document_title: History of laws concerning immigration and naturalization in the United States

question_text: the first significant restriction on free immigration in u.s. history was the

text: 18th century[edit]

text: The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787. Article I, section 8, clause 4 of the Constitution expressly gives the United States Congress the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization.[1]

text: Pursuant to this power, Congress in 1790 passed the first naturalization law for the United States, the Naturalization Act of 1790. The law enabled those who had resided in the country for two years and had kept their current state of residence for a year to apply for citizenship. However it restricted naturalization to "free white persons" of "good moral character".

text: The Naturalization Act of 1795 increased the residency requirement to five years residence and added a requirement to give a three years notice of intention to apply for citizenship, and the Naturalization Act of 1798 further increased the residency requirement to 14 years and required five years notice of intent to apply for citizenship.

text: 19th century[edit]

text: The Naturalization Law of 1802 repealed the Naturalization Act of 1798.

text: The Fourteenth Amendment, passed in 1868, protects children born in the United States. The phrase: "All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside" was interpreted by the Supreme Court in the 1898 case United States v. Wong Kim Ark as covering everyone born in the U.S. to parents who had at the time a permanent domicile and residence in the United States, regardless of the parents' citizenship, with the exception of the children of diplomats and Native Americans. See the articles jus soli (birthplace) and jus sanguinis (bloodline) for further discussion.

text: In 1870, the law was broadened to allow blacks to be naturalized.[2] Asian immigrants were excluded from naturalization but not from living in the United States.  There were also significant restrictions on some Asians at the state level; in California, for example, non-citizen Asians were not allowed to own land.

text: After the immigration of 123,000 Chinese in the 1870s, who joined the 105,000 who had immigrated between 1850 and 1870, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 which targeted a single ethnic group by specifically limiting further Chinese immigration.  Chinese had immigrated to the Western United States as a result of unsettled conditions in China, the availability of jobs working on railroads, and the Gold Rush that was going on at that time in California. The expression "Yellow Peril" became popular at this time.

text: The act excluded Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for ten years and was the first immigration law passed by Congress.  Laborers in the United States and laborers with work visas received a certificate of residency and were allowed to travel in and out of the United States.  Amendments made in 1884 tightened the provisions that allowed previous immigrants to leave and return, and clarified that the law applied to ethnic Chinese regardless of their country of origin. The act was renewed in 1892 by the Geary Act for another ten years, and in 1902 with no terminal date. It was repealed in 1943, although large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until 1965.[citation needed]

text: 20th century[edit]

text: The Empire of Japan's State Department negotiated the so-called Gentlemen's Agreement in 1907, a protocol where Japan agreed to stop issuing passports to its citizens who wanted to emigrate to the United States. In practice, the Japanese government compromised with its prospective emigrants and continued to give passports to the Territory of Hawaii where many Japanese resided. Once in Hawaii, it was easy for the Japanese to continue on to Japanese settlements on the west coast if they so desired. In the decade of 1901 to 1910, 129,000 Japanese immigrated to the United States or Hawaii; nearly all were males and on five-year work contracts and 117,000 more came in the decades from 1911 to 1930. How many of them stayed and how many returned at the end of their contracts is unknown but it is estimated that about one-half returned. Again this immigrant flow was at least 80% male and the demand for female Japanese immigrants almost immediately arose. This need was met in part by what are called "postcard wives" who immigrated to new husbands who had chosen them on the basis of their pictures (similar marriages also occurred in nearly all cultures throughout the female-scarce west). The Japanese government finally quit issuing passports to the Territory of Hawaii for single women in the 1920s.

text: Congress also banned persons because of poor health or lack of education. An 1882 law banned entry of "lunatics" and infectious disease carriers. After President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist of immigrant parentage, Congress enacted the Anarchist Exclusion Act in 1901 to exclude known anarchist agitators.[3] A literacy requirement was added in the Immigration Act of 1917.

text: In 1921 the United States Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act, which established national immigration quotas. The quotas were based on the number of foreign-born residents of each nationality who were living in the United States as of the 1910 census.

text: The crucial 1923 Supreme Court case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind created the official stance to classify South Asian Indians as non-white, which at the time allowed Indians who had already been naturalized to be retroactively stripped of their citizenship after prosecutors argued that they had gained their citizenship illegally.[4] The California Alien Land Law of 1913, overturned in 1952 by the holding in Sei Fujii v. California, 38 Cal. 2d 718, and other similar laws prohibited aliens from owning land property, thus effectively stripping Indian Americans of land rights. While the decision was placating Asiatic Exclusion League (AEL) demands, spurned by growing outrage at the Turban Tide/Hindoo Invasion [sic] alongside the pre-existing outrage at the "Yellow Peril", and while more recent legislation influenced by the civil-rights movement has removed much of the statutory discrimination against Asians, no case has overturned this 1923 classification.

text: A more complex quota plan, the National Origins Formula, replaced this "emergency" system under the Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson-Reed Act). The reference census used was changed to that of 1890, which greatly reduced the number of Southern and Eastern European immigrants. An annual ceiling of 154,227 was set for the Eastern Hemisphere. Each country had a quota proportional to its population in the U.S. as of the 1890 census.

text: In 1932 President Hoover and the State Department essentially shut down immigration during the Great Depression as immigration went from 236,000 in 1929 to 23,000 in 1933. This was accompanied by voluntary repatriation to Europe and Mexico, and coerced repatriation and deportation of between 500,000 and 2 million Mexican Americans, mostly citizens, in the Mexican Repatriation. Total immigration in the decade of 1931 to 1940 was 528,000 averaging less than 53,000 a year.

text: The Chinese exclusion laws were repealed in 1943. The Luce-Celler Act of 1946 ended discrimination against Indian Americans and Filipinos, who were accorded the right to naturalization, and allowed a quota of 100 immigrants per year.

text: The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (the McCarran-Walter Act) revised the quotas again, basing them on the 1920 census. For the first time in American history, racial distinctions were omitted from the U.S. Code. As could be expected, most of the quota allocation went to immigrants from Ireland, the United Kingdom and Germany who already had relatives in the United States.[citation needed] The anti-subversive features of this law are still in force.[citation needed]

text:
The Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments of 1965 (the Hart-Celler Act) abolished the system of national-origin quotas. There was, for the first time, a limitation on Western Hemisphere immigration (120,000 per year), with the Eastern Hemisphere limited to 170,000. The law changed the preference system for immigrants.  Specifically, the law provided preference to immigrants with skills needed in the U.S. workforce, refugees and asylum seekers, as well as family members of U.S. citizens. Family reunification became the cornerstone of the bill.
At the time, the then-chairman of the Senate Immigration Subcommittee Edward Kennedy remarked that "the bill will not flood our cities with immigrants. It will not upset the ethnic mix of our society. It will not relax the standards of admission. It will not cause American workers to lose their jobs." (U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Immigration and Naturalization of the Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, D.C., Feb. 10, 1965. pp. 1–3.)

text: The Refugee Act of 1980 established policies for refugees, redefining "refugee" according to United Nations norms. A target for refugees was set at 50,000 and the worldwide ceiling for immigrants was reduced to 270,000 annually.

text: In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) was passed, creating for the first time penalties for employers who knowingly hired undocumented immigrants. IRCA also contained an amnesty for about 3 million undocumented immigrants already in the United States, and mandated the intensification of some of the activities of the United States Border Patrol or INS (now part of Department of Homeland Security).

text: The U.S. Commission on Immigration Reform, led by former Rep. Barbara Jordan, ran from 1990 to 1997. The Commission covered many facets of immigration policy, but started from the perception that the "credibility of immigration policy can be measured by a simple yardstick: people who should get in, do get in; people who should not get in, are kept out; and people who are judged deportable are required to leave".[5] From there, in a series of four reports, the commission looked at all aspects of immigration policy.[6] In the first, it found that enforcement was lax and needed improvement on the border and internally. For internal enforcement, it recommended that an automated employment verification system be created to enable employers to distinguish between legal and illegal workers. The second report discussed legal immigration issues and suggested that immediate family members and skilled workers receive priority. The third report covered refugee and asylum issues. Finally, the fourth report reiterated the major points of the previous reports and the need for a new immigration policy. Few of these suggestions were implemented.

