document_title: Milling (machining)

question_text: tools made from high-speed tool steel are generally used for what type of machining operations

text: Milling (machining)

text: Process[edit]

text: Milling is a cutting process that uses a milling cutter to remove material from the surface of a workpiece. The milling cutter is a rotary cutting tool, often with multiple cutting points. As opposed to drilling, where the tool is advanced along its rotation axis, the cutter in milling is usually moved perpendicular to its axis so that cutting occurs on the circumference of the cutter. As the milling cutter enters the workpiece, the cutting edges (flutes or teeth) of the tool repeatedly cut into and exit from the material, shaving off chips (swarf) from the workpiece with each pass. The cutting action is shear deformation; material is pushed off the workpiece in tiny clumps that hang together to a greater or lesser extent (depending on the material) to form chips. This makes metal cutting somewhat different (in its mechanics) from slicing softer materials with a blade.

text: The milling process removes material by performing many separate, small cuts. This is accomplished by using a cutter with many teeth, spinning the cutter at high speed, or advancing the material through the cutter slowly; most often it is some combination of these three approaches.[2] The speeds and feeds used are varied to suit a combination of variables. The speed at which the piece advances through the cutter is called feed rate, or just feed; it is most often measured in length of material per full revolution of the cutter.

text: There are two major classes of milling process:

text:
In face milling, the cutting action occurs primarily at the end corners of the milling cutter. Face milling is used to cut flat surfaces (faces) into the workpiece, or to cut flat-bottomed cavities.
In peripheral milling, the cutting action occurs primarily along the circumference of the cutter, so that the cross section of the milled surface ends up receiving the shape of the cutter. In this case the blades of the cutter can be seen as scooping out material from the work piece. Peripheral milling is well suited to the cutting of deep slots, threads, and gear teeth.

text: Milling cutters[edit]

text: Many different types of cutting tools are used in the milling process. Milling cutters such as endmills may have cutting surfaces across their entire end surface, so that they can be drilled into the workpiece (plunging). Milling cutters may also have extended cutting surfaces on their sides to allow for peripheral milling. Tools optimized for face milling tend to have only small cutters at their end corners.

text: The cutting surfaces of a milling cutter are generally made of a hard and temperature-resistant material, so that they wear slowly. A low cost cutter may have surfaces made of high speed steel. More expensive but slower-wearing materials include cemented carbide. Thin film coatings may be applied to decrease friction or further increase hardness.

text: They are cutting tools typically used in milling machines or machining centres to perform milling operations (and occasionally in other machine tools). They remove material by their movement within the machine (e.g., a ball nose mill) or directly from the cutter's shape (e.g., a form tool such as a hobbing cutter).

text: As material passes through the cutting area of a milling machine, the blades of the cutter take swarfs of material at regular intervals. Surfaces cut by the side of the cutter (as in peripheral milling) therefore always contain regular ridges. The distance between ridges and the height of the ridges depend on the feed rate, number of cutting surfaces, the cutter diameter.[4] With a narrow cutter and rapid feed rate, these revolution ridges can be significant variations in the surface finish.

text: The face milling process can in principle produce very flat surfaces. However, in practice the result always shows visible trochoidal marks following the motion of points on the cutter's end face. These revolution marks give the characteristic finish of a face milled surface. Revolution marks can have significant roughness depending on factors such as flatness of the cutter's end face and the degree of perpendicularity between the cutter's rotation axis and feed direction. Often a final pass with a slow feed rate is used to improve the surface finish after the bulk of the material has been removed.. In a precise face milling operation, the revolution marks will only be microscopic scratches due to imperfections in the cutting edge.

text: Gang milling[edit]

text: Gang milling refers to the use of two or more milling cutters mounted on the same arbor (that is, ganged) in a horizontal-milling setup. All of the cutters may perform the same type of operation, or each cutter may perform a different type of operation. For example, if several workpieces need a slot, a flat surface, and an angular groove, a good method to cut these (within a non-CNC context) would be gang milling. All the completed workpieces would be the same, and milling time per piece would be minimized.[5]

text: Gang milling was especially important before the CNC era, because for duplicate part production, it was a substantial efficiency improvement over manual-milling one feature at an operation, then changing machines (or changing setup of the same machine) to cut the next op. Today, CNC mills with automatic tool change and 4- or 5-axis control obviate gang-milling practice to a large extent.

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Milling is performed with a milling cutter in various forms, held in a collett or similar which, in turn, is held in the spindle of a milling machine.

text: Types and nomenclature[edit]

text: Mill orientation is the primary classification for milling machines. The two basic configurations are vertical and horizontal. However, there are alternative classifications according to method of control, size, purpose and power source.

text: Mill orientation[edit]

text: Vertical mill[edit]

text: In the vertical mill the spindle axis is vertically oriented. Milling cutters are held in the spindle and rotate on its axis. The spindle can generally be extended (or the table can be raised/lowered, giving the same effect), allowing plunge cuts and drilling. There are two subcategories of vertical mills: the bed mill and the turret mill.

text:
A turret mill has a stationary spindle and the table is moved both perpendicular and parallel to the spindle axis to accomplish cutting. The most common example of this type is the Bridgeport, described below. Turret mills often have a quill which allows the milling cutter to be raised and lowered in a manner similar to a drill press. This type of machine provides two methods of cutting in the vertical (Z) direction: by raising or lowering the quill, and by moving the knee.
In the bed mill, however, the table moves only perpendicular to the spindle's axis, while the spindle itself moves parallel to its own axis.

text: Turret mills are generally considered by some to be more versatile of the two designs. However, turret mills are only practical as long as the machine remains relatively small. As machine size increases, moving the knee up and down requires considerable effort and it also becomes difficult to reach the quill feed handle (if equipped). Therefore, larger milling machines are usually of the bed type.

text: A third type also exists, a lighter machine, called a mill-drill, which is a close relative of the vertical mill and quite popular with hobbyists. A mill-drill is similar in basic configuration to a small drill press, but equipped with an X-Y table. They also typically use more powerful motors than a comparably sized drill press, with potentiometer-controlled speed and generally have more heavy-duty spindle bearings than a drill press to deal with the lateral loading on the spindle that is created by a milling operation. A mill drill also typically raises and lowers the entire head, including motor, often on a dovetailed vertical, where a drill press motor remains stationary, while the arbor raises and lowers within a driving collar. Other differences that separate a mill-drill from a drill press may be a fine tuning adjustment for the Z-axis, a more precise depth stop, the capability to lock the X, Y or Z axis, and often a system of tilting the head or the entire vertical column and powerhead assembly to allow angled cutting. Aside from size and precision, the principal difference between these hobby-type machines and larger true vertical mills is that the X-Y table is at a fixed elevation; the Z-axis is controlled in basically the same fashion as drill press, where a larger vertical or knee mill has a vertically fixed milling head, and changes the X-Y table elevation. As well, a mill-drill often uses a standard drill press-type Jacob's chuck, rather than an internally tapered arbor that accepts collets. These are frequently of lower quality than other types of machines, but still fill the hobby role well because they tend to be benchtop machines with small footprints and modest price tags.

text: Horizontal milling machine[edit]

text: A horizontal mill has the same sort but the cutters are mounted on a horizontal spindle (see Arbor milling) across the table. Many horizontal mills also feature a built-in rotary table that allows milling at various angles; this feature is called a universal table. While endmills and the other types of tools available to a vertical mill may be used in a horizontal mill, their real advantage lies in arbor-mounted cutters, called side and face mills, which have a cross section rather like a circular saw, but are generally wider and smaller in diameter. Because the cutters have good support from the arbor and have a larger cross-sectional area than an end mill, quite heavy cuts can be taken enabling rapid material removal rates. These are used to mill grooves and slots. Plain mills are used to shape flat surfaces. Several cutters may be ganged together on the arbor to mill a complex shape of slots and planes. Special cutters can also cut grooves, bevels, radii, or indeed any section desired. These specialty cutters tend to be expensive. Simplex mills have one spindle, and duplex mills have two. It is also easier to cut gears on a horizontal mill. Some horizontal milling machines are equipped with a power-take-off provision on the table. This allows the table feed to be synchronized to a rotary fixture, enabling the milling of spiral features such as hypoid gears.

text: Comparative merits[edit]

text: The choice between vertical and horizontal spindle orientation in milling machine design usually hinges on the shape and size of a workpiece and the number of sides of the workpiece that require machining. Work in which the spindle's axial movement is normal to one plane, with an endmill as the cutter, lends itself to a vertical mill, where the operator can stand before the machine and have easy access to the cutting action by looking down upon it. Thus vertical mills are most favored for diesinking work (machining a mould into a block of metal).[6] Heavier and longer workpieces lend themselves to placement on the table of a horizontal mill.

text: Prior to numerical control, horizontal milling machines evolved first, because they evolved by putting milling tables under lathe-like headstocks. Vertical mills appeared in subsequent decades, and accessories in the form of add-on heads to change horizontal mills to vertical mills (and later vice versa) have been commonly used. Even in the CNC era, a heavy workpiece needing machining on multiple sides lends itself to a horizontal machining center, while diesinking lends itself to a vertical one.

text: Alternative classifications[edit]

text: In addition to horizontal versus vertical, other distinctions are also important:

text:
Criterion
Example classification scheme
Comments

Spindle axis orientation
Vertical versus horizontal;
Turret versus non-turret
Among vertical mills, "Bridgeport-style" is a whole class of mills inspired by the Bridgeport original, rather like the IBM PC spawned the industry of IBM-compatible PCs by other brands

Control
Manual;
Mechanically automated via cams;
Digitally automated via NC/CNC
In the CNC era, a very basic distinction is manual versus CNC.
Among manual machines, a worthwhile distinction is non-DRO-equipped versus DRO-equipped

Control (specifically among CNC machines)
Number of axes (e.g., 3-axis, 4-axis, or more)
Within this scheme, also:

Pallet-changing versus non-pallet-changing
Full-auto tool-changing versus semi-auto or manual tool-changing

Purpose
General-purpose versus special-purpose or single-purpose

Purpose
Toolroom machine versus production machine
Overlaps with above

Purpose
"Plain" versus "universal"
A distinction whose meaning evolved over decades as technology progressed, and overlaps with other purpose classifications above. Not relevant to today's CNC mills. Regarding manual mills, the common theme is that "plain" mills were production machines with fewer axes than "universal" mills; for example, whereas a plain mill had no indexing head and a non-rotating table, a universal mill would have those. Thus it was suited to universal service, that is, a wider range of possible toolpaths. Machine tool builders no longer use the "plain"-versus-"universal" labeling.

