
South Africa
Sharks, Sharks (Currie Cup), Golden Arrows, AmaZulu
Rugby union, association football

Estádio do Dragão
52,000
Porto
Portugal
FC Porto
Association football

Stade Moulay Abdellah
52,000
Rabat
Morocco
FAR Rabat
Association football

Estadio Monumental de Maturín
52,000
Maturín
Venezuela
Monagas Sport Club
Association football

Stade Omnisports
52,000
Yaoundé
Cameroon
Tonnerre Yaoundé, Cameroon national football team
Association football

Guiyang Olympic Sports Center
52,000
Guiyang
China
Guizhou Renhe F.C.
Association football

Estadio BBVA Bancomer
51,000
Monterrey
Mexico
C.F. Monterrey
Association football

Philippine Arena
51,898
Ciudad de Victoria
Philippines
None
Basketball

Hampden Park
51,866[123]
Glasgow
United Kingdom
Scotland national football team, Queen's Park F.C.
Association football

Maryland Stadium
51,802
College Park, Maryland
United States
Maryland Terrapins football
American football

Loftus Versfeld Stadium
51,762
Pretoria
South Africa
Bulls, Blue Bulls, South Africa national rugby union team*, Supersport United FC*
Rugby union, cricket, association football

Aviva Stadium
51,700[124]
Dublin
Ireland
Ireland national rugby union team, Republic of Ireland national football team
Rugby union, association football

De Kuip (officially: Stadion Feijenoord)
51,577
Rotterdam
Netherlands
Feyenoord
Association football

Kumasi Sports Stadium
51,500
Kumasi
Ghana
Asante Kotoko, King Faisal Babes
Association football

Sun Bowl Stadium
51,500
El Paso, Texas
United States
UTEP Miners football
American football

Estadio Juan Domingo Perón
51,389
Avellaneda
Argentina
Racing Club de Avellaneda
Association football

Shizuoka Stadium
51,349
Fukuroi
Japan
Júbilo Iwata*, Shimizu S-Pulse*
Association football

Huanglong Stadium
51,139
Hangzhou
China
Hangzhou Greentown F.C.
Association football

Newlands Stadium
51,100
Cape Town
South Africa
Stormers, Western Province, South Africa national rugby union team*, Santos F.C.
Rugby union, association football

Ghadir Stadium
51,000
Ahvaz
Iran
Foolad F.C.
Association football

Shaanxi Province Stadium
51,000
Xi'an
China
local football team
Association football

Independence Stadium
50,832
Shreveport, Louisiana
United States
Independence Bowl
American football

Ibrox Stadium
50,817[125]
Glasgow
United Kingdom
Rangers F.C.
Association Football

TCF Bank Stadium
50,805
Minneapolis
United States
Minnesota Golden Gophers football
American football

Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium
50,500
Greenville, North Carolina
United States
East Carolina University Pirates football
American football

Estádio José Alvalade
50,466
Lisbon
Portugal
Sporting Clube de Portugal
Association football

Coors Field
50,445
Denver, Colorado
United States
Colorado Rockies
Baseball

Incheon Munhak Stadium
50,256
Incheon
South Korea
Incheon Korail
Association football

Stade Pierre-Mauroy
50,186
Villeneuve d'Ascq
France
Lille OSC
Association football

King Baudouin Stadium
50,122
Brussels
Belgium
Belgium national football team
Association football, athletics

Ajinomoto Stadium
50,100
Chofu
Japan
F.C. Tokyo, Tokyo Verdy
Association football

University of Kansas Memorial Stadium
50,071
Lawrence, Kansas
United States
Kansas Jayhawks football
American football

Shaheed Mohtarama Benazir Bhutto International Cricket Stadium
50,000
Garhi Khuda Bakhsh
Pakistan
Pakistan national cricket team*
Cricket

Arena Fonte Nova
50,000
Salvador
Brazil

Association football

Stade 19 Mai 1956
50,000
Annaba
Algeria
USM Annaba
Association football

Za Lužánkami
50,000
Brno
Czech Republic
Brno
Association football

Kim Il-sung Stadium
50,000[126]
Pyongyang
North Korea
Pyongyang City Sports Group
Association football

Aloha Stadium
50,000
Honolulu, Hawaii
United States
Hawaiʻi Warriors football
American football, baseball

Charles Mopeli Stadium
50,000
Phuthaditjhaba
South Africa
Free State Stars*
Association football

Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium
50,000
Greenville, North Carolina
United States
East Carolina Pirates football
American football

RheinEnergieStadion
49,968
Cologne
Germany
1. FC Köln
Association football

Hiroshima Big Arch
50,000
Hiroshima
Japan
Sanfrecce Hiroshima
Association football

Jilin People's Stadium
50,000
Jilin City
China
local football teams
Association football

Khalifa International Stadium
50,000
Doha
Qatar
Qatar national football team
Association football

Nagai Stadium
50,000
Osaka
Japan
Cerezo Osaka
Association football, athletics

Phnom Pehn National Olympic Stadium
50,000
Phnom Penh
Cambodia
Khemara
Association football

Stade 26 mars
50,000
Bamako
Mali
Stade Malien
Association football

Stanford Stadium
50,000
Stanford, California
United States
Stanford Cardinal football
American football

Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium
50,000
Kuala Terengganu
Malaysia
Terengganu FA*
Association football, athletics

Shiraz Stadium
50,000
Shiraz
Iran

Association football

Henan Provincial Stadium
50,000
Zhengzhou
China
local football teams
Association football

Xinjiang Sports Centre
50,000
Ürümqi
China
local football teams
Association football

Yanji People's Stadium
50,000
Yanji
China
local football teams
Association football

Estádio 11 de Novembro
50,000
Luanda
Angola

Association football

Red Bull Arena
50,000
Leipzig
Germany
RB Leipzig
Association football

Guangzhou University City Stadium
50,000
Guangzhou
China
local football teams
Association football

Jiangxi Olympic Sports Center
50,000
Nanchang
China
local football teams
Association football, athletics

Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium
50,000[127]
Raipur
India
local teams
Cricket

Gaelic Grounds
49,866
Limerick
Ireland
Limerick GAA
Hurling, Gaelic football

Estadio Omnilife
49,850
Zapopan
Mexico
Club Deportivo Guadalajara
Association football

Fritz-Walter-Stadion
49,780
Kaiserslautern
Germany
1. FC Kaiserslautern
Association football

Rajamangala Stadium
49,722
Bangkok
Thailand
Thailand national football team
Association football

Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG)
49,700
Sydney
Australia
Australia national cricket team*, New South Wales Blues (cricket), Sydney 6ers, Sydney Swans
Cricket, Australian rules football

Estadio José Amalfitani
49,540
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield, Argentina national rugby union team*
Association football, rugby union

Ryan Field
49,256
Evanston, Illinois
United States
Northwestern Wildcats football
American football

Carrier Dome
49,250
Syracuse, New York
United States
Syracuse Orange football, Syracuse Orange men's basketball, Syracuse Orange men's lacrosse, Syracuse Orange women's basketball
American football, basketball, lacrosse

Miyagi Stadium
49,133
Rifu
Japan
Vegalta Sendai*
Association football, athletics

Rangers Ballpark in Arlington
49,115
Arlington, Texas
United States
Texas Rangers
Baseball

Chase Field
49,033
Phoenix, Arizona
United States
Arizona Diamondbacks
Baseball

AWD-Arena
49,000
Hanover
Germany
Hannover 96
Association football

Stadium of Light
49,000
Sunderland
United Kingdom
Sunderland A.F.C.
Association football

Estadio Alberto J. Armando
49,000
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Club Atlético Boca Juniors
Association football

QE2 Stadium
49,000
Brisbane
Australia

Rugby league

Oriole Park at Camden Yards
48,876
Baltimore
United States
Baltimore Orioles
Baseball

Jinnah Sports Stadium
48,800
Islamabad
Pakistan
Pakistan national football team*
Association football, cricket, hockey

Parc des Princes
48,712
Paris
France
Paris Saint-Germain
Association football

Frankenstadion
48,548
Nuremberg
Germany
1. FC Nürnberg
Association football

Estadio Tomás Adolfo Ducó
48,314
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Club Atlético Huracán
Association football

Safeco Field
48,116
Seattle
United States
Seattle Mariners
Baseball

Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium
48,000
Port Elizabeth
South Africa
Eastern Province Kings
Rugby union, association football

Estadio Malvinas Argentinas
48,000
Mendoza
Argentina
Ciudad de Mendoza
Association football

Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium
47,799
Beirut
Lebanon
Lebanon national football team
Association football

Koshien Stadium
47,757[128]
Nishinomiya
Japan
Hanshin Tigers
Baseball

Fisht Olympic Stadium
47,659
Sochi
Russia

Association football, athletics

Stadio Artemio Franchi
47,290
Florence
Italy
ACF Fiorentina
Association football

Estadio Monumental David Arellano
47,017
Santiago
Chile
Colo-Colo
Association football

Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos
47,000
Santiago
Chile
Chile national football team, Universidad de Chile*
Association football, athletics

Rice Stadium
47,000[129]
Houston
United States
Rice Owls football
American football

Tokyo Dome
47,000
Tokyo
Japan
Yomiuri Giants
Baseball

Estádio Olímpico João Havelange
46,931
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil
Botafogo
Association football

Busch Stadium
46,861
St. Louis
United States
St. Louis Cardinals
Baseball

Estadio Metropolitano
46,788[130]
Barranquilla
Colombia
Colombia national football team, Atlético Junior
Association football

Estadio El Campín
46,018
Bogotá
Colombia
Millonarios, Independiente Santa Fe
Association football

ACA-VDCA Stadium
46,000
Visakhapatnam
India
Andhra, Deccan Chargers*
Cricket

Itaipava Arena Pernambuco
46,000
São Lourenço da Mata
Brazil
Clube Náutico Capibaribe
Association football

Estádio Olímpico Monumental
46,000
Porto Alegre
Brazil

Association football

Peter Mokaba Stadium
46,000
Polokwane
South Africa

Association football

Estádio Paulo Constantino
45,954
Presidente Prudente
Brazil

Association football

Estadio Cuscatlán
45,925
San Salvador
El Salvador
Alianza F.C., El Salvador national football team
Association football

Reser Stadium
45,674
Corvallis, Oregon
United States
Oregon State Beavers football
American football

Rice-Eccles Stadium
45,634
Salt Lake City
United States
Utah Utes football
American football

Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero
45,625
Cali
Colombia
América de Cali
Association football

Estadio Nacional
45,574
Lima
Peru
Peru national football team
Association football

Páirc Uí Chaoimh
45,500
Cork
Ireland
Cork GAA
Hurling, Gaelic football

Estádio Ilha do Retiro
45,500
Recife
Brazil
Sport Club do Recife
Association football

Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán
45,500
Seville
Spain
Sevilla FC
Association football

Sydney Football Stadium
45,500
Sydney
Australia
Sydney Roosters, New South Wales Waratahs, Sydney FC, Australia Kangaroos*
Rugby league, rugby union, association football

Stade Adrar
45,480
Agadir
Morocco
Hassania Agadir
Association football

Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium
45,423
Washington, D.C.
United States

Association football, American football, baseball

Otkrytie Arena
45,360
Moscow
Russia
FC Spartak Moscow
Association football

Bright House Networks Stadium
44,206
Orlando, Florida
United States
UCF Knights football
American football

Mandela National Stadium
45,202
Kampala
Uganda
Uganda national football team
Association football

McLane Stadium
45,140
Waco, Texas
United States
Baylor Bears football
American football

Kazan Arena
45,105
Kazan
Russia
FC Rubin Kazan
Association football, athletics

Estadio Garcilaso
45,056
Cusco
Peru
Cienciano del Cuzco
Association football

Angel Stadium of Anaheim
45,050
Anaheim, California
United States
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Baseball

Estádio Olímpico do Pará
45,007
Belém
Brazil
Paysandu Sport Club*, Clube do Remo*
Association football

National Hockey Stadium, Lahore
45,000
Lahore
Pakistan
Pakistan national field hockey team
Hockey

Arena Corinthians
45,000[131][132]
São Paulo
Brazil
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
Association football

Estadio Rommel Fernández
45,000
Panama City
Panama
Federación Panameňa de Fútbol (FEPAFUT)
Association football, athletics

Bangabandhu National Stadium
45,000
Dhaka
Bangladesh
Bangladesh national football team, Bangladesh League
Association football, athletics

National Stadium
45,000
Karachi
Pakistan

Cricket

Barabati Stadium
45,000
Cuttack
India
Orissa Cricket Association
Cricket

Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium Jamtha
45,000[133]
Nagpur
India
Vidarbha cricket team
Cricket

Abbasiyyin Stadium
45,000
Damascus
Syria
Al-Jaish, Al-Wahda, Al Majd
Association football

Allianz Parque
45,000[134]
São Paulo
Brazil
Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
Association football

Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium
45,000
Kobe
Japan
Vissel Kobe*
Association football

Captain Roop Singh Stadium
45,000[135]
Gwalior
India
Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association
Cricket

Estádio da Machava
45,000[136]
Maputo
Mozambique
Mozambique national football team
Association football

Estádio Universitário Pedro Pedrossian
45,000
Campo Grande
Brazil
Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul
Association football

Fatorda Stadium
45,000
Margao
India
Dempo SC, Salgaocar SC Goa, Sporting Clube de Goa
Association football

Fez Stadium
45,000
Fes
Morocco
Maghreb Fez
Association football

Free State Stadium
45,000
Bloemfontein
South Africa
Free State Cheetahs, Cheetahs, Bloemfontein Celtic
Rugby union

Green Park Stadium
45,000[137]
Kanpur
India
Uttar Pradesh cricket team
Cricket

Stade El Menzah
45,000
Tunis
Tunisia
Club Africain, Espérance
Association football

Toyota Stadium
45,000
Toyota
Japan
Nagoya Grampus*
Association football

Citi Field
45,000
New York City
United States
New York Mets
Baseball

Yantai Sports Park Stadium
45,000
Yantai
China
local football teams
Association football

Panathenaic Stadium
45,000
Athens
Greece

Athletics

Stade de Marrakech
45,000
Marrakech
Morocco
Kawkab Marrakech
Association football

Stade Omar Bongo
45,000
Libreville
Gabon
FC 105 Libreville
Association football

National Stadium
45,000
Lagos
Nigeria
Nigeria national football team*
Association football

Grand Stade de Tanger
45,000
Tangier
Morocco
IR Tanger
Association football

Zibo Sports Center Stadium
45,000
Zibo
China
local football teams
Association football

Weifang Sports Center Stadium
45,000
Weifang
China
local football teams
Association football

Orlando Stadium
45,000
Johannesburg
South Africa
Orlando Pirates, Kaiser Chiefs, Moroka Swallows
Association football

Wankhede Stadium
45,000[138]
Mumbai
India
Mumbai cricket team, Mumbai Indians, Indian national cricket team*
Cricket

Kanchenjunga Stadium
45,000[139]
Siliguri
India
local football teams
Association football

Latakia Sports City Stadium
45,000
Latakia
Syria

Association football

Alumni Stadium
44,500
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
United States
Boston College Eagles football
American football

Arena Amazonia
44,500[140]
Manaus
Brazil
América Futebol Clube, Nacional Futebol Clube, Atlético Rio Negro Clube
Association football

Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium
44,466
Ulsan
South Korea
Ulsan Hyundai
Association football

Estádio Governador Alberto Tavares Silva
44,200
Teresina
Brazil
Esporte Clube Flamengo*
Association football

Gwangju World Cup Stadium
44,118
Gwangju
South Korea
Gwangju FC
Association football

Amon G. Carter Stadium
44,008
Fort Worth, Texas
United States
TCU Horned Frogs football
American football

Levy Mwanawasa Stadium
44,000
Ndola
Zambia
Zambia national football team
Association football

Suwon World Cup Stadium
43,959
Suwon
South Korea
Suwon Samsung Bluewings
Association football

Riau Main Stadium
43,923
Pekanbaru
Indonesia

Association football

Shandong Provincial Stadium
43,700
Jinan
China
local football teams
Association football

Vasil Levski National Stadium
43,632
Sofia
Bulgaria
Bulgaria national football team
Association football

PGE Arena Gdańsk
43,615
Gdańsk
Poland
Lechia Gdańsk
Association football

Subiaco Oval
43,500
Perth
Australia
Fremantle FC, West Coast Eagles, Australia Wallabies*
Australian rules football, rugby union

Citizens Bank Park
43,500
Philadelphia
United States
Philadelphia Phillies
Baseball

Mbombela Stadium
43,500
Nelspruit
South Africa

Association football

El Nuevo Gasómetro
43,494
Buenos Aires
Argentina
Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro
Association football

Jeonju World Cup Stadium
43,348
Jeonju
South Korea
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
Association football

Progressive Field
43,345
Cleveland, Ohio
United States
Cleveland Indians
Baseball

Poznań Municipal Stadium
43,269
Poznań
Poland
Lech Poznań
Association football

Ōita Bank Dome
43,254
Ōita
Japan
Ōita Trinita
Association football

Estadio Universidad San Marcos
43,000
Lima
Peru
Universidad San Marcos
Association football

Fitzgerald Stadium (Staidiam Mhic Gearailt)
43,000
Killarney
Ireland
Kerry GAA
Gaelic football, hurling

Arena Pantanal
43,000
Cuiabá
Brazil
Clube Esportivo Dom Bosco, Mixto Esporte Clube
Association football

Ullevi
43,000
Gothenburg
Sweden

Association football, athletics

Arena das Dunas
43,000
Natal
Brazil
Federação Norte-rio-grandense de Futebol
Association football

Sheikh Zayed Stadium
43,000
Abu Dhabi
United Arab Emirates
UAE President Cup finals
Association football

Sapporo Dome
42,831
Sapporo
Japan
Consadole Sapporo, Hokkaido Nippon-Ham Fighters
Association football, baseball

Villa Park
42,788
Birmingham
United Kingdom
Aston Villa F.C.
Association football

Wrocław Municipal Stadium
42,771
Wrocław
Poland
Śląsk Wrocław
Association football

Zhuzhou Stadium
42,740
Zhuzhou
China
local football teams
Association football

Estadio Cuauhtémoc
42,648
Puebla
Mexico
Puebla F.C.
Association football

Estadio Metropolitano de Mérida
42,500
Mérida
Venezuela
Estudiantes de Mérida FC
Association football

St. Jakob-Park
42,500
Basel
Switzerland
FC Basel
Association football

Perak Stadium
42,500
Ipoh
Malaysia
Perak FA
Association football

Weserstadion
42,500
Bremen
Germany
Werder Bremen
Association football

Petco Park
42,445
San Diego
United States
San Diego Padres
Baseball

Tohoku Electric Power Big Swan Stadium
42,300
Niigata
Japan
Albirex Niigata
Association football

Jeju World Cup Stadium
42,256
Seogwipo
South Korea
Jeju United FC
Association football

Miller Park
42,200
Milwaukee
United States
Milwaukee Brewers
Baseball

Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux
42,115
Bordeaux
France
FC Girondins de Bordeaux
Association football

Great American Ball Park
42,059
Cincinnati
United States
Cincinnati Reds
Baseball

Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium
42,056
Abu Dhabi
United Arab Emirates
Al-Jazira Club
Association football

Stamford Bridge
42,055[141]
London
United Kingdom
Chelsea F.C.
Association football

Estádio do Zimpeto
42,055
Maputo
Mozambique

Association football, athletics

The Gabba
42,000
Brisbane
Australia
Australia national cricket team*, Queensland Bulls, Brisbane Heat, Brisbane Lions
Cricket, Australian rules football

McHale Park (Páirc Mhic Éil)
42,000
Castlebar
Ireland
Mayo GAA
Gaelic football, hurling

Estadio Universitario
42,000
San Nicolás de los Garza
Mexico
Tigres de la UANL
Association football

Arena da Baixada
42,000
Curitiba
Brazil
Atlético Paranaense
Association football

Chengdu Sports Centre
42,000
Chengdu
China
Chengdu Blades
Association football

Stade Geoffroy-Guichard
42,000
Saint-Étienne
France
AS Saint-Étienne
Association football

Estadio Hernando Siles
42,000
La Paz
Bolivia
La Paz F.C., Club Bolívar*, The Strongest*
Association football

Royal Bafokeng Stadium
42,000
Phokeng
South Africa
Platinum Stars F.C.
Rugby union, association football, athletics

Stadio Flaminio
42,000
Rome
Italy
Italy national rugby union team, A.S. Cisco Calcio Roma
Rugby union, association football

Vodafone Stadium
41,903
Istanbul
Turkey
Beşiktaş J.K.
Association football

Nationals Park
41,888
Washington, D.C.
United States
Washington Nationals
Baseball

Estadio Gigante de Arroyito
41,654
Rosario
Argentina
Rosario Central
Association football

Stadio Friuli
41,652
Udine
Italy
Udinese Calcio
Association football

Ramat Gan Stadium
41,583
Ramat Gan
Israel
Israel national football team
Association football

Estádio Serra Dourada
41,574
Goiânia
Brazil
Goiás Esporte Clube*, Vila Nova Futebol Clube*
Association football

Juventus Stadium
41,507
Turin
Italy
Juventus F.C.
Association football

AT&T Park
41,503
San Francisco
United States
San Francisco Giants
Baseball, American football

Estadio Morelos
41,500
Morelia
Mexico
Monarcas Morelia
Association football

Vanderbilt Stadium
41,448
Nashville, Tennessee
United States
Vanderbilt Commodores football
American football

Goyang Stadium
41,311
Goyang
South Korea
Goyang KB
Association football

Polideportivo Cachamay
41,300
Ciudad Guayana
Venezuela
Atlético Club Mineros de Guayana
Association football

Daejeon World Cup Stadium
41,295
Daejeon
South Korea
Daejeon Citizen
Association football

Plaza México
41,262
Mexico City
Mexico

Bullfighting

Stade Félix-Bollaert
41,233
Lens
France
RC Lens
Association football

Sonny Lubick Field at Colorado State Stadium
41,200
Fort Collins, Colorado
United States
Colorado State Rams football
American football

SunTrust Park
41,149
Atlanta
United States
Atlanta Braves
Baseball

Wrigley Field
41,118
Chicago
United States
Chicago Cubs
Baseball

Comerica Park
41,070
Detroit
United States
Detroit Tigers
Baseball

Dinamo Stadium
41,040
Minsk
Belarus
Belarus national football team, Dinamo Minsk
Association football

Bulldog Stadium
41,031
Fresno, California
United States
Fresno State Bulldogs football
American football

M. M. Roberts Stadium
41,000
Hattiesburg, Mississippi
United States
Southern Miss Golden Eagles football
American football

Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa
41,000
Quito
Ecuador
Sociedad Deportivo Quito, Club Deportivo El Nacional
Association football

Minute Maid Park
40,950
Houston,
United States
Houston Astros
Baseball

Estadio Atanasio Girardot
40,943
Medellín
Colombia
Atlético Nacional, Independiente Medellín
Association football

Kauffman Stadium
40,793
Kansas City, Missouri
United States
Kansas City Royals
Baseball

Estadio Defensores del Chaco
40,759
Asunción
Paraguay
Asociacion Paraguaya de Futbol
Association football

Kashima Soccer Stadium
40,728
Kashima
Japan
Kashima Antlers
Association football

Ladd–Peebles Stadium
40,646
Mobile, Alabama
United States
South Alabama Jaguars football
American football

Guaranteed Rate Field
40,615
Chicago
United States
Chicago White Sox
Baseball

Helsinki Olympic Stadium
40,600
Helsinki
Finland
Finland national football team
Association football, athletics

Estadi Cornellà-El Prat
40,500
Barcelona
Spain
RCD Espanyol
Association football

Nagoya Dome
40,500
Nagoya
Japan
Chunichi Dragons
Baseball

Stade de Gerland
40,494[142]
Lyon
France
Olympique Lyonnais
Association football

Estadio Ciudad de Lanús – Néstor Díaz Pérez
40,320
Lanús
Argentina
Club Atlético Lanús
Association football

Estadio Metropolitano de Fútbol de Lara
40,312
Barquisimeto
Venezuela
Unión Lara
Association football

Stadio San Filippo
40,200
Messina
Italy
F.C. Messina Peloro
Association football

Estádio Municipal Paulo Machado de Carvalho
40,199[143]
São Paulo
Brazil
Corinthians, Santos, Palmeiras
Association football

Mỹ Đình National Stadium
40,192
Hanoi
Vietnam
Vietnam national football team
Association football

Goodison Park
40,158
Liverpool
United Kingdom
Everton F.C.
Association football

TDECU Stadium
40,000
Houston
United States
Houston Cougars football
American football

Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium
40,000
Palembang
Indonesia
Sriwijaya FC
Association football

Hang Jebat Stadium
40,000
Malacca
Malaysia
Melaka Telekom
Association football

Peoples Football Stadium[144]
40,000
Karachi
Pakistan
HBL FC, Pakistan national football team
Association football

Harapan Bangsa Stadium
40,000
Banda Aceh
Indonesia
Persiraja Banda Aceh
Association football

Castelão
40,000[145]
São Luís
Brazil
Moto Club, Sampaio Corrêa
Association football

Stade Mohamed Hamlaoui
40,000
Constantine
Algeria
Club Sportif de Constantine
Association football

Hong Kong Stadium
40,000
Wanchai
Hong Kong
Hong Kong national football team, South China AA
Association football, Rugby union

Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium
40,000
Palembang
Indonesia
Sriwijaya FC
Association football

Jalak Harupat Soreang Stadium
40,000
Bandung
Indonesia
Persib Bandung
Association football

JRD Tata Sports Complex
40,000[139]
Jamshedpur
India
local football teams
Association football

March 28 Stadium
40,000
Benghazi
Libya
Al-Ahly Benghazi, Al-Nasr Benghazi, Al Tahaddy Benghazi, Libya national football team*
Association football

Negeri Pulau Pinang Stadium
40,000
Batu Kawan
Malaysia
Penang FA*
Association football

Accra Sports Stadium
40,000[146]
Accra
Ghana
Accra Hearts of Oak Sporting Club, Great Olympics
Association football

Rentschler Field
40,000
East Hartford, Connecticut
United States
Connecticut Huskies football
American football

Sarawak Stadium
40,000
Kuching
Malaysia
Sarawak FA
Association football

Stade d'Angondjé
40,000
Angondjé
Gabon
Gabon national football team
Association football

Bo'an Stadium
40,000
Shenzhen
China
Shenzhen Ruby F.C.
Association football

Kunming Tuodong Sports Center
40,000
Kunming
China
China national football team*, local football teams
Association football

Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground
40,000[147]
Nagpur
India
Vidarbha cricket team
Cricket

Bogyoke Aung San Stadium
40,000
Yangon
Burma
local football teams
Association football

Wuhu Olympic Stadium
40,000
Wuhu
China
local football teams
Association football

Riverside Sports Center
40,000
Shanghai
China
local football teams
Association football

Nippert Stadium
40,000
Cincinnati
United States
Cincinnati Bearcats football, FC Cincinnati
American football, Association football

Riverside Sports Center
40,000
Shanghai
China
local football teams
Association football

Darul Makmur Stadium
40,000
Kuantan
Malaysia
Pahang FA
Association football, Athletics

tag: table


document_title: Cry-Baby

question_text: who sings in cry baby for johnny depp

question_tokens: who sings in cry baby for johnny depp

text: Cry-Baby

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1954 Baltimore, Wade "Cry-Baby" Walker is the leader of a gang of "drapes", which includes his sister Pepper, a teenage mother; Mona "Hatchet Face" Malnorowski, who is facially disfigured; Wanda Woodward, who is constantly embarrassed by her post World War II normal parents; and Milton Hackett, Hatchet Face's devoted boyfriend. Walker's ability to shed a single tear drives all the girls wild. One day after school, he is approached by Allison Vernon-Williams, a pretty girl tired of being a "square", and the two fall in love. That same day, Cry-Baby approaches the "square" part of town to a talent show at the recreation center where Allison's grandmother hosts events, and introduces himself to her, who is skeptical of his motives. Cry-Baby invites Allison to a party at Turkey Point, a local hangout spot for the drapes.

tag: p

text: Despite her grandmother's skepticism, Allison accompanies Cry-Baby to Turkey Point and sings with the drapes. As Cry-Baby and Allison tell each other about their orphan lives; Cry-Baby's father was sent to the electric chair after being the "Alphabet Bomber" – a killer who bombed places in alphabetical order and his mother tried to stop him, but also got sent to the electric chair as a result; Allison's parents took separate flights to avoid orphaning her if they crashed, but both their planes went down. Allison's jealous square boyfriend, Baldwin, then starts a riot. Cry-Baby is blamed for the fight and sent to a penitentiary, outraging all his friends and even Allison's grandmother, who is impressed by Cry-Baby's posture, manners, and musical talent.

text: As Lenora Frigid, a loose girl with a crush on Cry-Baby, but constantly rejected by him, claims to be pregnant with his child, Allison feels betrayed and returns to Baldwin and the squares, though her grandmother advises her against rushing into a decision. Meanwhile, in the penitentiary, Cry-Baby gets a teardrop tattoo. He tells the tattoo artist, fellow drape Dupree (Robert Tyree): "I've been hurt all my life, but real tears wash away. This one's for Allison, and I want it to last forever!".

text: Eventually after performing with Baldwin and the Whiffles, Allison is persuaded by the newly established alliance between the Drapes and her grandmother to stand by Cry-Baby and join the campaign for his release. Cry-Baby is released, but immediately insulted by Baldwin, who after revealing that his grandfather is the one who electrocuted Cry-Baby's father, challenges him to a chicken race. Cry-Baby wins, as Baldwin chickens out, and is reunited with Allison.

text: The film ends with all watching the chicken race crying a single tear, except for Allison and Cry-Baby, who has finally let go of the past, enabling him to cry from both eyes.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Johnny Depp as Wade "Cry-Baby" Walker

James Intveld as Cry-Baby's singing voice

Amy Locane as Allison Vernon-Williams

Rachel Sweet as Allison's singing voice

Polly Bergen as Mrs. Vernon-Williams
Ricki Lake as Pepper Walker
Traci Lords as Wanda Woodward
Kim McGuire as Mona "Hatchet-Face" Malnorowski
Darren E. Burrows as Milton Hackett
Susan Tyrrell as Ramona Rickettes
Iggy Pop as Belvedere Rickettes
Kim Webb as Lenora Frigid
Stephen Mailer as Baldwin
Alan J. Wendl as Toe-Joe Jackson
Jonathan Benya as Snare-Drum
Jessica Raskin as Susie Q
Troy Donahue as Mr. Malnorowski
Mink Stole as Mrs. Malnorowski
Joe Dallesandro as Mr. Hackett
Joey Heatherton as Mrs. Hackett
David Nelson as Mr. Woodward
Patricia Hearst as Mrs. Woodward
Robert Tyree as Dupree
Robert Walsh as Judge
Willem Dafoe as Hateful guard

text: Musical numbers[edit]

text:
"Women in Cadillacs" – Doc Starkes and The Night Riders *(sung along)* – Cry-Baby
"Gee" – The Crows *(sung along)* – Cry-Baby, Hatchet-Face, Milton, Pepper, Wanda
"Sh-Boom" – Baldwin, the Whiffles
"A Teenage Prayer" – Allison
"King Cry-Baby" – Cry-Baby, Allison, Hatchet-Face, Milton, Pepper, Wanda
"Teardrops Are Falling" – Cry-Baby, Dupree, Prisoners
"Doin' Time for Bein' Young" – Cry-Baby, Prisoners
"The Naughty Lady of Shady Lane" (Director's Cut) – Baldwin, the Whiffles
"Mr. Sandman" – Allison, Baldwin, the Whiffles
"Please, Mr. Jailer" – Allison, Cry-Baby, Company, Prisoners
"Chicken" (deleted scene) – Baldwin, the Whiffles
"High School Hellcats" – Cry-Baby, Allison, Pepper, Company

