document_title: List of protected areas of the Philippines

question_text: list of strict nature reserve in the philippines

root

text: History[edit]

text: The first important legislation that formed the basis of the current system of national parks and protected areas in the Philippines is the Philippine Commission Act No. 648 enacted in 1903 by the US Congress. This act authorized the Civil Governor to "reserve for civil public purposes, and from sale or settlement, any part of the public domain not appropriated by law for special public purposes."[3]

tag: p

text: A total of eight national reserves had been established on July 26, 1904 pursuant to this law. These are: Lamao Forest Reserve in Bataan, Mariquina Reserve in Rizal, Angat River Reserve in Bulacan, Caliraya Falls Reserve in Laguna, La Carlota Reserve in Negros Occidental, San Ramon Reserve in Zamboanga, Magalang Reserve in Pampanga, and Hacienda San Antonio in Isabela.[4] In the same year, the Forest Act of 1904 (Act No. 1148) was adopted that expanded the scope of protected areas in the Philippines.[5] Among the first of such mountain forest reserves to be declared was Mount Maquiling declared on November 21, 1910.[6]

text: On February 1, 1932, the National Parks Act (Act No. 3195) was enacted that formally established the national parks system in the country.[7] Mount Arayat became the first national park in the Philippines established on June 27, 1933 following this act.

text: A series of acts and legislations were passed in the next decades that aimed to further strengthen these policies, including the Revised Forestry Code of 1975 (Presidential Decree No. 705) and Forest Administrative Order No. 7. Following the 1987 Constitution, the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act was enacted which further enhanced the administration and classification of protected areas, and broadened the mandate of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources in enforcing its provisions.

text: Classification[edit]

text: Protected areas in the Philippines encompass 40,700 square kilometres (15,700 sq mi) of terrestrial areas and 13,800 square kilometres (5,300 sq mi) of marine areas.[1] They are managed according to the following classifications described in Section 4 of the National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (NIPAS Act).

text: National Parks[edit]

text: National parks refer to forest reservations essentially of natural wilderness character which have been withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or any form of exploitation except in conformity with approved management plan and set aside as such exclusively to conserve the area or preserve the scenery, the natural and historic objects, wild animals and plants therein and to provide enjoyment of these features in such areas.

text: Natural Parks[edit]

text: Natural parks are relatively large areas not materially altered by human activity where extractive resource uses are not allowed and maintained to protect outstanding natural and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational and recreational use.

text: World Heritage Site or part of a World Heritage Site

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Apo Reef
7008157920000000000♠15,792.00 ha
(39,022.9 acres)
1996
Occidental Mindoro

Balinsasayao Twin Lakes
7007801605000000000♠8,016.05 ha
(19,808.1 acres)
2000
Negros Oriental

Bicol
7007520100000000000♠5,201.00 ha
(12,852.0 acres)
2000

Camarines Norte
Camarines Sur

Bongsanglay
7006244720000000000♠244.72 ha
(604.7 acres)
2000
Masbate

Bulusan Volcano
7007367200000000000♠3,672.00 ha
(9,073.7 acres)
2000
Sorsogon

Kalbario-Patapat
7007380000000000000♠3,800.00 ha
(9,390.0 acres)
2007
Ilocos Norte

Lake Danao
7007219300000000000♠2,193.00 ha
(5,419.0 acres)
1998
Leyte

Mahagnao Volcano
7006635000000000000♠635.00 ha
(1,569.1 acres)
1998
Leyte

Mayon Volcano
7007577570000000000♠5,775.70 ha
(14,272.1 acres)
2000
Albay

Mount Apo
7008549748700000000♠54,974.87 ha
(135,845.9 acres)
1936

Davao del Sur
Cotabato

Mount Balatukan Range
7007842300000000000♠8,423.00 ha
(20,813.7 acres)
2007
Misamis Oriental

Mount Guiting-Guiting
7008152654800000000♠15,265.48 ha
(37,721.8 acres)
1996
Romblon

Mount Inayawan Range
7007363274000000000♠3,632.74 ha
(8,976.7 acres)
2007
Lanao del Norte

Mount Isarog
7008101123500000000♠10,112.35 ha
(24,988.2 acres)
2002
Camarines Sur

Mount Kalatungan Range
7008212477300000000♠21,247.73 ha
(52,504.3 acres)
2000
Bukidnon

Mount Kanlaon
7008243880000000000♠24,388.00 ha
(60,264.1 acres)
1997

Negros Occidental
Negros Oriental

Mount Kitanglad Range
7008312351900000000♠31,235.19 ha
(77,183.8 acres)
1996
Bukidnon

Mount Malindang
7008346940000000000♠34,694.00 ha
(85,730.7 acres)
2002
Misamis Occidental

Northern Negros
7008804545000000000♠80,454.50 ha
(198,807.4 acres)
2002
Negros Occidental

Northern Sierra Madre
7009359486000000000♠359,486.00 ha
(888,309.3 acres)
1997
Isabela

Northwest Panay Peninsula
7008120092900000000♠12,009.29 ha
(29,675.6 acres)
2002

Aklan
Antique

Pasonanca
7008121070000000000♠12,107.00 ha
(29,917.0 acres)
1999
Zamboanga del Sur

Samar Island
7009333300000000000♠333,300.00 ha
(823,602.2 acres)
2003
Eastern Visayas

Sibalom
7007551147000000000♠5,511.47 ha
(13,619.1 acres)
2000
Antique

Tubbataha Reef
7008970300000000000♠97,030.00 ha
(239,766.4 acres)
2010
Palawan

tag: table

text: Natural Monuments[edit]

text: A natural monument is a relatively small area focused on protection of small features to protect or preserve nationally significant natural features on account of their special interest or unique characteristics.

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Bessang Pass
7006693320000000000♠693.32 ha
(1,713.2 acres)
2000
Ilocos Sur

Chocolate Hills
7008141450000000000♠14,145.00 ha
(34,953.1 acres)
1997
Bohol

Salinas
7007667556000000000♠6,675.56 ha
(16,495.7 acres)
2000
Nueva Vizcaya

Timpoong and Hibok-Hibok
7007222762000000000♠2,227.62 ha
(5,504.6 acres)
2004
Camiguin

text: Protected Landscape[edit]

text: Protected landscapes/seascapes are areas of national significance which are characterized by the harmonious interaction of man and land while providing opportunities for public enjoyment through recreation and tourism within the normal lifestyle and economic activity of these areas.

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Aliwagwag
7008104913300000000♠10,491.33 ha
(25,924.6 acres)
2011

Davao Oriental
Compostela Valley

Amro River
7007647108000000000♠6,471.08 ha
(15,990.4 acres)
2000
Aurora

Baganga
7006114880000000000♠114.88 ha
(283.9 acres)
2000
Davao Oriental

Bigbiga
7006135710000000000♠135.71 ha
(335.3 acres)
2000
Ilocos Sur

Buenavista
7006284270000000000♠284.27 ha
(702.4 acres)
2000
Quezon

Calbayog Pan-as–Hayiban
7007783200000000000♠7,832.00 ha
(19,353.3 acres)
1998
Samar

Casecnan
7008888468000000000♠88,846.80 ha
(219,545.2 acres)
2000

Cagayan Valley
Aurora

Central Cebu
7008290620000000000♠29,062.00 ha
(71,813.8 acres)
2003
Cebu

Dinadiawan River
7007337133000000000♠3,371.33 ha
(8,330.7 acres)
2000
Aurora

Hinulugang Taktak
7004320000000000000♠3.20 ha
(7.9 acres)
2000
Rizal

José Rizal Memorial
7006439000000000000♠439.00 ha
(1,084.8 acres)
2000
Zamboanga del Norte

Libunao
7005467000000000000♠46.70 ha
(115.4 acres)
2000
Ilocos Sur

Lidlidda
7007115744000000000♠1,157.44 ha
(2,860.1 acres)
2000
Ilocos Sur

Magapit
7007340362000000000♠3,403.62 ha
(8,410.5 acres)
2000
Cagayan

Mainit Hot Springs
7007137400000000000♠1,374.00 ha
(3,395.2 acres)
2000
Compostela Valley

Manleluag Spring
7007193517000000000♠1,935.17 ha
(4,781.9 acres)
2004
Pangasinan

Mati
7006914260000000000♠914.26 ha
(2,259.2 acres)
2005
Davao Oriental

Maulawin Spring
7006149010000000000♠149.01 ha
(368.2 acres)
2000
Quezon

Mimbilisan
7005660000000000000♠66.00 ha
(163.1 acres)
1999
Misamis Oriental

Mounts Banahaw–San Cristobal
7008109005900000000♠10,900.59 ha
(26,935.9 acres)
2009

Quezon
Laguna

Mount Mantalingajan
7009120457000000000♠120,457.00 ha
(297,655.7 acres)
2009
Palawan

Mount Matutum
7008156000000000000♠15,600.00 ha
(38,548.4 acres)
1995
South Cotabato

Mounts Palay-Palay–Mataas-na-Gulod
7007397313000000000♠3,973.13 ha
(9,817.8 acres)
2007

Cavite
Batangas

Mount Timolan
7007199480000000000♠1,994.80 ha
(4,929.3 acres)
2000
Zamboanga del Sur

Pamitinan
7006600000000000000♠600.00 ha
(1,482.6 acres)
1996
Rizal

Quezon
7006938000000000000♠938.00 ha
(2,317.8 acres)
2003
Quezon

Quirino
7009164364460000000♠164,364.46 ha
(406,153.4 acres)
2005
Quirino

Rajah Sikatuna
7008104526000000000♠10,452.60 ha
(25,828.9 acres)
2000
Bohol

Roosevelt
7006786040000000000♠786.04 ha
(1,942.3 acres)
2000
Bataan

Santa Lucia
7006174160000000000♠174.16 ha
(430.4 acres)
2000
Ilocos Sur

Simbahan-Talagas
7007226648999999999♠2,266.49 ha
(5,600.6 acres)
2000
Aurora

Taal Volcano
7008622921400000000♠62,292.14 ha
(153,927.2 acres)
1996
Batangas

Talaytay
7007352629000000000♠3,526.29 ha
(8,713.7 acres)
2000
Aurora

Upper Marikina River Basin
7008261256400000000♠26,125.64 ha
(64,557.9 acres)
2011
Rizal

text: Protected Landscape and Seascape[edit]

