document_title: List of alcohol laws of the United States

question_text: what time can you legally buy alcohol in michigan

root

text: Table[edit]

text: Alabama–Hawaii[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery store sales
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

Alabama
Yes
Prohibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties. Private clubs, which require a membership fee and a membership card, have no day or time restrictions.
Yes
No
21
21 No exceptions to the law
13.9% ABV cap on beer
Beer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces (0.75 l)
ABV > 14.9% wine sold in state stores
Alcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances. Twenty-six of Alabama's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol. However, possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties. Of the 26 "dry" counties, 23 have at least one "wet" city; these are considered "moist" dry counties. Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities. State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to "go wet" if a referendum is passed by 50% of voters. State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.
Distilled spirits (liquor) are purchasable in either state-owned retail liquor stores, known as ABC Stores, or privately-owned retail liquor stores. Privately-owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays, public (federal & state) holidays, and later hours than state-owned liquor stores.

Alaska
No
8 a.m. – 5 a.m.,[10] except election days (liquor stores may not open until polls close)
No (although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well)
21
21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes, and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent [11]
Most communities have more restrictive laws, ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession.[12] Sellers/servers may not, for any reason, give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost. Sellers/servers may drink while on duty, but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises, so an impaired server could be arrested.[10]

Arizona
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days a week—no election day nor holiday restrictions [13]
Yes
21
21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed for religious[14] and medical purposes[15]
Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off-premises liquor license, including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores. Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises. Drive-through liquor stores are allowed. Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 (95% alcohol) is legal. A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations, many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law, up to and including total prohibition. "Beer busts" (all the beer/liquor one can drink for a set price) in bars are illegal. Persons 19 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol. Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 40 ounces of beer, 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time.[16] DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation. A person convicted of a DUI (even first offense) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year. Arizona has an 'Impaired to the Slightest Degree' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than .08%.

Arkansas
No
Sale prohibited Sundays, Mondays between 12:00 a.m. and 1:00 a.m., or on any other days between the hours of 1:00 a.m. and 7:00 a.m. The governing body of any city or town may fix later closing hours for the permitted premises of a hotel or restaurant which in no event shall be later than two (2) hours after midnight on Saturday night.[17]
Yes
No
21
21 No exceptions to the law
Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas, but private clubs can serve even in dry areas.
Alcohol sales are generally prohibited on Sundays, but exceptions can be made through local option (usually for restaurants and private clubs).
No sales on Christmas Day.

California
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m.
Yes
21
21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency.[18]
Relatively unrestricted; beer, wine and liquor available at grocery stores, convenience stores, gas stations, and warehouse clubs. No statewide holiday restrictions.
Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol (duty-free). Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60% ABV is illegal (B&P 23403).[19]
You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age.
City and county governments can set different sale hours.
18-, 19- and 20-year-old wine and beer production students can taste—but not consume—what they are making and studying.[20]

Colorado
No
7 a.m. – 2 a.m.
Beer, wine, and liquor: 8 a.m. – midnight
3.2 beer: 5 a.m.-midnight

3.2 only*
No*
21
21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious, medical, and educational purposes.[21]
Spirituous, vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores only.
Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day. Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1, 2008. Liquor stores and liquor-licensed drug stores may have only one location, while 3.2% beer may be sold in gas stations, supermarkets, and convenience stores. Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2% beer for both on and off-premises consumption. A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer, wine, and spirits. As an example, a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer, wine, and spirits.

Connecticut
No
9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Thurs.)
9 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Fri.–Sat.)
11 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Sun.)
8 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon.–Sat.) 10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun.)
Yes
No
21 Exception: No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older[22]
21 Exception: Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for medical and religious puroposes, and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent.[22]
Sunday off-premises sales allowed as of May 20, 2012;[23][24] Sunday on-premises sales subject to local ordinances.
Beer can be purchased at grocery/convenience stores. Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores.
No off-premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day.
Open container law applies only to drivers, not passengers.

Delaware
No
9 a.m. – 1 a.m.
9 a.m. – 1 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)
noon–8 p.m. (Sun.) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance.
No
21
21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency. Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent, for religious purposes.[25][26]
For off-premises consumption, alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store, taproom, or a brew pub that has an off-premises license. Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21, no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason, even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets. No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving, Easter or Christmas.[27]

District of Columbia
No
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun.–Thu.,
8 a.m. – 3 a.m. Fri.–Sat.
[28]

Liquor Stores:
9 a.m. – midnight daily*
Grocery Stores:
9 a.m.-12 a.m. daily
[28]

Yes
No
21
21 Exception: A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency.[29][30]
*Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16, 2013.[31]
No singles sold, but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption.[32]
Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC, but as of 2005[update] none are
The day before a federal or district holiday, on-premises retailers may sell/serve from 8 a.m.-3 a.m. On New Yer's Eve, on-premises retailers may sell/serve until 4 a.m. on January 1.[28]

Florida
No
State law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m., unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later (FS 562.14(1)) ; such as for Sunday morning; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays. Miami-Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day.
Yes
No
21
21 Exception: 18 for educational purposes[33]
Sale, processing, or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal. (FSS 565.07)
No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon. FS 564.05 Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer, low-alcohol liquors, and wine. Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store. As of July 1, 2015, the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers, or growlers, has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces, in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes.

Georgia
No
Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction. No alcohol sales on Christmas Day.
Yes
No
21
21 Exception: Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent, and for religious and medical purposes.[34]
14% ABV cap on beer.
Sunday off-premises sales from 12:30 p.m. to 11:30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum.[35]
In general, one may not be drunk in public. Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public, most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property, with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell. A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly.

Hawaii
No
Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m., but some hold a special ‘cabaret license’ that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m.[36]
6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County
6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai, Maui, and Hawaii counties
Yes
21
21 Exception: Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes[37]

tag: table

text: Idaho–Massachusetts[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery Store Sales
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Beer
Wine
Distilled Spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

Idaho
No
Yes
6:00 a.m. to 2:00 a.m., 7:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. in some counties

Yes
No

Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16% ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores, or contracted stores.

Illinois
No
Depending on local government; 24-hour bars are permitted in Cicero; a handful of 21- to 22-hour bars exist in Cook County, and the Metro East. In Rock Island County, many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day.

Yes

Opening/closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities.

Indiana
No
7 a.m. – 3 a.m.
7 a.m. – 3 a.m. No sale on Sunday, except at local wineries, breweries, and distilleries.
Yes

Sales limited to on-premises in restaurants, wineries, breweries, and distilleries on Sundays. However, carryout wine, beer and spirits may be purchased on Sundays from the address for which a winery, brewery or distillery's permit is issued. (IC 7.1-3-1-14)
No sales on Christmas Day (IC 7.1-5-10-1). Minors, including babies, are not allowed to enter a liquor store.
Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations, but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores (IC 7.1-5-10-11).
In 2010, Indiana enacted a stringent photo identification requirement for all off-premises transactions that initially required stores to verify the age of anyone purchasing alcohol by requiring him or her to produce a government-issued photo ID. The law applies to liquor stores, convenience stores, pharmacies and supermarkets in Indiana but not to restaurants, bars and other businesses where patrons consume alcohol onsite. However, due to significant backlash, the law was subsequently amended in the next legislative session (effective July 1, 2011) to pertain to anyone who is or reasonably appears to be less than forty (40) years of age. (See IC 7.1-5-10-23).
Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor. (IC 7.1-5-1-3)

Iowa
No
Yes
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Mon–Sat
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sun[38]
Yes

If a controlled substance is detected in a person’s system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle, they can be charged and potentially convicted of operating while intoxicated (OWI) even if they were not “impaired” by that substance.

Kansas
Yes
9 a.m. - 2 a.m. (in counties which allow on-premises sales)
9 a.m. - 11 p.m. (Mon–Sat) (in counties which allow off-premises sales)
noon - 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. (Sun) (in communities which allow Sunday off-premises sales)
3.2 only
No

Kansas's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States. Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948, and continued to prohibit on-premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987. Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005. Today, 29 counties still do not permit the on-premises sale of alcohol. 59 counties require a business to receive at least 30% of revenue from food sales to allow on-premises sale of alcohol. Only 17 counties allow general on-premises sales. Not all communities which allow off-premises sales allow sales on Sunday. Sales are prohibited on Christmas and Easter. The only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations may sell is beer with no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight. Other liquor sales only are allowed at state-licensed retail liquor stores. Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles, public intoxication laws, and requirements for prospective on-premises or off-premises licensees.

Kentucky
No
6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday
1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays
Yes
No

Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants. Sales 2–4 a.m. only in Louisville. As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law, but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance (as of early 2006, such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro, though these cities have since changed local ordinances).
Alcohol sale restriction and wet/dry (both by drink and package) allowed by both county and city local option. Approximately 39 counties in the state (mostly eastern and southern counties) are dry, all alcohol sale and possession prohibited; 22 "moist" counties (with "wet" cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry); 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries. Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas (Louisville, Lexington, Covington, Bowling Green). Note: Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville, KY beginning at 10:00 am. Bowling Green, KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry-out beer, wine, and liquor. Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24, 2013. Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition, the other being South Carolina.

Louisiana
No
No state imposed restrictions on on-premises hours. "24 hour" bars are common in New Orleans and in Jefferson Parish. Some municipalities and parishes (including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish) require on-premises service to stop at 2:00 am.
No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales.
Yes
21
Exceptions to state law include:[39]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.

Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets, drug stores, gas stations, and convenience stores. Local municipalities may not restrict this. As a result, dedicated "liquor stores" are mostly specialty stores in larger cities, and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines, and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection.
Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an "unbreakable container" (no glass) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it. Otherwise, it depends on the locality. Most parishes other than Orleans Parish do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out. However, many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages (for example, cans of beer) on the street. Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited. One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol. Also, it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child.
Drive-thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common, but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container, if you have put the straw in the cup [40]

Maine
No
Yes
6 a.m. to 1 a.m. (Mon–Sun)

Yes [41]
21
21
ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week, may not be purchased prior to 6 a.m. Monday through Saturday, and not prior to 9 a.m. on Sunday. Bars and restaurants may serve until 1:15 a.m. On New Year's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments. When St. Patrick's Day falls on a Sunday, bars and restaurants may serve alcohol starting at 6 a.m that day.[42] Wholesaling through state-licensed monopoly.[43] Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum; 56 towns have done so.[44][45]

Maryland
Variable by locality
Variable by locality
Variable by locality
Variable by locality

Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas.
In the counties of Montgomery, Somerset, Wicomico, and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards, there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law.
Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas.
The sale of alcohol at grocery and convenience stores varies by county.
There are no dry counties, but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local-option basis.

Massachusetts
No
8:00 a.m. – 2:00 a.m. by state law, although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11:00 a.m. and after 11:00 p.m.[46] Not before 11:00 a.m. on Sunday.[47]
8:00 a.m. – 11:00 p.m., or 8:00 a.m. – 11:30 p.m. on the day before a holiday.[48] Not before 10:00 am on Sunday.
Yes.[49][50]
21
21
As of January 2016, no individual, partnership, or corporation may have more than seven off-premises licences in the state, nor more than two in any city, nor more than one in any town. No individual, partnership, or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license, although one may devolve thereupon.[48]
As of 2012-10-29, a Massachusetts driver's license, Massachusetts Liquor ID card, RMV-issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card, passport (issued by the US or a US-recognized foreign entity), US-issued Passport Card, and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law. Out of state or Canadian driver's licenses/ ID's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age (and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason).[51]
On-premises regulations: No discounts at specific times (i.e. no "Happy Hour" discounts) or for specific individuals, no fixed-price open bar or all-you-can-drink (except at private functions), no more than two drinks per individual at any one time, no pitchers for fewer than two people, no drinking contests, no drinks as prizes, no free drinks.[52]
Off-premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May (Memorial Day), Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday.[47]
Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days (subject to local exceptions).[47]
"Malt beverages" defined as having not more than 12% alcohol by weight.[53]

text: Michigan–New Mexico[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery Store Sales
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Beer
Wine
Distilled Spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

Michigan
No
Yes
7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon.–Sat.)
noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension

7 a.m.-2 a.m. (Mon-Sat)
noon-2 a.m. (Sunday)*sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension ,[54]

Yes

The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11:59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12:00 p.m. on December 25. On-premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4:00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales. State does not operate retail outlets; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.[55]

Minnesota
No (but see note)
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. seven days
8:00 a.m.-10:00 p.m. (Mon–Sat);
11:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. (Sun)[56]

3.2% Only
No

Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off-sale licenses. Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week. Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores; they are permitted, but not required, to exclude privately owned stores.[57] Off-premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1, 2017.[56]

Mississippi
No
Yes
Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale

Yes
No

ABW > 5% wine and sparkling wine sold in state-contracted stores which are open from 10:00 am until 10:00 pm (Closed Sundays) statewide. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%, ABV < ~6.3%) sold in convenience stores/supermarkets. Beer and light wine (ABW < 5%) may be consumed by persons age 18-20 with parental supervision. Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8% ABW/10% ABV on April 9, 2012. The bill went into effect on July 1, 2012.[58]

No sales on Christmas Day. No state open container laws. Complimentary alcohol all day and night in coastal casinos.
In most counties, alcohol cannot be sold on Sundays. There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages, though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales.

Missouri
No
Most establishments:
(Mon–Sat) 6:00am–1:30am
(Sunday) 9:00am–12:00pm
Special licenses in Kansas City and St. Louis:
(Daily) 6:00am–3:00am

(Mon–Sat) 6:00am–1:30am
(Sunday) 9:00am–12:00am
Sales permitted until 3:00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores.

Yes

One of the most alcohol-permissive states, perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana:

No open container law.[59]
No state public intoxication law.
Liquor control law[60] covers all beverages containing more than 0.5% alcohol, without further particularities based on percentage.[61]
Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off-premises alcohol sales.[62]
No dry jurisdictions.
State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law.
Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores.
Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3:00am in Kansas City,[63] Jackson County,[64] North Kansas City,[64] St. Louis,[65] and St. Louis County.[66]
Grocery stores, drug stores, and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours.[67]
Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City's Power & Light District.[68]
Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children.[69]
Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use, without any further state limitation, state taxation, or state license.[70] (Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use.[71][72][73][74][75])

Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage: liquor, which is any beverage containing more than 0.5% alcohol except "non-intoxicating beer"; and "non-intoxicating beer,"[76] which is beer containing between 0.5% and 3.2% alcohol. Liquor laws[77] apply to all liquor, and special laws apply to "non-intoxicating beer."[76]

Montana
No
Yes
Closing 2am

Yes
No

ABV > 16% wine sold in state-contracted stores, ABV < 16% may be sold in grocery stores.

Nebraska
No
6 a.m. – 1 a.m. Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on-premises sales to 2 a.m. with two-thirds approval of city or county councils.[78]
Yes

No on- or off-premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays. All beer, wine, and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m.

Nevada
No
24 hours
Yes

There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age. The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80%.[79]
State law also renders public intoxication legal, and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence.[80] Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca.[81]

New Hampshire
No
Yes
6 a.m. – 1 a.m.
6 a.m. – 11:45 p.m.
Yes
No

Liquor sold in state-run stores, many found at highway rest areas.
14% ABV cap on beer. State is wholesaler of wine. State taxes beer $0.30/gal at the wholesale level.

New Jersey
No
Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance. Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City, Brigantine, Absecon, Elwood, Pomona, Smithville, Galloway, and Mullica (All in Atlantic County) serve 24 hours. There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state, including Ocean City.
9 a.m.-10 p.m. for liquor. Beer and wine can be sold at any time on-premise sales are permitted in that municipality. This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 PM, however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine. Cities of the first class (e.g. Jersey City and Newark) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales.[82]
Rarely
21
21 (unless provided by parent or guardian in private)
Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state.
Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores, New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses, so with only a few exceptions, most supermarkets/convenience stores/gas stations/pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages. In addition, liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store.
Bars are allowed to off-sale packaged goods.
With the exception of Jersey City and Newark, all municipalities MUST allow off-sales of beer and wine at any time on-sales are permitted. However, since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores, this right is rarely exercised.
Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off-sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine.

New Mexico
No
7 a.m. – 2 a.m., except Sundays, for establishments with full dispenser license.[83]
7 a.m. – 11 p.m., except Sundays, for restaurants with beer and wine license.

7 a.m. – midnight except Sundays[84]
Yes

New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on-premises: a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol, or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only. An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale (on or off premises) on Sundays from noon until midnight. Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas, regardless of the day it falls on,[85] and a Sunday permit allowing of sale (on or off premises) until 2:00 a.m. January 1, if December 31 falls on a Sunday.[86] Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district.[87] Selling, serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison,[88] except when "a parent, legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property, other than licensed premises, under the control of the parent, legal guardian or adult spouse",[89] or for religious purposes.

text: New York–South Dakota[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery Store Sales
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Beer
Wine
Distilled Spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

New York
No
8 a.m. – 4 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 4 a.m. (Sun)
Some counties have more restrictive hours.
Beer: 24 hours
Wine & spirits: 8 a.m. – midnight (Mon–Sat)
Noon – 9 p.m. (Sun).
Yes
No
21

Off-premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores, and beer is not sold at liquor stores; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores. Exchanges for returned items are permitted (at store owners' discretion).[90]
Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30, 2006. Twelve dry towns, mostly in western region of state. Many counties have more restrictive off-premises hours, such as bans on beer sales overnight (hours vary). All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner, who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it—effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state. New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public.

North Carolina
No
Yes
7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun)
Beer and wine: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
10 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Sun)
Liquor: 9 a.m. – 9 p.m. (Mon – Sat)
Yes
No
21

15% ABV cap on beer, 16% cap on unfortified wine, 24% cap on fortified wine.[91]
No "happy hour," "buy one get one free," or "ladies night" style specials allowed.[92]

North Dakota
No
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 2 a.m. (Sun)
8 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 2 a.m. (Sun)
No
21

No off-sale on Thanksgiving Day. No Christmas Day on-sale, nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m.

Ohio
No
Yes
5:30 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.
5:30 a.m. – 1 a.m.
Yes, under 21% ABV
21
21 or older, unrestricted under supervision of individual's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse[93]
12% ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31, 2016.[94] 21% ABV cap on wine.
Some counties have more restrictive off-premises hours.
The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission. Normal proof spirits (>21% ABV) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores. Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits (diluted by water to 21% ABV) under a more readily obtained permit.
No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty-one years of age, except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales, and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel, restaurant, club, or night club. .[95]
Beverages with less than 0.5% ABV can be sold/given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes, or the underage person is accompanied by a parent, spouse who is not an underage person, or legal guardian.[96]

Oklahoma
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m.
10 a.m. – 9 p.m. (Mon – Sat)
3.2% only
No
21

4.0% ABV/3.2 ABW or higher only sold at room temperature in liquor stores, Liquor Stores closed on Sundays and some holidays. As of 2007, liquor stores are now open on election days. State law prohibits public intoxication, many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication.