tag: ol

text: Release[edit]

text: Cry-Baby was screened out of competition at the 1990 Cannes Film Festival.[4]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it currently holds a 73% score, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The site's consensus states: "John Waters' musical ode to the teen rebel genre is infectious and gleefully camp, providing star Johnny Depp with the perfect vehicle in which to lampoon his pin-up image."[5] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film 3 out of 4 stars.[6]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened on April 6, 1990 in 1,229 North American cinemas — an unprecedented number for a John Waters film. In its opening weekend, it grossed a soft $3,004,905 ($2,445 per screen) and grossed $8,266,343 by the end of its theatrical run,[3] making it a box office flop from its $12 million budget.[2]

text: Musical adaptation[edit]

text: Cry-Baby is the second of Waters' films to be adapted for the stage as a musical comedy (following Hairspray).

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Cry-Baby was the main inspiration for It Was Romance frontperson Lane Moore's music video to her first single, "Philadelphia", with Moore playing both Traci Lords and Johnny Depp's characters from the film.[7]


document_title: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)

question_text: who sang the theme song from russia with love

text: From Russia with Love (soundtrack)

text: Production[edit]

text: Following the decision of the producers not to use Monty Norman, though keeping his "James Bond Theme", Harry Saltzman decided on using the then popular Lionel Bart of Oliver! fame. Bart was unable to read or write music, but he offered to compose the music and lyrics for a title song to the film.

text: The producers chose John Barry to score the film. Barry had not only arranged and conducted the "James Bond Theme" from the previous film, but had already scored some films such as Beat Girl and Never Let Go. Barry's group also charted at No. 13 in the November 1962 UK charts with a different arrangement of the Bond theme from that heard in the film.[1]

text: The title song was sung by Matt Monro. Monro's vocal version is played during the film (as source music on a radio) and properly over the film's end titles. The title credit music is a lively instrumental version of the tune preceded by a brief Barry-composed "James Bond is Back" then segueing into the "James Bond Theme". On the original film soundtrack, Alan Haven played a jazzy organ over the theme but this version was not released on the soundtrack album. The tune also appears in a soft string arrangement as a theme for Tania. In Germany, the original release featured an end title track cover version called Die Wolga ist Weit sung by Ruthe Berlé.[2]

text: Originally planning to use local Turkish music as Norman had used Jamaican music on Dr No, Barry accompanied the film crew to Istanbul, however he found nothing suitable for the film.[3]

text: Recalling his visit to Istanbul, John Barry said, "It was like no place I'd ever been in my life. [The Trip] was supposedly to seep up the music, so Noel Rogers and I used to go 'round to these nightclubs and listen to all this stuff. We had the strangest week, and really came away with nothing, except a lot of ridiculous stories. We went back, talked to Lionel, and then he wrote 'From Russia with Love.'' [4]

text: There are different tracks of Turkish-type music in the film that do not appear on the soundtrack (the track "Leila Dances" is not heard in the film).

text: In this film, Barry introduced the percussive "007" that came to be considered the 'secondary James Bond Theme'.[citation needed] Barry's instrumental group The John Barry Seven had had a UK chart hit with a cover version of Elmer Bernstein's The Magnificent Seven; both that tune and "007" featured seven beats. It is used in various Bond films starring Sean Connery and also in Moonraker, starring Roger Moore. The arrangement appears twice on this soundtrack album; the second version, titled "007 Takes the Lektor", is the one used during the gunfight at the gypsy camp and also during Bond's theft of the Lektor decoding machine (the soundtrack album version is not heard in the film).

text: The completed film features a holdover from Norman's Dr. No music – the post-rocket-launch music from Dr. No (after Bond disrupts Dr. No's attempts to jam the takeoff) appears in From Russia with Love at the conclusion of the helicopter attack, and also at SPECTRE's attempt to intercept Bond's speedboat. This cue is absent from the From Russia with Love soundtrack album. The original Barry arrangement of the "James Bond Theme" for Dr. No was inserted by the producers in the film when Bond searches his room in Istanbul for microphones. Barry did a new arrangement of the theme used when Bond leaves London and flies into Istanbul titled "James Bond with Bongos" that Billy Strange did a cover version of for the US charts.

text: Barry noted that Bart's lyrics used the film's title, but had nothing to do with the film's story, a matter he would rectify when he was assigned the next Bond film, 1964's Goldfinger, which was the first Bond film for which he had total creative control over the soundtrack, including the theme song's music (Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley would contribute the theme's lyrics).

text: Barry's "Stalking", the music for the pre-credit sequence, is echoed by composer Marvin Hamlisch in his score for the 1977 Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me.

text: Album and cover versions[edit]

text: The soundtrack's original recordings are thought to be lost and did not appear when the Bond soundtrack albums were issued in remastered form on CD. The album is different from the film with the album's recording of the main titles sounding slower and not featuring the organ played by Alan Haven. Several tracks on the album do not appear in the completed film. The album was the last of the Bond soundtrack albums to feature more than the usual six tracks per record side.

text: The soundtrack album reached No. 28 on the Variety charts in March 1964 with the title song becoming Unart Music's most recorded song.[5] Other cover versions of the "James Bond Theme" were also released to coincide with the film. Barry also released different cover versions of the title song and "007" on his Ember records for the pop charts. The Roland Shaw Orchestra performed cover versions of most of the music of Barry's soundtrack on several albums.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Opening Titles: James Bond Is Back/From Russia with Love/James Bond Theme" (different arrangement from that heard in the film)
"Tania Meets Klebb"
"Meeting in St. Sophia"
"The Golden Horn" *
"Girl Trouble"
"Bond Meets Tania"
"007"
"Gypsy Camp"
"Death of Grant"
"From Russia with Love" – Matt Monro
"Spectre Island"
"Guitar Lament" *
"Man Overboard/SMERSH in Action"
"James Bond with Bongos"[a]
"Stalking"
"Leila Dances" *
"Death of Kerim"
"007 Takes the Lektor"

text: * Not heard in the film

text: Outside the Film[edit]

text: In 1965, KYW-TV in Philadelphia adopted the "007 Takes The Lektor" track as its longtime theme for its Eyewitness News format. It went on to be used in other Group W stations in Boston, Pittsburgh, Baltimore and San Francisco for their newscasts. Two years later, "007 Takes The Lektor" would be recycled for further Bond use, in the autogyro scene in You Only Live Twice.