text: The Immigration Act of 1990 (IMMACT) modified and expanded the 1965 act; it significantly increased the total immigration limit to 700,000 and increased visas by 40 percent. Family reunification was retained as the main immigration criterion, with significant increases in employment-related immigration.

text: Several pieces of legislation signed into law in 1996 marked a turn towards harsher policies for both legal and illegal immigrants. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (AEDPA) and Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA) vastly increased the categories of criminal activity for which immigrants, including green card holders, can be deported and imposed mandatory detention for certain types of deportation cases. As a result, well over 2 million individuals have been deported since 1996.[7]

text: 21st century[edit]

text: The terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001 affected American perspectives on many issues, including immigration. A total of 20 foreign terrorists were involved, 19 of whom took part in the attacks that caused the deaths of 2,977 victims, most of them civilians. The terrorists had entered the United States on tourist or student visas. Four of them, however, had violated the terms of their visas. The attack exposed long-standing weaknesses in the U.S. immigration system that included failures in the areas of visa processing, internal enforcement, and information sharing.[8]

text: The REAL ID Act of 2005 changed some visa limits, tightened restrictions on asylum applications and made it easier to exclude suspected terrorists, and removed restrictions on building border fences.

text: In 2005, Senators John McCain and Ted Kennedy revived the discussion of comprehensive immigration reform with the proposal of the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act, incorporating legalization, guest worker programs, and enhanced border security.  The bill was never voted on in the Senate, but portions are incorporated in later Senate proposals.

text: In 2006, the House of Representatives and the Senate produced their own, conflicting bills. In December 2005, the House passed the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005, which was sponsored by Rep. James Sensenbrenner (R-WI). The act was limited to enforcement and focused on both the border and the interior. In the Senate, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (CIRA) was sponsored by Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA) and passed in May 2006. CIRA would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a majority of undocumented immigrants already in the country as well as dramatically increased legal immigration. Although the bills passed their respective chambers, no compromise bill emerged.[9]

text: In 2007, the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 was discussed in the Senate, which would have given a path to eventual citizenship to a large majority of illegal entrants in the country, significantly increased legal immigration and increased enforcement. The bill failed to pass a cloture vote, essentially killing it.[10]

text: Individual components of various reform packages have been separately introduced and pursued in the Congress. The DREAM Act is a bill initially introduced in 2001, incorporated in the various comprehensive reform bills, and then separately reintroduced in 2009 and 2010.  The bill would provide legal residency and a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants who graduate from U.S. high schools and attend college or join the military.

text: Immigrant visa limits set by Congress remain at 700,000 for the combined categories of employment, family preference, and family immediate. There are additional provisions for diversity and a small number of special visas.  In 2008 immigration in these categories totaled slightly less than 750,000 and similar totals (representing maximums allowed by Congress) have been tallied in recent years.[11]

text: Naturalization numbers have ranged from about 500,000 to just over 1,000,000 per year since the early 1990s, with peak years in 1996 and 2008 each around 1,040,000.  These numbers add up to more than the number of visas issued in those years because as many as 2.7 million of those who were granted amnesty by IRCA in 1986 have converted or will convert to citizenship.[12]  In general, immigrants become eligible for citizenship after five years of residence. Many do not immediately apply, or do not pass the test on the first attempt.  This means that the counts for visas and the counts for naturalization will always remain out of step, though in the long run the naturalizations add up to somewhat less than the visas.

text: These numbers are separate from illegal immigration, which peaked at probably over 1 million per year around the year 2000 and has probably declined to about 500,000 per year by 2009, which seems comparable or perhaps less than the outflow returning to their native countries.[13]  Some of the legal immigrant categories may include former illegal immigrants who have come current on legal applications and passed background checks; these individuals are included in the count of legal visas, not as a separate or additional number.

text: For Mexico and the Philippines, the only categories of immigrant visa available in practice are those for immediate dependent family of U.S. citizens. Persons who applied since 1994 have not been in the categories for adult children and siblings, and trends show that these data are unlikely to change. In fact, the trend has recently been moving in the opposite direction. Immigrant work visas run about 6 to 8 years behind current.[clarification needed][citation needed]  While the government does not publish data on the number of pending applications, the evidence is that the backlog in those categories dwarfs the yearly quotas.

text: Legal immigration visas should not be confused with temporary work permits. Permits for seasonal labor (about 285,000 in 2008) or students (about 917,000 in 2008)[14] generally do not permit conversion to immigrant status.  Even those who are legally authorized to work temporarily in the United States (such as H1-B workers) must apply for permanent residence separately, and gain no advantage from their temporary employment authorization. This is unlike many other countries, whose laws provide for permanent residence after a certain number of years of legal employment. Temporary workers, therefore, do not form a distinctly counted source of immigration.[15]

text: Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act (S.744)[edit]

text:
On April 17, 2013, the so-called "Gang of Eight" in the United States Senate introduced S.744, the long-awaited Senate version of the immigration reform bill proposed in Congress.[16]
Text of the proposed legislation was promptly released on the website of Senator Charles Schumer. The bill has not been taken up by the United States House of Representatives.[17]

text: Executive actions[edit]

text: On November 21, 2014, president Barack Obama signed two executive actions which had the effect of delaying deportation for millions of illegal immigrants. The orders apply to parents of United States citizens and young people brought into the country illegally.[18]


question_text: who sang what condition my condition is in

root

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)"

Single by Mickey Newbury

from the album Harlequin Melodies

Genre
Psychedelic pop[1]

Songwriter(s)
Mickey Newbury

text: "Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)" is a counterculture era song written by Mickey Newbury and, in 1968, a chart hit for Kenny Rogers and the First Edition. Said to reflect the LSD experience, the song was intended to be a warning about the dangers of using the drug. First recorded on October 10, 1967 by Teddy Hill & the Southern Soul as a single on Rice Records (Rice 5028 b/w "Stagger Lee") and produced by Norro Wilson, Jerry Lee Lewis soon covered the song on his album Soul My Way.

tag: p

text: "Just Dropped In ..." by Kenny Rogers and the First Edition (with Kenny Rogers on lead vocals) peaked at number five [2] on the Billboard charts. It was Rogers' first top ten hit. The song captures the short-lived psychedelic era of the late 1960s, stands apart from the country folk harmonies that characterized most of the First Edition's catalog,[3] and got the group their first national TV audience on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour.

text: It was the group's second single from their eponymous album, The First Edition. Producer Mike Post reversed a few riffs to create the intro; the solo played by Glen Campbell was heavily compressed and a tremolo effect was used to achieve its sound. Another studio guitarist, Mike Deasy, provided the acoustic lead guitar parts.

text: When Rogers signed with United Artists Records, in the mid-1970s after the group split, he re-recorded the track for his Ten Years of Gold album.

text: Covers[edit]

text:
Bettye LaVette, Karen Records (KA 1544), 1968, flip side to "Get Away". On that release it is called "What Condition My Condition Is In"
Styvar Manor, British group, 1970, issued as single on Polydor.
Jim Turner of comedy troupe Duck's Breath Mystery Theatre performed (as his character Randee of the Redwoods) a surprisingly faithful version on the Ducks' 1986 album Born To Be Tiled.
Die Haut, 1988, with Nick Cave as guest singer.
Supergrass as a B-Side to their 1995 single Alright/Time
Tinsley Ellis, 1997, on his 1997 album 'Fire It Up (Tinsley Ellis album)'
The Raymen, Death-Country/Goth-Americana-Billy band, 1998
Willie Nelson, on his 2001 album "Rainbow Connection" and his 2002 album The Great Divide
Mojo Nixon, 2001
Children of Bodom, melodic death metal band, on the Japanese release of their "Blooddrunk" album as a bonus track and on their 2009 cover album "Skeletons in the Closet"
Tom Jones, on the Deluxe Edition of "Spirit in the Room" in 2012
Murder by Death, Americana band, 2012
the Launderettes, Norwegian rock group, 2013, [4]
The Fantastics, Donegal-based band, 2014.
Sinister Dexter, San Francisco soul/funk group, 2014
White Denim exclusively for the black comedy–crime drama television series Fargo, which played over the credits of the "Did you do this? No, you did it!" episode of the second season in 2015.[5]
Abe Diddy and The Krautboys on the album Follow in 2016
Sharon Jones & The Dap-Kings, on the original motion picture soundtrack for the film Soul Men
Reef for their compilation album Together.[6]
Jeff Walker Und Die Fluffers (former lead singer of Carcass), on album Welcome to Carcass Cuntry
Sam Feldt, in his 2017 album Sunrise, with Girls Love DJs and Joe Cleere.

