document_title: List of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir episodes

question_text: when will miraculous season 2 episode 11 be released

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
26
19 October 2015 (2015-10-19) (France)
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06) (U.S.)
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30) (France)
22 October 2016 (2016-10-22) (U.S.)

2
26[8]
26 October 2017 (2017-10-26) (France)
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30) (Netflix)
TBA

text: Episode list[edit]

text: Season 1 (2015–16)[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
English Title
French Title [9][10]
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
U.S. air date [9]
Prod.
code [9]
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Stormy Weather"
"Climatika"
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
19 October 2015 (2015-10-19)[12]
20 December 2015[9]
101
1.47[13]

Marinette Dupain-Cheng is babysitting a child named Manon when her best friend Alya Césaire visits her. Alya tells Marinette that her crush, Adrien Agreste, is having a photoshoot nearby and takes them to see him. Meanwhile, Aurore Beauréal has just lost to her competitor, Mireille Caquet, to be nominated as the next weather forecaster. Infuriated, Aurore becomes akumatized by the villainous Hawk Moth and turns into "Stormy Weather", a supervillain who controls the weather. When Stormy wreaks havoc on Paris and interrupts the photoshoot, Marinette transforms into her secret super-hero persona, 'Ladybug'. At the same time, Adrien transforms into his secret super-hero persona, 'Cat Noir'. Together, they work to defeat Stormy, but are oblivious to each other's identities.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 September 2015 as episode 1.[11]

2
2
"The Bubbler"
"Le Bulleur"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
20 October 2015 (2015-10-20)
6 December 2015[9]
109
1.40[15]

It is Adrien's birthday and Marinette is struggling to give him the present she made for him. When Adrien's father, a secretive and renowned fashion designer, won't allow Adrien to have a birthday party, his best friend Nino Lahiffe becomes mad about how unfair he's being towards Adrien. Claiming that all adults want to stop kids from having fun, Nino is tempted by Hawk Moth and turns into "Bubbler", a villain who sends all the parents into outer space through his bubbles. Adrien receives a scarf from Marinette, but thinks it's from his father.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 8 September 2015 as episode 2.[14]

3
3
"The Pharaoh"
"Le Pharaon"
Thomas Astruc
Cédric Bacconnier
21 October 2015 (2015-10-21)
10 January 2016[9]
115
1.11[17]

Marinette accidentally drops her history textbook while transformed as Ladybug. Alya, who happened to be at the scene, trying to film Ladybug in action, picks up the book, and speculates that Ladybug could be a Parisian collégienne. Marinette starts to panic when she finds out, and by Tikki's suggestion, brings Alya to visit a new Pharaoh exhibition at the Louvre, in order to try to get the book back. As they arrive, Alix's brother, Jalil Kubdel, is discussing with his father about how one of the exhibitions on display is a resurrection spell. He believes that it could work, and wants to try it out, but Jalil's father claims that such an important historical artifact cannot be misused. Frustrated that his father does not believe him, Jalil is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into the Pharaoh with Egyptian god powers who intends to bring back Nefertiti. In this episode, we are told that there was a long line of Ladybugs going back over 5,000 years with Marinette being the latest Ladybug.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 13 October 2015 as episode 7.[16]

4
4
"Lady Wifi"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
22 October 2015 (2015-10-22)
17 January 2016[9]
103
1.43[19]

As Ladybug's biggest fan Alya is out to expose Ladybug's true identity when she finds the self-centered Chloé Bourgeois with Ladybug's "yo-yo and mask". When Alya attempts to take a photo of Chloé's open locker for evidence, Chloé accuses her of invasion of privacy, and has the principal suspend her. Sad of not getting in touch with Marinette, Alya is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Lady Wifi, a villain whose smartphone can fire different icons such as pause and lock, who can travel through wifi-serviced phones, and who stops at nothing to expose Ladybug, including invading Chloé's apartment.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 6 October 2015 as episode 6.[18]

5
5
"Timebreaker"
"Chronogirl"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Michaël Delachenal
23 October 2015 (2015-10-23)
27 December 2015[9]
116
1.17[21]

