document_title: Basketball court

question_text: how much square feet is a basketball court

text: Basketball court

text: Dimensions[edit]

text: Basketball courts come in different sizes. In the National Basketball Association (NBA), the court is 94 by 50 feet (28.7 by 15.2 m). Under International Basketball Federation (FIBA) rules,[1] the court is minutely smaller, measuring exactly 28 by 15 metres (91.9 by 49.2 ft). In amateur basketball, court sizes vary widely. The baskets are always 10 feet (3.0 m) above the floor (except possibly in youth competition). Basketball courts have a three-point arc at both baskets. A basket made from behind this arc is worth three points; a basket made from within this line, or with a player's foot touching the line, is worth 2 points. The free-throw line, where one stands while taking a foul shot, is located within the three-point arc at 15 feet from the basket. A foul shot is worth 1 point, but if a shot is made from the foul line while in play it is still worth 2 points.[2]

text: Diagrams[edit]

text:
Composite diagram of a basketball court with FIBA (top half only), NBA (both halves), and NCAA (men’s & women’s – bottom half only) markings

The backboard and basket

text: Table[edit]

text:
Area
NBA
FIBA
WNBA
NCAA[3]

Imperial
Metric
Imperial
Metric
Imperial
Metric
Imperial
Metric

Court length
94 ft
28.65 m
91.86 ft
28 m
Same as NBA

Court width
50 ft
15.24 m
49.21 ft
15 m
Same as NBA

Rim height
10 ft
3.05m
Same as NBA

Restricted arc radius
4 ft
1.22 m
4.10 ft
1.25 m
Same as NBA
3 ft
0.91 m

Center circle diameter
12 ft
3.66 m
11.81 ft
3.6 m
Same as NBA

3-point line distance from the basket
23.75 ft
22 ft in corner*
7.24 m
6.70 m in corner*
22.15 ft
21.65 ft in corner†
6.75 m
6.60 m in corner†
Same as FIBA
20.75 ft
6.32 m

Key (shaded lane or
restricted area) width
16 ft
4.88 m
16.08 ft
4.9 m
Same as NBA
12 ft
3.66 m

Free-throw line distance from point on the floor directly below the backboard
15 ft
4.57 m
15.09 ft
4.6 m
Same as NBA

text: * The NBA three-point line is 3 ft (0.91 m) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 23.75 ft (7.24 m) arc. The 22 ft (6.70 m) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket.

text: † The FIBA three-point line is 2.95 ft (0.90 m) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 22.1 ft (6.75 m) arc. The 21.65 ft (6.60 m) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket.

text: Sections[edit]

text: Center circle[edit]

text: The only two players permitted to enter this area prior to the tipoff are the players contesting the jump ball (usually but not always centers). Both players jump when the referee throws the ball in the air, each attempting to tap the ball into the hands of a player of their own team.

text: Three-point line[edit]

text: The three-point line is the line that separates the two-point area from the three-point area; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points. If the shooting player steps on the line, it is counted as two points. Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three-point line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in, and one if it does.

text: The distance to the three-point line from the center of the basket varies depending on the level or league, and has changed several times. These are the current distances, with the league or level using each distance:

text:
19.75 ft (6.02 m): High School
20.75 ft (6.32 m): NCAA
21.65 ft (6.60 m) to 22.15 ft (6.75 m): WNBA and FIBA
22 ft (6.71 m) to 23.75 ft (7.24 m): NBA

text: The NBA adopted the three-point line at the start of the 1979–80 season. This is of variable distance, ranging from 22 feet (6.7 m) in the corners to 23.75 feet (7.24 m) behind the top of the key. During the 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform 22 feet (6.7 m) around the basket. It was moved back to its original distance after the 1996–97 season. FIBA and the NCAA both adopted the three-point line in 1985.

text: In most high school associations in the United States, the distance is 19.75 feet. This was formerly the distance for college basketball as well. On May 26, 2007, the NCAA playing rules committee agreed to move the three-point line back one foot to 20.75 feet for the men. This rule went into effect for the 2008–2009 season. The three-point line for women (NCAA) moved back one foot to 20.75 feet at the start of the 2011–2012 season.

text: The international distance, used in most countries outside the United States and in FIBA and WNBA competition, is currently 6.6 m (21.65 ft) to 6.75 m (22.15 ft).

text: Perimeter[edit]

text: The perimeter is defined as the areas outside the free throw lane and inside the three-point line. Shots converted (successfully made) from this area are called "perimeter shots" or "medium-range shots." If a player's foot is on the three-point line, the shot is considered a perimeter shot.

text: Low post area[edit]

text: The low post is defined as the areas that are closest to the basket but outside of the free throw lane.[4] This area is fundamental to strategy in basketball. Skilled low post players can score many points per game without ever taking a jump shot.

text: Key[edit]

text: The key, free throw lane or shaded lane refers to the usually painted area beneath the basket; for the NBA it is 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, for the NCAA it is 12 feet (3.7 m) wide; for both instances it extends 15 feet (4.6 m) from the backboard. At the top of the rectangle is the free throw line, behind which players shoot uncontested shots when they're fouled. A circle is drawn around the free-throw line with a 6 feet (1.8 m) radius; this is used for jump ball instances, as is done at the center circle. Two 6-inch hash lines, 3 ft from the free throw lane line and 5 ft 8 in from the free throw line, show the lower defensive box linked to the restricted area.

text: For FIBA tournaments, since October 2010 the key has been a rectangle 4.9 m wide and 5.8 m long. Previously it was a trapezoid 3.7 meters (12 ft) wide at the free-throw line and 6 meters (19 feet and 6.25 inches) at the end line.

text: The key is primarily used to prevent players from staying beneath the basket of the opponents' team for long periods (maximum three seconds).

text: The restricted area arc is a semi-circular arc drawn around the area directly underneath the basket. With some exceptions, members of the defending team cannot draw charging fouls in this area. The restricted arc in all North American rule sets above high school level (NCAA men's and women's, NBA, and WNBA) has a radius 4 feet (1.22 m) from below the center of the basket. The NCAA restricted area arc was originally established for the 2011–12 men's and women's seasons at a 3-foot (0.91 m) radius from below the center of the basket, and was extended to match the (W)NBA radius for the 2015–16 season and beyond.

text: Other lines[edit]

text: On NBA floors, two hash marks are drawn at the end lines near the key to mark the area known as the lower defensive box. A defensive player is allowed to draw a charging foul within the restricted arc if the offensive player receives the ball and/or starts his drive within this area.[5]

text: Also, two lines are drawn on each of the sidelines, 28 feet from each of the endlines, which designates the extent of the coaching box and bench. This line marks the farthest extent a coach (aside from the sidelines) can stand. Directly behind this area is the team bench.

text: On the half-court line of NBA floors two lines extend outside the playing court, designating the place where substitutes wait before they can enter the playing court; directly behind this area are the various off-court officials such as the timekeeper and reserve referee.

text: FIBA changes[edit]

text: On April 26, 2008, FIBA announced several major rules changes involving the court markings. These changes took effect for major international competitions on October 1, 2010, after that year's World Championships for men and women, and became mandatory for other competitions on October 1, 2012 (although national federations could adopt the new markings before 2012). The changes were as follows.[6]

text:
The shape of the key changed from a trapezoid to a rectangle as it is in the NBA, with NBA dimensions.
The three-point line moved back to 6.75 metres (22 ft 1.7 in) from 6.25 metres (20 ft 6.1 in), compared to 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) for the NBA at the top of the arc.
The FIBA adopted the NBA's restricted area arc with a marginally wider radius of 1.25 metres (4 ft 1.2 in).


document_title: South by Southwest

question_text: when does south by southwest start in austin texas

question_tokens: when does south by southwest start in austin texas

root

text: South by Southwest

text: Divisions[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text: SXSW Music is the largest music festival of its kind in the world, with more than 2,000 acts as of 2014.[7] SXSW Music offers artist-provided music and video samples of featured artists at each festival via their official YouTube channel.[8][9]

tag: p

text: The music event has grown from 700 registrants in 1987 to over 28,000 registrants. SXSW Film and SXSW Interactive events have grown every year, most recently bringing over 51,000 registrants to Austin every March.[10]

text: Bands must cover their own expenses for travel and lodging at the event. All performers are offered a cash payment or a wristband package that allows access to all music events.[11]

text: Film[edit]

text: SXSW Film Conference spans five days of conference panels and sessions, and welcomes filmmakers of all levels. Programming consists of keynote speakers, panels, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders.[12]

text: In 2015, the SXSW Film Conference programmed over 250 sessions with 735 speakers. Past notable speakers include Jon Favreau, Mark Duplass, Ava DuVernay, Ryan Gosling, Nicolas Cage, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Tilda Swinton, Amy Schumer, Sally Field, Joss Whedon, Christine Vachon, RZA, Matthew McConaughey, Danny Boyle, Seth MacFarlane, Catherine Hardwicke, Richard Linklater, David Gordon Green, Harmony Korine, Henry Rollins, Sarah Green and Robert Rodriguez.[13] Although the film festival often highlights independently produced films and emerging directing talent with unique visions,[14] the festival has long served studios as a starting point for their comedies, using enthusiastic fans as a barometer of how they might play in wide release.[15]

text: The SXSW Film Festival runs nine days, simultaneously with the SXSW Film Conference, and celebrates raw innovation and emerging talent both behind and in front of the camera.[16] Festival programming categories include: Special Events, Headliners, Narrative Spotlight, Documentary Spotlight, Narrative Competition, Documentary Competition, Visions, Midnighters, 24 Beats Per Second, SXGlobal, Episodic, Festival Favorites and Short Film Programs. The SXSW Film Awards, which occur on the last day of the Film Conference, honor films selected by the Feature and Short Film Juries.