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Agoo–Damortis
7008105133000000000♠10,513.30 ha
(25,978.9 acres)
2000
La Union

Alburquerque-Loay-Loboc
7007116416000000000♠1,164.16 ha
(2,876.7 acres)
1999
Bohol

Aliguay Island
7007119189000000000♠1,191.89 ha
(2,945.2 acres)
1999
Zamboanga del Norte

Apo Island
7006691450000000000♠691.45 ha
(1,708.6 acres)
1994
Negros Oriental

Baliangao
7006295000000000000♠295.00 ha
(729.0 acres)
2000
Misamis Occidental

Batanes
7009213578000000000♠213,578.00 ha
(527,762.7 acres)
1994
Batanes

Biri Larosa
7008334920000000000♠33,492.00 ha
(82,760.5 acres)
2000
Northern Samar

Cuatro Islas
7008125000000000000♠12,500.00 ha
(30,888.2 acres)
2000
Leyte

Dumanquilas Bay
7008259480000000000♠25,948.00 ha
(64,118.9 acres)
1999
Zamboanga del Sur

Great and Little Santa Cruz Islands
7007187700000000000♠1,877.00 ha
(4,638.2 acres)
2000
Zamboanga del Sur

Guiuan
7008604480000000000♠60,448.00 ha
(149,370.3 acres)
1994
Eastern Samar

Initao–Libertad
7007130078000000000♠1,300.78 ha
(3,214.3 acres)
2002
Misamis Oriental

Mabini
7007610600000000000♠6,106.00 ha
(15,088.3 acres)
2000
Compostela Valley

Malabungot
7006120620000000000♠120.62 ha
(298.1 acres)
2000
Camarines Sur

Malampaya Sound
7009200115000000000♠200,115.00 ha
(494,494.9 acres)
2000
Palawan

Murcielagos Island
7006151000000000000♠151.00 ha
(373.1 acres)
2000
Zamboanga del Norte

Peñablanca
7009118781580000000♠118,781.58 ha
(293,515.7 acres)
2003
Cagayan

Pujada Bay
7008212000000000000♠21,200.00 ha
(52,386.3 acres)
1994
Davao Oriental

Selinog Island
7007129435000000000♠1,294.35 ha
(3,198.4 acres)
2000
Zamboanga del Norte

Siargao Island
7009278914130000000♠278,914.13 ha
(689,211.8 acres)
1996
Surigao del Norte

Talibon Islands
7007645687000000000♠6,456.87 ha
(15,955.3 acres)
1999
Bohol

text: Protected Seascape[edit]

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Panglao Island
7006385670000000000♠385.67 ha
(953.0 acres)
2003
Bohol

Sarangani Bay
7009215950000000000♠215,950.00 ha
(533,624.1 acres)
1996
Sarangani

Tañon Strait
7006450000000000000♠450.00 ha
(1,112.0 acres)
1998

Cebu
Negros Oriental

text: Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuaries[edit]

text: Strict nature reserve is an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem, features and/or species of flora and fauna of national scientific importance maintained to protect nature and maintain processes in an undisturbed state in order to have ecologically representative examples of the natural environment available for scientific study, environmental monitoring, education, and for the maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and evolutionary state.

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Calauit Safari Park
7007340000000000000♠3,400.00 ha
(8,401.6 acres)
1976
Palawan

Calavite and FB Harrison
7009121983810000000♠121,983.81 ha
(301,428.6 acres)
1920
Occidental Mindoro

Lake Buluan
7007630000000000000♠6,300.00 ha
(15,567.6 acres)
2006
Cotabato

Lake Malimanga
7005123500000000000♠12.35 ha
(30.5 acres)
1980
Zambales

Olango Island
7006920000000000000♠920.00 ha
(2,273.4 acres)
1992
Cebu

Palawan
7009761416000000000♠761,416.00 ha
(1,881,499.9 acres)
1967
Palawan

text: Resource Reserves[edit]

text: Resource reserve is an extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area normally with difficult access designated as such to protect natural resources of the area for future use and prevent or contain development activities that could affect the resource pending the establishment of objectives which are based upon appropriate knowledge and planning.

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Siocon
7006793740000000000♠793.74 ha
(1,961.4 acres)
1999
Zamboanga del Norte

Upper Agno River Basin
7008775610000000000♠77,561.00 ha
(191,657.4 acres)
2000

Cordillera
Nueva Vizcaya

text: Managed Resource Protected Areas[edit]

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

El Nido Managed Resource Protected Area
7008891347600000000♠89,134.76 ha
(220,256.8 acres)
1998
Palawan

text: Marine Reserves[edit]

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Masinloc and Oyon Bay
7007756800000000000♠7,568.00 ha
(18,700.9 acres)
1993
Zambales

Palaui Island
7007741548000000000♠7,415.48 ha
(18,324.1 acres)
1994
Cagayan

Sagay
7008320000000000000♠32,000.00 ha
(79,073.7 acres)
2001
Negros Occidental

Taklong Island
7007114345000000000♠1,143.45 ha
(2,825.5 acres)
1990
Guimaras

text: Watershed Forest Reserves[edit]

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Aklan River
7008231850000000000♠23,185.00 ha
(57,291.4 acres)
1990
Aklan

Alabat
7006688000000000000♠688.00 ha
(1,700.1 acres)
1987
Quezon

Alijawan-Cansuhay-Anibongan River
7007363000000000000♠3,630.00 ha
(8,969.9 acres)
1992
Bohol

Allah Valley
7008924500000000000♠92,450.00 ha
(228,448.9 acres)
1985
South Cotabato

Angat Watershed
7007660000000000000♠6,600.00 ha
(16,309.0 acres)
1968
Bulacan

Aurora
7006430000000000000♠430.00 ha
(1,062.6 acres)
1936
Aurora

Bawa
7007895500000000000♠8,955.00 ha
(22,128.3 acres)
1987
Cagayan

Binahaan River
7006465000000000000♠465.00 ha
(1,149.0 acres)
1991
Quezon

Calabgan
7007480300000000000♠4,803.00 ha
(11,868.5 acres)
1992
Aurora

Calatrava-San Andres-San Agustin
7007267000000000000♠2,670.00 ha
(6,597.7 acres)
1982
Romblon

Calauag
7006328000000000000♠328.00 ha
(810.5 acres)
1939
Quezon

Capalonga
7006752000000000000♠752.00 ha
(1,858.2 acres)
1966
Camarines Norte

Catanduanes
7008260100000000000♠26,010.00 ha
(64,272.1 acres)
1987
Catanduanes

Dahican
7005440000000000000♠44.00 ha
(108.7 acres)
1933
Camarines Norte

Dalanas River
7007855800000000000♠8,558.00 ha
(21,147.3 acres)
1990
Antique

Dibalo-Pingit-Zabali-Malayat
7007452800000000000♠4,528.00 ha
(11,188.9 acres)
1992
Aurora

Dipaculao
7007178600000000000♠1,786.00 ha
(4,413.3 acres)
1987
Aurora

Doña Remedios-General Tinio
7008207600000000000♠20,760.00 ha
(51,299.1 acres)
1988

Bulacan
Nueva Ecija

Dupax
7006424800000000000♠424.80 ha
(1,049.7 acres)
1934
Nueva Vizcaya

Ilocos Norte Metro
7007281500000000000♠2,815.00 ha
(6,956.0 acres)
1934
Ilocos Norte

Ilog-Hilabangan
7008102110000000000♠10,211.00 ha
(25,231.9 acres)
1990
Negros Occidental

Infanta
7006384000000000000♠384.00 ha
(948.9 acres)
1967
Quezon

Jalaur River
7007922800000000000♠9,228.00 ha
(22,802.9 acres)
1990
Iloilo

Kabankalan
7006432000000000000♠432.00 ha
(1,067.5 acres)
1991
Negros Occidental

Lake Lanao
7009180460000000000♠180,460.00 ha
(445,926.4 acres)
1992
Lanao del Sur

Libungan
7008528200000000000♠52,820.00 ha
(130,521.1 acres)
1990
Cotabato

Loboc River
7008194100000000000♠19,410.00 ha
(47,963.2 acres)
1953
Bohol

Lopez
7006418000000000000♠418.00 ha
(1,032.9 acres)
1940
Quezon

Lower Agno
7008393040000000000♠39,304.00 ha
(97,122.3 acres)
1983
Benguet

Maasin
7007615000000000000♠6,150.00 ha
(15,197.0 acres)
1923
Iloilo

Mahugunao
7006136000000000000♠136.00 ha
(336.1 acres)
1932
Misamis Oriental

Malagos
7006235000000000000♠235.00 ha
(580.7 acres)
1933
Davao del Sur

Marcos Highway
7007610500000000000♠6,105.00 ha
(15,085.8 acres)
1978
Benguet

Mariveles (Palanas)
7006325000000000000♠325.00 ha
(803.1 acres)
1919
Bataan

Mulanay
7005260000000000000♠26.00 ha
(64.2 acres)
1938
Quezon

Naguilian
7005900000000000000♠90.00 ha
(222.4 acres)
1936
La Union

Olongapo (Palanas)
7007633500000000000♠6,335.00 ha
(15,654.1 acres)
1987
Zambales

Palawan
7007477600000000000♠4,776.00 ha
(11,801.8 acres)
1982
Palawan

Palompon
7007239200000000000♠2,392.00 ha
(5,910.8 acres)
1988
Leyte

Panay River
7007435000000000000♠4,350.00 ha
(10,749.1 acres)
1990
Capiz

Pantabangan–Carranglan Watershed
7008845000000000000♠84,500.00 ha
(208,804.0 acres)
1969
Nueva Ecija

Polillo
7006130000000000000♠130.00 ha
(321.2 acres)
1966
Quezon

Santa
7005250000000000000♠25.00 ha
(61.8 acres)
1935
Ilocos Sur

South Upi
7007189420000000000♠1,894.20 ha
(4,680.7 acres)
1987
Maguindanao

Talavera
7008371560000000000♠37,156.00 ha
(91,814.5 acres)
1938

Nueva Ecija
Nueva Vizcaya

Tanap
7005410000000000000♠41.00 ha
(101.3 acres)
1971
Ilocos Norte

Tibiang-Damagandong
7006280000000000000♠280.00 ha
(691.9 acres)
1938
Quezon

Torrijos
7006105000000000000♠105.00 ha
(259.5 acres)
1932
Marinduque

Tumauini
7008176700000000000♠17,670.00 ha
(43,663.5 acres)
1994
Isabela

Wangag
7007699200000000000♠6,992.00 ha
(17,277.6 acres)
1987
Cagayan

text: Natural Biotic Areas[edit]

text: Natural biotic area is an area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in harmony with the environment to adapt to modem technology at their pace.

