document_title: Junie B. Jones

question_text: when did the first junie b jones book come out

text: Junie B. Jones

text: Description[edit]

text: Aimed at beginning readers, the series centers on Junie B. Jones, a young girl who is just entering kindergarten in the first book in the series, Junie B. Jones and the Stupid Smelly Bus (1992).[1] In the opening sentences of that book, she declares, “My name is Junie B. Jones. The B stands for Beatrice. Except I don’t like Beatrice. I just like B and that’s all.”[1]

text: Characters[edit]

text: Juniper Beatrice "Junie B." Jones: The series' title character and main protagonist, Junie B. lives with her parents, Robert and Susan, and her baby brother, Ollie. Her birthday is in the month of June. She also has a dog named Tickle. She is 5 years old in the first kindergarten adventures, and 6 years old in the first grade stories. Junie B. is friendly and has a bright personality.[2] In kindergarten, her two best friends are Lucille and Grace. In first grade, her best friends are Herb, José, and Lennie. Junie B. has two rivals: Jim in kindergarten and May in first grade. In kindergarten, her classroom is Room Nine, and in First Grade, Room One. Junie B.'s favorite foods are spaghetti and meatballs, lemon pie, and ice cream. She has many catchphrases such as; "Wowie wow wow!", "Yeah, only", and "Hello! How are you today?". She is afraid of roosters because she thinks "they can peck your head into a nub", ponies because she thinks "they can stomple you to the ground and kill you", and clowns because she thinks "they are not normal people". She is shown to have reddish-brown hair and blue-green eyes. In the kindergarten series she was shown with short hair and a bow, she wears a pink sweater, purple skirt, white socks and signature black Mary Jane shoes. In the first grade series she had longer, messier hair, wore pants, and the bow was dropped, being replaced by her purple glasses. In Junie B. Jones is A Beauty Shop Guy, she is shown that she wants to be a beauty shop guy herself, though in Junie B. Jones and her Big Fat Mouth she wants to be a janitor when she grows up. In Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business, her grandpa lets her put syrup on her waffles without saying "WHOA! WHOA! WHOA!" It's also implied that she and her family possibly lives in Arizona.

text: Robert "Bob" Jones: Junie B. and Ollie's loving father, whom Junie B. calls "Daddy." He takes Junie B. to the beauty shop with him in Junie B. Jones is a Beauty Shop Guy, where she causes a disaster. In Junie B., First Grader: One Man Band, he teaches Junie B. to juggle. Robert is said to be playful and silly around his daughter. In Junie B. Jones is a Beauty Shop Guy, Junie B. says "he has other names too. Some people call him Bob, and other people call him Bobby. Plus today Mother called him Ace."

text: Philip Johnny Bob: Junie B.'s beloved stuffed elephant. She brings him on trips with her, as seen in Junie B. Jones is a Party Animal and Aloha-ha-ha!. Junie B. seems to feel a lot safer when he is around, as shown in Junie B. Jones has a Monster Under her Bed and BOO! And I MEAN It!. In "Aloha-ha-ha!", Junie B.'s mother brings her a new Hawaiian Barbie doll which Junie B. names Delores. Philip Johnny Bob is shown to dislike Delores because of her "pointy, hard hands" poking him in the backpack while on the trip to Hawaii. Delores is only mentioned in this book.

text: Susan Jones (née Miller): Junie B.'s and Ollie's protective but caring mother, whom Junie B. calls "Mother." Since Junie B. loves ice cream, Susan made a rule at the grocery store that Junie B. can't shout "I WANT ICE CREAM!" and not to call her a "big meanie" when she won't buy it. In "Junie B. Jones and Some Sneaky Peeky Spying", she gets very annoyed with Junie B. spying but despite her attempts, Junie B. continues to spy on people. She is shown to have short, blonde hair and wears make-up. In Top Secret Personal Beeswax, Junie B. says "sometimes Daddy calls her Buttercup. That is ridiculous, I think." In Junie B.'s Essential Survival Guide to School she is said to have been at a school called Brainerd Elementary in 1st grade between 1983 and 1984 on her old report card, which she did not do so well on. Junie B. sees the report card and says "Mother was a bad kid."

text: Oliver "Ollie" Jones: Junie B.'s baby brother. He is born in the book Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business. He is said to be ten months old in the month of October, so he is probably born in December. Junie B. often dislikes her brother, and they have somewhat of a sibling rivalry, stating that the family didn't actually need a baby but no one consulted her about it. However, she does show that she cares for him sometimes, like in Junie B., First Grader: Toothless Wonder where Junie B. concludes that Ollie's first tooth was the baby tooth Junie B. lost, and she smiles at him. Ollie's first word was "moo" which was revealed in Junie B., First Grader: BOO...and I MEAN It! which was the reason he was dressed up in a cow suit. In Junie B. Jones and That Meanie Jim's Birthday he is shown to have a hard time getting to sleep.

text: Frank Miller (Grampa Miller): Junie B.'s grandfather. Grampa Miller, along with his wife, Helen Miller, babysits for her and her brother while their parents are at work. Junie B. calls Grampa Miller her "favoritest babysitter 'cause he doesn't even follow the 'structions!" In Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business, he is shown to be a smoker and smokes a cigar indoors and in "Junie B. Jones is a Graduation Girl" it mentions that he enjoys an occasional beer. Junie B. enjoys helping him fix the upstairs toilet and "touching the big ball that floats on top."

text: Helen Miller (Grandma Miller): Junie B.'s grandmother. Grandma Miller also babysits for Junie B. and her brother on occasion. She is also known to try and help Junie B. when ever she's in a crisis, such as in Meanie Jim's Birthday, Grandma Miller tries to help when Junie B. isn't invited to a party. Junie B. often calls her grandmother by her first name much to her annoyance. Grandma Miller has a pet canary bird named Twitter.

text: Tickle: Junie B.'s dog of unknown breed. He has short yellowish fur. He has been around since before Junie B. was born. Junie B. practices hairstyling by cutting his fur in Junie B. Jones is a Beauty Shop Guy. Also, she once fed him sugary cereal, causing him to throw up on a rug. Susan will not allow him on Junie B.'s bed, as revealed in Junie B. Jones Has a Monster Under Her Bed. He appears less often in the first grade books, implying that he may have died after Junie B.'s Top Secret Personal Beeswax. He and Junie B. watch her parents make Ollie's room in Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business.

text: Flo Miller: Junie B.'s aunt and Susan's sister. She, her husband, and sister-in-law are only mentioned in "Junie B. Jones is (Almost) a Flower Girl", where she is getting married to her future husband Joe. She named Junie B. alternate flower girl, since her 5-year-old sister-in-law Bo was already chosen to be the flower girl. Miller was her maiden name and it is unknown what her last name was changed to, if at all. Bo’s older brother Joe is Flo’s husband. Junie B. has a misunderstanding with Bo at first, since Bo thought Junie B. was trying to steal her basket when she only wanted two petals, but the two later enjoy themselves at Flo and Joe’s wedding and promise to contact each other after they learn to read and write better.

text: Friends[edit]

text: Lucille: Junie B.'s rich, beautiful, but rather spoiled best friend in kindergarten. She has a grandmother who pampers her and always gives her what she wants except dogs, since Nana is allergic to them. She always wears nail polish, usually in shades of red. Although Lucille is in Junie B.'s first grade class, she and Junie B. are still good friends, but she gives 2 twins a turn to be her best friend in the beginning of the first grade and befriends the twins, Camille and Chenille (who both resemble Grace somewhat). Junie B. says that she doesn't like Lucille very much in the first grade series, although they somewhat get along during an egg hunt and when Junie B. shows off her glasses. She also didn't like her in Junie B. Jones and Her Big Fat Mouth. In the kindergarten books, she is shown to have brown hair, although in the first grade books, she is shown to have blond hair. She likes to wear lacy socks with bows on them. She also has an older brother. She tries to make her nana get a poodle, but Junie B. ruins her chance. Also, she and her family cannot stand sweat.

text: Grace (That Grace): Junie B.'s athletic, best friend in kindergarten. Like Junie B., she has a baby brother. Grace is a very fast runner and wears pink high-top sneakers. In contrast with Junie B., Grace is very well-behaved, and she speaks with proper grammar. She sits with Junie B. every day on the school bus in Kindergarten. In first grade she makes a new friend named Bobbi Jean Piper, whom Junie B. shares a rivalry with. In kindergarten, Junie B. calls Grace "That Grace". Grace is known to be competitive and a bit of a show-off. She sometimes fights with Lucille. She also has a younger brother and an older sister. Warren becomes Grace's boyfriend, Junie B. and Lucille are not okay with it, showing feelings of jealousy. Her grandmother has a condo in Florida. She is not in the same first grade class that Junie B. is in. Although Junie B. states that she is “dropping” Grace in first grade, she later admits in Top Secret Personal Beeswax that she misses her. Grace’s phone number is 555-5555.