tag: ul

text: In popular culture (First Edition version)[edit]

text: The song is featured in a dream sequence from the Coen Brothers' 1998 film The Big Lebowski. Additionally, it plays during the end credits of the 2000 video game Driver 2, the title screen and end credits of the 2013 video game Stick It To The Man, and is featured in the 2010 action movie Faster. It is also used is season 3, episode 1 of Chuck: "Chuck Versus the Pink Slip". A short clip is heard in the 2015 HBO documentary Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief. It is also on the TV series Fargo, season 2 episode 7.


document_title: Prescott Fire Department

question_text: when did the granite mountain hotshots get certified

text: Prescott Fire Department

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to 1884, Prescott had no water system for fire protection. Wells were sunk at the four corners of the courthouse plaza and double acting hand pumps were installed.[4] In 1884 the water system was installed and the Prescott Volunteer Fire Department was started with a single hose company using a two-wheeled cart hand drawn with 600 feet (180 m) of 2.5 inches (6.4 cm) hose. In 1954 the then four separate volunteer companies were merged into one and named Prescott Fire Department.[4]

text: Granite Mountain Hotshots[edit]

text: The Granite Mountain Hotshots were a group within the department whose mission was to fight wildfires. Founded in 2002 as a fuels mitigation crew, it transitioned to a handcrew (Type 2 I/A) in 2004, and ultimately to a hotshot crew in 2008.[5] The crew had their own fire station, station 7, where equipment, including two 10-person crew carriers, was housed.[6] The 2017 film Only the Brave was based on the Granite Mountain Hotshots and the Yarnell Fire.

text: Yarnell Fire fatalities[edit]

text: On June 30, 2013, 19 members of the group died fighting the Yarnell Hill Fire.[7][8] There were twenty members of the group, of which only one survived.[9] The firefighters had apparently deployed fire shelters, but not all of the bodies were found inside them.[10] According to the National Fire Protection Association, it was the greatest loss of life for firefighters in a wildfire since 1933, the deadliest wildfire of any kind since 1991, and the greatest loss of firefighters in the United States since the September 11 attacks.[11] Vice President Joe Biden attended the memorial and stated, "All men are created equal. But then, a few became firefighters."[12]

text: Stations and apparatus[edit]

text:
Address
Engine
Truck
Wildland
Other

71
333 White Spar Rd.
Engine 71, Engine 711
Truck 71
Patrol 71
Utility 71 & Battalion 1
[13]

72
1700 Iron Springs Rd.
Engine 72, Engine 722
Truck 72
Patrol 72

[14]

73
1980 Clubhouse Dr.
Prescott Municipal Airport
Engine 73

Patrol 73
Foam 73
[3]

74
2747 Smoketree Ln.
Engine 74

Boat 74
[15]

75
315 Lee Blvd.
Engine 75

Patrol 75
HazMat
[16]


document_title: Jeepers Creepers 3

question_text: who played the creature on jeepers creepers 3

text: Jeepers Creepers 3

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film opens with a shuriken (throwing star) flying through the air and hitting a wooden post as a man runs for his life. When the man reaches the road, the Creeper suddenly drops from the sky and flies off with him while another man watches from his truck. When he gets out to investigate he looks up in the air and sees a severed hand fall from the sky.

text: Twenty-three years later, shortly after the events of the first film, the police discover the Creeper's truck filled with dead bodies. The truck has been rigged with several booby-traps, including spikes that emerge from the bed of the truck, and a spear that shoots out from the tail-pipe. When Sheriff Dan Tashtego arrives, Sergeant Davis Tubbs tells him what happened and Tashtego informs him that the Creeper has been around for thousands of years and must be stopped. They then rush to get the Creeper's truck back after learning it is headed for the impound.

text: As Frank and Deputy Lang transport the vehicle, the Creeper lands on the tow truck and severs the cables. They then watch as the truck drives off seemingly on its own, while the Creeper stands on top of it. When the truck turns around, the Creeper lands on Frank and abducts him while Lang stands frozen in fear. The next day, Gaylen Brandon sees a vision of her son Kenny, who was killed by the Creeper twenty-three years earlier. He warns her that the Creeper will return soon to uncover something buried on the property and will kill anyone there, including her and her granddaughter, Addison, when it does.

text: Meanwhile, Tashtego informs Tubbs that he has put together a small team to hunt down the Creeper and kill it once and for all. Later, a group of teenagers discovers the Creeper's truck in a field. After finding the bodies, they take off on dirt bikes, but one of them, Kirk, is shot in the leg with the spear. As two of the other boys try to free him, the Creeper returns and kills them both with another spear. The last boy is abducted by the Creeper as he tries to escape for peeing on the Creeper's truck.

text: Later, Addison goes into town to buy hay for her horse. When she can't pay for it, her friend Buddy helps her out and the two drive up to a plantation house to deliver more hay. There they find the owner and a couple other men hiding under cars, but before they can get help the Creeper arrives and abducts Addison, leaving Buddy traumatized. Gaylen discovers a sack containing the Creeper's severed hand buried in her front yard, and when she touches it she goes into a hypnotic state.

text: When Tashtego and Tubbs arrive with the team, she reveals that the hand contains secrets about the Creeper's origins, and Tashtego decides to touch it to uncover a way to kill it. Addison wakes up in the Creeper's truck along with Kirk, and together they try to find a way out, however, when Kirk reaches for the door handle a metal rod shoots out from between the seats and impales him in the head.

text: Meanwhile, Tashtego and Tubbs discover the Creeper's location, and they head off to find him, along with Michael (who has a machine gun attached to his car). They find the Creeper driving down the highway in his truck, but when they shoot at it the bullets deflect, and Michael is killed. A small explosive is then ejected from the bottom of the Creeper's truck, and when it goes off, Tashtego and Tubbs's car lands in a field. Tubbs gets out and tries to shoot the Creeper, but all of his attempts fail. Before the Creeper can kill Tubbs, Tashtego calls him and he goes for him instead. When the Creeper jumps into the air, Tashtego shoots him several times with the machine gun, but the bullets have no effect and he is tackled to the ground and struck in the head with an axe. When the Creeper stands up, he removes his axe from Tashtego's head and walks away while Tubbs watches from afar.

text: That night, the Creeper discovers that Addison is still alive, but before he can kill her, she causes the metal rod to shoot out and impale him in the head. She quickly escapes and runs through a field, and he attempts to throw a spear at her, which barely misses her head. He is then hit by a truck and Addison runs away. When the truck driver gets out to see what happened, he is killed by the Creeper. Addison runs and hides in a field but she is found by Gaylene and Buddy and the three leave together. The Creeper later returns to Gaylen's house where he finds a sign that says 'We know what you are' along with the hand and yells out in anger.