document_title: Germ theory of disease

question_text: who established the idea that microorganisms play a role in disease

text: Germ theory of disease

text: Miasma theory[edit]

text: The miasma theory was the predominant theory of disease transmission before the germ theory took hold towards the end of the 19th century. It held that diseases such as cholera, chlamydia infection, or the Black Death were caused by a miasma (μίασμα, Ancient Greek: "pollution"), a noxious form of "bad air" emanating from rotting organic matter.[5] Miasma was considered to be a poisonous vapor or mist filled with particles from decomposed matter (miasmata) that was identifiable by its foul smell. The theory posited that diseases were the product of environmental factors such as contaminated water, foul air, and poor hygienic conditions. Such infections, according to the theory, were not passed between individuals but would affect those within a locale that gave rise to such vapors.[citation needed]

text: Development[edit]

text: Pre-19th century[edit]

text: In Antiquity, the Greek historian Thucydides (c. 460 – c. 400 BC) was the first person to state, in his account of the plague of Athens, that diseases could spread from an infected person to others.[6][7] One theory of the spread of contagious diseases that were not spread by direct contact was that they were spread by "seeds" (Latin: semina) that were present in the air. In his poem, De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things, ca. 56 BC), the Roman poet Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) stated that the world contained various "seeds", some of which could sicken a person if they were inhaled or if they contaminated his food.[8][9] The Roman statesman Marcus Terentius Varro (116–27 BC) wrote, in his Rerum rusticarum libri III (Three Books on Agriculture, 36 BC): "Precautions must also be taken in the neighborhood of swamps […] because there are bred certain minute creatures which cannot be seen by the eyes, which float in the air and enter the body through the mouth and nose and there cause serious diseases."[10] The Greek physician Galen (AD 129 – ca. 200/ca. 216) speculated in his On Initial Causes (ca. AD 175) that some patients might have "seeds of fever".[11] In his On the Different Types of Fever (ca. AD 175), Galen speculated that plagues were spread by "certain seeds of plague", which were present in the air.[12] And in his Epidemics (ca. AD 176–178), Galen explained that patients might relapse during recovery from a fever because some "seed of the disease" lurked in their bodies, which would cause a recurrence of the disease if the patients didn't follow a physician's therapeutic regimen.[13]

text: During the Middle Ages, Isidore of Seville (ca. 560 – 636) mentioned "plague-bearing seeds" (pestifera semina) in his On the Nature of Things (ca. AD 613).[14] Later in 1345, Tommaso del Garbo (ca. 1305–1370) of Bologna, Italy mentioned Galen's "seeds of plague" in his work Commentaria non parum utilia in libros Galeni (Helpful commentaries on the books of Galen).[15]

text: The Italian scholar and physician Girolamo Fracastoro proposed in 1546 in his book De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seed-like entities (seminaria morbi) that transmit infection by direct or indirect contact, or even without contact over long distances. The diseases were categorised based on how they were transmitted, and how long they could lie dormant.

text: Italian physician Francesco Redi provided early evidence against spontaneous generation. He devised an experiment in 1668 in which he used three jars. He placed a meatloaf and egg in each of the three jars. He had one of the jars open, another one tightly sealed, and the last one covered with gauze. After a few days, he observed that the meatloaf in the open jar was covered by maggots, and the jar covered with gauze had maggots on the surface of the gauze. However, the tightly sealed jar had no maggots inside or outside it. He also noticed that the maggots were found only on surfaces that were accessible by flies. From this he concluded that spontaneous generation is not a plausible theory.

text: Microorganisms are said to have been first directly observed in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, an early pioneer in microbiology. Yet Athanasius Kircher may have done so prior. When Rome was struck by the bubonic plague in 1656, Kircher spent days on end caring for the sick. Searching for a cure, Kircher observed microorganisms under the microscope and invented the germ theory of disease, which he outlined in his Scrutinium pestis physico-medicum (Rome 1658).[16] Building on Leeuwenhoek's work, physician Nicolas Andry argued in 1700 that microorganisms he called "worms" were responsible for smallpox and other diseases.[17]

text: In 1720, Richard Bradley theorised that the plague and 'all pestilential distempers' were caused by 'poisonous insects', living creatures viewable only with the help of microscopes.[18]

text: In 1762, the Austrian physician Marcus Antonius von Plenciz (1705-1786) published a book titled Opera medico-physica. It outlined a theory of contagion stating that specific 'animalculae' in the soil and the air were responsible for causing specific diseases. Von Plenciz noted the distinction between diseases which are both epidemic and contagious (like measles and dysentry), and diseases which are contagious but not epidemic (like rabies and leprosy).[19] The book cites Anton van Leeuwenhoek to show how ubitquitous such animalculae are, and was unique for describing the presence of germs in ulcerating wounds. Ultimately, the theory espoused by von Plenciz was not accepted by the scientific community.

text: Agostino Bassi[edit]

text: The Italian Agostino Bassi was the first person to prove that a disease was caused by a microorganism when he conducted a series of experiments between 1808 and 1813, demonstrating that a "vegetable parasite" caused a disease in silkworms known as calcinaccio—this disease was devastating the French silk industry at the time. The "vegetable parasite" is now known to be a fungus pathogenic to insects called Beauveria bassiana (named after Bassi).

text: Ignaz Semmelweis[edit]

text: Ignaz Semmelweis, a Hungarian obstetrician working at the Vienna General Hospital (Allgemeines Krankenhaus) in 1847, noticed the dramatically high maternal mortality from puerperal fever following births assisted by doctors and medical students. However, those attended by midwives were relatively safe. Investigating further, Semmelweis made the connection between puerperal fever and examinations of delivering women by doctors, and further realized that these physicians had usually come directly from autopsies. Asserting that puerperal fever was a contagious disease and that matter from autopsies were implicated in its development, Semmelweis made doctors wash their hands with chlorinated lime water before examining pregnant women, thereby reducing the mortality rate from 18% to 2.2% at his hospital. Nevertheless, he and his theories were rejected by most of the contemporary medical establishment.

text: Gideon Mantell[edit]

text: Gideon Mantell, the Sussex doctor more famous for discovering dinosaur fossils, spent time with his microscope, and speculated in his Thoughts On Animalcules (1850) that perhaps "many of the most serious maladies which afflict humanity, are produced by peculiar states of invisible animalcular life".[20]

text: John Snow[edit]

text: John Snow was a skeptic of the then-dominant miasma theory. Even though the germ theory of disease pioneered by Girolamo Fracastoro had not yet achieved full development or widespread currency, Snow demonstrated a clear understanding of germ theory in his writings. He first published his theory in an 1849 essay On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, in which he correctly suggested that the fecal-oral route was the mode of communication, and that the disease replicated itself in the lower intestines. He even proposed in his 1855 edition of the work, that the structure of cholera was that of a cell.