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Abasig-Matogdon-Mananap
7007542012000000000♠5,420.12 ha
(13,393.4 acres)
2000
Camarines Norte

Basilan
7007449700000000000♠4,497.00 ha
(11,112.3 acres)
2000
Basilan

Buug
7007109500000000000♠1,095.00 ha
(2,705.8 acres)
1998
Zamboanga del Sur

Lagonoy
7006444600000000000♠444.60 ha
(1,098.6 acres)
2000
Camarines Sur

text: Wildlife Sanctuaries[edit]

text: Wildlife sanctuary comprises an area which assures the natural conditions necessary to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical features of the environment where these may require specific human manipulation for the perpetuation.

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Agusan Marsh
7008148359900000000♠14,835.99 ha
(36,660.5 acres)
1996
Agusan del Sur

Chico Island
7004777000000000000♠7.77 ha
(19.2 acres)
2000
Masbate

Marinduque
7007882795999999999♠8,827.96 ha
(21,814.4 acres)
2004
Marinduque

Mount Calavite
7008180161900000000♠18,016.19 ha
(44,519.0 acres)
2000
Occidental Mindoro

Mount Hamiguitan Range
7007683400000000000♠6,834.00 ha
(16,887.2 acres)
2004
Davao Oriental

Naro Island
7006109980000000000♠109.98 ha
(271.8 acres)
2000
Masbate

Rasa Island
7007198300000000000♠1,983.00 ha
(4,900.1 acres)
2006
Palawan

Turtle Islands
7009242967000000000♠242,967.00 ha
(600,384.5 acres)
1999
Tawi-Tawi

text: Wilderness Areas[edit]

text:
Name
Area
Established
Location

Alibijaban
7006430000000000000♠430.00 ha
(1,062.6 acres)
1981
Quezon

Awasan Bay Islands

1981
Surigao del Norte

Bantayan Island

1981
Cebu

Basot-Quinalang-Malabungot Islands
7006185380000000000♠185.38 ha
(458.1 acres)
1981
Camarines Sur

Caniago Strait Islands
7006210000000000000♠210.00 ha
(518.9 acres)
1981
Bohol

Cebu Strait Islands
7005340000000000000♠34.00 ha
(84.0 acres)
1981
Bohol

Dampalit Island

1981
Masbate

Guinauyan-Naro-Chico-Pobre Islands
7005232500000000000♠23.25 ha
(57.5 acres)
1981
Masbate

Isabela
Monte Alto Timber Resource Corp.
7007198500000000000♠1,985.00 ha
(4,905.0 acres)
1987
Isabela

Majaba-Napayuan Islands
7005180000000000000♠18.00 ha
(44.5 acres)
1981
Masbate

Panag Bay Islands

1981
Surigao del Norte

Rasa Island

1981
Surigao del Norte


document_title: Ellen Harvelle

question_text: supernatural how do ellen and jo come back

text: Ellen Harvelle

text: Plot[edit]

text: An old friend of John Winchester, Ellen Harvelle is the wife of hunter William Anthony Harvelle and the mother of Jo Harvelle. She runs Harvelle's Roadhouse, a saloon and pub frequented by hunters of supernatural creatures. When Sam and Dean Winchester arrive there in the second season episode "Everybody Loves a Clown", a wary Ellen holds them at gunpoint until she learns that they are John's sons.[1] She gives them information regarding a dangerous hunter named Gordon Walker in "Bloodlust",[2] while Sam and Dean later explain to her in "Simon Said" about the demon Azazel's planned war against humanity.[3] Her relationship with the brothers is strained in the episode "No Exit", where she reveals that she believes her husband's death was the result of a mistake made by John Winchester while they were working together on a hunt.[4] However, she admits to Sam in "Hunted" that her husband's death was not John's fault and that she had forgiven him a long time ago. She also does not blame the brothers for Jo's decision to go off hunting by herself.[5]

text: The Roadhouse is destroyed by demons in "All Hell Breaks Loose, Part One", and her whereabouts are unknown throughout the episode.[6] It is revealed in "Part Two" that she had left the Roadhouse to run a few errands. She, the Winchesters, and fellow hunter Bobby Singer track Azazel's activities to a cemetery surrounded by a giant devil's trap made of railroad tracks. Unable to step inside the giant symbol without becoming trapped and powerless, Azazel forces the human Jake Talley to do his bidding. The hunters are unable to stop Jake from opening a gateway to Hell in a mausoleum there, and the devil's trap is broken as hundreds of demons are released into the world. As the brothers then kill Azazel, Ellen and Bobby close the gateway.[7]

text: In the fifth season episode "Good God, Y'all!", Ellen reappears with Jo to help fellow hunter Rufus kill demons that have laid siege to a small town. By the time the Winchesters arrive, it appears that Jo, Rufus, and some other townspeople have become demonically possessed. However, Ellen and Dean eventually realize that War, one of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, is making the townspeople see each other as demons. Sam and Dean break War's spell just as Ellen is about to be killed by one of the town's residents.[8] In "Abandon All Hope...", Ellen and Jo once again team up with the brothers to find Lucifer and kill him. Upon their arrival in a seemingly abandoned small town, however, they are attacked by the demon Meg and a pack of hellhounds. Jo is severely mauled, forcing them to barricade themselves inside a hardware store. Knowing that her wounds are fatal and that Lucifer must be stopped, Jo convinces them to build a bomb and to use her as bait for a trap. Ellen stays behind and opens the front doors while the Winchesters escape onto the roof. After Jo dies in her arms, Ellen blows up the building, killing the hellhounds and herself in the process.[9]

text: When the angel Balthazar changes history in the sixth season episode "My Heart Will Go On" so that the Titanic never sank, Ellen is restored to life and is married to Bobby. However, the original timeline is eventually restored.[10]

text: Characterization[edit]

text:
“
Everyone always loved her because they thought she was this kick-ass broad, but to see Ellen go out with pride, dignity, and emotion was necessary.
”

— Ferris on her character's emotional side.[11]

text: Series creator Eric Kripke felt that Ellen brought a "maternal energy" to the series, and described the character as "a lioness, which is tough and badass and 'You touch my children, I will kill you.'"[12] Likewise, actress Samantha Ferris described her as a "gun-toting, beer-slinging, bar-owning broad" with a "very maternal core".[13] Ferris also feels that, despite Ellen having gone through a lot in her life, she is cautious rather than jaded, and is "very protective of the things she has in her life", especially her daughter Jo and the Winchesters.[13] Thus, her main concern is Jo's safety, which prompts her to forbid her daughter from going on hunts. When she realizes that she can no longer stop Jo from doing what she wants, Ellen becomes her hunting partner, deciding it is the best way to look after her.[8] By the time of Ellen's final appearance, actress Alona Tal came to view their characters more as equals rather than mother and daughter.[14]

text: Development[edit]

text: Due to the father-son dynamics of the hunting world depicted in the series' first season with the Winchesters, the writers decided to explore a mother-daughter relationship, resulting in the introduction of Ellen and her daughter Jo.[12] The name originated from the writers' decision to base her on the "tough yet emotionally-vulnerable" characters portrayed by actress Ellen Barkin.[15] Ellen was meant to have a "true and honest platonic friendship" with John Winchester, and her backstory of her husband having been killed due to John's mistake was added to the storyline to explain why John never mentioned the Roadhouse to his sons.[15] Ferris auditioned for the role, and feels that she was exactly what they had been looking for. She commented, "I have a certain kind of personality that works specifically with a role, and Ellen is just me on television. They were looking for a tough, strong, yet a little maternal actor, and I struck a chord."[13] Series creator Eric Kripke agrees, feeling that Ferris "really brought the character to life", being "nuanced and complex and tough, yet beautiful and feminine".[12]

text: The writers intended for the character to make only two guest appearances in the third season, which left Ferris "a bit surprised and [disappointed]" at Ellen's lack of involvement.[16] However, her initial return was scrapped due to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike,[17] and the actress declined a guest appearance in the finale because the lackluster offer "could cost [her] money and work".[18][19] The opportunity to return for the fifth season surprised her due to the large time span since her previous appearance. Though she expected her character to eventually die, a devastated Ferris was surprised at how quickly it occurred. However, after speaking to director Phil Sgriccia—he told her that Ellen was the "perfect fodder" for the "kick" that the series needed, and would "go out in a blaze of glory"—the actress came to realize that the character's death made sense.[11] Ellen's last words to Dean—"Kick it in the ass."—was an improvised homage to the late Supernatural executive producer and director Kim Manners, who had died the year before and would often recite the phrase before filming a scene.[11][20]

text: Wanting to "have a surprise in [the new reality]" of the sixth season episode "My Heart Will Go On", the writers considered bringing back various deceased characters. Executive Producer Robert Singer explained that they ultimately decided upon Ellen because "she's a fan favorite" and "in a perfect world, she probably would be a good mate for Bobby".[21]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception to Ellen has been positive. In their initial appearance, Bryan Enk of UGO felt that the new hunters of the Roadhouse had potential to be the Supernatural equivalent of Buffy the Vampire Slayers's Scooby Gang, comparing Ellen to Buffy's Giles, as she is "the elder who can help guide the boys from a home base and serve as an emotional link to their father, a parental figure without all the melodramatic baggage of the actual father from the first season".[22] Maureen Ryan of Chicago Tribune was "annoyed" at the destruction of the Roadhouse in the second season finale, as she "really loved Ellen".[23] Diana Steenbergen of IGN also favored Ellen from the beginning,[24] believing her to be "a great addition to the show".[25] She deemed Ellen "tough and direct, and also female, something the boys don't have a lot of in their lives right now".[24]

text: Steenbergen was happy to see the character return in the fifth season, noting that the show has been missing "smart, tough women who are not evil in general".[26] Tina Charles of TV Guide also welcomed the character back, and enjoyed how Ellen's initial reaction to Dean Winchester in "Good God, Y'all!"—hugging and then slapping him—was "very much in character".[27] Regarding the character's death, Charles noted that "when [Ellen] went down in 'Abandon All Hope' like [she] did, I felt it. [Her death] meant something".[28] Though also happy to see Ellen reappear in the fifth season, Ryan was disappointed at the lack of screentime the character received in "Good God, Y'All!".[29] Commenting on the character's farewells in the fifth season, Ryan noted that Ferris "brought [her] A-game to 'Abandon All Hope…'". She added that "[Ferris fits] perfectly into the 'Supernatural' world because [she understands] that on this show, restraint is everything. It's not necessarily just about what the characters say or do, it's about what they don't say—what they can't find the words for".[30]