text: The next day, Addison says goodbye to Buddy as he leaves for a high school basketball game in the same bus that is attacked by the Creeper in the second movie. Twenty-three years later, Trish Jenner is seen typing a letter on a computer calling for people to fight against the Creeper when it returns, and vows to get revenge on the Creeper for the death of her brother, Darry.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jonathan Breck as the Creeper
Meg Foster as Gaylen Brandon
Gabrielle Haugh as Addison Brandon
Stan Shaw as Sheriff Dan Tashtego
Joyce Giraud as Deputy Dana Lang
Jordan Salloum as Kenny Brandon
Ryan Moore as Kirk Mathers
Brandon Smith as Sergeant Davis Tubbs
Gina Philips as Trish Jenner (cameo)

text: Production[edit]

text: The third film was in talks even before Jeepers Creepers 2 was released back in 2003. In 2006, the movie was "announced" and was tentatively called Jeepers Creepers 3: The Creeper Walks Among Us. MGM had originally planned to release the movie direct to DVD, but was unable to find proper financing. The movie's script was written by director Victor Salva, with the new title Jeepers Creepers 3: Cathedral, with Gina Philips returning as Trish Jenner from the first film. For nine more years, the film faced many false starts and setbacks, with Victor Salva saying "the film has come close many times to going before the cameras, and I hope someone sees the wisdom in shooting this".[2]

text: Officially on September 11, 2015, the movie got the green light to start filming from Myriad Pictures, and was to begin filming in early 2016. However, before filming could begin in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canadian talent agencies sent out an alert to warn others about Victor Salva's criminal past, and then the casting calls were removed, which halted the production. However, producer Stan Spry assured a fan on Twitter that the movie was not cancelled.[3]

text: On the special edition Blu-ray release of Jeepers Creepers 2, Victor Salva stated that he has written a new script for Jeepers Creepers 3 set between the days of Jeepers Creepers and Jeepers Creepers 2, where the Creeper terrorizes a farming community. Plans changed yet again, as Gina Philips was brought in to reprise her role as Trish in a cameo. The film's plot is set in between the first two films, in the year 2001, although the original Cathedral storyline had the film take place 23 years after the first two films. Actor Stan Shaw, who plays a sheriff in this film, confirmed to a fan on Twitter that the Cathedral storyline was scrapped as that material was more than 12 years old.[4]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In January 2017, it was confirmed the film was back in pre-production and that filming would begin in February 2017 in Louisiana, instead of Canada as originally planned (more closely duplicating the Florida setting of the original film). Principal photography finally began on February 15, 2017 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. On April 4, one of the cameras of the production revealed in their social networks that the filming was already finished.[5]

text: Release[edit]

text: During an interview for the Edmond Sun, Justin Hall specifically revealed that the film would be released on September 4, but nothing was confirmed by Victor Salva or the movie studio.[6] On August 16, the AMC Theaters website stated Jeepers Creepers 3 opens on September 26, 2017. On August 29, selected theaters began selling tickets along with the official poster, revealing that the film would be on display for only one night. Fathom Events then announced that the film's premiere would also feature never-before-seen bonus pictures and an interview with Jonathan Breck, who plays the Creeper in all three franchise films.[7] A second showing in theaters on October 4 was later added.[8] Fandango updated the brief film synopsis shortly after, "this Fall, the Creeper returns. See the next film in the iconic horror franchise when Jeepers Creepers 3 returns for a special encore event in movie theaters nationwide for only one night on Wednesday, October 4."[9] Other participating theaters included Marcus Theaters[10] and Galaxy Theaters[11]

text: The film's Facebook account announced that the film would have its television premiere on the Syfy network on October 28, 2017.[12] The channel aired an encore showing on October 29.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film is set to be released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 26, 2017.[13]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Since the announcement of the final filming, several photos began to appear on the internet implying that they were photos leaked from the post production of Jeepers Creepers 3, mainly for presenting the actor Stan Shaw that had already been confirmed in the film. The photos ended up being confirmed and shortly after it was released a Behind the Scenes video of the film in social networks.[14]

text: The first teaser trailer for 30 seconds was released on September 6 and the official trailer for the movie was released on September 15 on various YouTube trailer channels.[15]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: During its limited two-day run, Jeepers Creepers 3 grossed $2.3 million in the United States and $997,710 in other territories for a worldwide total of $3.2 million. The film opened in 635 theaters for one day and debuted in #3 in Tuesday Box Office ranking, alongside Kingsman: The Golden Circle and It.[16]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Jeepers Creepers 3 received mixed to negative reviews from critics.

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a negative approval rating of 20% based on 5 reviews, with a weighted average rating of 4.1/10.[17]

text: Film critic Steve Pulaski gave the film a mixed review, saying that "through all its shortcomings, some admittedly due to what the wonders the passing of time does to one's expectations, I did find some enjoyment in Jeepers Creepers 3. All of these films have been a tad different from their predecessor, and this one is no exception. It clearly wants to give fans something they can appreciate, it just doesn't always know the best route."[18] Steve Barton in review to Dread Central gave the film three and a half out of five stars and said, "at the end of the day if you're a fan of the franchise, you'll be happy with this latest entry… which for my tastes is better than the second but just falls short of the goodness and quality of the original experience. The door has been left open for Jeepers Creepers 4, and whether or not that will happen remains to be seen".[19]

text: However, Robert Yaniz, Jr. from We Got This Covered said that "lacking in imagination or genuine scares, Jeepers Creepers 3 falls tragically short on just about every front".[20] Adam Dileo from IGN gave his verdict saying that being "an unremarkable entry in a cult favorite franchise, Jeepers Creepers 3 offers fans too little to get excited about. While the monster still rules its slice of country highway and the skies above it, the rest of the film crashes in the cornfields".[21] Ernie Trinidad gave the film two out of five stars, stating that the film "didn't deliver the story fans were anticipating nor provide enough incentive to want to return for the inevitable sequel". Trinidad also felt that the film's daytime setting only managed to draw attention to its low quality CGI and make-up effects.[22]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In an interview for Diabolique, actress Gina Philips revealed that Victor Salva has a plot ready for a fourth installment in Jeepers Creepers franchise. She said "Victor has written what happens from the second after the conclusion of 'Jeepers Creepers 3'. I think that's all I'm allowed to say about it but he wrote in such detail and he had a lot of flashbacks to what happened over the years that it made it very easy for me. I got to see what will eventually happen to the character and he put enough flashbacks in there that I got to see what happened to her over the last 15 years. Let's just say, there's more to come."[23]


document_title: Word of Wisdom

question_text: when did the word of wisdom become mandatory

text: Word of Wisdom

text: Origin and publication[edit]

text: According to Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, the Word of Wisdom was received in 1833 as a revelation from God. After Smith's death, Brigham Young stated that the revelation was given in response to problems encountered while conducting meetings in the Smith family home:

text: When they assembled together in this room after breakfast, the first they did was to light their pipes, and, while smoking, talk about the great things of the kingdom, and spit all over the room, and as soon as the pipe was out of their mouths a large chew of tobacco would then be taken. Often when the Prophet [Joseph Smith] entered the room to give the school instructions he would find himself in a cloud of tobacco smoke. This, and the complaints of his wife at having to clean so filthy a floor, made the Prophet think upon the matter, and he inquired of the Lord relating to the conduct of the Elders in using tobacco, and the revelation known as the Word of Wisdom was the result of his inquiry.[4]

text: The Word of Wisdom was first published as a stand-alone broadsheet in December 1833. In 1835, it was included as section 89 in the first edition of the Doctrine and Covenants.