Size
Micro, mini, benchtop, standing on floor, large, very large, gigantic

Power source
Line-shaft-drive versus individual electric motor drive
Most line-shaft-drive machines, ubiquitous circa 1880–1930, have been scrapped by now

Hand-crank-power versus electric
Hand-cranked not used in industry but suitable for hobbyist micromills

text: Variants[edit]

text:
Bed mill This refers to any milling machine where the spindle is on a pendant that moves up and down to move the cutter into the work, while the table sits on a stout bed that rests on the floor. These are generally more rigid than a knee mill. Gantry mills can be included in this bed mill category.
Box mill or column mill Very basic hobbyist bench-mounted milling machines that feature a head riding up and down on a column or box way.
C-frame mill These are larger, industrial production mills. They feature a knee and fixed spindle head that is only mobile vertically. They are typically much more powerful than a turret mill, featuring a separate hydraulic motor for integral hydraulic power feeds in all directions, and a twenty to fifty horsepower motor. Backlash eliminators are almost always standard equipment. They use large NMTB 40 or 50 tooling. The tables on C-frame mills are usually 18" by 68" or larger, to allow multiple parts to be machined at the same time.
Floor mill These have a row of rotary tables, and a horizontal pendant spindle mounted on a set of tracks that runs parallel to the table row. These mills have predominantly been converted to CNC, but some can still be found (if one can even find a used machine available) under manual control. The spindle carriage moves to each individual table, performs the machining operations, and moves to the next table while the previous table is being set up for the next operation. Unlike other mills, floor mills have movable floor units. A crane drops massive rotary tables, X-Y tables, etc., into position for machining, allowing large and complex custom milling operations.
Gantry mill The milling head rides over two rails (often steel shafts) which lie at each side of the work surface.
Horizontal boring mill Large, accurate bed horizontal mills that incorporate many features from various machine tools. They are predominantly used to create large manufacturing jigs, or to modify large, high precision parts. They have a spindle stroke of several (usually between four and six) feet, and many are equipped with a tailstock to perform very long boring operations without losing accuracy as the bore increases in depth. A typical bed has X and Y travel, and is between three and four feet square with a rotary table or a larger rectangle without a table. The pendant usually provides between four and eight feet of vertical movement. Some mills have a large (30" or more) integral facing head. Right angle rotary tables and vertical milling attachments are available for further flexibility.
Jig borer Vertical mills that are built to bore holes, and very light slot or face milling. They are typically bed mills with a long spindle throw. The beds are more accurate, and the handwheels are graduated down to .0001" for precise hole placement.
Knee mill or knee-and-column mill refers to any milling machine whose x-y table rides up and down the column on a vertically adjustable knee. This includes Bridgeports.
Planer-style mill Large mills built in the same configuration as planers except with a milling spindle instead of a planing head. This term is growing dated as planers themselves are largely a thing of the past.
Ram-type mill This can refer to any mill that has a cutting head mounted on a sliding ram. The spindle can be oriented either vertically or horizontally. In practice most mills with rams also involve swiveling ability, whether or not it is called "turret" mounting. The Bridgeport configuration can be classified as a vertical-head ram-type mill. Van Norman specialized in ram-type mills through most of the 20th century. Since the wide dissemination of CNC machines, ram-type mills are still made in the Bridgeport configuration (with either manual or CNC control), but the less common variations (such as were built by Van Norman, Index, and others) have died out, their work being done now by either Bridgeport-form mills or machining centers.
Turret mill More commonly referred to as Bridgeport-type milling machines. The spindle can be aligned in many different positions for a very versatile, if somewhat less rigid machine.

text: Alternative terminology[edit]

text: A milling machine is often called a mill by machinists. The archaic term miller was commonly used in the 19th and early 20th centuries.[7]

text: Since the 1960s there has developed an overlap of usage between the terms milling machine and machining center. NC/CNC machining centers evolved from milling machines, which is why the terminology evolved gradually with considerable overlap that still persists. The distinction, when one is made, is that a machining center is a mill with features that pre-CNC mills never had, especially an automatic tool changer (ATC) that includes a tool magazine (carousel), and sometimes an automatic pallet changer (APC). In typical usage, all machining centers are mills, but not all mills are machining centers; only mills with ATCs are machining centers.

text: Computer numerical control[edit]

text: Most CNC milling machines (also called machining centers) are computer controlled vertical mills with the ability to move the spindle vertically along the Z-axis. This extra degree of freedom permits their use in diesinking, engraving applications, and 2.5D surfaces such as relief sculptures. When combined with the use of conical tools or a ball nose cutter, it also significantly improves milling precision without impacting speed, providing a cost-efficient alternative to most flat-surface hand-engraving work.

text: CNC machines can exist in virtually any of the forms of manual machinery, like horizontal mills. The most advanced CNC milling-machines, the multiaxis machine, add two more axes in addition to the three normal axes (XYZ). Horizontal milling machines also have a C or Q axis, allowing the horizontally mounted workpiece to be rotated, essentially allowing asymmetric and eccentric turning. The fifth axis (B axis) controls the tilt of the tool itself. When all of these axes are used in conjunction with each other, extremely complicated geometries, even organic geometries such as a human head can be made with relative ease with these machines. But the skill to program such geometries is beyond that of most operators. Therefore, 5-axis milling machines are practically always programmed with CAM.

text: The operating system of such machines is a closed loop system and functions on feedback. These machines have developed from the basic NC (NUMERIC CONTROL) machines. A computerized form of NC machines is known as CNC machines. A set of instructions (called a program) is used to guide the machine for desired operations. Some very commonly used codes, which are used in the program are:

text: Various other codes are also used. A CNC machine is operated by a single operator called a programmer. This machine is capable of performing various operations automatically and economically.

text: With the declining price of computers and open source CNC software, the entry price of CNC machines has plummeted.

text: Tooling[edit]

text: The accessories and cutting tools used on machine tools (including milling machines) are referred to in aggregate by the mass noun "tooling". There is a high degree of standardization of the tooling used with CNC milling machines, and a lesser degree with manual milling machines. To ease up the organization of the tooling in CNC production many companies use a tool management solution.

text: Milling cutters for specific applications are held in various tooling configurations.

text: CNC milling machines nearly always use SK (or ISO), CAT, BT or HSK tooling. SK tooling is the most common in Europe, while CAT tooling, sometimes called V-Flange Tooling, is the oldest and probably most common type in the USA. CAT tooling was invented by Caterpillar Inc. of Peoria, Illinois, in order to standardize the tooling used on their machinery. CAT tooling comes in a range of sizes designated as CAT-30, CAT-40, CAT-50, etc. The number refers to the Association for Manufacturing Technology (formerly the National Machine Tool Builders Association (NMTB)) Taper size of the tool.

text: An improvement on CAT Tooling is BT Tooling, which looks similar and can easily be confused with CAT tooling. Like CAT Tooling, BT Tooling comes in a range of sizes and uses the same NMTB body taper. However, BT tooling is symmetrical about the spindle axis, which CAT tooling is not. This gives BT tooling greater stability and balance at high speeds. One other subtle difference between these two toolholders is the thread used to hold the pull stud. CAT Tooling is all Imperial thread and BT Tooling is all Metric thread. Note that this affects the pull stud only, it does not affect the tool that they can hold, both types of tooling are sold to accept both Imperial and metric sized tools.

text: SK and HSK tooling, sometimes called "Hollow Shank Tooling", is much more common in Europe where it was invented than it is in the United States. It is claimed that HSK tooling is even better than BT Tooling at high speeds. The holding mechanism for HSK tooling is placed within the (hollow) body of the tool and, as spindle speed increases, it expands, gripping the tool more tightly with increasing spindle speed. There is no pull stud with this type of tooling.

text: For manual milling machines, there is less standardization, because a greater plurality of formerly competing standards exist. Newer and larger manual machines usually use NMTB tooling. This tooling is somewhat similar to CAT tooling but requires a drawbar within the milling machine. Furthermore, there are a number of variations with NMTB tooling that make interchangeability troublesome. The older a machine, the greater the plurality of standards that may apply (e.g., Morse, Jarno, Brown & Sharpe, Van Norman, and other less common builder-specific tapers). However, two standards that have seen especially wide usage are the Morse #2 and the R8, whose prevalence was driven by the popularity of the mills built by Bridgeport Machines of Bridgeport, Connecticut. These mills so dominated the market for such a long time that "Bridgeport" is virtually synonymous with "manual milling machine". Most of the machines that Bridgeport made between 1938 and 1965 used a Morse taper #2, and from about 1965 onward most used an R8 taper.

text: Accessories[edit]

text:
Arbor support
Stop block

text: CNC pocket milling[edit]

text: Pocket milling has been regarded as one of the most widely used operations in machining. It is extensively used in aerospace and shipyard industries. In pocket milling the material inside an arbitrarily closed boundary on a flat surface of a work piece is removed to a fixed depth. Generally flat bottom end mills are used for pocket milling. Firstly roughing operation is done to remove the bulk of material and then the pocket is finished by a finish end mill.[8] Most of the industrial milling operations can be taken care of by 2.5 axis CNC milling. This type of path control can machine up to 80% of all mechanical parts. Since the importance of pocket milling is very relevant, therefore effective pocketing approaches can result in reduction in machining time and cost.[9] NC pocket milling can be carried out mainly by two tool paths, viz. linear and non-linear.[10]

text: Linear tool path[edit]

text: In this approach, the tool movement is unidirectional. Zig-zag and zig tool paths are the examples of linear tool path.

text: Zig-zag tool path[edit]

text: In zig-zag milling, material is removed both in forward and backward paths. In this case, cutting is done both with and against the rotation of the spindle. This reduces the machining time but increases machine chatter and tool wear.

text: Zig tool path[edit]

text: In zig milling, the tool moves only in one direction. The tool has to be lifted and retracted after each cut, due to which machining time increases. However, in case of zig milling surface quality is better.

text: Non-linear tool path[edit]

text: In this approach, tool movement is multi-directional. One example of non-linear tool path is contour-parallel tool path.

text: Contour-parallel tool path[edit]

text: In this approach, the required pocket boundary is used to derive the tool path. In this case the cutter is always in contact with the work material. Hence the idle time spent in positioning and retracting the tool is avoided. For large-scale material removal, contour-parallel tool path is widely used because it can be consistently used with up-cut or down-cut method during the entire process. There are three different approaches that fall into the category of contour-parallel tool path generation. They are:

text:
Pair-wise intersection approach:In pair-wise intersection approach, the boundary of the pocket is brought inwards in steps, The offset segments will intersect at concave corners. To obtain the required contour, these intersections are to be trimmed off. On the other hand, in case of convex corner, the offset segments are extended and thereby connected to make the contour. These operations viz. offsetting, trimming and extending are repeatedly done to cover the entire machining volume with sufficient layer of profiles.[11]
Voronoi diagram approach: In voronoi diagram approach, the pocket boundary is segmented and voronoi diagram is constructed for the entire pocket boundary. These voronoi diagrams are used for generating the tool path for machining. This method is considered to be more efficient and robust. Moreover, it avoids topological problems associated with traditional offsetting algorithms.[12][13]

text: Curvilinear tool path[edit]

text: In this approach, the tool travels along a gradually evolving spiral path. The spiral starts at the center of the pocket to be machined and the tool gradually moves towards the pocket boundary. The direction of the tool path changes progressively and local acceleration and deceleration of the tool are minimized. This reduces tool wear.[14]

text:
Zig-zag tool path

Zig tool path

Contour-parallel tool path

Curvilinear tool path

text: History[edit]

text: Milling machines evolved from the practice of rotary filing—that is, running a circular cutter with file-like teeth in the headstock of a lathe. Rotary filing and, later, true milling were developed to reduce time and effort spent hand-filing. The full story of milling machine development may never be known, because much early development took place in individual shops where few records were kept for posterity. However, the broad outlines are known, as summarized below. From a history-of-technology viewpoint, it is clear that the naming of this new type of machining with the term "milling" was an extension from that word's earlier senses of processing materials by abrading them in some way (cutting, grinding, crushing, etc.).