text: Having missed Ellen's "maternal influence", Charles was happy to see her return in the sixth season episode "My Heart Will Go On",[31] while Ryan called Ellen's scenes with Bobby in the episode "probably the strongest part of the show".[32] Ellen's reappearance gladdened Steenbergen, who called the character a "force to be reckoned with on the show" and added that "she is still missed".[33]

text: In a poll conducted by SFX for the Top 200 Sexiest Characters In Sci-Fi, Ellen was voted the 77th sexiest female character in fantasy and science fiction film and television.[34]


document_title: The Last Man on Earth (TV series)

question_text: where do they film last man on earth

question_tokens: where do they film last man on earth

text: The Last Man on Earth (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Almost a year after a deadly virus sweeps Earth, Phil Miller (Will Forte) is seemingly the only human survivor in late 2020. As he searches for others and paints signs stating he is alive in his hometown of Tucson, Arizona, he finds no one. Before attempting suicide, he discovers another survivor, Carol Pilbasian (Kristen Schaal).[10] Despite being annoyed by each other, Carol insists Phil marry her so their child will not be born out of wedlock. Although Phil explains to her that it is ridiculous to hang on to traditions from the "old world", they marry for re-population purposes. Over the next several months, more survivors join them. Though Phil's irritating attitude towards them leads to his banishment from Tucson, Carol leaves with him.

text: In season 2, Phil and Carol continue their road trip in the middle of 2023.[11] They discover the group has relocated to Malibu, California and travel there to reunite with them and rebuild trust. Meanwhile, Phil's astronaut brother Mike Miller (Jason Sudeikis) crashes down to Earth and finds his way to Malibu, where he joins the survivors briefly before possibly being infected by the virus.

text: In season 3, following a potential threat by Pat Brown (Mark Boone Junior), the survivors move to a self-sustaining office building in San Jose, California, where Melissa (January Jones) struggles with mental instability and Carol discovers a young boy living in the woods whom they name Jasper. As time passes, Erica (Cleopatra Coleman) gives birth to a girl named Dawn, and the group decides to leave the United States when they believe nuclear power plants are melting down all over the country.

text: In season 4, after meeting and parting ways with Pamela Brinton (Kristen Wiig) and Glenn (Chris Elliott), the survivors move to Zihuatanejo, Mexico, to avoid any nuclear meltdowns that may be occurring in the United States. While there, Carol gives birth to twin daughters, naming the elder daughter Bezequille and the younger daughter Mike, after Phil's brother.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Will Forte as Philip Tandy[12] Miller (first addressed by the other characters as "Phil", then "Tandy"), an average, socially challenged man and seemingly the only human survivor after a virus wiped out nearly the entire population about a year earlier. He lives in his hometown of Tucson, Arizona, having already searched North America for other living people. In his pre-virus life, he worked dead-end jobs and lived in a studio apartment for which his parents paid the rent. Out of loneliness, he has adopted various sports balls as "buddies" and drawn faces on them. He has painted "Alive in Tucson" on billboards and highway signs during his trip, hoping others might see the message. Phil is married to Carol and they have twin girls together. Forte describes him as "a selfish person who sometimes borders on being a flat-out sociopath".[13] Jacob Tremblay portrays young Phil,[14] who appears to his brother Mike in multiple visions in the episode "Pitch Black".[15]
Kristen Schaal as Carol Andrew Pilbasian Miller, a notary from Delaware who sees Phil's "Alive in Tucson" sign and travels to Tucson. She pressures Phil to marry her so they can work towards repopulating the Earth with "legitimate" children. Carol is shown to be compassionate and is good friends with Melissa and Todd but can hold grudges and be stridently moralistic.[16] Carol and Phil divorce in the middle of the first season, but Carol chooses to leave with Phil after he is banished from Tucson and they subsequently remarry. In the second season, she and Phil regain the survivors' trust, and she becomes pregnant with Phil's child after he finally tells her he loves her. In the fourth season, she gives birth to twin daughters Bezequille and Mike, the latter named for Phil's brother.
January Jones as Melissa Shart[17] ("Chartres" was used in the season 2 episode, "The Boo",[18]) a former real estate agent from Akron, Ohio who used to be married to the late Greg until he cheated on her with a police officer. She meets Phil and Carol after they crash their pickup truck into her limousine. She saw Phil's original "Alive in Tucson" sign and traveled to Tucson before Carol. Phil is initially very attracted to her and frequently vies for her affection despite having just married Carol, so Melissa does not like or trust him. She begins dating Todd after he joins the group.[19] In the second season, Melissa decides she does not want to have children and breaks up with Todd, but when she changes her mind, she and Gail eventually agree to simultaneously date Todd. In season 3, Melissa kills Darrell, one of paranoiac Pat Brown's crew, and consequently starts acting strangely, ultimately forcing Todd to lock her in a focus-group room to stop her from jumping off a building. The survivors help cure her condition using Clozapine, and Melissa marries Todd near the end of the third season.
Mel Rodriguez as Todd Dimas Rodriguez, another surviving man who, while on his way to Mexico, finds Phil and company after he sees some fireworks set off by Phil. Kind and selfless, Todd's nature leads to him becoming the most likable member of the group, much to Phil's increasing annoyance. He and Melissa become very close and begin a romantic relationship shortly after they meet.[19] In season 2, Todd's love life becomes increasingly complicated: he finds himself torn among Melissa, who breaks up with him for a while; Gail, who starts dating him simultaneously with Melissa; Erica, who tells him that the late Phil II chose him as a surrogate father for her baby; and even Carol, who approaches him with a surprise request to impregnate her when she thinks Phil (Tandy) is sterile. In season 3, when Gail breaks up with him, Todd hopes to win back Melissa until he is frightened by her strange behavior resulting from killing Darrell. He is eventually able to cure her condition using Clozapine and they get married.
Cleopatra Coleman as Erica Dundee, an Australian woman and self-described "political nerd." After the outbreak of the virus, she met Gail at the White House and the two became traveling companions. They discover Phil upon spotting a fire he started, then move in with the rest of the survivors. In the second season, Erica becomes pregnant with Phil II's child but decides to not involve him in their child's life when he openly flirts with Carol. In "Smart and Stupid," she tells Mike, whom she is dating, that she was imprisoned for armed bank robbery before traveling to the United States and getting a job at the State Department under an assumed name. Toward the end of season 3, she gives birth to her daughter, whom she names Dawn. She later starts a romantic relationship with Gail and they get married in season 4.
Mary Steenburgen as Gail Klosterman (recurring season 1; starring season 2–present), a chef and former restaurant owner from Wilmington, North Carolina. After the outbreak of the virus, she met another woman named Erica, and the two became traveling companions. Gail mentions having had a husband but does not reveal what happened to him.[20] In the second season, she develops a relationship with another survivor named Gordon, but after Gordon dies of a heart attack, she has trouble finding closure and even dresses up a mannequin to look like Gordon, until she starts dating Todd. In the third season, she tells Carol, who wants Gail to adopt her so her child can have a grandmother, that she also had a child who died before the outbreak of the virus. To avoid being annoyed by Carol about their newly formed family, Gail finds solace in an elevator, but the elevator loses its power and traps her inside until Phil restores the power in "The Spirit of St. Lewis". She begins a romantic relationship with Erica during the six months after the episode "Name 20 Picnics...Now!", which continues into the fourth season and leads to them getting married.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Jason Sudeikis as Michael Shelby "Mike" Miller (guest season 1, recurring seasons 2 and 4),[21] the more successful younger brother of Phil (Tandy) and an astronaut who survives in Earth's orbit aboard the International Space Station. Like Phil and his sports balls, he talks to pet worms out of loneliness.[22] He also appears in a still photograph in the premiere episode with his brother and parents.[23] In the season 2 mid-season finale, Mike begins his return to Earth with a newborn companion worm. After he lands in the sea, paranoid seaman Pat Brown abandons him on shore, but he finds his way to Malibu using an "Alive in Tucson" sign, his inference that Phil would have moved into the cul-de-sac following the apocalypse, and a letter from Melissa. Though his sibling rivalry with Phil resurfaces, the brothers eventually reconcile and explain to each other how their parents were proud of them both. In "Smart and Stupid", Mike starts coughing up blood, a sign of the virus, and departs to avoid having the group grieve his death. When Phil finds Mike at their childhood home in Tucson, they spend a day growing closer than ever before Mike begs Phil in his "dying wish" to leave. Phil returns in season 3 to see if Mike is still alive but chooses not to enter Mike's bedroom, leaving without confirming his brother's status. Mike rejoins the group near the end of the fourth season, having survived a weakened immune system from being in space. Mike's niece, the younger of Phil and Carol's twin daughters, is named Mike in his honor.
Boris Kodjoe as Philip Stacy "Phil" Miller (seasons 1–2), a former member of the Special Forces from High Point, North Carolina. He discovers the rest of the survivors after finding the original Phil sunburned and unconscious on a billboard. Also a former contractor, his skills with construction—as well as his good looks—soon make him a favorite among the women in the group. He and the original Phil, who must go by "Tandy" after losing a competition to him, become rivals shortly after meeting.[24] In the second season, he openly flirts with Carol, then tries to make amends with Erica when he learns she is pregnant with his child. Just as he mends his relationship with her, he suffers from appendicitis and requests that Erica not let Tandy help raise their child if he does not survive. He finally dies during a botched appendectomy performed by Gail and Todd, neither of whom has medical experience. After the group says goodbye to Phil, Tandy learns that, despite Phil's earlier claim that he had no middle name, his middle name was Stacy.
Mark Boone Junior as Patrick "Pat" Brown (seasons 2–4), the first person Mike encounters after returning to Earth. A former tennis champion and ice cream truck driver, he wanders the sea on a yacht, fearing that the virus has still contaminated the land and that anyone he meets could be carrying it. He also believes the U.S. government has gone into hiding in bunkers and plotted a conspiracy to trap survivors. He abandons Mike in Miami when he thinks he has accidentally killed him by exposing him to the virus. Between the events of "Pitch Black" and "30 Years of Science Down the Tubes", Pat meets two other survivors named Darrell and Lewis while sailing around North America via the Northwest Passage. Armed with rifles, the three men approach the Malibu mansion at the start of the third season.[25] Although Pat and Lewis convince the group of their peaceful intent, Pat suddenly turns on them when he realizes Phil and Mike are related, but he is hit with the A-Team van as everyone else escapes from him in it. He is presumed dead until his body and boat vanish. When he sees the group driving towards a marina at the end of season 3, Pat tries to kill them before Pamela shoots him in the head.
Kenneth Choi as Lewis (season 3), a gay arborist from Seattle whose partner Mark is presumed to have been killed by the virus. He first comes to Malibu as part of Pat's crew but defects and joins the main group when Pat refuses to make peace with Phil (Tandy). He greatly fears Pat, especially since Pat told him he previously killed someone (Mike).[26] After moving into a self-sustaining office building in San Jose with the rest of the group, he considers the possibility that Mark might still be alive in Tokyo and begins teaching himself aviation so he can fly there and investigate.[27] In the middle of season 3, Lewis is killed 10 seconds after takeoff when he attempts his first flight in a real plane.
Kristen Wiig as Pamela Brinton (seasons 3-4),[28] a wealthy socialite and philanthropist who hid from the virus in an underground bunker with her dog Jeremy. During her time in the bunker, she learned to pilot its surveillance drone, which Gail first saw near the end of the second season. She leaves upon discovering the others even though the connection is lost.[29] Pamela introduces herself to the group after shooting Pat in the head to save them. She then abducts Phil for herself upon hearing the other ladies' plans to abandon her, but she redeems herself as she realizes the errors of her actions and joins castaway Glenn on a search for his children.
Keith L. Williams as Jasper (season 3–present), an initially silent young boy who is discovered in the background of Carol and Gail's family photos wearing a Yoda costume. Phil names him "Jasper" after his JanSport backpack, and the child chooses Erica as his parental figure despite Phil's attempts to bond with him. Six months after his first exposure to every major holiday packed into one party by the adults, he starts speaking. Following the births of Dawn, Bezequille, and Mike, Carol and Erica begin competing for their children to start relationships with Jasper so they don’t end up alone with no one else on Earth to be with. Jasper becomes uncomfortable with Carol and Erica competing for him along with Todd’s repeated attempts to bond with him, so he runs away from the house. Two episodes after his disappearance, it is revealed that Melissa, who seems to be the only adult that Jasper is comfortable with, knows his location and has been dropping coolers of food off near him so he can eat.
Chris Elliott as Glenn (season 4), a castaway whom the group meets on a remote island in the Pacific Ocean. He missed the apocalypse and thus knows nothing about the virus until Carol informs him about it, then joins the group in their return to the mainland, where he begins a relationship with Pamela and invites her on a search for his children.
Fred Armisen as Karl Cowperthwaite (season 4),[30] a cannibalistic serial killer who was arrested before the outbreak of the virus and placed in a prison near Zihuatanejo, Mexico, where Phil and Todd find him while looking for Jasper. His preferred method of killing his victims is by bringing them to his house, painting portraits of them, and killing them, presumably with a knife. Karl kills the only other survivor in the prison, a guard named Martinez (Geoffrey Rivas), who had planned to leave Karl to die alone, before Phil and Todd find him. Karl steals Martinez’s uniform and identity and is welcomed into the main group, but Phil and Todd soon catch him eating part of a corpse. Though the survivors put him back in prison, Karl escapes and is eventually killed after he solves a Rubik's Cube, setting off a bomb hidden inside it.