Oregon
No
Yes
7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.
7 a.m. – 2:30 a.m.[97]
Yes
No
21

Liquor, all of which is state-owned prior to sale to consumers, is sold in private liquor stores. These stores are approved by Oregon's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state's behalf.[98]

Pennsylvania
No
Yes
Restaurants, and bars: 7 a.m. – 2 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
11 a.m. - 2 a.m. (Sun)[99]
Clubs: 7 a.m. – 3 a.m.[100]
Beverage Centers and State Run Stores:
9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 5 p.m . (Sun)[101]
Grocery Stores:
7 a.m. - 10 p.m. (Mon -
Sat)
9 a.m. - 10pm
(Sun)

Yes*
No
21

Spirits can only be sold at state-operated stores. All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state-operated liquor store alone. Beer is not sold at state-operated liquor stores.
Beer (but not wine) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity. Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater. The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016.
*Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores (at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores) (six and 12 packs/192oz max. purchase (two six packs)) with Liquor Control Board–issued licenses
Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 (selected locations) and beverage outlets (owner's option) until 2005.
Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year, and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants.[102] Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage.

Rhode Island
No
9 am – 1 a.m. (Mon – Sat)
Noon – 1 a.m. (Sun)
9 a.m. – 10 p.m. (Mon – Sat)
10 a.m. – 6 p.m. (Sun)[103]
No
21
21
All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores.
Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state-recognized holiday.

South Carolina
No
Yes
Liquor: 10 AM - 2 AM. Beer and Wine: Local Option.
Beer and low-alcohol wine: 24 hours
Liquor: 9 a.m. – 7 p.m. (Mon – Sat.)
Yes
No
21

14% ABW (17.5% ABV) cap on beer
Wine > 16% ABV sold in liquor stores
No hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays.
No off-premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday, except in Aiken, Greenville, Pendleton, Spartanburg, Horry County, Colleton County, Richland County, Charleston County/city, Beaufort County, York County,[104] and Newberry County.[105]

South Dakota
No

Yes
21

14% ABV cap on beer

text: Tennessee–Wyoming, Puerto Rico[edit]

text:
State
Alcoholic beverage control state
Alcohol sale hours
Grocery Stores
Age
Notes

Beer
Wine
Distilled spirits
On-premises
Off-premises
Wine
Beer
Distilled Spirits
Purchasing
Consumption

Tennessee
No
Mon-Sat: 8 a.m. to 3 a.m.; Sun: Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission.
Beer: By municipality.
Wine & Spirits: 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon–Sat[106]
Yes
No
21

Wine may be sold in grocery stores. Sales of wine and liquor are limited to on-premises in restaurants on Sundays. Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas, Thanksgiving Day, Labor Day, New Year's Day, and the Fourth of July. Beer above 8% ABW /10.1% ABV must be sold in liquor stores. Open container law only applies to drivers, not passengers.[107]

Texas
No
Monday-Friday: 7am-midnight
Saturday: 7am-1am
Sunday: Noon to 12 midnight.
Some cities/counties permit sale until 2am (with license).
Beer/Non-hard liquor:
7 a.m. to midnight (Mon.-Fri.)
7 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. (Sat.)
Noon to midnight (Sun.)
Hard Liquor:
10 a.m. to 9 p.m. (Mon.-Sat.)
Yes
No
21

No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5% requires additional license, so many places are beer/wine only.
Wet/dry issues determined by city/county election.
Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday.
An alcoholic beverage served (on-premises) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer. Eleven Texas counties are completely dry.[108] In many counties, public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld.[109] Texas law permits consumption by minors (any age under 21) if in the "visible presence" of a parent, guardian or adult spouse. (Section 106.04) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education, or in the visible presence of an adult parent, guardian or spouse, or supervision of a commissioned peace officer. (Section 106.05) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention.

Utah
Yes
Restaurants: Noon to midnight for liquor, 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. for beer. Bars may serve liquor from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m.
Varies by state liquor store hours

3.2 only
No
21

ABV > 4.0+% sold in state-controlled stores only. 3.2% ABW (4.0% ABV) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores. State-controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week. Restaurants must buy from the state-controlled store (no delivery) at retail prices. No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food. Sales of kegs prohibited. Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited.

Vermont
No
Yes
8 a.m. – 2 a.m.
6 a.m. – midnight

Yes
No
21

ABV > 16% beer and ABV > 16% wine are only available through state liquor stores (most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores[110]). A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16%.

Virginia
No
Yes
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees.
6 a.m. – 11:59 p.m. except local blue law.

Yes
No
21

Licensed supermarkets, convenience stores, and gas stations may sell beer and wine. Off-premises sales no later than 12 midnight. Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am-9pm Monday-Saturday and from 12pm-6pm on Sunday.

Washington
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. (A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours.)
Yes
21

Beer and wine are available in specialty stores, grocery stores, convenience stores, department stores, taverns, and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board. Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft (grocery stores, big box liquor chains). There are two exceptions to the 10,000-sq-ft rule: 1) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state. 2) Cities, mostly in rural areas, that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area.

West Virginia
No
Yes
Beer/Wine: Mon-Sat:7 am-2 am, Sun:1 pm-2 am
Liquor: Mon-Sat:8 am-Midnight, Sun: Prohibited

Mon-Fri:7 am-3:30 am, Sat: 7A-3:00A, Sun:1 pm-3 am

Yes
21

12% ABV Cap on Beer. 75% ABV spirits Permitted. Liquor, wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations. State no longer operates retail stores (formerly State ABC Stores); Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population. All stores are state contracted; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person. State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only.

Wisconsin
No
6 a.m. – 2 a.m. Sunday–Thursday, 2:30 a.m. Friday–Saturday, no closing time on New Year's Day.
6 a.m. – midnight for beer (some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer), 6 a.m. – 9 p.m. for liquor and wine

By local ordinance
21

Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors, provided they are being supervised by parents/guardians/spouses. Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales. Notable exceptions: Kenosha, Green Bay, La Crosse, Maple Bluff (near Madison), Baraboo (near the Dells). Supermarkets, liquor stores, and gas stations may sell liquor, wine, and beer. Law changed effective 12/7/2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m.
Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law.

Wyoming
No
Yes
6.00 a.m. – 2.00 a.m.

No
21

Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority, but it does not seem to happen in practice

Puerto Rico
No
No territory-wide mandated last call
No territory-wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores, but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2:00 weekends.

Beer, wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets, convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores.
18

Minimum drinking age is 18.

Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan (except in designated areas during selected street festivals) but not in all cities.


document_title: 2000 NBA Finals

question_text: who won game 4 of the 2000 nba finals

question_tokens: who won game 4 of the 2000 nba finals

text: 2000 NBA Finals

text: Background[edit]

text: Los Angeles Lakers[edit]

text: Although the Lakers were one of the more talented teams in the NBA the previous year, they failed to win a single game against the San Antonio Spurs in the 1999 NBA playoffs. Twenty-four days after being swept by the eventual league champion, the Lakers signed Phil Jackson as head coach. Jackson, famous for coaching Michael Jordan and the six-time champion Chicago Bulls, would build his triangle offense around Shaquille O'Neal and Kobe Bryant. General Manager Jerry West surrounded O'Neal and Bryant with effective role players such as Glen Rice, Ron Harper (who had experience with Jackson's triangle offense as part of the '96–'98 Bulls),[2] and A. C. Green (member of the last two Lakers championship teams).[3]

tag: p

text: Along with these starters, the Lakers also possessed a strong bench. Robert Horry not only had championship experience with the Houston Rockets but also was a threat on the perimeter and a defensive star.[4] Derek Fisher was a defensively minded point-guard with the ability to shoot well from long range. Rick Fox, acquired after being released by the Boston Celtics,[5] was the Lakers' sixth man. With a healthy O'Neal, the Lakers dominated the regular season, with winning streaks of 11, 16, and 19 en route to a 67–15 record, tying the 1992 Chicago Bulls and 1986 Boston Celtics as the fifth best record in NBA regular season history.