text: Rotary filing long predated milling. A rotary file by Jacques de Vaucanson, circa 1760, is well known.[15][16] It is clear that milling machines as a distinct class of machine tool (separate from lathes running rotary files) first appeared between 1814 and 1818. The centers of earliest development of true milling machines were two federal armories of the U.S. (Springfield and Harpers Ferry) together with the various private armories and inside contractors that shared turnover of skilled workmen with them.

text: Between 1912 and 1916, Joseph W. Roe, a respected founding father of machine tool historians, credited Eli Whitney (one of the private arms makers mentioned above) with producing the first true milling machine.[17][18] By 1918, he considered it "Probably the first milling machine ever built—certainly the oldest now in existence […]."[19] However, subsequent scholars, including Robert S. Woodbury[20] and others,[21] have improved upon Roe's early version of the history and suggest that just as much credit—in fact, probably more—belongs to various other inventors, including Robert Johnson of Middletown, Connecticut; Captain John H. Hall of the Harpers Ferry armory; Simeon North of the Staddle Hill factory in Middletown; Roswell Lee of the Springfield armory; and Thomas Blanchard. (Several of the men mentioned above are sometimes described on the internet as "the inventor of the first milling machine" or "the inventor of interchangeable parts". Such claims are oversimplified, as these technologies evolved over time among many people.)

text: Peter Baida,[21] citing Edward A. Battison's article "Eli Whitney and the Milling Machine," which was published in the Smithsonian Journal of History in 1966, exemplifies the dispelling of the "Great Man" image of Whitney by historians of technology working in the 1950s and 1960s. He quotes Battison as concluding that "There is no evidence that Whitney developed or used a true milling machine." Baida says, "The so-called Whitney machine of 1818 seems actually to have been made after Whitney's death in 1825." Baida cites Battison's suggestion that the first true milling machine was made not by Whitney, but by Robert Johnson of Middletown.[21]

text: The late teens of the 19th century were a pivotal time in the history of machine tools, as the period of 1814 to 1818 is also the period during which several contemporary pioneers (Fox, Murray, and Roberts) were developing the planer,[22] and as with the milling machine, the work being done in various shops was undocumented for various reasons (partially because of proprietary secrecy, and also simply because no one was taking down records for posterity).

text: James Nasmyth built a milling machine very advanced for its time between 1829 and 1831.[23] It was tooled to mill the six sides of a hex nut that was mounted in a six-way indexing fixture.

text: A milling machine built and used in the shop of Gay & Silver (aka Gay, Silver, & Co) in the 1830s was influential because it employed a better method of vertical positioning than earlier machines. For example, Whitney's machine (the one that Roe considered the very first) and others did not make provision for vertical travel of the knee. Evidently, the workflow assumption behind this was that the machine would be set up with shims, vise, etc. for a certain part design, and successive parts did not require vertical adjustment (or at most would need only shimming). This indicates that early thinking about milling machines was as production machines, not toolroom machines.

text: In these early years, milling was often viewed as only a roughing operation to be followed by finishing with a hand file. The idea of reducing hand filing was more important than replacing it.

text: Some of the key men in milling machine development during this era included Frederick W. Howe, Francis A. Pratt, Elisha K. Root, and others. (These same men during the same era were also busy developing the state of the art in turret lathes. Howe's experience at Gay & Silver in the 1840s acquainted him with early versions of both machine tools. His machine tool designs were later built at Robbins & Lawrence, the Providence Tool Company, and Brown & Sharpe.) The most successful milling machine design to emerge during this era was the Lincoln miller, which rather than being a specific make and model of machine tool is truly a family of tools built by various companies on a common configuration over several decades. It took its name from the first company to put one on the market, George S. Lincoln & Company (formerly the Phoenix Iron Works), whose first one was built in 1855 for the Colt armory.[24]

text: During this era there was a continued blind spot in milling machine design, as various designers failed to develop a truly simple and effective means of providing slide travel in all three of the archetypal milling axes (X, Y, and Z—or as they were known in the past, longitudinal, traverse, and vertical). Vertical positioning ideas were either absent or underdeveloped. The Lincoln miller's spindle could be raised and lowered, but the original idea behind its positioning was to be set up in position and then run, as opposed to being moved frequently while running. Like a turret lathe, it was a repetitive-production machine, with each skilled setup followed by extensive fairly low skill operation.

text: In 1861, Frederick W. Howe, while working for the Providence Tool Company, asked Joseph R. Brown of Brown & Sharpe for a solution to the problem of milling spirals, such as the flutes of twist drills. These were usually filed by hand at the time.[25] (Helical planing existed but was by no means common.) Brown designed a "universal milling machine" that, starting from its first sale in March 1862, was wildly successful. It solved the problem of 3-axis travel (i.e., the axes that we now call XYZ) much more elegantly than had been done in the past, and it allowed for the milling of spirals using an indexing head fed in coordination with the table feed. The term "universal" was applied to it because it was ready for any kind of work, including toolroom work, and was not as limited in application as previous designs. (Howe had designed a "universal miller" in 1852, but Brown's of 1861 is the one considered a groundbreaking success.)[25]

text: Brown also developed and patented (1864) the design of formed milling cutters in which successive sharpenings of the teeth do not disturb the geometry of the form.[16]

text: The advances of the 1860s opened the floodgates and ushered in modern milling practice.

text: 1870s to World War I[edit]

text: In these decades, Brown & Sharpe and the Cincinnati Milling Machine Company dominated the milling machine field. However, hundreds of other firms also built milling machines at the time, and many were significant in various ways. Besides a wide variety of specialized production machines, the archetypal multipurpose milling machine of the late 19th and early 20th centuries was a heavy knee-and-column horizontal-spindle design with power table feeds, indexing head, and a stout overarm to support the arbor. The evolution of machine design was driven not only by inventive spirit but also by the constant evolution of milling cutters that saw milestone after milestone from 1860 through World War I.[26][27]

text: World War I and interwar period[edit]

text: Around the end of World War I, machine tool control advanced in various ways that laid the groundwork for later CNC technology. The jig borer popularized the ideas of coordinate dimensioning (dimensioning of all locations on the part from a single reference point); working routinely in "tenths" (ten-thousandths of an inch, 0.0001") as an everyday machine capability; and using the control to go straight from drawing to part, circumventing jig-making. In 1920 the new tracer design of J.C. Shaw was applied to Keller tracer milling machines for die-sinking via the three-dimensional copying of a template. This made diesinking faster and easier just as dies were in higher demand than ever before, and was very helpful for large steel dies such as those used to stamp sheets in automobile manufacturing. Such machines translated the tracer movements to input for servos that worked the machine leadscrews or hydraulics. They also spurred the development of antibacklash leadscrew nuts. All of the above concepts were new in the 1920s but became routine in the NC/CNC era. By the 1930s, incredibly large and advanced milling machines existed, such as the Cincinnati Hydro-Tel, that presaged today's CNC mills in every respect except for CNC control itself.

text: Bridgeport milling machine[edit]

text: In 1936, Rudolph Bannow (1897–1962) conceived of a major improvement to the milling machine.[28] His company commenced manufacturing a new knee-and-column vertical mill in 1938. This was the Bridgeport milling machine, often called a ram-type or turret-type mill because its head has sliding-ram and rotating-turret mounting. The machine became so popular that many other manufacturers created copies and variants. Furthermore, its name came to connote any such variant. The Bridgeport offered enduring advantages over previous models. It was small enough, light enough, and affordable enough to be a practical acquisition for even the smallest machine shop businesses, yet it was also smartly designed, versatile, well-built, and rigid. Its various directions of sliding and pivoting movement allowed the head to approach the work from any angle. The Bridgeport's design became the dominant form for manual milling machines used by several generations of small- and medium-enterprise machinists. By the 1980s an estimated quarter-million Bridgeport milling machines had been built,[28] and they (and their clones) are still being produced today.

text: By 1940, automation via cams, such as in screw machines and automatic chuckers, had already been very well developed for decades. Beginning in the 1930s, ideas involving servomechanisms had been in the air, but it was especially during and immediately after World War II that they began to germinate (see also Numerical control > History). These were soon combined with the emerging technology of digital computers. This technological development milieu, spanning from the immediate pre–World War II period into the 1950s, was powered by the military capital expenditures that pursued contemporary advancements in the directing of gun and rocket artillery and in missile guidance—other applications in which humans wished to control the kinematics/dynamics of large machines quickly, precisely, and automatically. Sufficient R&D spending probably would not have happened within the machine tool industry alone; but it was for the latter applications that the will and ability to spend was available. Once the development was underway, it was eagerly applied to machine tool control in one of the many post-WWII instances of technology transfer.

text: In 1952, numerical control reached the developmental stage of laboratory reality. The first NC machine tool was a Cincinnati Hydrotel milling machine retrofitted with a scratch-built NC control unit. It was reported in Scientific American,[29] just as another groundbreaking milling machine, the Brown & Sharpe universal, had been in 1862.

text: During the 1950s, numerical control moved slowly from the laboratory into commercial service. For its first decade, it had rather limited impact outside of aerospace work. But during the 1960s and 1970s, NC evolved into CNC, data storage and input media evolved, computer processing power and memory capacity steadily increased, and NC and CNC machine tools gradually disseminated from an environment of huge corporations and mainly aerospace work to the level of medium-sized corporations and a wide variety of products. NC and CNC's drastic advancement of machine tool control deeply transformed the culture of manufacturing.[30] The details (which are beyond the scope of this article) have evolved immensely with every passing decade.

text: Computers and CNC machine tools continue to develop rapidly. The personal computer revolution has a great impact on this development. By the late 1980s small machine shops had desktop computers and CNC machine tools. Soon after, hobbyists, artists, and designers began obtaining CNC mills and lathes. Manufacturers have started producing economically priced CNCs machines small enough to sit on a desktop which can cut at high resolution materials softer than stainless steel. They can be used to make anything from jewelry to printed circuit boards to gun parts, even fine art.

text: Milling standards[edit]

text: National and international standards are used to standardize the definitions, environmental requirements, and test methods used for milling. Selection of the standard to be used is an agreement between the supplier and the user and has some significance in the design of the mill. In the United States, ASME has developed the standards B5.45-1972 Milling Machines and B94.19-1997 Milling Cutters and End Mills.

text: General tolerances include: +/-.005" for local tolerances across most geometries, +/-.010" for plastics with variation depending on the size of the part, 0.030" minimum wall thickness for metals, and 0.060" minimum wall thickness for plastics.[31]


document_title: Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter

question_text: who played jason in friday the 13th the final chapter

root

text: Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter

text: Plot[edit]

text: The night after the events at Higgins Haven, Jason Voorhees's body is found and delivered to the morgue. After recovering from his injuries and escaping from the cold storage, Jason kills coroner Axel with a hacksaw, and then stabs nurse Robbie Morgan with a scalpel. The following day, a group of teenagers drive to Crystal Lake for the weekend. The group consists of Paul, his girlfriend Sam, her virgin friend Sarah, pretty-boy Doug, socially awkward Jimmy, and jokester Ted. On the way, the group comes across Pamela Voorhees's tombstone and a hitchhiker, who is soon killed by Jason.