Marinette's parents are celebrating their twentieth anniversary, leaving Marinette to take care of one of her father's special cake orders. However, she gets a call from Alya, who reminds her to bring a banner she made for a race between two of her classmates, Alix and Kim, and she rushes off to Trocadéro. Alix has received a family heirloom pocket watch for her fifteenth birthday, and passes it to Alya to safeguard it for her while racing. However, during the race, the watch passes hands multiple times, before it is dropped by Chloé onto the ground and skated over by Alix, destroying the watch. Angry at her friends, Alix is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Timebreaker (Chronogirl in French version), a speedy villain who freezes people with a touch to get energy to travel back through time.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 22 September 2015 as episode 4.[20]

6
6
"Mr. Pigeon"
"M. Pigeon"
Thomas Astruc
Guillaume Mautalent
Sébastien Oursel
23 October 2015 (2015-10-23)
13 December 2015[9]
106
1.09[23]

A fashion competition is to be held at Collège Françoise-Dupont where the winner will have their derby hat worn by none other than Adrien. Marinette is determined to win in the hope that Adrien will then notice her. Meanwhile, Roger Raincomprix, a police officer, orders a pigeon-loving man Xavier Ramier, to stop feeding the pigeons and leave the park. Dejected, Xavier becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Mr. Pigeon, a supervillain who controls massive flocks of pigeons.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 29 September 2015 as episode 5.[22]

7
7
"The Evillustrator"
"Le Dessinateur"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
26 October 2015 (2015-10-26)
24 January 2016[9]
102
1.18[25]

Nathaniel Kurtzberg is daydreaming in class of being a superhero who is rescuing his crush, Marinette, from Stormy Weather and Lady Wifi. Soon embarrassed by Chloé for his comic drawings, he becomes influenced by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Evillustrator", a villain whose drawings come to life. During this time, Marinette has to put up being paired with Chloé and Sabrina in a school project, stabilizing a friendship, while depending on Cat Noir to protect her from Evillustrator. The next day, Marinette nervously says Cat Noir is "awesome" in front of Adrien.

This episode was shown in South Korea on 27 October 2015 as episode 9.[24]

8
8
"Rogercop"
Thomas Astruc
Denis Bardiau
27 October 2015 (2015-10-27)
31 January 2016[9]
111
1.18[27]

During Career Day in Marinette's class, Chloé loses an expensive bracelet (to Plagg) and accuses Marinette of stealing it, as she had just slipped over Chloé's bag. André Bourgeois, Chloé's father, orders Officer Roger to handcuff Marinette and search her belongings. Roger, however refuses, saying that he cannot do that, unless there is evidence Marinette stole Chloé's bracelet, as it is against the law. As a result, André, who is the Mayor of Paris, fires Roger. Infuriated at the mayor for asking him to disobey the law and firing him, Roger becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Rogercop", a RoboCop-themed villain who wants to bring justice to those who break the law.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 20 October 2015 as episode 8.[26]

9
9
"Copycat"
"L'Imposteur"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Pascal Boutboul
28 October 2015 (2015-10-28)
3 January 2016[9]
108
1.29[29]

Attempting to ask Adrien out to the movies over the phone, Marinette instead accidentally leaves behind an embarrassing voicemail and rushes to delete it before he listens to it. Meanwhile, an artist named Théo is displaying a statue in the park, which he built in honor of Ladybug and Cat Noir. He has a crush on Ladybug and is looking forward to seeing her at the unveiling event, but only Cat Noir ends up arriving. After the event, Cat Noir insinuates to Théo that he and Ladybug are a couple. Feeling jealous, Théo is tempted by Hawk Moth and turns into Copycat, an exact replica of Cat Noir to frame the original.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 15 September 2015 as episode 3.[28]

10
10
"Dark Cupid"[30]
"Dislocœur"[31]
Thomas Astruc
Régis Jaulin
29 October 2015 (2015-10-29)
7 February 2016[30]
105
1.27[32]

It's Valentine's Day and love is in the air! After reading a love poem thrown away by Adrien, Marinette comes to the conclusion that the poem is about her, making her ecstatic even though the poem was originally intended for Ladybug. Meanwhile one of her classmates, Kim, is planning to ask his crush to be his Valentine. Marinette, in her love-sick daze, encourages Kim to go for it. When Kim sees his crush – Chloé – he is humiliated and rejected cruelly. Heartbroken, Kim succumbs to Hawk Moth's akuma and turns into Dark Cupid, an evil cupid whose arrows can replace true love and friendship with pure hate and mean-spiritedness. One of his targets is Cat Noir, who turns into Ladybug's enemy, just as he was about to confess his love to her.

