document_title: Kevin (Probably) Saves the World

question_text: who plays dr. sloan on kevin saves the world

text: Kevin (Probably) Saves the World

text: Premise[edit]

text: Kevin, a down-on-his-luck man who survived a suicide attempt, moves in with his twin sister Amy, an engineer and professor at the local college, and Amy's teenage daughter Reese. Shortly after, he discovers a celestial being named Yvette; Yvette claims that God has tasked Kevin with saving the world, and sent Yvette to guide and protect him. Only Kevin can see and hear Yvette, so his conversations appear to be hallucinations to those around him. The series also explores a mystery, as there are supposed to be 36 righteous souls in each generation, but for unknown reasons, Kevin is the only one left.[3]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jason Ritter as Kevin Finn
JoAnna Garcia as Amy Cabrera (née Finn)
Kimberly Hebert Gregory as Yvette
India de Beaufort as Kristin Allen
J. August Richards as Sheriff Deputy Nathan Purcell
Chloe East as Reese Cabrera
Dustin Ybarra as Tyler Medina

text: Recurring/Guest[edit]

text:
Barbara Eve Harris as Colonel O'Donnell
Michael Harney as Karl Gilmore
Sam Huntington as Jake Gilmore
Lesley Boone as Lucille
Emma Bell as Deb
Christian Ochoa as Ben
Lauren Blumenfeld as Ava
Richard Masur as Dr. Sloane
Kate Flannery as Anne
Will Sasso as Dave
Brandon Quinn as Ignacio "Iggy" DePerro
Anjali Bhimani as Susan Allen

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Paul McGuigan
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)
4.17[4]

After getting fired from his Wall Street job and surviving a suicide attempt, Kevin Finn returns to his hometown to live with his twin sister Amy, a widowed mom, and her teenage daughter Reese. While Amy is away at a work assignment, a meteor crashes to earth near her home. Kevin and Reese investigate, and when Kevin touches the meteorite, he is hurtled backward. He begins having strange visions, including a mysterious woman named Yvette that only Kevin can see. Yvette calls herself one of God's messengers, tasked with locating the 36 righteous souls of this generation, of which Kevin is the only one known to be left.

2
"Listen Up"
Kevin Dowling
Craig DiGregorio & Jack Kenny
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
3.61[5]

Yvette tells Kevin that not even she knows what happened to the other 35 righteous ones, and that they'll have to let the universe guide them. She explains that Kevin needs to strengthen his soul by performing good deeds. While helping the son of a brewery pub owner find his true path, Kevin reconnects with his ex-girlfriend Kristin and the two sleep together. They ponder getting back together, but both remember how badly Kevin treated Kristin in the past and decide it's not a good idea. Kevin has a vision of an island surrounded by ocean.

3
"Sweet Little Lies"
Peter Leto
Chris Dingess & Davah Avena
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
3.26[6]

Kevin tries to intervene as a wedding planner for Deb, whose former childhood friend proposed to her when she got cancer. But now that Deb is healthy, she reveals to Kevin that she does not want to get married. Kevin has a vision of a mariachi band. Yvette meets with Ava, a celestial messenger like herself. Ava says she will gather all the other messengers to meet about finding the rest of the righteous, but come meeting time, they are the only two to show up. Ava then says that she too is giving up.

4
"How to be Good"
J. Miller Tobin
Teleplay by: Brant Englestein
Story by: Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
2.87[7]

Kevin helps Lucille, Tyler's rude boss at the diner, and gets dragged into a feud between Lucille and her estranged sister, Anne. Kevin later has a vision of being in an Asian marketplace. Reese confronts Kevin about the strange things she's observed, and asks if the meteorite gave him superpowers.

5
"Brutal Acts of Kindness"
Rob Hardy
Craig DiGregorio
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
2.71[8]

After Yvette convinces him to withdraw his entire $30,000 severance pay and give it away, Kevin helps a woman who cannot afford her son's diabetes medication. He later has a vision of being chased by a tiger through a jungle. Amy finds Reese's journal and sees that Kevin caused Reese to be thrown in jail. She angrily tells Kevin to pack up and move out.

6
"Rocky Road"
Wendey Stanzler
Jack Kenny
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2.91[9]

Kevin begins looking for places to stay, hitting up Tyler, Kristin and Nathan. He also helps a man who lost his job 18 months ago look for work, learning that the man never told his wife and has now exhausted their life savings. Angry at her mom, Reese skips school and runs away to an abandoned factory. Kevin and Amy arrive to talk her down, but Reese slips from her perch and falls. Yvette suspends Reese in mid air for a couple of seconds, allowing Kevin to get underneath and catch her. A dumbfounded Amy observes, and starts seeing Kevin the way Reese has seen him. Kevin gets a printout of all his previous visions, plus a new one of mountaintops in the clouds.

7
"Dave"
Ron Underwood
Chris Dingess
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2.62[10]

Kevin and Yvette are joined by Dave (Will Sasso), another celestial messenger, who helps them on Kevin's next assignment. The assignment turns out to be helping Kristin's cancer-stricken mother Susan (Anjali Bhimani) find some joy while living out her last days. Kevin later sees a vision of a flaming gazebo. Meanwhile, Amy wants to use science to figure out what she witnessed when Reese fell, and soon meets Iggy (Brandon Quinn), a theology professor who tries to convince her that it's okay for some things to remain unexplained. Also, Nathan tells Reese he wants to ask Amy out on a date, but Reese will not give him permission.

8
"Chrysalis"
Metin Hüseyin
Kevin Deiboldt
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
2.62[11]

Kevin sees a vision of blue butterflies, and follows one to an art class held by Ethan (Enoch King). Kevin offers to help Ethan get over his fear of rejection by taking him to an art show, later realizing this will conflict with Reese's school play. Dave appears and reveals himself to Ethan, offering to take him to the art showing so Kevin can be with his family. At the same time, Yvette meets with Ava, who tells her that Dave has turned all the celestial messengers against her. Kevin angrily confronts Yvette about being able to reveal herself to other people, and asks what else she's hidden from him. Yvette admits she does not know if the other 35 righteous really exist, and is operating on faith alone. Kevin chooses to work with Dave, which backfires when Ethan gets scared and backs out of the show. Kevin returns to Yvette while making things right with Ethan by setting up a surprise showing of Ethan's paintings. Ethan offers a painting of a blue butterfly to Kevin as a thank you, also telling Kevin about a trip he took that inspired it. Kevin now knows where the next righteous soul will be found. Elsewhere, Kristin helps Amy prepare for her first date with Iggy, but later notices that Amy will not tell Nathan about the date.

9
"Probably"
Tamra Davis
Michele Fazekas & Tara Butters
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
2.49[12]

Kevin travels to Laos, taking Tyler along. The two are befriended by Vong (David Huynh), whom Kevin and Yvette briefly think is the next righteous but he's not. Kevin sees another of his visions and wants to press on, but Yvette now has doubts and thinks Dave may have been right. Yvette appears as human and is approached by Tyler, who finds her fascinating. The two dance to a mariachi band (another of Kevin's earlier visions), which renews Yvette's faith. Kevin and Tyler, with help from Lucille on video chat, then help Vong's wife deliver their first child, and it turns out the baby is the next righteous soul. Back at home, Reese tells Amy that Nathan wanted to ask her out. Amy meets Nathan the next day and tells him about Iggy, but says she now knows she wasn't yet ready to date and is glad she realized this with someone she doesn't truly care about. Nathan later does something special for Amy.

10
"The Ugly Sleep"
J. Miller Tobin
Davah Avena
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
2.62[13]

Kevin helps Charlie (Trent Garrett), who is despondent over a recent breakup, meet someone new, but when the someone new turns out to be Kristin, it leads to awkwardness. The situation causes Charlie to realize the girl he left is his one true love, and he returns to her. Inspired by Kevin's good deeds, Reese befriends a new girl at school who is struggling to fit in. Meanwhile, Yvette sees that Tyler is still smitten over her and tries to figure out a way to help him move on. Kevin has a vision of a snow-covered area in the woods. As the episode closes, Kristin tells Kevin that she submitted his name for an open substitute teacher position.

11
"Solo"
Lee Rose
Kevin Deiboldt
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
2.39[14]

On his first day as a substitute teacher, Kevin encounters an introverted kid named Adam and extracts information about who will be the target of the annual "Freshman Prank". After Adam reveals the target is Kristin, he becomes even more disliked for squealing. Kevin tries to help Adam become noticed for something else -- namely, pulling off the most legendary Freshman Prank since the one Kevin engineered 20 years ago. Meanwhile, Amy and Nathan have an awkward first date, but later enjoy helping Kevin, Adam and Tyler as they plan the prank. Adam has a vision of being on the deck of a crabbing boat.

12
"Caught White-Handed"
Jennifer Lynch
Brant Englestein
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
2.46[15]

Reese is with Kevin when he tracks his next subject, and she realizes her uncle has stumbled upon the mysterious "acorn fairy" -- a person who has been doing good deeds around Taylor for the last ten years. In trying to help the woman (Kathleen Wilhoite), Kevin unintentionally causes her real identity to be revealed, along with her criminal past. Meanwhile, Yvette learns that the person responding to Tyler's ads searching for her is Kevin, who says he was just trying to figure out a way to let his friend down easy. This backfires when Tyler decides to travel to Canada to locate his true love. Kevin has a vision of the boat from the previous episode, but this time Tyler is with him.

13
"Fishtail"[16]
J. Miller Tobin
Craig DiGregorio & Chris Dingess
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
TBD

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was originally called The Gospel of Kevin, but the name was changed since the show was not "overtly religious".[17]

text: The series was picked up for a 16-episode full season on November 10, 2017.[18]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Cristela Alonzo, who played a lead role as the heaven-sent entity in the original pilot, was replaced by Kimberly Hebert Gregory after the series was picked up.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
October 3, 2017
1.0/4
4.17[4]
N/A
2.17
N/A
6.33[20]

2
"Listen Up"
October 10, 2017
0.8/3
3.61[5]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

3
"Sweet Little Lies"
October 17, 2017
0.8/3
3.26[6]
TBD
1.75
TBD
5.01[21]

4
"How to be Good"
October 24, 2017
0.7/3
2.87[7]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

5
"Brutal Acts of Kindness"
October 31, 2017
0.6/2
2.71[8]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6
"Rocky Road"
November 7, 2017
0.7/3
2.91[9]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7
"Dave"
November 14, 2017
0.7/3
2.62[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8
"Chrysalis"
December 5, 2017
0.6/2
2.62[11]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

9
"Probably"
December 12, 2017
0.6/2
2.49[12]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"The Ugly Sleep"
January 2, 2018
0.7/3
2.62[13]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

11
"Solo"
January 9, 2018
0.6/3
2.39[14]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"Caught White-Handed"
January 16, 2018
0.6/2
2.46[15]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13
"Fishtail"
February 6, 2018
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 68% approval rating with an average rating of 6.73/10 based on 22 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Breezily entertaining, Kevin (Probably) Saves the World relies on its likable lead to carry its still-sketchy premise, hinting at deeper potential that's yet to develop."[22] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[23]


document_title: Shot heard round the world

question_text: who shot first in the shot heard around the world

root

text: Shot heard round the world

text: Skirmish at the North Bridge[edit]

text:
By the rude bridge that arched the flood,
Their flag to April’s breeze unfurled,
Here once the embattled farmers stood,
And fired the shot heard round the world.