text: In 2015, the SXSW Film Festival programmed 150 feature films and 106 short films, selected from 7,361 submissions.[17] Past notable world premieres include Furious 7, Neighbors, Chef, 21 Jump Street, The Cabin in the Woods, Bridesmaids and Insidious, and the TV series Girls, Silicon Valley and Penny Dreadful.[18]

text: Interactive[edit]

text: SXSW Interactive is focused on emerging technology, a focus which has earned the festival a reputation as a breeding ground for new ideas and creative technologies.[19] The festival includes a trade show, speakers, parties, and a startup accelerator.[20] According to a festival organizer Louis Black, SXSW Interactive "has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world" since 2007.[21]

text: History[edit]

text: Inauguration – 1980s[edit]

text: In July 1986, the organizers of the New York City music festival New Music Seminar contacted Roland Swenson, a staffer at the alternative weekly The Austin Chronicle, about organizing an extension of that festival into Austin after having announced that they were going to hold a "New Music Seminar Southwest".[22] The plans did not materialize, so Swenson decided to instead co-organize a local music festival, with the help of two other people at the Chronicle: editor and co-founder Louis Black, and publisher Nick Barbaro. Louis Meyers, a booking agent and musician, was also brought on board.[23] Black came up with the name, as a play on the name of the Alfred Hitchcock film North by Northwest. The event was first held in March 1987. The organizers considered it a regional event and expected around 150 attendees to show up, but over 700 came, and according to Black "it was national almost immediately."[21]

text: Meyers left Austin and the festival in the early 1990s, but Black, Barbaro and Swenson remained the festival's key organizers as of 2010.[21]

text: Singer-songwriter Michelle Shocked was the keynote speaker at the 1992 South by Southwest. She caused controversy by delivering a speech, written by her then-husband Bart Bull, criticizing white musicians for stealing music from African American artists; and then later during the same conference when she tried to kick the band Two Nice Girls off of a benefit concert, a move that some called anti-gay, due to Two Nice Girls' overtly lesbian image.[24]

text: In 1993, SXSW moved into the Austin Convention Center, where it is still held.[25]

text: In 1994, SXSW added a component for film and other media, named the "SXSW Film and Multimedia Conference".[21] Johnny Cash was the keynote speaker.[26]

text: That year, the three brothers of the band Hanson were brought to SXSW by their father in order to perform impromptu auditions for music executives, in the hopes of getting industry attention. Among the people who heard them was A&R executive Christopher Sabec, who became their manager, and would soon afterward get them signed to Mercury Records.[27]

text: In 1995, the SXSW Film and Multimedia Conference was split into two separate events, "SXSW Film" and "SXSW Multimedia".[21]

text: In 1999, SXSW Multimedia was renamed "SXSW Interactive".[21]

text: Singer-songwriter John Mayer's performance at the 2000 SXSW Music festival led to his signing soon thereafter with Aware Records, his first record label.

text: A performance by the band The Polyphonic Spree at the 2002 SXSW Music festival helped bring them to national attention before they had signed with a major label.[28]

text: At the 2002 SXSW Film Festival, the film Manito won the jury award for narrative feature, while the documentary Spellbound won the jury award for documentary feature.

text: British singer James Blunt was discovered by producer Linda Perry while playing a small show at the 2004 SXSW Music festival, and was signed to Perry's Custard Records soon thereafter,[29] where he would go on to release all three of his subsequent albums.

text: The 2005 SXSW Film is considered by some to be the origin of the mumblecore film genre. A number of films now classified as mumblecore, including The Puffy Chair, Kissing on the Mouth, Four Eyed Monsters and Mutual Appreciation, were screened, and Eric Masunaga, a musician and the sound editor on Mutual Appreciation, is credited with coining the term "mumblecore" at a bar while at the festival.[30]

text: The film Hooligans won both the Feature Film Jury Award and the Feature Film Audience Award for narrative feature, while The Puffy Chair won the Feature Film Audience Award in the "Emerging Visions" category. The documentary film Cowboy del Amor won the SXSW Competition Award and the Audience Award.

text: A secret concert at the 2006 SXSW Music by the band The Flaming Lips was called one of the "Top 10 Music-Festival Moments" of all time by Time magazine in 2010.[31]

text: The 2006 SXSW Interactive featured a keynote panel of Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and Craigslist founder Craig Newmark.[32]

text: That year, "Screenburn at SXSW", a component for video games, was added to SXSW Interactive.[21]

text: The 2007 music festival took place from March 14 to 18, and more than 1,400 acts performed.

text: Two of the top film premieres that year were Elvis and Anabelle and Skills Like This.

text: The social media platform Twitter notably gained a good deal of early traction and buzz at the 2007 SXSW Interactive,[33] though it did not launch at SXSW 2007 as is sometimes reported.[21]

text: The 2008 SXSW Interactive got media attention due to a keynote interview of Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg by technology journalist Sarah Lacy that was considered by some observers to be a "train wreck" due to an audience perception that Lacy was asking uninteresting questions, as well as mocking or terse answers in response from Zuckerberg.[34]

text: In 2008, a comedy element was added to SXSW; it was held for one night. (By 2012, comedy performances occurred on all nights of the festival.)[35]

text: The 2009 festival was held March 13–22. The Interactive section of SXSW in particular drew larger attendance levels; the influx strained the networks of providers such as AT&T (primarily due to heavy iPhone usage).[36] Also new was the founding of an international organization for those not attending, dubbed NotAtSXSW. Coordinating through Twitter and other online tools, notatsxsw events were held in London, New York, Wisconsin, Portland, Oregon and Miami.[37]

text: The 2009 SXSW Interactive saw the launch of the Foursquare application, which was called "the breakout mobile app" of the event by the Mashable blog.[38]

text: The 2009 SXSW Film screened 250 films, including 54 world premieres. The event was notable for having the United States premiere of the film The Hurt Locker, which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2010.[21] The winners of the feature jury awards were, for documentary feature, 45365, and for narrative feature, Made in China.[39]

text: The 2010 music festival, which took place March 12–21, was dedicated to Alex Chilton, who died shortly before he was to perform with Big Star.[40] A tribute concert was performed in his honor on March 20, 2010.[41]

text: At the 2010 festival, nearly 2,000 bands were officially scheduled to perform,[42] and festival reps estimated that over 13,000 industry representatives attended.[43] Though traditionally the Austin Music Awards kick off the festival, that year organizers slated it as the closing act. Local musician Bob Schneider earned 6 awards, including Song of the Year, Singer of the Year, and Band of the Year (with Lonelyland.)[42] The 2010 festival was also notable for appearances by the surviving members of the band Moby Grape.[44]

text: At the 2010 Film festival, Magnolia Pictures bought the film rights to the science-fiction film Monsters on the night it screened, in what was the first-ever "overnight acquisition" at SXSW. Journalist Meredith Melnick of Time magazine called this purchase a turning point for SXSW, leading to a greater interest among film studio executives in attending the festival in person.[45] That year also saw the premiere of the indie favorite Tiny Furniture, which won the award for Best Narrative Feature.

text: The 2010 Interactive festival had an estimated 12–13,000 paying attendees, which represented a 40% jump over the previous year.[46] This was the first year in which the interactive festival's attendance surpassed the music festival's.[46] The keynote presentation was an interview of then-Twitter CEO Evan Williams by Umair Haque, an interview that many in the audience found disappointingly superficial.[47] Also during the interactive festival, the first-ever (and so far only) "Hive Awards For the Unsung Heroes of the Internet" were held.

text: The 2011 SXSW festival ran from March 11 to 20.

text: The keynote presenter for SXSW Interactive was Seth Priebatsch, founder and CEO of the mobile-gaming platform SCVNGR.[48] The 2011 Interactive festival was by far the largest it had ever been, with an estimated 20,000 attendees.[49]

text: Also in attendance at SXSW was boxing legend Mike Tyson, promoting his new iPhone game with RockLive at the Screenburn Arcade.[50]

text: At least two films screened at the SXSW Film festival gained distribution deals: the documentary Undefeated (which went on to win the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature) and the thriller The Divide. As a result, film critic Christopher Kelly wrote that in 2011, SXSW Film went from being "a well-regarded but fundamentally regional event" to having "joined the big leagues of film festivals around the world."[51] That festival was also notable for having the premiere of the film Bridesmaids.[52]

text: The March 15th screening of the Foo Fighters documentary Back and Forth was followed by a surprise live performance by the band itself, with a setlist that included the entirety of the then-upcoming album Wasting Light.[53]

text: SXSW 2012 ran from March 9 to 18.