text: Guests[edit]

text:
Alexandra Daddario as Victoria (season 1), an attractive woman that Phil (Tandy) hallucinates before he meets Carol.[31]
Will Ferrell as Gordon Vanderkruik[11] (season 2), a survivor living in Malibu, who dies from a heart attack from the shock of Carol's sudden appearance. When Gordon first met the other survivors some time between the events of the first and second seasons, he developed a relationship with Gail. His grave indicates that he was born in 1978 and died in 2023.[11]
Jon Hamm as Darrell (season 3), a man who sails to Malibu with Pat and Lewis but is shot and killed by Melissa in the ensuing confusion on their intentions.[26]
Laura Dern as Catherine (season 3), Pamela's socialite friend, who purchases a bunker to hide from the virus, but ultimately succumbs to it before she can enter.[29]
Timothy V. Murphy as Benjamin Brinton (season 3), Pamela's husband, who dies from the virus.[29]
Jack Black as Rear Admiral Roy Billups (season 4), a United States Navy officer and Pamela's lover whom Pat shoots before she finally kills Pat outright.
Alma Martinez as "La Abuela" Gordillo (season 4), a Mexican drug cartel leader who, in a flashback to 2017, occupies the Zihuatanejo mansion wherein the main group settles in the present before she is slain by her henchman Panchito.
Jack Guzman as Hector (season 4), one of La Abuela's henchmen who, in a flashback to 2017, prepares a bomb to avoid being killed by her before hiding the bomb in a Rubik's Cube.
Leighton Meester as Zoe (season 4), a woman with whom Karl goes on an unsuccessful date.
Martin Short as an unnamed Sport utility vehicle driver (season 4), whom Karl kills so can he can quickly escape to Mexico.

text: Background and production[edit]

text: The show originated from the writing team of Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, who had the idea initially for a feature film. They approached longtime collaborator and former Saturday Night Live cast member Will Forte with the premise, who "took a spark to it and took it in his own direction", according to Miller.[32] He was partially inspired by the series Life After People. "I love comedy where there's a lot of tension and even though it's very far-fetched, it seems very relatable", said Forte of the premise.[33] Forte's treatment for the series, crafted over a weekend, was pitched around Hollywood to positive responses. They mainly pitched to cable and Internet services, as Forte believed a broadcast network would be stricter on content.[32] In their pitch, much of the outline of the series' first season was formulated.[34] Fox, the show's eventual distributor, was instead doing "something different" and specific to his vision, according to Miller.[32]

text: Forte spoke on the show's creative freedom in a 2015 interview:

text: I think we always saw this as more of a cable show, to be honest. They claimed from the get-go that they didn't want to change the tone of the show, and I think I went in with an eyebrow raised, thinking, okay, well when's it going to come out that we have to change it around? And they were great. They stuck by their pledge and let us make this different type of show. We're so happy to have had this experience. It was just a great, great experience with Fox.[34]

text: Filming the series was challenging. For example, maintaining silence and not picking up sounds of cars in the distance made it difficult.[33] In addition to Forte's fascination with Life After People, similar films bandied about while writing the show included The Omega Man, I Am Legend, and 28 Days Later.[34] Fox particularly appreciated the heart of the story, with its universal theme. According to Lord, "We always talked about that this is a person who is very flawed, and a person who maybe needed the entire world to end in order for him to become his best self. [...] That was our big thought, well here's a guy who maybe he wasn't the best guy in the regular world, but if you took the regular world away, could he eventually get back to being the person that all of us hope that we can be."[34]

text: The name of the main character, Phil Tandy Miller, is based on the names of the two executive producers Phil Lord and Christopher Miller.[35] According to Miller, "there are no zombies" in the series.[36]

text: For the second season, Dan Sterling joined as executive producer and took over the role of showrunner from Forte, who was the showrunner for the first season.[37]

text: The main recording location for the series is a 20th Century Fox studio in Chatsworth, California.[38][39][40]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
13
March 1, 2015 (2015-03-01)
May 3, 2015 (2015-05-03)

2
18
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
May 15, 2016 (2016-05-15)

3
18
September 25, 2016 (2016-09-25)
May 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)

4
18[41]
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)[41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: For its one-hour premiere, The Last Man on Earth received 5.75 million viewers with an average 2.4 rating among adults 18–49, making it the highest-rated broadcast series of the evening in that demographic.[42] While ratings declined overall, the show did well enough with young men to justify renewal.[43]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Sunday 9:30 pm
13
March 1, 2015
5.75[42]
May 3, 2015
3.51[44]
2014–15
93[45]
6.07[45]

2
18
September 27, 2015
3.14[46]
May 15, 2016
2.23[47]
2015–16
114[48]
4.23[48]

3
18
September 25, 2016
2.23[49]
May 7, 2017
1.8[50]
2016–17
122[51]
3.29[51]

4
18
October 1, 2017
2.28[52]
May 6, 2018
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
My recommendation comes with a caveat: there is no roadmap for this kind of show, and it could easily fall apart quickly. But I will say this for The Last Man on Earth: it does not seem like the sort of thing that would be a primetime network sitcom. And that's precisely why it should be one.
“
”

James Poniewozik of Time[53]

tag: div

text: The Last Man on Earth has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics, the first season has a score of 72, based on 30 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[54] On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an 85% approval rating with an average score of 7.74 out of 10 based on 46 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "It may run out of steam before the season's over, but The Last Man on Earth's ambitious concept and comedic undertone are enough to lure viewers in."[55] Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter called the show "a genre-busting breakout that's creative, nuanced and inspired".[56] Robert Bianco of USA Today praised Forte's "audacity, inventiveness and achievement".[57] Hank Stuever of The Washington Post called it "a charming and intelligent sendup of pop culture's obsession with the end of everything".[58] Slate's Willa Paskin called the program "well-made, polished, odd, surprisingly funny".[59] "For a show that shouldn't really work at all, Last Man works pretty well", remarked Margaret Lyons of Vulture.[60]

text: Entertainment Weekly's Jeff Jensen called it "profoundly funny", and sustainable if it continues the "ingenuity, surprises, and craftsmanship".[35] "I was impressed by The Last Man on Earth, and hope it can continue to spin stories and character development out of its somewhat narrow premise", wrote Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe.[61]

text: Several critics, such as Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post[16] and David Hinckley of the New York Daily News, have questioned the show's future.[62] Mike Hale of The New York Times deemed the show "well made, meticulous in its comic details and pleasantly acted", though noting that part of the show's appeal "dissipates" past the pilot episode.[63] Brian Lowry of Variety opined that "the premise calls for a level of creativity from the producers that these episodes don't consistently deliver. That's not to say 'I wouldn't watch him if he were the last man on Earth.' But like the fate of humanity within the series, while the future certainly isn't hopeless, neither does it look particularly bright."[64]

text: Subsequent seasons have also received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an 83% approval rating with an average score of 7.76 out of 10 based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, "Season two of The Last Man on Earth brings a change of venue and renewed focus on the chemistry between Forte and Schaal, and may win back some viewers who were turned off in season one."[65] The third season has a 78% approval rating with an average score of 7.09 out of 10 based on 9 reviews.[66] The fourth season has a 100% approval rating with an average score of 7 out of 10 based on 5 reviews.[67]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref.