text: Ricardo: Junie B.'s "boyfriend" in kindergarten until Junie B. Jones is (Almost) a Flower Girl where Junie B. confronts him about chasing "New" Thelma during recess and says that only boyfriends and girlfriends should chase each other, in which Ricardo tells her that they should start "chasing other people" and leaves, much to Junie B.'s dismay. He likes monkeys, has freckles, and wears cowboy boots.

text: Paulie Allen Puffer: A boy in Junie B.'s kindergarten class that often tells her scary or funny stories which she always believes are true. In Junie B. Jones Has a Monster Under Her Bed, he tells her about the monster that lives under the bed which rekindles her fear of monsters. In "Junie B. Jones and Some Sneaky Peeky Spying", he discovers a dead cat that was ran over by an ice cream truck. Junie B. Jones is a Graduation Girl he tells her that being in the first grade is really fun because they are the boss of the kindergarteners. He seems to be one of the oldest students in the class, since he turned six in "Junie B. Jones and that Meanie Jim's Birthday." He is best friends with Jim. In Junie B., First Grader: BOO...and I MEAN It! it is said that he tells Junie B. "five scary secrets" from kindergarten. He also has an older brother in the seventh grade (later eighth grade).

text: William: A very shy and soft-spoken boy who Junie B. says would be easy for her to beat up. She refers to him as "Crybaby William". He can be upset very easily as seen in Junie B. Jones and That Meanie Jim's Birthday when she runs past him stealing his invitation. He also has stage fright as seen in Junie B. Jones Smells Something Fishy when he became nervous after the teacher asked him if he'd like to take out his pet bullfrog and also in Junie B. Jones is a Graduation Girl when he tries to run away to the school parking lot during graduation rehearsal. Also in Junie B. Jones Is Captain Field Day when it was almost William's turn to play a game, he told Junie B. Jones he was never good at it, but he came through in the Pull Up game. His crickets die in Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business.

text: Herbert (Herb): Junie B.'s best friend in first grade. He seems to dislike May as much as Junie B. does. In Junie B.'s Top Secret Personal Beeswax, he and Junie B. seem to have a crush on each other. He was in a different school before first grade.

text: José: Another one of Junie B.'s best friends in first grade. He is Hispanic and speaks both English and Spanish. He plays soccer. Sometimes, he greets Junie B. in Spanish. He won the bouquet of flowers for his mom in Junie B., First Grader: Dumb Bunny. He has a sister. José has his own remote control.

text: Leonard aka Lennie: Another one of Junie B.'s best friends in first grade. He is quiet and almost always agrees with Junie B.. Lennie has spiky hair. He has a washcloth puppet. In Dumb Bunny, he and Shirley mention that they are Jewish.

text: Sheldon Potts: A good friend of Junie B. in first grade. He is one of a handful of characters whose first and last names are known. Sheldon is known for showing his bare feet in class when taking off his shoes and socks. He can be awfully shy in front of a crowd as revealed in Junie B., First Grader: One Man Band. In Junie B., First Grader: Dumb Bunny, he and Lucille are shown to have a crush on each other. He is shown to have blonde hair. Sheldon takes multi-vitamins due to his many food allergies. His family is full of former criminals and otherwise strange people, such as his Uncle Vern, Aunt Bunny, and Grandpa Ned.

text: Shirley: Another good friend of Junie B. in first grade. Although not much is known about her, she sometimes chats with Junie B. She is shown to have short black hair. She has a dog named Stinky. In Dumb Bunny, she mentions that she and Lennie are Jewish. She used to be Junie B.’s bathroom buddy until May caught them taking too long to wash their hands.

text: Roger: A boy with freckles who is in the same classes as Junie B. for both the kindergarten and first grade books. Not a lot of information is revealed about him. He had his lunch money stolen by a boy named Jeff Hooks in kindergarten, and has an older brother named Rodney who was previously in Mr. Scary’s class.

text: Jamal Hall: A boy in the kindergarten class. Very little information is known about him, besides the fact that his mother is the art teacher.

text: Charlotte: A girl in the kindergarten class. She doesn't always get along with Junie B. In the book Junie B. Jones Has a Peep in Her Pocket, Charlotte sees Junie B.'s drawing of a rooster stuck under a tree and says that she hates it, to which Junie B. replies "You wouldn't say that if your head was a nub, sister." She somewhat resembles May except she doesn't have freckles and wears glasses.

text: Rivals[edit]

text: May Murkee: a girl who sits next to Junie B in the first grade part of the series. Junie B. does not like her because she won't say her B in her name and just calls her Junie Jones. She tattletales to Mr. Scary about Junie B. They get into arguments a lot and May gets annoyed with Junie B. when she does something Mr. Scary had told her not to do. Junie B. calls her as Blabber-mouth May. They are never shown to like each other at all. Her last name is Murkee, as revealed in Turkeys We Have Loved And Eaten (And Other Thankful Stuff). She says that E stands for excellent in her report card in one of the first grade books. She is spoiled by her mother Mary.

text: Jim: Junie B. and Jim are said to hate each other until Junie B. Jones and the Mushy Gushy Valentine when he gives a nice valentine to her. He tries to keep it a secret but he accidentally gives the game away when she catches him looking at the card while the rest of the children are on the playground. He tries to cover it up but he realizes that it is too late when she says his words are "sputtery." He then admits that he's always liked her and that she makes Room Nine "sparky." Although the reason is unknown it seems that not a hint of friendship is shown throughout the rest of the series, though in Junie B. Jones is a Graduation Girl after she get grape juice stains on her graduation outfit he suggest that everyone else color on their clothes so she would feel better. Jim as well as most of the kindergarten children are never shown again and calls her "Goony Bird Jones." He says that Junie B.'s brother is not a monkey in Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business.

text: Pink Fluffy Girl: a fellow student at Junie B.'s school who wears a pink jacket is well known for stealing her beloved mittens in Junie B. Jones is not a Crook. How ever she gets caught and gets her comeuppance for stealing and Junie B. gets her mittens back.

text: Bobbi Jean Piper: Grace's new friend in first grade. She sat next to Grace and Junie B. is not okay with it.

text: Teachers[edit]

text: Mrs.: Junie B.'s kindergarten teacher and in charge of Room Nine. In all of the Kindergarten adventures, Junie B. says: "Her name is Mrs. She has another name too but I just like Mrs. and that's all." In the first book, Junie B. says that she does not remember the teacher's last name. In Junie B. Jones and Some Sneaky Peeky Spying, Junie B. catches Mrs. stealing grapes while at a grocery store and kissing her husband. She will miss Junie B. as shown in the last kindergarten book in the series.

text: Mr. Scary: Junie B.'s kind and warm first grade teacher. She believes that he made up his name because he is actually very nice and "doesn't even scare her, hardly." He makes his class keep journals, where they write about whatever subjects they want. Mr. Scary often has to break up Junie B. and May's arguments. He can also be very firm when Junie B. and May tattle on each other.

text: Principal: The principal at Junie B.'s school, whom she believes lives in his office and is "the king of the school, only he doesn't actually wear a crown." She refers to him only as "Principal." His first appearance was in Junie B. Jones and the Stupid, Smelly Bus, where he sternly scolds Junie B. for not getting on the bus and hiding in the school. They get to know each other pretty well during the kindergarten series since Junie B's antics often wind up getting her sent to the office. Junie B. does not like to go to his office because there is a "grouchy typing lady" in there that is somewhat mean, never smiles, and always "forces" her to sit in a blue chair which she says is "where bad kids have to sit." Her mom eventually made a rule at home that getting herself sent to the office would get her "grounded, young lady."

text: Gus Vallony: The janitor who is often friendly around Junie B. He helps her out when she is accidentally locked in the school in Stupid, Smelly Bus, where he was originally known as the "man with the can". She dresses up as a janitor for career day in Big Fat Mouth. He was born in an unknown foreign country. He cleans up "splat-o" (vomit) in Shipwrecked.

text: Mrs. Gladys Gutzman: The school cafeteria lady. She brings cookies to the kindergarten students. In Boss of Lunch, Junie B. helps her out in the cafeteria after she complains about how the first graders don't get cookies.

text: Mrs. Weller: The school nurse. In Junie B. Jones and Some Sneaky Peeky Spying she puts a band-aid on Junie B.'s head after Lucille tells her "it's not a good idea to keep secrets inside your head", after which Junie B. runs into the office yelling "my head's gonna blow!" In First Grader At Last! she tells Junie B. that she needs glasses after Mr. Scary finds out she has issues reading from the boards. Her names is unknown by Junie B. throughout the kindergarten series.

text: Mr. Woo: The Bus driver, who drives Junie B. and the other kids to school. He is friendly towards the kids, but often gets frustrated with them from time to time. He has given Junie B. two bus misbehavior warnings, one for shouting for the bus to go faster and one for tickling another student.

text: Grouchy typing lady: Principal's secretary who works at the front office. Junie B. often fears her because she is "grouchy", though she is shown to be considerate to Junie B. at times, such as in Junie B. Jones is Not a Crook, where she is proud of Junie B. for returning the colorful pen she found to the Lost and Found box. Junie B.’s response to her telling her to sit down is often “Yeah, only I’m not even bad” or “Yeah, only that’s the bad kid’s chair. And I’m not even bad.”

text: Mr. Toot: The music teacher, who is also in charge of the annual Holiday Sing-Along.

text: Mrs. Hall: The art teacher. She was mentioned in Junie B. Jones and the Yucky Blucky Fruitcake,” where she ran the Cake Walk in Room Nine. She has a son named Jamal.

text: Books[edit]

text: Since the original book was published by Random House in 1992, twenty-eight other Junie B. Jones books have been published. Twenty-seven books belong to the Junie B. Jones Series and there is also a Junie B. Jones Journal. The Junie B. Jones series has also been translated into Spanish and French.

text: Junie B Jones The Junie B. Jones series came in at #71 on the American Library Association's list of the Top 100 Banned or Challenged Books from 2000-2009.[3] Reasons cited are poor social values taught by the books and Junie B. Jones not being considered a good role model due to her mouthiness and bad spelling and grammar.[citation needed] While Junie B. Jones writer Barbara Park appreciated being on banned lists with writers she respected (like Maya Angelou and Toni Morrison), she stopped reading information about her books because the comments were "too hurtful".[4] Park once wrote that some people "believe that the value of a children's book can be measured only in terms of the moral lessons it tries to impose or the perfect role models it offers. Personally, I happen to think that a book is of extraordinary value if it gives the reader nothing more than a smile or two. In fact, I happen to think that's huge."[5]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Plays[edit]

text:
Junie B. Jones, theatrical adaptation by Marcy Heisler and Zina Goldrich, Theatreworks USA[6][7]
Junie B. Jones and a Little Monkey Business, theatrical adaptation by Joan Cushing
Junie B. Jones The Stupid Smelly Bus Tour, Random House,[8] Tour by Momentum Worldwide
2008 Tour - Caitlin Thurnauer as Junie B. Jones, Jay Paranada as Mr. Woo. Tour Managed by Michael Barth
Junie B. Jones Top-Secret Personal Beeswax educational video game for the LeapFrog Leapster Learning System
Junie B. Jones: Jingle Bells, Batman Smells, theatrical adaptation by Allison Gregory; Childsplay. Music composed by Rob Witmer
Junie B. Jones: First Grader: Shipwrecked, theatrical adaptation by Allison Gregory; Childsplay
Junie B Jones and a Little Monkey Business, theatrical adaptation performed at B Street Theatre.

text: Film[edit]

text: The only mentioning of a theatrical feature film based on the books comes from a question and answer thread from Barbara Park where she stated that "Junie B has been pretty successful already living in the readers' imaginations, so I am happy with that."[9]


document_title: The Good Doctor (TV series)

question_text: who is the actor that plays dr. sean murphy

root

text: The Good Doctor (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from a small town, where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to join the prestigious surgical department at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital.[1]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy: A surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[2] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[3]
Nicholas Gonzalez as Neil Melendez: Attending surgeon.[2]
Antonia Thomas as Claire Browne: A resident who forms a special connection with Shaun.[4]
Chuku Modu as Jared Kalu: A resident.[5]
Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston: A hospital board member who is a friend of Dr. Glassman and whose grandfather founded the hospital.[6]
Irene Keng as Sarah Chen: A resident.[7][8]
Hill Harper as Marcus Andrews: Chief of surgery.[7]
Richard Schiff as Aaron Glassman: President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[9][10]
Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki: Chair and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital.[11]

tag: ul

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy: Shaun's younger brother (in flashbacks).[3]
Jasika Nicole as Carly[12]
Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday[12]
Michael Muhney[13]
Marsha Thomason as Isabel Andrews: Marcus' wife.[14]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: This section needs plot summaries. Please add some in your own words. (October 2017)

tag: table

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
Seth Gordon
David Shore
September 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)
11.22[15]

On the way to his job interview at the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, Dr. Shaun Murphy encounters a boy injured when a glass fixture shatters and falls on him and jumps in to assist, his unique perspective on the world guiding him through the procedure. He also helps another doctor who is there, by instructing him on how to stop the boy from dying. On the way to the hospital, Shaun notices that the boy’s vitals have changed, and argues that something is wrong, but no one believes him. Dr. Aaron Glassman, president at the hospital, tries to convince the board to hire Shaun despite his autism, while Dr. Marcus Andrews fights against him. Dr. Claire Browne tries to prove herself to her overconfident superior Dr. Neil Melendez. The doctors realizes that Shaun is right, and asks for assistance in saving the boy's life, which they do. During his childhood, Shaun suffers due to an abusive father and bullies at school, but is protected and assisted by his younger brother, Steve, until tragedy strikes.

2
"Mount Rushmore"
Mike Listo
David Shore
October 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)
10.93[16]

3
"Oliver"
John Dahl
Bill Rotko
October 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)
10.69[17]

4
"Pipes"
Steven DePaul
Thomas L. Moran
October 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)
10.60[18]

5
"Point Three Percent"
Larry Teng
David Hoselton
October 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)
10.39[19]

6
"Not Fake"[20]
Michael Patrick Jann
Simran Baidwan
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as "something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run".[21] The story of a pediatric surgeon with Asperger syndrome was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015.[22][23] However, CBS didn't pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television, with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore, who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim.[24] ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017.[25]

text: On May 11, 2017, ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios,[26] and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3, 2017.[27]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun.[4] A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital.[2] The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Unger;[5] Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Horace Andrews; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean;[7] and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Ira Glassman, President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital and mentor to Shaun.[9] He was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[6] With the series order in May, Modu's character was revealed to have changed to Dr. Jared Kalu; Harper's character changed to Dr. Marcus Andrews; and Schiff's character changed to Dr. Aaron Glassman.[26] In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki.[11]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6, 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[28][29] Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26, 2017, and is set to conclude on March 1, 2018.[30] The Surrey, British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots.[31]

text: Music[edit]

text: Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series.[32]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States,[33] and on CTV in Canada.[34] Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[35]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: A full length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation, which /Film's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like "House meets Rain Man, that just might be enough to make it interesting". However, he questioned "how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of [Highmore's] character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace."[36] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was "both kinda progressive and really dated". He added, "Too much felt on-the-nose—especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender", while also commentating that "On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate."[37] Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it "a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon."[38] The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook.[39]

text: The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017.[40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Burnt Food"
September 25, 2017
2.2/9
11.22[15]
2.2
7.86
4.4
19.21[41]

2
"Mount Rushmore"
October 2, 2017
2.2/9
10.93[16]
2.1
7.21
4.3
18.12[42]

3
"Oliver"
October 9, 2017
2.0/7
10.69[17]
2.2
7.53
4.2
18.22[43]

4
"Pipes"
October 16, 2017
2.0/8
10.60[18]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

5
"Point Three Percent"
October 23, 2017
1.8/7
10.39[19]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6
"Not Fake"
October 30, 2017
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: The series premiere earned a 2.2/9 rating in the 18- to 49-year-old demographic, with 11.22 million total viewers, making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years, since Dangerous Minds in September 1996, and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18–49 demographic in 8.5 years, since Castle in March 2009.[44] Factoring live plus seven-day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million, surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016.[45]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 42% approval rating with an average rating of 5.6/10 based on 24 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "The Good Doctor's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve."[46] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[47]

text: Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine, Matt Webb Mitovich stated, "The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... [and] has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone." He enjoyed the "warm dynamic" of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as "our emotional 'in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world". He noted that "it takes a while to build up momentum," but concluded that "the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice."[48]


document_title: America's Got Talent (season 13)

question_text: when does season 13 of america's got talent premiere

question_tokens: when does season 13 of america 's got talent premiere

text: America's Got Talent (season 13)

text:
America's Got Talent

Season 13

Judges

Howie Mandel
Mel B
Heidi Klum
Simon Cowell

Host(s)
Tyra Banks

Broadcaster
NBC

Chronology

◀
2018

text: Season thirteen of the reality competition series America's Got Talent is set to premiere on May 29, 2018 on NBC. Howie Mandel, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell are set to return as judges for their respective ninth, sixth, sixth, and third seasons. Meanwhile, Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks will return for her second season as host.[1] The live shows return to the Dolby Theatre.[2] AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment, Cowell's company.[3][4]


document_title: Gladiator (2000 film)

question_text: who is the father of lucius in gladiator

text: Gladiator (2000 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In AD 180, Hispano-Roman General Maximus Decimus Meridius intends to return to his home after he leads the Roman army to victory against the Germanic tribes near Vindobona on the Limes Germanicus. Emperor Marcus Aurelius tells Maximus that his own son, Commodus, is unfit to rule and that he wishes Maximus to succeed him, as regent, to help save Rome from corruption. Commodus murders his father when he is told about the plan.

text: Commodus announces he is the new Emperor and asks Maximus for his loyalty, but the general refuses. Maximus is arrested by guards and is told that he and his family will die. He kills his captors and rides for his home near Trujillo, where he finds his family murdered. Maximus buries his wife and son; then collapses. He is found by slavers who take him to the Roman province of Zucchabar, where he is sold to a gladiator trainer named Proximo.

text: Although reluctant at first, Maximus fights in local tournaments and makes friends with two other gladiators: Juba, a Numidian; and Hagen, a German. His military skills help him win matches and gain recognition from other gladiators and the crowd. Proximo reveals that he was once a gladiator, and advises Maximus that he must "win the crowd" to win his freedom. Proximo takes his gladiators to fight in Rome's Colosseum, because Commodus has organized 150 days of games.

text: Disguised by a masked helmet, Maximus debuts in gladiatorial combat in the Colosseum as a Carthaginian in a re-enactment of the Battle of Zama. Unexpectedly, Maximus leads his side to victory, and Commodus enters the Colosseum to offer his congratulations. He orders the disguised Maximus, as leader of the gladiators, to show himself and give his name; Maximus reveals himself and declares vengeance. Commodus is compelled by the crowd to let the gladiators live, and the Praetorian Guard is held back from striking them down.

text: Maximus's next fight is a victory against a legendary undefeated gladiator. Commodus orders Maximus to kill the gladiator, but Maximus spares his opponent's life; he is called "Maximus the Merciful" by the crowd. Angered at this outcome, Commodus taunts Maximus about his family's deaths, but Maximus turns and walks away.

text: Maximus discovers from Cicero, his ex-orderly, that his former legions remain loyal. Lucilla, Commodus' sister; Gracchus, an influential senator; and Maximus meet secretly. Maximus will escape Rome, join his soldiers, topple Commodus by force, and hand power back to the Roman Senate. Commodus learns of the plot by threatening Lucilla, and has the Praetorian Guard arrest Gracchus and attack the gladiators' barracks. Proximo and his men, including Hagen, sacrifice themselves to enable Maximus to escape. Maximus is captured at the rendezvous with Cicero, where Cicero is killed.

text: Commodus challenges Maximus to a duel in the Colosseum. He stabs Maximus before the match to gain an advantage. Maximus disarms Commodus, whom the Praetorian Guard refuse to aid. Commodus then produces a hidden knife, which Maximus drives into his throat, killing him. Maximus succumbs to his wound. Before he dies, he asks for political reforms, for his gladiator allies to be freed, and for Senator Gracchus to be reinstated. Maximus's friends and allies honor him as "a soldier of Rome", at Lucilla's behest, and carry his body out of the arena, leaving the dead Commodus behind.

text: Juba visits the Colosseum at night and buries the figurines of Maximus' wife and son at the spot where he died. Juba says he is to return to his own family and promises to see Maximus again, "but not yet".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Russell Crowe as Maximus Decimus Meridius: a Hispano-Roman legatus forced into becoming a slave who seeks revenge against Commodus. He has earned the favor of Marcus Aurelius, and the love and admiration of Lucilla prior to the events of the film. His home is near Trujillo in today's Province of Cáceres, Spain. After the murder of his family he vows vengeance. Maximus is a fictional character partly inspired by Marcus Nonius Macrinus, Narcissus, Cincinnatus, and Maximus of Hispania. Mel Gibson was first offered the role,[7] but declined as he felt he was too old to play the character. Antonio Banderas and Hugh Jackman were also considered.[8]
Joaquin Phoenix as Commodus: The amoral, power-hungry, twisted son of Marcus Aurelius, he murders his father when he learns that Maximus will hold the emperor's powers in trust until a new republic can be formed.
Connie Nielsen as Lucilla: Maximus's former lover and the older child of Marcus Aurelius. Lucilla has been recently widowed. She resists her brother's incestuous advances and hates him, while also having to be careful to protect her son, Lucius, from her brother's corruption and wrath.
Oliver Reed as Antonius Proximo: An old, gruff gladiator trainer who buys Maximus in North Africa. A former gladiator himself, he was freed by Marcus Aurelius, and gives Maximus his own armor and eventually a chance at freedom, and becomes somewhat of a mentor to Maximus. This was Reed's final film appearance, before he died during the filming. In the original film script, Proximo was supposed to live.
Derek Jacobi as Senator Gracchus: A member of the Roman Senate who opposes Commodus's rule and an ally of Lucilla and Maximus.
Djimon Hounsou as Juba: A Numidian tribesman who was taken from his home and family by slave traders. He becomes Maximus's closest ally and friend, and inspires Maximus to bring down Commodus for the greater good before he joins his family in the afterlife.
Richard Harris as Marcus Aurelius: The old and wise emperor of Rome who appoints Maximus, whom he loves as a son, to be his successor, with the ultimate aim of returning Rome to a republican form of government. He is murdered by his son Commodus before his wish can be fulfilled.
Ralf Möller as Hagen: A Germanic warrior and Proximo's chief gladiator who later befriends Maximus and Juba during their battles in Rome.
Tommy Flanagan as Cicero: Maximus's loyal servant who provides liaison between the enslaved Maximus, his former legion based at Ostia, and Lucilla. He is used as bait for the escaping Maximus and eventually killed by the Praetorian Guard.
David Schofield as Senator Falco: A Patrician, a senator opposed to Gracchus. He helps Commodus to consolidate his power.
John Shrapnel as Senator Gaius: Another Roman senator allied with Gracchus, Lucilla, and Maximus against Commodus.
Tomas Arana as General Quintus: another Roman legatus, who served under and was a friend to Maximus. Made commander of the Praetorian Guard by Commodus, after betraying Maximus. In the extended version, Quintus sees the mad side of the Emperor when he is forced to execute two innocent men. Quintus later redeems himself by refusing to allow Commodus a second sword during the latter's duel with Maximus, and promises to honor Maximus's last wishes.
Spencer Treat Clark as Lucius Verus: The young son of Lucilla. He is named after his father Lucius Verus. He is also the grandson of Marcus Aurelius.
David Hemmings as Cassius: the master of ceremonies for the gladiatorial games in the Colosseum.
Sven-Ole Thorsen as Tigris of Gaul: An undefeated champion gladiator who is called out of retirement by Commodus to kill Maximus but is defeated by Maximus. Commodus then ordered Maximus to kill Tigris, but Maximus spared him.
Omid Djalili as a slave trader.
Giannina Facio as Maximus's wife.
Giorgio Cantarini as Maximus's son, who is the same age as Lucilla's son Lucius.

text: Production[edit]

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: Gladiator was based on an original pitch by David Franzoni, who wrote the first draft.[9] Franzoni was given a three-picture deal with DreamWorks as writer and co-producer on the strength of his previous work, Steven Spielberg's Amistad, which helped establish the reputation of DreamWorks. Not a classical scholar, Franzoni was inspired by Daniel P. Mannix's 1958 novel Those About to Die, and he chose to base his story on Commodus after reading the Augustan History. In Franzoni's first draft, dated April 4, 1998, he named his protagonist Narcissus, a wrestler who, according to the ancient sources Herodian and Cassius Dio, strangled Emperor Commodus to death.[10]

text: Ridley Scott was approached by producers Walter F. Parkes and Douglas Wick. They showed him a copy of Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1872 painting entitled Pollice Verso (Thumbs Down).[11] Scott was enticed by filming the world of Ancient Rome. However, Scott felt Franzoni's dialogue was too "on the nose" (lacking subtlety) and hired John Logan to rewrite the script to his liking. Logan rewrote much of the first act and made the decision to kill off Maximus's family to increase the character's motivation.[12]

text: Russell Crowe describes being eager for the role as pitched by Walter F. Parkes, in his interview for Inside the Actors Studio: "They said, 'It's a 100-million-dollar film. You're being directed by Ridley Scott. You play a Roman General.' I've always been a big fan of Ridley's."[13]

text: With two weeks to go before filming, the actors complained of problems with the script. William Nicholson was brought to Shepperton Studios to make Maximus a more sensitive character. Nicholson reworked Maximus' friendship with Juba and developed the afterlife thread in the film, saying "he did not want to see a film about a man who wanted to kill somebody."[12]

text: The screenplay faced many rewrites and revisions. Crowe allegedly questioned every aspect of the evolving script and strode off the set when he did not get answers. According to a DreamWorks executive, "(Russell Crowe) tried to rewrite the entire script on the spot. You know the big line in the trailer, 'In this life or the next, I will have my vengeance'? At first he absolutely refused to say it."[14]

text: Russell Crowe described the script situation: "I read the script and it was substantially underdone. Even the character didn't exist on the pages. And that set about a long process, that's probably the first time that I've been in a situation where the script wasn't a complete done deal. We actually started shooting with about 32 pages and went through them in the first couple of weeks."[13]

text: Of the writing and filming process, Crowe added, "Possibly, a lot of the stuff that I have to deal with now in terms of my quote unquote volatility has to do with that experience. Here was a situation where we got to Morocco with a crew of 200 and a cast of a 100 or whatever, and I didn't have anything to learn. I actually didn't know what the scenes were gonna be. We had, I think, one American writer working on it, one English writer working on it, and of course a group of producers who were also adding their ideas, and then Ridley himself; and then, on the occasion where Ridley would say, 'Look, this is the structure for it – what are you gonna say in that?' So then I'd be doing my own stuff, as well. And this is how things like, 'Strength and honor,' came up. This is how things like, 'At my signal, unleash hell,' came up. The name Maximus Decimus Meridius, it just flowed well."[13]

text: Maximus' habit of rubbing soil before each fight references the attachment and affection to his former life as a farmer.[15] In a conversation with Marcus Aurelius Maximus says the fecund soil of his farm is "black like my wife's hair".[15] Crowe wrote the speech himself, drawing on his feelings of homesickness for his own ranch.[15]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: In preparation for filming, Scott spent several months developing storyboards to develop the framework of the plot.[16] Over six weeks, production members scouted various locations within the extent of the Roman Empire before its collapse, including Italy, France, North Africa, and England.[17] All of the film's props, sets, and costumes were manufactured by crew members due to high costs and unavailability of the items.[18] One hundred suits of steel armour and 550 suits in polyurethane were made by Rod Vass and his company Armordillo. The unique sprayed-polyurethane system was developed by Armordillo and pioneered for this production. Over a three-month period, 27,500 component pieces of armor were made.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was shot in three main locations between January and May 1999. The opening battle scenes in the forests of Germania were shot in three weeks in the Bourne Woods, near Farnham, Surrey, in England.[20] When Scott learned that the Forestry Commission planned to remove a section of the forest, he persuaded them to allow the battle scene to be shot there and burn it down.[21] Scott and cinematographer John Mathieson used multiple cameras filming at various frame rates and a 45-degree shutter, creating stop motion effects in the action sequences, similar to techniques used for the battle sequences of Saving Private Ryan (1998).[22] Subsequently, the scenes of slavery, desert travel, and gladiatorial training school were shot in Ouarzazate, Morocco, just south of the Atlas Mountains over a further three weeks.[23] To construct the arena where Maximus has his first fights, the crew used basic materials and local building techniques to manufacture the 30,000-seat mud brick arena.[24] Finally, the scenes of Ancient Rome were shot over a period of nineteen weeks in Fort Ricasoli, Malta.[25][26]

text: In Malta, a replica of about one-third of Rome's Colosseum was built, to a height of 52 feet (15.8 meters), mostly from plaster and plywood (the other two-thirds and remaining height were added digitally).[27] The replica took several months to build and cost an estimated $1 million.[28] The reverse side of the complex supplied a rich assortment of Ancient Roman street furniture, colonnades, gates, statuary, and marketplaces for other filming requirements. The complex was serviced by tented "costume villages" that had changing rooms, storage, armorers, and other facilities.[25] The rest of the Colosseum was created in computer-generated imagery using set-design blueprints and textures referenced from live action, and rendered in three layers to provide lighting flexibility for compositing in Flame and Inferno software.[29]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: British post-production company The Mill was responsible for much of the computer-generated imagery effects that were added after filming. The company was responsible for such tricks as compositing real tigers filmed on bluescreen into the fight sequences, and adding smoke trails and extending the flight paths of the opening scene's salvo of flaming arrows to get around regulations on how far they could be shot during filming. They also used 2,000 live actors to create a computer-generated crowd of 35,000 virtual actors that had to look believable and react to fight scenes.[30] The Mill accomplished this by shooting live actors at different angles giving various performances, and then mapping them onto cards, with motion-capture tools used to track their movements for three-dimensional compositing.[29] The Mill created over 90 visual effects shots, comprising approximately nine minutes of the film's running time.[31]

text: An unexpected post-production job was caused by the death of Oliver Reed of a heart attack during the filming in Malta, before all his scenes had been shot. The Mill created a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving his character Proximo[29] by photographing a live action body-double in the shadows and by mapping a three-dimensional computer-generated imagery mask of Reed's face to the remaining scenes during production at an estimated cost of $3.2 million for two minutes of additional footage.[32][33] Visual effects supervisor John Nelson reflected on the decision to include the additional footage: "What we did was small compared to our other tasks on the film. What Oliver did was much greater. He gave an inspiring, moving performance. All we did was help him finish it."[32] The film is dedicated to Reed's memory.[34]

text: Historical authenticity[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The film is loosely based on real events that occurred within the Roman Empire in the latter half of the 2nd century AD. As Ridley Scott wanted to portray Roman culture more accurately than in any previous film, he hired several historians as advisors. Nevertheless, some deviations from historical fact were made to increase interest, maintain narrative continuity, and for practical or safety reasons. Scott also stated that due to the influence of previous films affecting the public perception of what ancient Rome was like, some historical facts were "too unbelievable" to include. For instance in an early version of the script, gladiators would have been carrying out product endorsements in the arena; while this would have been historically accurate, it was not filmed for fear that audiences would think it anachronistic.[35]

text: At least one historical advisor resigned due to these changes. Another asked not to be mentioned in the credits (though it was stated in the director's commentary that he constantly asked, "where is the proof that certain things were exactly like they say?"). Historian Allen Ward of the University of Connecticut believed that historical accuracy would not have made Gladiator less interesting or exciting because "creative artists need to be granted some poetic license, but that should not be a permit for the wholesale disregard of facts in historical fiction".[36][37]

text: Fictionalization[edit]

text: Marcus Aurelius died at Vindobona (a Roman camp on the site of modern-day Vienna in Austria) in 180 AD; he was not murdered by his son Commodus following the final battle of the Marcomannic Wars. In reality Marcus Aurelius shared the rule of the Empire with Commodus for three years before his own death. Commodus then ruled alone from that point until his death at the end of 192 AD.

text: The character of Maximus is fictional, although in some respects he resembles the historical figures Narcissus (Commodus's real-life murderer and the character's name in the first draft of the screenplay),[38] Spartacus (who led a significant slave revolt in 73-71 BC), Cincinnatus (519-430 BC) (a farmer who was made dictator, saved Rome from invasion, then resigned his six-month appointment after 15 days),[39][40] and Marcus Nonius Macrinus (a trusted general, Consul in 154 AD, and friend of Marcus Aurelius).[41][42][43] Although Commodus engaged in show combat in the Colosseum, he was not killed in the arena; he was strangled in his bath by the wrestler Narcissus. Commodus reigned for over twelve years, unlike the shorter period portrayed in the film.[44][45]

text: The character of Maximus had a similar career (and personality traits as documented by Herodian) to Claudius Pompeianus (a Syrian) who married Marcus Aurelius' daughter Lucilla following the death of Lucius Verus. It is believed Aurelius may have wanted Pompeianus to succeed him as Caesar in preference to Commodus but was turned down. Pompeianus had no part in any of the many plots against Commodus. He was not depicted in the film.[36]

text: In the film the character Antonius Proximo claims "the wise" Marcus Aurelius banned gladiatorial games in Rome forcing him to move to Mauretania. The real Aurelius did ban the games, but only in Antioch as punishment for the city's support of the usurper Avidius Cassius. No games were ever banned in Rome. However, when the Emperor started conscripting gladiators into the legions, the resulting shortage in fighters allowed lanistae such as Proximo to make "windfall" profits through increased charges for their services.[46]

text: In real life, the death of Commodus did not result in a peace for Rome, nor a return to the Roman Republic. Rather, it ushered in a chaotic and bloody power struggle that culminated in the Year of the Five Emperors of AD 193. According to Herodian, the people of Rome were overjoyed at the news of Commodus dying, although they feared that the praetorians would not accept the new emperor Pertinax.[47]

text: Anachronisms[edit]

text: Costumes within the film are almost never completely historically correct. Some of the soldiers wear fantasy helmets. The bands wrapped around their lower arms were rarely ever worn. Their appearance is the product of historical movies always depicting peoples of antiquity wearing such bands. Although the film is set within the 2nd century AD, the Imperial Gallic armor and the helmets worn by the legionaries are from AD 75, a century earlier. This was superseded by new designs in AD 100. Likewise the legions' standard bearers (Aquilifer), centurions, mounted forces, and auxiliaries would have worn scale armour, lorica squamata.[48][49] The Germanic tribes are dressed in clothes from the Stone Age period.[50]

text: The Roman cavalry are shown attacking using stirrups. This is anachronistic in that the horse-mounted forces of the Roman army used a two-horned saddle. Stirrups were only employed for safety reasons because of the additional training and skill required to ride with a Roman saddle.[46][51] Catapults and ballistae would not have been used in a forest. They were reserved primarily for sieges and were rarely used in open battles.[46]

text: The Praetorian Guards seen in the film are all wearing black uniforms. No historical evidence supports that. On campaign they usually wore standard legionary equipment albeit with some unique decorative elements.[52]

text: In the bird's eye view of Rome when the city is introduced for the first time there are several buildings that did not exist at the time of Gladiator. For example, the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine is quite prominent; however, it was not completed until AD 312.

text: Influences[edit]

text: The film's plot was influenced by two 1960s Hollywood films of the sword-and-sandal genre, The Fall of the Roman Empire and Spartacus,[53] and shares several plot points with The Fall of the Roman Empire, which tells the story of Livius, who, like Maximus in Gladiator, is Marcus Aurelius's intended successor. Livius is in love with Lucilla and seeks to marry her while Maximus, who is happily married, was formerly in love with her. Both films portray the death of Marcus Aurelius as an assassination. In Fall of the Roman Empire a group of conspirators independent of Commodus, hoping to profit from Commodus's accession, arrange for Marcus Aurelius to be poisoned; in Gladiator Commodus himself murders his father by smothering him. In the course of Fall of the Roman Empire Commodus unsuccessfully seeks to win Livius over to his vision of empire in contrast to that of his father, but continues to employ him notwithstanding; in Gladiator, when Commodus fails to secure Maximus's allegiance, he executes Maximus's wife and son and tries unsuccessfully to execute him. Livius in Fall of the Roman Empire and Maximus in Gladiator kill Commodus in single combat, Livius to save Lucilla and Maximus to avenge the murder of his wife and son, and both do it for the greater good of Rome.

text: Scott cited Spartacus and Ben-Hur as influences on the film: "These movies were part of my cinema-going youth. But at the dawn of the new millennium, I thought this might be the ideal time to revisit what may have been the most important period of the last two thousand years – if not all recorded history – the apex and beginning of the decline of the greatest military and political power the world has ever known."[54]

text: Spartacus provides the film's gladiatorial motif, as well as the character of Senator Gracchus, a fictitious senator (bearing the name of a pair of revolutionary Tribunes from the 2nd century BC) who in both films is an elder statesman of ancient Rome attempting to preserve the ancient rights of the Roman Senate in the face of an ambitious autocrat –Marcus Licinius Crassus in Spartacus and Commodus in Gladiator. Both actors who played Gracchus (in Spartacus and Gladiator), played Claudius in previous films – Charles Laughton of Spartacus played Claudius in the unfinished 1937 film I, Claudius and Sir Derek Jacobi of Gladiator, played Claudius in the 1976 BBC adaptation. Both films also share a specific set piece, wherein a gladiator (Maximus here, Woody Strode's Draba in Spartacus) throws his weapon into a spectator box at the end of a match, as well as at least one line of dialogue: "Rome is the mob", said here by Gracchus and by Julius Caesar (John Gavin) in Spartacus.

text: The film's depiction of Commodus's entry into Rome borrows imagery from Leni Riefenstahl's Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1935), although Scott has pointed out that the iconography of Nazi rallies was itself inspired by the Roman Empire. Gladiator reflects back on the film by duplicating similar events that occurred in Adolf Hitler's procession. The Nazi film opens with an aerial view of Hitler arriving in a plane, while Scott shows an aerial view of Rome, quickly followed by a shot of the large crowd of people watching Commodus pass them in a procession with his chariot.[55] The first thing to appear in Triumph of the Will is a Nazi eagle, which is alluded to when a statue of an eagle sits atop one of the arches (and then is shortly followed by several more decorative eagles throughout the rest of the scene) leading up to the procession of Commodus. At one point in the Nazi film, a little girl gives flowers to Hitler, while Commodus is met by several girls who all give him bundles of flowers.[56]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard – "Now We Are Free"

listen to a clip from the score of Gladiator.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: The Oscar-nominated score was composed by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard, and conducted by Gavin Greenaway. Zimmer was originally planning to use Israeli vocalist Ofra Haza for the score, after his work with her in The Prince of Egypt. However, Haza died in late February 2000, before she was able to record, and so Gerrard was chosen instead. Lisa Gerrard's vocals are similar to her own work on The Insider score.[57] The music for many of the battle scenes has been noted as similar to Gustav Holst's "Mars: The Bringer of War", and in June 2006, the Holst Foundation sued Hans Zimmer for allegedly copying the late Holst's work.[58][59] Another close musical resemblance occurs in the scene of Commodus's triumphal entry into Rome, accompanied by music clearly evocative of two sections – the Prelude to Das Rheingold and Siegfried's Funeral March from Götterdämmerung – from Richard Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung. On February 27, 2001, nearly a year after the first soundtrack's release, Decca produced Gladiator: More Music From the Motion Picture. Then, on September 5, 2005, Decca produced Gladiator: Special Anniversary Edition, a two-CD pack containing both the above-mentioned releases. Some of the music from the film was featured in the NFL playoffs in January 2003 before commercial breaks and before and after half-time.[60] In 2003, Luciano Pavarotti released a recording of himself singing a song from the film and said he regretted turning down an offer to perform on the soundtrack.[61]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Gladiator grossed $187.7 million in the United States and Canada and $269.9 million in other territories for a total of $457.6 million, against a production budget of $103 million.[62]

text: In North America, the film earned $34.8 million in its opening weekend at 2,938 theaters, topping the box office.[63] It remained number one in its second weekend grossing $24.6 million, and dropped to third place in its third weekend with $19.7 million behind newcomers Mission: Impossible 2 and Shanghai Noon.[64][65]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 76% based on 186 reviews; the average rating is 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Ridley Scott and an excellent cast successfully convey the intensity of Roman gladiatorial combat as well as the political intrigue brewing beneath." [66] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[67] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[68]

text: The Battle of Germania was cited by CNN as one of their "favorite on-screen battle scenes",[69] while Entertainment Weekly named Maximus as their sixth favorite action hero, because of "Crowe's steely, soulful performance",[70] and named it as their third favorite revenge film.[71] In December 2000, Gladiator was named the best film of the year by viewers of Film 2000, taking 40% of the votes.[72] In 2002, a Channel 4 (UK TV) poll named it as the sixth greatest film of all time.[73] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Are you not entertained?".[74]

text: It was not without its deriders. Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars and criticized the look of the film as "muddy, fuzzy, and indistinct." He also derided the writing, saying it "employs depression as a substitute for personality, and believes that if characters are bitter and morose enough, we won't notice how dull they are."[75] Camille Paglia called the film "boring, badly shot and suffused with sentimental p.c. rubbish."[76]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Gladiator was nominated in 36 individual ceremonies, including the 73rd Academy Awards, the BAFTA Awards, and the Golden Globe Awards. Of 119 award nominations, the film won 48 prizes.[77]

text: The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for an additional seven, including Best Original Screenplay, Best Supporting Actor for Joaquin Phoenix and Best Director for Ridley Scott. It was the first movie to win Best Picture without winning either a directing or screenwriting award since All the King's Men at the 22nd Academy Awards in 1950. In 2003, Chicago became another Best Picture winner which didn't win an Academy Award in either of these two major categories. Due to Academy rules, only Hans Zimmer was officially nominated for Best Music, Original Score, and not to Lisa Gerrard at the time.[78] However, the pair did win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score as co-composers.

text:
73rd Academy Awards[79]

Best Picture (Douglas Wick, David Franzoni and Branko Lustig)
Best Actor in a Leading Role (Russell Crowe)
Best Visual Effects
Best Costume Design
Best Sound Mixing (Bob Beemer, Scott Millan and Ken Weston)

BAFTA Awards

Best Cinematography
Best Editing
Best Film
Best Production Design

58th Golden Globe Awards

Best Motion Picture – Drama
Best Original Score – Motion Picture

American Film Institute Lists

AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

General Maximus Decimus Meridius – #50 Hero[80]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"Father to a murdered son. Husband to a murdered wife. And I will have my vengeance, in this life or the next." – Nominated[81]

AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated[82]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[83]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – Nominated[84]
AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Epic Film[85]

text: Impact[edit]

text: The film's mainstream success is responsible for an increased interest in Roman and classical history in the United States. According to The New York Times, this has been dubbed the "Gladiator Effect".

text: It's called the 'Gladiator' effect by writers and publishers. The snob in us likes to believe that it is always books that spin off movies. Yet in this case, it's the movies – most recently Gladiator two years ago – that have created the interest in the ancients. And not for more Roman screen colossals, but for writing that is serious or fun or both."[86]

text: The Cicero biography Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician and Gregory Hays's translation of Marcus Aurelius's Meditations received large spikes in sales after the release of the film.[86] The film also began a revival of the historical epic genre with films such as Troy, The Alamo, King Arthur, Alexander, 300, Kingdom of Heaven and Robin Hood (the last two were also directed by Scott).[87] The character of Maximus was placed 12th in the Total Film list of 50 best movie heroes and villains[88] and 35th in the Empire's 100 Greatest Movie Characters.[89] Maximus is also featured on 55c "Australian Legends" postage stamp series.[90] Russell Crowe attended a ceremony to mark the creation of the stamps.[90]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released on DVD on November 21, 2000, and has since been released in several different extended and special edition versions. Special features for the Blu-ray Disc and DVDs include deleted scenes, trailers, documentaries, commentaries, storyboards, image galleries, Easter eggs, and cast auditions. The film was released on Blu-ray in September 2009, in a 2-disc edition containing both the theatrical and extended cuts of the film, as part of Paramount's "Sapphire Series" (Paramount bought the DreamWorks library in 2006).[91] Initial reviews of the Blu-ray Disc release criticized poor image quality, leading many to call for it to be remastered, as Sony did with The Fifth Element in 2007.[92] A remastered version was later released in 2010.

