document_title: C (musical note)

question_text: which note is middle c on a piano

question_tokens: which note is middle c on a piano

text: C (musical note)

text: Frequency[edit]

text: Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz (for other notes see piano key frequencies). Scientific pitch notation was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or the easily confused scientific pitch.

text: Octave nomenclature[edit]

text: Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C4 in scientific pitch notation, the most commonly recognized in auditory science[citation needed], while both C4 and the Helmholtz designation c' are used in musical studies. Other note-octave systems, including those used by some makers of digital music keyboards, may refer to Middle C differently. In MIDI, Middle C is note number 60.

text: While the expression Middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C4 may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C5 (523.251 Hz) would be Middle C. This technically inaccurate practice has led some pedagogues to encourage standardizing on C4 as the definitive Middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.[1]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In vocal music, the term Soprano C, sometimes called High C[2] or Top C[by whom?], is the C two octaves above Middle C. It is so named because it is considered the defining note of the soprano voice type. It is C6 in scientific pitch notation (1046.502 Hz) and c''' in Helmholtz notation. The term Tenor C is sometimes used[by whom?] in vocal music to refer to C5, as it is the highest required note in the standard tenor repertoire. The term Low C is sometimes used in vocal music to refer to C2 because this is considered the divide between true basses and bass-baritones: a basso can sing this note easily while other male voices, including bass-baritones, cannot.

text: Tenor C is an organ builder's term for small C or C3 (130.813 Hz), the note one octave below Middle C. In stoplists it usually means that a rank is not full compass, omitting the bottom octave.[3]

text: Designation by octave[edit]

text:
Scientific designation
Helmholtz designation
Bilinear music notation
Octave name
Frequency (Hz)
Other names
Audio

C−1
C͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵C or CCCC
(-uC)
Infracontra
8.176

 Play (help·info)

C0
C͵͵ or ͵͵C or CCC
(-vC)
Subcontra
16.352

 Play (help·info)

C1
C͵ or ͵C or CC
(-wC)
Contra
32.703

 Play (help·info)

C2
C
(-xC)
Great
65.406
Low C
 Play (help·info)

C3
c
(-yC)
Small
130.813
Bass C, Tenor C (organ)
 Play (help·info)

C4
c′
(zC)
One-lined
261.626
Middle C
 Play (help·info)

C5
c′′
(yC)
Two-lined
523.251
Tenor C (vocal), Tenor High C[4] (vocal), Treble C
 Play (help·info)

C6
c′′′
(xC)
Three-lined
1046.502
Soprano C (vocal), High C (vocal), Top C (vocal)
 Play (help·info)

C7
c′′′′
(wC)
Four-lined
2093.005

 Play (help·info)

C8
c′′′′′
(vC)
Five-lined
4186.009
Eighth octave C
 Play (help·info)

C9
c′′′′′′
(uC)
Six-lined
8372.018

 Play (help·info)

C10
c′′′′′′′
(tC)
Seven-lined
16744.036

 Play (help·info)

text: (20000 hertz is the start of the ultrasound in healthy young adults.)

text: Graphic presentation[edit]

text: Scales[edit]

text: Common scales beginning on C[edit]

text:
C Major: C D E F G A B C
C Natural Minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
C Harmonic Minor: C D E♭ F G A♭ B C
C Melodic Minor Ascending: C D E♭ F G A B C
C Melodic Minor Descending: C B♭ A♭ G F E♭ D C

text: Diatonic scales[edit]

text:
C Ionian: C D E F G A B C
C Dorian: C D E♭ F G A B♭ C
C Phrygian: C D♭ E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
C Lydian: C D E F♯ G A B C
C Mixolydian: C D E F G A B♭ C
C Aeolian: C D E♭ F G A♭ B♭ C
C Locrian: C D♭ E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C

text: Jazz melodic minor[edit]

text:
C Ascending Melodic Minor: C D E♭ F G A B C
C Dorian ♭2: C D♭ E♭ F G A B♭ C
C Lydian Augmented: C D E F♯ G♯ A B C
C Lydian Dominant: C D E F♯ G A B♭ C
C Mixolydian ♭6: C D E F G A♭ B♭ C
C Locrian ♮2: C D E♭ F G♭ A♭ B♭ C
C Altered: C D♭ E♭ F♭ G♭ A♭ B♭ C

text: B sharp[edit]

text: Twelve just perfect fifths (B♯) and seven octaves do not align as in equal temperament.

text:
Pythagorean: 701.955 × 12 = 8423.46 = 23.46 = B♯+++
ET: 700 × 12 = 8400 = 0 = B♯ = C
1200 × 7 = 8400 = 0 = C

text: This difference, 23.46 cents (531441/524288), is known as the Pythagorean comma.


document_title: List of Curious George characters

question_text: what kind of dog is charkie from curious george

root

text: List of Curious George characters

text: Major[edit]

text: Animals[edit]

text: Curious George: A tailless monkey who is the protagonist of the show. He is excessively curious and often causes unintentional problems. He is used as the "teachable" character in the show, and he is the one to whom new concepts are explained in detail by the other characters. He is written as having the mind of a young child.

tag: ul

text: (He is voiced by Frank Welker)

tag: p

text: Hundley: An orange male dachshund. Hundley is very proper and gentlemanly; he keeps vigil on the lobby of George's apartment building when his owner, the Doorman, is absent. George's behavior is not enjoyed by Hundley but despite this, he enjoys George's company. However, Hundley is very practical minded, and does not shy away from scolding George for reckless antics. Hundley is allergic to some cats, including Professor Wiseman's kitten Lucky, but not to Chef Pisghetti's cat Gnocchi.

text: (He is voiced by Bill Chott in the first season and Lex Lang in seasons thereafter)

text: Compass: A blue male homing pigeon, also cared for by the doorman. His sense of direction is substandard, he is therefore often referred to as an "Almost-Homing Pigeon". In the early seasons he is shown attempting mentally to discover what George was.

text: (Rob Paulsen provides Compass' cooing, Willard Scott)

text: Jumpy Squirrel: A male squirrel who lives in the country, although he primarily stays in the trees, he will often end up involved with George. A recurring joke in the series is when Jumpy gets caught in a situation with George and the narrator says "At that moment Jumpy remembered why he always stayed in trees."

text: (He is voiced by Jim Cummings)

text: Gnocchi: A beige female cat, who is owned by Chef Pisghetti. She is very sedate and contemplative, frequently disregarding the surrounding people.

text: (She is voiced by Debi Derryberry)

text: Charkie: A female black cocker spaniel owned by Steve and Betsy. Charkie is very hyperactive, loves doing backflips, and frequently runs away from her caretakers. She is very skilled in opening and unlocking things.

text: (She is voiced by Rob Paulsen)

text: Bill's Bunnies: Seven baby bunnies owned by Bill. Their names are Fuzzy, Whitey, Brownie, Spotty, Black Ears, Cotton Tail, and Herbert Nenninger. He also owns their mother (Ma Rabbit), whose burrowing abilities are highlighted in several episodes. In several episodes, most notably the perfect carrot, Fuzzy and Black Ears are omitted from the group, with George expecting only five to be present.

text: (They are all voiced by Frank Welker. (In Curious George's Bunny Hunt, Herbert Nenninger is a brownish-tannish color. In Bee is for Bear, he is white. However, in Curious George's Bunny Hunt, the only white bunny is Whitey.))

text: People[edit]

text: Narrator:

text: (First season narrated by William H. Macy. Rino Romano has been the narrator since that time)

text: The Man with the Yellow Hat:

text: The man who first befriended George and also acts as his primary teacher and mentor. He does not wear his hat at home but wears it when going in public. the Man often has bad luck and makes mistakes (such as constantly losing his hat, being in the wrong place at the wrong time, tasting something terrible with a sour reaction, etc.). He is also absent-minded and a bit awkward. His catchphrase when leaving George alone is often "Be a good little monkey." Or sometimes his catchphrase is "Come on. Can't be late." when the Man leaves with George.

text: He never gets angry with George, no matter what George does. It is unclear what his occupation is, but in Curious George and the Invisible Sound he has been asked to survey animals around the country house, and in The Fully Automatic Monkey Fun Hat, Dr. Wiseman has asked him to give a speech about the scientific method. Which may imply that he has the same occupation he held in the 2006 film.

text: He also is the leader of a troop of the Sprouts, to which George and Bill belong. The man makes a couple of references to "going to work"; however, we never discover what this pertains to. He owns a country house that has been in his family since his childhood; and also lives in a spacious, high-income apartment building in the city. The man primarily drives a yellow convertible car as his main transportation to the country; however, he typically walks when staying in the apartment. The Man's hobbies include playing the tuba, bowling, sketching and painting pictures, and long-distance running. He also paints in the style of the H.A. Rey drawings.

text: He won an award for being the first to climb and map what became known as Yellow Hat Mountain and placed seventeenth in a marathon. No mention of his parents is made, other than an occasional reference to his mother in a few episodes.

text: (He is voiced by Jeff Bennett)

text: The Doorman: The doorman for the apartment building in which George and the Man with the Yellow Hat live. He is Hundley's owner. When on duty, he wears red clothes similar to a British Sentry Guard; different only by a red cap. When he went camping with George and Hundley, he wore an outfit somewhat similar to that of a Canadian Mountie. He is friendly and always loves to see George. He keeps a coop of homing pigeons on the roof of the building. Like the Man with the Yellow Hat, the Doorman's name is never mentioned. The doorman has a noticeable Brooklyn accent

text: Professor Wiseman: A scientist friend of George and the Man. In different episodes she is seen to be an rocket scientist, and working at a local museum. Her name is a play on the words wise man. She seems to have an occupation directly related to the man with the yellow hat. She is frequently invited to spend time with the man with the yellow hat and George.

text: (She is voiced by Rolonda Watts)

text: Chef Pisghetti and Netti: An Italian chef in the City who owns a restaurant with his wife. George frequently visits him and often helps him by doing errands and chores around the restaurant. The Chef often uses the fresh vegetables he grows in a rooftop garden. His name is a reference to the way some toddlers pronounce the word "spaghetti." Often, when things seem to go wrong, the Chef's catchphrase is "I'm Ruined!" He often threatens to never cook again if there is any problem with his food. He often refers to George as the Italian equivalent "Giorgio".

text: (Chef Pisghetti is voiced by Jim Cummings and Netti is voiced by Susan Silo)

text: The Renkins: A couple who own a farm near the country house. They have horses, cows, pigs, chickens, and bees. George also sometimes borrows materials from them, including a water pump and scrap lumber.

text: (Mr. Renkins is voiced by Jeff Bennett and Mrs. Renkins is voiced by Kath Soucie)

text: Marco: A Mexican boy who lives in The Puerto Del Sol district, a Mexican neighborhood in the city, he and his family play Spanish music anywhere. He is Curious George's best friend. He often claims that he's always thinking, saying "I'm always thinking," referring to the fact that he is always thinking about ways to solve a problem and he is always analyzing a situation.