tag: p

text: The teens arrive and meet neighbors Trish Jarvis, her twelve-year-old brother Tommy, their mother, and the family dog Gordon. While going for a walk the next day, the teens meet twin sisters Tina and Terri, and go skinny dipping with them. Trish and Tommy happen upon the scene, and Trish is invited to a party to take place that night. Afterwards, when their car breaks down, Trish and Tommy are helped out by a young man named Rob. They take him to their house, where Tommy shows Rob several monster masks he made himself before Rob leaves to go camping.

text: Later that night, the teens begin the party. A jealous Sam sees Tina flirting with Paul and leaves. She goes out to the lake where Jason impales her from under a raft. When Paul goes out to be with her, he is harpooned in the groin. Angry with her twin, Terri tries to leave the party early but is killed with a spear before she can get on her bike. After sleeping with Tina, Jimmy goes downstairs to get a bottle of wine. Jason impales his hand with a corkscrew and hacks him in the face with a meat cleaver. Tina looks out a window upstairs and is grabbed and thrown to her death, crashing on the car. While a stoned Ted watches vintage stag films with a film projector, he gets too close to the projector screen and is stabbed in the head from the other side. Upstairs, Doug and Sara finish making love in the shower; Jason kills Doug, crushing his head against the shower tile. He then kills Sara by driving an double-bit axe through the front door when she tries to escape.

text: Trish and Tommy return from town and discover the power outage. While looking for their mother, who had been killed by Jason earlier, Trish finds Rob, and learns that he is actually the brother of Jason's victim Sandra. Rob further explains to her that Jason is still alive and he came to Crystal Lake to get revenge for Sandra's murder. Worried for Tommy's safety, they return to the house. They then go next door to investigate and discover the teens' bodies. Gordon flees, and Rob is killed by Jason in the basement as Trish runs home. She and Tommy barricade the house, but Jason breaks in and chases them into Tommy's room. Trish lures Jason out of the house and escapes, then returns home and is devastated to learn that Tommy is still there. She senses Jason behind her and tries to fight him off with a machete but is overpowered. Tommy, having disguised himself to look like Jason as a child, distracts him long enough for Trish to hit him with the machete, but she merely whacks off his mask. As Trish stands horrified at Jason's deformed face, Tommy takes the machete and whacks Jason in the side of the skull, causing him to collapse to the floor and split his head upon impact. When Tommy notices that Jason's fingers are moving, he continues to hack at his body screaming, "Die! Die!" while Trish repeatedly yells out his name.

text: At the hospital, Trish is visited by Tommy. He rushes in, embraces her, and gives a disturbed look while staring ahead.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kimberly Beck as Trish Jarvis
E. Erich Anderson as Rob Dier
Corey Feldman as Tommy Jarvis
Barbara Howard as Sara
Joan Freeman as Mrs. Jarvis
Camilla More as Tina
Peter Barton as Doug
Crispin Glover as Jimmy
Judie Aronson as Samantha
Lawrence Monoson as Ted
Alan Hayes as Paul
Carey More as Terri
Bruce Mahler as Axel
Lisa Freeman as Nurse Robbie Morgan
Bonnie Hellman as Hitchhiker
Ted White as Jason Voorhees (uncredited)

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: When Friday the 13th Part III was first released, it was initially supposed to end the series as a trilogy, however there was no moniker to indicate it as such. In 1983, there was a rumor that Paramount billed the fourth installment as "The Final Chapter" as they felt embarrassed by their association with the series, thus the possible reason for the moniker. Despite how Siskel & Ebert claimed this in their review of the film, Paramount was aware that the slasher genre had been losing interest and thought it was a good choice to conclude the series. However, the idea came from Frank Mancuso, Jr. (the son of Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso, Sr.), as he had begun to resent the series due to how he felt everyone saw him as only doing the work for Part 2 and Part 3 and that no one respected him for it, regardless of how much money it made. Because of him wanting to work on different projects, he wanted to conclude the series and kill off Jason.[2]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Joseph Zito, director of The Prowler, was initially set to both direct and write the screenplay for the film. Zito initially claimed that he was not a writer, in which the contract consisted of receiving doubled money for the two jobs, resulting him accepting the contract. Zito secretly used the extra salary to hire Barney Cohen to write the script. Their process involved Zito taking one-hour a night phone calls with Phil Scuderi to discuss the story and script for the film. Zito then met Cohen in a New York apartment to use the concepts Scuderi had offered, which they would then turn into script pages and to be sent to Scuderi for the conversation discussed again over the phone. Cohen remained the writing credit for the film, but Zito and Cohen eventually got into trouble with the Writer's Guild of America as a result.[2]

text: In the Friday the 13th series, the films had always had attractive young women being the sole final girl against Jason. Unlike its predecessors, this marks the first installment in the series having two survivors with one of them being male, but it is currently the only installment where the survivor is rather a child. The filmmakers believed they had never seen something like this before in slasher films, and they wanted to create characters audiences would not want to see harmed or killed. By including the Jarvis family (divorced mother, teenage daughter, pre-teen son) opposite the more typical cabin of horny teenagers, they could create more drama and resonant tragedy, such as the mother of Tommy and Trish implied to be killed by Jason outside, thus it remains debatable how intentional the parallels between Jason and Tommy were. Tommy’s interest for being a makeup artist with masks and props serve as homages to Tom Savini.[2]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Actress Camilla More auditioned for the role of Samantha, but when the filmmakers discovered she had a twin sister named Carey, they were instead both offered the roles of Tina and Terri. Carey More had appeared alongside her sister in the Doublemint gum commercials. Because of how they were swayed by the twins idea, Carey’s audition was to read only one line in the film.[2]

text: Amy Steel, who starred as heroine Ginny Field in Part 2 of the series talked actor Peter Barton into being in the film. Both he and Steel co-starred in the sitcom The Powers of Matthew Star. When the sitcom was cancelled and no longer aired, Barton was offered a role in the film. Initially, Barton had reservations as he wanted no part in the horror genre, especially due to he how disliked working on Hell Night. However, because of Steel's involvement in the second installment, she talked Barton into doing the film..[2]

text: Make-up artist Tom Savini, who worked on the first installment, agreed to return to work on the film, as he wanted to kill the character Jason, who he helped create.[2]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography was shot from October 1983 and finished in January 1984 in Topanga Canyon and Newhall, California. For its release date, it was originally set for a release in October 1984. When Paramount CEO Frank Mancuso, Sr. screened the footage to much enthusiasm and then pushed the date up to April 1984. The only time Paramount assisted with the installment's production, they rented a Malibu household for the filmmakers to stay in and conduct editing sessions, with food brought to them from the studio. They barely made the release date, but the final result had most of the footage trimmed and later ended up in television airings.[2]

text: The film had troubled production on set. Due to director Joseph Zito's poor treatment of the actors and the film's budget, many of the actors themselves had to perform uncomfortable or dangerous stunts during the film. Judie Aronson was required to remain submerged in a near-freezing lake (in which she later developed hypothermia because of it) and Peter Barton was actually slammed into the shower wall when Jason attacks him. Ted White, who portrays Jason, defended several of the actors by requesting Barton be allowed to use a crash pad and threatening to quit when Zito refused to allow Aronson to get out of the lake between takes. White and Zito maintained a hostile relationship on set, which resulted in White demanding his name be removed from the credits. According to White, Corey Feldman maintained a bratty attitude on set due to Zito's treatment. When filming the scene of Tommy hacking Jason's body with a machete (which was actually two sandbags he was striking at), Feldman pretended that the struck sandbags were Zito. According in the book Crystal Lake Memories: The Complete History of Friday the 13th, actress Kimberly Beck stated that she does not like the horror genre. In addition to this, she felt that the film was more of a C-movie rather than a B-movie. During filming, Kimberly Beck experienced strange encounters, including a man watching her while she ran in the park and receiving odd phone calls at all hours. This stopped when production was finished.[2]

text: Actress Bonnie Hellman's agents told her about taking the role of the hitchhiker in the film. They told her she would not want to do it as they were no lines said for the character, but she accepted the role anyway.[2]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter

Soundtrack album by Harry Manfredini

Released
January 13, 2012 (La-La Land)

Genre
Film score

Length
52:20

Label
Gramavision, La-La Land

tag: table

text: The film's music was composed by Harry Manfredini, who composed the scores to all of the series' previous installments. On January 13, 2012, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini's scores from the first six entries of the film series. The release was sold out in less than 24 hours of availability.[3]

text: The song "Love Is a Lie" by Lion is featured in the film, but not on the soundtrack.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"What Boy, Ma'am? / Main Titles"
4:43

2.
"Helicopter"
3:41

3.
"The Morgue"
1:40

4.
"Hacksaw to Throat"
1:09

5.
"Squeezing the Banana"
1:29

6.
"Dock Prank"
2:16

7.
"Stalled Car"
0:39

8.
"Tommy's Room"
0:40

9.
"Midnight Skinny Dip"
2:16

10.
"Paul Gets the Point"
4:01

11.
"Mom Looks for Kids"
1:53

12.
"Lights Out"
1:59

13.
"Jimmy Is Screwed / Tina Thrown / Ted Watches Movie"
1:36

14.
"Lights! Camera! Hacktion!"
1:29

15.
"You Give Me Cleaver"
1:52

16.
"Trish and Rob"
2:44

17.
"Tommy Reads / Trish Pleads / Rob and Trish Meet Jason"
7:13

18.
"La Muerte de Jason"
11:00

text: Release[edit]

text: Friday the 13th: The Final Chapter opened on Friday, April 13, 1984, on 1,594 screens to weekend box office gross of $11,183,148; this was the sixth-highest of the year. The film would ultimately take in a total of $32,980,880 at the U.S. box office. It placed at number 26 on the list of the top-grossing films of 1984.[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 25% of 24 film critics have given the film a positive review; the rating average is 4.2 out of 10.[5] The film received what The Week characterized as "scathing reviews", especially from film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert, with the latter considering the film "an immoral and reprehensible piece of trash". Scott Meslow summarized Roger Ebert's criticism as calling it "a cynical retread" of the earlier films. Meslow instead says that the film attempts to kill off the series while focusing more on characterization than gore.[6] In a series retrospective, Kyle Anderson of Entertainment Weekly ranked it the best Friday the 13th film, complimenting both its narrative and kills.[7]


document_title: Kelly Taylor (90210)

question_text: who played kelly taylor's mom on 90210

question_tokens: who played kelly taylor 's mom on 90210

text: Kelly Taylor (90210)

text: Beverly Hills, 90210[edit]