text: Word of Wisdom revelation[edit]

text: The revelation contains four parts:

text:
an introduction;[5]
a list of substances that should not be ingested, including wine, strong drink, tobacco and "hot drinks";[6]
a list of foods that should be used, some with certain limitations;[7] and
a divine promise to those who follow the guidelines.[8]

tag: ol

text: Introduction[edit]

text: The introduction and explanation as presented by Smith is:

text: A Word of Wisdom, for the benefit of the council of high priests, assembled in Kirtland, and the church, and also the saints in Zion— To be sent greeting; not by commandment or constraint, but by revelation and the word of wisdom, showing forth the order and will of God in the temporal salvation of all saints in the last days— Given for a principle with a promise, adapted to the capacity of the weak and the weakest of all saints, who are or can be called saints. Behold, verily, thus saith the Lord unto you: In consequence of evils and designs which do and will exist in the hearts of conspiring men in the last days, I have warned you, and forewarn you, by giving unto you this word of wisdom by revelation—[5]

text: Prohibitions[edit]

text: Among the substances which the revelation indicates should not be ingested, the first is "wine or strong drink", which the revelation says should not be drunk.[9] (An exception is allowed for the use of "pure wine of your own make" as part of the sacrament ordinance,[10] though the LDS Church today uses water in place of wine.) The revelation also advises against the consumption of tobacco[11] and "hot drinks".[12]

text: The Word of Wisdom revelation also suggests proper uses for some prohibited substances. While "strong drinks" are not to be ingested, they are appropriate when used "for the washing of your bodies";[13] likewise, while human ingestion of tobacco is forbidden, tobacco is said to be "an herb for bruises and all sick cattle, to be used with judgment and skill."[11]

text: Prescriptions[edit]

text: The list of foods and substances which the revelation encourages includes "wholesome herbs [and] every fruit in the season thereof"[14] and "that which yieldeth fruit, whether in the ground or above the ground."[15] It also prescribes the use of "all grain", which is described as "the staff of life, not only for man but for the beasts of the field."[16] Barley and other grains are recommended for use in making "mild drinks".[17]

text: The "beasts of the field, and the fowls of heaven, and all wild animals that run or creep on the earth" may be used as food "sparingly" and "with thanksgiving". The revelation states that it is pleasing to God if these are not used, "only in times of winter, or of cold, or famine" and times of "excess of hunger".[18]

text: Divine promise[edit]

text: The Word of Wisdom states that it comprises a "principle with promise".[19] The promise given to those who followed the advice of the word of wisdom is as follows:

text: And all saints who remember to keep and do these sayings, walking in obedience to the commandments, shall receive health in their navel and marrow to their bones; and shall find wisdom and great treasures of knowledge, even hidden treasures; and shall run and not be weary, and shall walk and not faint. And I, the Lord, give unto them a promise, that the destroying angel shall pass by them, as the children of Israel, and not slay them.[8]

text: Application by Joseph Smith[edit]

text: Originally, abiding by the recommendations and prohibitions of the Word of Wisdom was not considered mandatory: it explicitly declares itself to be "not by commandment or constraint".[20] In February 1834, however, Joseph Smith proposed a resolution before the high council of the church that stated, "No official member in this Church is worthy to hold an office after having the word of wisdom properly taught him; and he, the official member, neglecting to comply with and obey it."[21] This resolution was accepted unanimously by the council.[21]

text: In 1842, Smith's brother Hyrum, who was the Assistant President of the Church and its presiding patriarch, provided an interpretation of the Word of Wisdom's proscription of "hot drinks":

text: And again "hot drinks are not for the body, or belly;" there are many who wonder what this can mean; whether it refers to tea, or coffee, or not. I say it does refer to tea, and coffee.[22]

text: According to a book written by LDS missionary and hymnographer Joel H. Johnson in 1881, Joseph Smith shared Hyrum's interpretation:

text: I understand that some of the people are excusing themselves in using tea and coffee, because the Lord only said "hot drinks" in the revelation of the Word of Wisdom .... Tea and coffee ... are what the Lord meant when He said "hot drinks".[23]

text: The charge of "not observing the Word of Wisdom" was one of five leveled against David Whitmer on April 13, 1838, which led to his excommunication.[24] Nevertheless, contemporary records indicate that Joseph Smith was not, himself, a strict observer. Smith is recorded at various times as drinking tea,[25] beer,[26] and wine.[27] There is a report he also smoked tobacco: according to Amasa Lyman, a member of the First Presidency under Smith, Smith once finished preaching a sermon on the Word of Wisdom and immediately afterward rode through the streets smoking a cigar.[28] According to Lyman, this was just one of many instances in which Smith "tried the faith of the Saints ... by his peculiarities." (One modern commentator has suggested that this may have been done by Smith to ensure that his followers' faith was based on the Latter Day Saint religion and not on Smith's personality or leadership.)[29]

text: On August 19, 1835, Almon W. Babbitt was brought before the church's high council on three charges. On the charge of "not keeping the Word of Wisdom", Babbitt stated "that he had taken the liberty to break the Word of Wisdom, from the example of President Joseph Smith, Jun., and others, but acknowledged that it was wrong."[30]

text: In 1838, Smith was operating a hotel/tavern in Far West, Missouri. In June 1838, the high council of Far West felt compelled to remind Smith's family that there was a ban on the sale and consumption of "ardent spirits in the place".[31]

text: Interpretation by leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit]

text: Emphasized by Brigham Young[edit]

text: After Smith's death, several factions emerged from the Latter Day Saint movement. The largest of these groups, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), was led by Brigham Young. At a general conference of the church held on September 9, 1851, Young called on the attendees to "leave off the use of" items mentioned in the Word of Wisdom:

text: The Patriarch [John Smith] again rose to speak on the Word of Wisdom, and urging on the brethren to leave off using tobacco, &c.

text: President Young rose to put the motion and called on all the sisters who will leave off the use of tea, coffee, &c., to manifest it by raising the right hand; seconded and carried.

text: And then put the following motion; calling on all the boys  [sic] who were under ninety years of age who would covenant to leave off the use of tobacco, whisky, and all things mentioned in the Word of Wisdom, to manifest it in the same manner, which was carried unanimously."

text: The Patriarch then said, may the Lord bless you and help you to keep all your covenants. Amen.

text: President Young amongst other things said he knew the goodness of the people, and the Lord bears with our weakness; we must serve the Lord, and those who go with me will keep the Word of Wisdom, and if the High Priests, the Seventies, the Elders, and others will not serve the Lord, we will sever them from the Church. I will draw the line, and know who is for the Lord and who is not, and those who will not keep the Word of Wisdom, I will cut off from the Church; I throw out a challenge to all men and women.[32]

text: Though Young encouraged Mormons to follow the Word of Wisdom code, the church was tolerant of those who did not follow it. In 1860, he counseled those chewing tobacco in church meetings to at least be discreet and not excessive, but did not charge users with sin.[33] By 1870, however, he ended the practice of chewing and spitting tobacco in the Salt Lake Tabernacle.[34]

text: Young also recognized a separation between using tobacco (which was discouraged), and selling it to non-Mormons as a business (which was encouraged).[35] He also owned and maintained a bar in Salt Lake City for the sale of alcoholic beverages to non-Mormon travelers, on the theory that it was better for LDS Church authorities to run such establishments than for outsiders.[36]

text: Meat[edit]

text: The Word of Wisdom states that "flesh also of beasts and of the fowls of the air ... are to be used sparingly", and that "it is pleasing unto [God] that they should not be used, only in times of winter, or of cold, or famine."[37] Unlike the injunctions against tobacco, alcohol, and hot drinks, however, compliance with this injunction has never been made mandatory.

text: Many LDS Church leaders have expressed their views on the subject of meat. In 1868, church president Brigham Young counseled, "Flesh should be used sparingly, in famine and in cold."[38] In 1868, apostle George Q. Cannon said, "We are told that flesh of any kind is not suitable to man in the summer time, and ought to be eaten sparingly in the winter."[39] From 1897 to 1901, apostle and then church president Lorenzo Snow repeatedly emphasized the importance of eating meat sparingly, teaching that church members should refrain from eating meat except in case of dire necessity, and that this should be seen in light of Smith's teaching that animals have spirits.[40] In 1895, Snow stated, "Unless famine or extreme cold is upon us we should refrain from the use of meat."[41] Apostle George Teasdale taught the same thing, and held that eating pork was a more serious breach of the Word of Wisdom than drinking tea or coffee.[40] When Joseph F. Smith succeeded Snow as president of the church in 1901, he preached regularly against the "unnecessary destruction of life", and emphasized kindness to animals and the important stewardship humans have toward them .[42]