− Emerson, "Concord Hymn"

tag: div

text: The phrase comes from the opening stanza of Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Concord Hymn" (1837) and refers to the first shot of the American Revolution. According to Emerson's poem, this pivotal shot occurred at the Old North Bridge in Concord, Massachusetts, where the first British soldiers fell in the battles of Lexington and Concord.

tag: p

text: Historically, no single shot can be cited as the first shot of the battle or the war. Shots were fired earlier at Lexington, Massachusetts where eight Americans were killed and a British soldier was slightly wounded, but accounts of that event are confused and contradictory, and it has been characterized as a massacre rather than a battle.[1] The North Bridge skirmish did see the first shots by Americans acting under orders, the first organized volley by Americans, the first British fatalities, and the first British retreat.

text: The towns of Lexington and Concord and their partisans have debated over the point of origin for the Revolutionary War since 1824, when the Marquis de Lafayette visited the towns. He was welcomed to Lexington hearing it described as the "birthplace of American liberty", but he was then informed in Concord that the "first forcible resistance" was made there. President Grant considered not attending the 1875 centennial celebrations in the area to evade the issue. In 1894, Lexington petitioned the state legislature to proclaim April 19 as "Lexington Day", to which Concord objected; the current name for the holiday is Patriots' Day.[1]

text: Emerson lived in a house known as the Old Manse at the time when he was composing the "Concord Hymn," from which his grandfather and father (then a young child) had witnessed the skirmish. The house is located approximately 300 feet (91 m) from the North Bridge.

text: Assassination of Franz Ferdinand[edit]

text: The phrase "shot heard round the world" has taken on a different meaning in Europe and in the Commonwealth of Nations, countries that were part of the British Empire and formerly known as the British Commonwealth. It has become associated with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914, an event considered to be one of the immediate causes of World War I. Serbian Gavrilo Princip fired two shots, the first hitting Franz Ferdinand's wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, and the second hitting the Archduke himself. The death of Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, propelled Austria-Hungary and the rest of Europe into World War I.

text: Widespread idiomatic use[edit]

text: "Shot heard round the world" continues to be a stock phrase in the 21st century, widely used to refer to unusual events in general,[2] and has been applied to numerous dramatic moments in sports. For example, it refers to the winning goal of Paul Henderson in the final seconds of the 8th and final match to secure Team Canada's victory in the 1972 Canada-USSR Summit-series. The goal was made famous by a Frank Lennon photograph.[3]

text: In American baseball, the "Shot Heard 'Round the World" (usually spelled with an apostrophe) denotes the game-winning walk-off home run by New York Giants outfielder Bobby Thomson off Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca at the Polo Grounds to win the National League pennant on October 3, 1951. The Giants won the game 5-4 as a result of the home run, defeating their traditional rivals in their pennant playoff series, though they eventually lost the World Series to the Yankees.[4]


document_title: List of Arizona area codes

question_text: what is the area code for phoenix arizona

text: List of Arizona area codes

text: This is a list of telephone area codes in Arizona.

text:
602 - For telephone numbers in Phoenix city proper except for Ahwatukee and some western parts of the city.
520 - Southern Arizona, including Tucson, Nogales, Casa Grande and Tombstone.
480 - Maricopa County and parts of Pinal County, east of the Phoenix city limits and the Phoenix neighborhood of Ahwatukee. Includes Mesa, Scottsdale, Tempe, Chandler, Gilbert, Queen Creek, San Tan Valley, Apache Junction and Fountain Hills.
623 - Maricopa County, west of the Phoenix city limits and some western parts of the city. Includes the cities of Glendale, Goodyear, Avondale, Tolleson, Buckeye, Sun City, Litchfield Park, Surprise and Peoria.
928 - Northern and Western Arizona, including Yuma, Flagstaff, the Grand Canyon, Payson, Prescott, Lake Havasu City, Bullhead City, and Kingman.

tag: ul

text: History[edit]

text:
Originally, Arizona only had one area code: 602.
In 1995, the state of Arizona was split into two area codes. Maricopa County retained area code 602, and the rest of the state adopted area code 520.
In 1999, Maricopa County was divided into area codes 602, 480, and 623 (see above section for descriptions).
In 2001, the state outside of Maricopa County was divided into northern and southern halves. The southern half retained area code 520, and the northern half was assigned area code 928.


document_title: 2016–17 Ranji Trophy Group B

question_text: who has hit a double century in the ranji trophy for jharkhand in 2016

question_tokens: who has hit a double century in the ranji trophy for jharkhand in 2016

text: 2016–17 Ranji Trophy Group B

text: Points table[edit]

text:
Team[5]
Pld
W
L
D
A
Pts
NRR

Jharkhand
8
5
0
3
0
39
+0.399

Karnataka
8
5
1
2
0
37
+0.273

Odisha
8
2
1
5
0
22
+0.054

Delhi
8
2
2
4
0
21
+0.579

Maharashtra
8
2
3
3
0
21
–0.059

Vidarbha
8
2
2
4
0
20
–0.025

Saurashtra
8
2
4
2
0
18
+0.101

Rajasthan
8
1
4
3
0
12
–0.637

Assam
8
1
5
2
0
8
–0.620

tag: table

text: Top three teams advanced to knockout stage.

text: Fixtures[edit]

text: Round 1[edit]

text:
6–9 October
Scorecard

text:
Saurashtra

v

Rajasthan

430 (97.3 overs)
Jaydev Shah 193 (228)
Mahipal Lomror 2/16 (5 overs)

105 (38.4 overs)
Manender Singh 44 (59)
Shaurya Sanandia 6/14 (9.4 overs)

30/4 (14 overs) (f/o)
Rajat Bhatia 14 (11)
Jaydev Unadkat 2/4 (6 overs)

text:
Match drawn
Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex, Vizianagaram
Umpires: Jayaraman Madanagopal and Ravi Subramanian
Player of the match: Jaydev Shah (Saurashtra)

text:
Rajasthan won the toss and elected to field.
Mahipal Lomror (Rajasthan) made his first-class debut.

text:
6–9 October
Scorecard

text:
Odisha

v

Vidarbha

150 (78.1 overs)
Biplab Samantray 53 (133)
Shrikant Wagh 3/13 (13 overs)

272/6d (102 overs)
Faiz Fazal 99 (246)
Deepak Behera 3/35 (19 overs)

274/9d (102.1 overs)
Govinda Poddar 58 (98)
Akshay Wakhare 3/61 (20 overs)

text:
Match drawn
Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam
Umpires: S. Shankar and R. Sundar
Player of the match: Faiz Fazal (Vidarbha)

text:
Odisha won the toss and elected to bat.
Sandeep Pattnaik, Subhranshu Senapati (Odisha); and Lalit Yadav (Vidarbha) all made their first-class debuts.

text:
6–9 October
Scorecard

text:
Assam

v

Delhi

193 (76.3 overs)
Tarjinder Singh 61* (100)
Pradeep Sangwan 3/47 (16.3 overs)

589/8d (128.1 overs)
Nitish Rana 146 (124)
Abu Nechim 5/106 (25 overs)

313 (96.3 overs)
Jamaluddin Syed Mohammad 82 (154)
Manan Sharma 5/108 (26.3 overs)

text:
Delhi won by an innings and 83 runs
Moti Bagh Stadium, Vadodara
Umpires: Abhijit Deshmukh and Sadashiv Iyer
Player of the match: Pradeep Sangwan (Delhi)

text: Delhi won the toss and elected to field.

text:
6–9 October
Scorecard

text:
Maharashtra

v

Jharkhand

210 (71.1 overs)
Ankit Bawne 78 (160)
Varun Aaron 4/47 (15 overs)

306 (105.2 overs)
Kaushal Singh 130 (200)
Anupam Sanklecha 5/71 (32.2 overs)

188 (61.4 overs)
Kedar Jadhav 56 (77)
Shahbaz Nadeem 3/43 (12.4 overs)

93/4 (19.5 overs)
Virat Singh 33* (73)
Anupam Sanklecha 2/29 (10 overs)

text:
Jharkhand won by 6 wickets
Karnail Singh Stadium, Delhi
Umpires: Balwant Sharma and Chirra Ravikanthreddy
Player of the match: Kaushal Singh (Jharkhand)

text:
Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
Ruturaj Gaikwad (Maharashtra) made his first-class debut.
Kaushal Singh (Jharkhand) scored his maiden first-class century.[6]

text: Round 2[edit]

text:
13–16 October
Scorecard

text:
Odisha

v

Saurashtra

228 (80.5 overs)
Sandeep Pattnaik 123 (213)
Dharmendrasinh Jadeja 4/67 (23.5 overs)

186 (67.3 overs)
Jaydev Shah 64 (98)
Basant Mohanty 4/58 (20 overs)

169 (64.4 overs)
Subhranshu Senapati 57 (101)
Deepak Punia 5/39 (11.4 overs)

179 (101 overs)
Sagar Jogiyani 68 (295)
Suryakant Pradhan 5/69 (22 overs)

text:
Odisha won by 32 runs
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
Umpires: S. Shankar and R. Sundar
Player of the match: Suryakant Pradhan (Odisha)

text:
Saurashtra won the toss and elected to field.
Saurabh Rawat (Odisha) made his first-class debut.

text:
13–16 October
Scorecard

text:
Maharashtra

v

Delhi

635/2d (173 overs)
Swapnil Gugale 351* (521)
Navdeep Saini 2/44 (14.1 overs)

590 (155 overs)
Rishabh Pant 308 (326)
Mohsin Sayyed 3/121 (27)

58/0 (15 overs)
Harshad Khadiwale 38* (40)

text:
Match drawn
Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai
Umpires: Krishnaraj Srinath and Shavir Tarapore
Player of the match: Swapnil Gugale (Maharashtra)

text:
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
Mohsin Sayyed and Naushad Shaikh (Maharashtra) both made their first-class debuts.
Swapnil Gugale and Ankit Bawne (Maharashtra) made the second-highest partnership in first-class cricket with 594 runs.[7]
Their partnership was also the highest in all matches in the history of the Ranji Trophy.[7]
Swapnil Gugale became the seventh captain to score a triple century in the Ranji Trophy.[7]
Rishabh Pant (Delhi) became the fourth-youngest player to score a triple century in first-class cricket.[8]

text:
13–16 October
Scorecard

text:
Karnataka

v

Jharkhand

577/6d (172 overs)
Ravikumar Samarth 235 (462)
Ashish Kumar 3/78 (33 overs)

374 (115.1 overs)
Ishan Kishan 159* (211)
Krishnappa Gowtham 3/97 (32.1 overs)

162/3 (53.4 overs)
Karun Nair 54* (86)
Samar Quadri 3/62 (20 overs)

text:
Match drawn
Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground, Greater Noida
Umpires: Abhijit Deshmukh and Nitin Pandit
Player of the match: Ravikumar Samarth (Karnataka)

text:
Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
Kaunain Abbas (Karnataka) made his first-class debut.

text:
13–16 October
Scorecard

text:
Assam

v

Rajasthan

195 (84.1 overs)
Rishav Das 93 (221)
Pankaj Singh 5/39 (21.3 overs)

272 (105.4 overs)
Mahipal Lomror 89 (242)
Arup Das 4/53 (26 overs)

69 (20.2 overs)
Rishav Das 16 (43)
Aniket Choudhary 5/35 (10 overs)

text:
Rajasthan won by an innings and 8 runs
Dr. Y.S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam
Umpires: K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan and Nand Kishore
Player of the match: Mahipal Lomror (Rajasthan)

text: Rajasthan won the toss and elected to field.

text: Round 3[edit]

text:
20–23 October
Scorecard

text:
Jharkhand

v

Rajasthan

209 (73.5 overs)
Kaushal Singh 56 (114)
Pankaj Singh 5/60 (21 overs)

207 (83.2 overs)
Manender Singh 50 (103)
Shahbaz Nadeem 7/74 (25 overs)

277 (76.5 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 100 (141)
Mahipal Lomror 5/51 (16.5 overs)