11
11
"Horrificator"[33][34]
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
30 October 2015 (2015-10-30)
21 February 2016[33]
117
1.13[35]

Nino is filming a movie in his classroom for a film contest, but Mylène, one of the actors, is unsure about her ability as the leading actress, as she is easily frightened. Marinette and Chloé fight over who gets the kissing scene with Adrien. After many failed attempts of shooting a single scene, Chloé makes fun of Mylène's fright and she flees the classroom in tears. Disappointed in herself, Mylène is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Horrificatior, a monster who scares people and feeds on their fear.

12
12
"Darkblade"[39]
"Le Chevalier Noir"[40]
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie de Rudder
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06)
28 February 2016[39]
114
1.06[41]

After finding out Chloé has been blackmailing people from running against her as the class representative, Marinette decides to nominate herself for the position. Wanting to prevent Marinette from winning, Chloé organizes an autograph session by rock musician Jagged Stone to bribe her classmates into voting for her. When Marinette finds out about the scam and leaves to intervene, Chloé sends her only friend Sabrina to Marinette's room, in hopes of finding something that can be used against Marinette. Meanwhile, Armand D'Argencourt, Collège Françoise-Dupont's fencing teacher, has just lost the Paris mayoral elections by a landslide. As the press continues to mock him, Armand becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Darkblade", an armored black knight (according to his heritage), who zaps people and knights them, transforming them into an army of armored knights to take over Paris.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 17 November 2015 as episode 12.[36]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016.[37][38]

13
13
"The Mime"[45]
"Le Mime"[40]
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
François Charpiat
Michaël Delachenal
Karine Lollichon
Sébastien Thibaudeau
13 December 2015 (2015-12-13)
7 May 2016[45]
119
N/A

Alya shows Marinette a video she recorded of Ladybug talking to her, but Marinette accidentally deletes it. Before Alya finds out, Marinette steals her phone and frantically tries to re-create the footage. Meanwhile, Mylène's father, Fred Haprèle, is getting his first major performance at the Eiffel Tower. However, his partner Chris deliberately makes him late, and convinces their manager Sarah (named Josiane in French version) to let Chris take the lead role instead. Disheartened, Fred becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "The Mime", a supervillain who can pantomime anything to make it reality.

Guest star: Josiane Balasko as herself in French version[42][43]
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 24 November 2015 as episode 13.[44]
The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 26 March 2016.[citation needed]

14
14
"Kung Food"[47]
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
10 January 2016 (2016-01-10)
10 September 2016[9]
125
N/A

Marinette's great uncle, a world-renowned Chinese chef Wang Cheng, visits Paris to participate in a cooking show called The Greatest Chef in the World. Before the competition begins, Marinette and Adrien run into Chloé, who is on the judges' panel. Chloé mocks Cheng for being a foreigner, and in retaliation, Marinette fires back with her own insults. Chloé sabotages Cheng's famous Celestial Soup, causing him to get poor results in front of the judges. Confused and upset, Cheng akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Kung Food", a villain who enslaves those who had eaten his ruined soup and who plans to cook Chloé in the soup.