text: Sometimes Marco is the experience of fun with Curious George and Friends, includes the Man in the Yellow Hat. When visiting Marco wants to play with Curious George all the time forever as partners.

text: (He is voiced by Grey DeLisle in season 1 Elizabeth Daily in season 2)

text: Allie: The five-year-old granddaughter of the Renkins, who is first introduced in George Meets Allie-Whoops! where she and George become fast friends. Allie is a very perky and spunky little girl who is about George's height and is as adventurous and curious as he. Mrs. Renkins refers to her as a “spark plug.” When she first meets George she is excited and eager to learn the ways of a monkey.

text: (Voiced by Lara Jill Miller)

text: Bill: George's neighbor from across the street in the country. He owns a hutch of bunnies and has a paper route. He also enjoys flying kites, but seems to be an acrophobic. His catchphrases are, "There's a proper way to ...." And "why didn't I think of that". Bill has a copious knowledge of many subjects, but apparently does not realize that George is a monkey and often refers to him as a "city kid" to explain the odd things George does.

text: (He is voiced by Annie Mumolo)

text: Steve and Betsy: Siblings from George's neighborhood in the city. They live with their Aunt Margaret and their dog, Charkie. Steve likes video games and is always "going for a record" of some kind. He is the older child of the pair, and is always getting ideas about how to solve a problem. He often tells George, "I'm in fifth grade. This has to work." In the episode Piñata Vision, their Aunt called him by his full name, Steven. Betsy is more responsible and caring, and is often pulling a red wagon. She is frequently annoyed at Steve, and has to fix his mistakes. She is in third grade. Bill is seemingly the country counterpart to Steve and Betsy. They do not appear in the same episode until Season 3, in "Chasing Rainbows." In that episode Bill's ignorance of George being a monkey is elucidated by them. However, he still does not understand the fact.

text: (Steve is voiced by Elizabeth Daily and Betsy is voiced by Grey DeLisle)

text: Mr. Glass: A man who owns a building known as "The Glass Palace" and hires window washers in the City. George uncovers a catastrophic flaw in a building which Mr. Glass was constructing. He likes things to be unique ever since George painted a jungle-themed room in The Glass Palace. He almost scolds George for doing something wrong when he painted a painting which looks like its damaged counterpart. Mr. Glass is very wealthy.

text: (Voiced by Rob Paulsen)

text: Dinwoodie

text: (Voiced by Jess Harnell)

text: Mr. Zoobel: George's upstairs neighbor in the City. Mr. Zoobel is a painter in a modern (non-representational) style who sometimes uses stamps shaped like animal feet. He has a de-scented pet skunk named Geoffrey, a gopher snake named Bruno, and two mice named Benjy and Willy. When he first moved in, he used the stamps so much it made a loud stomping noise in George's apartment downstairs making George think he lived with an elephant.

text: (He is voiced by Carlos Alazraqui)

text: Mr. and Mrs. Quint: Mr. Quint is one of George's country friends, Clint Quint is an avid fisherman and one of a set of quintuplets. His siblings are a sister who is a track runner (Sprint), a brother who is a train-station master (Flint), a brother who is a police officer (Wint), and a sister who prints money (Mint).

text: (All male Quints are voiced by Jim Cummings. All female Quints are voiced by Candi Milo)

text: Minor[edit]

text: Animals[edit]

text: Benjy & Willy: Mr. Zoobel's pet mice who are respectively black & white. They feel cooped up in their small terrarium and long for freedom. They are afraid of Zoobel's gopher snake Bruno because snakes eat mice.

text: (Their squeaks are voiced by Frank Welker)

text: Bruno: Mr. Zoobel's pet gopher snake who only eats once a day. He sheds his skin 3 times a year. Like many snakes, he likes sunshine.

text: (Bruno was voiced by Frank Welker)

text: Doxie: Doxie is another dachshund who was introduced in Season 2. She is almost identical to Hundley in appearance, except that she wears a red collar; however, unlike Hundley, Doxie is bouncy and playful.

text: (Doxie is voiced by Frank Welker)

text: Fluffy: In the episode Monkey Fever, Fluffy was a cat who belonged to Betsy's friend and had six kittens.

text: Betsy brought one of the kittens over to George's apartment to show him.

text: (Fluffy is voiced by Frank Welker)

text:
Geoffrey: Mr. Zoobel's pet skunk. He is de-scented and domesticated.
Leslie: Leslie is a cow, owned by the Renkins. She's a great friend of George.

text: (Leslie is voiced by Rob Paulsen)

text:
Little Mike: Mike is a pig owned by the Renkins. He first appears in Ski Monkey, when he is stranded in the snow. He also appears in Old McGeorgie had a Farm.
Lucky: Lucky is Professor Wiseman's kitten, introduced in season 2. She likes Hundley, although Hundley is allergic to her.

text: (Lucky is voiced by Debi Derryberry)

text:
Oscar: A white pig owned by the Renkins who won the "prettiest pig" contest in (Old McGeorgie had a Farm).
Sue Berm: An elephant who works at the zoo as a painter. Every one of her paintings is unique. She signs a painting by marking it with her trunk with green paint when she is done.
Tracy: Tracy is a hen, owned by the Renkins. She has five (Up the River) or six (Old McGeorgie had a Farm and A Bridge to Farm) chicks who follow her around everywhere. The chicks also like George and often follow him around too. The chicks are curious just like George and are often wandering away from Tracy. The youngest of her chicks is named Al. Voiced by Rob Paulsen in the first season and Frank Welker in the second.

text: People[edit]

text: Ada & Luke: A couple who own a general store in the country. The store gives a free pickle to anyone who comes and visits.

text: (Ada is voiced by Kath Soucie and Luke by Rob Paulsen)

text: Andie, Stig, & Stew: Firefighter members of Rescue Squad 86 who play in a band with the Man with the Yellow Hat. They are confused as to why they never get "normal" calls.

text: (Andie is voiced by Elizabeth Daily, Stig by Rob Paulsen in season 1 and Jim Cummings in season 2, and Stew is voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson)

text: Calhoun the Gopher Getter: A gopher exterminator in the country who is nerdy and has buck teeth. He was hired by Mr. Renkins to eliminate a gopher family that was taking his grapes. After Calhoun resorted to bulldoze the Renkins' garden at a last attempt to catch the gophers, he was fired by Mr. Renkins. Oddly enough, he looks similar to a gopher himself.

text: (He is voiced by Rob Paulsen)

text: Vicky and Vinny: Vicky and Vinny are African American siblings who live in the country near George and the Man with the Yellow Hat. They were introduced in 2007 in the episode Ski Monkey, where they help George get back home after a heavy snowfall. They are later seen in the episode Sprout Outing (2009) as Sprouts (a parody of a junior scouting organisation) with Bill and George. The siblings are friendly and playful.[1]

text: (They are voiced by Rosslynn Taylor Jordan and Indigo respectively)[2]

text: Cayley: Cayley owns a candy counter in Mabel's department store (a parody of Macy's, and likely a portmanteau name referencing both Macy's and its erstwhile competitor Gimbel's) in New York City.

text: (She is voiced by Kari Wahlgren)

text: Dorothy: The Doorman's sister.

text: (Voiced by Grey DeLisle)

text: Dr. Alvin Einstein: A rocket scientist who works with Professor Wiseman and Professor Anthony Pizza. He is not related to the famous scientist Albert Einstein. He often bickers with Professor Pizza.

text: (He is voiced by Jim Cummings)

text: Dr. Baker: Dr. Baker is The Man with the Yellow Hat's doctor. He also goes to a hospital to help people who are sick and hurt. He sometimes uses bandage straps to help someone who has a sprain or if someone put their hands in thorns.

text: (He is voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson)

text: Dr. Ghesund: Another doctor who works in the same office as Dr. Baker. His name is similar to the German word for "bless you", "Gesundheit."

text: (He is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker)

text:
Dr. Raj Desai: A scientist that dug up all of the city Museum's dinosaur skeletons. He is very protective of his discoveries and only lets other scientists handle them. He is very forgetful though and his wife often tells him he'd forget his head if it weren't attached. His newest donated project to the museum had the incorrect skull; the correct one was placed on the older skeleton next to it.
Grocer: He owns the grocery store near George's apartment building in the city, and has an adult son who helps him run the store.

text: (He is voiced by Jim Cummings)

text:
Gwen & Sisly: The respectively White & Black women who work at the city animal pound.
Mr. (Ken) Auger: A plumber always hired by the Man in the Yellow Hat to fix household plumbing problems. He always lets George watch him do his job. He is distressed at the fact that people never just call him over for a friendly visit.
Mrs. Dulson: The eccentric owner of Dulson's Toy Store in the city. Her husband appears in Roller Monkey and Fun Ball Tally.
Mr. Reloj: Mr. Reloj owns a clock store and knows everything all about them. He walks very fast, but is forever late. His name is the Spanish word for clock.

text: (He is voiced by Rob Paulsen)

text: Mrs. D.: Mrs. D. is an owner of a donut store in the city.

text: (Voiced by Candi Milo)

text: Mr. Ruffweek: A blimp pilot who flies the Ruffweek Blimp. The blimp flies over 7 N. Avenue once in the morning, and again at sunset. His name is a play on the words "Rough Week", perhaps referring to his tight schedule or a play on the Goodyear Blimp.

text: (He is voiced by Rob Paulsen)

text: Professor Anthony Pizza: One of the scientists who works with Dr. Alvin Einstein and Professor Wiseman. He often bickers with Dr. Einstein.

text: (He is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker)

text: Rodney: An employee of a market in the city. (This market is not the grocery store which George normally visits; it is on a nearby street, and serves as that store's main competitor.) Rodney lost the annual Bag-A-Lympics competition due to his overconfidence And The Rival Of George.

text: (He is voiced by Jim Cummings)

text: Uncle Tam: The Man with the Yellow Hat's uncle, who dresses in green clothes with a white shirt and lives in a castle in Scotland with a golf course. In the episode Castle Keep, he was going to be evicted from his castle because he could no longer find the castle's deed, which meant he would have to pay 400 years of back taxes.

text: (He is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker)

text: The Zucchinis: A family of three acrobats renowned for their balance. They are friends of Chef Pisghetti.

text: (They are voiced by James Arnold Taylor, Tara Strong, and Grey DeLisle)

text: Dog Trainer Man A man that is involved with dog shows and competitions. Mainly seen in Curious George Dog Counter and Charkie Goes To School.