237 (90.5 overs)
Chetan Bist 77 (136)
Shahbaz Nadeem 5/94 (37 overs)

text:
Jharkhand won by 42 runs
Moti Bagh Stadium, Vadodara
Umpires: Rajesh Deshpande and Virender Sharma
Player of the match: Shahbaz Nadeem (Jharkhand)

text:
Jharkhand won the toss and elected to bat.
Pratyush Singh (Jharkhand) made his first-class debut.

text:
20–23 October
Scorecard

text:
Saurashtra

v

Maharashtra

657/8d (170.5 overs)
Jaydev Shah 217 (270)
Mohsin Sayyed 4/90 (24.5 overs)

182 (56.2 overs)
Murtaza Trunkwala 64 (139)
Dharmendrasinh Jadeja 5/41 (15.2 overs)

345/8 (130 overs) (f/o)
Murtaza Trunkwala 117 (227)
Dharmendrasinh Jadeja 4/64 (48 overs)

text:
Match drawn
Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex, Vizianagaram
Umpires: K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan and Nand Kishore
Player of the match: Jaydev Shah (Saurashtra)

text:
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
Murtaza Trunkwala (Maharashtra) made his first-class debut.
Jaydev Shah became the first captain of Saurashtra to score a double century.[9]

text:
20–23 October
Scorecard

text:
Delhi

v

Karnataka

90 (35.5 overs)
Rishabh Pant 24 (20)
Sreenath Aravind 4/12 (11 overs)

414 (141.3 overs)
C. M. Gautam 63* (143)
Varun Sood 4/80 (30.3 overs)

164 (43 overs)
Unmukt Chand 38 (72)
Krishnappa Gowtham 5/35 (9 overs)

text:
Karnataka won by an innings and 160 runs
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
Umpires: Pashchim Pathak and Nikhil Patwardhan
Player of the match: Krishnappa Gowtham (Karnataka)

text: Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.

text:
20–23 October
Scorecard

text:
Vidarbha

v

Assam

416 (142.2 overs)
Ganesh Satish 105 (199)
Swarupam Purkayastha 5/133 (35.2 overs)

227 (90.1 overs)
Swarupam Purkayastha 44* (56)
Aditya Sarwate 5/72 (20 overs)

73/2 (39 overs) (f/o)
Rahul Hazarika 33* (121)
Aditya Sarwate 1/11 (6 overs)

text:
Match drawn
St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba
Umpires: Navdeep Singh and Krishnaraj Srinath
Player of the match: Aditya Sarwate (Vidarbha)

text: Vidarbha won the toss and elected to bat.

text: Round 4[edit]

text:
27–30 October
Scorecard

text:
Odisha

v

Delhi

237 (77.4 overs)
Subhranshu Senapati 76 (153)
Varun Sood 3/23 (12.4 overs)

495/8d (144.5 overs)
Gautam Gambhir 147 (232)
Dhiraj Singh 4/84 (29.5 overs)

274/8 (133 overs)
Biplab Samantray 88 (221)
Ishant Sharma 3/51 (27 overs)

text:
Match drawn
Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Chandigarh
Umpires: Sivasubramaniyan Shankar and Ravi Subramanian
Player of the match: Gautam Gambhir (Delhi)

text:
27–30 October
Scorecard

text:
Maharashtra

v

Rajasthan

461 (147.4 overs)
Naushad Shaikh 143 (305)
Pankaj Singh 4/62 (32.4 overs)

330 (123.4 overs)
Manender Singh 63 (185)
Mohsin Sayyed 3/71 (26 overs)

145 (61 overs)
Chirag Khurana 36 (64)
Nathu Singh 3/32 (15 overs)

4/0 (6 overs)
Vineet Saxena 4* (18)

text:
Match drawn
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
Umpires: Yeshwant Barde and Nand Kishore
Player of the match: Naushad Shaikh (Maharashtra)

text: Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.

text:
27–30 October
Scorecard

text:
Assam

v

Karnataka

325 (108.5 overs)
Amit Verma 166* (316)
Sreenath Aravind 5/70 (27 overs)

570/9d (138.4 overs)
Stuart Binny 156 (158)
Arup Das 4/86 (31.4 overs)

264 (85 overs)
Amit Verma 74 (120)
Krishnappa Gowtham 7/108 (34 overs)

21/0 (3 overs)
Mayank Agarwal 17* (10)

text:
Karnataka won by 10 wickets
Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai
Umpires: Navdeep Singh and Pashchim Pathak
Player of the match: Amit Verma (Assam)

text: Assam won the toss and elected to bat.

text:
27–30 October
Scorecard

text:
Vidarbha

v

Jharkhand

105 (42 overs)
Jitesh Sharma 21 (16)
Vikash Singh 4/24 (11 overs)

362/8d (122.5 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 112* (213)
Akshay Karnewar 2/45 (18 overs)

444 (152.2 overs)
Sanjay Ramaswamy 102 (203)
Ashish Kumar 4/89 (33 overs)

75/4 (24.5 overs)
Saurabh Tiwary 35* (49)
Shrikant Wagh 3/36 (9.5 overs)

text:
Match drawn
Krishnagiri Stadium, Wayanad
Umpires: Puttarangaiah Jayapal and Krishnaraj Srinath
Player of the match: Ishank Jaggi (Jharkhand)

text:
Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
Vikash Singh (Jharkhand); Rajneesh Gurbani and Akshay Karnewar (Vidarbha) all made their first-class debuts.

text: Round 5[edit]

text:
5–8 November
Scorecard

text:
Jharkhand

v

Delhi

493 (119.4 overs)
Ishan Kishan 273 (336)
Suboth Bhati 3/80 (23.4 overs)

334 (96.2 overs)
Rishabh Pant 117 (106)
Sunny Gupta 3/62 (20.2 overs)

480/6 (126 overs) (f/o)
Rishabh Pant 135 (67)
Shahbaz Nadeem 3/185 (46 overs)

text:
Match drawn
St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba
Umpires: Anil Dandekar and Nitin Pandit
Player of the match: Ishan Kishan (Jharkhand)

text:
Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
In the second innings of the match Rishabh Pant scored India's fastest first-class hundred.[10]

text:
5–8 November
Scorecard

text:
Karnataka

v

Vidarbha

267 (77 overs)
Krishnappa Gowtham 60* (59)
Lalit Yadav 5/46 (20.5 overs)

176 (66.4 overs)
Jitesh Sharma 61 (122)
Shreyas Gopal 3/22 (8 overs)

209 (58.4 overs)
Vinay Kumar 56 (86)
Shrikant Wagh 4/59 (20.4 overs)

111 (36.4 overs)
Jitesh Sharma 61 (78)
Vinay Kumar 5/28 (9.4 overs)

text:
Karnataka won by 189 runs
Moti Bagh Stadium, Vadodara
Umpires: Navdeep Singh and Rohan Pandit
Player of the match: Vinay Kumar (Karnataka)

text: Vidarbha won the toss and elected to field.

text:
5–8 November
Scorecard

text:
Saurashtra

v

Assam

153 (52.4 overs)
Jaydev Unadkat 46* (68)
Arup Das 7/49 (15 overs)

171 (62.4 overs)
Arun Karthik 57 (120)
Jaydev Unadkat 6/48 (22.4 overs)

81 (39.5 overs)
Amitoze Singh 30 (48)
Arup Das 5/21 (13.5 overs)

66/1 (15.4 overs)
Rishav Das 30* (41)
Jaydev Unadkat 1/28 (6 overs)

text:
Assam won by 9 wickets
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
Umpires: Yeshwant Barde and Nitin Menon
Player of the match: Arup Das (Assam)

text: Assam won the toss and elected to field.

text:
5–8 November
Scorecard

text:
Rajasthan

v

Odisha

323 (105.4 overs)
S. F. Khan 110 (203)
Govinda Poddar 3/59 (25.4 overs)

172 (49.1 overs)
Deepak Behera 67 (113)
Aniket Choudhary 4/42 (12 overs)

508/6d (156 overs) (f/o)
Subhranshu Senapati 137 (254)
S. F. Khan 2/42 (16 overs)

text:
Match drawn
Dhruve Pandove Stadium, Patiala
Umpires: Saiyed Khalid and Krishnaraj Srinath
Player of the match: S. F. Khan (Rajasthan)

text:
Odisha won the toss and elected to field.
Abhishek Yadav (Odisha); Rahul Chahar, Amitkumar Gautam and Salman Khan (Rajasthan) all made their first-class debuts.

text: Round 6[edit]

text:
13–16 November
Scorecard

text:
Saurashtra

v

Jharkhand

277 (78.3 overs)
Prerak Mankad 96 (137)
Ashish Kumar 4/52 (19 overs)

467 (101.5 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 173 (209)
Kushang Patel 5/95 (25 overs)

144 (48.3 overs)
Prerak Mankad 40* (63)
Samar Quadri 4/46 (13.3 overs)

text:
Jharkhand won by an innings and 46 runs
Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium, Agartala
Umpires: Saiyed Khalid and Sadashiv Iyer
Player of the match: Ishank Jaggi (Jharkhand)

text: Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.

text:
13–16 November
Scorecard

text:
Assam

v

Odisha

301 (121.5 overs)
Kunal Saikia 135 (309)
Basant Mohanty 3/18 (24 overs)

459/7d (148 overs)
Govinda Poddar 225 (364)
Arup Das 3/60 (21 overs)

164/4 (75.0 overs)
Rishav Das 68 (222)
Dhiraj Singh 2/27 (20 overs)

text:
Match drawn
Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Hyderabad
Umpires: Umesh Dubey and Belur Ravi
Player of the match: Govinda Poddar (Odisha)

text:
Assam won the toss and elected to bat.
This fixture was originally scheduled to be held in Delhi, but was moved due to concerns about smog pollution.[11]
Abinash Saha (Odisha) made his first-class debut.

text:
13–16 November
Scorecard

text:
Vidarbha

v

Maharashtra

59 (28 overs)
Shalabh Shrivastava 19 (24)
Anupam Sanklecha 7/25 (11 overs)

332 (86.1 overs)
Naushad Shaikh 127 (172)
Lalit Yadav 5/81 (23 overs)

270 (76.1 overs)
Shrikant Wagh 69* (73)
Anupam Sanklecha 7/69 (25.1 overs)

text:
Maharashtra won by an innings and 3 runs
Eden Gardens, Kolkata
Umpires: Yeshwant Barde and David Millns
Player of the match: Anupam Sanklecha (Maharashtra)

text:
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.
Pradeep Dadhe (Maharashtra) made his first-class debut.

text:
13–16 November
Scorecard

text:
Karnataka

v

Rajasthan

374 (99.1 overs)
Mayank Agarwal 81 (127)
Tanveer-Ul-Haq 5/82 (24 overs)

148 (54 overs)
Siddharth Dobal 47 (61)
Vinay Kumar 4/28 (15 overs)

298/6d (62.1 overs)
Lokesh Rahul 106 (131)
Rajesh Bishnoi 4/87 (19.1 overs)

131 (37 overs)
S. F. Khan 39 (41)
Vinay Kumar 5/54 (11 overs)

text:
Karnataka won by 393 runs
Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex, Vizianagaram
Umpires: Anil Dandekar and Vineet Kulkarni
Player of the match: Vinay Kumar (Karnataka)

text:
Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
Rajesh Bishnoi (Rajasthan) made his first-class debut.

text: Round 7[edit]

text:
21–24 November
Scorecard

text:
Karnataka

v

Odisha

179 (66.2 overs)
Chidhambaram Gautam 54 (84)
Basant Mohanty 3/46 (19 overs)

342 (117.1 overs)
Saurabh Rawat 85 (124)
Shreyas Gopal 5/75 (27 overs)