The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 2 April 2016.[46]

15
15
"Gamer"[49]
"Le Gamer"
Thomas Astruc
Morade Rahni
17 January 2016 (2016-01-17)
24 September 2016[9]
112
N/A

Collège Françoise-Dupont is sending two students to represent them at a video game tournament, where they will compete with other schools in a fighting game known as Ultimate Mega Strike III. After Marinette notices that Adrien is one of the potential candidates, she participates in the selections in order to be able to team up with Adrien. She manages to defeat another candidate, her classmate Max, who has been training for the tournament for a whole year and was looking forward to participating. Upset about all his gaming training gone to waste, Max is tempted by Hawk Moth and turns into the "Gamer", a dark player who uses a pyramid-shaped mecha-like ship, from the Ultimate Mega Strike III game that zaps people and objects, turning them into green "experience point" balls, which upgrades his ship.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 18 April 2016[48]

16
16
"Animan"
Thomas Astruc
Cédric Perrin
Jean-Christophe Hervé
24 January 2016 (2016-01-24)
13 August 2016[51]
113
N/A

Nino develops a crush on Marinette so Adrien tries to help him by asking her out to the zoo. Marinette, however, thinks Adrien is asking her out and happily accepts. When at the zoo, Nino and Marinette are the only ones to show up; Adrien and Alya, at the same time, are hiding out in bushes nearby, helping the two talk to each other by instructing them via earpiece. Meanwhile, Kim mocks the new black panther in the zoo, claiming to the zookeeper Otis, that he can run faster than it. Enraged by his remarks, Otis akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Animan", a villain who can shape-shift into any animal he desires including extinct species. Afterwards, Nino and Alya find interest in each other instead.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 12 April 2016.[50]

17
17
"Antibug"[53]
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
31 January 2016 (2016-01-31)
15 October 2016
124
0.96[54]

Chloé is being harassed by something invisible, and Adrien and Marinette are immediately on the case. After talking with the concierge of the Grand Paris hotel, where Chloé lives, they discover Chloé had a fight with Sabrina, and had claimed that Sabrina is no longer her friend and is completely invisible to her. Heartbroken over her words, Sabrina was akumatized by Hawk Moth, turning into the "Vanisher". As Ladybug and Cat Noir fight the Vanisher, who has just shown up, Chloé decides to join in, donning a fake Ladybug costume. However, this only causes the fight to get more difficult and Ladybug forces Chloé to leave, claiming that she is endangering everyone by staying. Chloé tries to tell Ladybug that the akuma is in Sabrina's rose brooch, but Ladybug does not listen. Only when Chloé has left the scene does Ladybug realize Chloé was right all along, but despite this, Ladybug does not apologize to Chloé. Feeling betrayed by her idol, Chloe also becomes akumatized and turns into "Antibug", a darker, opposite version of Ladybug.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 21 April 2016.[52]

18
18
"The Puppeteer"[55]
"La Marionnettiste"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
7 February 2016 (2016-02-07)
8 October 2016
118
0.99[56]

Marinette is babysitting Manon. They are playing with hand-crafted dolls that Marinette made herself, Marinette playing as Ladybug and Cat Noir and Manon playing as Lady Wifi, Rogercop and Evillustrator. Because Marinette always plays as the Ladybug and Cat Noir dolls, Manon laments that Marinette always wins and bursts into tears. Feeling guilty, Marinette allows Manon to borrow her Ladybug doll. However, Nadja Chamack, Manon's mother, does not want her to borrow it, as she complains Manon already has too many toys; they get into a dispute, resulting in the Ladybug doll getting torn. Despite that, Manon still wants to borrow the Ladybug doll, so she asks Marinette for it behind her mother's back. Marinette hesitates and decide on a compromise instead, allowing her to borrow the Lady Wifi doll instead. Nadja notices Manon playing with the new doll and becomes annoyed that Manon had defied her instructions so she confiscates it from her. Upset, Manon accepts Hawk Moth's akuma and turns into the "Puppeteer", a puppet master who can control the people Marinette's dolls are based on.