2015
Critics' Choice Television Award
Best Actor in a Comedy Series
Will Forte
Nominated
[68]

Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
Will Forte
Nominated
[69]

Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series
Will Forte for "Alive in Tucson"
Nominated

Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series
Phil Lord and Christopher Miller for "Alive in Tucson"
Nominated

Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series
Stacey Schroeder
Nominated

EWwy Award
Outstanding Comedy Series
The Last Man on Earth
Nominated
[70]

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Kristen Schaal
Nominated
[71]

68th Writers Guild of America Awards
New Series
The Last Man on Earth
Nominated
[72]

Episodic Comedy
Will Forte ("Alive in Tucson")
Nominated

2016
6th Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Comedy Series
The Last Man on Earth
Nominated
[73]

Best Actor in a Comedy Series
Will Forte
Nominated

68th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series
Will Forte
Nominated
[74]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on September 22, 2015. The set contains audio commentaries for "The Elephant in the Room" and "Screw the Moon"; The Last Man on Earth Q&A Panel; "Survival of the Funniest: Creating The Last Man on Earth" featurette; deleted scenes; and a gag reel.[75]


document_title: Serial (literature)

question_text: how and why were serial novels a phenomenon in the nineteenth century

text: Serial (literature)

text: Early history[edit]

text: The growth of moveable type in the 17th century prompted episodic and often disconnected narratives such as L'Astrée and Le Grand Cyrus. At that time, books remained a premium item, so to reduce the price and expand the market, publishers produced large works in lower-cost installments called fascicles.[2]

text: 19th and early 20th centuries[edit]

text: Serialized fiction surged in popularity during Britain's Victorian era, due to a combination of the rise of literacy, technological advances in printing, and improved economics of distribution.[3]:34 Most Victorian novels first appeared as installments in monthly or weekly periodicals.[3]:13 The wild success of Charles Dickens's The Pickwick Papers, first published in 1836, is widely considered to have established the viability and appeal of the serialized format within periodical literature. During that era, the line between "quality" and "commercial" literature was not distinct.[3]:31 Other famous writers who wrote serial literature for popular magazines were Wilkie Collins, inventor of the detective novel withThe Moonstone and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, who created the Sherlock Holmes stories originally for serialization in The Strand magazine.

text: While American periodicals first syndicated British writers, over time they drew from a growing base of domestic authors. The rise of the periodicals like Harper's and the Atlantic Monthly grew in symbiotic tandem with American literary talent. The magazines nurtured and provided an economic sustainability for writers, while the writers helped grow the periodicals' circulation base. During the late 19th century, those that were considered the best American writers first published their work in serial form and then only later in a completed volume format.[4]:51 As a piece in Scribner's Monthly explained in 1878, "Now it is the second or third rate novelist who cannot get publication in a magazine, and is obliged to publish in a volume, and it is in the magazine that the best novelist always appears first."[4]:52 Among the American writers that wrote in serial form were Henry James and Herman Melville. A large part of the appeal for writers at the time was the broad audiences that serialization could reach, which would then grow their following for published works. One of the first significant American works to be released in serial format is Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe, which was published over a 40-week period by The National Era, an abolitionist periodical, starting with the June 5, 1851 issue.

text: Serialization was so standard in American literature that authors from that era often built installment structure into their creative process. James, for example, often had his works divided into multi-part segments of similar length.[4]:30 The consumption of fiction during that time was different than in the 20th century. Instead of being read in a single volume, a novel would often be consumed by readers in installments over a period as long as a year, with the authors and periodicals often responding to audience reaction.[4]

text: In France, Alexandre Dumas and Eugène Sue were masters of the serialized genre. The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo each appeared as a feuilleton. The Count of Monte Cristo was stretched out to 139 installments. Eugène Sue's serial novel Le Juif errant increased circulation of Le Constitutionnel from 3,600 to 25,000. Production in book form soon followed and serialization was one of the main reasons that nineteenth-century novels were so long. Authors and publishers kept the story going if it was successful since authors were paid by line and by episode. Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary was serialized in La Revue de Paris in 1856.

text: Some writers were prolific. Alexandre Dumas wrote at an incredible pace, oftentimes writing with his partner twelve to fourteen hours a day, working on several novels for serialized publication at once. However, not every writer could keep up with the serial writing pace. Wilkie Collins, for instance, was never more than a week before publication. The difference in writing pace and output in large part determined the author's success, as audience appetite created demand for further installments.[5]

text: In the German-speaking countries, the serialized novel was widely popularized by the weekly family magazine Die Gartenlaube, which reached a circulation of 382,000 by 1875.[6] In Russia, The Russian Messenger serialized Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina from 1873 to 1877 and Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov from 1879 to 1880. In Poland, Bolesław Prus wrote several serialized novels: The Outpost (1885–86), The Doll (1887–89), The New Woman (1890–93), and his sole historical novel, Pharaoh (the latter, exceptionally, written entire over a year's time in 1894–95 and serialized only after completion, in 1895–96).

text: In addition, works in late Qing dynasty China had been serialized. The Nine-tailed Turtle was serialized from 1906 to 1910.[7] Bizarre Happenings Eyewitnessed over Two Decades was serialized in Xin Xiaoshuo (T: 新小說, S: 新小说, P: Xīn Xiǎoshuō; W: Hsin Hsiao-shuo; "New Fiction"), a magazine by Liang Qichao.[8] The first half of Officialdom Unmasked appeared in installments of Shanghai Shijie Fanhua Bao,[9] serialized there from April 1903 to June 1905.[10]

text: Late 20th and early-21st centuries[edit]

text: With the rise of broadcast—both radio and television series—in the first half of the 20th century, printed periodical fiction began a slow decline as newspapers and magazines shifted their focus from entertainment to information and news. However, some serialization of novels in periodicals continued, with mixed success.

text: The first several books in the Tales of the City series by Armistead Maupin appeared from 1978 as regular installments in San Francisco newspapers. Similar serial novels ran in other city newspapers, such as The Serial[11] (1976; Marin County), Tangled Lives (Boston), Bagtime (Chicago), and Federal Triangle (Washington, D.C.).[12] Starting in 1984, Tom Wolfe's The Bonfire of the Vanities, about contemporary New York City, ran in 27 parts in Rolling Stone, partially inspired by the model of Dickens. The magazine paid $200,000 for his work, but Wolfe heavily revised the work before publication as a standalone novel.[13] Alexander McCall Smith, author of The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency series, experimented in 2004 with publishing his novel 44 Scotland Street in instalments every weekday in The Scotsman. Michael Chabon serialized Gentlemen of the Road in The New York Times Magazine in 2007.

text: The emergence of the World Wide Web prompted some authors to revise a serial format. Stephen King experimented with The Plant (2000), and Michel Faber allowed The Guardian to serialise his novel The Crimson Petal and the White. In 2005, Orson Scott Card serialized his out-of-print novel Hot Sleep in the first issue of his online magazine, InterGalactic Medicine Show. In 2008 McCall Smith wrote a serialized online novel Corduroy Mansions, with the audio edition read by Andrew Sachs made available at the same pace as the daily publication. In 2011, pseudonymous author Wildbow published Worm, which remains one of the most popular web serials of all time.[14][15][16]

text: The rise of fan fiction on the internet also follows a serial fiction style of publication, as seen on websites such as FanFiction.Net and Archive of Our Own (AO3).

text: Many aspiring authors also used the web to publish free-to-read works in serialized format independently as well as web-based communities such as LiveJournal, Fictionpress.com,[17] fictionhub,[18] and Wattpad.[19] Many of these books receive as many readers as successful novels; some have received the same number of readers as New York Times bestsellers.[20][21]

text: In addition, the prevalence of mobile devices made the serial format even more popular with the likes of JukePop Serials[22] with iOS[23] and Android[24] apps that focuses entirely on curating and promoting serialized novels.


document_title: Costa Rica at the FIFA World Cup

question_text: who eliminated costa rica in world cup 2014

text: Costa Rica at the FIFA World Cup

text: Record[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup record

Year
Round
Position
GP
W
D*
L
GS
GA

 1930
Did not enter

 1934

 1938

 1950

 1954

 1958
Did not qualify

 1962

 1966

 1970

 1974

 1978

 1982

 1986

 1990
Round of 16
13th
4
2
0
2
4
6

 1994
Did not qualify

 1998

  2002
Group stage
19th
3
1
1
1
5
6

 2006
Group stage
31st
3
0
0
3
3
9

 2010
Did not qualify

 2014
Quarter-finals
8th
5
2
3
0
5
2

 2018
Qualified

 2022
To be determined

Total
5/21
—
15
5
4
6
17
23

text: FIFA World Cup Record by Country[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup matches (by team)

Opponent
Wins
Draws
Losses
Total
Goals Scored
Goals Conceded

 Brazil
0
0
2
2
2
6

 China PR
1
0
0
1
2
0

 Czechoslovakia
0
0
1
1
1
4

 Ecuador
0
0
1
1
0
3

 England
0
1
0
1
0
0

 Germany
0
0
1
1
2
4

 Greece
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Italy
1
0
0
1
1
0

 Netherlands
0
1
0
1
0
0

 Poland
0
0
1
1
1
2

 Scotland
1
0
0
1
1
0

 Sweden
1
0
0
1
2
1

 Turkey
0
1
0
1
1
1

 Uruguay
1
0
0
1
3
1

text: Matches[edit]

text:
11 June 1990 Group Stage
Costa Rica
1 – 0
 Scotland
[show]Stadio Luigi Ferraris, Genoa

17:00
Cayasso  49'
Report

Attendance: 30,867
Referee: Juan Carlos Loustau (Argentina)

text:
16 June 1990 Group Stage
Brazil
1 – 0
 Costa Rica
[show]Stadio Delle Alpi, Turin

17:00
Müller  33'
Report

Attendance: 58,007
Referee: Neji Jouini (Tunisia)

text:
20 June 1990 Group Stage
Costa Rica
2 – 1
 Sweden
[show]Stadio Luigi Ferraris, Genoa