393 (121.2 overs)
Chidhambaram Gautam 95 (240)
Dhiraj Singh 5/98 (29.2 overs)

63/0 (32 overs)
Ranjit Singh 35* (96)

text:
Match drawn
Palam A Ground, Model Sports Complex, Delhi
Umpires: David Millns and Tapan Sharma
Player of the match: Saurabh Rawat (Odisha)

text: Odisha won the toss and elected to field.

text:
21–24 November
Scorecard

text:
Rajasthan

v

Delhi

238 (71.3 overs)
Amitkumar Gautam 106 (182)
Navdeep Saini 3/28 (15 overs)

307 (91.4 overs)
Rishabh Pant 75 (59)
Tanveer-Ul-Haq 3/55 (16 overs)

221 (85.4 overs)
Rajesh Bishnoi 89 (162)
Pradeep Sangwan 3/31 (16 overs)

156/8 (41.4 overs)
Shikhar Dhawan 49 (70)
Tanveer-Ul-Haq 2/28 (8 overs)

text:
Delhi won by 2 wickets
Krishnagiri Stadium, Wayanad
Umpires: Yeshwant Barde and Sadashiv Iyer
Player of the match: Amitkumar Gautam (Rajasthan)

text:
21–24 November
Scorecard

text:
Maharashtra

v

Assam

542 (144 overs)
Kedar Jadhav 115 (106)
Abu Nechim 3/83 (22 overs)

256 (77 overs)
Rishav Das 86 (201)
Anupam Sanklecha 8/73 (22 overs)

234 (73.0 overs) (f/o)
Arun Karthik 87 (177)
Mohsin Sayyed 4/47 (18 overs)

text:
Maharashtra won by an innings and 52 runs
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
Umpires: Lubabalo Gcuma and Nand Kishore
Player of the match: Anupam Sanklecha (Maharashtra)

text:
Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
Mrinmoy Dutta (Assam) made his first-class debut.

text:
21–24 November
Scorecard

text:
Saurashtra

v

Vidarbha

301 (86.1 overs)
Sheldon Jackson 116 (149)
Rajneesh Gurbani 4/85 (21 overs)

347 (147.5 overs)
Faiz Fazal 94 (204)
Vandit Jivrajani 4/93 (42 overs)

189 (80 overs)
Snell Patel 62 (104)
Azhar Sheikh 4/31 (16 overs)

146/2 (35 overs)
Ganesh Satish 56* (70)
Deepak Punia 1/13 (4 overs)

text:
Vidarbha won by 8 wickets
Karnail Singh Stadium, Delhi
Umpires: Belur Ravi and Chirra Ravikanthreddy
Player of the match: Sanjay Ramaswamy (Vidarbha)

text: Round 8[edit]

text:
29 November–2 December
Scorecard

text:
Karnataka

v

Saurashtra

200 (64.1 overs)
Manish Pandey 75 (122)
Jay Chauhan 3/52 (18.1 overs)

359 (115 overs)
Prerak Mankad 126 (165)
Vinay Kumar 4/54 (24 overs)

216 (92.4 overs)
Kaunain Abbas 74 (200)
Jay Chauhan 4/71 (36.4 overs)

58/6 (18.4 overs)
Prerak Mankad 14* (22)
Krishnappa Gowtham 4/14 (7.4 overs)

text:
Saurashtra won by 4 wickets
Dhruve Pandove Stadium, Patiala
Umpires: Ulhas Gandhe and Nikhil Patwardhan
Player of the match: Prerak Mankad (Saurashtra)

text:
Karnataka won the toss and elected to bat.
Jay Chauhan and Kishan Parmar (Saurashtra) both made their first-class debuts.

text:
29 November–2 December
Scorecard

text:
Odisha

v

Maharashtra

319 (84.5 overs)
Biplab Samantray 89 (192)
Anupam Sanklecha 5/75 (23.5 overs)

94 (26 overs)
Anupam Sanklecha 18 (33)
Suryakant Pradhan 4/34 (10 overs)

107 (36.4 overs) (f/o)
Anupam Sanklecha 22 (23)
Biplab Samantray 4/34 (7.4 overs)

text:
Odisha won by an innings and 118 runs
Krishnagiri Stadium, Wayanad
Umpires: Chirra Ravikanthreddy and Ravi Subramanian
Player of the match: Biplab Samantray (Odisha)

text: Maharashtra won the toss and elected to field.

text:
29 November–2 December
Scorecard

text:
Vidarbha

v

Delhi

183 (62.3 overs)
Shalabh Srivastava 62 (93)
Sumit Narwal 4/38 (18 overs)

250/8d (81 overs)
Manan Sharma 82* (119)
Rajneesh Gurbani 4/76 (26 overs)

37/3 (19.0 overs)
Faiz Fazal 14 (37)
Vikas Tokas 1/7 (3 overs)

text:
Match drawn
MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai
Umpires: Chirra Ravikanthreddy and Ravi Subramanian
Player of the match: Manan Sharma (Delhi)

text:
Delhi won the toss and elected to field.
No play was possible on day 3 due to rain.
Siddhesh Wath (Vidarbha) made his first-class debut.

text:
29 November–2 December
Scorecard

text:
Jharkhand

v

Assam

316 (118 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 93 (179)
Krishna Das 4/65 (36 overs)

126 (52.2 overs)
Pallavkumar Das 30 (68)
Rahul Shukla 4/48 (12.2 overs)

111/5 (20.2 overs)
Ishank Jaggi 34* (15)
Arup Das 3/49 (10.2 overs)

299 (104.4 overs) (f/o)
Rishav Das 113 (256)
Rahul Shukla 3/74 (22 overs)

text:
Jharkhand won by 5 wickets
Dr PVG Raju ACA Sports Complex, Vizianagaram
Umpires: P. Jayapal and R. Sundar
Player of the match: Rahul Shukla (Jharkhand)

text: Round 9[edit]

text:
7–10 December
Scorecard

text:
Saurashtra

v

Delhi

92 (33.2 overs)
Prerak Mankad 33 (35)
Pradeep Sangwan 4/25 (10.2 overs)

237 (58.3 overs)
Pradeep Sangwan 75 (100)
Kushang Patel 5/72 (17.3 overs)

420 (127.4 overs)
Kishan Parmar 149 (250)
Navdeep Saini 3/122 (29 overs)

271 (78.1 overs)
Milind Kumar 55 (165)
Saurya Sanandiya 5/93 (25 overs)

text:
Saurashtra won by 4 runs
IPCL Sports Complex Ground, Vadodara
Umpires: K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan and Krishnaraj Srinath
Player of the match: Kishan Parmar (Saurashtra)

text:
7–10 December
Scorecard

text:
Maharashtra

v

Karnataka

163 (56 overs)
Rohit Motwani 32 (120)
Vinay Kumar 5/46 (17 overs)

327 (110 overs)
Pavan Deshpande 70 (139)
Anupam Sanklecha 3/78 (32 overs)

218 (47.3 overs)
Kedar Jadhav 86 (59)
David Mathias 3/37 (10 overs)

39/0 (10 overs)
Ravikumar Samarth 25* (34)

text:
Karnataka won by 10 wickets
Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Chandigarh
Umpires: Nitin Pandit and Anil Chaudhary
Player of the match: Vinay Kumar (Karnataka)

text:
Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
Arjun Hoysala and Pavan Deshpande (Karnataka) both made their first-class debuts.

text:
7–10 December
Scorecard

text:
Rajasthan

v

Vidarbha

140 (41.1 overs)
Manender Singh 27 (49)
Aditya Sarwate 3/22 (9 overs)

116 (41.3 overs)
Siddhesh Wath 50 (80)
Tanveer-Ul-Haq 6/21 (10.3 overs)

163 (54.5 overs)
Amitkumar Gautam 51 (138)
Lalit Yadav 6/60 (15.5 overs)

191/4 (31.2 overs)
Siddhesh Wath 64 (65)
Pankaj Singh 2/96 (12 overs)

text:
Vidarbha won by 6 wickets
Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground, Greater Noida
Umpires: Jayaraman Madanagopal and C. K. Nandan
Player of the match: Siddhesh Wath (Vidarbha)

text:
15–18 December
Scorecard

text:
Odisha

v

Jharkhand

152 (84 overs)
Sandeep Pattnaik 43 (174)
Shahbaz Nadeem 4/31 (26 overs)

348 (121 overs)
Kaushal Singh 86* (125)
Basant Mohanty 3/56 (24 overs)

103 (46.3 overs)
Sandeep Pattnaik 16 (69)
Kaushal Singh 3/17 (10 overs)

text:
Jharkhand won by an innings and 93 runs
St Xavier's College Ground, Thumba
Umpires: Shavir Tarapore and Sadashiv Iyer
Player of the match: Kaushal Singh (Jharkhand)

text:
Jharkhand won the toss and elected to field.
The date of this fixture was scheduled to take place a few days later than originally planned following the death of J Jayalalithaa.[12]


document_title: Lingam

question_text: what is the meaning of lord shiva lingam

text: Lingam

text: Definition[edit]

text: The lingam is a column-like or oval (egg-shaped) symbol of Shiva, the Formless All-pervasive Reality, made of stone, metal, or clay. The Shiva Linga is a symbol of Lord Shiva –  a mark that reminds of the Omnipotent Lord, which is formless.[7] In Shaivite Hindu temples, the linga is a smooth cylindrical mass symbolising Shiva. It is found at the centre of the temple, often resting in the middle of a rimmed, disc-shaped structure, a representation of Shakti.[3]

text: Origin[edit]

text: Terracotta Shiva Linga figurines found in excavations at Indus Valley Civilization site of Kalibangan and other sites provide evidence of early Shiva Linga worship from circa 3500 BCE to 2300 BCE.[9][10]

text: Anthropologist Christopher John Fuller wrote that although most sculpted images (murtis) are anthropomorphic, the aniconic Shiva Linga is an important exception.[11] Some believe that linga-worship was a feature of indigenous Indian religion.[12]

text: There is a hymn in the Atharvaveda that praises a pillar (Sanskrit: stambha), and this is one possible origin of linga worship.[12] Some associate Shiva-Linga with this Yupa-Stambha, the sacrificial post. In the hymn, a description is found of the beginning-less and endless Stambha or Skambha, and it is shown that the said Skambha is put in place of the eternal Brahman. The Yupa-Skambha gave place in time to the Shiva-Linga.[13][14] In the Linga Purana the same hymn is expanded in the shape of stories meant to establish the glory of the great Stambha and the supreme nature of Mahâdeva (the Great God, Shiva).[14]

text: The Hindu scripture Shiva Purana describes the origin of the lingam, known as Shiva-linga, as the beginning-less and endless cosmic pillar (Stambha) of fire, the cause of all causes.[15] Lord Shiva is pictured as emerging from the Lingam – the cosmic pillar of fire – proving his superiority over the gods Brahma and Vishnu.[8] This is known as Lingodbhava. The Linga Purana also supports this interpretation of lingam as a cosmic pillar, symbolizing the infinite nature of Shiva.[8][13][14][16] According to the Linga Purana, the lingam is a complete symbolic representation of the formless Universe Bearer – the oval-shaped stone is the symbol of the Universe, and the bottom base represents the Supreme Power that holds the entire Universe in it.[17] A similar interpretation is also found in the Skanda Purana: "The endless sky (that great void which contains the entire universe) is the Linga, the Earth is its base. At the end of time the entire universe and all the Gods finally merge in the Linga itself." [18] In yogic lore, the linga is considered the first form to arise when creation occurs, and also the last form before the dissolution of creation. It is therefore seen as an access to Shiva or that which lies beyond physical creation.[19] In the Mahabharata, at the end of Dwaraka Yuga, Lord Shiva says to his disciples that in the coming Kali Yuga, He would not appear in any particular form, but instead as the formless and omnipresent.