document_title: List of multiple Olympic medalists

question_text: who won the most gold metals in olympics

text: List of multiple Olympic medalists

text: List of Olympic medals over career[edit]

text: This is a list of multiple Olympic medalists, listing people who have won seven or more Olympic medals. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. When an athlete has won medals for more than one nation, for simplicity only the last nation he or she represented is mentioned here. The Olympics listed for each athlete only include games when they won medals. See the particular article on the athlete for more details on when and for what nation an athlete competed.

text: In those instances where more than one athlete has the same number of total medals, the first tiebreaker is the number of gold medals, then the number of silver medals. Where two or more athletes have exactly the same number of gold, silver and bronze medals, the ranking is shown as a tie and the athletes are shown in order by career years and name.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Gender
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
23
3
2
28

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
9
5
4
18

3
Bjorgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
8
4
3
15

4
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
7
5
3

5
Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
8
4
1
13

6
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
7
4
2

7
Mangiarotti, EdoardoEdoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
5
2

8
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
5
4
4

9
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
9
3
0
12

10
Fischer, BirgitBirgit Fischer
 East Germany
 Germany
Canoeing
1980–2004
Summer
F
8
4
0

Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
8
4
0

12
Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
8
3
1

Thompson, JennyJenny Thompson
 United States
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
8
3
1

14
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
6
3
3

15
Torres, DaraDara Torres
 United States
Swimming
1984–2008
Summer
F
4
4
4

16
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
4
2
6

17
Coughlin, NatalieNatalie Coughlin
 United States
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
3
4
5

18
Spitz, MarkMark Spitz
 United States
Swimming
1968–1972
Summer
M
9
1
1
11

19
Biondi, MattMatt Biondi
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
8
2
1

20
Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
4
0

21
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
7
3
1

22
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
5
5
1

23
Osburn, CarlCarl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
1912–1924
Summer
M
5
4
2

24
Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
9
1
0
10

25
Gerevich, AladarAladár Gerevich
 Hungary
Fencing
1932–1960
Summer
M
7
1
2

26
Werth, IsabellIsabell Werth
 Germany
Equestrian
1992–2016
Summer
F
6
4
0

27
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
6
2
2

28
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
6
0
4

29
Keleti, AgnesÁgnes Keleti
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
5
3
2

Hall Jr., GaryGary Hall Jr.
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
M
5
3
2

31
Astakhova, PolinaPolina Astakhova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
5
2
3

32
Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
4
5
1

33
Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
M
3
6
1

34
Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–2002
Winter
F
2
3
5

35
Almsick, FranziskaFranziska van Almsick
 Germany
Swimming
1992–2004
Summer
F
0
4
6

36
Van Innis, HubertHubert Van Innis
 Belgium
Archery
1900–1920
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
6
3
0

Felix, AllysonAllyson Felix
 United States
Athletics
2004–2016
Summer
F
6
3
0

39
Vezzali, ValentinaValentina Vezzali
 Italy
Fencing
1996–2012
Summer
F
6
1
2

40
Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
3
1

Thorpe, IanIan Thorpe
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
5
3
1

42
Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
5
2
2

43
Tsukahara, MitsuoMitsuo Tsukahara
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
1
3

44
Popov, AlexanderAlexander Popov
 Unified Team
 Russia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
M
4
5
0

45
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
4
3
2

Tourischeva, LudmillaLudmilla Tourischeva
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
F
4
3
2

47
Kramer, SvenSven Kramer
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
M
4
2
3

48
Charlotte Kalla
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
2010–2018
Winter
F
3
6
0

49
Grunsven, AnkyAnky van Grunsven
 Netherlands
Equestrian
1992–2012
Summer
F
3
5
1

Jones, LeiselLeisel Jones
 Australia
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
F
3
5
1

51
Gaudini, GiulioGiulio Gaudini
 Italy
Fencing
1928–1936
Summer
M
3
4
2

52
Swahn, AlfredAlfred Swahn
 Sweden
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
3
3
3

53
Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
2
6
1

54
Disl, UschiUschi Disl
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
F
2
4
3

55
Savolainen, HeikkiHeikki Savolainen
 Finland
Gymnastics
1928–1952
Summer
M
2
1
6

56
Titov, YuriYuri Titov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
1
5
3

57
Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey
 Jamaica
Athletics
1980–2000
Summer
F
0
3
6

58
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
 Jamaica
Athletics
2008–2016
Summer
M
8
0
0

60
Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
6
1
1

61
Klimke, ReinerReiner Klimke
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1964–1988
Summer
M
6
0
2

Ahn Hyun-Soo
Viktor Ahn
 South Korea
 Russia
Short track speed skating
2006–2014
Winter
M
6
0
2

63
Ritola, VilleVille Ritola
 Finland
Athletics
1924–1928
Summer
M
5
3
0

64
Lipa, ElisabetaElisabeta Lipă
 Romania
Rowing
1984–2000
Summer
F
5
2
1

65
Wiggins, BradleyBradley Wiggins
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2

Adrian, NathanNathan Adrian
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
M
5
1
2

67
Fraser, DawnDawn Fraser
 Australia
Swimming
1956–1964
Summer
F
4
4
0

Ender, KorneliaKornelia Ender
 East Germany
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
4
4
0

69
Olsen, OttoOtto Olsen
 Norway
Shooting
1920–1924
Summer
M
4
3
1

Miez, GeorgesGeorges Miez
 Switzerland
Gymnastics
1924–1936
Summer
M
4
3
1

Gross, RicoRicco Groß
 Germany
Biathlon
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
3
1

Svendsen, Emil HegleEmil Hegle Svendsen
 Norway
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
4
3
1

73
Matthes, RolandRoland Matthes
 East Germany
Swimming
1968–1976
Summer
M
4
2
2

Schmitt, AllisonAllison Schmitt
 United States
Swimming
2008–2016
Summer
F
4
2
2

Kulakova, GalinaGalina Kulakova
 Soviet Union
Cross-country skiing
1972–1980
Winter
F
4
2
2

Aamodt, Kjetil AndreKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2

Fischer, SvenSven Fischer
 Germany
Biathlon
1994–2006
Winter
M
4
2
2

Bruijn, IngeInge de Bruijn
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
F
4
2
2

Lezak, JasonJason Lezak
 United States
Swimming
2000–2012
Summer
M
4
2
2

80
Trillini, GiovannaGiovanna Trillini
 Italy
Fencing
1992–2008
Summer
F
4
1
3

81
Kovacs, KatalinKatalin Kovács
 Hungary
Canoeing
2000–2012
Summer
F
3
5
0

82
Ducret, RogerRoger Ducret
 France
Fencing
1920–1928
Summer
M
3
4
1

Cattiau, PhilippePhilippe Cattiau
 France
Fencing
1920–1936
Summer
M
3
4
1

Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1

Thomas, PetriaPetria Thomas
 Australia
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
F
3
4
1

87
Campbell-Brown, VeronicaVeronica Campbell-Brown
 Jamaica
Athletics
2000–2016
Summer
F
3
3
2

88
Babashoff, ShirleyShirley Babashoff
 United States
Swimming
1972–1976
Summer
F
2
6
0

89
Oneill, SusieSusie O'Neill
 Australia
Swimming
1992–2000
Summer
F
2
4
2

90
Korondi, MargitMargit Korondi
 Hungary
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
F
2
2
4

Muratova, SofiaSofia Muratova
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1960
Summer
F
2
2
4

Sautin, DmitriDmitri Sautin
 Unified Team
 Russia
Diving
1992–2008
Summer
M
2
2
4

Ohno, ApoloApolo Ohno
 United States
Short track speed skating
2002–2010
Winter
M
2
2
4

94
Fontana, AriannaArianna Fontana
 Italy
Short track speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
1
2
5

95
Hoy, ChrisChris Hoy
 Great Britain
Cycling
2000–2012
Summer
M
6
1
0
7

Kenny, JasonJason Kenny
 Great Britain
Cycling
2008–2016
Summer
M
6
1
0

97
Kovacs, PalPál Kovács
 Hungary
Fencing
1936–1960
Summer
M
6
0
1

98
Endo, YukioYukio Endo
 Japan
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
M
5
2
0

Peirsol, AaronAaron Peirsol
 United States
Swimming
2000–2008
Summer
M
5
2
0

Fourcade, MartinMartin Fourcade
 France
Biathlon
2010–2018
Winter
M
5
2
0

101
Lee, Willis AugustusWillis Augustus Lee
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
5
1
1

Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1

Winkler, Hans GunterHans Günter Winkler
 United Team of Germany
 West Germany
Equestrian
1956–1976
Summer
M
5
1
1

Jager, TomTom Jager
 United States
Swimming
1984–1992
Summer
M
5
1
1

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1

Lazutina, LarisaLarisa Lazutina
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
5
1
1

Vollmer, DanaDana Vollmer
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
5
1
1

Wu, MinxiaMinxia Wu
 China
Diving
2004–2016
Summer
F
5
1
1

109
Patzaichin, IvanIvan Patzaichin
 Romania
Canoeing
1968–1984
Summer
M
4
3
0

110
Liberg, EinarEinar Liberg
 Norway
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
4
2
1

Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1

112
Daniels, CharlesCharles Daniels
 United States
Swimming
1904–1908
Summer
M
4
1
2

Spooner, LloydLloyd Spooner
 United States
Shooting
1920
Summer
M
4
1
2

Kitajima, KosukeKosuke Kitajima
 Japan
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
4
1
2

Trickett, LibbyLibby Trickett
 Australia
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
F
4
1
2

116
Carlberg, VilhelmVilhelm Carlberg
 Sweden
Shooting
1908–1924
Summer
M
3
4
0

117
Hakulinen, VeikkoVeikko Hakulinen
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1952–1960
Winter
M
3
3
1

118
Mantyranta, EeroEero Mäntyranta
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1960–1968
Winter
M
3
2
2

Szewinska, IrenaIrena Szewińska
 Poland
Athletics
1964–1976
Summer
F
3
2
2

Andersson, AgnetaAgneta Andersson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1984–1996
Summer
F
3
2
2

Hoogenband, PieterPieter van den Hoogenband
 Netherlands
Swimming
2000–2004
Summer
M
3
2
2

122
Strickland, ShirleyShirley Strickland
 Australia
Athletics
1948–1956
Summer
F
3
1
3

Amanar, SimonaSimona Amânar
 Romania
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
F
3
1
3

Gottwald, FelixFelix Gottwald
 Austria
Nordic combined
2002–2010
Winter
M
3
1
3

125
Kirvesniemi, Marja-LiisaMarja-Liisa Kirvesniemi
 Finland
Cross-country skiing
1984–1994
Winter
F
3
0
4

Valbe, YelenaYelena Välbe
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
0
4

127
Marzi, GustavoGustavo Marzi
 Italy
Fencing
1928–1936
Summer
M
2
5
0

Gorokhovskaya, MariaMaria Gorokhovskaya
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952
Summer
F
2
5
0