text: The standout technology of the 2012 SXSW Interactive was generally stated to be "social discovery" mobile apps, which let users locate other nearby users. Social discovery apps that had a presence at SXSW included Highlight, Glancee, Sonar and Kismet.[54][55]

text: SXSW Film saw the premiere of two major Hollywood films: The Cabin in the Woods[56] and 21 Jump Street.[52] Two films obtained distribution deals: Girls Against Boys and The Tall Man.[57] Another film, Gimme the Loot, which won the SXSW Narrative Feature Grand Jury Prize, got a distribution deal a week after the festival.[58] Bay of All Saints received the Audience Award for Best Feature Documentary.[59]

text: 2012 was also the first year the music portion was expanded to Tuesday. The musical festival included rappers such as Talib Kweli and Lil' Wayne, along with surprise appearances by Big Sean and Kanye West; indie bands that appeared included MENEW and The Shins. Bruce Springsteen was the keynote speaker for the music festival.[60]

text: SXSW 2013 ran from March 8 to 17.

text: The big-budget films The Incredible Burt Wonderstone and Evil Dead premiered at the 2013 SXSW Film, and Spring Breakers had its U.S. premiere.[61] The film Short Term 12 won the grand jury award for Best Narrative Feature. The films Cheap Thrills and Haunter received distribution deals,[62] and Drinking Buddies obtained a distribution deal several days later.[63]

text: The 2013 SXSW Interactive saw another huge jump in registration, now with 30,621 paying attendees.[64] This was over three times the number that had attended in 2008 (9,000), just five years previously.[65] The keynote talk for the 2013 SXSW Interactive was given by SpaceX CEO Elon Musk.[66] The "Screenburn" and "Arcade" components were renamed to "SXSW Gaming" and "SXSW Gaming Expo", respectively.[67] The Interactive conference was noted for its increased corporate presence, featuring major participation by Samsung, 3M, Target, American Airlines, Adobe Systems and AT&T, among others.[66][68] According to CNN, CBS and CNET called Grumpy Cat the undisputed "biggest star" of SXSW Interactive over Musk, Al Gore and Neil Gaiman.[69][70][71]

text: SXSW 2014 ran from March 7 to 16.

text: SXSW Film had premieres of the big-budget films Neighbors, Veronica Mars and Chef, and Cesar Chavez had its North American premiere.[72][73] A clip for the big-budget film Godzilla was also screened. The films Space Station 76[74] and Exists got distribution deals at the festival,[73] while Fort Tilden (which won the Narrative Feature Grand Jury Prize) and Open Windows got distribution deals shortly afterward.[75][76]

text: A new section, "Episodic" (on television programming) was introduced to SXSW Film. Television series that previewed at the festival include Silicon Valley and From Dusk till Dawn: The Series. The talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live! was taped for a week at the festival; it joined the talk show Watch What Happens: Live, which began taping at SXSW in 2013.[77]

text: SXSW Interactive featured a keynote speech by NSA leaker Edward Snowden, via streaming video, about privacy rights. The festival also featured a talk from another famous leaker, Julian Assange, also speaking remotely.[78] Besides privacy issues, another major focus of the Interactive festival was wearable technology, including devices for augmented reality, activity tracking, identity authentication, charging cell phones and others.[79] Computerworld magazine called the Oculus Rift, a virtual reality gaming headset, the "sleeper hit" of the festival, although ironically it was displayed not at the Interactive but at the Film portion, as part of a Game of Thrones exhibit.[80] The SXSW Gaming section introduced its SXSW Gaming Awards to recognize achievement in video and other types of gaming, which has continued through future SXSW festivals.

text: The keynote presenter and headline act this year for Stubb's was Lady Gaga.[81][82] To promote her upcoming album, Food, Kelis cooked and served barbecue-style food from a food truck to festival attendees.[83][84]

text: On March 13, 2014, a drunk driver, Rashad Charjuan Owens, drove his car into a crowd of festival attendees while trying to evade a traffic stop.[85] Two people were killed immediately, another two died later from their injuries and another 21 were injured but survived.[86] Owens was convicted of capital murder charges after a November 2015 trial in which eyewitnesses testified that about "a chaotic and harrowing scene" on the night, as hundreds of people ran and screamed as the car sped through crowds of people.[87][88] Owens was given an automatic sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.[89]

text: On March 15, 2014, rapper Tyler, The Creator was arrested on misdemeanor charges of "inciting to riot" after yelling to fans to push their way past security guards at a sold-out show the previous day.[90] In February 2016, the riot charges were dropped against Tyler, The Creator pursuant to a plea agreement with prosecutors (under which the rapper pleaded guilty to the lesser offense of disorderly conduct and paid a $100 fine, with the case to be dismissed if he stays out of trouble for three months).[91]

text: SXSW 2015 took place from March 13 to 22.

text: SXSW Film screened 145 feature films, an all-time high for the festival.[92] The big-budget films Furious 7 (which was a last-minute addition to the lineup),[93] Get Hard, Spy, a rough cut of Trainwreck, Moonwalkers and The Final Girls[94] had their world premieres, as did the documentaries Danny Says,[95] Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine and Brand: A Second Coming.[96] Ex Machina had its North American premiere. 6 Years, Manson Family Vacation and Steve Jobs: The Man in the Machine all got distribution deals at the festival.[97]

text: The 2015 festival hosted the swearing-in ceremony of Michelle K. Lee as the new head of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO). Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker administered the oath of office to Lee at the festival on Friday, March 13.[98]

text: Various sources called Meerkat, an iOS app that had launched two weeks earlier that lets users livestream video via Twitter, the breakout technology of SXSW Interactive.[99][100] Another product that got significant buzz was a prototype of the roadable aircraft AeroMobil, which its makers, the company AeroMobil s.r.o., said would be ready for operation by 2017.[99][100]

text: SXSW 2016 began on March 11 and ended on March 20.[101]

text: On March 11, President Barack Obama gave a speech at SXSW Interactive in which he called on the technology industry to help solve many of America's problems, such as upgrading outdated networks, helping balance security and privacy, and the FBI–Apple encryption dispute.[102]

text: Films that premiered at SXSW Film include Everybody Wants Some!!, Keanu, Sausage Party, Pee-wee's Big Holiday and Don't Think Twice.[103]

text: On the night of March 20, gunshots rang out on 6th Street causing mass hysteria and panic. No injuries were reported and a man from Memphis was arrested with discharging a firearm and disturbing the peace.

text: Films that premiered at SXSW Film include Song to Song, Baby Driver, Atomic Blonde, Gemini,[104] The Ballad of Lefty Brown. Spettacolo and The Disaster Artist.[105] Television shows that were previewed include The Son, Dear White People and American Gods.[104] To promote the Hulu original miniseries The Handmaid's Tale, an adaptation of the classic dystopian novel by Margaret Atwood, dozens of actresses silently walked the streets of downtown Austin costumed in red "handmaid" dresses.[106] To promote the third season of the AMC original series Better Call Saul (a spin-off prequel of Breaking Bad), a pop-up "Los Pollos Hermanos" restaurant, representing the fictional fast food chain featured in both series, appeared in downtown Austin.[107][108]

text: Guest speakers included former mayor of Newark, NJ and current Senator Cory Booker (D-New Jersey),[109] political activist and commentator Van Jones[110] and former Vice President Joe Biden,[111] who spoke about his cancer research initiative. Nile Rodgers gave the keynote address for the music portion of the festival,[112] while filmmakers Gareth Edwards[113] and Lee Daniels[114] gave the keynote presentations for the film portion.

text: Major companies and brands which exhibited at SXSW (many with standalone "brand activation" pavilions) included IBM, Intel, Panasonic, Nintendo, GE, Giorgio Armani, Mazda and National Geographic.

text: Major performers during the music component of the festival included Garth Brooks, Lana Del Rey, Lil Yachty, The Roots, The Avett Brothers, Willie Nelson, Solange Knowles, Rae Sremmurd, Migos, and The Chainsmokers among others.

text: En route to SXSW 2017, Italian post-punk band Soviet Soviet, traveling on the Visa Waiver Program, was denied entry to the United States, detained overnight and deported after an immigration officer at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport claimed they were planning on conducting a paid performance, which would have required a work visa. The band presented a letter from their American record label stating that both their performances at KEXP (which was what had brought the band to Seattle) and at SXSW were for promotional purposes only, but this failed to convince officials at the airport.[115] There was also a "Contrabanned" showcase on March 17, featuring various artists and musicians (residents of the U.S. and Canada) who are natives of, or have family connections to, countries affected by the 2017 U.S. travel ban on citizens from parts of the Islamic world.[116][117]

text: Uber and Lyft pulled out of Austin in May 2016 as a result of a city ordinance mandating fingerprint-based background checks for drivers of any transportation network company.[118] However, other services such as (locally based) RideAustin, Fasten and Fare, were available, although in high demand. Uber and Lyft resumed service in Austin in May 2017.[119]

text: SXSW 2018 ran from March 9 to 18. Some attendees noted fewer "big name" musical acts and corporate pavilions at the festival, and fewer crowds, as compared to previous years.