text: Historical period[edit]

text: According to Shaiva Siddhanta, which was for many centuries the dominant school of Shaiva theology and liturgy across the Indian subcontinent (and beyond it in Cambodia), the linga is the ideal substrate in which the worshipper should install and worship the five-faced and ten-armed Sadāśiva, the form of Shiva who is the focal divinity of that school of Shaivism.[20]

text: The oldest example of a lingam that is still used for worship is in Gudimallam. It dates to the 2nd century BC.[21] A figure of Shiva is carved into the front of the lingam.[22]

text: The lingam is the considered to be the primordial representation of pure form devoid of energy.

text: Making of Lingam according to Scriptures[edit]

text: The Saiva Agamas says "one can worship this Great God Shiva in the form of a Lingam made of mud or sand, of cow dung or wood, of bronze or black granite stone. But the purest and most sought-after form is the quartz crystal (Sphatika), a natural stone not carved by man but made by nature, gathered molecule by molecule over hundreds, thousands or millions of years, grown as a living body grows, but infinitely more slowly. Such a creation of nature is itself a miracle worthy of worship."[23][24] Hindu scripture rates crystal as the highest form of Siva Lingam[25].

text: Naturally occurring Lingams[edit]

text: An ice lingam at Amarnath in the western Himalayas forms every winter from ice dripping on the floor of a cave and freezing like a stalagmite. It is very popular with pilgrims.[26].

text: In Kadavul Temple, a 700-pound, 3-foot-tall, naturally formed Spatika(quartz) Lingam is installed. In future this crystal lingam will be housed in the Iraivan Temple. it is claimed as among the largest known sphatika(Quartz) self formed lingams. [27] [28]Hindu scripture rates crystal as the highest form of Siva Lingam[29].

text: Shivling, 6,543 metres (21,467 ft), is a mountain in Uttarakhand (the Garhwal region of Himalayas). It arises as a sheer pyramid above the snout of the Gangotri Glacier. The mountain resembles a Shiva lingam when viewed from certain angles, especially when travelling or trekking from Gangotri to Gomukh as part of a traditional Hindu pilgrimage.

text: A lingam is also the basis for the formation legend (and name) of the Borra Caves in Andhra Pradesh.[30]


question_text: who won entertainer of the year country music awards

text:
Country Music Association Award for Entertainer of the YearCountry
United StatesPresented by
Country Music AssociationFirst awarded
1967Currently held by
Garth Brooks (2017)

text: The Country Music Association Awards is a major awards show in country music, with the highest honor being the award for Entertainer of the Year. Garth Brooks has won the most awards with six. In 1972, Loretta Lynn became the first female artist to be honored with this award. Barbara Mandrell became the first artist to win twice.[1]

text: Recipients[edit]

text:
Year

Winner

Nominees

2017[2]

 Garth Brooks

Luke Bryan
Eric Church
Chris Stapleton
Keith Urban

2016[3]

 Garth Brooks

Carrie Underwood
Luke Bryan
Chris Stapleton
Keith Urban

2015[4]

 Luke Bryan

Miranda Lambert
Eric Church
Kenny Chesney
Garth Brooks

2014[5]

 Luke Bryan

Miranda Lambert
Blake Shelton
George Strait
Keith Urban

2013[6]

 George Strait

Jason Aldean
Luke Bryan
Blake Shelton
Taylor Swift

2012[7]

 Blake Shelton

Jason Aldean
Kenny Chesney
Brad Paisley
Taylor Swift

2011[8]

 Taylor Swift

Jason Aldean
Brad Paisley
Blake Shelton
Keith Urban

2010[9]

 Brad Paisley

Lady Antebellum
Miranda Lambert
Keith Urban
Zac Brown Band

2009

 Taylor Swift

Kenny Chesney
Brad Paisley
George Strait
Keith Urban

2008

 Kenny Chesney

Brad Paisley
George Strait
Sugarland
Keith Urban

2007

 Kenny Chesney

Brad Paisley
Rascal Flatts
George Strait
Keith Urban

2006

 Kenny Chesney

Brooks & Dunn
Alan Jackson
Rascal Flatts
Keith Urban

2005

 Keith Urban

Kenny Chesney
Alan Jackson
Toby Keith
Brad Paisley

2004

 Kenny Chesney

Brooks & Dunn
Alan Jackson
Toby Keith
Tim McGraw

2003

 Alan Jackson

Brooks & Dunn
Kenny Chesney
Toby Keith
Tim McGraw

2002

 Alan Jackson

Brooks & Dunn
Kenny Chesney
Toby Keith
George Strait

2001

 Tim McGraw

Brooks & Dunn
Dixie Chicks
Alan Jackson
George Strait

2000

 Dixie Chicks

Faith Hill
Alan Jackson
Tim McGraw
George Strait

1999

 Shania Twain

Garth Brooks
Dixie Chicks
Tim McGraw
George Strait

1998

 Garth Brooks

Brooks & Dunn
Vince Gill
Tim McGraw
George Strait

1997

 Garth Brooks

Brooks & Dunn
Vince Gill
Alan Jackson
George Strait

1996

 Brooks & Dunn

Garth Brooks
Vince Gill
Alan Jackson
George Strait

1995

 Alan Jackson

Brooks & Dunn
Garth Brooks
Vince Gill
Reba McEntire

1994

 Vince Gill

Brooks & Dunn
Garth Brooks
Alan Jackson
Reba McEntire

1993

 Vince Gill

Brooks & Dunn
Garth Brooks
Alan Jackson
Reba McEntire

1992

 Garth Brooks

Vince Gill
Alan Jackson
Reba McEntire
Travis Tritt

1991

 Garth Brooks

Clint Black
Vince Gill
Reba McEntire
George Strait

1990

 George Strait

Clint Black
Kathy Mattea
Randy Travis
Hank Williams, Jr.

1989

 George Strait

Reba McEntire
Randy Travis
Ricky Van Shelton
Hank Williams, Jr.

1988

 Hank Williams, Jr.

The Judds
Reba McEntire
George Strait
Randy Travis

1987

 Hank Williams, Jr.

The Judds
Reba McEntire
George Strait
Randy Travis

1986

 Reba McEntire

The Judds
Willie Nelson
Ricky Skaggs
George Strait

1985

 Ricky Skaggs

Alabama
Lee Greenwood
Reba McEntire
George Strait

1984

 Alabama

Lee Greenwood
Barbara Mandrell
Ronnie Milsap
Oak Ridge Boys

1983

 Alabama

Merle Haggard
Barbara Mandrell
Willie Nelson
Ricky Skaggs

1982

 Alabama

Barbara Mandrell
Willie Nelson
Oak Ridge Boys
Ricky Skaggs

1981

 Barbara Mandrell

Alabama
George Jones
Oak Ridge Boys
Kenny Rogers

1980

 Barbara Mandrell

Charlie Daniels Band
Larry Gatlin & The Gatlin Brothers
Willie Nelson
Kenny Rogers

1979

 Willie Nelson

Crystal Gayle
Barbara Mandrell
Kenny Rogers
Statler Brothers

1978

 Dolly Parton

Crystal Gayle
Ronnie Milsap
Kenny Rogers
Mel Tillis

1977

 Ronnie Milsap

Merle Haggard
Waylon Jennings
Dolly Parton
Kenny Rogers

1976

 Mel Tillis

Waylon Jennings
Ronnie Milsap
Willie Nelson
Dolly Parton

1975

 John Denver

Waylon Jennings
Loretta Lynn
Ronnie Milsap
Conway Twitty

1974

 Charlie Rich

Roy Clark
Mac Davis
Loretta Lynn
Olivia Newton-John

1973

 Roy Clark

Merle Haggard
Tom T. Hall
Loretta Lynn
Charley Pride

1972

 Loretta Lynn

Merle Haggard
Freddie Hart
Charley Pride
Jerry Reed

1971

 Charley Pride

Merle Haggard
Loretta Lynn
Jerry Reed
Conway Twitty

1970

 Merle Haggard

Glen Campbell
Eddy Arnold
Johnny Cash
Charley Pride

1969

 Johnny Cash

Glen Campbell
Roy Clark
Merle Haggard
Charley Pride

1968

 Glen Campbell

Eddy Arnold
Johnny Cash
Merle Haggard
Charley Pride

1967

 Eddy Arnold

Bill Anderson
Merle Haggard
Sonny James
Buck Owens


document_title: Mark O'Meara

question_text: mark who went to golf majors in 1998

question_tokens: mark who went to golf majors in 1998

text: Mark O'Meara

text: Early years[edit]

text: O'Meara was born in Goldsboro, North Carolina, but grew up in southern California in Mission Viejo. He took up golf at age 13, sneaking on to the nearby Mission Viejo Country Club. O'Meara later became an employee of the club and played on his high school golf team. He was an All-American at Long Beach State,[3] and won the U.S. Amateur in 1979, defeating John Cook.[4] He also won the California State Amateur Championship that year.

text: O'Meara was a former resident of Orlando, Florida and lived in the same neighborhood as Tiger Woods. The two became good friends and frequently golfed together during this time. O'Meara now resides in Houston, Texas.

text: PGA Tour[edit]

text: After graduating with a degree in marketing in 1980, O'Meara turned professional and would win 16 events on the PGA Tour, beginning with the Greater Milwaukee Open in 1984. He won the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am five times, but he passed his 41st birthday in January 1998 without having won a major championship as a professional.

text: In a late finale to his PGA Tour winning career, O'Meara won two majors in 1998, The Masters and the British Open. O'Meara's victory in The Masters came at his 15th attempt. O'Meara attributed this resurgence partly to the inspiration of working with Tiger Woods, the new superstar of the game at the time, with whom O'Meara had become good friends.[5] In the same year, he won the Cisco World Match Play Championship and reached a career best of second in the Official World Golf Ranking.

text: O'Meara is known for competing outside the United States more often than most leading American golfers, and has won tournaments in Europe, Asia, Australia and South America. A man with a genial demeanor, he is one of the most popular figures in international golf. In the new millennium his form took a downturn and he began to struggle with injuries, but in 2004 he won an official tour event for the first time since 1998, taking the Dubai Desert Classic title, which despite being played in the Middle East is a European Tour event.

text: Champions Tour[edit]

text: In 2007, O'Meara began play on the Champions Tour; he had many top-10 finishes in his first three seasons including several runner-up finishes, but no wins. In 2010, he broke through with a win in the Liberty Mutual Legends of Golf with Nick Price, followed by his first senior major victory in the Constellation Energy Senior Players Championship. O'Meara was sidelined by a rib injury for several months starting in April 2012; he missed the majors on both tours and did not compete until August.[6][7]

text: O'Meara has begun to develop a golf course design practice and enjoys fishing in his off time. He is currently a brand ambassador for Pacific Links International.

text: Professional wins (34)[edit]

text: PGA Tour wins (16)[edit]

text:
Legend

Major championships (2)

Other PGA Tour (14)

text:
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
To par
Margin
of victory
Runner(s)-up