129
Beard, AmandaAmanda Beard
 United States
Swimming
1996–2004
Summer
F
2
4
1

Khorkina, SvetlanaSvetlana Khorkina
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2004
Summer
F
2
4
1

Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
2
4
1

132
Ujlaki-Rejto, IldikoIldikó Újlaky-Rejtő
 Hungary
Fencing
1960–1976
Summer
F
2
3
2

Janz, KarinKarin Janz
 East Germany
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
F
2
3
2

134
Miller, ShannonShannon Miller
 United States
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
F
2
2
3

Di Centa, ManuelaManuela Di Centa
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
F
2
2
3

136
Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich
 East Germany
Speed skating
1976–1988
Winter
F
1
5
1

137
Smirnov, VladimirVladimir Smirnov
 Kazakhstan
Cross-country skiing
1988–1998
Winter
M
1
4
2

tag: table

text: Timeline[edit]

text: This is a progressive list of Olympians that have held the record for most medals won. Medals won in the 1906 Intercalated Games are not included. It includes top-three placings in 1896 and 1900, before medals were awarded for top-three placings. All record-holders have competed at Summer Games rather than Winter Games.

text:
Medal count
Date
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Record medal event
Earlier medal events

1
6 April 1896[1]
James Connolly
 United States
Athletics
Triple jump G
–

Alexandre Tuffère
 France
Triple jump S

Ioannis Persakis
 Greece
Triple jump B

Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Discus G

Panagiotis Paraskevopoulos
 Greece
Discus S

Sotirios Versis
 Greece
Discus B

2
7 April 1896[1]
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Long jump S
See above

James Connolly
 United States
Long jump B

3
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Shot put G
1896 – 1 G, 2 S

9 April 1896[1]
Carl Schuhmann
 Germany
Gymnastics
Vault G
1896 – 1 G, 2 G

Hermann Weingärtner
 Germany
Vault B
1896 – 1 G, 2 G

4
Gymnastics
Pommel horse S

5
Rings S

6
Horizontal bar G

16 July 1900
Robert Garrett
 United States
Athletics
Standing triple jump B
1896 – 1 G, 2 S, 3 G, 4 S
1900 – 5 B

3 September 1904
Ray Ewry
 United States
Athletics
Standing triple jump G
1900 – 1 G, 2 G, 3 G
1904 – 4 G, 5 G

7
20 July 1908
Athletics
Standing long jump G

8
23 July 1908
Standing high jump G

29 July 1920
Carl Osburn
 United States
Shooting
Team 300 m / 600 m military rifle, prone G
1912 – 1 B, 2 S, 3 S, 4 G
1920 – 5 B, 6 S, 7 G

9
30 July 1920
300 m military rifle, standing G

10
31 July 1920
Team free rifle G

11
27 June 1924
Shooting
600 m free rifle S

3 August 1928
Paavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
5000 m S
1920 – 1 S, 2 G, 3 G, 4 G
1924 – 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G, 9 G
1928 – 10 G

12
4 August 1928
3000 m steeplechase S

2 September 1960
Edoardo Mangiarotti
 Italy
Fencing
Team foil S
1936 – 1 G
1948 – 2 S, 3 S, 4 B
1952 – 5 S, 6 S, 7 G, 8 G
1956 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 B

13
9 September 1960
Team épée G

21 October 1964
Larisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
Team G
1956 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 G, 4 G, 5 G, 6 S
1960 – 7 G, 8 G, 9 S, 10 S, 11 B, 12 G

14
All-around S

15
22 October 1964
Vault S

16
Uneven bars B

17
23 October 1964
Balance beam B

18
Floor exercise G

31 July 2012
Michael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
200 m butterfly S
2004 – 1 G, 2 B, 3 B, 4 G, 5 G, 6 G, 7 G, 8 G
2008 – 9 G, 10 G, 11 G, 12 G, 13 G, 14 G, 15 G, 16 G
2012 – 17 S

19
4 × 200 m freestyle G

20
2 August 2012
200 m individual medley G

21
3 August 2012
100 m butterfly G

22
4 August 2012
4 × 100 m medley relay G

23
7 August 2016
4 × 100 m freestyle relay G

24
9 August 2016
200 m butterfly G

25
4 × 200 m freestyle relay G

26
11 August 2016
200 m individual medley G

27
12 August 2016
100 m butterfly S

28
13 August 2016
4 × 100 m medley relay G

text: Legend: G = Gold, S = Silver, B = Bronze.

text: List of most career medals in individual events[edit]

text: This list contains only medals won in individual events, no relays or team events count for this section.

text:
No.
Athlete
Nation
Sport
Years
Games
Sex
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
 United States
Swimming
2004–2016
Summer
M
13
2
1
16

2
Latynina, LarisaLarisa Latynina
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
F
6
5
3
14

3
Andrianov, NikolaiNikolai Andrianov
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1972–1980
Summer
M
6
3
3
12

4
Shakhlin, BorisBoris Shakhlin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1956–1964
Summer
M
6
2
2
10

5
Bjørgen, MaritMarit Bjørgen
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
2002–2018
Winter
F
5
3
2

6
Ono, TakashiTakashi Ono
 Japan
Gymnastics
1952–1964
Summer
M
3
3
4

7
Nemov, AlexeiAlexei Nemov
 Russia
Gymnastics
1996–2000
Summer
M
3
2
5

8
Nurmi, PaavoPaavo Nurmi
 Finland
Athletics
1920–1928
Summer
M
6
3
0
9

Dahlie, BjornBjørn Dæhlie
 Norway
Cross-country skiing
1992–1998
Winter
M
6
3
0

10
Chukarin, ViktorViktor Chukarin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1952–1956
Summer
M
5
3
1

Kato, SawaoSawao Kato
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1976
Summer
M
5
3
1

Bjorndalen, Ole EinarOle Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
Biathlon
1998–2014
Winter
M
5
3
1

13
Scherbo, VitalyVitaly Scherbo
 Unified Team
 Belarus
Gymnastics
1992–1996
Summer
M
5
0
4

14
Wüst, IreenIreen Wüst
 Netherlands
Speed skating
2006–2018
Winter
F
4
4
1

15
Ewry, RayRay Ewry
 United States
Athletics
1900–1908
Summer
M
8
0
0
8

16
Caslavska, VeraVěra Čáslavská
 Czechoslovakia
Gymnastics
1960–1968
Summer
F
7
1
0

Lewis, CarlCarl Lewis
 United States
Athletics
1984–1996
Summer
M
7
1
0

18
Nakayama, AkinoriAkinori Nakayama
 Japan
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
4
2
2

Aamodt, Kjetil AndréKjetil André Aamodt
 Norway
Alpine skiing
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2

Pechstein, ClaudiaClaudia Pechstein
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–2006
Winter
F
4
2
2

21
Enke, KarinKarin Enke
 East Germany
Speed skating
1980–1988
Winter
F
3
4
1

Niemann-Stirnemann, GundaGunda Niemann-Stirnemann
 Germany
Speed skating
1992–1998
Winter
F
3
4
1

23
Dityatin, AlexanderAlexander Dityatin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
M
2
5
1

24
Thunberg, ClasClas Thunberg
 Finland
Speed skating
1924–1928
Winter
M
5
1
1
7

Fredriksson, GertGert Fredriksson
 Sweden
Canoeing
1948–1960
Summer
M
5
1
1

Comaneci, NadiaNadia Comăneci
 Romania
Gymnastics
1976–1980
Summer
F
5
1
1

Egerszegi, KrisztinaKrisztina Egerszegi
 Hungary
Swimming
1988–1996
Summer
F
5
1
1

28
Yegorova, LyubovLyubov Yegorova
 Unified Team
 Russia
Cross-country skiing
1992–1994
Winter
F
4
3
0

29
Ballangrud, IvarIvar Ballangrud
 Norway
Speed skating
1928–1936
Winter
M
4
2
1

30
Jernberg, SixtenSixten Jernberg
 Sweden
Cross-country skiing
1956–1964
Winter
M
3
3
1

31
Voronin, MikhailMikhail Voronin
 Soviet Union
Gymnastics
1968–1972
Summer
M
2
4
1

Smetanina, RaisaRaisa Smetanina
 Soviet Union
 Unified Team
Cross-country skiing
1976–1992
Winter
F
2
4
1

Coventry, KirstyKirsty Coventry
 Zimbabwe
Swimming
2004–2008
Summer
F
2
4
1

34
Belmondo, StefaniaStefania Belmondo
 Italy
Cross-country skiing
1992–2002
Winter
F
2
3
2

35
Lochte, RyanRyan Lochte
 United States
Swimming
2004–2012
Summer
M
2
2
3

36
Ehrig-Mitscherlich, AndreaAndrea Ehrig-Mitscherlich
 East Germany
Speed skating
1976–1988
Winter
F
1
5
1

37
Ottey, MerleneMerlene Ottey
 Jamaica
Athletics
1980–2000
Summer
F
0
2
5

text: Athletes with medals in different disciplines[edit]

text: In the Summer and Winter Games[edit]

text:
Athlete (Nation)
Summer Games
Winter Games
Ref

Year
Medal
Event
Year
Medal
Event

 Eddie Eagan (USA)
1920 Antwerp
01 ! Gold
Boxing (light heavyweight)
1932 Lake Placid
01 ! Gold
Bobsleigh (four-man)
[2]

 Jacob Tullin Thams (NOR)
1936 Berlin
02 ! Silver
Sailing (8-metre)
1924 Chamonix
01 ! Gold
Ski jumping (individual large hill)
[3]

 Christa Luding-Rothenburger (GDR)
1988 Seoul
02 ! Silver
Cycling (sprint)
1984 Sarajevo
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (500 m)
[4]

1988 Calgary
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (1000 m)

02 ! Silver
Speed skating (500 m)

1992 Albertville
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (500 m)

 Clara Hughes (CAN)
1996 Atlanta
03 ! Bronze
Cycling (road race)
2002 Salt Lake City
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (5000 m)
[5]

2006 Turin
02 ! Silver
Speed skating (team pursuit)

03 ! Bronze
Cycling (time trial)
01 ! Gold
Speed skating (5000 m)

2010 Vancouver
03 ! Bronze
Speed skating (5000 m)

 Lauryn Williams (USA)
2004 Athens
02 ! Silver
Athletics (100 m)
2014 Sochi
02 ! Silver
Bobsleigh (two-woman)
[6]

2012 London
01 ! Gold
Athletics (4 × 100 m relay)

text:
Gillis Grafström became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics, winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and at the first Winter Olympics in 1924.
Eddie Eagan became the first person to win a medal in the Winter Olympics and in the Summer Olympics in different events. He is the only Summer and Winter medalist to win gold medals in different events.
Christa Luding-Rothenburger is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year. (This feat is no longer possible due to the staggering of the Winter and Summer Olympic years). She is also the first person to win medals in successive Winter and Summer Games or vice versa.
Clara Hughes is the first person to win multiple medals in both Summer and Winter Games and holds the highest number of medals of any Olympian to win medals in both the Summer and Winter Games.