text: Having rejected effluvia and the poisoning of the blood in the first instance, and being led to the conclusion that the disease is something that acts directly on the alimentary canal, the excretions of the sick at once suggest themselves as containing some material which being accidentally swallowed might attach itself to the mucous membrane of the small intestines, and there multiply itself by appropriation of surrounding matter, in virtue of molecular changes going on within it, or capable of going on, as soon as it is placed in congenial circumstances.

text: For the morbid matter of cholera having the property of reproducing its own kind, must necessarily have some sort of structure, most likely that of a cell. It is no objection to this view that the structure of the cholera poison cannot be recognized by the microscope, for the matter of smallpox and of chancre can only be recognized by their effects, and not by their physical properties.

text: Snow's 1849 recommendation that water be "filtered and boiled before it is used" is one of the first practical applications of germ theory in the area of public health and is the antecedent to the modern boil-water advisory.

text: In 1855 he published a second edition of his article, documenting his more elaborate investigation of the effect of the water supply in the Soho, London epidemic of 1854.

text: By talking to local residents, he identified the source of the outbreak as the public water pump on Broad Street (now Broadwick Street). Although Snow's chemical and microscope examination of a water sample from the Broad Street pump did not conclusively prove its danger, his studies of the pattern of the disease were convincing enough to persuade the local council to disable the well pump by removing its handle. This action has been commonly credited as ending the outbreak, but Snow observed that the epidemic may have already been in rapid decline.[21]

text: Snow later used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the pump. He also used statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases. He showed that the Southwark and Vauxhall Waterworks Company was taking water from sewage-polluted sections of the Thames and delivering the water to homes, leading to an increased incidence of cholera. Snow's study was a major event in the history of public health and geography. It is regarded as one of the founding events of the science of epidemiology.

text: Later, researchers discovered that this public well had been dug only three feet from an old cesspit, which had begun to leak fecal bacteria.[citation needed] The diapers of a baby, who had contracted cholera from another source, had been washed into this cesspit. Its opening was originally under a nearby house, which had been rebuilt farther away after a fire. The city had widened the street and the cesspit was lost. It was common at the time to have a cesspit under most homes. Most families tried to have their raw sewage collected and dumped in the Thames to prevent their cesspit from filling faster than the sewage could decompose into the soil.

text: After the cholera epidemic had subsided, government officials replaced the handle on the Broad Street pump. They had responded only to the urgent threat posed to the population, and afterward they rejected Snow's theory. To accept his proposal would have meant accepting the fecal-oral method transmission of disease, which they dismissed.[22]

text: Louis Pasteur[edit]

text: The more formal experiments on the relationship between germ and disease were conducted by Louis Pasteur between the year

text: 1860 and 1864. He discovered the pathology of the puerperal fever[23] and the pyogenic vibrio in the blood, and suggested using boric acid to kill these microorganisms before and after confinement.

text: Pasteur further demonstrated between 1860 and 1864 that fermentation and the growth of microorganisms in nutrient broths did not proceed by spontaneous generation. He exposed freshly boiled broth to air in vessels that contained a filter to stop all particles passing through to the growth medium, and even with no filter at all, with air being admitted via a long tortuous tube that would not pass dust particles. Nothing grew in the broths: therefore the living organisms that grew in such broths came from outside, as spores on dust, rather than being generated within the broth.

text: Pasteur discovered that another serious disease of silkworms, pébrine, was caused by a small microscopic organism now known as Nosema bombycis (1870). Pasteur saved France's silk industry by developing a method to screen silkworms eggs for those that were not infected, a method that is still used today to control this and other silkworm diseases.

text: Robert Koch[edit]

text: Robert Koch is known for developing four basic criteria (known as Koch's postulates) for demonstrating, in a scientifically sound manner, that a disease is caused by a particular organism. These postulates grew out of his seminal work with anthrax using purified cultures of the pathogen that had been isolated from diseased animals.

text: Koch's postulates were developed in the 19th century as general guidelines to identify pathogens that could be isolated with the techniques of the day.[24] Even in Koch's time, it was recognized that some infectious agents were clearly responsible for disease even though they did not fulfill all of the postulates.[25][26] Attempts to rigidly apply Koch's postulates to the diagnosis of viral diseases in the late 19th century, at a time when viruses could not be seen or isolated in culture, may have impeded the early development of the field of virology.[27][28] Currently, a number of infectious agents are accepted as the cause of disease despite their not fulfilling all of Koch's postulates.[29] Therefore, while Koch's postulates retain historical importance and continue to inform the approach to microbiologic diagnosis, fulfillment of all four postulates is not required to demonstrate causality.

text: Koch's postulates have also influenced scientists who examine microbial pathogenesis from a molecular point of view. In the 1980s, a molecular version of Koch's postulates was developed to guide the identification of microbial genes encoding virulence factors.[30]

text: Koch's postulates:

text:
The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

text: However, Koch abandoned the universalist requirement of the first postulate altogether when he discovered asymptomatic carriers of cholera[26] and, later, of typhoid fever. Asymptomatic or subclinical infection carriers are now known to be a common feature of many infectious diseases, especially viruses such as polio, herpes simplex, HIV, and hepatitis C. As a specific example, all doctors and virologists agree that poliovirus causes paralysis in just a few infected subjects, and the success of the polio vaccine in preventing disease supports the conviction that the poliovirus is the causative agent.

text: The third postulate specifies "should", not "must", because as Koch himself proved in regard to both tuberculosis and cholera,[25] not all organisms exposed to an infectious agent will acquire the infection. Noninfection may be due to such factors as general health and proper immune functioning; acquired immunity from previous exposure or vaccination; or genetic immunity, as with the resistance to malaria conferred by possessing at least one sickle cell allele.

text: The second postulate may also be suspended for certain microorganisms or entities that cannot (at the present time) be grown in pure culture, such as prions responsible for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.[31] In summary, a body of evidence that satisfies Koch's postulates is sufficient but not necessary to establish causation.

text: Sanitation[edit]

text: In the 1870s, Joseph Lister was instrumental in developing practical applications of the germ theory of disease with respect to sanitation in medical settings and aseptic surgical techniques—partly through the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic.