document_title: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

question_text: who is the robot in lost in space 2018

question_tokens: who is the robot in lost in space 2018

text: Lost in Space (2018 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: When a celestial object, dubbed "The Christmas Star" by the media, crashes into Earth and threatens humanity's survival in 2046, mankind launches the Resolute, an interstellar spacecraft carrying selected families to colonize a new world. The Robinson family is selected for the 24th mission of the Resolute. Before they reach their destination, an alien robot breaches the Resolute's hull. Some of the families are forced to evacuate the mothership in their short range Jupiter spacecraft. The Robinsons and other colonists crash land on a habitable nearby planet where they battle the strange new environment and their own personal demons as they attempt to find a way back to the Resolute.[1]

text: Cast[edit]

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text: Main[edit]

text:
Molly Parker as Maureen Robinson, a fearless and brilliant aerospace engineer taking her family on the mission to colonize Alpha Centauri for a new life on a better world. She is a mission commander. She is married to John Robinson and is the mother of three children.[2]
Toby Stephens as John Robinson, a former U.S. Navy SEAL, and husband to Maureen. He is the biological father of Maureen's two younger children and step-father to her eldest child.[better reference needed]
Maxwell Jenkins as Will Robinson, the 11-year-old son and youngest child of Maureen and John Robinson.[3]
Taylor Russell as Judy Robinson, the 18-year-old eldest child of Maureen Robinson and step-daughter of John Robinson. She is a mission doctor, having received accelerated medical training.[4] She is Maureen's child from her first marriage before John.
Mina Sundwall as Penny Robinson, the second-oldest Robinson child.[5]
Ignacio Serricchio as Don West, a roughneck mechanical engineer who also smuggles luxury goods.[6]
Parker Posey as Dr. Smith, whose real name is June Harris. (The name is a tribute to June Lockhart, who played Maureen Robinson in the 1960s series, and Jonathan Harris, who played the original series' Dr. Smith[7]). June Harris is a criminal and a sociopath who uses other people’s identities to claim their belongings. In the series, June first steals her sister, Jessica's, identity and assumes her place on the colony ship. She later impersonates Dr. Zachary Smith, to take his seat on an evacuating Jupiter ship. After landing on the planet, she attempts to sabotage the Jupiters' chances of being rescued by the Resolute while manipulating and gaslighting the survivors to avoid prosecution for her crimes. The theft of Dr. Zachary Smith's identity is a reference to the corresponding Dr. Smith character of the original TV series, [8] This doctor is played by Bill Mumy, the actor who played Will Robinson in the original show.

text: Additional characters[edit]

text:
Brian Steele plays the Robot,[9] an alien mechanoid being that Will first encounters on the planet that his family crash lands on. The robot has a different form from the ones on the previous series and movie.[10]
Raza Jaffrey as Victor Dhar, an educated and officious man with a sense of entitlement. Victor has been a career-builder and politician from a young age. His arrogance and impatience masks an underlying fear that it will be discovered that he is not quite good enough.[11]
Ajay Friese as Vijay Dhar, Victor and Prisha Dhar's son
Veenu Sandhu as Prisha Dhar. Victor's wife and mother to Vijay
Sibongile Mlambo as Angela Goddard
Kiki Sukezane as Aiko Watanabe
Amelia Burstyn as Dianne
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Hiroki Watanabe
Yukari Komatsu as Naoko Watanabe
Adam Greydon Reid as Peter Beckert
Iain Belcher as Evan
Rowan Schlosberg as Connor
AnnaMaria Demara as Tam Roughneck, Don's co-worker (Tam having been the daughter in the 1960's comic book Space Family Robinson)
Selma Blair as Jessica Harris, June's younger sister
Bill Mumy as Dr. Zachary Smith

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This article's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
"Impact"
Neil Marshall
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

The Jupiter Mission 24 Colonial spacecraft Resolute, a large ferris wheel style ship, is carrying colonists, including the Robinson family, to Alpha Centauri. The Resolute is attacked and colonists escape in their “family home” Jupiter landing crafts but are hurled into a wormhole, with some crash landing on an Earth-like planet. The Robinsons' craft, Jupiter 2, crashes into a glacial bed. The family evacuates with some supplies and equipment, but the craft soon sinks to the bottom of a pool of water. Eldest Robinson child, Judy, who is the family member with medical skills, dives to the ship to retrieve a battery to power equipment during the sub-zero night. While swimming to the surface, just short of the surface she becomes encased in ice as the water refreezes. With five hours of oxygen left in Judy's suit, John and son, Will, set out to collect magnesium (identified by Will) to react with and melt the ice. Judy guides her sister, Penny, through a medical procedure to treat their injured mother, Maureen. Inside a cave on the way collect magnesium, Will falls down a chasm, landing uninjured at the edge of forest. John radios Will, saying he will return after saving Judy. Alone, Will finds a crashed alien ship and a dying robot that Will helps to self-repair. In return, it saves Will as a forest fire nearly engulfs them. The multi-limbed robot then transforms itself into a friendlier humanoid form. The family attempt to free Judy, but a sudden rainstorm hinders their progress. Will and the Robot arrive, and the Robot rescues Judy. In a flashback scene, a woman steals the identity of Dr. Zachary Smith and boards a Jupiter landing, along with Don West and Tam Roughneck.

2
"Diamonds In The Sky"
Neil Marshall
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Don West, Smith, and Debbie the chicken survive the Jupiter 18 landing, Tam Roughneck does not. Don spots a parachute in the distance and goes to investigate, taking Smith and the chicken with him. They find Angela Goddard, who is barely alive. Seeing distant smoke that could be Angela's ship, they head off, with Don carrying Angela. When they take cover from an incoming storm, Smith offers to search for help while Don stays with Angela. Meanwhile, the alien robot melts a hole through the ice to begin the process of raising Jupiter 2. Penny notes a distant explosion, discerning it is another Jupiter craft. Maureen and John, along with Will and the robot, hike there. They get Will to ask the robot to take them where he found it as they wish to examine the robot's ship. John and Maureen enter the ship where a holographic map of the planet is activated, showing they are in an unidentified galaxy. Outside, the robot touches the ship's hull, creating a mental connection to Will who experiences a vision of the robot's killing rampage aboard the Resolute. The shocking link severs when the robot jerks its hand away, leaving Will uneasy about the robot, whose memory appears to be damaged. Will surmises its system may have rebooted. He decides to say nothing to his parents about the vision. Penny takes a Chariot (an all-terrain vehicle) from the ship to rescue her family from an approaching deadly storm. As they head back to Jupiter 2 Don sees them and attempts to signal for help. He discovers that Smith tricked him and has stolen the flare gun. The Robinsons find Smith, who claims to be alone. They safely return to Jupiter 2.

3
"Infestation"
Tim Southam
Zack Estrin
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

In a flashback, Smith is revealed to be June Harris, the older ex-con sister of Jess Harris, a successful businesswoman. Jess gives June her entire estate as she is leaving Earth on Resolute. June drugs Jess and removes her subcutaneous Jupiter ID chip and assumes her sister's identity. Aboard Resolute, June is approached by Jess' married lover, but realizing she is an impostor, he attempts to subdue her. During a struggle, he becomes trapped in an airlock and is blown out into space when June deliberately fails to override the system. June's actions are caught on a security camera, and she is arrested but escapes during the robot's attack. In the present, Maureen explains they are trillions of miles from Earth, but thinks there could be a way to return. At night, the ice layer over Jupiter 2 cracks, endangering the ship. They rush to complete repairs, but the engines are losing fuel. When Will and the robot discover large eel-like creatures in the conduits, the robot locks Will, along with Smith, in the storeroom for Will's protection, refusing to release them. John captures and kills one of the creatures and gives Maureen the carcass to study: the creatures are consuming the fuel. While locked in the storeroom, Smith suggests that the robot responds to Will's emotions rather than his commands. The glacier shifts, which forces the crew to make an emergency take-off after flushing the eels from the engines. They escape with just enough fuel to land near a forest region. Comms pick up radio communication from other Jupiter survivors and also from Resolute, who are searching for survivors. Later, it is revealed that the robot hacked the 3D printer to make a gun for Will to protect himself from the robot. Will orders the robot to not hurt anyone. He hides the gun, unaware Smith is watching.

4
"The Robinsons Were Here"
Alice Troughton
Katherine Collins
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Will has the robot assist John in setting up a perimeter. Will and Penny initiate Jupiter 2’s expansion protocol, while Smith and Will discuss the robot. Don West and Angela are rescued by the Watanabe family; Hiroki Watanabe reunites with John and Maureen at Jupiter 11 where Judy treats Angela. Angela tells Judy about the attack on Resolute. The Robinsons learn there were 63 survivors, 27 casualties, and about 13 Jupiter crafts that safely landed. However, none can fly due to the giant eels consuming the fuel. John notices that one crash site is not a Jupiter ship. Maureen, John, and Don go there and discover it is material ripped off Resolute, including the comm dish. This explains why the survivors' emergency messages are not being received by Resolute. Maureen also discovers the contraband whiskey that Don smuggled aboard to sell. Judy confronts Will about the robot, and he reveals he knew it attacked the Resolute. They decide to hide the robot in a nearby cave, unaware that Smith is following them. On the way, they hide from another survivor group, but one member, Vijay, a teen-aged boy, spots them. Penny blackmails Vijay to say nothing about the robot, having found and keeping an item he dropped. Penny tags ‘The Robinsons were here’ in the cave. After the three add their hand prints to the wall, the robot does the same. While away, Maureen and John discuss their marital problems. The next morning, the kids return to Jupiter 2 before their parents return. Smith talks to the robot inside the cave, attempting to instill distrust in it about Will. When John and Maureen return home, the kids tell them that the robot wandered away.

5
"Transmission"
Deborah Chow
Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

The survivors build an intense-light tower to try to signal the Resolute. Maureen, noticing the rapid rate of change in the length of days and increased temperatures, leaves to conduct an experiment. Using a weather balloon, she observes the sun from high in the atmosphere, discovering their star is actually a deadly star/black hole binary system. The planet will soon pass between them, eradicating all life on its surface. Will ignores Penny and Judy's advice to tell their father about the Robot. Penny develops a crush on Vijay, flirting with him as they move supplies. Smith asks Will for a favor. Don confronts Smith about the stolen flare gun, though she claims she took it by mistake. In a flashback, Maureen and the kids discuss pros versus cons of going to Alpha Centauri. Judy and Don discuss his smuggling activities. He also reveals his suspicions about Smith's identity. Judy confronts Smith about this, but Smith lies and instead casts doubt on Don. The survivors activate the light signal, but Smith sneaks away and shuts off the perimeter fence. Smith tells John about the kids hiding the robot. Meanwhile, a large reptilian creature enters the camp and attacks and destroys the light signal. Another creature shows up, hunting the survivors. Smith tells Will to call the robot. It saves the survivors, who now know it exists and that it attacked the Resolute.

6
"Eulogy"
Vincenzo Natali
Ed McCardie
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Maureen debates telling the other survivors about the black hole while John discusses the robot with them. While Angela is enraged that it killed her husband, John argues that it is rebooted and obedient to Will. After adjourning the meeting, Smith, who claims to be a psychologist, offer to "counsel" Angela. The community allows the robot to stay but Will must report all its activities. John takes Will and the robot to a cliff edge and performs a psychologically disturbing lesson. Don offers to sell Victor Dhar his wrecked craft's fuel. It crashed in the desert where there are none of the eel-like creatures which feed on fuel. The craft is precariously perched on a cliff, but the group successfully drain the fuel. Don risks entering Dr. Z. Smith's Jupiter 18 quarters to retrieve proof of the fake Smith's fraud. He retrieves one item before escaping just before the craft dives over the cliff. Don shows Judy a hospital badge with a photo of a man named Dr. Smith. Maureen learns that Hiroki also knows the planet is dying. Penny and Vijay go to a waterfall which has dried up since her earlier visit. She tells him about the black hole but swears him to secrecy. Penny read Vijay's poem, and they share a kiss. Back at camp, Smith "counsels" Angela about the robot's attack, making her recount the horrifying details. Smith channels Angela's raw anger to condition her. John takes Will on a hike with the robot to discuss Will's responsibility for the robot's actions. He has Will fetch 27 large stones to build a memorial to the casualties. Later, Smith suggests that Will ask Maureen to join the others for their family night. Angela enters the hub with the gun and shoots at the robot. The robot goes into attack mode but Will orders it to stop, but not before it injures John. Distraught, Will takes the robot to a cliff and orders it to walk off. He then places a stone on the memorial for the robot.

7
"Pressurized"
Tim Southam
Vivian Lee
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

Driving back to Jupiter 2, Don and Judy discuss Smith. When Judy radios home, Smith answers. Judy implies that she knows the truth about Smith, but Don stops her before she reveals more. Smith tries to displace blame for Angela's rage by supposedly missing the warning signs. Maureen finds a watermark on the gun belonging to their 3D printer, so Will confirms the robot made it. As Will had hidden the gun under his bed, his parents suspect everyone else in the camp; Smith deflects suspicion to Victor. While driving, John and Maureen escape a geo-phenomenon but drive into a tar pit, trapping the vehicle under hot tar. John opens up about his choices leading to their departure, and Maureen admits to altering Will's failed test results to bring him on the mission. To escape the vehicle, Maureen uses the helium weather balloon to create a shielded path to the surface. Meanwhile, Smith locates the destroyed robot, planning to reassemble it to be subservient to her. Smith becomes enraged when it does not self-repair. Don's group detours through a dangerous geyser patch after another quake, but the fuel tanker malfunctions. Evan manually fixes the problem, but another quake flips the tanker on him. Victor wants to save the fuel. Don makes a moral choice to free Evan, spilling hundreds of gallons of fuel; shortly after, Evan dies while en route to base camp. Back on Jupiter 2, while Penny helps Will recover from killing the robot, Smith reviews Will's logs to find a frequency that reactivates the robot. When Victor returns home, Vijay tells him about the planet's coming demise. Victor chooses to lift off.

8
"Trajectory"
Stephen Surjik
Katherine Collins & Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

As the Dhar's Jupiter 4 is mid-launch, Maureen radios Victor, urgently warning him that the ship has too little fuel to escape the planet's atmosphere and will crash. John infiltrates the Jupiter 4, and activates the emergency shut down. He gathers all survivors to explain the planet's situation. One ship can be launched using Maureen's plan to incorporate NASA's early mission protocols. The Jupiter 4 will be stripped of excess weight and systems, and the launch controlled from the ground, though once aloft needs a pilot. As everyone prepares the ship, Smith offers to help Will back on the Jupiter 2. Later, Judy tells Maureen the truth about 'Dr. Smith'. Returning to Jupiter 2, Maureen tricks Smith and confines her to a storeroom. Smith recounts partial truths and claims she is really Jessica Harris, a physicist. She implies she may have sabotaged Jupiter 4. When reviewing pilots, John's skills are found to be near perfect, but during the prep-test, John repeatedly fails on the procedure. The Resolute sends a message that due to Hawking radiation, they must leave the solar system within 24 hours. Don reluctantly agrees to help pilot the ship. With his assistance, the prep-tests are successful. In holding, Smith tricks Will into releasing her. Later, as John and Don launch in Jupiter 4, Smith escapes leaving Will bound, and knocks out Maureen before she can give John the course change information. Their ship explodes, and John and Don are presumed dead.

9
"Resurrection"
Tim Southam
Story by : Daniel McLellan
Teleplay by : Kari Drake
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

In a flashback, Maureen wonders how Earth's detection network failed to detect the Christmas Star meteor months in advance. Meanwhile, Will is transmitting a radio signal to John, who is on a tour of duty. On the Resolute, after escaping custody, Smith overhears two administrators arguing over the engine, which is revealed was stolen from aliens. In the present, Will uses the same radio frequency to try and signal his father, convinced he survived the explosion. In the forest, Smith tells a captive Maureen how she needs her help to reach the alien ship. At the alien craft, Smith reasons that the Robot was likely powered by the ship, but gets no results. Will discovers that the rocks he collected are petrified biomass that can fuel the Jupiter ships to reach Resolute. Hiroki confirms this and says the cave contains enough biomass. However, it must be retrieved quietly to avoid alerting predators living in the cave. Inside the alien ship, Smith is standing against a wall when Maureen notices strands of Smith's hair standing up. Whatever is on the other side is causing it, and Maureen recalls a similar incident on the Resolute. Opening the hatch, she sees that it is the same type of engine that is on the Resolute. Maureen concludes the robot was sent to retrieve the aliens' stolen technology. The Christmas Star was not a meteor but another alien craft. The U.S. government stole their advanced technology, which caused the extinction event. In the cave, Will's radio beeps, awakening the creatures. Angela saves Hiroki, Penny, and Vijay, but they must move quietly to escape with the remaining biomass. Judy uses GPS to track Smith and finds a probable location. Using the chicken as a decoy, Judy tranquilizes Smith and frees Maureen. On fleeing, the robot is reactivated and blocks their escape; it is now linked to Smith.

10
"Danger, Will Robinson"
David Nutter
Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless
April 13, 2018 (2018-04-13)

John and Don survived the explosion and are clinging to ship wreckage in orbit. As other Jupiter crafts are successfully launched, Maureen delays take-off to deal with Smith and the restored robot. When John transmits a signal, Maureen persuades Smith to help her rescue him before rendezvousing with Resolute. Maureen and Smith launch the ship into orbit; unbeknownst to them, the robot had hid the alien ship's engine under the land rover. They successfully launch and have one hour to find John and then dock with Resolute before it leaves orbit. Smith, flanked by the robot, orders Maureen to abandon searching for John and fly to the Resolute. Maureen dives the ship back towards the planet. The Robot's protection response is triggered, and it forces Smith into the hub, the ship's strongest section. Maureen locks Smith and the robot inside, but Smith figures out how to escape. Maureen leads the robot into the cargo bay where she intends to blow it out the hatch. The girls hide in the pressurized rover while Maureen and Will put on space suits. When Will tries and fails to reestablish his connection to the robot, Maureen blows it out the hatch. An alien ship arrives to retrieve the engine. Will's robot and the alien one climb back into Jupiter 2. When the alien robot is about to kill Will, his robot remembers him and destroys the alien, saving Will. Maureen is unable to close the damaged cargo hatch. Will, overcoming his previous stress fears, goes outside the hull to manually close the hatch. He shuts it but loses his grip and floats away. He is caught by John, who has grabbed onto a tethered harpoon that Smith re-shot after Maureen's first attempt failed. Later, Maureen is grateful to Smith for saving John and Don West, but says Smith will remain locked up. The Resolute finds them, but before they can dock, the alien engine aboard Jupiter 2 takes control of the ship and triggers a wormhole, sending Jupiter 2 to a different galaxy. Will recognizes its shape from the robot's sand drawing: Danger.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In October 2014, it was announced that Legendary Television was developing a new reboot of Lost in Space and had hired Dracula Untold screenwriting duo Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless to pen the new series.[12] In November 2015, Netflix landed the project.[13][14] On June 29, 2016, Netflix officially ordered a full 10 episode season of Lost in Space, with Zack Estrin as executive producer and showrunner. Sazama, Sharpless, Kevin Burns, Jon Jashni, Neil Marshall, and Marc Helwig also serve as executive producers.[15]

text: Toby Stephens, speaking about the distinction between the original series and the new show:

text: "It’s a very clever, modern reworking of a great story. Lost In Space is Swiss Family Robinson in space, so it was a story that existed before Lost In Space. The fundamental story is that it’s a family that is lost in a difficult, life-threatening situation and how it challenges them and brings them closer together. That is essentially what the story of this is, it’s just the context is a lot more modern. It's a more modern take on the '60s version. If you look at it now, it's charming, but it seems so innocent. Whereas this is a version that is for our time. I’m hoping it will still have humour and humanity in it, but it has obviously gotta be for a modern audience."[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the first season began in January 2017, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and concluded in June 2017.[17][18]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series was released on April 13, 2018, on Netflix.[1] On March 31, 2018, the pilot of the series was screened exclusively at Awesome Con in Washington, D.C., followed by a Q&A session with series executive directors and writers Matt Sazama & Burk Sharpless.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Lost In Space has received a moderate response from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 5.26/10, based on 49 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Lost in Space's production values are ambitious enough to attract sci-fi adventure fans, while the story's large heart adds an emotional anchor to all the deep space derring-do."[20] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a normalized score of 58 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[21]

text: David Griffin of IGN gave the first season a rating of 8.5/10 calling it "an excellent sci-fi adventure with a slight villain problem," giving particular praise to the Robinson family, while criticising Parker Posey's Dr. Smith as an unsophisticated and one-dimensional character that lacks redeeming qualities. [22]


document_title: J

question_text: when was the letter j introduced to the alphabet

root

text: J

text: History[edit]

text: The letter J originated as a swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral representing 23. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[3] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana ("Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language") of 1524.[4] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; but, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English word "yet").

tag: p

text: Use in writing systems[edit]

text: English[edit]

text: In English, ⟨j⟩ most commonly represents the affricate /dʒ/. In Old English, the phoneme /dʒ/ was represented orthographically with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨cȝ⟩.[5] Under the influence of Old French, which had a similar phoneme deriving from Latin /j/, English scribes began to use ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) to represent word-initial /dʒ/ in Old English (for example, iest and, later jest), while using ⟨dg⟩ elsewhere (for example, hedge).[5] Later, many other uses of ⟨i⟩ (later ⟨j⟩) were added in loanwords from French and other languages (e.g. adjoin, junta). The first English language book to make a clear distinction between ⟨i⟩ and ⟨j⟩ was published in 1633.[6] In loan words such as raj, ⟨j⟩ may represent /ʒ/. In some of these, including raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, and Beijing, the regular pronunciation /dʒ/ is actually closer to the native pronunciation, making the use of /ʒ/ an instance of a hyperforeignism.[7] Occasionally, ⟨j⟩ represents the original /j/ sound, as in Hallelujah and fjord (see Yodh for details). In words of Spanish origin, where ⟨j⟩ represents the voiceless velar fricative [x] (such as jalapeño), English speakers usually approximate with the voiceless glottal fricative /h/.

text: In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.

text: Other languages[edit]

text: Germanic and Eastern-European languages[edit]

text: The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a lesser degree) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound.

text: Romance languages[edit]

text: In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x ~ h/,[8] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect/s.

text: In modern standard Italian spelling, only Latin words, proper nouns (such as Jesi, Letojanni, Juventus etc.) or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict for official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialect, e.g. Romanesque ajo for standard aglio (–/ʎ/–) (garlic). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment).[9]

text: Basque[edit]

text: In Basque, the diaphoneme represented by ⟨j⟩ has a variety of realizations according to the regional dialect: [gʰ, kʰ, j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (the last one is typical of Gipuzkoa).

text: Non-European languages[edit]

text: Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.

text: In Chinese Pinyin, ⟨j⟩ stands for /tɕ/, the unaspirated equivalent of ⟨q⟩.

text: The Royal Thai General System of Transcription does not use the letter ⟨j⟩, although it is used in some proper names and non-standard transcriptions to represent either จ [tɕ] or ช [tɕʰ] (the latter following Pali/Sanskrit root equivalents).

text: In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz].

text: Related characters[edit]

text:
𐤉 : Semitic letter Yodh, from which the following symbols originally derive
I i : Latin letter I, from which J derives
ȷ : Dotless j
ᶡ : Modifier letter small dotless j with stroke[10]
ᶨ : Modifier letter small j with crossed-tail[10]
IPA-specific symbols related to J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to J: U+1D0A ᴊ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL J[11], U+1D36 ᴶ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL J[11], and U+2C7C ⱼ LATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER J[12]
J with diacritics: Ĵ ĵ ǰ Ɉ ɉ J̃ j̇̃

tag: ul

text: Computing codes[edit]

text:
Character
J
j
ȷ

Unicode name
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER J
LATIN SMALL LETTER J
LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS J

Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex
decimal
hex

Unicode
74
U+004A
106
U+006A
567
U+0237

UTF-8
74
4A
106
6A
200 183
C8 B7

Numeric character reference
J
J
j
j
ȷ
ȷ

EBCDIC family
209
D1
145
91

ASCII 1
74
4A
106
6A

tag: table

text: Unicode also has a dotless variant, ȷ (U+0237). It is primarily used in Landsmålsalfabet and in mathematics. It is not intended to be used with diacritics since the normal j is softdotted in Unicode (that is, the dot is removed if a diacritic is to be placed above; Unicode further states that, for example i+ ¨ ≠ ı+¨ and the same holds true for j and ȷ).[13]

text: In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called "Yot" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.[14][15] An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014.[16][17]

text: Wingdings smiley issue[edit]

text: In the Wingdings font by Microsoft, the letter "J" is rendered as a smiley face (note this is distinct from the Unicode code point U+263A, which renders as ☺). In Microsoft applications, ":)" is automatically replaced by a smiley rendered in a specific font face when composing rich text documents or HTML email. This autocorrection feature can be switched off or changed to a Unicode smiley.[18] [19]

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
In international licence plate codes, J stands for Japan.
In mathematics, j is one of the three imaginary units of quaternions.
In the Metric system, J is the symbol for the joule, the SI derived unit for energy.
In physics, electrical engineering and related fields, j is the symbol for the imaginary unit (the square root of -1) (in other fields the letter i is used, but this would be ambiguous as it is also the symbol for current).
A J can be a slang term for a spliff (marijuana cigarette)

text: Other representations[edit]

text:
NATO phonetic
Morse code

Juliet
·–––

text:
Signal flag
Flag semaphore
American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)
Braille
dots-245


document_title: Medium of exchange

question_text: what is money as a medium of exchange

question_tokens: what is money as a medium of exchange

text: Medium of exchange

text: Definition[edit]

text: Fiat currencies are the generally accepted mediums of exchange. Their most important and essential function is to provide a 'measure of value'...[1][2] Hifzur Rab has shown that the market measures or sets the real value of various goods and services using the medium of exchange as unit of measure i.e., standard or the yard stick of measurement of wealth. There is no other alternative to the mechanism used by the market to set, determine, or measure the value of various goods and services. Determination of price is an essential condition for justice in exchange, efficient allocation of resources, economic growth, welfare and justice. The most important and essential function of a medium of exchange is to be widely acceptable and have relatively stable purchasing power (real value). Therefore, it should possess the following characteristics:

text:
Value common assets
Common and accessible
Constant utility
Low cost of preservation
Transportability
Divisibility
High market value in relation to volume and weight
Recognisability
Resistance to counterfeiting

tag: ol

text: To serve as a measure of value, a medium of exchange, be it a good or signal, needs to have constant inherent value of its own or it must be firmly linked to a definite basket of goods and services. It should have constant intrinsic value and stable purchasing power. Gold was long popular as a medium of exchange and store of value because it was inert, was convenient to move due to even small amounts of gold having considerable value, and had a constant value due to its special physical and chemical properties.

text: Critics of the prevailing system of fiat money argue that fiat money is the root cause of the continuum of economic crises, since it leads to the dominance of fraud, corruption, and manipulation precisely because it does not satisfy the criteria for a medium of exchange cited above. Specifically, prevailing fiat money is free floating and depending upon its supply market finds or sets a value to it that continues to change as the supply of money is changed with respect to the economy's demand. Increasing free floating money supply with respect to needs of the economy reduces the quantity of the basket of the goods and services to which it is linked by the market and that provides it purchasing power. Thus it is not a unit or standard measure of wealth and its manipulation impedes the market mechanism by that it sets/determine just prices. That leads us to a situation where no value-related economic data is just or reliable.[3][4] On the other hand, Chartalists claim that the ability to manipulate the value of fiat money is an advantage, in that fiscal stimulus is more easily available in times of economic crisis.

text: Requisites needed[edit]

text: Although the unit of account must be in some way related to the medium of exchange in use, e.g. coinage should be in denominations of that unit making accounting much easier to perform, it has often been the case that media of exchange have no natural relationship to that unit, and must be 'minted' or in some way marked as having that value. Also there may be variances in quality of the underlying good which may not have fully agreed commodity grading. The difference between the two functions becomes obvious when one considers the fact that coins were very often 'shaved', precious metal removed from them, leaving them still useful as an identifiable coin in the marketplace, for a certain number of units in trade, but which no longer had the quantity of metal supplied by the coin's minter. It was observed as early as Oresme, Copernicus and then in 1558 by Sir Thomas Gresham, that bad money drives out good in any marketplace (Gresham's Law states "Where legal tender laws exist, bad money drives out good money"). A more precise definition is this: "A currency that is artificially overvalued by law will drive out of circulation a currency that is artificially undervalued by that law." Gresham's law is therefore a specific application of the general law of price controls. A common explanation is that people will always keep the less adultered, less clipped, sweated, less filed, less trimmed coin, and offer the other in the marketplace for the full units for which it is marked. It is inevitably the bad coins proffered, good ones retained.

text: The fact that a bank or mint has always been able to generate a medium of exchange marked for more units than it is worth as a store of value, is the basis of banking.[dubious – discuss] Central banking is based on the principle that no medium needs more than the guarantee of the state that it can be redeemed for payment of debt as "legal tender" – thus, all money equally backed by the state is good money, within that state.[dubious – discuss] As long as that state produces anything of value to others, its medium of exchange has some value, and its currency may also be useful as a standard of deferred payment among others, even those who never deal with that state directly in foreign exchange.

text: Of all functions of money, the medium of exchange function has historically been the most problematic because of counterfeiting, the systematic and deliberate creation of bad money with no authorization to do so, leading to the driving out of the good money entirely.

text: Other functions rely not on recognition of some token or weight of metal in a marketplace, where time to detect any counterfeit is limited and benefits for successful passing-off are high, but on more stable long term social contracts: one cannot easily force a whole society to accept a different standard of deferred payment, require even small groups of people to uphold a floor price for a store of value, still less to re-price everything and rewrite all accounts to a unit of account (the most stable function). Thus it tends to be the medium of exchange function that constrains what can be used as a form of financial capital.

text: It was once common in the United States to widely accept a check (cheque) as a medium of exchange, several parties endorsing it perhaps multiple times before it would eventually be deposited for its value in units of account, and thus redeemed. This practice became less common as it was exploited by forgers and led to a domino effect of bounced checks – a forerunner of the kind of fragility that electronic systems would eventually bring.

text: In the age of electronic money it was, and remains, common to use very long strings of difficult-to-reproduce numbers, generated by encryption methods, to authenticate transactions and commitments as having come from trusted parties. Thus the medium of exchange function has become wholly a part of the marketplace and its signals, and is utterly integrated with the unit of account function, so that, given the integrity of the public key system on which these are based, they become to that degree inseparable. This has clear advantages – counterfeiting is difficult or impossible unless the whole system is compromised, say by a new factoring algorithm. But at that point, the entire system is broken and the whole infrastructure is obsolete – new keys must be re-generated and the new system will also depend on some assumptions about difficulty of factoring.

text: Due to this inherent fragility, which is even more profound with electronic voting, some economists argue that units of account should not ever be abstracted or confused with the nominal units or tokens used in exchange. A medium is just that, a medium, and should not be confused for the message.[dubious – discuss]


document_title: List of Boston Red Sox no-hitters

question_text: when was the last time the boston red sox pitched a no-hitter

text: List of Boston Red Sox no-hitters

text: List of no-hitters in Red Sox history[edit]

text:
¶
Indicates a perfect game

 £
Pitcher was left-handed

 *
Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

text:
#
Date
Pitcher
Final score
Base-
runners
Opponent
Catcher
Plate umpire
Manager
Notes
Ref

1
000000001904-05-05-0000May 5, 1904
Young, CyCy Young¶* (1)
7000300000000000000♠3–0
0
Philadelphia Athletics
Criger, LouLou Criger (1)
Caruthers, BobBob Caruthers
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins (1)

First no-hitter in franchise history
First perfect game in Red Sox history and 3rd in MLB history (First in the MLB Modern Era)
First franchise's no-hitter at home
First right-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history

[8]

2
000000001904-08-17-0000August 17, 1904
Tannehill, JesseJesse Tannehill£
7000600000000000000♠6–0
1
Chicago White Sox
Farrell, DukeDuke Farrell
Dwyer, FrankFrank Dwyer
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins (2)

First left-handed pitcher to throw a no-hitter in franchise history

[8]

3
000000001905-09-27-0000September 27, 1905
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen
7000200000000000000♠2–0
2
Chicago White Sox
Criger, LouLou Criger (2)
Sheridan, JackJack Sheridan
Collins, JimmyJimmy Collins (3)

First game of a doubleheader
Latest calendar date of franchise's no-hitter
Last no-hitter for Americans as a team name

[9]

4
000000001908-06-30-0000June 30, 1908
Young, CyCy Young* (2)
7000800000000000000♠8–0
1
@ New York Highlanders
Criger, LouLou Criger (3)
O'Laughlin, SilkSilk O'Laughlin (1)
McGuire, DeaconDeacon McGuire

First Red Sox no-hitter on the road
First no-hitter since the franchise was renamed to Red Sox
First pitcher to pitch multiple no-hitters for the Red Sox

[10]

5
000000001911-07-29-0000July 29, 1911
Wood, Smokey JoeSmokey Joe Wood
7000500000000000000♠5–0
4
St. Louis Browns
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan
O'Laughlin, SilkSilk O'Laughlin (2)
Donovan, PatsyPatsy Donovan

First game of a doubleheader
Last Red Sox no-hitter at Huntington Avenue Grounds

[11]

6
000000001916-06-21-0000June 21, 1916
Foster, RubeRube Foster
7000200000000000000♠2–0
2
New York Yankees
Thomas, PinchPinch Thomas
Hildebrand, GeorgeGeorge Hildebrand
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan (1)

First no-hitter at Fenway Park

[12]

7
000000001916-08-30-0000August 30, 1916
Leonard, DutchDutch Leonard£ (1)
7000400000000000000♠4–0
2
St. Louis Browns
Thomas, PinchPinch Thomas (1)
Owens, BrickBrick Owens (1)
Carrigan, BillBill Carrigan (2)

[12]

8
000000001917-06-23-0000June 23, 1917
Babe Ruth£* (0 IP)
Shore, ErnieErnie Shore (9 IP)
7000400000000000000♠4–0
1
Washington Senators
Thomas, PinchPinch Thomas (1)
Sam Agnew (1)
Owens, BrickBrick Owens (2)
Barry, JackJack Barry

First combined no-hitter in MLB history. First game of a doubleheader. Ruth and Thomas were ejected for arguing balls and strikes after walking the first batter, who was then caught stealing. Shore retired the next 26 in a row for a no-hitter completely in relief.

[13]

9
000000001918-06-03-0000June 3, 1918
Leonard, DutchDutch Leonard£ (2)
7000500000000000000♠5–0
5
@ Detroit Tigers
Agnew, SamSam Agnew (2)
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen (1)
Barrow, EdEd Barrow

Last pitcher to pitch multiple no-hitters for the Red Sox

[14]

10
000000001923-09-07-0000September 7, 1923
Ehmke, HowardHoward Ehmke
7000400000000000000♠4–0
1
@ Philadelphia Athletics
Picinich, ValVal Picinich
Dinneen, BillBill Dinneen (2)
Chance, FrankFrank Chance

[15]

11
000000001956-07-14-0000July 14, 1956
Parnell, MelMel Parnell£
7000400000000000000♠4–0
3
Chicago White Sox
White, SammySammy White
Summers, BillBill Summers
Higgins, PinkyPinky Higgins (1)

Second game of a doubleheader

[16]

12
000000001962-06-26-0000June 26, 1962
Wilson, EarlEarl Wilson
7000200000000000000♠2–0
4
Los Angeles Angels
Tillman, BobBob Tillman (1)
Schwarts, HarryHarry Schwarts
Higgins, PinkyPinky Higgins (2)

Wilson hit a home run

[17]

13
000000001962-08-01-0000August 1, 1962
Monbouquette, BillBill Monbouquette
7000100000000000000♠1–0
1
@ Chicago White Sox
Pagliaroni, JimJim Pagliaroni
McKinley, BillBill McKinley
Higgins, PinkyPinky Higgins (3)

Smallest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter
Shortest interval between no-hitters in franchise history

[18]

14
000000001965-09-16-0000September 16, 1965
Morehead, DaveDave Morehead
7000200000000000000♠2–0
1
Cleveland Indians
Tillman, BobBob Tillman (2)
Runge, EdEd Runge
Herman, BillyBilly Herman

On the same day, the Red Sox fired Pinky Higgins as their general manager

[19]

15
000000002001-04-04-0000April 4, 2001
Nomo, HideoHideo Nomo
7000300000000000000♠3–0
4
@ Baltimore Orioles
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (1)
Cooper, EricEric Cooper
Williams, JimyJimy Williams

Made Red Sox debut for Nomo
Game 2 of season
Longest interval between no-hitters in franchise history
Earliest calendar date of franchise's no-hitter
Earliest calendar date of no-hitter in MLB history
First no-hitter thrown at Camden Yards

[20]

16
000000002002-04-27-0000April 27, 2002
Lowe, DerekDerek Lowe
7001100000000000000♠10–0
2
Tampa Bay Devil Rays
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (2)
Rippley, SteveSteve Rippley
Little, GradyGrady Little

Longest interval between no-hitters at Fenway Park in franchise history
Largest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter (tie)

[21]

17
000000002007-09-01-0000September 1, 2007
Buchholz, ClayClay Buchholz
7001100000000000000♠10–0
4
Baltimore Orioles
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (3)
West, JoeJoe West
Francona, TerryTerry Francona (1)

Second career game for Buchholz
Largest margin of victory in a franchise's no-hitter (tie)

[22]

18
000000002008-05-19-0000May 19, 2008
Lester, JonJon Lester£
7000700000000000000♠7–0
3
Kansas City Royals
Varitek, JasonJason Varitek (4)
Knight, BrianBrian Knight
Francona, TerryTerry Francona (2)

Most recent no-hitter in franchise history
First time since the 1974 California Angels that one team had last two no-hitters in the Majors
Varitek sets the record for most no-hitters caught

[23]


document_title: Walt Disney Parks and Resorts

question_text: where are the four disney theme parks located

question_tokens: where are the four disney theme parks located

text: Walt Disney Parks and Resorts

text: Background[edit]

text: In 1949, Ice Capades added a Disney segment to its performances. Costumes from those shows were used at the opening of Disneyland in 1955 with some performers hired away for Disney.[6]

text: Originally, entry into the theme park and travel business was a side project of Walt Disney himself. As the Disneylandia project started to become a reality, Walt Disney Productions at Walt's request set up Disneyland, Inc. (DLI) in 1951 and agreed to a design deal in March 1953 with WED Enterprises (WED), Walt's personal corporation, which then included what would now be called Disney Imagineering.[7][CDL 1] With the WED concept designs and prospectus for Disneylandia, Roy Disney in September 1953 met with TV networks in a deal for Disney-produced TV show and Disneyland investment. American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres (AB-PT) agreed to the Disneyland, Inc. investment.[7] Joining AB-PT as Disneyland investors were Walt Disney Productions (WDP), Western Publishing and Walt Disney.[CDL 2] Walt Disney Productions had the option to repurchase the Walt Disney, WED and Western Publishing shares (31%) by May 1, 1959, for $562,500.[8]

text: With a need for the Disneyland Hotel nearby and no funding available for Disney to build it, Walt Disney approached Jack Wrather to build the hotel who agreed.[9]

text: Disneyland, changed from Disneylandia, was announced in 000000001954-04-01-0000April 1954 by Walt to be opened in 000000001955-07-01-0000July 1955.[CDL 3][CDL 4] On 000000001955-07-17-0000July 17, 1955, the Disneyland park with five themed "lands" containing eighteen attractions with double the expected guests.[CDL 5] WED owned Santa Fe & Disneyland Railroad opened, too.[10]

text: On 000000001957-06-29-0000June 29, 1957, Disney Production exercised its options to purchase all but AB-PT's common stock outstanding. This allowed WDP to consolidate DLI into its 1957 annual accounting statements adding four months worth of net profits, $511K.[11] In June 1960, Walt Disney Productions completed the purchase of AB-PT's share of the company for nearly $7.5 million and its TV contract, and the theme park became a fully owned subsidiary of Walt Disney Productions.[CDL 6] The first Audio-Animatronic attraction, Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room, opened at Disneyland in 1963.[12]

text: History[edit]

text: Beginning in 1958 with the contracting of Economics Research Associates (ERA) to find a location for another Disney resort, Disney Productions moved beyond a single park. ERA recommended Florida; another study in 1961 named Ocala or Orlando in Florida as possible locations. In 000000001963-11-01-0000November 1963, Walt Disney made a trip to Florida for final site selection.[CDW 1]:333, 334 In 1962, Disney Productions purchased Celebrity Sports Center (opened on September 17, 1960, in Denver, Colorado) from its owners, including Walt Disney, Art Linkletter, and John Payne, to use as a staff training center for its second resort.[13] In 1963, Roy made plans to buy from 5,000 to 10,000 acres (2,000 to 4,000 ha), which was carried out in 1964, amassing 27,443 acres (11,106 ha) by 000000001965-10-01-0000October 1965.[CDW 2][CDW 3] Plans for the Florida project that would eventually become Walt Disney World were announced to the public in 000000001965-11-01-0000November 1965.[CDW 3] Legislation forming the Reedy Creek Improvement District was signed into law by Florida Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. on May 12, 1967, allowing Disney to build the infrastructure for the second park.[CDW 4] Ground breaking followed for the future Reedy Creek park on May 30.[CDW 5] In Roy O. Disney's last act as CEO in 1968, he officially named the second park Walt Disney World.[CDW 1]:357

text: Disneyland International was incorporated on 000000001961-11-20-0000November 20, 1961.[14] The next year, The Oriental Land Company contacted Disney about building a theme park.[15]

text: In 000000001959-01-01-00001959, the WED-owned Disneyland-Alweg Monorail System was installed at Disneyland.[10][16] Disneyland's first new themed land, New Orleans Square, opened in 000000001966-01-01-00001966. Tomorrowland was revamped in 1967 with seven new attractions.[16] The design and architectural group and the WED Enterprise name was purchased from Walt's corporation, renamed as Retlaw Enterprise.[10]

text: Disney expanded into attractions at the 1964 New York World's Fair with It's a Small World[17] and costumed character appearances. When the characters proved a hit at the 1964 World's Fair, Walt wanted another outlet for "live" characters; thus, Disneyland put on Disney on Parade, a self-produced live arena show starting in 1969.[6][18] Small World and its famous song lasted two years at the fair; it was then moved to Disneyland as an expanded major attraction in 1966 and later duplicated in the other Disney theme parks.[17]

text: In 1965, Walt Disney won a bid with the US Forest Service to develop Mineral King as a ski resort. The Sierra Club sued in 000000001969-06-01-0000June 1969 to stop the development, which was granted by the federal district judge. The Forest Service appealed and won at the appeal and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruling left open to the Club the possibility of refiling. In the next round of lawsuits, the same district judge blocked the redevelopment. The injunction and the passage of the National Environmental Policy Act led to Disney backing out.[19]

text: $40 million worth of Walt Disney Productions Convertible Debentures were sold in 000000001968-01-01-0000January 1968 to fund Disney World (WDW). The next year in February, an agreement was made with multiple labor unions, in which the unions exchanged the right to strike for regular pay increases during the first building phase.[CDW 6] By 1971, chairman of the Park Operations Committee and vice president of park operations Dick Nunis was appointed executive vice president of Disneyland and Walt Disney World.[20]

text: Walt Disney World began operation on 000000001971-10-01-0000October 1, 1971, with the Magic Kingdom park at a cost of $400 million. The Magic Kingdom had six themed lands: Main Street, Adventureland, Fantasyland, Frontierland, Liberty Square, and Tomorrowland.[CDW 7] Additionally, Disney's Fort Wilderness Resort campground and two hotels, Disney's Contemporary Resort and Disney's Polynesian Village Resort, also opened.[CDW 8]

text: Disneyland expanded in 1972 with a seventh themed land, Bear Country, replacing the Indian Village of Frontierland, and later renamed Critter Country. In 1979, the Disneyland crafts and maintenance union workers went on strike for 15 days, at first rejecting and then accepting the park's contract.[16] Space Mountain opens at Disneyland in 1977.[16]

text: Two more hotels opened in 1973 at Walt Disney World: the Golf Resort[21] and the Gold Resort;[CDW 9] Disney's Village Resort hotel opened in 1974.[citation needed] Disney opened the Buena Vista Club golf club in Lake Buena Vista on 000000001974-11-22-0000November 22, 1974.[CDW0 1]:71 Lake Buena Vista Village, the shopping area, opened on 000000001975-03-22-0000March 22, 1975[CDW0 1] and was renamed Walt Disney World Village in 1977.[22]:280 Celebrity Sports Center, Disney World's training center, was sold on March 29, 1979.[13]

text: At Walt Disney World, the Treasure Island nature preserve pens opened on April 8, 1974,[CDW0 2]:569 renamed Discovery Island in 1977.[CDW0 1]:126 On 000000001975-07-01-0000July 1, 1975, the WEDway PeopleMover opened in the Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland.[CDW0 3] The first water park, River Country, opened on 000000001976-06-20-0000June 20, 1976 at Disney World.[CDW0 4]:22 EPCOT Center's groundbreaking occurred at Walt Disney World in May 1979.[CDW0 5]

text: In 1979, Oriental Land and Disney agreed to build a Japanese theme park.[15] Tokyo Disneyland opened on 000000001983-04-15-0000April 15, 1983 on 200 acres (80 ha) in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.[23]

text: Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division[edit]

text: With the June 3, 1980, retirement of Donn Tatum as Walt Disney Productions' Chairman and CEO, three divisions were formed, including the Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division, of which Nunis was named division president.[CDW0 6] Disneyland started using Disney Dollars on May 5, 1987,[CDL4 1] while Walt Disney World parks started with Epcot on October 2.[CDW1 1] A renegotiated Disneyland Japan royalty agreement in April 1988 by Chief Financial Officer Gary L. Wilson netted Disney US$723 million in cash in exchange for lower royalty payments.[CDW0 7]

text: The steam railroad and monorail at Disneyland were purchased from Retlaw Enterprises, formerly WED Enterprises, in 1982.[16] Bear Country was renamed Critter Country on November 23, 1988.[CDL4 2]

text: Tishman Company's plans for two Walt Disney World hotels were rejected by new CEO Michael Eisner on September 30, 1984, marking a change in Disney architecture. New plans for the Dolphin and Swan hotels were submitted by Michael Graves in July 1986;[CDW1 2] ground breaking took place on January 28, 1988.[CDW1 3] The first non-Disney owned hotel, Pickett Suite Resort, opened in Disney World Village on March 15, 1987.[CDW1 4]

text: On June 1, 1982, the Walt Disney World monorail line was extended to EPCOT Center from the Ticket and Transportation Center.[CDW0 1]:338 The EPCOT Center theme park opened on October 1, 1982, at a building cost of US$1.2 billion, with two areas, Future World and World Showcase.[CDW0 8]:272

text: Plans for a Hollywood-style theme park were announced in April 1985 for the Walt Disney World resort at a project cost of US$300 million.[CDW1 5] In April 1985, Disney signed a licensing agreement with MGM, giving Disney the right to use the MGM name, logo and movie library for this third park.[24] Construction of the Disney-MGM Studios theme park began in 1986.[CDW1 6] Disney-MGM Studios opened on May 1, 1989,[CDW1 7] along with a Pleasure Island entertainment area;[CDW1 8] its second water park, Disney's Typhoon Lagoon, opened on June 1.[CDW1 9] In 1983, Walt Disney World Village's name was changed to the Disney Village Marketplace.[CDW1 10] A new themed area, Mickey's Birthdayland, opened in the Magic Kingdom near Fantasyland on June 18, 1988.[CDW1 11]

text: In 1987, Disney and Ron Brierley's Industrial Equity (Pacific) Ltd., already a 28% owner of the Wrather Corporation, agreed to purchase the remaining Wrather Corporation stock with a 50% share each.[25][26] Wrather Corporation owned the Disneyland Hotel and operated the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose tourist attractions.[25] In March 1988, Disney purchased Industrial Equity's half of Wrather Corporation.[26]

text: In 1985, Premier Cruise Line became the licensed partner cruise line with Disney. This allowed Disney characters on their ships and combined cruise, hotel, and theme park packages.[27]

text: Walt Disney Attractions[edit]

text: The Walt Disney Outdoor Recreation Division was incorporated as Walt Disney Attractions, Inc. on August 10, 1989.[28] In January 1990, Disney CEO Eisner announced plans to expand both Disneyland (by 20% in 10 years)[CDC 1] and Disney World (WDW). The plan would have WDW add another theme park and 16 new attractions in Disney-MGM Studios.[CDW2 1] Disney and The Coca-Cola Company agreed to a 15-year marketing contract on January 25: Coca-Cola products would be exclusive in Disney theme parks, and Coca-Cola would use some Disney characters in their ads.[CDC 2] On March 16, 1990, Attractions president Nunis announced a 25-year plan for a 4,400-acre (1,800 ha) development in Osceola, Florida, with homes, shopping malls and industrial buildings.[CDC 3]

text: In 1990, the possibility of a West Coast version of Epcot Center was placed in development.[CDC 4] This was announced as WestCOT in 1991, to be placed at the Disneyland Resort.[16] On July 31, 1990, a new 350-acre (140 ha) ocean-themed park and resort, Port Disney, was announced for Long Beach. Port was to have a cruise-ship terminal, five hotels, restaurants, and shopping area, costing $2 billion to build.[CDC 5] On December 12, 1991, Disney selected only one California project to go forward with, Disneyland Resort, which was to include the WestCOT Center, hotels, a shopping mall and a lake. [CDL5 1] Port Disney was abandoned in March 1992, and Disney canceled its leases on the Queen Mary and Spruce Goose attractions picked up from the Wrather Corporation.[CDC 6] Mickey's Toontown, a new themed land at Disneyland, opened on January 24, 1993.[CDL5 2] Disney canceled its plans for WestCOT in mid-1995 due to financial issues at Disneyland Paris and the park's projected high cost. That park was then replaced by plans for the California Adventure park, hotels and a retail district.[29]

text: At Walt Disney World, Mickey's Birthdayland closed on April 22, 1991, then reopened on May 26 as Mickey's Starland.[CDW2 2]324, 329, 333 In order to expand Disney World on wetland, on April 23, 1993, the company agreed to form a 8,500-acre (3,400 ha) wilderness preserve in Florida.[CDW2 3] The Disney Inn hotel was leased starting February 1, 1994, by the US Army, then purchased on January 12, 1996, and later renamed Shades of Green.[CDW2 2]130 Planet Hollywood opened a location in Pleasure Island on December 17, 1994.[CDW1 12] The third water park at Walt Disney World, Disney's Blizzard Beach, opened on April 1, 1995.[CDW3 1] In June 1995, the Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland was completely refurbished and reopened in June 1995.[CDW3 2] Taking up a corner of the Magic Kingdom parking lot, the Walt Disney World Speedway opened on November 28, 1995.[CDW3 3] In 1996, the Disney Institute opened on February 9,[CDW3 4] and the Boardwalk resort area opened on July 1.[CDW3 5] The first of the World of Disney stores opened in the Disney Village Marketplace on October 3.[CDW3 6] The Downtown Disney district opened in November 1997, combining Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island.[CDW3 7] A fourth theme park, Disney's Animal Kingdom, opened at Disney World the week of April 20, 1998.[30]

text: The first Disney Vacation Club Resorts, Vacation Club Resort, opened on October 1, 1991, and was renamed Disney’s Old Key West Resort in January 1996. These vacation club hotels were operated by Disney Vacation Developments, Inc. as vacation timeshares.[CDW2 4] The first off-resort vacation club hotel was Vacation Club Resort, which opened on October 1, 1995, in Vero Beach, Florida.[CDC 7]

text: In 1993, Premier Cruises discontinued its partnership with Disney for one with Warner Bros. After failing to reach agreements with Carnival or Royal Caribbean, Disney announced in 1994 the formation of its own cruise line. The Disney Cruise Line launched with the Disney Magic ship in 1998 along with its exclusive resort island port of Castaway Cay.[27]

text: Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disney's America. The park was to have been located in Haymarket, Virginia; 2,300 acres (930 ha) of property were purchased from Exxon in 1993.[CDC 8] The history-themed park was announced on November 11, 1993. The plans for the 3,000 acres (1,200 ha) called for a 150-acre (61 ha) amusement park, a campground, a golf course, 2 million square feet (190,000 m2) of office/commercial space, and 2500 homes.[CDC 9] With projections indicating that the park would operate at a loss and with opposition in the press, Disney canceled the project on September 15, 1994.[CDC 10]

text: Walt Disney Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U.S. traveling attraction, which premiered in September 1996. The fair was poorly attended and was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects (Asia Pacific) Inc., a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, selected a renamed fair called DisneyFest as its first project, taking it to Singapore to open there on October 30, 1997.[31]

text: In November 1995, Disney announced the building of Tokyo DisneySea, to be owned by Oriental along with Tokyo Disneyland.[23] Oriental and Disney signed the DisneySea licensing agreement in November 1997; the theme park was scheduled to open in 2001 at a cost of $2.6 billion.[32]

text: In December 1998, Walt Disney Attractions added Disneyland Paris, Disney Regional Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to its portfolio, which already held Disney World, Disney Cruise Line, Disneyland, and Tokyo Disneyland. Chairman Dick Nunis retired at the same time.[33] On October 31, 1999, Walt Disney Attractions, Inc. was merged into Walt Disney Attractions, LLC.[34]

text: On June 19, 1998, Disney Regional Entertainment opened its first DisneyQuest, a location-based entertainment venue, at Downtown Disney West Side in Walt Disney World.[35] The first DisneyQuest outside of a resort was opened in Chicago on June 16, 1999, with plans for more locations worldwide.[36]

text: In 1999, plans were announced for a new resort in Hong Kong, Hong Kong Disneyland, as a joint venture, Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd., between the Hong Kong Government and Disney Resorts.[37] The Disney Wonder cruise ship began operation on August 15.[38]

text: Disney World's Discovery Island was closed on April 8, 1999.[39]

text: Walt Disney Parks and Resorts[edit]

text: Walt Disney Attractions, LLC changed its name to Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, LLC on April 14, 2000, then to Disney Destinations, LLC on April 25, 2006.[40] Tokyo DisneySea at Tokyo Disney Resort opened on September 4, 2001.[41] The Walt Disney Company in selling its Japanese and US chains decided to keep the Disney Stores in Europe, along with the store in Manhattan, which was converted into a World of Disney store run by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts in 2004.[42]

text: Downtown Disney opened at the Disneyland Resort on January 12, 2001, between Disneyland and the future California Adventure. [CDC 11] Disney California Adventure Park opened at the Disneyland Resort on February 8, 2001, with three major areas: Paradise Pier, Hollywood Pictures Backlot, and the Golden State.[29] In California Adventure on October 6, 2002, A Bug's Land area opened.[CDC 12] Parks and Resorts chairman Jay Rasulo announced at Disney's D23 Expo in Anaheim, California on September 12, 2009, that Walt Disney World's Fantasyland would be overhauled and increased in size by 2013.[CDC 13] A $1 billion expansion/renovation of Disney California Adventure Park was announced in 2007 to be completed by 2012.[43]

text: River Country water park closed on September 1, 2001.[CDC 14][44] Disney-MGM Studios is renamed Disney's Hollywood Studios in January 2008.[45] Pleasure Island's core remaining six nightclubs were closed down in late 2008 to change the area to match the family friendly make-up of the other two sections of Downtown Disney at Disney World.[46]

text: Walt Disney Studios Park opened March 16, 2002, as the second theme park at the renamed Disneyland Resort Paris. The first park was renamed Disneyland Park (DLP.[CDC 15] DLP Paris opened in August 2000 Toy Story Playland with three attractions.[47]

text: Construction on Hong Kong Disneyland began on January 12, 2003,[48] then opened September 12, 2005.[CDC 16] Groundbreaking occurred at Hong Kong Disneyland in December 2009 for a three land expansion: Mystic Point, Grizzly Gulch, and Toy Story Land.[CDC 17]

text: In June 2005, Disney Magic made the first cruise outside of the Caribbean, by moving its port for the summer to Los Angeles with a Mexican Riviera schedule.[38] Disney Cruise Line ordered a new 2 ships class from Meyer Werft shipyard in Germany by February 22, 2007.[38][CDC 18] The Magic in May 2007 transferred its home port to Barcelona, Spain, for the lines' first summer Mediterranean itinerary then returned to its permanent port in September.[38]

text: The Chicago DisneyQuest location was closed in September 2001.[49] Disney Parks started the Adventures by Disney tour vacation business in 2005.[50] Disney entered a float, "The Most Magical Celebration on Earth", into the 2006 Pasadena Tournament of Roses parade.[CDC 19]

text: In October 2007, Disney announced plans to build a resort at Ko Olina Resort & Marina in Kapolei, Hawaii, featuring both a hotel and Disney Vacation Club timeshare units. The 800-unit property, named Aulani, opened in 2011 and joined the other resorts not associated with a theme park, such as Disney's Hilton Head Island Resort in South Carolina.[51]

text: With the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration starting on October 1, 2000, sanctioned Disney Pin Trading was started.[CDC 20] In 2001, the Themed Entertainment Association gave Disney Parks and Resorts the Thea Award for Breakthrough Innovation for the park's FastPass system.[CDC 21]

text: Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide[edit]

text: Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Worldwide, Inc. was incorporated on September 29, 2008, buy out[1] and took over the parks and resorts business segment. Disney Parks and Resorts reorganized in early 2009 which included layoffs in all units due to recession-induced falling attendance. 600 U.S. managers in January were buyout packages. Worldwide Operations was formed under President Al Weiss in 2009. Worldwide Operations would take over various back office functions previously performed by both Disney World and Disneyland including training, procurement, menu planning and merchandise development. While its Walt Disney Imagineering subsidiary combined its three development units.[52]

text: California Adventure completed its overhaul in 2012 adding two new lands: Cars Land and Buena Vista Street. The overhaul also included a re-themed of several attractions plus a pair of classic dark rides.[43]

text: In November 2009, Disney received approval from the Chinese government to build a Disneyland resort in Shanghai's Pudong district.[53] The resort opened on June 16, 2016.[54]

text: Star Wars Land 14 acres (5.7 ha) themed land for both Disneyland park and Disney's Hollywood Studios announced at the D23 Expo on August 15, 2015.[55] Construction began at both locations on April 14, 2016.[56]

text: The New Fantasyland at Magic Kingdom opened on December 6, 2012. It is the biggest upgrade to the theme park since its opening in 1971.[57] Announced along with its new Star Wars Land expansion at the D23 Expo on August 15, 2015, Hollywood Studios was slated to have a version of Toy Story Land.[58]