text: In the Summer Games[edit]

text: Swimming and water polo[edit]

text:
Paul Radmilovic (GBR)
 Johnny Weissmuller (USA)
 Gérard Blitz (BEL)
 Tim Shaw (USA)

text: Others in Summer Games[edit]

text:
Morris Kirksey (USA) (athletics and rugby)
 Edwin Flack (AUS) (athletics and tennis)
 Karch Kiraly (USA) (indoor volleyball and beach volleyball)
 Otto Herschmann (AUT) (swimming and fencing)
 Carl Schuhmann (GER) (gymnastics and wrestling)
 Rebecca Romero (GBR) (cycling and rowing)
 Roswitha Krause (GER) (swimming and handball)
 Walter W. Winans (USA) (shooting and sculpture)
 Alfréd Hajós (HUN) (swimming and architecture)
 Conn Findlay (USA) (rowing and sailing)
 Magnus Wegelius (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
 Veli Nieminen (FIN) (gymnastics and shooting)
 Daniel Norling (SWE) (gymnastics and equestrian)
 Fritz Hofmann (GER) (gymnastics and athletics)
 Oswald Holmberg (SWE) (gymnastics and tug of war)
 Gustaf Dyrssen (SWE) (modern pentathlon and fencing)

text: In the Winter Games[edit]

text: Cross-country skiing and Nordic combined[edit]

text:
Thorleif Haug (NOR)
 Johan Grøttumsbråten (NOR)
 Thoralf Strømstad (NOR)
 Oddbjørn Hagen (NOR)
 Heikki Hasu (FIN)

text: Others in Winter Games[edit]

text:
Anfisa Reztsova (URS) (biathlon and cross-country skiing)
 Susi Erdmann (GER) (luge and bobsleigh)
 Gerda Weissensteiner (ITA) (luge and bobsleigh)
 Eric Flaim (USA) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
 Jorien ter Mors (NED) (long track speed skating and short track speed skating)
 Ester Ledecká (CZE) (alpine skiing and snowboarding)


document_title: hosts (file)

question_text: where is the hosts file located in windows 10

text: hosts (file)

text: Purpose[edit]

text: The hosts file is one of several system facilities that assists in addressing network nodes in a computer network. It is a common part of an operating system's Internet Protocol (IP) implementation, and serves the function of translating human-friendly hostnames into numeric protocol addresses, called IP addresses, that identify and locate a host in an IP network.

text: In some operating systems, the contents of the hosts file is used preferentially to other name resolution methods, such as the Domain Name System (DNS), but many systems implement name service switches, e.g., nsswitch.conf for Linux and Unix, to provide customization. Unlike remote DNS resolvers, the hosts file is under the direct control of the local computer's administrator.[2]

text: File content[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The hosts file contains lines of text consisting of an IP address in the first text field followed by one or more host names. Each field is separated by white space – tabs are often preferred for historical reasons, but spaces are also used. Comment lines may be included; they are indicated by an octothorpe (#) in the first position of such lines. Entirely blank lines in the file are ignored. For example, a typical hosts file may contain the following:

text: This example only contains entries for the loopback addresses of the system and their host names, a typical default content of the hosts file. The example illustrates that an IP address may have multiple host names (localhost and loopback), and that a host name may be mapped to both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses, as shown on the first and second lines respectively.

text: Location in the file system[edit]

text: The location of the hosts file in the file system hierarchy varies by operating system. It is usually named hosts, without an extension.

text:
Operating System
Version(s)
Location

Unix, Unix-like, POSIX

/etc/hosts[3]

Microsoft Windows
3.1
%WinDir%\HOSTS

95, 98, ME
%WinDir%\hosts[4]

NT, 2000, XP,[5] 2003, Vista,
2008, 7, 2012, 8, 10
%SystemRoot%\System32\drivers\etc\hosts[6]

Windows Mobile, Windows Phone

Registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Comm\Tcpip\Hosts

Apple Macintosh
9 and earlier
Preferences or System folder

Mac OS X 10.0–10.1.5[7]
(Added through NetInfo or niload)

Mac OS X 10.2 and newer
/etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)[7]

Novell NetWare

SYS:etc\hosts

OS/2 & eComStation

"bootdrive":\mptn\etc\

Symbian
Symbian OS 6.1–9.0
C:\system\data\hosts

Symbian OS 9.1+
C:\private\10000882\hosts

MorphOS
NetStack
ENVARC:sys/net/hosts

AmigaOS
< 4
AmiTCP:db/hosts

4
DEVS:Internet/hosts

AROS

ENVARC:AROSTCP/db/hosts

Android

/etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /system/etc/hosts)

iOS
iOS 2.0 and newer
/etc/hosts (a symbolic link to /private/etc/hosts)

TOPS-20

<SYSTEM>HOSTS.TXT

Plan 9

/lib/ndb/hosts

BeOS

/boot/beos/etc/hosts[8]

Haiku

/boot/common/settings/network/hosts[8]

OpenVMS
UCX
UCX$HOST

TCPware
TCPIP$HOST

RISC OS
3.7, 5
!Boot.Resources.!Internet.files.Hosts

later boot sequence
!Boot.Choices.Hardware.Disabled.Internet.Files.Hosts[9]

text: History[edit]

text: The ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet, had no distributed host name database. Each network node maintained its own map of the network nodes as needed and assigned them names that were memorable to the users of the system. There was no method for ensuring that all references to a given node in a network were using the same name, nor was there a way to read the hosts file of another computer to automatically obtain a copy.

text: The small size of the ARPANET kept the administrative overhead small to maintain an accurate hosts file. Network nodes typically had one address and could have many names. As local area TCP/IP computer networks gained popularity, however, the maintenance of hosts files became a larger burden on system administrators as networks and network nodes were being added to the system with increasing frequency.

text: Standardization efforts, such as the format specification of the file HOSTS.TXT in RFC 952, and distribution protocols, e.g., the hostname server described in RFC 953, helped with these problems, but the centralized and monolithic nature of hosts files eventually necessitated the creation of the distributed Domain Name System (DNS).

text: On some old systems a file named networks is present that has similar to hosts file functions containing names of networks.

text: Extended applications[edit]

text: In its function of resolving host names, the hosts file may be used to define any hostname or domain name for use in the local system.

text: Security issues[edit]

text: The hosts file may present an attack vector for malicious software. The file may be modified, for example, by adware, computer viruses, or trojan horse software to redirect traffic from the intended destination to sites hosting malicious or unwanted content.[10] The widespread computer worm Mydoom.B blocked users from visiting sites about computer security and antivirus software and also affected access from the compromised computer to the Microsoft Windows Update website.


document_title: Half-Life 2: Episode Two

question_text: where does half life 2 episode 2 take place

text: Half-Life 2: Episode Two

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: As with its predecessors, the game is played in the first person as series protagonist Gordon Freeman against transhuman troops, known as the Combine, and other hostile alien creatures. Levels are linear but add a more open environment, consisting of puzzles and first-person shooter game-play. Sequences involving vehicles are interspersed throughout the game, breaking up moments of combat.

text: One of the focal points of Episode Two was meant to be increased use of vehicles in open areas. However, the game retains its original linear style until the final battle.[5] Episode Two has more puzzles than Episode One, including the biggest physical puzzle yet in the series—a damaged unstable bridge.[5] The game features numerous "achievements" (similar to PlayStation 3's Trophies and Xbox Live's Achievements) for carrying out certain tasks. Some are essential to game progress, such as helping fight off an antlion invasion, or defeating the first Hunters. Others are optional tricks or feats the player can perform, such as killing a Combine soldier with their own grenade or running down a certain number of enemies with the car.[5]

text: Enemies[edit]

text: Episode Two featured a new Hunter enemy, which had just been seen briefly in a recorded message in Episode One. The Hunter serves as one of the most dangerous enemies within the game and as means of emotional development for Alyx Vance. The Hunter is a powerful and resilient enemy which players must often run from while seeking a means to fight back; Episode Two's environments are designed with this in mind.[6]

text: An interview in the August 2006 issue of PC Gamer magazine revealed that the Hunter stands 8 feet (2.4 m) tall. Erik Johnson, the game's project lead, states that the Hunters are "big and impressive, but they can go anywhere the player can go", as the player can encounter them both indoors and outdoors.[7] Ted Backman, senior artist for Valve, talks about how the Hunter can express emotions, being a somewhat non-human character. "We want the Hunter to be able to express nervousness or aggression, [to show you] whether it's aggressive, hurt, or mad." Hunters are very aggressive and they tend to operate in packs, but can also be found supporting other Combine troops. Late in the game, they can be found escorting Striders, using their flechette guns to protect the Striders that the player is trying to attack.[7]

text: Hunters primarily attack the player by bracing themselves and firing bursts from their flechette cannon. Four flechettes can vaporize an ordinary human soldier. If they do not strike a living target, the flechette charge up for several seconds and then explode, dealing minor damage to everything nearby. Hunters may also conduct a charging attack or strike with their legs if the player gets too close. Hunters are vulnerable to all weapons, but to compensate, are still quite resilient, making explosives and the pulse rifle's charged energy ball the most attractive options. Objects thrown with the gravity gun are also effective, especially if the player catches some of their flechettes with the object before hurling it (one of the in-game Achievements). In outdoor environments, they can be run over with a vehicle.[8]

text: Two new forms of antlion appear in the game. The first is the glow-in-the-dark antlion grub, a harmless, worm-like creature which functions as a minor health pickup and a light source. Killing all 333 of these earns an Achievement. The second is the worker antlion (or 'acidlion') whose body produces a powerful and poisonous acid. In addition to a ranged acid spit attack, they also explode when killed, launching acid around them in a short radius, making them dangerous close-combat opponents. Although they are thematically similar to the bullsquids of the original Half-Life, they are functionally closer to the poison headcrab—as an enemy that the player will instinctively prioritize as a target. A new antlion guardian, which has glow-in-the-dark features, was also added. This "Guardian" hunts and attacks Gordon Freeman as the player endeavors to take the larval extract the Guardian protects. The vortigaunt that accompanies the player forbids him from harming the guardian, fearing the extract will be ruined if he does. The player must therefore accomplish his goal while being harried by a creature he cannot eliminate, though the player is eventually given the chance to kill it.[9]

text: Weapons[edit]

text: Episode Two features no additions to Gordon Freeman's weapons inventory. Instead, Valve chose to further explore uses for the gravity gun, with which the player can pick up and throw large objects. They introduced more varied Gravity Gun "ammunition", such as logs, flares, and half-height butane tanks, which are easier to aim than full-size fuel drums.[10]

text: Near the end of the game, the player uses "Magnusson Devices", which designer Dario Casali described as a "sticky bomb that you fire at a Strider's underbelly that will draw power from the Strider's internal power source". The player uses the gravity gun to attach the bombs to tripodal enemy Striders; the bombs detonate when fired upon with any other of the player's weapons, instantly destroying the target. The Hunter escorts prioritize them as targets, either destroying them in the player's grasp or shooting already-attached ones off.[10]

text: Vehicles[edit]

text: Large sections of the game feature a car which resembles a gutted-and-rebuilt 1969 Dodge Charger. It appears to have been tuned for performance. A radar system is installed later in the game, allowing the player to locate Rebel supply caches. In the final battle, a rear-mounted storage rack for Magnusson Devices is added and the radar is adjusted to track enemies and Magnusson Device dispensers. A homing unit is also installed so the player can quickly locate the car in the chaos of the final battle via a readout in the Hazardous Environment suit.[11]

text: Plot[edit]

text: The Combine, a multidimensional empire which has enslaved Earth, has used the destruction of their Citadel to open a massive portal. This will allow them to summon reinforcements and destroy the Lambda Resistance. In the mountains outside City 17, Resistance fighters Gordon Freeman and Alyx Vance climb from the wreckage of the train they used to escape the city. At an old transmission station, they establish communication with resistance scientists Dr. Kleiner and Eli Vance at the White Forest base. They learn that the Resistance may be able to close the portal using a copy of a Combine transmission Alyx is carrying. At an abandoned mine, Alyx is critically wounded by a Combine Hunter. A vortigaunt leads them to an underground Resistance shelter. Gordon recovers larval extract from a nearby antlion colony, necessary for the vortigaunts to heal Alyx.[12] While the vortigaunts heal her, the mysterious G-Man contacts Gordon and hints at Alyx's importance to his own plans, revealing that he saved her life at the Black Mesa Research Facility despite objections from an unspecified third party. He instructs the unconscious Alyx to tell her father to "prepare for unforeseen consequences".

text: After Alyx has recovered, she and Gordon proceed in an old Resistance vehicle, battling Combine troops and surviving an encounter with a Combine Advisor, a high-ranking Combine alien. At White Forest, they are reunited with Resistance Kleiner and Eli, along with Alyx's pet robot D0g. Gordon is also introduced to the egotistical Dr. Arne Magnusson. The scientists are preparing a rocket which they plan to use with the Combine portal code and the satellite array launched by Gordon at Black Mesa to close the Combine portal.[12]

text: After Gordon fends off a Combine attack on the base, Alyx gives Dr. Kleiner the message from Judith Mossman recovered at the Citadel. It contains footage and the coordinates of the Borealis, an Aperture Science research vessel which, Kleiner explains, vanished along with part of the surrounding drydock. Kleiner insists that it should be used to aid the Resistance effort, while Eli counters that it is impossible to control and must be destroyed. They agree that Alyx and Gordon will travel to the Borealis and attempt to find Mossman. Alyx unconsciously delivers the G-Man's message to her father, shaking him. Alone with Gordon, Eli reveals that it was the G-Man who provided the test sample that caused the Black Mesa incident, and that he whispered the same warning to him as Gordon entered the test chamber. He promises to explain more after the portal is closed.[12]

text: While the scientists prepare the rocket, White Forest comes under attack by bipedal Combine Striders escorted by Hunters. Gordon destroys them using experimental explosive charges created by Magnusson. The scientists launch the rocket and close the portal, trapping Combine forces on Earth. Alyx and Gordon prepare to leave for the Borealis and Eli warns Gordon about the ship's "cargo". The three head to a hangar, intending to board a helicopter, but a pair of advisors burst into the hangar and restrain them. Alyx and Gordon watch helplessly as Eli is killed by one of the advisors, but as the second advisor prepares to kill Alyx, D0g bursts in through the roof and chases both advisors away. Alyx, sobbing, clutches her father's body.[12]

text: Development[edit]

text: Episode Two was developed simultaneously with Episode One by a development team led by David Speyrer. This schedule of simultaneous development aided them in streamlining the story between the two games to create an immersive story. The technology used was the same for both games, allowing the development teams to quickly fix any technical problems that might arise from either game; this happened often because of the multi-platform release.[1]

text: An announcement was made on July 13, 2006 stating that Episode Two would be released on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in addition to the PC, where previous iterations of the series separated.[13] It was originally rumored that Episode Two would be delayed until 2008. On June 14, 2007, however, Valve confirmed the release date for Episode Two to be October 9, 2007 for all announced platforms. Valve handled the development of the game for the PC and Xbox 360, while Electronic Arts British office in Chertsey worked on the PlayStation 3 version of the game.[14] It was announced on September 7, 2007 that the PlayStation 3 version of the game would be delayed because the development studio behind the game was in the United Kingdom, away from Valve's development team, and therefore lagged behind in its schedule. Valve's marketing director, Doug Lombardi, gave assurance that the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and PC versions of the game would be identical in functionality and performance.[3]

text: Audio[edit]

text: Episode Two's soundtrack was composed by Kelly Bailey, who also composed the music for the Half-Life series' other installments. The music is used sparingly throughout, played primarily during scenes of major plot development or particularly important action sequences, such as an early fight with a massive wave of Antlions or speeding down train tracks while being fired on by a helicopter. The soundtrack is included in the Russian edition of The Orange Box and is also sold separately.[15] An audio commentary is also featured, as in Episode One and Lost Coast.[16]

text: A notable change to the vocal cast is the inclusion of actor Tony Todd as the voice of the Vortigaunts.[17] He replaces Louis Gossett, Jr. in the role.[18] Actor Adam Baldwin voices several of the civilian and rebel NPCs, most notably the character who informs the player of the Striders' locations in the penultimate chapter.[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate scores

Aggregator
Score

GameRankings
90.68%[19]

Metacritic
90/100[20]

Review scores

Publication
Score

1UP.com
A+[21]

CVG
9/10[25]

Eurogamer
9/10[24]

GameSpy
[27]

IGN
9.4/10[22]

PC Gamer (UK)
93%[23]

New York Times
86%[26]

text: Half-Life 2: Episode 2 received critical acclaim. The game had an average score of 90.68% based on 22 reviews on the review aggregator GameRankings.[19] On Metacritic, the game had an average score of 90 out of 100, based on 21 reviews.[20]

text: Dan Adams of IGN rated the game 9.4 out of 10 and praised its improved visuals and expansive environments, but cited the short six-hour length as a drawback.[22] He said: "Any way you look at it, Episode Two stands out, even among the Half-Life series, as something special ... a burly experience packed into roughly six hours or so that offers up all the diversity, level design, and thoughtful gameplay we've known while making sure to propel the story forward and leave us wanting more."[22] Bit-tech.net awarded the game a 10 out of 10 score, citing approval of how the story turns and the introduction of side stories and new characters.[10] 1UP.com praised the game, noting that the game's "entire five-hour experience" was "vivid, emotionally engaging, and virtually unsurpassed."[21] PC Gamer UK also applauded Episode Two, noting it "is the most sumptuous chapter of the Half-Life saga, and by a country mile."[23] The New York Times enjoyed the gameplay, saying, "The battles in Episode 2 of Half-Life 2 often require as much ingenuity as they do fast reflexes."[26]

text: Computer and Video Games commented on the game's graphics, saying that although the game's engine was "starting to look its age," its "wonderful art design and the odd bit of technical spit-shine ensure that Episode Two [...] doesn't lose any of its wow factor." They also noticed that the game "goes about fixing a lot of the niggling complaints we had about Episode One," especially applauding the open forests and rocky hills from Episode Two.[25]

text: Several reviewers noted shortcomings. The New York Times commented on the story for Episode Two, noting, "While it sows a few seeds for the final episode of the trilogy, the game lacks the driving force of the previous episode."[26] GameSpy criticized the game, saying it is "a little more inconsistent than its predecessors," and that the opening segments of the game were "arguably the weakest" parts.[27]


document_title: Nuclear power by country

question_text: where is nuclear energy used most in the world

text: Nuclear power by country

text: Overview[edit]

text: Of the 31 countries in which nuclear power plants operate, only France, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belgium, and Hungary use them as the source for a majority of the country's electricity supply. Other countries have significant amounts of nuclear power generation capacity.[9] According to the World Nuclear Association, a nuclear power advocacy group, as of 2012 over 45 countries were giving "serious consideration" to introducing a nuclear power capability, with Belarus, Iran, Jordan, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates and Vietnam at the forefront.[10] China, India and South Korea are pursuing ambitious expansions of their nuclear power capacities, with China aiming to increase capacity to at least 80 GWe by 2020, 200 GWe by 2030 and 400 GWe by 2050.[11] South Korea plans to expand its nuclear capacity from 20.7 GWe in 2012 to 27.3 GWe in 2020 and to 43 GWe by 2030.[12] India aims to have 14.6 GWe nuclear power generation capacity by 2020 and 63 GWe by 2032 and to have 25% of all electricity supplied by nuclear power by 2050.[13][14]

text:
Nuclear power by country in 2016[9]

Country
Number of
operated reactors
Capacity
Net-total (MWe)
Generated
electricity (GWh)
Share of total
electricity use

 Argentina
3
1632
7677.36
5.6%

 Armenia
1
375
2194.85
31.4%

 Belgium
7
5913
41430.45
51.7%

 Brazil
2
1884
14970.46
2.9%

 Bulgaria
2
1926
15083.45
35%

 Canada
19
13554
95650.19
15.6%

 China
36
31384
197829.04
3.6%

 Czech Republic
6
3930
22729.87
29.4%

 Finland
4
2764
22280.1
33.7%

 France
58
63130
386452.88
72.3%

 Germany
8
10799
80069.61
13.1%

 Hungary
4
1889
15183.01
51.3%

 India
22
6240
35006.83
3.4%

 Iran
1
915
5923.97
2.1%

 Japan
43
40290
17537.14
2.2%

 Korea, Republic of
25
23077
154306.65
30.3%

 Mexico
2
1552
10272.29
6.2%

 Netherlands
1
482
3749.81
3.4%

 Pakistan
4
1005
5438.9
4.4%

 Romania
2
1306
10388.20
17.1%

 Russia
36
26528
184054.09
17.1%

 Slovakia
4
1814
13733.35
54.1%

 Slovenia
1
688
5431.27
35.2%

 South Africa
2
1860
15209.47
6.6%

 Spain
7
7121
56102.44
21.4%

 Sweden
10
9740
60647.40
40.0%

 Switzerland
5
3333
20303.12
34.4%

 Taiwan
6
5052
30461.09
13.7%

 Ukraine
15
13107
76077.79
52.3%

 United Kingdom
15
8918
65148.98
20.4%

 United States
100
100351
804872.94
19.7%

World total
451
392,553 MWe
2,476 TWh
10.9%[15]

text: Nuclear power policy by country[edit]

text:
Operating reactors, building new reactors
  Operating reactors, planning new build
  No reactors, building new reactors
  No reactors, planning new build
  Operating reactors, stable
  Operating reactors, considering phase-out
  Civil nuclear power is illegal
  No reactors