text: Despite these statements, restricting meat consumption was not made an explicit requirement for worthiness in the LDS Church as the standards for obedience to the Word of Wisdom were made increasingly central to LDS Church doctrine and practice in the early 20th century.[43] The increased emphasis on the Word of Wisdom took place during the presidency of Heber J. Grant, a long-time enthusiastic promoter of the Word of Wisdom. Although Grant did not make restricting meat consumption an explicit part of the standard, he continued to interpret it as part of the counsel in the Word of Wisdom. In the 1937 General Conference, at 80 years old, Grant said he worked long hours "without fatigue and without feeling the least injury". He attributed his excellent health, in part, to eating very little meat.[44]

text: Since Grant's presidency, the emphasis on limiting the consumption of meat has lessened, but there have been some church leaders who have taught on the subject. In a 1948 LDS general conference address, apostle Joseph F. Merrill emphasized the importance of not eating meat as "freely as many Americans are doing".[45] In 1950, apostle and plant scientist John A. Widtsoe wrote, in relation to meat consumption, "they who wish to be well and gain the promised reward stated in the Word of Wisdom must obey all of the law, not just part of it as suits their whim or their appetite, or their notion of its meaning."[46] As recently as 2012, official church spokesperson Michael Otterson stated "the church has also encouraged limiting meat consumption in favor of grains, fruits and vegetables.|[47] To this day, the LDS Church's hymnal includes a hymn with the following lyrics:

text: That the children may live long / And be beautiful and strong, / Tea and coffee and tobacco they despise, / Drink no liquor, and they eat / But a very little meat; / They are seeking to be great and good and wise.[48]

text: A student manual published by the church has suggested that the suggestion that the consumption of meat be limited to wintertime may to some degree be a historical relic of the time in which the "Word of Wisdom" was delivered by Smith:

text: This verse has caused some to ask if meat should be eaten in the summer. Meat has more calories than fruits and vegetables, which some individuals may need fewer of in summer than winter. Also, before fruits and vegetables could be preserved, people often did not have enough other food to eat in winter. Spoiled meat can be fatal if eaten, and in former times meat spoiled more readily in summer than winter. Modern methods of refrigeration now make it possible to preserve meat in any season. The key word with respect to the use of meat is sparingly.[49]

text: Beer[edit]

text: The Word of Wisdom states in part,

text: 16. All grain is good for the food of man; as also the fruit of the vine; that which yieldeth fruit, whether in the ground or above the ground—

text: The revelation suggests that barley-based mild drinks (such as beer) may be permissible.[17] As recently as 1901, apostles Brigham Young, Jr. and John Henry Smith argued that the revelation did not prohibit beer.[40] However, LDS Church leaders now teach that consumption of any form of alcohol, including beer, violates the Word of Wisdom.[51][52][53]

text: Refined grain products[edit]

text: In a pamphlet written in 1930 called The Word of Wisdom, apostle John A. Widtsoe taught that refined flour was contrary to the Word of Wisdom.[40] The church, however, has never prohibited the use of refined flour.

text: Standards of adherence[edit]

text: Adherence to the proscriptions of the Word of Wisdom was not made a requirement for entry into LDS Church temples until 1902. However, even then, church president Joseph F. Smith encouraged stake presidents to be liberal with old men who used tobacco and old ladies who drank tea.[40] Of those who violated the revelation, it was mainly habitual drunkards that were excluded from the temple.[40] Around the turn of the century, the proscriptions of the Word of Wisdom were not strictly adhered to by such notable church leaders. Anthon H. Lund, a First Counselor in the First Presidency, drank beer and wine; apostle Matthias F. Cowley drank beer and wine; Charles W. Penrose, who also served as a First Counselor in the First Presidency, drank wine; Relief Society general president Emmeline B. Wells drank coffee; and church president George Albert Smith drank brandy for medicinal purposes.[40] In 1921, church president Heber J. Grant made adherence to the proscriptions of the Word of Wisdom an absolute requirement for entering the temple.[40]

text: Today, adherence to the proscriptions of the Word of Wisdom is required for baptism[54] and for entry into temples of the LDS Church.[55] BYU historian Thomas G. Alexander points out that while the original Word of Wisdom as a "principle with promise" was given by revelation, there is no evidence that any church leader has claimed a separate new revelation, or even a spiritual confirmation, of changing the Word of Wisdom from "a principle with promise" to a commandment.[40]

text: Official modern interpretation[edit]

text: The church's official statement on the interpretation of the Word of Wisdom is short: it reaffirms the long-standing meaning of "hot drinks" and extends the substances covered by prohibition:

text: The only official interpretation of "hot drinks" (D&C 89:9) in the Word of Wisdom is the statement made by early Church leaders that the term "hot drinks" means tea and coffee.

text: Members should not use any substance that contains illegal drugs. Nor should members use harmful or habit-forming substances except under the care of a competent physician.[56]

text: Although avoiding the prohibitions of the Word of Wisdom is a requirement for admission to LDS Church temples,[55] violation of the Word of Wisdom no longer results in church discipline, as it once did;[40] the church instructs its leaders that church discipline "should not be [used] to discipline or threaten members who do not comply with the Word of Wisdom."[2]

text: LDS Church leaders have counseled church members that they should not have personal interpretations of, or become extreme in their observance of the Word of Wisdom. One church leader specifically warned that adding additional unauthorized requirements, emphasizing it with excess zeal, or making it a "gospel hobby" is a sign of spiritual immaturity and sometimes apostasy.[57]

text: Popular application[edit]

text: Alcohol[edit]

text: The prohibition of "wine or strong drink" is widely interpreted as a blanket prohibition of all alcoholic beverages, regardless of the level of alcoholic content of the drink.

text: Hot drinks[edit]

text: Generally, members of the church view the prohibition on "hot drinks" as covering coffee and tea, whether or not the drinks are hot.[58] There is generally thought to be no prohibition against herbal tea;[58] hot chocolate;[58] coffee substitutes such as Postum;[58] or malt drinks such as Ovaltine or Milo.[citation needed] Other members choose to prohibit themselves from drinking any beverage that contains caffeine.[58]

text: Cola and other caffeinated beverages[edit]

text: A longstanding issue among members of the church is whether it is permissible to ingest drinks containing caffeine that are not coffee or tea. In 1918, Frederick J. Pack, a Latter-day Saint professor at the University of Utah, published an article in an official church magazine in which he reasoned that because Coca-Cola contained caffeine, which is also present in tea and coffee, Latter-day Saints should abstain from Coca-Cola in the same way that they abstain from the Word of Wisdom "hot drinks".[59] Since Pack's article, many Latter-day Saints have come to believe that the reason tea and coffee are proscribed is the presence of caffeine in the drinks. However, the church has never stated that this is the reason for the prohibition:

text: The church does not have an official position on the consumption of caffeinated beverages, apart from the general statement that the Word of Wisdom does not specifically mention it. In 2012, in response to a report on Mormonism on NBC’s Rock Center with Brian Williams, which claimed that LDS faithful were prohibited from drinking caffeine, the church wrote:

text: Despite what was reported, the Church revelation spelling out health practices (Doctrine and Covenants 89) does not mention the use of caffeine. The Church’s health guidelines prohibits alcoholic drinks, smoking or chewing of tobacco, and "hot drinks"—taught by Church leaders to refer specifically to tea and coffee.[60]

text: In the past, a number of church leaders have discouraged the use of such products. For example, in 1922, church president Heber J. Grant counseled the Latter-day Saints:

text: I am not going to give any command, but I will ask it as a personal, individual favor to me, to let coca-cola  [sic] alone. There are plenty of other things you can get at the soda fountains without drinking that which is injurious. The Lord does not want you to use any drug that creates an appetite for itself.[61]

text: Two years after making this statement, Grant met with a representative of The Coca-Cola Company to discuss the church's position on Coca-Cola; at the conclusion of their second meeting, Grant stated that he was "sure I have not the slightest desire to recommend that the people leave Coca-Cola alone if th[e] amount [of caffeine in Coca-Cola] is absolutely harmless, which they claim it is."[40] Grant never again spoke out against the use of cola drinks.