1
Sep 16, 1984
Greater Milwaukee Open
67-68-69-68=272
−16
5 strokes
 Tom Watson

2
Feb 3, 1985
Bing Crosby National Pro-Am
70-72-68-73=283
−5
1 stroke
 Kikuo Arai,  Larry Rinker,
 Curtis Strange

3
Feb 10, 1985
Hawaiian Open
67-66-65-69=267
−21
1 stroke
 Craig Stadler

4
Jan 29, 1989
AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (2)
66-68-73-70=277
−11
1 stroke
 Tom Kite

5
Feb 4, 1990
AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (3)
67-73-69-72=281
−7
2 strokes
 Kenny Perry

6
Oct 7, 1990
H.E.B. Texas Open
64-68-66-63=261
−19
1 stroke
 Gary Hallberg

7
Oct 19, 1991
Walt Disney World/Oldsmobile Classic
66-66-71-64=267
−21
1 stroke
 David Peoples

8
Feb 2, 1992
AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (4)
69-68-68-70=275
−13
Playoff
 Jeff Sluman

9
Mar 12, 1995
Honda Classic
68-65-71-71=275
−9
1 stroke
 Nick Faldo

10
Sep 10, 1995
Bell Canadian Open
72-67-68-67=274
−14
Playoff
 Bob Lohr

11
Jan 7, 1996
Mercedes Championships
68-69-66-68=271
−17
3 strokes
 Nick Faldo,  Scott Hoch

12
Apr 28, 1996
Greater Greensboro Chrysler Classic
75-68-62-69=274
−14
2 strokes
 Duffy Waldorf

13
Feb 2, 1997
AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am (5)
67-67-67-67=268
−20
1 stroke
 David Duval,  Tiger Woods

14
Feb 9, 1997
Buick Invitational
67-66-71-71=275
−13
2 strokes
 David Ogrin,  Donnie Hammond,
 Jesper Parnevik,  Craig Stadler,
 Lee Janzen,  Mike Hulbert,
 Duffy Waldorf

15
Apr 12, 1998
Masters Tournament
74-70-68-67=279
−9
1 stroke
 Fred Couples,  David Duval

16
Jul 19, 1998
The Open Championship
72-68-72-68=280
E
Playoff
 Brian Watts

text: PGA Tour playoff record (3–4)

text:
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent(s)
Result

1
1981
Tallahassee Open
 Dave Eichelberger,  Bob Murphy
Eichelberger won with birdie on first extra hole

2
1983
Phoenix Open
 Rex Caldwell,  Bob Gilder,
 Johnny Miller
Gilder won with birdie on eighth extra hole
Miller and O'Meara eliminated with birdie on second hole

3
1991
Bob Hope Chrysler Classic
 Corey Pavin
Lost to birdie on first extra hole

4
1992
Bob Hope Chrysler Classic
 John Cook,  Rick Fehr,
 Tom Kite,  Gene Sauers
Cook won with eagle on fourth extra hole
Fehr eliminated with birdie on second hole
Kite and O'Meara eliminated with birdie on first hole

5
1992
AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am
 Jeff Sluman
Won with par on first extra hole

6
1995
Bell Canadian Open
 Bob Lohr
Won with par on first extra hole

7
1998
The Open Championship
 Brian Watts
Won four-hole aggregate playoff
O'Meara 4-4-5-4=17, Watts 5-4-5-5=19

text: European Tour wins (4)[edit]

text:
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
Margin of
victory
Runner-up

1
Aug 23, 1987
Lawrence Batley International
−17 (71-64-70-66=271)
3 strokes
 Carl Mason

2
Sep 14, 1997
Trophée Lancôme
−13 (69-67-66-69=271)
1 stroke
 Jarmo Sandelin

3
Jul 19, 1998
The Open Championship
E (72-68-72-68=280)
Playoff
 Brian Watts

4
Mar 7, 2004
Dubai Desert Classic
−17 (70-64-68-69=271)
1 stroke
 Paul McGinley

text: European Tour playoff record (1–0)

text:
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent
Result

1
1998
The Open Championship
 Brian Watts
Won four-hole aggregate playoff
O'Meara 4-4-5-4=17, Watts 5-4-5-5=19

text: Japan Golf Tour wins (2)[edit]

text:
1985 Fujisankei Classic
1992 Tokai Classic

text: Other wins (11)[edit]

text:
1985 Isuzu Kapalua International (unofficial PGA Tour event)
1986 Australian Masters
1989 RMCC Invitational (with Curtis Strange)
1994 Argentine Open, Fred Meyer Challenge (with John Cook)
1998 Cisco World Match Play Championship (Europe – unofficial event), Skins Game (U.S. – unofficial event)
1999 World Cup of Golf (with Tiger Woods)
2000 Fred Meyer Challenge (with John Cook)
2002 Skins Game (U.S. – unofficial event)
2007 Champions Challenge (with Mike Reid)

text: Champions Tour wins (2)[edit]

text:
Legend

Champions Tour major championships (1)

Other Champions Tour (1)

text:
No.
Date
Tournament
Winning score
To par
Margin
of victory
Runner(s)-up

1
Apr 25, 2010
Liberty Mutual Insurance Legends of Golf
(with Nick Price)
62-64-62=188
−28
Playoff
 John Cook &  Joey Sindelar

2
Oct 10, 2010
Constellation Energy Senior Players Championship
68-68-69-68=273
−7
Playoff
 Michael Allen

text: Champions Tour playoff record (2–1)

text:
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent(s)
Result

1
2010
Liberty Mutual Insurance Legends of Golf
(with Nick Price)
 John Cook &  Joey Sindelar
Won with par on second extra hole

2
2010
Constellation Energy Senior Players Championship
 Michael Allen
Won with par on first extra hole

3
2012
Boeing Classic
 Jay Don Blake
Lost to birdie on second extra hole

text: Major championships[edit]

text: Wins (2)[edit]

text:
Year
Championship
54 holes
Winning score
To par
Margin
of victory
Runner(s)-up

1998
Masters Tournament
2 shot deficit
74-70-68-67=279
−9
1 stroke
 Fred Couples,  David Duval

1998
The Open Championship
2 shot deficit
72-68-72-68=280
E
Playoff 1
 Brian Watts

text: 1 Defeated Brian Watts in 4-hole playoff: O'Meara (4-4-5-4=17), Watts (5-4-5-5=19)

text: Results timeline[edit]

text:
Tournament
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989

Masters Tournament
CUT

24
48
T24
T39
T11

U.S. Open
CUT
CUT
58

T7
T15
T41
CUT
T3
CUT

The Open Championship

T47

T3
T43
T66
27
T42

PGA Championship

T70

CUT
T25
T28
CUT
CUT
T9
CUT

text:
Tournament
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

Masters Tournament
CUT
T27
T4
T21
T15
T31
T18
T30
1
T31

U.S. Open
CUT
CUT
CUT
CUT
CUT

T16
T36
T32
CUT

The Open Championship
T48
T3
T12
CUT

T49
T33
T38
1
CUT

PGA Championship
T19
CUT
CUT
CUT

T6
T26
T13
T4
T57

text:
Tournament
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

Masters Tournament
CUT
T20
CUT
T8
T27
T31
CUT
CUT
CUT
CUT

U.S. Open
T51
CUT
T18
T35

CUT

The Open Championship
T26
T42
T22
T65
T30
CUT
T63
T60
CUT
T70

PGA Championship
T46
T22
CUT
CUT
CUT

text:
Tournament
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018

Masters Tournament
CUT
CUT

CUT
CUT
T22
CUT
CUT
CUT

U.S. Open

The Open Championship
CUT
CUT

T58

T78
T63
CUT

PGA Championship

text:
CUT = missed the halfway cut
"T" indicates a tie for a place.

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Tournament
Wins
2nd
3rd
Top-5
Top-10
Top-25
Events
Cuts made

Masters Tournament
1
0
0
2
3
11
34
19

U.S. Open
0
0
1
1
2
5
23
11

The Open Championship
1
0
2
3
3
5
31
24

PGA Championship
0
0
0
1
3
7
22
12

Totals
2
0
3
7
11
28
110
66

text:
Most consecutive cuts made – 11 (1995 Masters – 1999 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 2 (1998 Open Championship – 1998 PGA)

text: Senior major championships[edit]

text: Wins (1)[edit]

text:
Year
Championship
Winning score
To par
Margin
Runner-up

2010
Constellation Energy Senior Players Championship
68-68-69-68=273
−7
Playoff1
 Michael Allen

text: 1Defeated Allen in a sudden-death playoff.

text: Senior results timeline[edit]

text: Results not in chronological order before 2017.

text:
Tournament
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017

The Tradition
T14
T31
T11
T38
T12
DNP
T36
T35
T38
T17
T40

Senior PGA Championship
T12
T24
T14
4
T18
DNP
4
DNP
T45
T14
T46

U.S. Senior Open
T11
CUT
T6
CUT
2
DNP
19
T38
WD
CUT
CUT

Senior Players Championship
T31
T32
T9
1
5
DNP
T39
T6
WD
T36
70

Senior British Open Championship
T2
T34
T25
DNP
T39
DNP
T26
DNP
WD
T18
DNP

text:
DNP = did not play
CUT = missed the halfway cut
WD = withdrew
"T" indicates a tie for a place.
Green background for a win. Yellow background for top-10.

text: U.S. national team appearances[edit]

text: Professional

text:
Alfred Dunhill Cup: 1985, 1986, 1987, 1996 (winners), 1997, 1998, 1999
Ryder Cup: 1985, 1989 (tie), 1991 (winners), 1997, 1999 (winners)
Nissan Cup: 1985 (winners)
Presidents Cup: 1996 (winners), 1998
World Cup: 1999 (winners)
UBS Cup: 2001 (winners), 2002 (winners), 2003 (tie)


document_title: Liberal arts education

question_text: the roman name for a liberal arts education is known as

text: Liberal arts education

text: History[edit]

text: Rooted in the basic curriculum – the enkuklios paideia or "education in a circle" – of late Classical and Hellenistic Greece, the "liberal arts" or "liberal pursuits" (Latin liberalia studia) were already so called in formal education during the Roman Empire. The first recorded use of the term "liberal arts" (artes liberales) occurs in De Inventione by Marcus Tullius Cicero, but it is unclear if he created the term.[5][6] Seneca the Younger discusses liberal arts in education from a critical Stoic point of view in Moral Epistle 88.[7] The exact classification of the liberal arts varied however in Roman times,[8] and it was only after Martianus Capella in the 5th century AD influentially brought the seven liberal arts as bridesmaids to the Marriage of Mercury and Philology,[9] that they took on canonical form.

text: The four 'scientific' artes – music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy (or astrology) – were known from the time of Boethius onwards as the Quadrivium. After the 9th century, the remaining three arts of the 'humanities' – grammar, logic, and rhetoric – were classed as well, as the Trivium.[8] It was in that two-fold form that the seven liberal arts were studied in the medieval Western university.[10][11] During the Middle Ages, logic gradually came to take predominance over the other parts of the Trivium.[12]

text: In the Renaissance, the Italian humanists and their Northern counterparts, despite in many respects continuing the traditions of the Middle Ages, reversed that process.[13] Re-christening the old Trivium with a new and more ambitious name: Studia humanitatis, and also increasing its scope, they downplayed logic as opposed to the traditional Latin grammar and rhetoric, and added to them history, Greek, and moral philosophy (ethics), with a new emphasis on poetry as well.[14] The educational curriculum of humanism spread throughout Europe during the sixteenth century and became the educational foundation for the schooling of European elites, the functionaries of political administration, the clergy of the various legally recognized churches, and the learned professions of law and medicine.[15] The ideal of a liberal arts, or humanistic education grounded in classical languages and literature, persisted until the middle of the twentieth century.[16]

text: Modern usage[edit]

text: Some subsections of the liberal arts are in the trivium—the verbal arts: grammar, logic, and rhetoric; and in the quadrivium—the numerical arts: arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. Analyzing and interpreting information is also included.