text: Although many expected the Lakers to reach the Finals, the road would be a rocky one. In the first round, the Lakers won the first two games against the Sacramento Kings, only to drop the next two games in Sacramento.[6] The Lakers then defeated Sacramento in Game 5, 113–86, to face the Phoenix Suns in the conference semifinals.[7] The Lakers clobbered the Suns, winning the series 4–1 (with their only loss coming in Game 4).[8][9] In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Portland Trail Blazers, Rasheed Wallace earned two technical fouls and was ejected; the Lakers took advantage of Wallace's absence and secured victory.[10] The Trail Blazers stormed back in the next game, giving the Lakers their worst home loss of the season in a 106–77 shellacking.[11] This setback did not affect Los Angeles, as they assembled a 3–1 series lead by winning the next two games in Portland.[12] The Lakers underestimated the Trail Blazers, however. Led by former Jackson linchpin Scottie Pippen, Portland won back-to-back elimination games and forced a series-deciding Game 7.[13][14] Amid several controversial foul calls by referee Dick Bavetta against members of the Trail Blazers,[15] Portland relinquished a 75–60 fourth quarter lead.[16] Rallying back with a 25–4 run, the Lakers won the game and secured a berth in the NBA Finals.[17][18]

text: Indiana Pacers[edit]

text: In the 1997–1998 NBA season, the Chicago Bulls narrowly defeated the Pacers, 4 games to 3, in the Eastern Conference Finals.[19] The 1998–1999 NBA season began with a lockout but saw Indiana return to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they fell to the New York Knicks.[20] The 1999–2000 NBA season brought several major changes to the Pacers. It was their first season at Conseco Fieldhouse,[21] as well as their first since 1993 without center Antonio Davis, who was traded for the rights to the No. 5 overall pick in the 1999 NBA Draft.[22] Jalen Rose replaced Chris Mullin in the starting line up, winning the NBA Most Improved Player award,[23] while Austin Croshere replaced him as the sixth man.[24]

text: The Pacers started the season 7–7 but eventually finished with an Eastern Conference best 56–26 record, including a franchise-best 25 game win streak at home.[25] The Pacers, like the Lakers, struggled in the playoffs. They needed a clutch Travis Best three-pointer to dispatch the Milwaukee Bucks in five games.[26] Indiana faced the Philadelphia 76ers in the second round and took the series in six games, earning a trip to the Eastern Conference Finals.[27] The Pacers would face their rival Knicks,[28] winning a memorable six game series in a reversal of fortunes from years past.[29] With the victory, Indiana advanced to the first NBA Finals in franchise history, becoming the second former ABA team to do so.

text: Road to the Finals[edit]

text:
Los Angeles Lakers (Western Conference Champion)
Indiana Pacers (Eastern Conference Champion)

#
Western Conference

v
t
e

Team
W
L
PCT
GB

1
z-Los Angeles Lakers
67
15
.817
–

2
y-Utah Jazz
55
27
.671
12

3
x-Portland Trail Blazers
59
23
.720
8

4
x-San Antonio Spurs
53
29
.646
14

5
x-Phoenix Suns
53
29
.646
14

6
x-Minnesota Timberwolves
50
32
.610
17

7
x-Seattle SuperSonics
45
37
.549
22

8
x-Sacramento Kings
44
38
.537
23

9
Dallas Mavericks
40
42
.488
27

10
Denver Nuggets
35
47
.427
32

11
Houston Rockets
34
48
.415
33

12
Vancouver Grizzlies
22
60
.268
45

13
Golden State Warriors
19
63
.232
48

14
Los Angeles Clippers
15
67
.183
52

1st seed in the West, best league record

Regular season

#
Eastern Conference

v
t
e

Team
W
L
PCT
GB

1
c-Indiana Pacers
56
26
.683
–

2
y-Miami Heat
52
30
.634
4

3
x-New York Knicks
50
32
.610
6

4
x-Charlotte Hornets
49
33
.598
7

5
x-Philadelphia 76ers
49
33
.598
7

6
x-Toronto Raptors
45
37
.549
11

7
x-Detroit Pistons
42
40
.512
14

8
x-Milwaukee Bucks
42
40
.512
14

9
Orlando Magic
41
41
.500
15

10
Boston Celtics
35
47
.427
21

11
Cleveland Cavaliers
32
50
.390
24

12
New Jersey Nets
31
51
.378
25

13
Washington Wizards
29
53
.354
27

14
Atlanta Hawks
28
54
.341
28

15
Chicago Bulls
17
65
.207
39

1st seed in the East, 3rd best league record

Defeated the (8) Sacramento Kings, 3–2
First Round
Defeated the (8) Milwaukee Bucks, 3–2

Defeated the (5) Phoenix Suns, 4–1
Conference Semifinals
Defeated the (4) Philadelphia 76ers, 4–2

Defeated the (3) Portland Trail Blazers, 4–3
Conference Finals
Defeated the (3) New York Knicks, 4–2

text: Regular season series[edit]

text: Both teams split the two meetings, each won by the home team:

text: January 14, 2000

text: Los Angeles Lakers 102, Indiana Pacers 111

text: Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

text: March 3, 2000

text: Indiana Pacers 92, Los Angeles Lakers 107

text: Staples Center, Los Angeles

text: 2000 NBA Finals rosters[edit]

text: Los Angeles Lakers[edit]

text:
2000 Los Angeles Lakers Finals roster

Players
Coaches

Pos.
#
Nat.
Name
Ht.
Wt.
From

2.5 !G/F
7000800000000000000♠8
USA !
Bryant, Kobe (C)
7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
220 lb (100 kg)

Lower Merion HS (PA)

1.5 !G
7001110000000000000♠11
USA !
Celestand, John (IN)
7000193040000000000♠6 ft 4 in (1.93 m)
178 lb (81 kg)

Villanova

1.5 !G
7000200000000000000♠2
USA !
Fisher, Derek
7000185420000000000♠6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
205 lb (93 kg)

Arkansas–Little Rock

4.0 !F
7001170000000000000♠17
CAN !
Fox, Rick
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
235 lb (107 kg)

North Carolina

4.0 !F
7000300000000000000♠3
USA !
George, Devean
7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
240 lb (109 kg)

Augsburg

4.0 !F
7001450000000000000♠45
USA !
Green, A.C.
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
220 lb (100 kg)

Oregon State

1.5 !G
7000400000000000000♠4
USA !
Harper, Ron
7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
185 lb (84 kg)

Miami (OH)

4.0 !F
7000500000000000000♠5
USA !
Horry, Robert
7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
240 lb (109 kg)

Alabama

6.0 !C
7001400000000000000♠40
USA !
Knight, Travis
7000208279999999999♠6 ft 10 in (2.08 m)
235 lb (107 kg)

Connecticut

1.5 !G
7001100000000000000♠10
USA !
Lue, Tyronn
7000182880000000000♠6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)
175 lb (79 kg)

Nebraska

6.0 !C
7001340000000000000♠34
USA !
O'Neal, Shaquille (C)
7000215899999999999♠7 ft 1 in (2.16 m)
338 lb (153 kg)

LSU

4.0 !F
7001410000000000000♠41
USA !
Rice, Glen
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
215 lb (98 kg)

Michigan

5.5 !F/C
7001160000000000000♠16
USA !
Salley, John
7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
190 lb (86 kg)

Georgia Tech

1.5 !G
7001200000000000000♠20
USA !
Shaw, Brian
7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
205 lb (93 kg)

UC Santa Barbara

Head coach

 Phil Jackson (North Dakota)

Assistant coach(es)

 Tex Winter (Southern California)

 Jim Cleamons (Ohio State)

 Frank Hamblen (Syracuse)

Legend

(C) Team captain
(DP) Unsigned draft pick
(FA) Free agent
(S) Suspended
 Injured

Roster • Transactions
Last transaction: 1999-11-12

text: Indiana Pacers[edit]

text:
2000 Indiana Pacers Finals roster

Players
Coaches

Pos.
#
Nat.
Name
Ht.
Wt.
From

4.0 !F
7001240000000000000♠24
USA !
Bender, Jonathan
7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
202 lb (92 kg)

Picayune Memorial HS (MS)

1.5 !G
7000400000000000000♠4
USA !
Best, Travis
7000180340000000000♠5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
182 lb (83 kg)

Georgia Tech

4.0 !F
7001440000000000000♠44
USA !
Croshere, Austin
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
235 lb (107 kg)

Providence

5.5 !F/C
7001320000000000000♠32
USA !
Davis, Dale
7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
230 lb (104 kg)

Clemson

5.5 !F/C
7001100000000000000♠10
USA !
Foster, Jeff
7000210820000000000♠6 ft 11 in (2.11 m)
236 lb (107 kg)

Texas State

4.0 !F
7000300000000000000♠3
USA !
Harrington, Al
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
230 lb (104 kg)

St. Patrick HS (NJ)

1.5 !G
7001130000000000000♠13
USA !
Jackson, Mark
7000185420000000000♠6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
180 lb (82 kg)

St. John's

4.0 !F
7000900000000000000♠9
USA !
McKey, Derrick
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
205 lb (93 kg)

Alabama

2.5 !G/F
7001310000000000000♠31
USA !
Miller, Reggie
7000200659999999999♠6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)
185 lb (84 kg)

UCLA

2.5 !G/F
7001170000000000000♠17
USA !
Mullin, Chris
7000198120000000000♠6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
200 lb (91 kg)

St. John's

5.5 !F/C
7001140000000000000♠14
USA !
Perkins, Sam
7000205740000000000♠6 ft 9 in (2.06 m)
235 lb (107 kg)

North Carolina

2.5 !G/F
7000500000000000000♠5
USA !
Rose, Jalen
7000203200000000000♠6 ft 8 in (2.03 m)
210 lb (95 kg)

Michigan

6.0 !C
7001450000000000000♠45
NED !
Smits, Rik
7000223520000000000♠7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)
250 lb (113 kg)

Marist

6.0 !C
7001550000000000000♠55
CRO !
Tabak, Žan
7000213360000000000♠7 ft 0 in (2.13 m)
245 lb (111 kg)

Croatia

Head coach

 Larry Bird (Indiana State)

Assistant coach(es)

 Rick Carlisle (Virginia)

 Dick Harter (Pennsylvania)