text: Approximately fifty years later, the church issued an official statement which stated:

text: With reference to cola drinks, the Church has never officially taken a position on this matter, but the leaders of the Church have advised, and we do now specifically advise, against the use of any drink containing harmful habit-forming drugs under circumstances that would result in acquiring the habit. Any beverage that contains ingredients harmful to the body should be avoided.[62]

text: Because of such statements, some adherents believe that caffeine is officially prohibited under the Word of Wisdom.[63][64] In the mid-1950's, the director of the food services for Brigham Young University, a college owned by the LDS Church, decided not to sell caffeine on campus. This changed in September 2017 when the current director of BYU Dining Services announced that caffeinated beverages would be sold on campus. Wright said this was the result of a change in customer preferences.[65] Official church publications have occasionally published articles by medical practitioners that warn of the health risks of consuming caffeine.[66][67][68] However, in November 2010, the Salt Lake Tribune noted that in the 2010 church Handbook, which sets out the official position of the church on health and social issues, no position on drinking Coca-Cola or caffeinated drinks is included.[69] The Salt Lake Tribune concluded that the church "takes no official position on caffeine".[70]

text: Other areas[edit]

text: Speculation also exists concerning the use of alcohol as a cooking ingredient or the use of decaffeinated coffee or tea.[58] The LDS Church has taken no official stance on either.

text: Health studies regarding Latter-day Saints[edit]

text: A 14-year selective study conducted by UCLA epidemiologist James E. Enstrom tracked the health of 10,000 moderately active LDS Church members in California and ended in 1987. Of these non-smoking, monogamous non-drinkers, Enstrom concluded from the study "that LDS Church members who follow religious mandates barring smoking and drinking have one of the lowest death rates from cancer and cardiovascular diseases—about half that of the general population. ... Moreover, the healthiest LDS Church members enjoy a life expectancy eight to eleven years longer than that of the general white population in the United States." The standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for whites in the general population is defined as 100. For males in the study, the SMRs "are 47 for all cancers, 52 for cardiovascular diseases, and 47 for all causes; the SMRs for females are 72 for all cancers, 64 for cardiovascular diseases, and 66 for all causes." For LDS high priests who never smoked cigarettes, exercised, and had proper sleep, the mortality rate was less. The results were largely duplicated in a separate study of an LDS-like subgroup of white non-smoking churchgoers in Alameda County, California.[71]


document_title: Mandy Moore (choreographer)

question_text: who does the choreography for dancing with the stars

text: Mandy Moore (choreographer)

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Mandy Moore

Born
Samantha Jo Moore
(1976-03-28) March 28, 1976 (age 41)
 St. Louis, Missouri

Occupation
Choreographer

text: Samantha Jo "Mandy" Moore (born March 28, 1976 in St. Louis, Missouri and raised in Breckenridge, Colorado) is an American choreographer who is well known for her work on Dancing with the Stars and on So You Think You Can Dance, having appeared on seasons 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. Moore was nominated for Emmy Awards in 2008, 2011, 2013, 2014, and twice in 2017.[1][2] She won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Choreography in 2017 for Dancing with the Stars ("On Top of the World" and "Carol of the Bells" from Season 23). She has also choreographed duet and group numbers for So You Think You Can Dance United Kingdom, Canada, Ukraine, and the Netherlands.

text: Moore choreographed the 2016 film La La Land.[3] Rehearsals took place at a production office in Atwater Village over the span of three to four months beginning in May 2015. For the film, Moore emphasized emotion rather than technique.[4] The film received widespread acclaim from critics.

text: Choreography for So You Think You Can Dance[edit]

text:
Season
Week
Dancers
Style
Song
Note

3
2
Sabra Johnson
Dominic Sandoval
Contemporary
"I'll Stand by You"—The Pretenders

3
Anya Garnis
Danny Tidwell
Hip-Hop
"Oh Timbaland"—Timbaland

5
Sara Von Gillern
Pasha Kovalev
Jazz
"Body Language"—Queen

4
1
Kourtni Lind
Matt Dorame
"Tainted Love"—Soft Cell

2
Chelsea Traille
Thayne Jasperson
"Untouched"—The Veronicas

Courtney Galiano
Gev Manoukian
Contemporary
"Lost"—Anouk

4
Jessica King
William Wingfield
Lyrical Jazz
"Alone"—Heart

Chelsie Hightower
Mark Kanemura
Jazz
"Kiss Kiss"—Holly Valance (incorrectly listed as "Holly Vance")

5
Comfort Fedoke
Thayne Jasperson
Contemporary
"A Different Corner"—George Michael

Courtney Galiano
Gev Manoukian
Jazz
"Standing There"—The Creatures

8
Top 6
Contemporary
"The Rose"—Bette Midler
Result Show

5
1
Melissa Sandvig
Ade Obayomi
"Right Here Waiting"—Richard Marx

3
Asuka Kondoh
Vitolio Jeune
Jazz
"Heartbreaker"—Pat Benatar

5
Caitlin Kinney
Jason Glover
Lyrical Jazz
"Show Me Heaven"—Maria McKee

6
1
Kathryn McCormick
Noelle Marsh
Billy Bell
Victor Smalley
Contemporary
"Viva La Vida"—Coldplay

3
Ashleigh Di Lello
Jakob Karr
Jazz
"Relax"—Frankie Goes to Hollywood

6
Mollee Gray
Russell Ferguson
Lyrical Jazz
"It Must Have Been Love"—Roxette

7
1
Lauren Froderman
Ade Obayomi
Pop-Jazz
"Oh Yeah"—Yello

2
Allison Holker
AdéChiké Torbert
Contemporary
"Listen to Your Heart" (Edmee's Unplugged Vocal Edit)—DHT

3
Kent Boyd
Allison Holker
Jazz
"Heartburn"—Alicia Keys

4
Lauren Gottlieb
Jose Ruiz
Contemporary
"Never Tear Us Apart"—INXS

Courtney Galiano
AdéChiké Torbert
Jazz
"Is You Is or Is You Ain't My Baby" (Rae & Christian Remix)—Dinah Washington

5
Billy Bell
Lauren Froderman
"Boogie Shoes"—KC & the Sunshine Band

9
Kent Boyd
Lauren Froderman
"Hip to Be Square"—Huey Lewis and the News

Charlie Bruce (SYTYCD U.K. winner)
Neil Haskell

"I Surrender"—Celine Dion
Guest dancers
Result Show

8
1
Ryan Ramirez
Ricky Jaime
Jazz
"Addicted to Love"—Robert Palmer

Melanie Moore
Marko Germar
"Sing, Sing, Sing (With a Swing)" (Raf Marchesini Remix)—DKS

3
Caitlynn Lawson
Mitchell Kelly
Contemporary
"To Love You More"—Celine Dion

6
Neil Haskell
Melanie Moore
"Total Eclipse of the Heart"—Bonnie Tyler

Lauren Froderman
Tadd Gadduang
Jazz
"Another One Bites the Dust"—Queen

9
3
Lindsay Arnold
Cole Horibe
Contemporary
"Wild Horses"—Charlotte Martin

Amelia Lowe
Will Thomas
Jazz
"You!"—The Creatures featuring Siouxsie Sioux

6
Melanie Moore
Cyrus "Glitch" Spencer
"Badder Badder Schwing"—Freddy Fresh feat. Fatboy Slim

Tiffany Maher
Ade Obayomi
Contemporary
"The Power of Love"—Celine Dion

10
6
Malece Miller
Alan Bersten
Jazz
"Come Dance With Me"—Michael Bublé

Makenzie Dustman
Paul Karmiryan
Contemporary
"The Edge of Glory" (Live from A Very Gaga Thanksgiving)—Lady Gaga

7
Fik-shun
Melanie Moore
Jazz
"Feeling Good"—Jennifer Hudson

Jenna Johnson
Neil Haskell
Contemporary
"I Can't Make You Love Me"—Mark Masri

11
3
Top 16
Jazz
"Take Me to the River"—Annie Lenox

Carly Blaney
Serge Onik
Contemporary
"Foolish Games"—Jewel

4
Tanisha Belnap
Rudy Abreu
"Seduces Me"—Celine Dion

Top 7 Girls
"My Immortal"—Evanescence

5
Ricky Ubeda
Lauren Froderman
Rockabilly Jazz
"Bossa Nova Baby" (Viva Remix)—Elvis Presley

6
Jessica Richens
Will Wingfield
Contemporary
"Earth Song"—Michael Jackson

12
7
Gaby Diaz
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"Angel"—Sarah McLachlan