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Throughout the course of the first series, Kelly became one of the show's most developed characters. When introduced in 1990, she was presented as, on the surface, a stereotypical spoiled type who placed high value on posh appearances and material possessions. However, the character would become increasingly layered as the series progressed.[1]

text: The reasons for Kelly's behavior first started to reveal themselves in episode 7, "Perfect Mom", when Kelly was forced to confront her mother's drug addiction and alcoholism. Several of her friends, particularly the Walsh family and Andrea Zuckerman, first came to appreciate Kelly's difficulties in life when they saw her handle this problem.[7] During episode 13, "Slumber Party,"[8] Kelly revealed that she was taken advantage of by a senior during her freshmen year in high school, which had led to a promiscuous lifestyle and reputation which deeply hurt her self-esteem. The others then began to realize that Kelly had been through more difficulties than they were aware of, and later, she and Andrea would become close friends. When Andrea was pregnant and was contemplating an abortion in season 4, Kelly was one of the primary people she reached out to.[9]

text: Progression[edit]

text: Toward the end of the second season, Kelly met a man named Jake Hanson (played by Grant Show), an emotionally guarded biker who was slightly older than she. While Jake ultimately resisted their romance, citing Kelly's age, he admitted to admiring her for her heart and kindness. This story line was used to launch the spin-off series Melrose Place.[10] Eventually, Kelly was revealed to have a notable conscience during a summer fling with Dylan McKay, the boyfriend of her friend Brenda, often being the voice of reason during their affair.[11] Kelly went through a period of minor depression during her senior year in high school in season 3. The stress of having feelings for Dylan, someone who she could not pursue because of his relationship with Brenda, added to her struggles. Even when Kelly dated Dylan out in the open, following his relationship with Brenda, it caused her to temporarily lose Brenda as a friend.[12]

text: Also during this time, Kelly's mother had a new baby, Erin, got married, and put Kelly's childhood home up for sale. Self-consciousness over her figure, along with the anxiety she began to feel, caused her to lash out emotionally, abuse diet pills, and briefly lose control over her life.[13] The character's physical appearance is shown to play a part in her development. At various points of the series, she won the title of Spring Princess at a dance, and was voted her school's most beautiful girl. Kelly is aware of her appeal, but not to the point of conceit; instead, she is sometimes shown to be troubled by it. At one point, she entered a phase where she felt that no one took her seriously, which was heightened when Dylan gave his manuscript to Andrea for review instead of to her. During this time, she began to feel that people only liked her because she was physically attractive.[14]

text: Creator Darren Star has commented on the character's progression.[15] In his DVD commentary of the episode "Spring Dance", Star notes Kelly's first attempt to romance Brandon Walsh,[16] in which she'd embraced her role as Spring Princess and used a largely forward and aggressive approach. He goes on to state that in the fourth season, when Kelly was prone to expressing her affections in a more gentle and compassionate manner,[17] she made a greater impression on Brandon. While pursuing Jake on Melrose Place, a confused Kelly eventually asks, "Don't you think I'm pretty?" This contrasts with her attitude one year later, when she becomes more interested in having others appreciate her for what lies beneath the surface.[14] This development is standardized one additional year later, via her aforementioned second pursuit of Brandon Walsh, which ends in success.

text: Rise in prominence[edit]

text: The evolution of Kelly's character led to developments both on-screen and off. In a 1995 article on Garth, TV Guide reported that the show's creators made a conscious decision to place her character at center stage. An anonymous producer cites "faith in Jennie as an actress," further stating that he and producer Aaron Spelling "knew she had the chops to do it."[2] This development would gradually lead to Kelly supplanting Brenda as the prominent female lead, as the former received what the producer called "better story lines."[2] Reportedly, these matters became a source of tension between Garth and Shannen Doherty, who played Brenda.[2] Following Doherty's final appearance on the show in 1994, however, Garth stated, "We were friends at work, and I miss her most of the time."[18]

text: Ultimately, throughout the first five seasons, Kelly gained an increasing degree of screen presence and growth. Amidst her continuing development,[19] her role in launching the spin-off, her prominent triangle with Brenda and Dylan,[20] her later affections with male lead Brandon,[21] and the launch of a second triangle with Brandon and Dylan,[22] Kelly became the character that several major events or changes were based around. Additionally, she was given varying involvement in noted story lines not surrounding her—including Dylan's family trauma, Brenda's acting pursuits, and David's recovery from drug use.[23][24] Her status would become standardized throughout the course of the series' run.[1]

text: In addition to Melrose Place, she would later be used to help launch the third spin-off, 90210 (with Garth being the first performer from the original show to be cast).[25] This development would make Kelly Taylor the most prominent figure in the collective franchise, via the most appearances in episodes and series premieres.[26][27] Shannen Doherty, who returned as Brenda in the third spin-off, reported that she and Garth, like their characters, had renewed their friendship, stating, "Now we’re really good friends—and I love her."[28]

text: Adulthood[edit]

text: Kelly faced several difficult issues and obstacles, often with the assistance of loved ones, including her occasionally difficult home life, being trapped in a fire, being tricked into joining a cult,[29] and becoming temporarily addicted to cocaine.[30] In addition to many other matters, she endured getting amnesia,[31] shooting her rapist in self-defense,[32] becoming unexpectedly pregnant and having a miscarriage, and learning that it would be difficult for her to have children because of a condition called endometriosis.[33] In overcoming these matters, she was able to become a better person and help others.[34]

text: Tori Spelling's Donna Martin and Kathleen Robertson's Clare Arnold were among Kelly's best friends and roommates. Tiffani Thiessen's Valerie, who replaced Brenda, became Kelly's nemesis, but right before Valerie's departure, the two women formed a truce.[35]

text: Kelly's two most prominent romantic relationships were with Jason Priestley's Brandon and Luke Perry's Dylan. In season 5, she was faced with making a choice between the two, as a result of Brandon proposing and Dylan confessing his feelings for her and asking her to leave with him on a trip around the world. She declined to choose between the two men at that time, instead stating, "I choose me," but also affirming her love for both of them. In the seventh season, however, she finally stated that she had chosen Brandon.[36] She nearly married Brandon, but the two decided that they were not ready.[37] Following Jason Priestley's departure from the series, Jennie Garth became the officially billed lead, with the character of Kelly further maturing, reuniting romantically with Dylan, and starting her own PR firm.

text: Melrose Place[edit]

text: For the launch of the series Melrose Place in 1992, Jennie Garth made a multi-episode special guest appearance. During the final episodes of Beverly Hills, 90210 season 2, Grant Show played his Melrose Place character Jake, who started a relationship with Kelly which led into early episodes of the spin-off. During Kelly's appearances, her relationship with Jake was largely on-and-off due to his discomfort with her youth. In the end, after weeks of trying to break up with Kelly, Jake pretended to cheat on her, prompting her to leave him.[38] Afterward on both Beverly Hills, 90210 and Melrose Place, Kelly, Donna, Jake, and others made occasional comments concerning Kelly and Jake's brief relationship.

text: In 2008, Kelly Taylor returned in the spin-off 90210, now working as a guidance counselor at her alma mater West Beverly Hills High School. It was revealed that in the intervening years, she attained a master's degree and had a son named Sammy with Dylan. She and Dylan ended their relationship soon after. It was also revealed that West Beverly principal Harry Wilson was Kelly's neighbor growing up.[39]

text: Kelly's tenuous relationship with her mother Jackie (Ann Gillespie) continued in the series' first season, with tension arising due to Jackie's drunken negligence of Erin, a recurring character in the original series and a regular in the spin-off.[40] She also resumed her friendship with Brenda Walsh. However, their relationship was briefly strained by Kelly's and possibly Brenda's lingering feelings for former boyfriend Dylan McKay, as well as Brenda sleeping with Kelly's ex-boyfriend, Ryan Matthews, a teacher at West Beverly.[41] Following Brenda's discovery that she could not have children, she and Kelly made amends once again.[42]

text: On the night of Donna's moving-back party, Kelly and Ryan met at a convenience store. She was told by a fortune teller that she would meet a man with a six-pack. In his hands, Ryan was holding a six-pack of beer. Kelly and Ryan then went to his apartment, where they were last seen making out.[43] Ultimately, she and Ryan chose not to pursue a romantic relationship.

text: In the second season, Kelly began to spend more time with Harry, much to the chagrin of his wife Debbie. It was implied that both Kelly and Harry had begun to develop feelings for each other. However, Garth refused to participate in a proposed story line involving an affair.[44] Upon learning that Jackie was dying of cancer, Kelly was initially distant from her mother and protective of Erin (who is commonly called by her surname Silver), eventually causing Silver to move out and live with Jackie. The day after Silver's "half-birthday," Jackie was admitted to the hospital. After talking to Silver, Kelly gained the strength to visit their mother. Eventually, Kelly and Jackie made amends before Jackie's untimely death. Garth departed the series following season 2, later citing problems with the newly appointed show-runner, Rebecca Sinclair, and the direction the show took.[45] Although not written out after her last appearance, she was mentioned several times later in the show, indicating that she was still around looking after her sister, just not on screen.[46]

text: Reception[edit]

text: With regard to Garth's long-running portrayal, Nellie Andreeva of The Hollywood Reporter acknowledged the character of Kelly as being "organic to 90210's setting" in a 2009 article.[6] On November 24, 2008, SOAPnet aired a Beverly Hills, 90210 marathon titled "Kelly's Leftovers", dedicated to the character's love life.[47] While discussing the Melrose Place spin-off in a 2009 interview, Grant Show, who played Jake Hanson in the original, stated that he would be open to appearing if Jennie Garth did so as Kelly Taylor.[4] After being confirmed to direct a season 1 episode of the spin-off 90210, Jason Priestley commented that he hoped Jennie Garth would be among the actors present.[3] Sara Foster, who was cast as Jen Clark in the spin-off, has stated that she was excited and nervous about meeting Garth, who she'd watched in the original series.[5]

text: In its biographical article on the actress, Yahoo! states that "playing the popular tramp-turned-good girl Kelly through the years afforded Garth the opportunity to not only grow up on camera in front of America, but to fully develop her character and improve her acting chops each season."[48] Additionally, Kelly Taylor has been cited by the media as an inspiration for the character Naomi Clark (AnnaLynne McCord), introduced in 90210.[49][50] On September 2, 2010 (9/02/10), Reuters.com featured an article on the original series, quoting a Twitter message in which Garth stated, "Love to the original cast and crew. And the new kids too."[51]


document_title: Alistair (Dragon Age)

question_text: who does the voice of alistair in dragon age

text: Alistair (Dragon Age)

text: Concept and characteristics[edit]

text: Alistair was mainly written by David Gaider—the lead writer of Origins—and is voiced by Steve Valentine.[6] Alistair is a relatively new Grey Warden,[7] who are a group devoted to fighting darkspawn. He's believed to be the secret son of King Maric and a serving girl, and was originally raised in Redcliffe Castle by Arl Eamon after his mother's death.[8] However, he was later given to the Chantry for training as a templar, a military order who are trained to kill "apostates" (mages outside of the Circle of Magi) and watch over the Circle of Magi. Alistair is described as having a "wry sense of humor", and makes many sarcastic remarks during the game.[7][9]

text: If the player chooses to be female, Alistair can be romanced.[10] In an interview with GameZone, David Gaider said that Alistair was a bit of a "woo-bie" and that his romance was "very cute". However, Gaider said that he wouldn't want to have another Alistair-like romance in the interest of originality.[11]

text: Alistair was originally written to be a "grizzled Grey Warden veteran", as per Dragon Age's original lead designer James Ohlen. However, such a character would be unlikely not to lead, and the character would have to start out at a low level. Gaider changed the character, and drew some inspiration from the characters Xander Harris and Mal Reynolds.[12] Similarly, Gaider also originally wanted to have Mal's actor Nathan Fillion voice the character, but decided against it as he would have had to perform an English accent. However, Gaider was still pleased with Valentine's voicing.[13]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In Dragon Age: Origins[edit]

text: Alistair first appears in Dragon Age: Origins as a companion once the player reaches Ostagar (where the Grey Wardens are preparing for a battle against the darkspawn). Being a junior Grey Warden, he accompanies the player for their "Joining" to the Grey Wardens. After Loghain abandons the battle at Ostagar, leaving the Grey Wardens and King Cailan to die, he and the player are rescued by Flemeth. Being the last Grey Wardens in Ferelden, and all other Wardens being too far away to reach, the player and he must use Grey Warden contracts to demand help from certain groups against the darkspawn. Alistair also suggests contacting Arl Eamon, who resides in Redcliffe, to help convince the other nobles to help the player. Upon entering Redcliffe, Alistair will tell the player how he is actually the heir to the crown, but was hidden due to being a bastard and instead brought up by Eamon.[8] He also expresses no wish to be king. He will then tell the player about his long-lost sister Goldanna, who lives in Denerim, and will ask to meet her. If brought to Goldanna, she will reject him, and the player may "harden" Alistair and tell him to stand up for himself more.