text: Finalists of the 2018 SXSW Accelerator Pitch Event included Cambridge Cancer Genomics and Bluefield Technologies.[120] Two winners of the event were Austin-based: GrubTubs (in the Hyper-Connected Communities category) and ICON 3D (in the Social and Culture category).[121]

text: Guest speakers included U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont); entrepreneur Elon Musk; actor and former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger; Mayor of London Sadiq Khan; author and journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates; journalist Christiane Amanpour; rap artist/producer David Banner, and film producer/directors Barry Jenkins, Darren Aronofsky and Steven Spielberg. Actor and comedian Bill Murray appeared at several unofficial functions during SXSW.

text: Major performers during SXSW Music included Tinashe, Rae Sremmurd, Rita Coolidge, Salt-N-Pepa and Khalid. There was an apparent increased emphasis on locally based performers, international acts and relative unknowns.

text: New games announced during the 2018 SXSW Gaming Expo included Sonic Mania Plus.[122] At the SXSW Gaming Awards (held March 17), the award for Game of the Year went to The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild.[123]

text: Films that premiered at the 2018 South By Southwest Film Festival include A Quiet Place, Blockers and Ready Player One.[124] Films that had their U.S. premiere include Final Portrait and Who We Are Now.[124] TV series that previewed include Barry, Krypton, The Last O.G.[124] and Cloak & Dagger.[125] To promote the second season of the HBO series Westworld, a recreation of the show's fictional Western "town" of Sweetwater was built on two acres of open land just outside Austin. Fans took shuttles to the site, which was dressed in the Old West style, with over 60 actors playing the parts of the android "hosts".[126][127]

text: SXSW 2018 coincided with a string of bombings in Austin, which had begun on March 2 and ended on March 21, when the presumed perpetrator, Mark Anthony Conditt, blew himself up after being discovered by police.[128] Two of the bombings occurred during SXSW. On March 17, Live Nation Music, a company organizing events for SXSW, received a bomb threat via email. Police searched the area mentioned in the email and found nothing of concern, but planned performances by The Roots and Ludacris, among others, were canceled.[129][130] Police arrested 26-year-old Trevor Weldon Ingram the next day; Ingram was charged with making a terroristic threat, a third-degree felony, in connection with the email.[131]

text: Economic impact[edit]

text: SXSW is the highest revenue-producing event (outside of athletic and other events associated with the University of Texas) for the Austin economy, with an estimated economic impact of $190.3 million in 2012[132] increasing to $218 million in 2013,[133] $315 million in 2014,[134] $317 million in 2015,[135] and $325 million in 2016.[136] (In comparison, Super Bowl LI brought a $347 million economic impact to the Houston economy[137] and the 2016 Final Four brought a $324 million economic impact to the economy of Phoenix, Arizona.[138])

text: Additionally, demand for hotel rooms in the Austin area continued to outstrip supply, pushing average nightly room rates up to an all-time high of $350 in 2016, a 60 percent increase over the average room rate seen during 2011's edition of SXSW. The average SXSW registrant also stayed in Austin longer in 2016, spending an average of 5.2 nights, up from 4.9 nights in 2015.[139]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: The growth of the festival has brought concerns about violence, crowd control, and safety.[140][141]

text: The 2014 drunk-driving incident prompted discussion about whether the festival had grown too large and raucous.[142] The organizers of the festival—SXSW Holdings LLC and SXSW Holdings Inc.—were sued by families of the four victims.[143]

text: In May 2014, partially motivated by the 2014 crash, Austin's Urban Transportation Commission announced that it was seeking to enhance safety at the festival, with an initial focus on implementing transportation measures to resolve issues linked to the festival. The Austin Music Commission also met to discuss music venues and sound problems linked to the festival.[144] The city voted to limit the number of special events which would be approved to 114, a 32 percent decrease from the number of approved events during the 2014 festival.[145]

text: Another frequent criticism of the SXSW festival is that it has become overly commercialized. In 2013, NPR writer Andrea Swensson wrote that she had decided to stop attending the festival, writing, "I can't help but feel that it has strayed far away from its original premise as a grassroots gathering place for new, undiscovered talent and increasingly feels like a big ol' Times Square billboard-sized commercial."[146]

text: In October 2015, SXSW announced the cancellation of two video game panels ("#SavePoint: A Discussion on the Gaming Community" and "Level Up: Overcoming Harassment In Games") scheduled for the 2016 festival due to threats of violence made to the festival hosting the sessions.[147] In response to the cancellations, Buzzfeed and Vox Media made statements saying they would pull out of the festival if the two panels weren't reinstated.[148][149] In response to the criticism, South by Southwest admitted that their decision to cancel the panels was a mistake. In lieu of a panel, South by Southwest hosted a daylong "online harassment summit" on March 12, 2016.[150] Despite fears that violent hecklers would disrupt the summit, it was described by Brian Fung as "a largely peaceful affair", with protests limited to those who were angry about the bag searches conducted there.[151]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Comedian and actor Fred Armisen began his comic career with the short film Fred Armisen's Guide to Music and SXSW, released in 1998, in which he poses as various characters, asking silly questions of musicians and other attendees at that year's SXSW Music Conference.[152][153]
The 2011 documentary Winning America is about a US tour of Canadian band Said the Whale that culminates in that year's SXSW Music Festival.
In the 2014 British film Frank, an experimental band (led by the title character) is booked to play a show at the SXSW Music Festival, but the gig leads to the band's breakup.

tag: ul

text: Similar festivals[edit]

text: The creators of South by Southwest co-created two similar festivals in 1995: North by Northwest (NXNW) in Portland, Oregon (co-founded by the Willamette Week), and North by Northeast (NXNE) in Toronto (co-founded by Now).[154] North by Northwest ended in 2001, and was replaced by MusicfestNW (MFNW), an event run entirely by the Willamette Week. It was joined by TechfestNW, a technology conference, in 2012.[155] From 2006 to 2010, SXSW organizers also ran West by Southwest (WXSW) in Tucson, Arizona, a music festival which occurred directly before South by Southwest and mostly featured bands that were also booked for SXSW.[156]

text: Other active festivals inspired by SXSW include the following:

text:
Live at Heart – Örebro, Sweden
MidPoint Music Festival (MPMF) – Cincinnati, Ohio
South by Due East – Houston, Texas
The Goa Project – Goa, India
The Great Escape Festival – Brighton, England
Tech Open Air (TOA) – Berlin
XOXO – Portland, Oregon
Yes and Yes Yes (YXYY) (formerly known as "Yes by Yes Yes") – Palm Springs, California

text: Festivals inspired by SXSW that are no longer running include:

text:
35 Denton (originally known as "North by 35" or "NX35", then "35 Conferette") – Denton, Texas (2009-2016)
C2SV (originally known as "SVSX") – San Jose, California (2012-2016)
Incubate (originally known as "ZXZW") – Tilburg, Netherlands (2005-2016)
MoSo – Saskatoon, Canada (2011-2016)
So What?! Music Fest (originally known as "South by So What?!") – Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex (2006-2017)
Sounds by South Bend (originally known as "South by South Bend") - South Bend, Indiana (2013-2015)

text: Festivals inspired by South by Southwest have been collectively nicknamed "four-letter festivals". Metro Silicon Valley, which founded C2SV, wrote that such festivals have become important revenue sources for the alternative weekly newspapers that have founded them.[154]

text: On October 3, 2016, a one-day festival, called "South by South Lawn" (SXSL), was held at the White House; it was a collaboration between SXSW, US President Barack Obama, and the American Film Institute.[157]


document_title: Lake Placid, New York

question_text: how many times has lake placid hosted the winter olympics

text: Lake Placid, New York

text: History[edit]

text: Lake Placid was founded in the early 19th century to develop an iron ore mining operation. By 1840, the population of "North Elba" (four miles southeast of the present village, near where the road to the Adirondak Loj crosses the Ausable River) was six families. In 1845, Gerrit Smith arrived in North Elba and not only bought a great deal of land around the village but granted large tracts to former slaves. He reformed the land law and demonstrated his support of Abolitionism.

text: The abolitionist John Brown heard about Smith's reforms, and left his anti-slavery activities in Kansas to buy 244 acres (1.0 km2) of land in North Elba. This parcel later became known as the "Freed Slave Utopian Experiment," Timbucto. Shortly before his execution in 1859, John Brown asked to be buried on his farm, which is preserved as the John Brown Farm State Historic Site.

text: As leisure time increased in the late 19th century, Lake Placid was discovered as a resort by the wealthy, who were drawn to the fashionable Lake Placid Club. Melvil Dewey, who invented the Dewey Decimal System, designed what was then called "Placid Park Club" in 1895. This inspired the village to change its name to Lake Placid, which became an incorporated village in 1900. Dewey kept the club open through the winter in 1905, which aided the development of winter sports in the area. Nearby Saranac Lake had hosted an international winter sporting event as early as 1889, and was used year-round by patients seeking treatment for tuberculosis at sanitariums. The mountain air was considered good for them.

text: By 1921, the Lake Placid area could boast a ski jump, speed skating venue and ski association. In 1929, Dr. Godfrey Dewey, Melvil's son, convinced the International Olympic Committee (IOC) Lake Placid had the best winter sports facilities in the United States.[3] The Lake Placid Club was the headquarters for the IOC for the 1932 and the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid.