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: History of deployment[edit]

text: The first nuclear reactor, known as Chicago Pile-1, was built in the United States and achieved criticality on December 2, 1942. The reactor was part of the Manhattan Project to create the atomic bomb. The United Kingdom, Canada,[16] and the USSR proceeded to research and develop nuclear industries over the course of the late 1940s and early 1950s.

text: Electricity was generated for the first time by a nuclear reactor on December 20, 1951, at the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho, which initially produced about 100 kW.[17][18]

text: On June 27, 1954, the USSR's Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant became the world's first nuclear power plant to generate electricity for a power grid, and produced around 5 megawatts of electric power.[19][20] Later in 1954, Lewis Strauss, then chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (U.S. AEC, forerunner of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the United States Department of Energy) spoke of electricity in the future being "too cheap to meter".[21] Strauss was very likely referring to hydrogen fusion[22] —which was secretly being developed as part of Project Sherwood at the time—but Strauss's statement was interpreted as a promise of very cheap energy from nuclear fission. The U.S. AEC itself had issued far more realistic testimony regarding nuclear fission to the U.S. Congress only months before, projecting that "costs can be brought down... [to]... about the same as the cost of electricity from conventional sources..."[23]

text: List of nuclear power reactors by country[edit]

text: Only the commercial reactors registered with the International Atomic Energy Agency (as of October 2017[update]) are listed below.

text:
Country
Operating
Under
construction
References and notes

 Argentina
3
1

 Armenia
1
0
Replacement[24]

 Belarus
0
2
Under construction

 Belgium
7
0

 Brazil
2
1
[25]

 Bulgaria
2
0
Four reactors were shut down in 2004 and 2007. Belene Nuclear Power Plant construction was officially terminated in March 2012.[26]

 Canada
19
0

 China
38
19
58 GWe by 2020

 Czech Republic
6
0

 Egypt
0
0
4 reactors expected to be completed by 2024.[27]

 Finland
4
1
As of 2012, TVO is planning a new reactor to be built and operational by 2020.[28]

 France
58
1
First French EPR under construction at Flamanville

 Germany
8
0
Phase-out in place by 2022.

 Hungary
4
0
Paks2 [2*1200MW] signed with Rosatom in 2014.

 India
22
6
Six reactors with a cumulative capacity of 4300 MW are under construction as of 2016.

 Iran
1
0
The first reactor of Bushehr Plant has power generation capacity of 915 MW[29]

 Jordan
0
0
2 reactors expected to be built by 2021

 Japan
42
2
After Fukushima, Japan shut down all of its 54 nuclear reactors, 12 of them permanently; 42 remain in operational condition, of which 24 have requested permission to restart, and 5 reactors have been restarted.[30]

 Mexico
2
0

 Netherlands
1
0

 Pakistan
5
2
KANUUP-II and KANUUP-III are under construction and are expected to be completed by 2020.

 Romania
2
0
20 January 2011, GDF Suez, Iberdrola and RWE pulled out of the project.

 Russia
35
7
7 new reactors expected to be completed by 2020

 Saudi Arabia
0
0
16 nuclear power reactors over the next 25 years[31]

 Slovakia
4
2

 Slovenia
1
0

 South Africa
2
0
South Africa will be building a further 9600 MW, 6-8 reactors, by 2030[32][33]

 Kuwait
0
0
4 Reactors planned Too be built by 2022

 South Korea
24
3

 Spain
7
0
Stable[34]

 Sweden
8
0

 Switzerland
5
0
Phase-out in place, first decommissioning 2029.[35]

 Taiwan
6
2
All nuclear power plants planned to be phased-out by 2025, however, the viability of this is highly uncertain.[36]

 Turkey
0
2

 Ukraine
15
2
2 new reactors by 2018.[37][38]

 United Arab Emirates
0
4
4 reactors expected to be operational 2018–2020[39][40]

 United Kingdom
15
0

 United States
99
2

World
448
57


document_title: Vulcan salute

question_text: where did spock's hand sign come from

question_tokens: where did spock 's hand sign come from

text: Vulcan salute

text: Background[edit]

text: The Vulcan salute was devised by Leonard Nimoy, who portrayed the half-Vulcan character Mr. Spock on the original Star Trek television series. A 1968 New York Times interview described the salute or greeting gesture as a "double-fingered version of Churchill's victory sign". Nimoy said in that interview that he "decided that the Vulcans were a 'hand-oriented' people".[1]

text: The salute first appeared in 1967 on the Star Trek second season opening episode, "Amok Time". Among other things, the gesture is known for being difficult for certain people to do properly without practice or the covert pre-positioning of the fingers, and actors on the original show reportedly had to position their fingers off-screen with the other hand before raising their hand into frame. This difficulty may stem from variations in individuals' manual dexterity. Its reputation is parodied in the motion picture Star Trek: First Contact when Zefram Cochrane, upon meeting a Vulcan for the first time in human history, is unable to return the Vulcan salute gesture and instead shakes the Vulcan's hand.

text: In his autobiography I Am Not Spock, Nimoy wrote that he based it on the Priestly Blessing performed by Jewish Kohanim with both hands, thumb to thumb in this same position, representing the Hebrew letter Shin (ש), which has three upward strokes similar to the position of the thumb and fingers in the salute. The letter Shin here stands for El Shaddai, meaning "Almighty (God)", as well as for Shekinah and Shalom. Nimoy wrote that when he was a child, his grandfather took him to an Orthodox synagogue, where he saw the blessing performed and was impressed by it.[2]

text: Others often greeted Nimoy with the salute,[3] which became so well-known that in June 2014 it was added to version 7 of the Unicode standard as U+1F596 🖖 RAISED HAND WITH PART BETWEEN MIDDLE AND RING FINGERS.[4][5]

text: The White House referenced the salute in its statement on Leonard Nimoy's death, calling it "the universal sign for 'Live long and prosper'."[6] The following day, NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts posted a photo on his Twitter feed from the International Space Station showing the hand gesture (with the Earth in the background) as the ISS passed over Nimoy's birthplace of Boston, Massachusetts, United States.[7]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
NASA astronaut Terry W. Virts performs the Vulcan salute from the International Space Station on February 27, 2015, shortly after hearing of Nimoy's death. Nimoy's home town of Boston is seen directly below.

ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti on Feb. 28, 2015 tweeted this photo in a final salute to Leonard Nimoy.

George Takei, a colleague of Nimoy who portrayed the Star Trek character Hikaru Sulu in the original series, salutes a crowd in 2011.

Star Trek actor and writer Simon Pegg giving a Vulcan salute in 2016.

text: "Live long and prosper"[edit]

text: The accompanying spoken blessing, "live long and prosper" – "dif-tor heh smusma" in the Vulcan language (as spoken in Star Trek: The Motion Picture) – also appeared for the first time in "Amok Time", scripted by Theodore Sturgeon.[8] The less-well-known reply is "peace and long life", though it is sometimes said first, with "live long and prosper" as the reply. In science fiction, the phrase 'live long' first appeared in print in 1957 in Eric Frank Russell's science fiction novel Wasp where it was used both as a greeting and as a farewell by a species of aliens called the Sirians.[citation needed] The phrase has been seen abbreviated "LLAP".[9][10][11]

text: An ancient Egyptian blessing "ankh wedja seneb", while its verbatim translation is uncertain, uses the three symbols "life", "prosperity" and "health"; it has been translated as "may he live, be prosperous, be healthy."[12] The New International Version of the Bible, Deuteronomy 5:33, includes the phrase "live and prosper" as part of Moses' admonitions to the Hebrew people prior to entering Canaan; other translations include the notion of long life as well.[13] William Shakespeare's 1594 Romeo and Juliet contains the line, "Live and be prosperous: and farewell good fellow", spoken by Romeo to Balthasar, his friend and servant.[14][15] The benediction "live and prosper" is attributed to the 18th-century organized crime figure Jonathan Wild in his 1725 biography written by "H.D.," possibly a pseudonym for Daniel Defoe.[16]

text: In Trilby, by George du Maurier (published in 1894), a description of an art student ends with the sentence, "May he live long and prosper!"[17]


document_title: Volatility (chemistry)

question_text: when is a liquid considered to be a very volatile liquid

text: Volatility (chemistry)

text: Relations between vapor pressure, temperature, and boiling point[edit]

text: The vapor pressure of a substance is the pressure at which its gas phase is in equilibrium with its condensed phases (liquid or solid). It is a measure of the tendency of molecules and atoms to escape from a liquid or a solid. A liquid's atmospheric pressure boiling point corresponds to the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the surrounding atmospheric pressure and it is often called the normal boiling point.

text: The higher the vapor pressure of a liquid at a given temperature, the higher the volatility and the lower the normal boiling point of the liquid. The vapor pressure chart (right hand side) displays the vapor pressures dependency for a variety of liquids as a function of temperature.[5]

text: For example, at any given temperature, chloromethane (methyl chloride) has the highest vapor pressure of any of the liquids in the chart. It also has the lowest normal boiling point (−24.2 °C), which is where the vapor pressure curve (the blue line) intersects the horizontal pressure line of one atmosphere (atm) of absolute vapor pressure.


document_title: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

question_text: various artists the secret of my success songs

text: The Secret of My Success (1987 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Brantley Foster (Michael J. Fox) is a recent graduate of Kansas State University who moves to New York City where he has landed an entry level job as a financier. Upon arriving, he discovers that the company for which he is supposed to work has been taken over by a rival corporation. As a result, Brantley is laid off before he even starts working.

text: After several unsuccessful attempts to get another job, mostly because he is either overqualified or underqualified and has little experience, Brantley ends up working in the mailroom of the Pemrose Corporation, which is directed by his uncle, Howard Prescott (Richard Jordan), the CEO. Pemrose was founded by Howard's father-in-law; Howard received presidency of the company by marrying his boss's daughter, Vera Pemrose (Margaret Whitton).

text: Upon inspecting company reports, Brantley realizes that Howard and most of his fellow "suits" (executives) are making ineffective or detrimental decisions. After Brantley notices an empty office in the building due to one of Howard's frequent firings, he uses his access to the mailroom and his understanding of company processes to create the identity of Carlton Whitfield, a new executive. Brantley then assumes this role.