text: Holz became president of New Vacation Operations of Parks & Resorts[59] reporting to Al Weiss, president of worldwide operations for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts.[60] by April 2008.[61] In February 2009, Holz returned to the presidency of Disney Cruise Line in addition to his continuing as head of New Vacation Operations,[59] which was primarily Adventures by Disney. As an extension of the "One Disney" initiative and the resignation of Weiss, Disney Vacation Club was added to New Vacation Operations. While Holz and Meg Crofton joined Disney Parks and Resorts executive committee in July 2011. At that time, Crofton was transferred from Disney World president to president of operations in the U.S. and France, a new positions.[60]

text: The Disney Dream began service in January 2011 and Disney Cruise Line (DCL) announced the maiden voyage of the Disney Fantasy to be March 31, 2012. The Dream deployment allowed Disney Wonder to be permanently stationed at Port of Los Angeles for Mexican Riviera cruises,[62] but initial served in the short Alaska cruise season.[27] Magic moved to New York for Canadian or Bahama cruises starting May 25, 2012.[CDC 22] DCL's Magic was refitted in late 2013.[63]

text: The first of three expansion theme lands at Hong Kong Disneyland, Toy Story Land, opens on November 18, 2011.[64] Grizzly Gulch opens at Hong Kong Disneyland on July 13, 2012.[65] The final land of this expansion, Mystic Point, opened at Hong Kong Disneyland on May 17, 2013.[66]

text: On February 5, 2015, it was announced that Tom Staggs had been promoted to Disney Company Chief operating officer but would continue as chairman of Parks and Resorts until his successor was named.[67] On February 23, 2015, Robert Chapek was named chairman of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts effective that day.[2]

text: On April 29, 2015, The Walt Disney Company, through the subsidiary, Carousel Holdings Eat LLC, has purchased Carousel Inn & Suites hotel in Anaheim, from Good Hope International for $32 million. The purchase was considered a strategic purchase; the hotel would not be considered a part of the Disneyland hotel portfolio and would operate independently.[68] Disney indicted in August 2016, that the company would be closing the Carousel Inn in October 2016 in preparation for razing it as part of plans to construct a new parking structure, transit plaza, and pedestrian bridge over Harbor Boulevard.[69]

text: On February 10, 2017, Disney revealed a deal to purchase Kingdom Holding Co.'s shares of Euro Disney S.C.A. as first step in purchasing the remaining shares held by others. Disney has offered about $2.12 a share, a 67% premium over the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange value as of February 9. The company expects the buyout and delisting to be finished by June. Plans are for the company to invest another $1.4 billion into Disneyland Paris after the buyout to counteract the recent Paris terrorist attack, which hurt a previous 2014 park hotel investment. If this buyout is successful, it would make the resort the only resort 100% owned and operated by Disney outside of the United States of America.[70] On June 13, 2017, The Walt Disney Company reached the 95% threshold required for a mandatory takeover according to French law, owning 97.08% of Euro Disney S.C.A., paving the way for The Walt Disney Company to become the sole owner and operator of Disneyland Paris.[71]

text: Disney resorts[edit]

text: Disneyland Resort[edit]

text: Disneyland was founded as a single park by Walt Disney and opened on July 17, 1955, in Anaheim, California. Disneyland Hotel opened to the public on October 5, 1955. In 2001, the site expanded significantly and was renamed the Disneyland Resort with the opening of Disney California Adventure Park on February 8, 2001, Disney's Grand Californian Hotel & Spa on January 2, 2001, Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel on December 15, 2000, and Downtown Disney on January 12, 2001. Disneyland was rebranded Disneyland Park to distinguish it from the larger resort complex. The resort focuses on Mickey Mouse and other Disney characters and occupies 500 acres (2.0 km2).

text: Walt Disney World Resort[edit]

text: The Walt Disney World Resort opened October 1, 1971, in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, with the Magic Kingdom theme park and three resort hotels. It expanded with the opening of Epcot in 1982, Disney-MGM Studios (now Disney's Hollywood Studios) and Disney's Typhoon Lagoon in 1989, Disney's Blizzard Beach in 1995, Disney's Animal Kingdom in 1998, Disney Springs retail, dining, and entertainment complex, eight golf courses, and 18 new resort hotels. The resort is the largest (by area) and most-visited vacation resort in the world, with four theme parks, two water parks, a shopping, dining, and entertainment complex, 21 resort hotels, eight golf courses, and several additional recreational activities, and covers 27,258 acres of land.

text: Other venues:

text: ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex

text: Tokyo Disney Resort[edit]

text: Tokyo Disney Resort, located in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan, opened April 15, 1983, with Tokyo Disneyland. On September 4, 2001, the resort expanded with Tokyo DisneySea. There are several resort hotels on site, but only three are actually owned by the resort, which boasts the largest parking structure in the world. Tokyo Disney Resort is fully owned and operated by The Oriental Land Company and is licensed by The Walt Disney Company. The resort was built by Walt Disney Imagineering, and Disney maintains a degree of control; Nick Franklin leads the Walt Disney Attractions Japan team at The Walt Disney Company, which communicates with the Oriental Land Company over all aspects of the Resort, and assigns Imagineers to the Resort. Its properties, listed below, are divided into parks, shopping centers, and lodging.

text: Shopping, dining, and entertainment complex: Ikspiari

text: Disneyland Paris[edit]

text: Disneyland Paris, Disney's second resort complex outside the United States, opened on April 12, 1992, as the Euro Disney Resort. Located in Marne-la-Vallée in the suburbs of Paris, France, it features two theme parks, a golf course, an entertainment complex, and seven Disney resort hotels. It is the only resort out of the United States fully owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company [70] Its properties sit on 4,940 acres (20.0 km2), listed below, and are divided into parks and shopping centers.

text: Hong Kong Disneyland Resort[edit]

text: Hong Kong Disneyland Resort, Disney's fifth resort and its second in Asia, opened September 12, 2005. The resort is located in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. The resort consists of Hong Kong Disneyland theme park, Inspiration Lake Recreation Centre, and three hotels, with land reserved for future expansion. It is owned and operated by Hong Kong International Theme Parks, an incorporated company jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and the Government of Hong Kong. The first phase of Hong Kong Disneyland Resort occupies 320 acres (1.3 km2).

text: Shanghai Disney Resort[edit]

text: In November 2009, Disney received approval from the central government of China to build a Disney theme park, Shanghai Disneyland Park, in Shanghai's Pudong district. "China is one of the most dynamic, exciting and important countries in the world and this approval marks a very significant milestone for Walt Disney Co in mainland China," said Robert Iger, president and CEO of Disney.[72] The resort opened on June 16, 2016.[54] A groundbreaking ceremony took place on April 7, 2011.[73]

text: Other ventures[edit]

text:
Disneyland International, Inc. oversees foreign projects and was previously based (c.1987) at a French Quarter mansion located atop the Pirates of the Caribbean ride in Disneyland Park which became an art gallery.[74]
Three World of Disney retail stores managed by the Parks and Resorts merchandise division.
Disney Regional Entertainment, defunct subsidiary that attempted local based entertainment concept chains, DisneyQuest, Club Disney and ESPN Zone.

text: New Vacation Operations[edit]

text: Disney Cruise Line and New Vacation Operations division holds newer non-theme park travel units under president Karl Holz.[75]

text:
Disney Vacation Club, a timeshare program that includes several themed resorts within Disneyland Resort, Walt Disney World Resort, Hong Kong Disneyland Resort plus Disney's Aulani Resort, Disney's Hilton Head Island Resort, and Disney's Vero Beach Resort.
Adventures by Disney, a program of all-inclusive, guided vacation tour packages offered at predominantly non-Disney sites around the world.

text: Disney Cruise Line[edit]

text: Disney Cruise Line was formed in 1995. Its fleet comprises four ships: Disney Magic (launched 1998), Disney Wonder (1999), Disney Dream (2011), and Disney Fantasy (2012).[38] In early 2016, Disney Cruise Line announced two new ships that will be completed in 2021 and 2023. The two ships, as yet unnamed, are described as larger than Disney Dream and Disney Fantasy but with an equivalent number of staterooms. Each ship was designed and built in collaboration with Walt Disney Imagineering. Disney Cruise Line serves the Caribbean, Mexican Riviera, and Alaskan cruises market.

text: Disney Sports Enterprises[edit]

text:
Disney Sports Enterprises

Formerly called

Disney Sports Attractions

Industry
Sports

Founder
Reggie Williams.[76]

Key people

Maribeth Bisienere (senior vice president)[77]

Services
road race
sports events

Divisions
ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
runDisney

Website
disneyparks.disney.go.com

text: Disney Sports Enterprises, formerly called Disney Sports Attractions,[78] is the unit of Disney Parks and Resorts for Disney's sports functions and is made up of the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex and the runDisney program.[79]

text: DSE background[edit]

text: Disney Golf facilities date back to the opening of Disney World with two golf courses, the Palm and Magnolia courses. At the time, those courses started hosting the Walt Disney World Open Invitational, an annual PGA tour event.[80]

text: In 1994, Disney held the Walt Disney World Marathon, its first road race added addition races later.[77] Disneyland Marathon and 5K were run in 1995 three weeks after the LA Marathon on March 26, 1995.[81]

text: In 1995, Disney World had IMS Events, Inc. build the Walt Disney World Speedway.[82] Disney's Wide World of Sports opened in 1997 under executive Reggie Williams.[76]

text: DSE history[edit]

text: By 1998, Williams was named Vice President of Disney Sports Attractions, overseeing a newly created sports & recreation division.[83] The first 10K Disney Classic race on October 3, 1999, kicked off Disney World's 15-month Millennium Celebration.[84] On March 30, 2003, Sports Attractions held the first Disney Inline Marathon.[85]

text:
runDisney races[86][87]

Race weekend
month
location
Inaugurated

Disney World Marathon
January
Disney World
1994[77]

Princess Half-Marathon
February
2009[88]

Star Wars Half Marathon
— The Dark Side
April
2016[88]

Wine & Dine Half-Marathon
November

Tinker Bell Half-Marathon
May
Disneyland

Disneyland Half-Marathon
September
(Labor Day weekend)