text: In addition to the John Brown Farm and Gravesite, the Mount Van Hoevenberg Olympic Bobsled Run, New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District, and United States Post Office are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[4]

text: Olympic Games[edit]

text: Lake Placid hosted the Winter Olympics in 1932 and 1980. During the 1932 games, the trails outside of the village served for the cross-country skiing events and the cross-country skiing part of the Nordic combined event.[5] Lake Placid, St Moritz and Innsbruck are the only sites to have twice hosted the Winter Olympic Games.

text: Jack Shea, a resident of the village, became the first person to win two gold medals when he doubled in speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics. He carried the Olympic torch through Lake Placid in 2002 shortly before his death.[6] His grandson, Jimmy Shea, competed in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, in his honor, winning gold in the Skeleton.

text: In the U.S., the village is especially remembered as the site of the 1980 USA–USSR hockey game. Dubbed as the "Miracle on Ice", a group of American college students and amateurs upset the heavily favored Soviet national ice hockey team, 4–3, and two days later won the gold medal. Another highpoint during the Games was American speed-skater Eric Heiden's performance, who won five gold medals.

text: Lake Placid was interested in bidding for the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics but decided against it; Lillehammer, Norway, was the only bidder and was awarded the games. Lake Placid shifted its interest toward bidding for the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics, but it again did not submit a bid.[7]

text: Recreational opportunities[edit]

text: Lake Placid is well known among winter-sports enthusiasts for its skiing, both Alpine and Nordic. Whiteface Mountain (4,867 ft or 1,483 m), in nearby Wilmington about 13 miles (21 km) from Lake Placid, offers skiing, hiking, gondola rides, and mountain biking, and is the only one of the High Peaks that can be reached by an auto road. Whiteface Mountain has a vertical elevation of 3,430 feet (1,050 m), the highest vertical elevation of mountains in Eastern North America.[8][9] The area has one of only 16 bobsled runs in the Western Hemisphere.

text: In 2010, U.S. News & World Report highlighted Lake Placid as one of the "6 Forgotten Vacation Spots" in North America.[10]

text: Many people use Lake Placid as a base from which to climb the 46 High Peaks in the Adirondack Mountains. Those who complete these climbs may join the Adirondack 46ers.

text: Lake Placid built its first golf course in 1898, one of the first in the U.S., and has more courses than any other venue in the Adirondacks. Many of its courses were designed by well-known golf course architects, such as John Van Kleek, Seymour Dunn, Alexander H. Findlay, and Alister MacKenzie. The geographic features of the Adirondacks were considered reminiscent of the Scottish landscape, where the game started, and thus a fitting canvas for original play, or "mountain golf".

text: Lake Placid is near the West Branch of the Ausable River, a well-known stretch of water for fly fishing. More than 6 miles (10 km) of the West Branch are designated as year-round catch-and-release, artificial-lures-only water.

text: Regular sporting events[edit]

text:
Since 1999 it has been a site for the annual Ironman Lake Placid Triathlon, the second oldest Ironman in North America[11] and one of only ten official Ironman Triathlons to be held in the continental U.S.
ESPN's Great Outdoor Games were inaugurated here in July 2000; they were held in Lake Placid again the following year, but moved to Madison, Wisconsin, in 2002 and were eventually discontinued.
The Lake Placid and I Love New York Horse Shows have been held at the North Elba Showgrounds for the past 41 years.
Multiple IWPA (International Weight Pull Association) snow Weight pulling events are held at the North Elba Showgrounds yearly.
Nearby Saranac Lake, New York, hosts an Annual Winter Carnival, one of the oldest Winter Carnivals in the country, complete with an Ice Palace.
Lake Placid is also home to the Lake Placid Sinfonietta, a professional summer chamber orchestra that has existed since 1917 and offers concerts lakeside.
The Winter Empire State Games are held in Lake Placid every February.
The Lake Placid ice dance competition is held every year in July or August in the 1980 Olympic Arena.[12]
CAN/AM hosts an adult pond hockey tournament on Mirror Lake every January.
The Adirondacks Ragnar Relay race goes from Saratoga Springs to Lake Placid every September.
The Lake Placid Summit Classic Lacrosse Tournament is held every year in early August since 1990.

text: Education[edit]

text:
Post-Secondary Education

North Country Community College

Primary & Secondary Education

In Lake Placid, public education is administered by the Lake Placid Central School District.

text: Lake Placid is home to five private schools:

text:
Mountain Lake Academy
National Sports Academy
North Country School
Northwood School
St. Agnes School

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Lake Placid is served by nearby Adirondack Regional Airport in Saranac Lake, 16 miles (26 km) from the village. Lake Placid Airport, two miles south of the village, does not offer scheduled service but chartered flights are available.

text: Other relatively nearby airports include Albany International Airport, Burlington International Airport and the airport in Plattsburgh. Lake Placid is also served by an Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach connection through Westport via limousine service. Adirondack Trailways stops there as well.

text: Lake Placid is not located on any interstate highway. It can be reached from Interstate 87 to the east via New York State Route 73, New York State Route 86, and New York State Route 9N. County Roads 21, 31 and 35 also serve the community.

text: The New York Central Railroad ran daily passenger trains to New York City, via Utica until the 1950s. Today it is also the northern terminus of the Adirondack Scenic Railroad, over former New York Central and Delaware & Hudson trackage. There are currently plans to restore service to Utica, New York.

text: Geography[edit]

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.5 square miles (4.0 km2), of which 1.4 square miles (3.6 km2) is land and 0.15 square miles (0.4 km2), or 10.79%, is water.[2]

text: The village is located near the south end of Lake Placid lake. More immediate to the village is Mirror Lake, which lies between the village and Lake Placid.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Lake Placid has a cool humid continental climate with large seasonal differences and high precipitation throughout the year.[13]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Lake Placid

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
62.1
(16.7)
64.9
(18.3)
78.1
(25.6)
87.1
(30.6)
91
(32.8)
93.9
(34.4)
97
(36.1)
93.9
(34.4)
93.9
(34.4)
87.1
(30.6)
79
(26.1)
63
(17.2)
97
(36.1)

Average high °F (°C)
25.7
(−3.5)
27.9
(−2.3)
37.6
(3.1)
50.2
(10.1)
63.3
(17.4)
72.3
(22.4)
76.5
(24.7)
74.3
(23.5)
67.1
(19.5)
55.8
(13.2)
41.5
(5.3)
29.1
(−1.6)
51.6
(10.9)

Daily mean °F (°C)
14.9
(−9.5)
16.3
(−8.7)
26.1
(−3.3)
38.8
(3.8)
50.9
(10.5)
60.1
(15.6)
64.2
(17.9)
62.2
(16.8)
55.2
(12.9)
44.8
(7.1)
32.7
(0.4)
19.8
(−6.8)
40.5
(4.7)

Average low °F (°C)
4.3
(−15.4)
4.8
(−15.1)
14.7
(−9.6)
27.5
(−2.5)
38.5
(3.6)
47.8
(8.8)
52.3
(11.3)
50.4
(10.2)
43.3
(6.3)
33.6
(0.9)
23.7
(−4.6)
10.2
(−12.1)
29.3
(−1.5)

Record low °F (°C)
−36.9
(−38.3)
−36.9
(−38.3)
−29.9
(−34.4)
−9.9
(−23.3)
17.1
(−8.3)
21.9
(−5.6)
30.9
(−0.6)
27
(−2.8)
18
(−7.8)
5
(−15.0)
−11
(−23.9)
−38.9
(−39.4)
−38.9
(−39.4)

Average precipitation inches (mm)
2.8
(71)
2.52
(64)
2.95
(75)
2.83
(72)
3.19
(81)
3.82
(97)
4.06
(103)
3.86
(98)
3.58
(91)
3.35
(85)
3.23
(82)
3.07
(78)
39.25
(997)

Source: Weatherbase [14]

tag: table

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1910
1,682

—

1920
2,099

24.8%

1930
2,930

39.6%

1940
3,136

7.0%

1950
2,999

−4.4%

1960
2,998

0.0%

1970
2,731

−8.9%

1980
2,490

−8.8%

1990
2,485

−0.2%

2000
2,638

6.2%

2010
2,521

−4.4%

Est. 2016
2,438
[1]
−3.3%

U.S. Decennial Census[15]

text: As of the census[16] of 2000, there were 2,638 people, 1,303 households, and 604 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,913.2 inhabitants per square mile (738.7/km2). There were 1,765 housing units at an average density of 1,280.1 per square mile (494.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 95.75% White, 0.68% African American, 0.45% Native American, 0.91% Asian, 0.57% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 1.44% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.91% of the population.

text: There were 1,303 households, of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% were married couples living together, 8.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.6% were non-families. 45.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02, and the average family size was 2.93.

text: The population was spread out with 22.4% under the age of 18, 8.5% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 92.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.3 males.