Legend

(C) Team captain
(DP) Unsigned draft pick
(FA) Free agent
(S) Suspended
 Injured

Roster • Transactions

text: Series summary[edit]

text:
Game
Date
Home Team
Result
Road Team

Game 1
Wednesday, June 7
Los Angeles Lakers
104–87 (1–0)
Indiana Pacers

Game 2
Friday, June 9
Los Angeles Lakers
111–104 (2–0)
Indiana Pacers

Game 3
Sunday, June 11
Indiana Pacers
100–91 (1–2)
Los Angeles Lakers

Game 4
Wednesday, June 14
Indiana Pacers
118–120 OT (1–3)
Los Angeles Lakers

Game 5
Friday, June 16
Indiana Pacers
120–87 (2–3)
Los Angeles Lakers

Game 6
Monday, June 19
Los Angeles Lakers
116–111 (4–2)
Indiana Pacers

text: The Finals were played using a 2–3–2 site format, where the team with home court advantage would receive the first two games and the last two games at home. The NBA, after experimenting in the early years, restored this original format for the Finals in 1985. So far, the other playoff series are still running on a 2–2–1–1–1 site format.

text: This was the second time a Finals game was played on a Monday night since the NBA switched to the Wednesday-Friday-Sunday rotation in 1991. In the previous five series ('92–'94, '96, '98) that needed a Game 6, the game was played on a Sunday. In this series, however, the NBA chose to play the game the Monday night after Father's Day. The previous Finals game played on a Monday night was Game 3 in 1999.

text: Game 1[edit]

text: NBC

text: June 7

text: Recap at the Wayback Machine (archived February 10, 2001)

text:
Indiana Pacers 87, Los Angeles Lakers 104

Scoring by quarter: 18–33, 25–22, 28–22, 16–27

Pts: Mark Jackson 18
Rebs: Dale Davis 8
Asts: Mark Jackson 7

Pts: Shaquille O'Neal 43
Rebs: Shaquille O'Neal 19
Asts: Bryant, Harper 5 each

Los Angeles leads the series, 1–0

text:
Staples Center, Los Angeles
Attendance: 18,997
Referees:

No. 43 Dan Crawford
No. 35 Jack Nies
No. 31 Terry Durham

text: The Lakers dominated from the start. The Lakers shot 15-for-20 (75%) in the first period while the Pacers shot only 7-for-20 (35%). Reggie Miller would miss all of his shots in the first quarter to give the Lakers a 15-point lead. Austin Croshere came off the bench to keep the Pacers alive in the 2nd quarter, scoring 9 points and grabbing 4 rebounds in the quarter. Although the Pacers attempted a comeback in the 2nd quarter, they were still down by 12. In the 3rd quarter, it would be Mark Jackson who led the Pacers to a comeback, cutting the Lakers lead by 2. Reggie Miller also hit his first field goal in the 3rd quarter, though it would be his last. The Lakers handled the Pacers in the final quarter, with a 13–2 run winning by 17 points. Shaquille O'Neal scored 43 points and grabbed 19 rebounds.

text: Game 2[edit]

text: NBC

text: June 9

text:
Indiana Pacers 104, Los Angeles Lakers 111

Scoring by quarter: 28–28, 21–24, 20–21, 35–38

Pts: Jalen Rose 30
Rebs: Dale Davis 10
Asts: Mark Jackson 8

Pts: Shaquille O'Neal 40
Rebs: Shaquille O'Neal 24
Asts: Brian Shaw 7

Los Angeles leads the series, 2–0

text:
Staples Center, Los Angeles
Attendance: 18,997
Referees:

No. 17 Joe Crawford
No. 15 Bennett Salvatore
No. 32 Ed F. Rush

text: Los Angeles and Indiana were evenly matched for the first quarter, both scoring 28. However, Los Angeles suffered a major setback when Kobe Bryant left the game in the 2nd quarter due to a sprained ankle and did not return. Jalen Rose later admitted that he intentionally stuck out his foot when Kobe shot a jumpshot in order to trip him when he landed.[30][31][32] Ron Harper went in for Bryant and scored 21 points for the game. Desperate to try to gain the lead, Larry Bird resorted to the "Hack-a-Shaq" strategy. Shaq shot 39 free throws, making only 18, an NBA record for most free throws attempted. Despite this low percentage, Shaq made 9 of 16 in the 4th quarter to keep a Lakers lead. The Pacers cut the lead to 99–96 and were looking to foul Shaq, but when Shaq got the ball he passed to Robert Horry who converted not only the layup, but the foul shot as well giving them a 102–96 lead en route to a 111–104 Lakers victory.

text: Game 3[edit]

text: NBC

text: June 11

text: Recap at the Wayback Machine (archived February 4, 2001)

text:
Los Angeles Lakers 91, Indiana Pacers 100

Scoring by quarter: 15–23, 27–30, 24–26, 25–21

Pts: Shaquille O'Neal 33
Rebs: Shaquille O'Neal 13
Asts: Derek Fisher 10

Pts: Reggie Miller 33
Rebs: Dale Davis 12
Asts: Mark Jackson 6

Los Angeles leads the series, 2–1

text:
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
Attendance: 18,345
Referees:

No. 10 Ron Garretson
No. 7 Bernie Fryer
No. 25 Hugh Evans

text: Taking advantage of Kobe Bryant's ankle injury, Indiana restored a semblance of parity to the proceedings. Kobe's absence was felt as the Pacers had an 11–2 run in the first quarter to take an 8-point lead. Austin Croshere once again had another huge 2nd quarter, scoring 8 points as the Pacers shot 61% from the field. The Lakers tried to make a run to get back into the game, but upon doings so, Indiana answered with 12 straight points and led by 17. The Lakers were desperate and attempted another run to get within 3 points, but Reggie Miller nailed all his free throws at the end of the game to give Indiana a 9-point win.

text: Game 4[edit]

text: NBC

text: June 14

text:
Los Angeles Lakers 120, Indiana Pacers 118 (OT)

Scoring by quarter: 23–33, 28–21, 29–23, 24–27, Overtime: 16–14

Pts: Shaquille O'Neal 36
Rebs: Shaquille O'Neal 21
Asts: Kobe Bryant 5

Pts: Reggie Miller 35
Rebs: Dale Davis 8
Asts: Mark Jackson 8

Los Angeles leads the series, 3–1

text:
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
Attendance: 18,345
Referees:

No. 27 Dick Bavetta
No. 29 Steve Javie
No. 34 Ronnie Nunn

text: The Pacers took a quick 9–2 lead due to Rik Smits hitting his first four shots. Kobe Bryant attempted to play with his sore ankle but only managed to score 6 points in the first half. Even though Bryant and O'Neal were in foul trouble in the first half (each picking up his third with 5 minutes remaining in the second quarter), Indiana could not take advantage and did not extend their lead. This would be a problem as Kobe Bryant scored 10 points and the Lakers took a 62–60 lead due to a Glen Rice three-pointer. The game remained close going into the fourth quarter, when O'Neal and Reggie Miller scored 14 and 13 points respectively, sending the game into overtime. Midway through overtime, O'Neal committed his sixth foul but 21-year-old Bryant delivered three clutch shots, as the Lakers were able to overcome back-up center John Salley's inability to effectively defend Smits. Smits and Miller scored all 14 of Indiana's OT points, but it was not enough to overcome as Miller missed a last-second three-pointer, and L.A. was able to pull one out in Indianapolis.

text: Game 5[edit]

text: NBC

text: June 16

text:
Los Angeles Lakers 87, Indiana Pacers 120

Scoring by quarter: 28–39, 17–25, 22–22, 20–34

Pts: Shaquille O'Neal 35
Rebs: Shaquille O'Neal 11
Asts: Ron Harper 5

Pts: Jalen Rose 32
Rebs: Austin Croshere 9
Asts: Mark Jackson 7

Los Angeles leads the series, 3–2

text:
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis
Attendance: 18,345
Referees:

No. 15 Bennett Salvatore
No. 35 Jack Nies
No. 43 Dan Crawford

text: Reggie Miller and the Pacers dominated the game from the start in what would be Larry Bird's last game as a coach in the state of Indiana. Reggie Miller came out and made 5 straight shots including a 4-point play. The Pacers hit their first 6 three point shots in the game. The Pacers would have a 20-point lead in the 2nd quarter, and eventually won by 33 – it was the worst Lakers NBA Finals loss since the 148–114 loss to Boston in the 1985 NBA Finals, known as the "Memorial Day Massacre."

text: With their loss in Game 5, the Lakers record in close-out games dropped to 3–6 in the 2000 NBA Playoffs (the other losses coming in Games 3 and 4 in the first round against Sacramento, Game 4 in the series against Phoenix, and Games 5 and 6 versus Portland). As a result, the series returned to California.

text: Game 6[edit]

text: NBC

text: June 19

text:
Indiana Pacers 111, Los Angeles Lakers 116

Scoring by quarter: 26–24, 30–29, 28–26, 27–37

Pts: Jalen Rose 29
Rebs: Dale Davis 14
Asts: Mark Jackson 11

Pts: Shaquille O'Neal 41
Rebs: Shaquille O'Neal 12
Asts: Ron Harper 9

Los Angeles wins the series, 4–2

text:
Staples Center, Los Angeles
Attendance: 18,997
Referees:

No. 25 Hugh Evans
No. 10 Ron Garretson
No. 17 Joe Crawford

text: After the two teams traded blows in the first quarter, Mark Jackson concluded the period with a turn-around half-court shot at the buzzer to give the Pacers a 26–24 advantage. They would not relinquish their lead until the fourth quarter. In the first half, the Pacers would lead by as many as twelve points. However, the Lakers chipped away and entered intermission trailing 56–53. Indiana added two more points to their lead, and entered the final period in a position to force a decisive seventh game.