text: Academic areas that are associated with the term liberal arts include:

text:
Arts (fine arts, music, performing arts, literature)
Mathematics
Natural science (biology, chemistry, physics, astronomy, earth science)
Philosophy
Religious studies
Social science (anthropology, economics, geography, history, jurisprudence, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology)

text: For example, the core courses for Georgetown University's Doctor of Liberal Studies program[17] cover philosophy, theology, history, art, literature, and the social sciences. Wesleyan University's Master of Arts in Liberal Studies program includes courses in visual arts, art history, creative and professional writing, literature, history, mathematics, film, government, education, biology, psychology, and astronomy.[18]

text: Secondary school[edit]

text: The liberal arts education at the secondary school level prepares the student for higher education at a university. They are thus meant for the more academically minded students. In addition to the usual curriculum, students of a liberal arts education often study Latin and Ancient Greek.

text: Some liberal arts education provide general education, others have a specific focus. (This also differs from country to country.) The four traditional branches are:

text:
humanities education (specializing in classical languages, such as Latin and Greek)
modern languages (students are required to study at least three languages)
mathematical-scientific education
economical and social-scientific education (students are required to study economics, world history, social studies and business informatics)

text: Curricula differ from school to school, but generally include language, mathematics, informatics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, art (as well as crafts and design), music, history, philosophy, civics / citizenship,[19] social sciences, and several foreign languages.

text: Schools concentrate not only on academic subjects, but on producing well-rounded individuals, so physical education and religion or ethics are compulsory, even in non-denominational schools which are prevalent. For example, the German constitution guarantees the separation of church and state, so although religion or ethics classes are compulsory, students may choose to study a specific religion or none at all.

text: Today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasiums specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium, which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium, with the rights to continue education in a gymnasium. Here, the prefix "pro" is equivalent to "pre".

text: In the United States[edit]

text: In the United States, liberal arts colleges are schools emphasizing undergraduate study in the liberal arts.[20] The teaching at liberal arts colleges is often Socratic, typically with small classes, and often has a lower student-to-teacher ratio than at large universities; professors teaching classes are often allowed to concentrate more on their teaching responsibilities than primary research professors or graduate student teaching assistants in universities.[citation needed]

text: In addition, most four-year colleges that are not devoted exclusively or primarily to liberal arts degrees also offer those degrees, and students not majoring in liberal arts take courses to satisfy distribution requirements in liberal arts.

text: Traditionally, a bachelor's degree either in liberal arts in general or in one particular area within liberal arts, with substantial study outside that main area, is earned over four years of full-time study. However, some universities such as Saint Leo University,[21] Pennsylvania State University,[22] Florida Institute of Technology[23] and New England College[24] have begun to offer an associate degree in liberal arts. Colleges like New Saint Andrews College in Moscow, Idaho, offer a unique program with only one degree offering, a Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies, and colleges like the University of Oklahoma College of Liberal Studies offers an online, part-time option for adult and nontraditional students.

text: Most students earn either a Bachelor of Arts degree or a Bachelor of Science[25] degree; on completing undergraduate study, students might progress to either a liberal arts graduate school or a professional school (public administration, engineering, business, law, medicine, theology).

text: In Europe[edit]

text: In most parts of Europe, liberal arts education is deeply rooted. In Germany, Austria and countries influenced by their education system, e.g. it is called "humanistische Bildung" (humanistic education). The term is not to be mixed up with some modern educational concepts that use a similar wording. Educational institutions that see themselves in that tradition are often a "Gymnasium" (high school, grammar school). They aim at providing their pupils with comprehensive education (Bildung) in order to form personality with regard to a pupil's own humanity as well as his/her innate intellectual skills.[citation needed] Going back to the long tradition of the liberal arts in Europe, education in the above sense was freed from scholastic thinking and re-shaped by the theorists of enlightenment. In particular, Wilhelm von Humboldt played a key role in that regard. Since students are considered to have received a comprehensive liberal arts education at grammar schools, very often, the role of liberal arts education in undergraduate education at universities is reduced compared to the US educational system.[citation needed] Students are expected to use their skills received at the grammar school in order to further develop their personality in their own responsibility, e.g. in universities' music clubs, theatre groups, language clubs etc. Universities encourage students to do so and offer respective opportunities but do not make such activities part of the university's curriculum.[citation needed]

text: Thus, on the level of higher education, despite the European origin of the liberal arts college,[26] the term liberal arts college usually denotes liberal arts colleges in the United States.[citation needed] With the exception of pioneering institutions such as Franklin University Switzerland (formerly known as Franklin College), established as a Europe-based, US-style liberal arts college in 1969,[27] only recently some efforts have been undertaken to systematically "re-import" liberal arts education to continental Europe, as with Leiden University College The Hague, University College Utrecht, University College Maastricht, Amsterdam University College, Roosevelt Academy (now University College Roosevelt), ATLAS University College, Erasmus University College, University College Groningen, Bratislava International School of Liberal Arts, and Bard College Berlin, formerly known as the European College of Liberal Arts. As well as the colleges listed above, some universities in the Netherlands offer bachelors programs in Liberal Arts and Sciences (Tilburg University). Liberal arts (as a degree program) is just beginning to establish itself in Europe. For example, University College Dublin offers the degree, as does St. Marys University College Belfast, both institutions coincidentally on the island of Ireland. In the Netherlands, universities have opened constituent liberal arts colleges under the terminology university college since the late 1990s. The four-year bachelor's degree in Liberal Arts and Sciences at University College Freiburg is the first of its kind in Germany. It started in October 2012 with 78 students.[28] The first Liberal Arts degree program in Sweden was established at Gothenburg University in 2011,[29] followed by a Liberal Arts Bachelor Programme at Uppsala University's Campus Gotland in the autumn of 2013.[30] The first Liberal Arts program in Georgia was introduced in 2005 by American-Georgian Initiative for Liberal Education (AGILE),[31] an NGO. In collaboration with AGILE, Ilia State University[32] became the first higher education institution in Georgia to establish a liberal arts program.[33]

text: In France, Chavagnes Studium, a Liberal Arts Study Centre in partnership with the Institut Catholique d'études supérieures, and based in a former Catholic seminary, is launching a two-year intensive BA in the Liberal Arts, with a distinctively Catholic outlook.[34] It has been suggested that the liberal arts degree may become part of mainstream education provision in the United Kingdom, Ireland and other European countries. In 1999, the European College of Liberal Arts (now Bard College Berlin) was founded in Berlin[35] and in 2009 it introduced a four-year Bachelor of Arts program in Value Studies taught in English,[36] leading to an interdisciplinary degree in the humanities.

text: In England, the first institution[37] to retrieve and update a liberal arts education at undergraduate level was The University of Winchester with their BA (Hons) Modern Liberal Arts programme which launched in 2010.[37] In 2012, University College London began its interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences BASc degree (which has kinship with the liberal arts model) with 80 students.[38] King's College London launched the BA Liberal Arts, which has a slant towards arts, humanities and social sciences subjects.[39] The New College of the Humanities also launched a new liberal education programme. The University of Nottingham has a Liberal Arts BA that provides an interdisciplinary approach, study abroad options and links with its Natural Sciences degrees.[40] In 2016, the University of Warwick launched a three/four-year liberal arts BA degree, which focuses on transdisciplinary approaches and Problem-based learning techniques in addition to providing structured disciplinary pathways.[41] And for 2017 entry UCAS lists 20 providers of liberal arts programmes.[42]

text: In Scotland, the four-year undergraduate Honours degree, specifically the Master of Arts, has historically demonstrated considerable breadth in focus. In the first two years of Scottish MA and BA degrees students typically study a number of different subjects before specialising in their Honours years (third and fourth year). The University of Dundee and the University of Glasgow (at its Crichton Campus) are the only Scottish universities that currently offer a specifically named 'Liberal Arts' degree.

text: In Asia[edit]

text: The Commission on Higher Education of the Philippines mandates a General Education curriculum required of all higher education institutions; it includes a number of liberal arts subjects, including history, art appreciation, and ethics, plus interdisciplinary electives. Many universities have much more robust liberal arts core curricula; most notably, the Jesuit universities such as Ateneo de Manila University have a strong liberal arts core curriculum that includes philosophy, theology, literature, history, and the social sciences. Forman Christian College (A Chartered University) is a liberal arts education institution in Lahore, Pakistan. It is one of the oldest institutions in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. It is a chartered university recognized by Higher Education Commission Pakistan. Habib University in Karachi, Pakistan offers a holistic liberal arts and sciences experience to its students through its uniquely tailored liberal core program which is compulsory for all undergraduate degree students.[43][44] The Underwood International College of Yonsei University, Korea, has compulsory liberal arts course for all the student body. Symbiosis & FLAME University in Pune, Ahmedabad University, Ashoka University, Lingnan University and University of Liberal Arts- Bangladesh (ULAB) are also a few such liberal arts colleges in Asia. International Christian University in Tokyo is the first and one of the very few liberal arts universities in Japan.

text: In Australia[edit]

text: Campion College is a Roman Catholic dedicated liberal arts college, located in the western suburbs of Sydney. Founded in 2006, it is the first tertiary educational liberal arts college of its type in Australia. Campion offers a Bachelor of Arts in the Liberal Arts as its sole undergraduate degree. The key disciplines studied are history, literature, philosophy, and theology.


document_title: Once Upon a Time in Venice

question_text: spyder from once upon a time in venice

question_tokens: spyder from once upon a time in venice

text: Once Upon a Time in Venice

text: Plot[edit]

text: When a Los Angeles-based private detective named Steve Ford tries to retrieve his stolen dog from a gang, the gang's drug lord, "Spyder", forces the detective to do some jobs before getting the dog back.[3]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bruce Willis as Steve Ford, a Los Angeles private detective whose dog is stolen by a gang.[4]
Jason Momoa as Spyder, a drug lord who forces Steve to do some jobs for the safety of his dog.[3]
John Goodman as Dave Phillips, Steve's best friend.[5]
Thomas Middleditch as John, an assistant in his operation to Steve.[3]
Famke Janssen as Katey Ford, Steve's sister-in-law.[3]
Adam Goldberg as Lou the Jew[6], a real estate developer
Elisabeth Röhm as Anne Phillips, Dave’s ex
Stephanie Sigman as Lupe, Spyder’s girlfriend.[5]
Wood Harris as Prince
Christopher McDonald as Mr. Carter
Adrian Martinez as Tino, the owner of a local pizza store who wants to help Steve.[5]
Kal Penn as Rajeesh, a grocery store clerk.[5]
Ken Davitian as Yuri[7]
Victor Ortiz[7] as Chewy
Emily Robinson as Taylor[5]
Ralph Garman as Bum
Ron Funches as Mocha
Jessica Gomes as Nola

text: Production[edit]

text: By May 16, 2015, Bruce Willis was cast to star in a comedy playing a Los Angeles private detective whose dog is stolen by a gang.[4] Mark Cullen and Robb Cullen would make their directorial debut on the film based on their own script,[8] and they would also produce the film along with Nicolas Chartier, Zev Foreman, and Laura Ford, while Voltage Pictures financing and selling the film at Cannes.[4] In June 2015, Jason Momoa, Thomas Middleditch and Famke Janssen joined the cast of the film, Momoa to play the gang leader who forces Willis' character to do some jobs for his dog, Middleditch to play Willis' assistant in his operation, while Janssen would play Willis' sister-in-law.[3] Later on June 30, 2015, John Goodman, Stephanie Sigman, Adrian Martinez, Kal Penn, and Emily Robinson round out the remaining cast of the film, Goodman playing Willis' best friend, Sigman playing Momoa's character's girlfriend, Martinez playing the owner of a local pizza store who wants to help Willis' character, while Penn would play a grocery store clerk.[5] On July 13, 2015, Adam Goldberg was set to play Lou the Jew in the film.[6] Next day on July 14, 2015, four more joined the cast of the film, including Tyga, Ken Davitian, David Arquette, and Victor Ortiz.[7]

text: Actor Ralph Garman was meant to play a role in the movie, but he revealed on his Hollywood Babble-On podcast that his character was written out of the film when Bruce Willis refused to shoot a scene between them. The Cullen brothers offered him another role, and again, Willis declined to shoot the scene. The next day, the producers of the film stated that the scene needed to be cut, leaving Garman without an appearance in the film. The story mirrored that of his co-host, director Kevin Smith, who had similar stories of Willis' behaviour during the filming of Cop Out.[9]

text: Principal photography began on June 29, 2015, in Venice, Los Angeles.[10] The film was shooting under the working title Going Under.[11]

text: Release[edit]

text: In April 2017, RLJ Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film.[12] It was released in a limited release and through video on demand on June 16, 2017.[13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Once Upon A Time In Venice received a 22% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 32 reviews.[14] Metacritic gave the film a score of 28 out of 100 based on 9 reviews.[15]

text: Craig D. Lindsey of LA Weekly stated that Willis' performance was "a sterling example of how a lazy star can make a bad movie even worse."[16]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Once Upon A Time In Venice was released on Jun 16, 2017 (limited) and totaled under $500,000 in combined international box office.[1][2]


document_title: Consolidated Fund

question_text: who controls the consolidated fund of the state

text: Consolidated Fund

text: The British Consolidated Fund[edit]

text: Establishment[edit]

text: The British Consolidated Fund was so named as it consolidated together a number of existing accounts, detailed below, and facilitated proper parliamentary oversight of the spending of the executive; it was defined as "one fund into which shall flow every stream of public revenue and from which shall come the supply of every service".