text: The median income for a household in the village was $28,239, and the median income for a family was $43,042. Males had a median income of $26,585 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,507. About 8.5% of families and 13.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 17.8% of those age 65 or over.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Bill Beaney (born 1951) college men's ice hockey coach, raised in Lake Placid
John Brown (1800–1859), abolitionist
Chadd Cassidy (born August 3, 1973), AHL coach, born and raised in Lake Placid
Lana Del Rey (born 1985), singer, raised in Lake Placid
John Desrocher (born 1964), United States Ambassador to Algeria, raised in Lake Placid
Godfrey Dewey (1887-1977), president of the Lake Placid Organizing Committee for the 1932 Winter Olympics, son of Dr. Melvil Dewey
Melvil Dewey (1851–1931), inventor of the Dewey Decimal Classification System for libraries and President of the American Library Association, founder of the Lake Placid Club
Chris Ortloff (born 1947), former New York State Assemblyman, Chief of Ceremonies and Awards for the Lake Placid Olympic Organizing Committee for the 1980 Winter Olympics, born in Lake Placid
Kate Smith (1907–1986), singer
James Tolkan (born 1931), actor
Craig Wood (born Nov. 18, 1901), Masters Tournament champion (1941), U.S. Open champion (1941), World Golf Hall of Fame entrant (2008)

text: Winter Olympic athletes[edit]

text:
Lowell Bailey (b. 1981), biathlete[17]
Ashley Caldwell (b. 1993), biathlete[17]
Art Devlin (September 7, 1922 – April 22, 2004) ski jumper, competed in the 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics, earned three Purple Hearts along with other military honors serving in World War II, founder of Art Devlin's Olympic Motor Inn in Lake Placid, a color commentator for ABC Sports during the 1964, 1968, 1976 and 1980 Winter Olympics, led the effort to bring the 1980 Winter Olympics to Lake Placid. Born, raised, and lived in Lake Placid.
Peter Frenette (b. 1992), ski jumper[17]
Mark Grimmette (b. 1971), luge competitor
Eric Heiden (born 1958), speedskater
Haley Johnson (b. 1981), biathlete[17]
Brian Martin (b. 1974), luge competitor
Chris Mazdzer (b. 1988), luge competitor, 2018 Silver Medalist
Jack Shea (1910-2002)
Jimmy Shea (b. 1968)
Kyle Tress (b. 1981), skeleton athlete
Andrew Weibrecht (born 1986), alpine skier, 2014 silver and 2010 Olympic bronze medalist, born and raised in Lake Placid[17]


document_title: Hot rod

question_text: where did the term hot rod come from

question_tokens: where did the term hot rod come from

text: Hot rod

text: Background[edit]

text: Some automotive historians say that the term originated with stolen vehicles being refitted with another engine and repainted. In the early days of automobile manufacturing there was no identical matching transmission, body frame, and engine numbers. It was possible to change engines and repaint the car or truck and in effect turn it into a different vehicle and thus it became near impossible to prove that the vehicle was stolen. The term "hot" was equivalent to being stolen. The term "rod" was equivalent to any motorized vehicle. Even today, the Ontario Ministry of the Environment in its vehicle emissions regulations, refers to a "hotrod" as any motorized vehicle that has a replacement engine differing from the factory original.[2] Another possible origin includes replacement of the camshaft with a new ("hotter") version, sometimes known as a hot stick or hot rod.[citation needed] Roadsters were the cars of choice because they were light, easy to modify, and inexpensive. The term became commonplace in the 1930s or 1940s as the name of a car that had been "hopped up" by modifying the engine for higher performance. A term common in the early days was "gow job". This has fallen into disuse except with historians.

text: The gow job morphed into the hot rod in the early to middle 1950s.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: Late 1930s–1950s[edit]

text: The term seems first to have appeared in the late 1930s in southern California, where people raced modified cars on dry lake beds northeast of Los Angeles under the rules of the Southern California Timing Association (SCTA), among other groups. The activity increased in popularity after World War II, particularly in California, because many returning soldiers received technical training in the service. Many cars were prepared by bootleggers in response to Prohibition to enable them to avoid revenue agents ("Revenooers"); some police vehicles were also modified in response.[4]

text: The first hot rods were old cars (most often Fords, typically Model Ts, 1928–31 Model As, or 1932-34 Model Bs), modified to reduce weight. Typical modifications were removal of convertible tops, hoods, bumpers, windshields, and/or fenders; channeling the body; and modifying the engine by tuning and/or replacing with a more powerful type. Speedster was a common name for the modified car. Wheels and tires were changed for improved traction and handling. "Hot rod" was sometimes a term used in the 1950s as a derogatory term for any car that did not fit into the mainstream. Hot rodders' modifications were considered to improve the appearance as well, leading to show cars in the 1960s replicating these same modifications along with a distinctive paint job.

text: Typical of builds from before World War Two were '35 Ford wire-spoke wheels.[5]

text: Immediately postwar, most rods would change from mechanical to hydraulic ("juice") brakes and from bulb to sealed-beam headlights.[6]

text: Engine swaps often involved fitting the Ford flathead V8 engine, or "flatty", in a different chassis; the "60 horse" in a Jeep was a popular choice in the '40s. After the appearance of the 255 cu in (4.2 l) V8, because of interchangeability, installing the longer-stroke Mercury crank in the 239 was a popular upgrade among hot rodders, much as the 400 cu in (6.6 l) crank in small-blocks would later become. In the 1950s, the flathead block was often fitted with crankshafts of up to 4.125 in (104.8 mm) stroke, sometimes more.[7] In addition, rodders in the 1950s routinely bored them out by 0.1875 in (4.76 mm) (to 3.375 in (85.7 mm));[7] due to the tendency of blocks to crack as a result of overheating, a perennial problem, this is no longer recommended.[8] In the '50s and '60s, the flatty was supplanted by the early hemi. By the 1970s, the small-block Chevy was the most common option, and since the '80s, the 350 cu in (5.7 l) Chevy has been almost ubiquitous.[9]

text: Post WWII origins of organized rodding[edit]

text: After World War II there were many small military airports throughout the country that were either abandoned or rarely used that allowed hot rodders across the country to race on marked courses. Originally drag racing had tracks as long as one mile (1.6 km) or more, and included up to four lanes of racing simultaneously. As hot rodding became more popular in the 1950s, magazines and associations catering to hot rodders were started. These were led by Hot Rod Magazine which is the oldest magazine devoted to Hot Rodding started in January 1948. As some hot rodders also raced on the street, a need arose for an organization to promote safety, and to provide venues for safe racing. Hot rodders including Wally Parks created the National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) to bring racing off the streets and onto the tracks. They created rules based on safety and entertainment, and allowed Hot Rodders of any caliber the ability to race. The annual California Hot Rod Reunion and National Hot Rod Reunion are held to honor pioneers in the sport. The Wally Parks NHRA Motorsports Museum houses the roots of hot rodding.

text: The mid-1950s and early 1960s custom Deuce was typically fenderless and steeply chopped, and almost all Ford (or Mercury, with the 239 cu in (3,920 cc) flatty, introduced in 1939[10]); a Halibrand quick-change rearend was also typical, and an Edelbrock intake manifold or Harman and Collins magneto would not be uncommon.[11] Reproduction spindles, brake drums, and backing based on the 1937s remain available today.[12] Aftermarket flatty heads were available from Barney Navarro,[13] Vic Edelbrock, and Offenhauser. The first intake manifold Edelbrock sold was a "slingshot" design for the flatty.[14] Front suspension hairpins were adapted from sprint cars, such as the Kurtis Krafts.[15] The first Jimmy supercharger on a V8 may have been by Navarro in 1950.[16]

text: Brookville Roadster was one of the first companies to reproduce car bodies in steel..[17]

text: 1960s rise of the street rod[edit]

text: As automobiles offered by the major automakers began increasing performance, the lure of hot rods began to wane. It was no longer necessary to put a Cadillac engine in a Ford roadster to be fast. It was now possible to buy a muscle car that outperformed nearly any hot rod, with more passenger room, and without having to expend the effort of building and tuning the car oneself. After the 1973 Oil Crisis, the public called on automakers to offer safety and fuel efficiency over performance. The resulting decrease in an average car's performance led to a resurgence of hot rodding, although the focus was on driving hot rods over racing so the term 'street rod' was coined to denote a vehicle manufactured prior to 1949, often with a more reliable late model drive train. Street rodding as it was now known was a different phenomenon than hot rodding, as street rodding was mainly family-oriented. National events were hosted by the National Street Rod Association (NSRA), which also stressed safety as the NHRA did 20 years before. Each NSRA event has a 'Safety Inspection Team' that performs a 23-point inspection process beyond normal State Safety Inspections.

text: In the mid-1980s, as stock engine sizes diminished, rodders discovered the all-aluminum 215 (Buick or Olds) could be stretched to as much as 305 cu in (5 l), using: the Buick 300 crank, new cylinder sleeves, and an assortment of non-GM parts, including VW & Mopar lifters and Carter carb.[18] It could also be fitted with high-compression cylinder heads from the Morgan +8. Using the 5-liter Rover block and crank, a maximum displacement of 317.8 cu in (5,208 cc) is theoretically possible.[19]

text: Modern rodding[edit]

text: There is still a vibrant hot rod culture worldwide, especially in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Sweden. The hot rod community has now been subdivided into two main groups: street rodders and hot rodders.

text: In modern culture[edit]

text: Lifestyle[edit]

text: There is a contemporary movement of traditional hot rod builders, car clubs and artists who have returned to the roots of hot rodding as a lifestyle. This includes a new breed of traditional hot rod builders, artists, and styles, as well as classic style car clubs. Events like GreaseOrama feature traditional hot rods and the greaser lifestyle. Magazines like Ol' Skool Rodz, Gears and Gals, and Rat-Rods and Rust Queens cover events and people.