text: In the fourth quarter, the momentum shifted. The Lakers got four timely three-pointers from Derek Fisher, Robert Horry, and Rick Fox. The turning point occurred on a play where Brian Shaw stole the ball from Jalen Rose, leading to a fast break where Shaquille O'Neal hit an off-balance shot to give the Lakers the lead. The Pacers never led after that point.

text: The Lakers would build a seven-point lead, but the Pacers fought back to tie the score at 103. After a timeout, the Lakers scored six unanswered points to regain control. The Pacers made one final valiant effort, but it fell short and the Lakers clinched their first championship in twelve years. Shaquille O'Neal led all scorers with 41 points and also pulled down 12 rebounds. He was awarded the Finals MVP. [33]

text: Player statistics[edit]

text:
Legend

  GP
Games played
  GS
Games started
 MPG
Minutes per game

 FG%
Field-goal percentage
 3P%
3-point field-goal percentage
 FT%
Free-throw percentage

 RPG
Rebounds per game
 APG
Assists per game
 SPG
Steals per game

 BPG
Blocks per game
 PPG
Points per game

text:
Player
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3FG%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
5
5
35.2
.367
.200
.909
4.6
4.2
1.0
1.4
15.6

Fisher, DerekDerek Fisher
6
0
18.7
.429
.583
.833
1.0
3.8
0.8
0.0
6.0

Fox, RickRick Fox
6
0
17.3
.611
.625
.867
1.7
1.0
0.5
0.0
6.7

George, DeveanDevean George
1
0
3.0
.000
.000
.500
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0

Green, A. C.A. C. Green
6
6
17.2
.571
.000
.857
3.3
0.5
0.2
0.0
5.0

Harper, RonRon Harper
6
6
30.7
.464
.400
.700
3.3
4.8
1.3
0.2
10.8

Horry, RobertRobert Horry
6
0
30.3
.512
.200
.727
5.2
2.8
0.8
1.0
9.2

Knight, TravisTravis Knight
4
0
2.3
.667
.000
0.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.3

O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal
6
6
45.5
.611
.000
.387
16.7
2.3
1.0
2.7
38.0

Rice, GlenGlen Rice
6
6
32.2
.400
.632
.650
2.5
1.7
0.8
0.2
11.5

Salley, JohnJohn Salley
4
0
3.3
.667
.000
.000
0.8
0.0
0.3
0.0
1.0

Shaw, BrianBrian Shaw
6
1
18.8
.216
.000
1.000
2.8
2.8
0.3
0.0
3.0

text:
Player
GP
GS
MPG
FG%
3FG%
FT%
RPG
APG
SPG
BPG
PPG

Bender, JonathanJonathan Bender
2
0
3.0
.667
.000
.750
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0
3.5

Best, TravisTravis Best
6
0
16.3
.467
.500
.833
1.2
2.2
0.7
0.2
5.8

Croshere, AustinAustin Croshere
6
0
24.2
.545
.400
.867
6.0
0.8
0.3
1.0
15.2

Davis, DaleDale Davis
6
6
29.5
.575
.000
.545
10.0
1.0
0.3
1.0
8.7

Jackson, MarkMark Jackson
6
6
31.0
.413
.400
0.8
5.3
7.7
0.8
0.0
9.7

McKey, DerrickDerrick McKey
6
0
12.0
.500
.500
.667
3.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
1.8

Miller, ReggieReggie Miller
6
6
42.0
.413
.375
.978
2.7
3.7
0.8
0.3
24.3

Mullin, ChrisChris Mullin
3
0
4.0
.500
.000
.667
.000
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.3

Perkins, SamSam Perkins
6
0
21.8
.379
.478
.750
4.0
1.0
0.5
0.0
6.0

Rose, JalenJalen Rose
6
6
43.2
.467
.500
.833
4.5
3.0
0.8
0.3
23.0

Smits, RikRik Smits
6
6
19.3
.466
.000
1.000
4.0
0.5
0.5
1.2
10.0

Tabak, ŽanŽan Tabak
3
0
3.7
.500
.000
.000
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.7

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: This was the first NBA championship for the Lakers since 1988. It was also the first major professional sports championship for the city of Los Angeles since that same year, when the Dodgers won the 1988 World Series. This championship came in the Lakers' first year in their new arena, Staples Center.[34]

text: The Lakers went on to score a 'three-peat' when they won the NBA championship in 2001 and 2002, making them the first team to open a new arena with three straight NBA championships.[35] However, the Lakers were unable to score home-court advantage throughout the playoffs in the latter two, yielding them to the San Antonio Spurs and Sacramento Kings, respectively. In addition, the Lakers were able to beat both of them in the Conference Finals. They won the championship over the Philadelphia 76ers and New Jersey Nets, respectively.

text: The series would be the Pacers' only finals appearance to date. The Pacers would rebuild in the subsequent season. Retiring center Rik Smits was replaced by future NBA All-Star Jermaine O'Neal, acquired from Portland in the deal for Dale Davis.[36] Mark Jackson and Chris Mullin both left as free-agents.[37] Larry Bird resigned as head coach; he would later resurface as President of Basketball Operations in 2003.[38] The Pacers continued to make the playoffs every season until 2006, the year after Reggie Miller retired.


document_title: Roman numerals

question_text: number 4 in roman numerals on clock faces

question_tokens: number 4 in roman numerals on clock faces

text: Roman numerals

text: Roman numeric system

text: Basic decimal pattern

text: The original pattern for Roman numerals used the symbols I, V. and X (1, 5, and 10) as simple tally marks. Each marker for 1 (I) added a unit value up to 5 (V), and was then added to (V) to make the numbers from 6 to 9:

text: The numerals for 4 (IIII) and 9 (VIIII) proved problematic (among other things, they are easily confused with III and VIII), and are generally replaced with IV (one less than 5) and IX (one less than 10). This feature of Roman numerals is called subtractive notation.

text: The numbers from 1 to 10 (including subtractive notation for 4 and 9) are expressed in Roman numerals as follows:

text: The system being basically decimal, tens and hundreds follow the same pattern:

text: Thus 10 to 100 (counting in tens, with X taking the place of I, L taking the place of V and C taking the place of X):

text: Note that 40 (XL) and 90 (XC) follow the same subtractive pattern as 4 and 9.

text: Similarly, 100 to 1000 (counting in hundreds):

text: Many numbers include hundreds, units and tens. The Roman numeral system being basically decimal, each "place" is added separately, in descending sequence from left to right, as with "arabic" numbers. For example, the number 39 is XXXIX, (three tens and a ten less one), 246 is CCXLVI (two hundreds, a fifty less ten, a five and a one. As each place has its own notation there is no need for place keeping zeros, so "missing places" can be simply omitted: thus 207, for instance, is written CCVII (two hundreds, a five and two ones) and 1066 becomes MLXVI (a thousand, a fifty and a ten, a five and a one)[3][4]

text: Roman numerals for large numbers are nowadays seen mainly in the form of year numbers (other uses are detailed later in this article), as in these examples:

text:
1776 as MDCCLXXVI, the date written on the book held by the Statue of Liberty.[5]
1954 as MCMLIV, as in the trailer for the movie The Last Time I Saw Paris[6]
1990 as MCMXC, used as the title of musical project Enigma's debut album MCMXC a.D., named after the year of its release.
2014 as MMXIV, the year of the games of the XXII (22nd) Olympic Winter Games (in Sochi)

tag: ul

text: Alternative forms

text: The "standard" forms described above reflect typical modern usage rather than a universally accepted convention. Usage in ancient Rome varied greatly and remained inconsistent in medieval and modern times.[7]

text:
Inscriptions dating from the Roman period not infrequently use "additive" forms such as IIII and VIIII for "4" and "9" instead of IV and IX. There are even instances of both forms appearing within the same document.
While in standard usage subtractive notation is limited to use of "adjacent" numerals, so that 99 (for example) is written XCIX, forms such as IC are not unknown.
XIIX or IIXX are sometimes used for "18" instead of XVIII. The Latin word for "eighteen" is often rendered as the equivalent of "twenty less two", which may be the source of this usage.
Sometimes V and L are not used, with instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX.[8][9]

text:
Clock faces that use Roman numerals normally show IIII for four o’clock but IX for nine o’clock, a practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century.[10][11][12] However, this is far from universal: for example, the clock on the Palace of Westminster in London (aka "Big Ben") uses a "normal" IV.[11]
At the beginning of the 20th century, different representations of 900 (conventionally CM) appeared in several inscribed dates. For instance, 1910 is shown on Admiralty Arch, London, as MDCCCCX rather than MCMX, while on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum, 1903 is inscribed as MDCDIII rather than MCMIII.[13]

text: History

text: Pre-Roman times and ancient Rome

text: Although Roman numerals came to be written with letters of the Roman alphabet, they were originally independent symbols. The Etruscans, for example, used 𐌠, 𐌡, 𐌢, 𐌣, 𐌚, and ⊕ for I, V, X, L, C, and M, of which only I and X happened to be letters in their alphabet.

text: Hypotheses about the origin of Roman numerals

text: Tally marks

text: One hypothesis is that the Etrusco-Roman numerals actually derive from notches on tally sticks, which continued to be used by Italian and Dalmatian shepherds into the 19th century.[14]

text: Thus, ⟨I⟩ descends not from the letter ⟨I⟩ but from a notch scored across the stick. Every fifth notch was double cut i.e. ⋀, ⋁, ⋋, ⋌, etc.), and every tenth was cross cut (X), IIIIΛIIIIXIIIIΛIIIIXII...), much like European tally marks today. This produced a positional system: Eight on a counting stick was eight tallies, IIIIΛIII, or the eighth of a longer series of tallies; either way, it could be abbreviated ΛIII (or VIII), as the existence of a Λ implies four prior notches. By extension, eighteen was the eighth tally after the first ten, which could be abbreviated X, and so was XΛIII. Likewise, number four on the stick was the I-notch that could be felt just before the cut of the Λ (V), so it could be written as either IIII or IΛ (IV). Thus the system was neither additive nor subtractive in its conception, but ordinal. When the tallies were transferred to writing, the marks were easily identified with the existing Roman letters I, V and X.

text: The tenth V or X along the stick received an extra stroke. Thus 50 was written variously as N, И, K, Ψ, ⋔, etc., but perhaps most often as a chicken-track shape like a superimposed V and I: ↆ. This had flattened to Ʇ (an inverted T) by the time of Augustus, and soon thereafter became identified with the graphically similar letter L. Likewise, 100 was variously Ж, ⋉, ⋈, H, or as any of the symbols for 50 above plus an extra stroke. The form Ж (that is, a superimposed X and I like: 𐌟) came to predominate. It was written variously as >I< or ↃIC, was then abbreviated to Ↄ or C, with C variant finally winning out because, as a letter, it stood for centum, Latin for "hundred".

text: The hundredth V or X was marked with a box or circle. Thus 500 was like a Ↄ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢, becoming D or Ð by the time of Augustus, under the graphic influence of the letter ⟨D⟩. It was later identified as the letter D; an alternative symbol for "thousand" was (I) (or CIↃ or CꟾↃ), and half of a thousand or "five hundred" is the right half of the symbol, I) (or IↃ or ꟾↃ), and this may have been converted into ⟨D⟩.[15] This at least was the etymology given to it later on.

text: Meanwhile, 1000 was a circled or boxed X: Ⓧ, ⊗, ⊕, and by Augustinian times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi. Over time, the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ. The latter symbol further evolved into ∞, then ⋈, and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille "thousand".

text: Hand signals

text: Alfred Hooper has an alternative hypothesis for the origin of the Roman numeral system, for small numbers.[16] Hooper contends that the digits are related to hand gestures for counting. For example, the numbers I, II, III, IIII correspond to the number of fingers held up for another to see. V, then represents that hand upright with fingers together and thumb apart. Numbers 6–10, are represented with two hands as follows (left hand, right hand) 6=(V,I), 7=(V,II), 8=(V,III), 9=(V,IIII), 10=(V,V) and X results from either crossing of the thumbs, or holding both hands up in a cross.

text: Another possibility is that each I represents a finger and V represents the thumb of one hand. This way the numbers between 1–10 can be counted on one hand using the order: I=P, II=PR, III=PRM, IV=IT, V=T, VI=TP, VII=TPR, VIII=TPRM, IX=IN, X=N (P=Pinky, R=Ring, M=Middle, I=Index, T=Thumb N=No Fingers/Other Hand). This pattern can also be continued using the other hand with the fingers representing X and the thumb L.

text: Intermediate symbols deriving from few original symbols

text: A third hypothesis about the origins states that the basic ciphers were I, X, C and Φ (or ⊕) and that the intermediary ones were derived from taking half of those (half an X is V, half a C is L and half a Φ/⊕ is D).[17] The Φ was later replaced with M, the initial of Mille (the Latin word for "thousand").

text: Middle Ages and Renaissance

text: Minuscule (lower-case) letters were developed in the Middle Ages, well after the demise of the Western Roman Empire, and since that time lower-case versions of Roman numbers have also been commonly used: i, ii, iii, iv, and so on.

text: Since the Middle Ages, a "j" has sometimes been substituted for the final "i" of a "lower-case" Roman numeral, such as "iij" for 3 or "vij" for 7. This "j" can be considered a swash variant of "i" (see example [1]). The use of a final "j" is still used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it is written.[18][19]

text: Numerals in documents and inscriptions from the Middle Ages sometimes include additional symbols, which today are called "medieval Roman numerals". Some simply substitute another letter for the standard one (such as "A" for "V", or "Q" for "D"), while others serve as abbreviations for compound numerals ("O" for "XI", or "F" for "XL"). Although they are still listed today in some dictionaries, they are long out of use.[20]

text:
Number
Medieval
abbreviation
Notes and etymology

5
A
Resembles an upside-down V. Also said to equal 500.

6
ↅ
Either from a ligature of VI, or the Greek numeral 6: stigma (Ϛ).[21]

7
S, Z
Presumed abbreviation of septem, Latin for 7.

11
O
Presumed abbreviation of onze, French for 11.

40
F
Presumed abbreviation of English forty.

70
S
Also could stand for 7, with the same derivation.

80
R

90
N
Presumed abbreviation of nonaginta, Latin for 90. (N.B. N is also used for "nothing" (nullus)).

150
Y
Possibly derived from the lowercase y's shape.

151
K
Unusual, origin unknown; also said to stand for 250.[22]

160
T
Possibly derived from Greek tetra, as 4 × 40 = 160.

200
H
Could also stand for 2 (see also 𐆙, the symbol for the dupondius). From a barring of two I's.

250
E

300
B

400
P, G

500
Q
Redundant with D; abbreviates quingenti, Latin for 500.

2000
Z

text: Chronograms, messages with dates encoded into them, were popular during the Renaissance era. The chronogram would be a phrase containing the letters I, V, X, L, C, D, and M. By putting these letters together, the reader would obtain a number, usually indicating a particular year.

text: Modern use

text: By the 11th century, Hindu–Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al-Andalus, by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises. Roman numerals, however, proved very persistent, remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Replacement by their more convenient "Arabic" equivalents was quite gradual, and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts. A few examples of their current use are:

text:
Names of monarchs and popes, e.g. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Pope Benedict XVI. These are referred to as regnal numbers; e.g. II is pronounced "the second". This tradition began in Europe sporadically in the Middle Ages, gaining widespread use in England only during the reign of Henry VIII. Previously, the monarch was not known by numeral but by an epithet such as Edward the Confessor. Some monarchs (e.g. Charles IV of Spain and Louis XIV of France) seem to have preferred the use of IIII instead of IV on their coinage (see illustration).
Generational suffixes, particularly in the US, for people sharing the same name across generations, for example William Howard Taft IV.
In the French Republican Calendar, initiated during the French Revolution, years were numbered by Roman numerals – from the year I (1792) when this calendar was introduced to the year XIV (1805) when it was abandoned.
The year of production of films, television shows and other works of art within the work itself. It has been suggested – by BBC News, perhaps facetiously – that this was originally done "in an attempt to disguise the age of films or television programmes."[23] Outside reference to the work will use regular Hindu–Arabic numerals.
Hour marks on timepieces. In this context, 4 is usually written IIII.
The year of construction on building faces and cornerstones.
Page numbering of prefaces and introductions of books, and sometimes of annexes, too.
Book volume and chapter numbers, as well as the several acts within a play (e.g. Act iii, Scene 2).
Sequels of some movies, video games, and other works (as in Rocky II).
Outlines that use numbers to show hierarchical relationships.
Occurrences of a recurring grand event, for instance:

The Summer and Winter Olympic Games (e.g. the XXI Olympic Winter Games; the Games of the XXX Olympiad)
The Super Bowl, the annual championship game of the National Football League (e.g. Super Bowl XXXVII; Super Bowl 50 is a one-time exception[24])
WrestleMania, the annual professional wrestling event for the WWE (e.g. WrestleMania XXX). This usage has also been inconsistent.

text: Specific disciplines

text: In astronomy, the natural satellites or "moons" of the planets are traditionally designated by capital Roman numerals appended to the planet’s name. For example, Titan's designation is Saturn VI.

text: In chemistry, Roman numerals are often used to denote the groups of the periodic table. They are also used in the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry, for the oxidation number of cations which can take on several different positive charges. They are also used for naming phases of polymorphic crystals, such as ice.

text: In computing, Roman numerals may be used in identifiers which are limited to alphabetic characters by syntactic constraints of the programming language. In LaTeX, for instance, \labelitemiii refers to the label of an item in the third level iii of a nested list environment.

text: In military unit designation, Roman numerals are often used to distinguish between units at different levels. This reduces possible confusion, especially when viewing operational or strategic level maps. In particular, army corps are often numbered using Roman numerals (for example the American XVIII Airborne Corps or the WW2-era German III Panzerkorps) with Hindu-Arabic numerals being used for divisions and armies.

text: In music, Roman numerals are used in several contexts:

text:
Movements are often numbered using Roman numerals.
In music theory, the diatonic functions are identified using Roman numerals. (See: Roman numeral analysis)
Individual strings of stringed instruments, such as the violin, are often denoted by Roman numerals, with higher numbers denoting lower strings.

text: In pharmacy, Roman numerals are used in some contexts, including S to denote "one half" and N to mean "nothing".[25] (See the sections below on "zero" and "fractions".)

text: In photography, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote varying levels of brightness when using the Zone System.

text: In seismology, Roman numerals are used to designate degrees of the Mercalli intensity scale of earthquakes.

text: In tarot, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana.

text: In theology and biblical scholarship, the Septuagint is often referred to as LXX, as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators (septuaginta being Latin for "seventy").

text: In entomology, the broods of the thirteen and seventeen year periodical cicadas are identified by Roman numerals.