text: The DVD editions that have been released since the original two-disc version, include a film only single-disc edition as well as a three-disc "extended edition" DVD which was released in August 2005. The extended edition DVD features approximately fifteen minutes of additional scenes, most of which appear in the previous release as deleted scenes. The original cut, which Scott still calls his director's cut, is also select-able via seamless branching (which is not included on the UK edition). The DVD is also notable for having a new commentary track featuring director Scott and star Crowe. The film is on the first disc, the second one has a three-hour documentary into the making of the film by DVD producer Charles de Lauzirika, and the third disc contains supplements. Discs one and two of the three-disc extended edition were also repackaged and sold as a two-disc "special edition" in the EU in 2005.

text: Possible sequel[edit]

text: In June 2001, Douglas Wick said a Gladiator prequel was in development.[93] The following year, Wick, Walter Parkes, David Franzoni, and John Logan switched direction to a sequel set fifteen years later;[94] the Praetorian Guards rule Rome and an older Lucius is trying to learn who his real father was. However, Russell Crowe was interested in resurrecting Maximus, and further researched Roman beliefs about the afterlife to accomplish this.[95] Ridley Scott expressed interest, although he admitted the project would have to be retitled as it had little to do with gladiators.[96] An easter egg contained on disc 2 of the extended edition / special edition DVD releases includes a discussion of possible scenarios for a follow-up. This includes a suggestion by Parkes that, in order to enable Russell Crowe to return to play Maximus, who dies at the end of the original movie, a sequel could involve a "multi-generational drama about Maximus and the Aureleans and this chapter of Rome", similar in concept to The Godfather Part II.

text: In 2006, Scott stated he and Crowe approached Nick Cave to rewrite the film, but their ideas conflicted with DreamWorks's idea of a spin-off involving Lucius, whom Scott revealed would turn out to be Maximus's son with Lucilla. Scott noted that a tale of corruption in Rome was too complex, whereas Gladiator worked due to its simple drive.[97] In 2009, details of Cave's ultimately-rejected script surfaced on the internet: the script having Maximus being reincarnated by the Roman gods and returned to Rome to defend Christians against persecution; then transported to other important periods in history, including World War II, the Vietnam War, and finally being a general in the modern-day Pentagon. This script for a sequel, however, was rejected as being too far-fetched, and not in keeping with the spirit and theme of the original film.[98][99]

text: In March 2017, Scott again stated that he has an idea of how a sequel could be done, and that he is currently trying to convince Russell Crowe to reprise his role as Maximus.[100]


document_title: Single Audit

question_text: who sets the requirements of a single audit

text: Single Audit

text: History[edit]

text: Before implementing the Single Audit, the federal government relied on numerous audits carried out on individual federally funded programs to ensure these funds were spent properly. Because the government had numerous agencies awarding hundreds of different programs, the task of auditing all programs became increasingly difficult and time consuming. To improve this situation, the Single Audit Act of 1984 standardized audit requirements for States, local governments, and Indian tribal governments that receive and use federal financial assistance programs.[5]

text: In 1985, the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) issued OMB Circular A-128, “Audits of State and Local Governments,” to help recipients and auditors implement the new Single Audit. In 1990, OMB administratively extended the Single Audit process to non-profit organizations by issuing OMB Circular A-133, “Audits of Institutions of Higher Education and Other Non-Profit Organizations” which superseded OMB A-128. These new guides and provisions standardized the Single Audit in the United States to include all states, local governments, non-profit organizations, and institutions that receive federal funds from the US government.[2][5][6] On December 26, 2013, OMB issued the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards, which standardized compliance and audit requirements for government entities, non-profit organizations and institutions of higher education.[7]

text: Purpose and components[edit]

text: The federal government provides an extensive array of federal assistance to recipients reaching over $400 billion annually.[1] This assistance is provided through thousands of individual grants and awards annually for the purpose of benefiting the general public in the areas of education, health, public safety, welfare, and public works, among others. However, as a condition of receiving this assistance recipients must comply with applicable federal and state laws and regulations, as well as any particular provisions tied with the specific assistance.[8] The Single Audit provides the Federal government with assurance that these recipients comply with such directives by having an independent external source (the CPA) report on such compliance. However, it only applies to state, local government, and nonprofit recipients that expend $750,000 or more of such assistance in one year.[1][2]

text: A Single Audit encompasses an examination of a recipient’s financial records, financial statements, federal award transactions and expenditures, the general management of its operations, internal control systems, and federal assistance it received during the audit period (the time period of recipient operations examined in the Single Audit, which is usually covers a natural or fiscal year).[3][9] The Single Audit is divided into two areas: Compliance and Financial.

text: The compliance component of a Single Audit covers the study and understanding (planning stage) as well as the testing and evaluation (exam stage) of the recipient with respect to federal assistance usage, operations and compliance with laws and regulations.[9] The financial component is exactly like a financial audit of a non-federal entity which includes the audit of the financial statements and accompanying notes. Depending on the recipient, the Single Audit can be simple and straightforward, or it could be complex and troublesome. This is because there are millions of federal grants awarded each year to thousands of recipients, each with its own independent way of operating. Therefore, the Single Audit differs from recipient to recipient and from federal program to program.

text: For these reasons, the federal government requires auditors to perform the compliance audit of a recipient with a planning stage and an exam stage. During the first stage, or planning stage, the auditor must study the recipient, determine whether there is a high or low risk that the recipient does not comply with laws and regulations, identify federal programs, and evaluate such programs. The second stage, or exam or audit stage, is where the auditor actually audits the federal assistance and programs.[9] The planning stage is considered an integral part of the Single Audit because it allows the auditor to design and perform the audit based on the qualities, characteristics and needs of the recipient to be audited.

text: Compliance audit: planning stage[edit]

text: Low- or high-risk auditee[edit]

text: Before determining which federal programs to examine, the auditor must first study the recipient itself. This evaluation requires the auditor to interview employees, observe operations, obtain third-party references, and read the recipient’s prior audit reports, among other procedures. This helps the auditor understand the recipient and determine whether it is likely that it does or doesn’t comply with federal laws and regulations. This is performed because the recipient’s operations, procedures, and work ethic directly affects the compliance of individual federal programs with laws and regulations.

text: The evaluation concludes with the auditor determining, based on the evaluation, whether the recipient is a high-risk auditee or a low-risk auditee. A high-risk auditee is a recipient which has a high risk of not complying with federal laws and regulations, while a low-risk auditee is the exact opposite. For example, an auditor may judge a recipient to be a high-risk auditee because the audit reports of the past few years have numerous audit findings (e.g. specific situations of non-compliance with laws and regulations, serious deficiencies in internal controls and/or acts of fraud), or because the auditor receives news from various sources that the recipient is engaged in illegal activities, such as money laundering. On the other hand, the auditor may determine that a recipient is low-risk because its management personnel have a good work ethic, the auditor has received good references from external sources, or because the recipient has never received any audit findings. However, the OMB Circular A-133 has set certain requirements a recipient must meet to be considered a low-risk recipient. This includes the following:[10]

text:
Single audits have been performed on an annual basis in prior years.
The auditor's opinions on the financial statements and the Schedule of Federal Expenditures (discussed later) were unqualified (financial statements are reasonably correct).
There are no material weaknesses identified in prior year audits.
None of the Federal programs previously audited had audit findings in the last two years.

text: The OMB Circular A-133 uses the high and low risk determination to regulate the amount of auditing to be performed. Although the actual work necessary for a Single Audit is established by the auditor, the OMB has set a limit for auditing high-risk and low-risk recipients. For high-risk recipients, the auditor is required to audit not less than 40% of all the federal assistance received during the year. For low-risk recipients, that limit is decreased to 20%.[11]

text: This determination affects the entire Single Audit because the auditor adjusts the examination accordingly. Since the auditor must provide an opinion to the federal government on whether the recipient and its programs complied with laws and regulations, the auditor performs sufficient tests and audit procedures (also known as audit work) to confirm the opinion is correct.[12] Normally, the auditor greatly increases the amount of auditing for high-risk auditees, to ensure their opinion is correct. For low-risk auditees, the auditor is not as rigorous; but still recognizes that a low-risk recipient may still have compliance issues. Conversely, a high-risk determination doesn't mean the recipient is non-compliant, just that they're more likely to be.