The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 20 April 2016.[48]

19
19
"Reflekta"
Thomas Astruc
Sophie Lodwitz
Eve Pisler
21 February 2016 (2016-02-21)
1 October 2016[58]
121
0.91[59]

At class picture day, Marinette's classmate Juleka Couffaine is hesitant about participating, as she is believed to be under a curse where any picture she is in will have her face covered. Wanting to be closer to Adrien in the photo, Chloé has Sabrina lock Juleka in the bathroom while she takes her place in the center of the photo, beside Adrien. Believing that she'll always stay cursed and unnoticed, Juleka is akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Reflekta, a flamboyant villain who can zap people into making them look exactly like her.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 19 April 2016.[57][48]

20
20
"Guitar Villain"[62]
"Guitar Vilain"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
28 February 2016 (2016-02-28)
3 September 2016[62]
120
N/A

Rock musician Jagged Stone has problems with his manager, who wants to change the look of his new album's cover and make him record a duet with XY, a hot new music artist who replaced Stone at the number-one position on the music charts. Although they agree on a compromise on the cover by having Marinette design it, Stone is later offended when he sees Marinette's first design (insisted on by his producer) and further enraged when he watches an interview given by XY, who arrogantly claims that technology matters more than music, rock 'n' roll is no longer in style, and that Stone was no match for him. Stone akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Guitar Villain" (a reference to the title of "guitar hero" given to legendary guitarists in France[60]), a wild musician with a pet dragon, who influences people into headbanging and dancing uncontrollably by playing his guitar.

The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 14 April 2016.[48][61]

21
21
"Pixelator"[63]
"Numéric"
Thomas Astruc
Guillaume Mautalent
Sébastien Oursel
13 March 2016 (2016-03-13)
27 August 2016[63]
107
N/A

Marinette's class is visiting the Grand Paris hotel, as part of a program to try out some of the jobs that the staff do in the hotel on a daily basis, when Jagged Stone arrives. While Jagged is checking in, an overly-obsessed fan named Vincent Aza sneaks in behind him and tries to take a picture with Stone, but he is swiftly kicked out of the hotel by Jagged's assistant, and warned to never approach Stone again. Angry at being shunned by his idol, Vincent is infected by Hawk Moth and turns into "Pixelator", a villain who uses a head-mounted telescopic camera to take photos of people, making them vanish and trapping them in a white empty space by "digitizing" them into living portraits that appear on his apartment wall.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 3 March 2016.[10]
This English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 25 April 2016.[52]

22
22
"Princess Fragrance"[65]
"Princesse Fragrance"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie De Rudder
20 March 2016 (2016-03-20)
14 May 2016[65]
104
N/A

Marinette's classmate Rose Lavillant is excited about Prince Ali's visit to Paris, but is caught at school spraying perfume on her fan letter and using a cellphone in class. Tikki feels ill, so Marinette plans to take her to a healer, but when Marinette trips on the stairs, Tikki is picked up by Chloé, who plans to give Tikki as a plush toy gift to Prince Ali. Chloé tears up Rose's letter, telling Rose that Prince Ali has no interest in her. Hurt, Rose is akumatized by Hawk Moth and becomes "Princess Fragrance", a villain whose perfume spray makes people serve her, and who desires to have Prince Ali for herself. The untransformed Marinette must recover Tikki and stop Princess Fragrance from taking over all of Paris.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 13 March 2016.[10]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 22 April 2016.[64][52]

23
23
"Simon Says"
"Jackady"
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
27 March 2016 (2016-03-27)
20 August 2016
110
0.86[68]

Nino is a contestant in a game show called The Challenge, where he has to get Mayor Bourgeois to dance. Despite being invited to see Nino, Marinette is grounded by her parents for missing too many classes at school, not knowing that she had been working as Ladybug. As Nino completes his challenge, the next contestant, a hypnotist named Simon Grimault (Jacques Grimeau in French version), is given the challenge to hypnotize Adrien's father Gabriel Agreste. However, Gabriel refuses to participate in the challenge, causing Simon to fail. Angry that he was not given the chance to at least try, Simon akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into "Simon Says" (Jackady in French version), an extravagant villain who can hypnotize someone by throwing playing cards at them. While Ladybug provides protection, Adrien has to persuade his stubborn father.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 6 March 2016.[10]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 13 April 2016.[66][67]

24
24
"Volpina"
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Léonie de Rudder
3 April 2016 (2016-04-03)
22 October 2016
126
0.96[69]