text: After all the forces have been recruited by the player, Arl Eamon will call the "Landsmeet", a meeting between all of the nobles. The player will have to challenge Loghain's current regency by eroding the noble's support of him. After attending the Landsmeet, Alistair may either be made king, or Anora (King Cailan's wife) may be made queen. Alternatively, the player may choose to arrange a marriage between Anora and Alistair, though the latter requires persuading. If Alistair had been "hardened", he will reconsider and be less anxious of becoming king. The player may also either spare or kill Loghain. If Loghain is spared, Alistair will become so disgusted he will leave the player. If Anora is made queen and not married to Alistair, she will call for Alistair's execution if Loghain is spared. The player may interject and stop Anora, or let him be executed. If Alistair is spared, he is exiled and becomes a wandering drunk. If Loghain is killed and Alistair is not made king, he will simply return to being a Grey Warden. Finally, if Loghain was not spared and Alistair remained in the party, he may sacrifice himself killing the Archdemon[1] – who destroys the soul of any Grey Warden who kills it – unless the player agrees to Morrigan's proposal or kills the Archdemon themselves.

text: Alistair will have a short appearance in Origin's expansion pack Awakening if placed as king during Origins. Alistair also appears in the game's Darkspawn Chronicles DLC as the final boss, with it being an alternate version of the game where the player character dies at the start and Alistair is left in charge, and the player playing as the darkspawn.[2][3] At the end of the DLC, the darkspawn successfully kill Alistair and destroy Ferelden.

text: Other appearances[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)

text: Alistair makes a cameo appearance in Dragon Age II unless the player imports a save from Origins where he was executed. If he remains a Grey Warden, he will appear during the Qunari invasion and tell Hawke that he regrets the Grey Wardens cannot help against the Qunari. If made king, he will briefly appear arguing with Meredith, head of the templars in Kirkwall. If exiled, he will become a drunk at "The Hanged Man", where Bann Teagan will show up and tell him he can return to Ferelden.

text: Alistair is the main protagonist of The Silent Grove, a digital comic series.[4][5]

text: Alistair also returns in Dragon Age: Inquisition as the King of Ferelden or a Grey Warden unless the player imports a world state from Dragon Age Keep where he died or became a drunk. If made king, he will make a brief appearance after the Inquisitor confronts Alexius in Redcliffe. If he remains as a Grey Warden, he will be contacted by Hawke (protagonist of Dragon Age II). He was branded a traitor by the Warden-Commander Clarel due to his opposition of using blood magic to stop the Blight. Afterwards, he will be trapped alongside the Inquisitor and Hawke in the Fade. Depending on the player's choice, Alistair will sacrifice himself to help the Inquisitor to escape the Fade by battling a nightmare blocking the Fade's exit. Alternatively, the player can choose to sacrifice Hawke, in which case Alistair survives and will send a report to the headquarters of the Grey Wardens in Weisshaupt Fortress.[14]

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (January 2013)

text: GamesRadar's staff placed him at number 37 in a list of the 50 best game characters of the generation, commenting "Dragon Age: Origins had plenty of memorable characters, but chief among them was the would-be bastard king Alistair."[15] Rock, Paper, Shotgun's Alec Meer liked Alistair, and commented that he had some nice comic deflections.[16] Eurogamer's Oli Welsh noted that Alistair and Morrigan the "stars" of the game's companions, but criticized their storylines as being "contrived". The wooden dialogue and stiff animation was also mentioned.[17] Rock, Paper, Shotgun's Alec believed that Alistair, along with Shale, brought needed levity to the otherwise grim world of Dragon Age, describing the both of them as the game's most vital voices.[18] Mike Fahey, writing for Kotaku, praised Alistair as having some of the most amusing lines in the game during his review of Origins. Fahey particularly praised Steve Valentine's voice acting, calling Alistair's voice his favourite in the game and noting that many of Alistair's lines would have fallen flat were it not for Valentine's timing.[19] During an interview with Ray Muzyka (the co-founder and CEO of BioWare), VideoGamer.com's interviewer said that while he didn't like Alistair at first he grew to like him and his humour, although Muzyka himself did not like the character.[20] Kirk Hamilton, also writing for Kotaku, called Alistair one of his favorite characters, and looked forward to seeing how he got on with the "worldly" Isabella during The Silent Grove.[21] John Walker, writing for PC Gamer, believed that his friendship with Alistair had an "echo of reality", and felt that his sarcasm plus balancing his emotions and bravado "continue[d] to resonate".[22] Walker also praised the conversations he had with Morrigan.[22] Meer felt that Alistair and Morrigan's bickering evoked sexual tension, wishing they would just "get it on".[16] Kieron from Rock, Paper, Shotgun also wished to be able to set them up together.[18]

text: Meer also commented that Alistair made him wish he had made his character female, believing him to be a better love interest than Morrigan due to his cheery put-downs rather than her "snide oh-I’m-bit-naughty-me line".[16] Kieron believed that Alistair was BioWare's best attempt at a male romantic lead, being "good without-out being entirely punchable".[18] While romancing Alistair, Edge's Chris Dahlen found he related more to Alistair than his female mage player character, and noted many similarities between his life growing up and Alistair. He also put some blame on him being male.[23] Wesley Yin-Poole, writing for VideoGamer.com, felt that the sex scene with Alistair was short and unerotic, calling it an example of video games still needed to learn how to do sex.[24] Walker again, this time writing for Rock, Paper, Shotgun, commented how when playing his male character his heart was always with Alistair, and felt like he was "using" Zevran when he romanced him.[25] In an article on video game romances, 1UP.com commented on how Alistair grew and developed with the player, despite beginning as an uncertain "somewhat naive soldier".[26] Natania Barron, writing for Wired GeekMom column, commented that there was something "devious and devillish" about romancing him due to his ex-Templar roots. Barron also mentioned how, after making him king, she was willing to restart the game as a Human Noble when she found out he would break up with her elf and that she "honestly cared" about securing his marriage. Barron favorably compared his romance to Anders' from Dragon Age II, saying that she "settled" for him and most likely chose him because he reminded her of Alistair.[27] Kotaku republished a post by a gay modder who had made Alistair think his character was female, who felt unable to play the game for a month after Alistair broke up with him as king for not being able to produce an heir (because of the darkspawn taint).[28]

text: Meer commented on BioWare's repeated use of themes and called Alistair Dragon Age's "Carth"; mentioning how he is the first person you recruit, had a heart of gold and is the main female love interest. However, he did note how Alistair wasn't as "drippy" as Carth, and how he was more someone you could have a conversation with.[16] During a criticism of BioWare's games, GameZone's Dave Snell believed that many characters were too similar, specifically calling both Carth and Alistair the "snarky young upstart".[29] John Walker, this time writing for Rock, Paper, Shotgun, felt that Alistair bucked the trend of BioWare making all the starting companions tedious.[30] Similarly, several writers compared Anders to Alistair.[27][31][32]


document_title: List of National Football League head coaches with 50 wins

question_text: what nfl coach has the most wins ever

question_tokens: what nfl coach has the most wins ever

text: Coaches with 50 or more wins[edit]

text: This sortable table shows the top NFL coaches in order of total wins. The table also shows every team for which he was a head coach. If two coaches have the same number of wins, the coach with the higher winning percentage is ranked first.

text: When sorting teams, coaches are listed in order of wins for that team.

text:
• Arizona, Chicago and St. Louis Cardinals
• Los Angeles and St. Louis Rams

• Chicago Bears, Decatur Staleys, Chicago Staleys
• New England and Boston Patriots

• Detroit Lions and Portsmouth Spartans
• New York Jets and New York Titans (AFL)

• Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts
• Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders

• Kansas City Chiefs and Dallas Texans (AFL)
• Tennessee Titans, Oilers and Houston Oilers

• Los Angeles and San Diego Chargers
• Washington and Boston Redskins

text: Reload page to return to original configuration.

text:
Bold* and blue denotes an active coach

Winning percentage ≥ .600

Winning percentage ≥ .700

0Coach with most wins for team

Bold and green is Hall of Fame Inductee**

text: Updated through wild card weekend.

text:
Head coaches ranked by total wins, then winning percentage

Rank
Coach
Seasons
Teams
Regular
Season
Playoffs
Career
wins
Career
losses
Ties
Win
Pct
Updated
through

W
L
W
L

1
Shula, DonDon Shula**[2]
1963–1969
Indianapolis B !Baltimore Colts
71
23
2
3
347
173
6
.665

1970–1995
Miami A !Miami Dolphins0
257
133
17
14

2
Halas, GeorgeGeorge Halas**[3]
1920–1929
1933–1942
1946–1955
1958–1967
Chicago A !Decatur Staleys /
Chicago Staleys /00
Chicago Bears
318
148
6
3
324
151
31
.671