8
Group Dance
Contemporary
"Everybody Hurts"—Jasmine Thompson

10
Gaby Diaz
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"Angel"—Sarah McLachlan
Season Finale/ Finalists' picks

13
1
J. T. Church
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"Stand in the Light"—Jordan Smith

All-Stars
Contemporary
"Unsteady (Erich Lee Gravity Remix)"—X Ambassadors

4
J. T. Church
Robert Roldan

Jazz
"Friend Like Me"—from Aladdin (Ne-Yo cover)

Ruby Castro
Leon "Kida" Burns

Contemporary
"Over the Rainbow"—from The Wizard of Oz (Shawn McDonald cover)

5
Tate McRae
Kathryn McCormick

Contemporary
"Rise Up"—Andra Day

All-Star Women
Contemporary
"This Is Not the End"—Clare Maguire

8
Top 10 and Maddie
Contemporary
"Small"—Lamb

J.T. Church
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"Stand in the Light"—Jordan Smith
Season Finale/
Robert's pick

14
Academy Week #1
Academy Contestants
Various
"Brand New" - Atwater Men's Club Feat. Luke Wade

1
All-Stars
Contemporary
"Knocking On Heavens Door"—RAIGN

2
Top 10 and All-Stars
Disco
"You Should Be Dancing"—Bee Gees
Co-choreographed with Val Chmerkovskiy

3
Kiki Nyemchek
Jenna Johnson

Contemporary
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"—George Michael

4
Koine Iwasaki
Marko Germar

Jazz
"HandClap"—Fitz and The Tantrums

Lex Ishimoto
Gaby Diaz

Contemporary
"Work Song"—Luke Wade

5
Taylor Sieve
Robert Roldan

Contemporary
"To Make You Feel My Love" - Mick McAuley & Winifred Horan

7
Kiki Nyemchek
Jenna Johnson

Contemporary
"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face"—Jeffrey Gaines
Kiki's pick

Koine Iwasaki
Taylor Sieve

Jazz
"Black & Gold" — Brenna Whitaker

8
Top 10 and All-Stars
Jazz
"Dancing on the Ceiling" - Nick Wells
Macy's performance


document_title: Christmas Kettle

question_text: where was the salvation army's christmas collection kettle first introduced

question_tokens: where was the salvation army 's christmas collection kettle first introduced

text: Christmas Kettle

text:
Part of a series on

The Salvation Army

Background

Christianity · Protestantism
Pietism · Arminianism
Methodism · Holiness Movement
Evangelicalism

Organization

General
Chief of the Staff
High Council
Commissioners
Officer · Soldier · Corps

Prominent Salvationists

William Booth
Catherine Booth
Bramwell Booth
Florence Booth
Evangeline Booth
Ballington Booth
Catherine Bramwell-Booth
Frederick Booth-Tucker
Arthur Booth-Clibborn
Elijah Cadman
John Lawley
George Scott Railton
T. Henry Howard
Charles Jeffries
Theodore Kitching
Darkie Hutton
William Ridsdel
Ray Steadman-Allen
Eva Burrows

Other topics

Brass Bands
Promoted to Glory
Order of the Founder
Limelight Department
Christmas Kettle
The War Cry
Articles of War
Reliance Bank

Related organisations

American Rescue Workers
Volunteers of America
Skeleton Army
The Blind Beggar

Christianity portal

v
t
e

text: The Christmas Kettle (also referred to as the Red Kettle due to its color) is The Salvation Army's most famous street campaign. It is most recognized during the Christmas season through its volunteers who stand outside of businesses and play or sing Christmas carols, or ring bells to inspire passersby to place donations of cash and checks inside the trademark red kettles.

text: History[edit]

text: A tradition on the "kettle" started in 1891, in San Francisco, by Salvation Army officer Captain Joseph McFee.[1] Captain McFee, resolving to provide a free Christmas dinner to the poor of San Francisco, remembered a sight he saw in Liverpool, England. From his days as a sailor McFee remembered a large pot displayed on the Stage Landing, called "Simpson's Pot." The pot took in donations put in by passersby. Taking this idea, McFee asked for permission from San Francisco city authorities to place a crab pot and tripod at the Oakland ferry landing. The kettle - and McFee's call of "Keep the Pot Boiling!" - drew in passengers and donations.

text: The idea spread, and is in use by many Salvation Army charities worldwide. Innovations from the crab pot have included self ringing kettles, booths that play Christmas music, and Credit Card capabilities.[1]

text: Since 1997, the Christmas kettle campaign is traditionally kicked off during the halftime of the Dallas Cowboys Thanksgiving Day football game. An oversized kettle sits just outside the playing field, which has on at least two occasions been featured after touchdown celebrations: Terrell Owens (on the Thanksgiving Day 2006 (November 23) game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, after catching a pass for a touchdown, dropped the ball into the kettle, donating the ball to the Salvation Army), and Ezekiel Elliott (on December 18, 2016, also against Tampa Bay, after scoring a rushing touchdown jumped into the kettle).

text: Anonymous donations[edit]

text: A tradition has developed in the United States where, in some places, gold coins are anonymously inserted into the kettles in which the bell ringers collect donations. The tradition appears to have started in the Midwest when the first known drop of a gold coin was put into a kettle in Crystal Lake, Illinois in 1982.[2]

text: Since this drop, many others have taken to dropping not only gold coins,[3] but also other bullion and rare coins, gold medals,[4] jewelry, and large checks. The anonymous donations have included:

text:
Various bullion and rare coins:

American Gold Eagle[2][5]
Krugerrand[2][6]
United States Quarter Eagle[2]
United States Double Eagle[7]
Counterfeit 1804 dollar[2]

Jewelry

⅓-carat diamond ring[2]
Five gold rings (invoking the song The Twelve Days of Christmas)

Checks for $14,845.00[2] and for $500,000.00[8]
Gold teeth[9]


document_title: Walking Dead

question_text: which came first the walking dead comic or show

text: Walking Dead

text: Arts, entertainment, and media[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
The Walking Dead (1936 film), an American horror film starring Boris Karloff and Marguerite Churchill
The Walking Dead (1995 film), an American war film starring Madison Michelle and Andrew Gregg

text: Literature[edit]

text:
Walking Dead, a 2009 novel in the Atticus Kodiak series by Greg Rucka
The Walking Dead, a 2007 novel by Gerald Seymour

text: Music[edit]

text: Albums and EPs[edit]

text:
The Walking Dead (EP), a 1995 EP by Saint Vitus
"The Walking Dead Theme Song", by Bear McCreary

text: Songs[edit]

text:
"Walking Dead", a 2002 song by Puressence from the album Planet Helpless
"Walking Dead" (song), a 2005 song by Z-Trip
"The Walking Dead", a 2005 song by Dropkick Murphys from The Warrior's Code
"The Walking Dead", a 2006 song by Zebrahead from Broadcast to the World
"The Walking Dead", a 2008 song by Spinnerette from Spinnerette
"Walking Dead", a 2012 song by Papa Roach from The Connection

text: The Walking Dead franchise[edit]

text:
The Walking Dead (franchise), a media franchise, including:

The Walking Dead (comic book), a comic book series by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard first published in 2003

The Walking Dead (TV series), an AMC zombie-apocalyptic horror television series, first aired in 2010, based on the comic

The Walking Dead (pinball machine), based on the television series, released in 2014

The Walking Dead (video game series), an episodic video game series developed by Telltale Games, loosely based on the comic

The Walking Dead (video game), a 2012 episodic graphic adventure video game, loosely based on the comic

text: Other uses[edit]

text: 1st Battalion, 9th Marines, nicknamed "The Walking Dead", an infantry battalion of the United States Marine Corps