Adrien discovers a hidden book in his father's safe with information of the different Miraculous heroes and steals it to learn more. Later, a new student named Lila Rossi arrives who claims to be good friends with Ladybug in order to win Adrien. Jealous and upset by Lila's lies, Marinette begins to tail her, during which time she watches Lila steal the Miraculous book from Adrien. Tikki recogizes the cover design and insists upon taking the book for further study. Lila then tells Adrien that she is descended from the Miraculous holder Volpina, prompting Marinette to transform into Ladybug and call Lila on her lies in front of Adrien. Embarrassed, Lila runs off and becomes tempted by Hawk Moth, who transforms her into "Volpina", the superhero with the power to create illusions, with the hope that she can gain Ladybug and Cat Noir's trust and betray them. The plan fails, though Hawk Moth is not concerned, proclaiming that his "big day" is at hand. Afterwards, Tikki's suspicions about the book are confirmed: it is the long-lost book of lore that contains coded secrets about the Miraculouses. She then brings Marinette to meet the Great Guardian, Master Fu.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 19 March 2016.[10]
The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 26 April 2016.[52]

25
25
"Ladybug & Cat Noir - Origins, Part 1"[37]
"Ladybug et Chat Noir (Origines - Partie 1)"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Quentin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30)
6 August 2016[75][76]
122
0.97[77]

A prequel of the series. It's Marinette's first day of school, and also Adrien tries to attend since his father wouldn't permit him. Hawk Moth captures a butterfly kwami named Nooroo[70][71] and forces his allegiance. Hawk Moth's butterfly brooch allows him to give people what they desire bound to obey his will. He plans on using this task to create villains to lure the heroes out to fight them, so he can steal their Miraculouses and gain absolute power. Master Fu, a 186-year-old Chinese man,[a] is notified of Hawk Moth's capture of Nooroo through Wayzz,[70][71] his own kwami, a turtle. However, he is too old to fight anymore, so he pretends to be a weak old man, travelling Paris to find suitable hosts for the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses. He is helped by Marinette and Adrien, and quickly deploy both the Black Cat and Ladybug Miraculouses to them. As school is dismissed, Ivan and Kim, have a dispute, after Kim sends Ivan an offensive message on paper. Feeling hopeless, Ivan becomes Hawk Moth's first ever victim, turning into "Stoneheart", a giant rock monster who grows in size after taking damage. Marinette and Adrien both find a small box in their rooms, and after touching them, are quickly greeted by Tikki and Plagg. Both kwamis give their hosts a quick explanation; soon Marinette and Adrien transform into Ladybug and Cat Noir and rush to stop Stoneheart. Despite their lack of experience and poor fighting skills, they manage to defeat Stoneheart and free the akuma. However, Ladybug forgets to purify the akuma after the fight; it flies off, duplicating itself and infecting many people, turning them into immobilised Stonehearts. The episode ends as Marinette learns of her mistake, and in her despair, thinking that she cannot do her job as Ladybug, removes her earrings and puts them away under her dressing table, causing Tikki to disappear.

This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 March 2016 as episode 14.[72][73]
The French version of this episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 4 March 2016 as episode 21.[74]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016.[37][38]

26
26
"Stoneheart - Origins, Part 2"[79]
"Cœur de pierre (Origines - Partie 2)"
Thomas Astruc
Thomas Astruc
Quentin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2016 (2016-10-30)
6 August 2016[75][80]
123
0.97[77]