text: In the media[edit]

text: Author Tom Wolfe was one of the first to recognize the importance of hot rodding in popular culture and brought it to mainstream attention in his book The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby.

text: There are magazines that feature traditional hot rods, including Hot Rod, Car Craft, Rod and Custom, and Popular Hot Rodding. There are also television shows such as My Classic Car, Horsepower TV, American Hot Rod, and Chop Cut Rebuild.

text: In Sweden and Finland[edit]

text: Locals in these countries, influenced by American culture, have created a local hot rod culture which is vibrant in Sweden and Finland where enthusiasts gather at meetings such as Power Big Meet and clubs like Wheels and Wings in Varberg, Sweden have established themselves in Hot Rod culture. Since there is very little "vintage tin" the hot rods in Sweden are generally made with a home made chassis (usually a Model T or A replica), with a Jaguar (or Volvo 240) rear axle, a small block V8, and fiberglass tub, but some have been built using for instance a Volvo Duett chassis. Because the Swedish regulations required a crash test even for custom-built passenger cars between 1969 and 1982, the Duett option was preferred, since it was considered a rebodied Duett rather than a new vehicle.[1][2][3][4][5][6]

text: Some 1950s and 1960s cars are also hot rodded, like Morris Minor, Ford Anglia, Volvo Amazon, Ford Cortina, '57 Chevy, to name but a few. These are known as custom cars (sometimes spelled Kustom).

text: Language[edit]

text: Certain linguistic conventions are followed among rodders and customizers:

text:
The model year is rarely given in full,[20] except when it might be confused, so a 1934 model is a '34, while a 2005 might be an '05 or not.

A '32 is usually a Deuce and most often a roadster, unless coupé is specified, and almost always a Ford.

A 3- or 5-window is usually a Ford, unless specified.
A flatty is a flathead V8[21] (always Ford, unless specified); a late (or late model) flatty is probably a Merc.
A hemi ("hem ee") is always a 426, unless displacement (331, 354, or 392) is specified;[22] a 426 is a hemi, unless Wedge is specified.
A 392 is an early hemi.

A 331 or 354 is known to be an (early) hemi, but rarely referred to as such

Units are routinely dropped, unless they are unclear, so a 426 cubic inch (in³) engine is simply referred to as a 426, a 5-liter engine is a 5.0 ("five point oh"), and a 600 cubic feet per minute (cfm) carburetor is a 600. Engine displacement can be described in cubic inches or liters (for example, a 5.7-liter engine is also known as a 350 {"three fifty"}); this frequently depends on which units the user is most comfortable or familiar with.

text: Common terms[edit]

text:
3/4-race — high-performance flatty cam, suitable for street and strip use
3 deuces — arrangement of three 2-barrel (twin-choke) carburetors; distinct from Six Pak and Pontiac and Olds[23] Tri-Power[24] (also 3x2 arrangements)
3-window — 2-door coupé; so named for one door window on each side plus the rear window[25]
5-window — 2-door coupé; so named for one door window and one quarter window on each side plus the rear window[26]
97s (“ninety-sevens”) — reference to the model number of Stromberg carburetors[27]
A-bone — Model A coupé[28]
Alky — alcohol (methanol) racing fuel
Altered — drag racing car, or the category it runs in
Anglebox - British slang for a '59 to '68 Anglia[29]
Awful Awful (mainly North American) — AA/FA ("double A" Fuel Altered) racing car[30]
Back-halved - a bodied drag racing car that has had its stock rear suspension removed and replaced with a four-link or ladder bar rear suspension, and narrowed rear axle. This arrangement allows for larger tires and better adjustability.
Bagged - the use of air suspension to raise and lower the car[citation needed]
Big tire - a drag racing car running large rear tires usually over 29" tall and wider than 10.5"
Blower — mechanically driven supercharger; excludes turbochargers. Commonly a Roots.[31]
Blown

An engine equipped with a supercharger (a "blown hemi");[32] rarely used in reference to turbocharged engines
A vehicle equipped with a supercharged engine (a "blown higboy")
A wrecked engine or transmission

Blue oval — Ford product (for the Ford badge)
Bondo — brand name for a body filler putty, often used as a generic term for any such product
Bored — increased the diameter of the cylinders in order to increase engine displacement ("He bored the engine"); having had the diameter increased ("the engine was bored")
Bottle — nitrous tank
Bowtie — Chevrolet product (for the badge)[33]
Boosted — a car that has a turbocharger or supercharger[citation needed]
Bugcatcher (or bugcatcher intake) — large scoop intake protruding through hood opening, or on cars with no hood.
Bump in — the act of staging a drag car by moving forward in short increments or "bumps" while a transbrake or light foot brake pressure is applied. A transbrake equipped car uses a "bump box" to momentary unlock the transmission allowing it to creep short distances. This is often done by turbo cars in order to build boot while staging, but can also be done by non-turbo cars to shallow stage to increase roll out.
Bumpstick — camshaft (for the lobes)
Burndown — intentionally slowly staging a car for a drag race in order to throw the other driver off his game, or to cause the opponents car to build excess heat.[citation needed] Also called a staging duel
Cam — camshaft
Cammer

most commonly, the SOHC (single overhead camshaft) version of the 427 Ford V8.[34]
sometimes, the Ford Racing Power Parts 5-liter.[35]
rarely, any engine with overhead camshaft(s).

Channelled — a car lowered by having the floor removed and reattached; also, to have done so
Channeling — removing the floor and reattaching it to the body at a higher point, thus lowering the car without suspension modifications. Sometimes known as a "body drop".
Cheater slicks (also "cheaters") — soft compound tires with just enough tread added to make them street legal (not usually in singular)[36]
Cherry — like new[37]
Chipped — fitted with a modified ECU or PCM.
Chop — removing a section of the roof pillars and windows to lower the roofline
Chopped — also "chopped top"; to have top chopped
Chopping — executing a roof chop
C.I.D. (sometimes Cubic Inches or Inches) — cubic inches displacement
Crank — crankshaft
Cubes — CID
Cubic inches — CID
Cutout — a short leg of the exhaust system that exits to the side of the car and typically in front of the driver. The cutout can be operated manually or remotely from the drivers seat. Hot rodders typically use cutouts on hot rods that are used on the street and the strip. The cutout is closed for street use and open for drag racing on the strip.
Deuce

'32 Ford Model B (most often a roadster);[38] now commonly on A frame rails[39]

Digger — dragster: only applied to rails, slingshots, or fuel cars[40]
Dual quads — two four-barrel carburetors
Dragster

broadly, any vehicle modified or purpose-built for use on strips.
specifically, specialized racers (early or recent types, in gas, alky, or fuel varieties)

Door slammer (doorslammer, door car[citation needed]) — A drag racing car that retains its stock body with functioning doors or the appearance of a stock body with functioning doors. Some classes of door slammers are Pro Stock, Pro Modified, Real Street, x275, and Outlaw 10.5.
Dyno queen — a car that puts up impressive power numbers on a dynomometer but doesn't perform well when actually raced.
Elephant — Chrysler hemi[41]
Fabricate - create a part no longer be available;[42] create any part from scratch
Factory Freak - an unmodified car that seemingly makes more power than or is much quicker than the average for its year, make, and model.
Fat-fender — 1934-48 (U.S.) car[43] (Most common usage is to refer to '41-'48 inclusive, with '35-'41s called "pontoon fenders".)
Flager (street racing) —the person who stages and starts the race, usually by an arm drop or flashlight.[citation needed]
Flamed — painted with a flame job
Flatty — flathead engine[44] (usually refers to a Ford; when specified, the Mercury-built model)

3/8s by 3/8s — lengthening the stroke and increasing the cylinder bore 3/8 inch. A term only applied to flattys.

French — to install headlight or taillight slightly sunken into fender
Frenched — headlight or tallight slightly sunken into fender;[45] to install as such ("she frenched the taillights")
Fuel

most commonly, nitro (or a mixture of nitro and alky)[46]
the top drag racing class (which runs on nitro)[47]
broadly, gasoline (petrol)

Fuelie

(originally) the 1957 Corvette fuel injected engine, or the car itself ("the fuellie 'vette")
(commonly now) any fuel injected engine

Fueler — any drag racing car run on nitro, or in a nitro class
Full-race — high-performance flatty cam, suitable only for strip use
Gasser — car used in gasoline-only drag racing classes in the 1960s (as opposed to alcohol or nitromethane fuels), where the front end of the car is raised along with the motor. Characterized by a body that sits well above the front wheels. Distinct from hiboy.
Gap — To win a race by at least a car length[citation needed] ("That GTO put the gap on that Mustang.")
Gennie — genuine[48]
Giggle gas — nitrous oxide
Goat — GTO (not the Ferrari or the Mitsubishi)
Grenaded — to break a part into pieces ("When I missed that shift it grenanded my transmission.")
Hair dryer — turbocharger (for the shape of the intake and exhaust casings)
Hairpins — radius rods on axle suspension systems[49]

text: Hang (or pull) the laundry — to deploy a braking parachute[50]

text:
Header — variety of exhaust manifold.
The hit — giving someone in a drag race the option to movie first.[citation needed] Sometimes "the move".[citation needed]
Hopped up (also "hopped") — stock engine modified to increase performance
Huffer — supercharger,[51] especially of the Roots type.
Inches — CID
Indian (also "Tin Indian") — Pontiac (for the grille badge)
Jimmy

(usually) GMC straight 6
any GMC product, such as a compressor used on 2-stroke diesels used as a supercharger.