text: Identification of federal assistance programs[edit]

text: To determine which federal programs to audit under the compliance audit, federal assistance expended by the recipient (also called federal expenditures) during one year is identified by federal program name, Federal agency and CFDA number. These federal expenditures are then combined to determine the total amount expended during the year. Any recipient whose total federal expenditures during a year equal or exceed $500,000 requires a Single Audit [3][4]. If the recipient does not meet this threshold, a Single Audit is not required, although the recipient may elect to have a program-specific audit (an audit of a single federal program, without auditing the entire entity). Once this determination is performed, OMB Circular A-133 requires that federal programs be categorized in two groups: Type A programs and Type B programs.[13]

text:
Type A program – a Type A program is any federal program within a recipient which expends either: (1) $750,000 or more of federal assistance for recipients with $10 million or less of expended federal assistance during the audit period, or (2) 3% of the total federal assistance expended during the year for those who exceed $10 million, whichever is greater. In other words, if a recipient expended a total of $10 million or less in federal assistance, then any single program which expended $300,000 or more is considered a Type A. If a recipient expended more than $10 million in federal assistance, then any single program which expended 3% of that amount is considered a Type A program.[14]
Type B program – A Type B program is any single program which does not meet the Type A requirements.[15]

text: Risk assessment[edit]

text: After determining which programs are Type A and Type B, the OMB Circular A-133 requires that the auditor study and understand the operations and internal controls of such programs within the entity, and perform[16] and document[17] a risk assessment based on such study to determine whether each program has either a high or low risk of not complying with laws and regulations. Auditor may consider numerous factors including current and prior audit experience, good or poor internal controls over Federal programs, many or no prior audit findings, continuous or lack of oversight exercised by the federal government over the recipient, evidence or knowledge of fraud, and the inherent risk of the Federal program.[18]

text: For any Type A program which are considered to be a high risk of not complying, the OMB Circular A-133 requires that the auditor to perform a compliance audit on that program.[19] For a Type A program that is considered to be of low risk, then the auditor is not required to perform a compliance audit, although the OMB Circular A-133 allows the auditor to do so if he/she chooses to.[19] Although the risk assessment is performed by the auditor based on his/her judgment,[18][20] the OMB Circular A-133 does have two requirements for a program to be considered low risk. First, the program must have been audited at least once in the last two years, and second, the program must have no audit findings when it was last audited. If the program does not comply with either of these two requirements, it is automatically considered as high risk.[16]

text: For the smaller Type B programs which have been identified as high-risk, the auditor has two options: either audit half of all high-risk Type B programs, or audit one Type B high-risk program for every low-risk Type A program.[19] Type B programs which have a low risk of not complying are not required to be audited.

text: Compliance audit: exam stage[edit]

text: After the auditor determines which federal programs to audit, the auditor performs a compliance audit that scrutinizes operations of the program—examining files, documents, contracts, checks, etc. The auditor investigates, to some degree, transactions between the federal program and other parties. These functions are compared with the laws and regulations applicable to a program to see if they complied or not. The examination does not require observing every single document and every single process generated by the program, nevertheless the auditor is required to perform enough procedures to form an opinion on whether the program (as a whole) complied with laws and regulations.[21]

text: Due to the amount of federal regulations, the federal government has provided certain guides and literature to assist the auditor in the examination, which includes the OMB Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement and the Compliance requirements:[21]

text: OMB Circular A-133 compliance supplement[edit]

text: The OMB Circular A-133: Compliance Supplement is a large and extensive guide created by the OMB for Single Audits, and is considered the most important tool of both the auditor and the recipient when performing, or being subject to, a Single Audit.[5] It was created following amendments in 1996 to the Single Audit Act and serves to identify existing important compliance requirements that the Federal Government expects to be considered as part of a Single Audit. Without it, auditors would need to research thousands of laws and regulations for each single program of a recipient to determine which compliance requirements are important to the Federal Government. For Single Audits, the Supplement replaces any agency audit guides and other audit requirement documents for individual Federal programs.[5]

text: Compliance requirements[edit]

text: Compliance requirements are series of directives provided by Federal agencies that summarize hundreds of laws and regulations applicable to federal assistance and are important to the successful management of such assistance. The OMB created 14 basic and standard compliance requirements for which recipients must always comply with when receiving and using federal assistance, and provided detailed explanations, discussions, and guidance about them in the OMB Circular A-133 Compliance Supplement.[22] These compliance requirements only serve as guidelines for compliance with the specific laws and regulations applicable to the assistance and their objectives are designed to be generic in nature, because of the amount of different federal programs provided by the government. For example, many federal programs have eligibility requirements for individuals or organizations to participate in such programs because they have been established by either laws, regulations, or contract provisions. However, while the criterion for determining eligibility varies from program to program, the objective of the Eligibility compliance requirement that "only eligible and qualified individuals or organizations participate" is consistent and universal across all federal assistance programs. This eligibility universal criteria is called the Eligibility compliance requirement.[23]

text: Financial audit[edit]

text: The Single Audit requires that a recipient prepare financial statements specifically for the single audit.[24] It also requires that a financial audit be performed on the recipient, which includes the federal assistance operations as well as the non-federal assistance operations. Tests of transactions and account balances are performed to ensure that the information presented in the financial statements, and notes thereof, are reasonably correct.[25] Additionally, the recipient must prepare a Schedule of Federal Expenditures, which is a supplementary financial statement unique to recipients of federal assistance that details all the federal assistance expended by the recipient during the year, categorized by federal program.[26] The auditor must then audit and report on this Schedule as if it were part of the standard financial statements.[25]

text: Data Collection and Reporting Package[edit]

text: After the Single Audit is concluded, the recipient prepares two documents: a “Data Collection Form and a “Reporting Package”. The data collection form, Form SF-SAC, is a standard form which is basically a summary of the Single Audit. It includes details of the auditor, a list of the federal programs audited, and a summary of any audit findings reported by the auditor. The Form SF-SAC is available at http://harvester.census.gov/fac/. The Reporting Package includes all the auditor’s final reports along with the recipient’s financial statements. It includes:[27]

text:
Auditor’s reports
Management Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) – This serves as an introduction to the recipient’s financial statements where the recipient’s management (e.g., Governors, in the case of states; Mayors, in the case of cities; President, in the case of non-profit organizations, etc.) discusses the results of operations and other financial information, offering insight and detailed description about the recipient itself.
Recipient’s financial statements – This contains the financial statements required by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB), which includes the Government-wide statements as well as the Fund Financial Statements.
Recipient’s notes to the financial statements – This includes any notes and disclosures for the financial statements as required by US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
Supplemental Information – This section includes both financial and non-financial information relative to the recipient which is not covered in the MD&A or the financial statements and their respective notes.
Schedule of Federal Award Expenditures – This document details all federal assistance expenditures made by the recipient during the audit period, categorized by the federal program and federal agency.
Schedule of Findings and Questioned Costs – If the auditor finds situations where the recipient did not comply with laws and regulations, where internal controls are deficient, or a situation of illegal acts or fraud, the auditor is required to report such situations to the federal government in this section, as well as any questioned costs. Questioned costs are amounts that the recipient expended, but which the auditor has determined that they were not permitted and must be returned to the federal government.[28]
Schedule of Prior Audit Findings – In this section, the auditor is required to follow up and report about the recipient’s corrective action on any audit findings reported in prior years.

text: Both the Data Collection and the Reporting Package are kept by the recipient with copies submitted to the Federal Audit Clearinghouse (FAC), and to any Federal agency who specifically requests it.[27] Federal guidelines require recipients to submit the documents no more than 30 days after the auditor submits his reports or 9 months after the final day of the audit period, whichever comes first.[29]

text: Auditor responsibility[edit]

text: The auditor is responsible for conducting the actual audit of the recipient in accordance with Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards (GAGAS)[30] and using the guidance provided by the OMB Circular A-133 and its Compliance Supplement, all of which establish certain rules to follow during the Single Audit. The auditor must establish audit objectives that determine whether the recipient complied with laws and regulations. They must research the recipient’s federal assistance awards and programs to determine applicability of specific laws and regulations. They must understand the recipient, its organization, operations, internal control systems, and ability to responsibly manage federal assistance. They must perform audit procedures (some of which are suggested by the Compliance Supplement) to meet these audit objectives.

text: The auditor must understand the recipient’s internal control system to determine if the recipient has proper safeguards that help manage federal assistance responsibly. After obtaining sufficient knowledge of that system, the auditor must perform audit procedures to verify the recipient’s internal control system works properly, and the recipient’s federal program operations comply with laws and regulations (e.g., the compliance audit portion of the Single Audit).[3][31][32]

text: As part of the Single Audit, the auditor must prepare and submit three individual reports to the recipient and to the federal government. The first report is an opinion, or a disclaimer thereof, on whether the recipient’s financial statements are presented in conformity with US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, identical to a financial audit’s report on a non-recipient entity. The second report is about the status of internal controls relative to the financial statements and major programs. The third report is an opinion, or a disclaimer thereof, on the degree to which the recipient has complied with laws, regulations, and the terms and conditions of the federal assistance awards. Following the last two reports, if the Single Audit produced audit findings, the auditor must prepare the Schedule of Findings and Questioned Costs discussed earlier.[28][32]

text: The auditor’s judgment is necessary to determine which audit procedures are sufficient to achieve the audit objectives, and whether additional or alternative audit procedures are needed to achieve such objectives. The auditor is responsible for determining the nature, timing, and extent of the audit procedures necessary to meet the audit objectives (i.e., it is the auditor who determines the necessary amount of his/her audit work needed to form an opinion on whether the recipient complied with laws and regulations).