21:00
Flores  75'
Medford  88'
Report
Ekström  32'
Attendance: 30,223
Referee: Zoran Petrović (Yugoslavia)

text:
23 June 1990 Round of 16
Czechoslovakia
4 – 1
 Costa Rica
[show]Stadio San Nicola, Bari

21:00
Skuhravý  12', 63', 82'
Kubík  75'
Report
González  54'
Attendance: 47,673
Referee: Siegfried Kirschen (East Germany)

text:
4 June 2002 Group Stage
Costa Rica
2 – 0
 China PR
[show]Gwangju, South Korea

15:30
Gómez  61'
Wright  65'
Report

Stadium: Gwangju World Cup Stadium
Attendance: 27,217
Referee: Kyros Vassaras (Greece)

text:
9 June 2002 Group Stage
Costa Rica
1 – 1
 Turkey
[show]Incheon, South Korea

18:00
Parks  86'
Report
 56' Belözoğlu
Stadium: Incheon Munhak Stadium
Attendance: 42,299
Referee: Coffi Codjia (Benin)

text:
13 June 2002 Group Stage
Costa Rica
2 – 5
 Brazil
[show]Suwon, South Korea

15:30
Wanchope  22'
Gómez  56'
Report
 10', 13' Ronaldo
 38' Edmílson
 62' Rivaldo
 64' Júnior
Stadium: Suwon World Cup Stadium
Attendance: 38,524
Referee: Gamal Al-Ghandour (Egypt)

text:
9 June 2006 Group Stage
Germany
4 – 2
 Costa Rica
[show]Munich

18:00
Lahm  6'
Klose  17', 61'
Frings  87'
Report
 12', 73' Wanchope
Stadium: FIFA WM Stadion München
Attendance: 66,000
Referee: Horacio Elizondo (Argentina)

text:
15 June 2006 Group Stage
Ecuador
3 – 0
 Costa Rica
[show]Hamburg

15:00
C. Tenorio  8'
Delgado  54'
Kaviedes  90+2'
Report

Stadium: FIFA WM Stadion Hamburg
Attendance: 50,000
Referee: Coffi Codjia (Benin)

text:
20 June 2006 Group Stage
Costa Rica
1 – 2
 Poland
[show]Hanover

16:00
Gómez  25'
Report
 33', 65' Bosacki
Stadium: FIFA WM Stadion Hannover
Attendance: 43,000
Referee: Shamsul Maidin (Singapore)

text:
14 June 2014 Group Stage
Uruguay
1 – 3
 Costa Rica
[show]Estádio Castelão, Fortaleza

16:00 UTC−3
Cavani  24' (pen.)
Report
Campbell  54'
Duarte  57'
Ureña  84'
Attendance: 58,679
Referee: Felix Brych (Germany)

text:
20 June 2014 Group Stage
Italy
0 – 1
 Costa Rica
[show]Arena Pernambuco, Recife

13:00 UTC−3

Report
Ruiz  44'
Attendance: 40,285
Referee: Enrique Osses (Chile)

text:
24 June 2014 Group Stage
Costa Rica
0 – 0
 England
[show]Estádio Mineirão, Belo Horizonte

13:00 UTC−3

Report

Attendance: 57,823
Referee: Djamel Haimoudi (Algeria)

text:
29 June 2014 Round of 16
Costa Rica
1 – 1 (a.e.t.)
(5 – 3 p)
 Greece
[show]Arena Pernambuco, Recife

17:00
Ruiz  52'
Report
Papastathopoulos  90+1'
Attendance: 41,242
Referee: Ben Williams (Australia)

Penalties

Borges
Ruiz
González
Campbell
Umaña

 Mitroglou
 Christodoulopoulos
 Holebas
 Gekas

text:
5 July 2014 Quarter-finals
Netherlands
0 – 0 (a.e.t.)
(4 – 3 p)
 Costa Rica
[show]Arena Fonte Nova, Salvador

17:00

Report

Attendance: 51,179
Referee: Ravshan Irmatov (Uzbekistan)

Penalties

Van Persie
Robben
Sneijder
Kuyt

 Borges
 Ruiz
 González
 Bolaños
 Umaña

text: Record Players[edit]

text:
No.
Name
Matches
World Cups

1
Christian Bolaños
7
2006 and 2014

Michael Umaña
7
2006 and 2014

3
Walter Centeno
6
2002 and 2006

Rónald Gómez
6
2002 and 2006

Luis Marín
6
2002 and 2006

Mauricio Solís
6
2002 and 2006

Paulo Wanchope
6
2002 and 2006

8
Harold Wallace
5
2002 and 2006

Celso Borges
5
2014

Joel Campbell
5
2014

Júnior Díaz
5
2014

Cristian Gamboa
5
2014

Giancarlo González
5
2014

Keylor Navas
5
2014

Bryan Ruiz
5
2014

Yeltsin Tejeda
5
2014

text:
1990 FIFA World Cup squad
2002 FIFA World Cup squad
2006 FIFA World Cup squad
2014 FIFA World Cup squad

text: Top Goalscorers[edit]

text: A list of the top goalscorers for Costa Rica in the FIFA World Cup. Joel Campbell, Oscar Duarte, Marco Ureña and Bryan Ruiz all scored in Costa Rica's 2014 World Cup campaign.

text:
No.
Name
Goals
World Cup

1
Rónald Gómez
3
2002, 2006

Paulo Wanchope
3
2002, 2006

3
Bryan Ruiz
2
2014

4

Juan Cayasso
1
1990

Róger Flores
1
1990

Rónald González
1
1990

Hernán Medford
1
1990

Winston Parks
1
2002

Mauricio Wright
1
2002

Joel Campbell
1
2014

Oscar Duarte
1
2014

Marco Ureña
1
2014


document_title: List of Prime Ministers of Canada

question_text: who was the 11th prime minister of canada

text: List of Prime Ministers of Canada

text: Prime ministers[edit]

text:
Abbreviation key:
No.: Incumbent No., Min.: Ministry

Colour key:

  Liberal Party of Canada
  Historical Conservative Party (including Liberal-Conservative, Conservative, Unionist, National Liberal and Conservative, Progressive Conservative)
  Conservative Party of Canada

Provinces key:
AB: Alberta, BC: British Columbia, MB: Manitoba, NS: Nova Scotia, ON: Ontario, QC: Quebec, SK: Saskatchewan

text:
No.
Portrait
Name
(Birth–Death)
District
Term of office
Electoral mandates (Parliaments)
Political party
Min.
Refs

1

Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Kingston, ON
July 1, 1867
–
November 5, 1873

Title created (no parl't)
1867 election (1st Parl't)
1872 election (2nd Parl't)

Liberal-Conservative Party
1st
[2] [5]

Minister of Justice; Integration of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory into Canada; Manitoba Act; Red River Rebellion; British Columbia and Prince Edward Island join confederation; Creation of the North-West Mounted Police; Resigned over Pacific Scandal

2

Alexander Mackenzie
(1822–1892)
MP for Lambton, ON
November 7, 1873
–
October 8, 1878

Appointment (2nd Parl't)[Min.]
1874 election (3rd Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1873
2nd
[6] [7]

Pacific Scandal; Creation of the Supreme Court; Establishment of the Royal Military College; Created the office of the Auditor General

(1)

Sir John A. Macdonald
(1815–1891)
MP for Victoria, BC until 1882
MP for Carleton, ON until 1887
MP for Kingston, ON
October 17, 1878
–
June 6, 1891

1878 election (4th Parl't)
1882 election (5th Parl't)
1887 election (6th Parl't)
1891 election (7th Parl't)

Liberal-Conservative Party
3rd
[8] [9]

National Policy; Railway to the Pacific; North-West Rebellion; Hanging of Louis Riel. Died in office (stroke).

3

Sir John Abbott
(1821–1893)
Senator for Quebec
June 16, 1891
–
November 24, 1892

Appointment (7th Parl't)

Liberal-Conservative Party
4th
[10] [11]

Minister without Portfolio; Succeeded on Macdonald's death due to objections to the Catholic John Thompson. In ill health; retired. First prime minister born in what would become Canada, and first of only two prime ministers to serve while in the Senate.

4

Sir John Thompson
(1845–1894)
MP for Antigonish, NS
December 5, 1892
–
December 12, 1894

Appointment (7th Parl't)

Liberal-Conservative Party
5th
[12] [13]

Minister of Justice; First Catholic Prime Minister. Manitoba Schools Question. Died in office (heart attack).

5

Sir Mackenzie Bowell
(1823–1917)
Senator for Ontario
December 21, 1894
–
April 27, 1896

Appointment (7th Parl't)

Conservative Party (historical)
6th
[14] [15]

Minister of Customs; Minister of Militia and Defence; Manitoba Schools Question. Last prime minister to serve while in the Senate.

6

Sir Charles Tupper
(1821–1915)
Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister
May 1, 1896
–
July 8, 1896

Appointment (no parl't)

Conservative Party (historical)
7th
[16] [17]

Minister of Customs, Minister of Railways and Canals; Oldest Canadian PM. Aimed to defeat Patrons of Industry, but dominated by Manitoba Schools Question. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.

7

Sir Wilfrid Laurier
(1841–1919)
MP for Quebec East, QC
July 11, 1896
–
October 6, 1911

1896 election (8th Parl't)
1900 election (9th Parl't)
1904 election (10th Parl't)
1908 election (11th Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1887
8th
[18] [19]

Manitoba Schools Question; Boer War; Alberta and Saskatchewan created; Creation of the Royal Canadian Navy; Reciprocity with the US; Department of External Affairs established; First French Canadian Prime Minister, removed the right of status Indians to vote.

8

Sir Robert Borden
(1854–1937)
MP for Halifax, NS until 1917
MP for Kings, NS
October 10, 1911
–
October 11, 1917

1911 election (12th Parl't)

Conservative Party (historical)
Named leader in 1901
9th
[19] [20] [21]

October 12,1917
–
July 10, 1920

1917 election (13th Parl't)

Unionist Party
10th

First World War; Military Service Act; Conscription Crisis of 1917; Union government; National Research Council; Introduction of income tax; Nickle Resolution; Women's suffrage; Suppression of Winnipeg General Strike; Canada sits at the Paris Peace Conference, signs the Treaty of Versailles and joins League of Nations.