Jimmy Six — GMC straight 6
Juice — nitrous oxide[citation needed]
Juice brakes — hydraulic brakes[52]
Kits — multiple nitrous oxide systems ("How many kit's are you spraying?")[citation needed]
Lakes pipes — exhaust pipes running beneath the rocker panels, after use by lakes racers
Laundry - parachutes used to slow drag racing cars[53]
Lope — exhaust note produced by of a high-duration cam
Louvers — cuts in the sheet metal of the body with a narrow raised section on one side of the cuts to create a small window. Used to release air from engine compartments, or often merely for aesthetics
Lowering — reducing the ride height (or ground clearance)
Lunched — wrecked; caused to be wrecked ("lunched the transmission")
Mag

magnesium wheel, or steel or aluminum copy resembling one such
magneto

Merc — Mercury
Mill — any internal combustion engine
Moons (or Moon discs; incorrectly, moon discs) — plain flat chrome or aluminum disc hubcaps, originally adopted by land speed racers. Smaller examples are "baby Moons". Named for Dean Moon.
Mopar — any car or engine sold by Chrysler Corporation; from the name of the parts, service, and customer care organization
Mouse — small-block Chevy[54]
Mountain motor — large-displacement engine. Named for their size, and for being constructed in the mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina.[55] In organized automotive competition, the term commonly references a V8 engine displacing more than 500 cubic inches; informally, a V8 engine displacing more than 560 cubic inches
The move — giving someone in a drag race the option to move first.[citation needed] Also "the hit"[citation needed]
Nail — any car used as a daily driver[citation needed]
Nailhead — Early Buick V8, named for relatively small diameter valves
Nerf bar — a small tubular or solid T-shaped or decorative bar that acts as a bumper.
Nitro — Nitromethane, used as a fuel additive in some drag cars
Nitrous — nitrous oxide
NOS

New Old Stock, stockpiled parts of models no longer produced, not previously available for retail purchase. (More common among customizers than rodders.)
Nitrous Oxide System (a.k.a. laughing gas, liquid supercharger, N
2O, nitrous, "the bottle"): apparatus for introducing nitrous oxide into the air intake of an engine prior to the fuel entering the cylinder.

Nosed — as in "nosed & decked": removal of any hood (bonnet) or trunk (boot) ornaments, the filling of holes, and painting as a smooth clean surface.
Pickoupe — car-based light-duty pickup, from "pickup" & "coupé"
Pinched — narrowed and lengthened body, usually at the nose[citation needed]
Pop

a mixture of nitro & alky.
British slang for a sit-up and beg[clarification needed] Ford Popular.[citation needed]

Plod

(British) body filler
(British) traffic police (after PC Plod in Enid Blyton's Noddy series)[citation needed]

Ported and polished — enlarging and smoothing of the intake and exhaust port surfaces of performance engine cylinder heads to facilitate the ease of movement and increased volume of the engine gases.
Port-matching — the lining up of the intake manifold, cylinder head ports and exhaust headers as to create one continuous smooth course of travel for engine gases with no ledges or obstructions.
Prepped — a track or road that has been treated with various chemicals to increase traction
Pro Street — street legal car resembling a Pro Stock car. Some are very thinly disguised racers.
QJ — Quadrajet (Rochester 4-barrel carburetor)[56]
Q-jet — Quadrajet[57]
Rail

dragster with exposed front frame rails.[58] Usually refers to early short-wheelbase cars, and not usually to Altereds.
(drag racing) guardrail

Rail job

dragster with exposed front frame. Usually refers to early short-wheelbase cars, and not usually to Altereds.

Rat

Chevy big block engine,[59]
rat rod[citation needed]

Redline — maximum safe rev limit; to operate an engine at that limit ("redline it", "redlined it")
Rockcrusher — Muncie M22 4-speed transmission[60] so called because of the audible differences in operation between the model M-22 and its lower strength but quieter cousin, the M-21[citation needed]
Rocket — Oldsmobile, in particular their early V8s
Rolled pan — Contured sheet of metal covering the space where the bumper used to be
Sandbagger — a driver who intentionally drives slower than his car is capable of or lets off before the end of the drag strip to give the illusion his car is slower than it is to lure people into racing.
SBC — small-block V8 (Chevy)
SBF — Small block Ford V8.
Sectioned — having sectioning ("the '49 was sectioned"); having performed a sectioning ("he sectioned the Merc")
Sectioning — removing of a horizontal center section of the body and reattaching the upper and lower parts
Shoebox — '49-'54 Ford (for the slab-sided appearance)
SkyJackers — airshocks used in the rear to jack up the backend to clear wider tires/wheels.
Slammed — lowering the car very close to the ground. Frequently accomplished with the use of air suspension.
Sleeper — a car that is disguised to look stock or in poor condition but is actually a very quick car.
Slick — soft compound tire with no grooves, designed only for drag racing. Usually much wider than normal street tires.
Slingshot — later variety of early digger,[61] named for the driver's position behind the rear wheels (not its speed)
Smack — Nitrous Oxide[citation needed]
Small tire — a drag racing car using rear tires generally no taller than 29" and no wider than 10.5"
Souped (or "souped up") — hopped up, performance improved (more common in '40s and '50s)
Spray — nitrous oxide[citation needed]
Snail —turbocharger, from the snail shell appearance of the housing
Steelies — stock steel rims[62]
Stovebolt — Chevy straight 6[63]
Straight axle — term for a car (often a gasser) that has had it stock A-arm style front suspension removed for leaf springs and a solid tube axle.
Street legal — dual-purpose car, capable of performing routine duties as well as weekend racing. Some cars described as such, such as Pro Street cars, are very thinly disguised racers.
Street-strip — dual-purpose car, capable of performing routine duties as well as weekend racing. Some cars described as such have very marginal off-track utility.
Strip

drag strip.
More broadly, cars or parts used or intended for racing only. Thus "street-strip" is a dual-purpose car.

Stroke — Engine stroke; to increase the engine stroke ("stroke it")
Stroked — increased stroke, to increase displacement, usually by adding a longer-stroke crankshaft
Suicided — door changed from front- to rear-hinged ("suicide") type
Tin Indian — Pontiac (for the grille badge)
Toploader — Ford 4-speed manual transmission,[64] so named because access to the transmission internal was made via an access panel located on the top of the transmission housing [65]
Track T — Model T roadster built in the style of a dirt track race car[66]
Traction bars —usually, a set of square tubes attached to the back axle via 2 U bolts before and after the axle housing leading forward with a rubber snubber at the top end allowing as the car takes off to limit axle wrap on leaf springs.
Trailer queen - a race car that isn't daily driven, is trailered to events, and sees little or no use other than on a race track.
Tubbed — A car that has had its stock rear wheel wells removed and replaced with larger ones to allow for wider rear tires.
Tunneled — deeply sunken into fender[67]
Virgin road— a stretch of road that has not been raced on or had traction increasing products used on it[citation needed]
Weedburners — short, downward-pointing exhaust pipes with no mufflers (similar to Funny Car exhausts), used for racing, or just for show (not street legal)[68]
Wombat — General Motors W series engine[69]
Wrinkle walls — drag racing slicks[70]
Zoomie pipes (or zoomies) — short exhaust pipes with no mufflers, used for racing, or just for show (not street legal)[71]

text: Some terms have an additional, different meaning among customizers than among rodders: NOS, for instance, is a reference to new old stock, rather than nitrous oxide.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
The iconic T-bucket. Also features dropped tube axle, transverse front leaf spring, and front disc brakes.

Deuce coupe featuring '32 grille shell, original headlights, chrome dropped I-beam axle and tube shocks. Note stock frame rails, disc brakes, Lakester pipes[72][73]

Deuce roadster with bobbed frame, dropped axle, disc brakes, and coilovers. Note the contrast with the stock frame rails.

Hi-boy Deuce roadster with flatty (with factory head and exhaust but aftermarket alternator ignition and dual-carb intake), dropped tube axle, and drum brakes.

"Rat rod" '29 Model A coupe with a '32 grille shell, upgraded brakes, "bobbed" frame rails, channeled, powered by an early flatty equipped with Edelbrock aftermarket head and aftermarket chrome carb hats.

Flamed Fiat Topolino.

Ghost flames, a contemporary concept

3 deuces closeup

A "puke can" (radiator overflow reservoir)

A mid '50s Chrysler 392 Hemi in a "rat rod".

Rat rod

Volksrod based on a Type 1.

'32 Bantam roadster with mags, disk brakes, hatpins, bugcatcher scoop, roll hoops, & custom interior

1934 Chevrolet Standard

Red Volkswagen at the 2010 Volksfest, South Australia

Twin Ford coupes.

Hot rod during the Voitures Anciennes de Granby expo.

A rat rod during the Voitures Anciennes de Granby expo.