text: While handling two jobs (switching between casual wear and business suits in the elevator), Brantley also falls head-over-heels for Christy Wills (Helen Slater), a fellow financial wizard who recently graduated from Harvard. Brantley meets Vera after driving her home in a company limo (at his employer's request). Vera persuades Brantley to stay for a swim and seduces him by stripping off his swimsuit and having an underwater kiss before she rips off her swimsuit and ultimately swims naked with him. Upon seeing Howard arriving, Brantley and Vera realize they are related (albeit not by blood). Vera only seduced Brantley to get back at her husband for having an affair with a woman in his office. Brantley then gets changed as fast as he can and leaves the mansion without being seen by Howard.

text: Howard, without Brantley's knowledge, is having an affair with Christy. When Howard asks her to spy on Carlton Whitfield, Christy falls head-over-heels for "Whitfield", not knowing he is actually Brantley. The Pemrose Corporation is preparing to merge with the infamous Davenport Corporation. If Davenport Corporation merges with Pemrose, everyone gets fired. Howard, unaware that Whitfield and Brantley are one and the same person, suspects "Whitfield" is a spy for corporate raider Donald Davenport (Fred Gwynne). Brantley’s double identity is discovered when he, Christy, Vera and Howard end up in the same bedroom after a party at Howard’s home that all 4 are attending. Brantley and Christy end their budding relationship and Brantley gets sacked from his job he did as Whitfield, as does Christy for refusing to continue the affair with Howard.

text: While both Christy and Brantley are moving out of their offices, they end up in the same elevator and make up, conceiving a revenge plan with Vera. In the end, they raise enough cash, bonds, and stocks to wrest ownership of the Pemrose Corporation from Howard, and to proceed with a hostile takeover bid of Davenport's Corporation. Vera, already contemptuous of Howard for his counter-productive business practices, which were driving her father's empire into the ground, tells the board about his affair as well. She promptly replaces him with Brantley, with Jean, Christy and Melrose at his side. While security guards escort Howard and his aide, Art Thomas (Gerry Bamman), from the Pemrose Building, Brantley and Christy start planning their future together, personal as well as professional.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Michael J. Fox as Brantley Foster/Carlton Whitfield
Helen Slater as Christy Wills
Richard Jordan as Howard Prescott
Margaret Whitton as Vera Pemrose Prescott
John Pankow as Fred Melrose
Fred Gwynne as Donald Davenport
Gerry Bamman as Art Thomas
Carol Ann Susi as Jean
Drew Snyder as Burt Foster
Elizabeth Franz as Grace Foster
Christopher Murney as Barney Rattigan
Mercedes Ruehl as Sheila

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Secret of My Success Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
April 10, 1987 (1987-04-10)

Genre
Soundtrack

Label
MCA Records

Producer
David Foster
Neil Geraldo
Daryl Hall
Tom "T-Bone" Wolk
Arthur Barrow

Singles from The Secret of My Success Soundtrack

"The Secret of My Success"
Released: March 28, 1987

text: The soundtrack was released on LP and cassette tape on April 10, 1987.[2][3] Seven of the 10 tracks were produced, and either written or co-written, by David Foster, who also scored the film and has three tracks of his own on the album.

text: Not all of the songs featured in the film are included on the soundtrack, or, at least not in the same version. The film version of the song "The Secret of My Success" is slightly different, and also features a mini-instrumental version. The film version of "I Burn for You" does not feature vocals, whereas the soundtrack version does. The "Restless Heart" track from the film has a different title ("Something I Gotta Do"), and different lyrics than the soundtrack version.

text: Popular songs "Walking on Sunshine" by Katrina & The Waves and "Oh Yeah" by Yello are heard in the film but do not appear on the soundtrack.

text: The soundtrack peaked at #131 on the Billboard 200.[4]

text: The theme from the picture "The Secret of My Success", performed by Night Ranger, was one of the songs that competed for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song in 1988. The winner in question was "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", the central theme from Dirty Dancing, performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes.[5]

text:
"The Secret of My Success" (performed by Night Ranger)
"Sometimes the Good Guys Finish First" (performed by Pat Benatar)
"I Burn for You" (performed by Danny Peck and Nancy Shanks)
"Riskin' a Romance" (performed by Bananarama)
"Gazebo" (performed by David Foster)
"The Price of Love" (performed by Roger Daltrey)
"Water Fountain" (performed by David Foster)
"Don't Ask the Reason Why" (performed by Restless Heart)
"3 Themes" (performed by David Foster)
"Heaven and the Heartaches" (performed by Taxxi)

tag: ol

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received a mixed response from critics. Roger Ebert in the Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "The Secret of My Success seems trapped in some kind of time warp, as if the screenplay had been in a drawer since the 1950s and nobody bothered to update it." He concluded "Fox provides a fairly desperate center for the film. It could not have been much fun for him to follow the movie's arbitrary shifts of mood, from sitcom to slapstick, from sex farce to boardroom brawls."[6]

text: However, Vincent Canby, writing in the New York Times, felt it was "close to inspired when the ambitious Brantley finds himself leading two lives", although he noted that "Hanging over The Secret of My Success is the long shadow of Frank Loesser's classic musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying."[7]

text: The film holds a 58% "rotten" rating at website Rotten Tomatoes.[8]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened on April 10, 1987, and debuted at number one at the box office, taking $7.8 million in its opening weekend.[9] It stayed at No. 1 for 5 weeks, and was in the top ten films for 2 months. It grossed $66,995,000 in the US,[10] becoming the 7th highest-grossing film in the United States for the year 1987, and outgrossing such films as RoboCop, Predator, Lethal Weapon and Dirty Dancing. The film went on to gross an additional $44,001,000 worldwide, giving it a total of $110,996,879.[11] Additionally, the film made US$29,856,000 through video rentals.[12]


document_title: The Intelligent Investor

question_text: what is the latest edition of the intelligent investor

text: The Intelligent Investor

text: Background and history[edit]

text: The Intelligent Investor is based on value investing, an investment approach Graham began teaching at Columbia Business School in 1928 and subsequently refined with David Dodd.[1] This sentiment was echoed by other Graham disciples such as Irving Kahn and Walter Schloss.

text: The Intelligent Investor also marks a significant deviation to stock selection from Graham's earlier works, such as Security Analysis. He explained the change as:

text: The thing that I have been emphasizing in my own work for the last few years has been the group approach. To try to buy groups of stocks that meet some simple criterion for being undervalued-regardless of the industry and with very little attention to the individual company... I found the results were very good for 50 years. They certainly did twice as well as the Dow Jones. And so my enthusiasm has been transferred from the selective to the group approach.[2]

text: Mr. Market[edit]

text: Graham's favorite allegory is that of Mr. Market, an obliging fellow who turns up every day at the shareholder's door offering to buy or sell his shares at a different price. Often, the price quoted by Mr. Market seems plausible, but sometimes it is ridiculous. The investor is free to either agree with his quoted price and trade with him, or ignore him completely. Mr. Market doesn't mind this, and will be back the following day to quote another price.

text: The point of this anecdote is that the investor should not regard the whims of Mr. Market as a determining factor in the value of the shares the investor owns. He should profit from market folly rather than participate in it. The investor is advised to concentrate on the real life performance of his companies and receiving dividends, rather than be too concerned with Mr. Market's often irrational behavior.

text: Editions[edit]

text: Since the work was published in 1949 Graham revised it several times, most recently in 1971–72. This was published in 1973 as the "Fourth Revised Edition" ISBN 0-06-015547-7, and it included a preface and appendices by Warren Buffett. Graham died in 1976. Commentaries and new footnotes were added to the fourth edition by Jason Zweig, and this new revision was published in 2003.[3]

text:
The Intelligent Investor (Re-issue of the 1949 edition) by Benjamin Graham. Collins, 2005, 269 pages. ISBN 0-06-075261-0.
The Intelligent Investor (Revised 1973 edition) by Benjamin Graham and Jason Zweig. HarperBusiness Essentials, 2003, 640 pages. ISBN 0-06-055566-1.

text: An unabridged audio version of the Revised Edition of The Intelligent Investor was also released on July 7, 2015.[4]

text: Book contents[edit]

text: 2003 edition

text:
Introduction: What This Book Expects to Accomplish
Commentary on the Introduction

text:
Investment versus Speculation: Results to Be Expected by the Intelligent Investor
The Investor and Inflation
A Century of Stock Market History: The Level of Stock Market Prices in Early 1972
General Portfolio Policy: The Defensive Investor
The Defensive Investor and Common Stocks
Portfolio Policy for the Enterprising Investor: Negative Approach
Portfolio Policy for the Enterprising Investor: The Positive Side
The Investor and Market Fluctuations
Investing in Investment Funds
The Investor and His Advisers
Security Analysis for the Lay Investor: General Approach
Things to Consider About Per-Share Earnings
A Comparison of Four Listed Companies
Stock Selection for the Defensive Investor
Stock Selection for the Enterprising Investor
Convertible Issues and Warrants
Four Extremely Instructive Case Histories and more
A Comparison of Eight Pairs of Companies
Shareholders and Managements: Dividend Policy
"Margin of Safety" as the Central Concept of Investment

text:
Postscript
Commentary on Postscript
Appendixes

text:
The Superinvestors of Graham-and-Doddsville
Important Rules Concerning Taxability of Investment Income and Security Transactions (in 1972)
The Basics of Investment Taxation (Updated as of 2003)
The New Speculation in Common Stocks
A Case History: Aetna Maintenance Co.
Tax Accounting for NVF's Acquisition of Sharon Steel Shares
Technological Companies as Investments

text:
Endnotes
Index


document_title: Shepherd's pie

question_text: what goes on the bottom of shepherd's pie

question_tokens: what goes on the bottom of shepherd 's pie

text: Shepherd's pie

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term cottage pie was in use by 1791,[2][6] when the potato was being introduced as an edible crop affordable for the poor (cf. "cottage" meaning a modest dwelling for rural workers). The term shepherd's pie did not appear until 1854,[2] and was used synonymously with cottage pie, regardless of whether the meat was beef or mutton.[1][4][7][8][9][10][11][12] In the United Kingdom, the term shepherd's pie is now commonly used when the meat is lamb.[13][14][15]

text: History[edit]

text: In early cookery books, the dish was a means of using leftover roasted meat of any kind, and the pie dish was lined with mashed potato as well as having a mashed potato crust on top.[8][9]

text: Variations[edit]

text: Other mashed-potato-topped pies include:

text:
The modern Cumberland pie is a version with either beef or lamb, and a layer of breadcrumbs and cheese on top. In medieval times (and modern-day Cumbria) the crust was pastry, and the filling was meat with fruits and spices.[16]
A St. Stephen's Day pie is made using turkey and ham.[17]
A fish pie is another British dish of fish and seafood in sauce topped with mashed potato.
In Quebec, a variation of the dish is called Pâté chinois. It is made with ground beef on the bottom layer, canned corn in the middle, and mashed potato on top.