9

Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB
July 10, 1920
–
December 29, 1921

Appointment (13th Parl't)

National Liberal and Conservative Party
Named leader in 1920
11th
[22] [23]

Solicitor General of Canada, Minister of Mines, Secretary of State for Canada, Minister of the Interior, Superintendant Indian Affairs; Grand Trunk Railway placed under control of Canadian National Railways.

10

William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for York North, ON until 1925
MP for Prince Albert, SK
December 29, 1921
–
June 28, 1926

1921 election (14th Parl't)
1925 election (15th Parl't)[LS] [Min.]

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1919
12th
[24] [25]

Minister of Labour; Chanak Crisis; lower tariffs; reinstated Crowsnest Pass Agreement; 1923 Imperial Conference; Halibut Treaty; Continued after 1925 with third party Progressive support until resigning after his request for an election was refused by Governor General Lord Byng.

(9)

Arthur Meighen
(1874–1960)
MP for Portage la Prairie, MB
June 29, 1926
–
September 25, 1926

Appointment (15th Parl't)[Min.]

Conservative Party (historical)
13th
[22] [26]

Appointed as a result of the King–Byng Affair.

(10)

William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK
September 25, 1926
–
August 7, 1930

1926 election (16th Parl't)[Min.]

Liberal Party
14th
[24] [27]

Balfour Declaration; Introduction of old age pensions; first Canadian envoys with full diplomatic status sent to foreign countries (USA, France, Japan); Great Depression.

11

R. B. Bennett
(1870–1947)
MP for Calgary West, AB
August 7, 1930
–
October 23, 1935

1930 election (17th Parl't)

Conservative Party (historical)
Named leader in 1927
15th
[28] [29]

Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Great Depression; Imperial Preference; Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission; Canadian Wheat Board; Creation of the Bank of Canada.

(10)

William Lyon Mackenzie King
(1874–1950)
MP for Prince Albert, SK until 1945
MP for Glengarry, ON
October 23, 1935
–
November 15, 1948

1935 election (18th Parl't)
1940 election (19th Parl't)
1945 election (20th Parl't)[LS]

Liberal Party
16th
[24] [30]

Creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation; National Film Board of Canada; Unemployment Insurance Act of 1940; Nationalization of the Bank of Canada; Second World War; Japanese Canadian internment; Conscription Crisis of 1944; Canada's entry into the United Nations; Trans-Canada Airlines; Gouzenko Affair.

12

Louis St. Laurent
(1882–1973)
MP for Quebec East, QC
November 15, 1948
–
June 21, 1957

Appointment (20th Parl't)
1949 election (21st Parl't)
1953 election (22nd Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1948
17th
[31] [32]

Minister of Justice, Secretary of State for External Affairs; Dominion of Newfoundland joins confederation; right of appeal to Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ended; Canada's entrance into NATO; Suez Crisis; Creation of the United Nations Emergency Force; London Declaration; Newfoundland Act; Equalization; Trans-Canada Highway; St. Lawrence Seaway; Trans-Canada Pipeline; Pipeline Debate.

13

John Diefenbaker
(1895–1979)
MP for Prince Albert, SK
June 21, 1957
–
April 22, 1963

1957 election (23rd Parl't)[Min.]
1958 election (24th Parl't)
1962 election (25th Parl't)[Min.]

Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1956
18th
[33] [34]

Avro Arrow cancellation; Coyne Affair; Cuban Missile Crisis; NORAD; Establishment of Board of Broadcast Governors; Canadian Bill of Rights; Allowed status aboriginals to vote in federal elections 1960; Alouette 1 satellite programme.

14

Lester B. Pearson
(1897–1972)
MP for Algoma East, ON
April 22, 1963
–
April 20, 1968

1963 election (26th Parl't)[Min.]
1965 election (27th Parl't)[Min.]

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1958
19th
[35] [36]

Secretary of State for External Affairs; Bomarc missile program; Federal involvement in universal healthcare; Canada Pension Plan; Canada Student Loans; Creation of a new Canadian flag; Auto Pact; Rejection of troop deployment to Vietnam; Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism; Unification of the Armed Forces; Canadian Centennial Celebrations.

15

Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC
April 20, 1968
–
June 3/4,[*] 1979

Appointment (27th Parl't)
1968 election (28th Parl't)
1972 election (29th Parl't)[Min.]
1974 election (30th Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1968
20th
[37]

Minister of Justice; "Trudeaumania"; "Just Society"; October Crisis and Use of the War Measures Act; Official Languages Act; Establishment of relations with Communist China; Victoria Charter; Creation of Petro-Canada; Membership in the G7; Metric Commission, Metrication of Canada, Creation of Via Rail.

16

Joe Clark
(b. 1939)
MP for Yellowhead, AB
June 4, 1979
–
March 2/3,[*] 1980

1979 election (31st Parl't)[Min.]

Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1976
21st
[38]

Youngest Canadian PM. Defeated in a motion of no confidence on first budget.

(15)

Pierre Trudeau
(1919–2000)
MP for Mount Royal, QC
March 3, 1980
–
June 29/30,[*] 1984

1980 election (32nd Parl't)

Liberal Party
22nd
[37]

Quebec referendum, 1980; Access to Information Act; Patriation of the Canadian Constitution; Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms; National Energy Program; Canada Health Act; Western alienation.

17

John Turner
(b. 1929)
Did not serve in Parliament while Prime Minister
June 30, 1984
–
September 16/17,[*] 1984

Appointment (32nd Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1984
23rd
[39]

Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance; Trudeau Patronage Appointments. Never sat in parliament as Prime Minister.

18

Brian Mulroney
(b. 1939)
MP for Manicouagan, QC until 1988
MP for Charlevoix, QC
September 17, 1984
–
June 24/25,[*] 1993

1984 election (33rd Parl't)
1988 election (34th Parl't)

Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1983
24th
[40]

Cancellation of the National Energy Program; Meech Lake Accord; Petro-Canada privatization; Canada-US Free Trade Agreement; Introduction of the Goods and Services Tax; Charlottetown Accord; Gulf War; Oka Crisis; Environmental Protection Act; Privatization of Air Canada, North American Free Trade Agreement; Airbus affair.

19

Kim Campbell
(b. 1947)
MP for Vancouver Centre, BC
June 25, 1993
–
November 3/4,[*] 1993

Appointment (34th Parl't)

Progressive Conservative Party
Named leader in 1993
25th
[41]

Minister of Justice, Minister of Veterans Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs; Only female Prime Minister of Canada. Defeated and lost her seat in 1993 election.

20

Jean Chrétien
(b. 1934)
MP for Saint-Maurice, QC
November 4, 1993
–
December 11/12,[*] 2003

1993 election (35th Parl't)
1997 election (36th Parl't)
2000 election (37th Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 1990
26th
[42]

Minister of Finance, Minister of Indian Affairs, Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources, Minister of Justice and Energy Minister, President of the Treasury Board, Minister of National Revenue, Deputy Prime Minister of Canada; Privatization of Canadian National Railway, Red Book; Harmonized Sales Tax; Quebec referendum, 1995; Clarity Act; Assassination attempt; Kosovo War; 1997 Red River Flood; Social Union Framework Agreement; Creation of Nunavut Territory; Youth Criminal Justice Act; Operation Yellow Ribbon; Invasion of Afghanistan; Opposition to the Invasion of Iraq; Sponsorship scandal; Kyoto Protocol; Gomery Inquiry.

21

Paul Martin
(b. 1938)
MP for LaSalle—Émard, QC
December 12, 2003
–
February 5/6,[*] 2006

Appointment (37th Parl't)
2004 election (38th Parl't)[Min.]

Liberal Party
Named leader in 2003
27th
[40]

Minister of Finance; Minority government. Civil Marriage Act; Kelowna Accord; Rejection of US Anti-Missile Treaty; Sponsorship scandal; Gomery inquiry; G20; Atlantic Accord; Martin and his father Paul Martin Sr have the honorific title of Right Honourable.

22

Stephen Harper
(b. 1959)
MP for Calgary Southwest, AB
February 6, 2006
–
November 3/4,[*] 2015

2006 election (39th Parl't)[Min.]
2008 election (40th Parl't)[Min.]
2011 election (41st Parl't)

Conservative Party
Named leader in 2004
28th
[43]

Accountability Act; Softwood Lumber Agreement; Afghanistan Mission; 2006 Ontario terrorism plot; Québécois nation motion; Apologies for Residential Schools and Head Tax; 2008 Financial crisis; Coalition crisis; Economic Action Plan; Afghan detainee issue; Parliamentary contempt; Withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol; Repeal of the Long-Gun Registry; Senate expenses scandal; Anti-terrorism Act, 2015.

23

Justin Trudeau
(b. 1971)
MP for Papineau, QC
November 4, 2015
–
Incumbent

2015 election (42nd Parl't)

Liberal Party
Named leader in 2013
29th
[44]

Son of 15th Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau; simultaneously Minister of Intergovernmental Affairs and Youth; second father-and-son pair with honorific title of Right Honourable; did not allow senators to sit in the government caucus; Paris Agreement; 150th anniversary celebrations.

Min. Minority government
LS Party won the election, but prime minister lost own seat
* The Interpretation Act of 1967 states that "where an appointment is made effective or terminates on a specified day, that appointment is considered to be effective or to terminate after the end of the previous day." Under the Act, Prime Ministers' tenures are therefore credited as having concluded at the end of their last full day in office (the earlier date given), although their resignation was received by the Governor General on the following day. This provision applies to Trudeau in 1979[45] and 1984,[46] Clark,[47] Turner,[48] Mulroney,[49] Campbell,[50] Chrétien,[51] Martin,[51] and Harper.[51]

text: Timeline[edit]

text: Living former prime ministers[edit]

text: As of January 2018, there are seven living former Prime Ministers of Canada, the oldest being John Turner (born 1929). The most recent former Prime Minister to die was Pierre Trudeau (1968–1979, 1980–1984), on 28 September 2000. John A. Macdonald (1867–1873, 1878–1891) and John Thompson (1892–1894) are the only serving Prime Ministers to have died in office.

text:
Living former Prime Ministers in order of service:

Joe Clark
Served: 1979–1980
Age: 78

John Turner
Served: 1984
Age: 88

Brian Mulroney
Served: 1984–1993
Age: 78

Kim Campbell
Served: 1993
Age: 70

Jean Chrétien
Served: 1993–2003
Age: 83

Paul Martin
Served: 2003–2006
Age: 79

Stephen Harper
Served: 2006–2015
Age: 58