text: The Treasury established this account, formerly known as The Account of Her Majesty's Exchequer, at the Bank of England where it remains to this day, and the legal term "Consolidated Fund" refers to the amount of credit held in this particular account. Under the Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1866[1] most of the revenue from taxation, and all other money payable to the Exchequer, must be paid into the Consolidated Fund.

text: Earlier funds[edit]

text: The General Fund was established in 1617, the Aggregate Fund in 1715, the South Sea Fund in 1717. These funds were established in relation to specific government borrowing authorised by Parliament, which had a defined type of revenue appropriated to put towards the interest and repayment. That particular revenue would be paid into the fund related to the loan. For example, the South Sea Fund was related to the debts of the South Sea Company. The Aggregate Fund was paid all the hereditary revenues of the English (and later British) Crown, such as profits from the Crown Estate and the Royal Mail. The hereditary revenues of Scotland were paid into the Consolidated Fund from 1788 onwards.

text: From 1716 onwards the surplus of the first three funds, after the interest and principal payments, flowed into a fourth fund, the sinking fund. This was intended to be applied to the repayment of the national debt but was instead mainly used for day-to-day necessities. It was eventually placed into the hands of the National Debt Commissioners, and was abandoned in the 1820s.

text: In 1752, before the Consolidated Fund was formed, the debts owed to the three existing funds had themselves been consolidated, and became irredeemable (the principal would only be repaid if the government chose to do so). They, therefore, became annuities, paying an annual rate of interest of 3%, and known as consolidated annuities, or consols.

text: Ireland's consolidated fund[edit]

text: The Consolidated Fund Services of Great Britain and Ireland were merged by the Consolidated Fund Act 1816 into the single Consolidated Fund of the United Kingdom that exists to this day.

text: Payments into the fund[edit]

text: All tax revenue is paid into the fund unless Parliament has specifically provided otherwise by law.

text: Any money received by the government which is not taxation, and is not to be retained by the receiving department (for example, fines), is classed as a Consolidated Fund extra receipt (CFER). These are to be paid into the Consolidated Fund as soon as they are received.

text: Payments out of the fund[edit]

text: Appropriation Acts and Consolidated Fund Acts[edit]

text: Parliament gives statutory authority for the government to draw funds from the Consolidated Fund by Acts of Parliament known as Appropriation Acts and Consolidated Fund Acts. Funds are made available under the Acts only for a specified financial year, a concept known as annuality, although an individual Act can cover more than one financial year, listing separate amounts for each. Often a two-year period is covered by a Consolidated Fund Act, and roughly two or three are passed in each parliamentary year.

text: A Consolidated Fund (Appropriation) Bill is brought in and passed at the end of the parliamentary year before the Summer recess. When passed, this is known as the Appropriation Act, and allocates the monies from the Consolidated Fund to the purposes set out in the main annual departmental expenditure estimates (the annual government department budgets, known as Estimates).

text: In the interim period between the start of the financial year and the passing of the Appropriation Act, a process known as Votes on Account is used to grant to departments up to 45% of the amounts they were allocated in the preceding financial year. These Votes on Account, and any necessary changes to departmental budgets (Supplementary Estimates) are passed as Consolidated Fund Acts, normally twice each year in November and February. Additional funds may be requested at any time, and will either require an additional Consolidated Fund Act, or will be included within other legislation.

text: The preamble of these supply acts is different from that of most other Acts of Parliament. It currently reads:

text: Whereas the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament assembled have resolved to authorise the use of resources and the issue of sums out of the Consolidated Fund towards making good the supply which they have granted to Her Majesty in this Session of Parliament:—

text: Until a few years ago, an older form of wording was used:

text: Most Gracious Sovereign,

text: We, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament assembled, towards making good the supply which we have cheerfully granted to Your Majesty in this Session of Parliament, have resolved to grant unto Your Majesty the sums hereinafter mentioned; and do therefore most humbly beseech Your Majesty that it may be enacted and be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

text: This follows the constitutional principle that the Crown (government) demands money, the House of Commons grants it, and the House of Lords assents to the grant. Since the Glorious Revolution of 1688 only once, in 1784, has the Commons refused to grant access to funds.

text: If money paid from the Consolidated Fund is not spent by the end of the financial year, it must be repaid to the fund. Grant-in-aid payments are however excluded from this rule.

text: Standing services[edit]

text: Certain expenditure is by law charged directly to the Consolidated Fund and is not subject to Parliament's annual budget process, ensuring a degree of independence of the government. Services funded in this way are known as Consolidated Fund Services and include judges' salaries, payments to the European Union, the Civil List payments, the salary of the Comptroller and Auditor General, and the expenses paid to returning officers at elections. In the case of the judges, this is to ensure the judicial independence introduced by the Act of Settlement 1701.

text: Other modern funds[edit]

text:
The National Loans Fund is the government's main borrowing and lending account. It is closely linked to the Consolidated Fund, which maintains a daily balance of zero by means of a transfer to or from the National Loans Fund.
The Exchange Equalisation Account is the government fund holding the UK's reserves of foreign currencies, gold, and special drawing rights. It can be used to manage the value of the pound sterling on international markets.
The National Insurance Fund is an account which holds the contributions of the National Insurance Scheme.
The Contingencies Fund is an account which may be used for urgent expenditure in anticipation that the money will be approved by Parliament, or for small payments that were not included in the year's budget estimates.[2]

text: Control of the fund[edit]

text: Comptroller[edit]

text: The comptroller (who is also auditor general and head of the National Audit Office) controls both the Consolidated Fund and the National Loans Fund. The full official title of the role is Comptroller General of the Receipt and Issue of Her Majesty's Exchequer.

text: The Comptroller must authorise each requisition request received by the Bank of England from the Treasury, to assure that the request is compliant with the amounts and purposes authorised by Parliament in statute. If funds are mistakenly paid into the Consolidated Fund then both the Comptroller and the Treasury must agree to its return.

text: Principal accountants[edit]

text: Payments can only be made from the Consolidated Fund to one of the principal accountants defined by law. These are the Paymaster-General, the Commissioners of Revenue and Customs, the National Debt Commissioners, and the Chief Cashier at the Bank of England.

text: Devolved government[edit]

text: Each of the devolved government consolidated funds is held in the name of the Paymaster General at the Bank of England.[3]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: The Westminster Parliament provides a sum of money annually to provide a budget for the Scottish Government and fund the operation of the Scottish Parliament and the salaries for judges of Scottish courts. This money is transferred from the UK Consolidated Fund into an account known as the Scottish Consolidated Fund.

text: If the income tax varying powers of the Scottish Parliament were to be used (the rate can be changed by plus or minus three percent), the additional revenue raised would be paid by the HM Revenue and Customs directly to the Scottish Consolidated Fund. If the tax is reduced, then the amount paid from the UK Consolidated Fund in that year would be correspondingly reduced.

text: Wales[edit]

text: There is also a Welsh Consolidated Fund to provide a budget for the Welsh National Assembly.

text: In addition to the budget provided to the Welsh Government, the expenditures of the Welsh National Assembly, the Auditor General for Wales, and the Public Services Ombudsman for Wales are also paid directly from the Welsh Consolidated Fund.

text: Payments are normally made from the fund following the passing in the Assembly of a budget motion or supplementary budget motion, proposed by the Welsh ministers. There are limited exceptions for emergency situations, a failure of the Assembly to pass a budget; in addition some payments are automatically authorised by law, such as the salaries of National Assembly officials.

text: The Auditor General has to authorise all payments out of the Welsh Consolidated Fund to the Welsh ministers, having checked that the expenditure has been approved by the National Assembly.

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: The Northern Ireland Consolidated Fund has existed since 1921.

text: Australia[edit]

text: The use of consolidated funds in Australian government dates back to colonial times. Today the Australian federal and state governments all maintain their own consolidated funds, with authorisation for payments required from the relevant parliament.

text: Commonwealth (Federal) Government[edit]

text: The Australian Government's Consolidated fund is known as the Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF).

text: Payments into the Consolidated Revenue Fund[edit]

text: Section 81 of the Constitution of Australia provides that:

text: All revenues or moneys raised or received by the Executive Government of the Commonwealth shall form one Consolidated Revenue Fund (CRF), to be appropriated for the purposes of the Commonwealth in the manner and subject to the charges and liabilities imposed by this Constitution.

text: "Revenues or moneys raised or received" includes for instance taxes, fines, charges, levies, borrowings, loan repayments and money held in trust.

text: Section 81 gives no guidance as to how the revenues or monies that form the CRF are to be kept or accounted for, and in Australia, in apparent contrast to the British Consolidated Fund, there is no actual account into which the Commonwealth's revenues are deposited. Instead, the CRF is said to be "self‑executing" – that is, all money paid to the Commonwealth automatically forms part of the CRF, whether or not it has been credited to a fund or a bank account.

text: Payments out of the Consolidated Revenue Fund[edit]

text: Section 83 of the Australian Constitution provides that no money shall be drawn from the Treasury of the Commonwealth except under an appropriation made by law. The "Treasury of the Commonwealth" in Section 83 is held to be the same thing as the "Consolidated Revenue Fund" referred to in section 81, so taken together these two sections mean that there must be an appropriation for the purposes of the Commonwealth made by law before money may be drawn from the CRF. Just as all revenues and monies received form part of the CRF, all money drawn from the Treasury "self-executes" as drawings from the CRF.[4]

text: Section 83 was intended to both safeguard parliament’s control over government spending, and restrict that expenditure to purposes authorised by the constitution. Over the years the meaning of "for the purposes of the Commonwealth" has been broadened considerably. It has been the subject of several High Court battles, and remains in contention.[5]

text: New South Wales[edit]

text: Sections 39 and 40 of the Constitution of New South Wales require that all revenues, loans and other monies collected by the state are to be paid into a single consolidated fund. This was originally formed as the Consolidated Revenue Fund in 1855, and was merged with the state's General Loan Account to be named the Consolidated Fund from 1982.

text: India[edit]

text: The Indian government and each Indian state government maintain their own consolidated funds.

text: Article 266 of the Constitution of India requires revenues received by the Government of India to be paid to the Consolidated Fund of India. It also requires state revenues to be paid to a respective state consolidated fund.

text: The Comptroller and Auditor General of India audits these funds and reports to the relevant legislatures on their management.