3
BelichickBill Belichick*[4]
1991–1995
Cleveland D !Cleveland Browns
36
44
1
1
276
128
0
.683

2000–present
New England A !New England Patriots0
214
74
25
9
week 17

4
LandryTom Landry**[5]
1960–1988
Dallas A !Dallas Cowboys0
250
162
20
16
270
178
6
.601

5
LambeauCurly Lambeau**[6]
1921–1949
Green A !Green Bay Packers0
209
104
3
2
229
134
22
.623

1950–1951
Arizona G !Chicago Cardinals
7
15

1952–1953
Washington H !Washington Redskins
10
13

6
NollChuck Noll**[7]
1969–1991
Pittsburgh A !Pittsburgh Steelers0
193
148
16
8
209
156
1
.572

7
Schottenheimer, MartyMarty Schottenheimer[8]
1984–1988
Cleveland C !Cleveland Browns
44
27
2
4
205
139
1
.596

1989–1998
Kansas City Chiefs B !Kansas City Chiefs
101
58
3
7

2001
Washington I !Washington Redskins
8
8

2002–2006
LA Chargers E !San Diego Chargers
47
33
0
2

8
ReevesDan Reeves[9]
1981–1992
Denver B !Denver Broncos
110
73
7
6
201
174
2
.536

1993–1996
New York Giants G !New York Giants
31
33
1
1

1997–2003
Atlanta B !Atlanta Falcons
49
59
3
2

9
Reid, AndyAndy Reid*[10]
1999–2012
Philadelphia A !Philadelphia Eagles0
130
93
10
9
194
133
1
.593

2013–present
Kansas City Chiefs C !Kansas City Chiefs
53
27
1
4
2017 season

10
KnoxChuck Knox[11]
1973–1977
1992–1994
LA Rams B !Los Angeles Rams
69
48
3
5
193
158
1
.550

1978–1982
Buffalo C !Buffalo Bills
37
36
1
2

1983–1991
Seattle C !Seattle Seahawks
80
63
3
4

11
Parcells, BillBill Parcells**[12]
1983–1990
New York Giants C !New York Giants
77
49
8
3
183
138
1
.570

1993–1996
New England C !New England Patriots
32
32
2
2

1997–1999
New York Jets E !New York Jets
29
19
1
1

2003–2006
Dallas F !Dallas Cowboys
34
30
0
2

12
Coughlin, TomTom Coughlin[13]
1995–2002
Jacksonville A !Jacksonville Jaguars0
68
60
4
4
182
157
0
.537

2004–2015
New York Giants B !New York Giants
102
90
8
3

13
ShanahanMike Shanahan[14]
1988–1989
Oakland G !Los Angeles Raiders
8
12

178
144
0
.553

1996–2008
Denver A !Denver Broncos0
138
86
8
5

2010–2013
Washington G !Washington Redskins
24
40
0
1

14
FisherJeff Fisher[15]
1994–2010
Tennessee A !Houston Oilers /
Tennessee Oilers /00
Tennessee Titans
142
120
5
6
178
171
1
.510

2012–2016
LA Rams E !St. Louis Rams /
Los Angeles Rams
31
45

15
Brown, PaulPaul Brown**[A][16]
1950–1962
Cleveland A !Cleveland Browns 0
111
44
9
5
175
108
6
.616

1968–1975
Cincinnati C !Cincinnati Bengals
55
56
0
3

16
Holmgren, MikeMike Holmgren[17]
1992–1998
Green D !Green Bay Packers
75
37
9
5
174
122
0
.588

1999–2008
Seattle A !Seattle Seahawks0
86
74
4
6

17
Gibbs, JoeJoe Gibbs**[18]
1981–1992
2004–2007
Washington A !Washington Redskins0
154
94
17
7
171
101
0
.629

18
Grant, BudBud Grant**[19]
1967–1983
1985
Minnesota A !Minnesota Vikings0
158
96
10
12
168
108
5
.607

19
CowherBill Cowher[20]
1992–2006
Pittsburgh B !Pittsburgh Steelers
149
90
12
9
161
99
1
.619

20
LevyMarv Levy**[21]
1978–1982
Kansas City Chiefs E !Kansas City Chiefs
31
42

154
120
0
.562

1986–1997
Buffalo A !Buffalo Bills0
112
70
11
8

21
Owen, SteveSteve Owen**[22]
1931–1953
New York Giants A !New York Giants0
151
100
2
8
153
108
17
.581

22
DungyTony Dungy**[23]
1996–2001
Tampa B !Tampa Bay Buccaneers
54
42
2
4
148
79
0
.652

2002–2008
Indianapolis A !Indianapolis Colts0
85
27
7
6

23
Fox, JohnJohn Fox [24]
2002–2010
Carolina A !Carolina Panthers0
73
71
5
3
141
130
0
.520

2011–2014
Denver C !Denver Broncos
46
18
3
4

2015–2017
Chicago G !Chicago Bears
14
34

24
Stram, HankHank Stram**[25]
1960–1974
Kansas City Chiefs A !Dallas Texans /
Kansas City Chiefs0
124
76
5
3
136
100
10
.573

1976–1977
New Orleans F !New Orleans Saints
7
21

25
Ewbank, WeebWeeb Ewbank**[26]
1954–1962
Indianapolis D !Baltimore Colts
59
52
2
0
134
130
7
.507

1963–1973
New York Jets A !New York Jets0
71
77
2
1

26
McCarthyMike McCarthy*[27]
2006–present
Green B !Green Bay Packers
121
70
10
8
131
78
1
.626
2017 season

27
Ditka, MikeMike Ditka**[28]
1982–1992
Chicago B !Chicago Bears
106
62
6
6
127
101
0
.557

1997–1999
New Orleans E !New Orleans Saints
15
33

28
Vermeil, DickDick Vermeil[29]
1976–1982
Philadelphia C !Philadelphia Eagles
54
47
3
4
126
114
0
.525

1997–1999
LA Rams G !St. Louis Rams
22
26
3
0

2001–2005
Kansas City Chiefs D !Kansas City Chiefs
44
36
0
1

29
Mora, JimJim Mora[30]
1986–1996
New Orleans B !New Orleans Saints
93
74
0
4
125
112
0
.527

1998–2001
Indianapolis G !Indianapolis Colts
32
32
0
2

30
LewisMarvin Lewis*[31]
2003–present
Cincinnati A !Cincinnati Bengals 0
125
112
0
7
125
119
3
.512
2017 season

31
TomlinMike Tomlin*[32]
2007–present
Pittsburgh C !Pittsburgh Steelers
116
60
8
6
124
66
0
.653
week 17

32
SeifertGeorge Seifert[33]
1989–1996
San Francisco A !San Francisco 49ers0
98
30
10
5
124
67
0
.649

1999–2001
Carolina C !Carolina Panthers
16
32

33
Gillman, SidSid Gillman**[34]
1955–1959
LA Rams F !Los Angeles Rams
28
31
0
1
123
104
7
.541

1960–1969
1971
LA Chargers A !Los Angeles /
San Diego Chargers0
86
53
1
4

1973–1974
Tennessee F !Houston Oilers
8
15

34
CarrollPete Carroll*[35]
1994
New York Jets F !New York Jets
6
10

122
86
1
.586

1997–1999
New England D !New England Patriots
27
21
1
2

2010–present
Seattle B !Seattle Seahawks
79
48
9
5
2017 season

35
Allen, GeorgeGeorge Allen**[36]
1966–1970
LA Rams D !Los Angeles Rams
49
17
0
2
118
54
5
.681

1971–1977
Washington B !Washington Redskins
67
30
2
5

36
Turner, NorvNorv Turner[37]
1994–2000
Washington D !Washington Redskins
49
59
1
1
118
126
1
.484

2004–2005
Oakland F !Oakland Raiders
9
23

2007–2012
LA Chargers C !San Diego Chargers
56
40
3
3

37
Green, DennisDennis Green[38]
1992–2001
Minnesota B !Minnesota Vikings
97
62
4
8
117
102
0
.534

2004–2006
Arizona E !Arizona Cardinals
16
32

38
CoryellDon Coryell[39]
1973–1977
Arizona B !St. Louis Cardinals
42
27
0
2
114
89
1
.561

1978–1986
LA Chargers B !San Diego Chargers
69
56
3
4

39
Madden, JohnJohn Madden**[40]
1969–1978
Oakland A !Oakland Raiders0
103
32
9
7
112
39
7
.731

40
PaytonSean Payton*[41]
2006–2011
2013–present
New Orleans A !New Orleans Saints0
105
71
7
4
112
75
0
.599
wild card

41
Parker, BuddyBuddy Parker[42]
1949
Arizona H !Chicago Cardinals
6
5

107
76
9
.596

1951–1956
Detroit D !Detroit Lions
47
23
3
1

1957–1964
Pittsburgh D !Pittsburgh Steelers
51
47

42
Lombardi, VinceVince Lombardi**[43]
1959–1967
Green C !Green Bay Packers
89
29
9
1
105
35
6
.740

1969
Washington J !Washington Redskins
7
5

43
Harbaugh, John John Harbaugh*[44]
2008–present
Baltimore A !Baltimore Ravens0
95
66
10
5
105
71
0
.597
2017 season

44
Flores, TomTom Flores[45]
1979–1987
Oakland B !Oakland /
Los Angeles Raiders
83
53
8
3
105
90
0
.538

1992–1994
Seattle D !Seattle Seahawks
14
34

45
Walsh, BillBill Walsh**[46]
1979–1988
San Francisco B !San Francisco 49ers
92
59
10
4
102
63
1
.617

46
Gruden, JonJon Gruden*[47]
1998–2001
2018–present
Oakland D !Oakland Raiders
38
26
2
2
100
85
0
.541
2017 season

2002–2008
Tampa A !Tampa Bay Buccaneers0
57
55
3
2

47
SabanLou Saban[48]
1960–1961
New England F !Boston Patriots
7
12

97
101
7
.490

1962–1965
1972–1976
Buffalo B !Buffalo Bills
68
45
2
2

1967–1971
Denver E !Denver Broncos
20
42

48
Del Rio, JackJack Del Rio [49]
2003–2011
Jacksonville B !Jacksonville Jaguars
68
71
1
2
94
97
0
.492

2015–2017
Oakland E !Oakland Raiders
25
23
0
1

49
Smith, LovieLovie Smith[50]
2004–2012
Chicago C !Chicago Bears
81
63
3
3
92
90
0
.505

2014–2015
Tampa D !Tampa Bay Buccaneers
8
24

50
Johnson, JimmyJimmy Johnson[51]
1989–1993
Dallas D !Dallas Cowboys
44
36
7
1
89
68
0
.567

1996–1999
Miami C !Miami Dolphins
36
28
2
3

51
Marchibroda, TedTed Marchibroda[52]
1975–1979
1992–1995
Indianapolis C !Baltimore /
Indianapolis Colts
71
67
2
4
89
102
1
.466

1996–1998
Baltimore C !Baltimore Ravens
16
31

52
Conzelman, JimmyJimmy Conzelman**[53]
1921–1922
Rock Island Independents
8
3

88
64
17
.579

1922–1923
Milwaukee Badgers
7
5

1925–1926
Detroit Panthers
12
8

1927–1930
Providence Steam Roller
26
16

1940–1942
1946–1948
Arizona C !Chicago Cardinals
34
31
1
1

53
PardeeJack Pardee[54]
1975–1977
Chicago F !Chicago Bears
20
22
0
1
88
82
0
.518

1978–1980
Washington F !Washington Redskins
24
24

1990–1994
Tennessee C !Houston Oilers
43
31
1
4

54
Kubiak, GaryGary Kubiak[55]
2006–2013
Houston Texans A !Houston Texans0
61
64
2
2
87
77
0
.530

2015–2016
Denver D !Denver Broncos
21
11
3
0

55
Wyche, SamSam Wyche[56]
1984–1991
Cincinnati B !Cincinnati Bengals
61
66
3
2
87
109
0
.444

1992–1995
Tampa C !Tampa Bay Buccaneers
23
41

56
Phillips, BumBum Phillips[57]
1975–1980
Tennessee B !Houston Oilers
55
35
4
3
86
80
0
.518

1981–1985
New Orleans C !New Orleans Saints
27
42

57
Billick, BrianBrian Billick[58]
1999–2007
Baltimore B !Baltimore Ravens
80
64
5
3
85
67
0
.559

58
WannstedtDave Wannstedt[59]
1993–1998
Chicago D !Chicago Bears
40
56
1
1
84
90
0
.483

2000–2004
Miami B !Miami Dolphins
42
31
1
2

59
Phillips, WadeWade Phillips[60]
1985
New Orleans G !New Orleans Saints
1
3

83
68
0
.550

1993–1994
Denver F !Denver Broncos
16
16
0
1

1998–2000
Buffalo D !Buffalo Bills
29
19
0
2

2003
Atlanta F !Atlanta Falcons
2
1

2007–2010
Dallas E !Dallas Cowboys
34
22
1
2

2013
Houston Texans C !Houston Texans
0
3

60
Collier, BlantonBlanton Collier[61]
1963–1970
Cleveland B !Cleveland Browns
76
34
3
4
79
38
2
.672

61
Robinson, JohnJohn Robinson[62]
1983–1991
LA Rams A !Los Angeles Rams0
75
68
4
6
79
74
0
.516

62
Ross, BobbyBobby Ross[63]
1992–1996
LA Chargers D !San Diego Chargers
47
33
3
3
77
68
0
.531

1997–2000
Detroit G !Detroit Lions
27
30
0
2

63
Gregg, ForrestForrest Gregg**[64]
1975–1977
Cleveland E !Cleveland Browns
18
23

77
87
1
.470

1980–1983
Cincinnati D !Cincinnati Bengals
32
25
2
2

1984–1987
Green G !Green Bay Packers
25
37

64
Mariucci, SteveSteve Mariucci[65]
1997–2002
San Francisco C !San Francisco 49ers
57
39
3
4
75
71
0
.514

2003–2005
Detroit H !Detroit Lions
15
28

65
NolanDick Nolan[66]
1968–1975
San Francisco D !San Francisco 49ers
54
53
2
3
71
85
5
.457

1978–1980
New Orleans D !New Orleans Saints
15
29

66
Wilson, GeorgeGeorge Wilson[67]
1957–1964
Detroit C !Detroit Lions
53
45
2
0
70
84
8
.457

1966–1969
Miami D !Miami Dolphins
15
39

67
Garrett, JasonJason Garrett *[68]
2010–present
Dallas Cowboys B !Dallas Cowboys
67
53
1
2
68
55
0
.553
2017 season

68
Rivera, RonRon Rivera *[69]
2011–present
Carolina B !Carolina Panthers
64
47
3
4
67
51
1
.567
2017 season

69
Smith, MikeMike Smith[70]
2008–2014
Atlanta A !Atlanta Falcons0
66
46
1
4
67
50
0
.573

70
Fontes, WayneWayne Fontes[71]
1988–1996
Detroit A !Detroit Lions0
66
67
1
4
67
71
0
.486

71
Neale, GreasyGreasy Neale**[72]
1941–1950
Philadelphia B !Philadelphia Eagles
63
43
3
1
66
44
5
.596

72
Van Brocklin, NormNorm Van Brocklin**[73]
1961–1966
Minnesota D !Minnesota Vikings
29
51

66
100
7
.402

1968–1974
Atlanta D !Atlanta Falcons
37
49

73
Clark, PotsyPotsy Clark[74]
1931–1936
1940
Detroit B !Portsmouth Spartans /
Detroit Lions
53
25
1
0
65
42
12
.597

1937–1939
Brooklyn Dodgers
11
17

74
Lemm, WallyWally Lemm[75]
1961
1966–1970
Tennessee D !Houston Oilers
37
38
1
2
65
66
7
.496

1962–1965
Arizona D !St. Louis Cardinals
27
26

75
Ryan, RexRex Ryan[76]
2009–2014
New York Jets Ba !New York Jets
46
50
4
2
65
68
0
.489

2015–2016
Buffalo F !Buffalo Bills
15
16

76
Caldwell, JimJim Caldwell [77]
2009–2011
Indianapolis H !Indianapolis Colts
26
22
2
2
64
54
0
.542

2014–2017
Detroit F !Detroit Lions
36
28
0
2

77
Glanville, JerryJerry Glanville[78]
1985–1989
Tennessee E !Houston Oilers
33
32
2
3
63
73
0
.463

1990–1993
Atlanta E !Atlanta Falcons
27
37
1
1

78
Fassel, JimJim Fassel[79]
1997–2003
New York Giants D !New York Giants
58
53
2
3
60
56
1
.517

79
JauronDick Jauron[80]
1999–2003
Chicago E !Chicago Bears
35
45
0
1
60
83
0
.420

2005
Detroit I !Detroit Lions
1
4

2006–2009
Buffalo E !Buffalo Bills
24
33

80
Sherman, Mike Mike Sherman[81]
2000–2005
Green E !Green Bay Packers
57
39
2
4
59
43
0
.578

81
ChamberlinGuy Chamberlin**[82]
1922–1923
Canton Bulldogs
21
0

58
16
7
.759

1924
Clevelands B !Cleveland Bulldogs
7
1

1925–1926
Frankford Yellow Jackets
27
8

1927
Arizona J !Chicago Cardinals
3
7

82
Shell, ArtArt Shell**[83]
1989–1994
2006
Oakland C !Los Angeles /
Oakland Raiders
56
52
2
3
58
55
0
.513

83
KuharichJoe Kuharich[84]
1952
Arizona I !Chicago Cardinals
4
8

58
81
3
.419

1954–1958
Washington E !Washington Redskins
26
32

1964–1968
Philadelphia E !Philadelphia Eagles
28
41

84
Sherman, AllieAllie Sherman[85]
1961–1968
New York Giants E !New York Giants
57
51
0
3
57
54
4
.513

85
Flaherty, RayRay Flaherty**[86] [B]
1936–1942
Washington C !Boston / Washington Redskins
54
21
2
2
56
23
3
.701

86
Martz, MikeMike Martz[87]
2000–2005
LA Rams C !St. Louis Rams
53
32
3
4
56
36
0
.609

88
Edwards, HermanHerman Edwards[88]
2001–2005
New York Jets D !New York Jets
39
41
2
3
56
78
0
.418

2006–2008
Kansas City Chiefs F !Kansas City Chiefs
15
33
0
1

89
Howell, Jim LeeJim Lee Howell[89]
1954–1960
New York Giants F !New York Giants
53
27
2
2
55
29
4
.648

87
Pagano, ChuckChuck Pagano [90]
2012–2017
Indianapolis E !Indianapolis Colts
53
43
3
3
56
46
0
.549

90
Burns, JerryJerry Burns[91]
1986–1991
Minnesota C !Minnesota Vikings
52
43
3
3
55
46
0
.545

91
Ryan, BuddyBuddy Ryan[92]
1986–1990
Philadelphia D !Philadelphia Eagles
43
35
0
3
55
58
1
.487

1994–1995
Arizona F !Arizona Cardinals
12
20

92
Meyer, RonRon Meyer[93]
1982–1984
New England E !New England Patriots
18
15
0
1
54
52
0
.509

1986–1991
Indianapolis F !Indianapolis Colts
36
35
0
1

93
Walton, JoeJoe Walton[94]
1983–1989
New York Jets B !New York Jets
53
57
1
2
54
59
1
.478

94
Shaw, Buck Buck Shaw[95][C]
1950–1954
San Francisco E !San Francisco 49ers
33
25

53
41
3
.562

1958–1960
Philadelphia F !Philadelphia Eagles
19
16
1
0

95
Holovak, MikeMike Holovak[96]
1961–1968
New England B !Boston Patriots
52
46
1
1
53
48
9
.523

1976
New York Jets G !New York Jets
0
1

96
Starr, BartBart Starr**[97]
1975–1983
Green F !Green Bay Packers
52
76
1
1
53
77
3
.410

97
Whisenhunt, KenKen Whisenhunt[98]
2007–2012
Arizona Ab !Arizona Cardinals
45
51
4
2
52
73
0
.416

2014–2015
Tennessee F !Tennessee Titans
3
20

98
Andrews, Roy Roy Andrews[99]
1924–1926
Kansas City Blues/Cowboys
12
15

51
27
4
.646

1927
Clevelands A !Cleveland Bulldogs
8
4

1928
Detroit Wolverines
7
2

1929–1930
New York Giants H !New York Giants
24
5

1931
Arizona K !Chicago Cardinals
0
1

99
Berry, RaymondRaymond Berry**[100]
1975–1983
New England BB !New England Patriots
48
39
3
2
51
41
0
.554

100
Clark, MonteMonte Clark[101]
1976
San Francisco F !San Francisco 49ers
8
6

51
69
1
.426

1978–1984
Detroit E !Detroit Lions
43
61
0
2

101
Bennett, LeemanLeeman Bennett[102]
1977–1982
Atlanta C !Atlanta Falcons
46
41
1
3
51
72
0
.415

1985–1986
Tampa E !Tampa Bay Buccaneers
4
28

102
Arians, BruceBruce Arians [103]
2012–2017
Arizona A !Arizona Cardinals0
49
30
1
2
50
32
1
.608

Rank
Coach
Seasons
Teams
W
L
W
L
Career
wins
Career
losses
Ties
Win
Pct
Updated
through

Regular
Season
Playoffs

text: Notes[edit]

text:
A Does not include Paul Brown's four-year AAFC record of 47–4–3.
B Does not include Ray Flaherty's four-year AAFC record of 26–16–2.
C Does not include Buck Shaw's four-year AAFC record of 38–14–2.

text: Remaining active coaches[edit]

text: Updated through the wild card games.

text:
Coaches that can achieve 50 wins within the next two seasons

Coach
Team
Season Hired
Regular Season
Playoffs
Win
Pct

Wins
Losses
Wins
Losses

Zimmer, MikeMike Zimmer
Vikings
2014
39
25
0
1
.600

Mularkey, MikeMike Mularkey
Titans
2015
36
53
1
0
.411
Bills 14–18
Jaguars 2–14
Titans 21–21

O'Brien, BillBill O'Brien
Texans
2014
31
33
1
2
.478

Quinn, DanDan Quinn
Falcons
2015
29
19
3
1
.615

Gruden, JayJay Gruden
Redskins
2014
28
35
0
1
.438
1 tie

Marrone, DougDoug Marrone
Jaguars
2016
26
24
1
0
.529
Bills 15–17
Jaguars 12–7

Bowles, ToddTodd Bowles
Jets
2015
22
29
-
-
.431
Dolphins 2–1
Jets 20–28

Pederson, DougDoug Pederson
Eagles
2016
20
12
-
-
.625

text:
Coaches with fewer than 20 wins

Coach
Team
Season Hired
Regular Season
Playoffs
Win
Pct

Wins
Losses
Wins
Losses

Gase, AdamAdam Gase
Dolphins
2016
16
16
0
1
.485

Koetter, DirkDirk Koetter
Buccaneers
2016
14
18
-
-
.438

McVay, SeanSean McVay
Rams
2017
11
5
0
1
.647

Jackson, HueHue Jackson
Browns
2016
9
39
-
-
.188
Raiders 8–8
Browns 1–31

McDermott, SeanSean McDermott
Bills
2017
9
7
0
1
.529

Lynn, AnthonyAnthony Lynn
Chargers
2017
9
8
-
-
.529
Bills 0–1
Chargers 9-7

Shanahan, KyleKyle Shanahan
49ers
2017
6
10
-
-
.375

Joseph, VanceVance Joseph
Broncos
2017
5
11
-
-
.313