text: In advanced mathematics (including trigonometry, statistics, and calculus), when a graph includes negative numbers, its quadrants are named using I, II, III, and IV. These quadrant names signify positive numbers on both axes, negative numbers on the X axis, negative numbers on both axes, and negative numbers on the Y axis, respectively. The use of Roman numerals to designate quadrants avoids confusion, since Hindu-Arabic numerals are used for the actual data represented in the graph.

text: Modern use in continental Europe

text: Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries are relatively common in continental Europe. For instance:

text: Capital or small capital Roman numerals are widely used in Romance languages to denote centuries, e.g. the French xviiie siècle[26] and the Spanish siglo XVIII mean "18th century". Slavic languages in and adjacent to Russia similarly favour Roman numerals (XVIII век). On the other hand, in Slavic languages in Central Europe, like most Germanic languages, one writes "18." (with a period) before the local word for "century".

text: Mixed Roman and Hindu-Arabic numerals are sometimes used in numeric representations of dates (especially in formal letters and official documents, but also on tombstones). The month is written in Roman numerals, while the day is in Hindu-Arabic numerals: "14.VI.1789" and "VI.14.1789" both refer unambiguously to 14 June 1789.

text: Roman numerals are sometimes used to represent the days of the week in hours-of-operation signs displayed in windows or on doors of businesses,[27] and also sometimes in railway and bus timetables. Monday, taken as the first day of the week, is represented by I. Sunday is represented by VII. The hours of operation signs are tables composed of two columns where the left column is the day of the week in Roman numerals and the right column is a range of hours of operation from starting time to closing time. In the example case (left), the business opens from 10 AM to 7 PM on weekdays, 10 AM to 5 PM on Saturdays and is closed on Sundays. Note that the listing uses 24-hour time.

text: Roman numerals may also be used for floor numbering.[28][29] For instance, apartments in central Amsterdam are indicated as 138-III, with both a Hindu-Arabic numeral (number of the block or house) and a Roman numeral (floor number). The apartment on the ground floor is indicated as '138-huis'.

text: In Italy, where roads outside built-up areas have kilometre signs, major roads and motorways also mark 100-metre subdivisionals, using Roman numerals from I to IX for the smaller intervals. The sign "IX | 17" thus marks kilometre 17.9.

text: A notable exception to the use of Roman numerals in Europe is in Greece, where Greek numerals (based on the Greek alphabet) are generally used in contexts where Roman numerals would be used elsewhere.

text: Special values

text: Zero

text: The number zero does not have its own Roman numeral, but the word nulla (the Latin word meaning "none") was used by medieval scholars in lieu of 0. Dionysius Exiguus was known to use nulla alongside Roman numerals in 525.[30][31] About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N, the initial of nulla or of nihil (the Latin word for "nothing"), in a table of epacts, all written in Roman numerals.[32]

text: Fractions

text: Though the Romans used a decimal system for whole numbers, reflecting how they counted in Latin, they used a duodecimal system for fractions, because the divisibility of twelve (12 = 22 × 3) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1/3 and 1/4 than does a system based on ten (10 = 2 × 5). On coins, many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of the unit as, they used a tally-like notational system based on twelfths and halves. A dot (•) indicated an uncia "twelfth", the source of the English words inch and ounce; dots were repeated for fractions up to five twelfths. Six twelfths (one half) was abbreviated as the letter S for semis "half". Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths, just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine.[33]

text: Each fraction from 1/12 to 12/12 had a name in Roman times; these corresponded to the names of the related coins:

text:
Fraction
Roman numeral
Name (nominative and genitive)
Meaning

1/12
•
Uncia, unciae
"Ounce"

2/12 = 1/6
•• or :
Sextans, sextantis
"Sixth"

3/12 = 1/4
••• or ∴
Quadrans, quadrantis
"Quarter"

4/12 = 1/3
•••• or ::
Triens, trientis
"Third"

5/12
••••• or :·:
Quincunx, quincuncis
"Five-ounce" (quinque unciae → quincunx)

6/12 = 1/2
S
Semis, semissis
"Half"

7/12
S•
Septunx, septuncis
"Seven-ounce" (septem unciae → septunx)

8/12 = 2/3
S•• or S:
Bes, bessis
"Twice" (as in "twice a third")

9/12 = 3/4
S••• or S:·
Dodrans, dodrantis
or nonuncium, nonuncii
"Less a quarter" (de-quadrans → dodrans)
or "ninth ounce" (nona uncia → nonuncium)

10/12 = 5/6
S•••• or S::
Dextans, dextantis
or decunx, decuncis
"Less a sixth" (de-sextans → dextans)
or "ten ounces" (decem unciae → decunx)

11/12
S••••• or S:·:
Deunx, deuncis
"Less an ounce" (de-uncia → deunx)

12/12 = 1
I
As, assis
"Unit"

text: The arrangement of the dots was variable and not necessarily linear. Five dots arranged like (⁙) (as on the face of a die) are known as a quincunx, from the name of the Roman fraction/coin. The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant.

text: Other Roman fractional notations included the following:

text:
1/8 sescuncia, sescunciae (from sesqui- + uncia, i.e. 1½ uncias), represented by a sequence of the symbols for the semuncia and the uncia.
1/24 semuncia, semunciae (from semi- + uncia, i.e. ½ uncia), represented by several variant glyphs deriving from the shape of the Greek letter sigma (Σ), one variant resembling the pound sign (£) without the horizontal line(s) and another resembling the Cyrillic letter Є.
1/36 binae sextulae, binarum sextularum ("two sextulas") or duella, duellae, represented by a sequence of two reversed Ss (ƧƧ).
1/48 sicilicus, sicilici, represented by a reversed C (Ɔ).
1/72 sextula, sextulae (1/6 of an uncia), represented by a reversed S (Ƨ).
1/144 = 12−2 dimidia sextula, dimidiae sextulae ("half a sextula"), represented by a reversed S crossed by a horizontal line (𐆔).
1/288 scripulum, scripuli (a scruple), represented by the symbol ℈.
1/1728 = 12−3 siliqua, siliquae, represented by a symbol resembling closing guillemets (𐆕).

text: Large numbers

text: A number of systems were developed for the expression of larger numbers that cannot be conveniently expressed using the normal seven letter symbols of conventional Roman numerals.

text: Apostrophus

text: One of these was the apostrophus,[34] in which 500 (usually written as "D") was written as |Ɔ, while 1,000 was written as C|Ɔ instead of "M".[15] This is a system of encasing numbers to denote thousands (the Cs and Ɔs functioned in this case as the Roman equivalent of parentheses), and has its origins in Etruscan numeral usage. Each extra set of C combined with Ɔ, raises C|Ɔ by a factor of ten, for example, CC|ƆƆ is 10,000 and CCC|ƆƆƆ is 100,000. Whereas the |Ɔ (representing 500) is raised by a factor of ten by combining it with a Ɔ, for example, |ƆƆ is 5,000, and |ƆƆƆ is 5,000. The D and M used to represent 500 and 1,000 in conventional Roman numerals were probably derived from |Ɔ and C|Ɔ, respectively.

text: For example:

text:
Base number

C|Ɔ = 1,000
CC|ƆƆ = 10,000
CCC|ƆƆƆ = 100,000

with |Ɔ
|Ɔ = 500
C|Ɔ|Ɔ = 1,500 (broken down as C|Ɔ plus |Ɔ)
CC|ƆƆ|Ɔ = 10,500 (broken down as CC|ƆƆ plus |Ɔ)
CCC|ƆƆƆ|Ɔ = 100,500 (broken down as CCC|ƆƆƆ plus |Ɔ)

with |ƆƆ
|ƆƆ = 5,000

CC|ƆƆ|ƆƆ = 15,000 (broken down as CC|ƆƆ plus |ƆƆ)
CCC|ƆƆƆ|ƆƆ = 105,000 (broken down as CCC|ƆƆƆ plus |ƆƆ)

with |ƆƆƆ
|ƆƆƆ = 50,000

CCC|ƆƆƆ|ƆƆƆ = 150,000 (broken down as CCC|ƆƆƆ plus |ƆƆƆ)

text: Sometimes C|Ɔ was reduced to ↀ for 1,000. John Wallis is often credited for introducing the symbol for infinity (modern ∞), and one conjecture is that he based it on this usage, since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers. Similarly, |ƆƆ for 5,000 was reduced to ↁ; CC|ƆƆ for 10,000 to ↂ; |ƆƆƆ for 50,000 to ↇ; and CCC|ƆƆƆ for 100,000 to ↈ.[14]

text: Vinculum

text: Another system is the vinculum, where a conventional Roman numeral is multiplied by 1,000 by adding an overline.[14] Although mathematical historian David Eugene Smith disputes that this was part of ancient Roman usage,[35] the notation was certainly in use in the Middle Ages, and is at least a convenient and "conventional" way to express numbers greater than 3,999 in Roman numerals.

text: For instance:

text:
IV for 4,000
XXV for 25,000

text: Adding vertical lines (or brackets) before and after the numeral seems to have been used (at least by late medieval times) to multiply a Roman numeral by 10: thus |M| for 10,000 rather than X (perhaps under the influence of Arabic/Hindu numerals, which were by this time coming into use). In combination with the overline the bracketed forms might be used to raise the multiplier to (say) ten (or one hundred) thousand, thus:

text:
|VIII| for 80,000 (or 800,000)
|XX| for 200,000 (or 2,000,000)

text: This needs to be distinguished from the custom of adding both underline and overline to a Roman numeral, simply to make it clear that it is a number, e.g. MCMLXVII.