Avengers Super Heroes Half Marathon
November
2014[77]

Star Wars Half Marathon
— The Light Side
January
2015[77]

Disneyland Paris Half Marathon
September
Disneyland Paris
2016[77]

text: On November 21, 2007, Reggie Williams retired as vice president of Disney Sports Attractions.[76] His replacement was named on January 3, 2008, when Ken Potrock was promoted to Senior Vice President, Disney Sports Enterprises.[78] On February 25, 2010, Disney's Wide World of Sports was renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex with some upgrades and new facilities.[89]

text: On September 25, 2011, Disney started its lease of its five Disney World golf courses (Palm, Magnolia, Lake Buena Vista, Osprey Ridge, and Oak Trail) to Arnold Palmer Golf Management to operate for 20 years while splitting the revenue. As part of the deal, Arnold Palmer would redesign the Palm course. The Orlando market for golf had a glut of course from the building boom then bust making profitability a challenge for any golf course. Disney hoped that Palmer's involvement and "Palmer Advantage" membership club would draw more attention to Disney's course. With the Osprey Ridge course sold to Four Seasons Hotels and Resorts to build a hotel, which was delayed until 2014, the golf management company would run the course until hotel construction begins. While another golf course, the Eagle Pines, was closed several years ago to make way for a residential housing subdivision development called Golden Oak being built in 2011.[80]

text: In January 2013, Ken Petrock was promoted to Disney Vacation Club and Adventures by Disney Senior VP & GM while Tom Wolber, Disney Cruise Line Senior VP/Operations, was promoted to replace Petrock at Disney Sports.[79] In late June 2015, the Walt Disney World Speedway was shut down.[82]

text: Training[edit]

text: Founded by Walt Disney in 1955, each new employee at a Disney theme park is trained at a Disney University. Before classes and on-the-job training specific to the job they will be performing in the park, each employee attends the "Disney Traditions" course where they learn of the philosophies and history of Disney's guest services.[90][91]

text: Abandoned and misreported concepts[edit]

text: Disney had plans to build Walt Disney's Riverfront Square in St. Louis. In July 1965, Disney canceled the project.

text: In the 1960s, Disney initiated a plan for a ski resort at Mineral King in California. Opposition from environmental groups led by the Sierra Club led to a temporary court injunction in 1969 and legal battles through the 1970s. The project's planning and scale changed multiple times, and in 1978, Mineral King was annexed into Sequoia National Park, ending any possibility of developing a ski resort.[92]

text: Disney reportedly had plans to build a park named Disney's America. The park was to have been located in Haymarket, Virginia, but local opposition to the idea persuaded Disney to abandon the idea in 1994. On September 28, 1994, Michael Eisner announced that Disney was canceling its plans to build Disney's America after a bruising national media fight with Protect Historic America and aggressive local opposition in Virginia from Protect Prince William and other citizen groups.

text: Disney had plans to build a Disneyland in Sydney, Australia, between 2007 and 2008 with the proposed name "Disney Wharf at Sydney Harbour", but the concept was abandoned due to mixed responses in the New South Wales Government.[93]

text: In early January 2011, conflicting reports emerged regarding Disney's involvement in a proposed entertainment complex in Haifa, Israel, whose plans include a small (30,000 square meter) amusement park scheduled to open in 2013. The project will be partially funded by Shamrock Holdings, a Disney-affiliated investment firm. In the wake of reports from Israeli business newspaper Globes and industry newswire Amusement Management that Disney itself would be involved in the project's development, a spokesperson for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts clarified to Fast Company that Disney did not have any plans to involve itself in the building of the park.[94]

text: Future projects[edit]

text: It was reported in August 2014 that beginning in 2015, Disney planned to expand the presence of Star Wars throughout their theme parks (though it was initially unclear which parks) and could also create an entire theme park area dedicated to the film franchise. Disney Chairman and CEO Bob Iger indicated that plans were to match what Universal Orlando did when they expanded and added a Harry Potter themed section to two of their theme parks. In 2012, Disney acquired Lucasfilm, which includes the rights to the Star Wars franchise and Indiana Jones franchise (which is also expected to see an increase in presence at the theme parks), and in December 2015, Disney released Star Wars: The Force Awakens, the first of a new trilogy of films.[95][better source needed] Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge was announced on August 15, 2015 as Star Wars Land, and is currently under construction at the Disneyland Resort in California and Disney's Hollywood Studios in Florida. Both lands are set to open in 2019. At D23 Expo 2017, Disney Parks chairman Bob Chapek revealed Galaxy's Edge as the area's official name, announcing an attraction set inside the hangar bay of a First Order Star Destroyer. The Disneyland version of Galaxy's Edge is currently slated to open first, with the Walt Disney World version following later in 2019.[96] In addition, it was announced that a Star Wars-themed hotel and resort are planned for Walt Disney World; the company aims for guest experiences to be "100% immersive", with Chapek claiming that each guest's stay will "culminate in a unique journey".[97]

text: Toy Story Land is currently under construction at Disney's Hollywood Studios in Florida and Shanghai Disneyland.

text: In September 2011, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts announced plans to partner with filmmaker James Cameron and his Lightstorm Entertainment production company, along with 20th Century Fox, to develop theme park attractions based on Cameron's Avatar film franchise, with the first installation planned for Disney's Animal Kingdom at Walt Disney World, in the form of a themed land. While no specific plans or attractions were announced, construction on the new area was expected to begin by 2013. Disney also secured exclusive global theme parks rights to the Avatar franchise.[98] The expansion, named "Pandora—The World of Avatar", opened May 27, 2017.[99]

text: Both Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and Disneyland Paris have room for future expansion.[100] Disney has made announcements regarding plans for another American theme park and CEO Robert Iger frequently has cited international expansion as one of the company's three strategic priorities.[101]

text: Properties outside Disney parks[edit]

text: Due to its acquisitions of Marvel Entertainment in 2009 and Lucasfilm in 2012, some Disney-owned franchises are represented in its competitors' parks. Marvel Super Hero Island, a themed land featuring characters and settings from Marvel Comics, has operated at Universal Orlando Resort's Islands of Adventure park since 1999, as well as the Islands of Adventure cloned ride The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man at Universal Studios Japan since 2004. Under Marvel's 1994 agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts in regional terms, none of the Marvel characters and other persons related to such characters (e.g., side characters, team members, and the villains associated with the Avengers, Fantastic Four, X-Men, Spider-Man, etc.) connected with Islands of Adventure and Universal Studios Japan can be used at Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney Resort.[102] Disneyland Resort, Walt Disney World, and Tokyo Disney also cannot use the Marvel name as part of an attraction or marketing and the Marvel-themed simulator ride.[103] This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets with Marvel characters not associated with the ones at Islands of Adventure, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy[104][105] as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6.[106] Hong Kong Disneyland, Shanghai Disneyland, and Disneyland Paris either have or planned to incorporate meet and greets as well as attractions relating to the Marvel characters, as well as using the Marvel name and the Marvel simulator ride.

text: A Star Wars-themed section of Legoland California's Miniland USA opened in 2011, with a similar version opening at Legoland Florida[107] in November 2012, just weeks after Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm and the Star Wars franchise.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: While Disney Parks generally adapt movies into rides, some Disney Park attractions and a theme land have been adapted into movies,[108] books,[109] comic books,[110] and television pilots. Disney Productions, now the Walt Disney Company, entered the TV field with a network TV show named after Disneyland (which was then its only park, and was being built at the time), in order to fund the park. In this series, some episodes featured the park or a park attraction.[111] The Walt Disney Company pioneered and is the only film company and theme park company to have converted theme park attractions to film productions. However, lackluster results were achieved for most of these films except for the Pirates Of The Caribbean series.[112] Disney Pictures made two Pirates Of The Caribbean sequels in 2006 and 2011 that made over a billion-dollar at the box office.[113]

text: At first, Disney had merely dabbled with this type of film. Disney Telefilms made the first movie-based-on-ride, Tower of Terror, for the Wonderful World of Disney anthology television series in 1997.[114] In 2000, Touchstone Pictures made Mission to Mars based on the closed ride of the same name.[112][115]

text: Walt Disney Pictures took the Country Bear Jamboree attraction and made it into The Country Bears in 2002. In 2003, Disney Pictures issued two ride-based films in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl and The Haunted Mansion. Pirates of the Caribbean launched a film series and a franchise.[112] After four Pirates sequels, the franchise took in more than $5.4 billion worldwide.[116]

text: Disney Publishing Worldwide started mining Disney Parks with its The Kingdom Keepers series. The first novel of the series, Disney after Dark, was released in 2005.[109] A five-book series was laid out by Pearson, but was extended to seven with the first book's success.[117]

text: With the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise as Disney Pictures' top franchise,[113] the company had been looking for additional projects in this category for a decade.[118] Disney Pictures took another push at additional adaptations in the 2010s.[118] By November 2010, Jon Favreau had been tapped to develop the Magic Kingdom park into a "Night at the Museum" like film, with Strike Entertainment signed on to produce it[119] after a script by Ronald D. Moore was turned down.[120] Another Haunted Mansion film was in the works with Guillermo del Toro as of August 2012.[118] Mr. Toad's Wild Ride ride film was in the works at Disney Pictures by January 2013.[121] Tomorrowland, first to be loosely based on a theme park area,[122] was announced in January 2013 for a December 2014 release.[118] Also in 2013, American Broadcasting Company had ordered a pilot based on Big Thunder Mountain Railroad.[123] It's A Small World was added to the list of known projects in April 2014.[124] Tower of Terror was given a theatrical treatment by John August under producer Jim Whitaker in October 2015, while the long-in-production Jungle Cruise gained an actor.[123]

text: Marvel Publishing with Disney announced in October 2013 that in January 2014 it would release its first comic book title under their joint "Disney Kingdoms" imprint "Seekers of the Weird", a five-issue miniseries inspired by a never built Disneyland attraction Museum of the Weird.[110] On March 31, 2015, the first novel in The Kingdom Keeper sequel trilogy series was released.[125]