The next morning, Marinette brings her earrings to school, though still upset for forgetting to purify the akuma. Adrien sneaks to school. Questioned by his classmates, nobody believes Ivan when he claims not to remember anything; he storms off in anger when Chloé mocks him. Marinette comforts Ivan; encouraged by her, Ivan sings Mylène a love song, but accidentally scares her off. Ivan turns into Stoneheart again with Hawk Moth's akuma, and takes control of his duplicates around Paris, which come to life. Adrien rushes to stop Stoneheart as Alya takes chase to film the battle; Marinette runs after her, wanting to pass her the earrings. Seeing the danger, Marinette has no choice but to transform; breaking Cat Noir out, they rush to Trocadéro. Ladybug catches Chloé when Stoneheart throws her towards Pont d'Iéna from the Eiffel Tower's lower deck. A swarm of akumas fly out of Stoneheart's mouth, forming Hawk Moth's face, who declares to all Paris they will be spared if Ladybug and Cat Noir's Miraculouses are surrendered. Ladybug refuses, stating that Hawk Moth is the one at wrong, and cleanses the akuma cloud. Ladybug climbs to the top of the tower, using her yo-yo to make Mylène kiss Stoneheart's chest; surprised, he drops the paper ball the akuma is in. Ladybug crushes it and cleanses the akuma. After her magic cleans up the collateral damage, Ladybug passes Mylène Ivan's song lyrics. Later, Adrien's father allows him to go to school while Marinette stands up to Chloé, retaking her seat. That evening after school, it's raining outside; Adrien hands Marinette his umbrella, and the two share an intimate moment before parting ways. Master Fu and Wayzz watch from afar, satisfied with their decision to give them the Miraculouses.

This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 5 March 2016 as episode 22.[78]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 7 April 2016.[79]

text: Season 2 (2017–present)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
English Title
French Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
Netflix release date
Prod.
code

27
1
"The Collector"
"Le Collectionneur"
Thomas Astruc[7]
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau[7]
26 October 2017 (2017-10-26)[81]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
201

Master Fu explains to Marinette his role as a Guardian of the Miraculouses; due to a mistake he made in the past, their temple was wiped out, and the Butterfly and Peacock Miraculouses were lost. He suspects that whoever owned the Miraculous book must be Hawk Moth, sending Marinette into a panic at the thought that it could be Adrien. Meanwhile, Gabriel grounds Adrien for stealing and losing the book. When Marinette learns the book was Gabriel's, she suspects he may be Hawk Moth instead. Hawk Moth unleashes an akuma, but then de-transforms and Gabriel then akumatizes himself into "The Collector", a supervillain who throws a book around to capture anything it touches into his book. After Ladybug and Cat Noir eventually defeat him and transform him back to Gabriel, Master Fu is not so sure he is cleared of being Hawk Moth. Master Fu captures the contents of the book onto a smartphone, and Marinette returns the book to Gabriel, who reveals that he obtained the book during an overseas trip with his wife and that it is his last memento of her. He rescinds Adrien's grounding and shares a hug with him and Adrien returns to school to the joy of his classmates. Gabriel returns to his secret lair and transforms into Hawk Moth, having fooled the heroes and vowing to get their Miraculouses.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 4 November 2017.[citation needed]

28
2
"Despair Bear"
"Doudou Vilain"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Nolwenn Pierre
Sébastien Thibaudeau
27 October 2017 (2017-10-27)[83]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

After Chloé sets off a false fire alarm forcing the entire student body to do chores as punishment, Adrien scolds Chloé telling her that she must be 'nice' to people if she wants them to remain friends. Chloé's butler Jean has her host a party for everyone and encouraging her to what her old teddy bear would do. Confident, Hawk Moth sends an akuma beforehand. During the party, Chloé tries her best, but when seeing Adrien dancing with Marinette, Chloé loses her temper and Jean accidentally reveals her teddy bear, leading Chloé to embarrassment and to fire him. Feeling vengeful, the akuma then targets Jean, and turns into "Despair Bear", a doll-sized villain who has the ability to manipulate anyone he touches.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 11 November 2017.[82]

29
3
"Prime Queen"
"Audimatrix"
Thomas Astruc[85]
Christelle Abgrall
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau[85]
29 October 2017 (2017-10-29)[86]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Marinette has to babysit Manon, but realizes Ladybug has to interview for a television show, so she invites Alya over and excuses herself to help her parents downstairs. Realizing she needs higher television ratings, host Nadja Chamack resorts to asking about Ladybug and Cat Noir's supposed romantic relationship, which causes Ladybug to depart, dragging Cat Noir in tow. Laid off, Nadja is akumatized by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Prime Queen", a naughty reporter whose ability to teleport through television screens and posters; she creates a show in order to capture the two heroes.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 18 November 2017.[84]

30
4
"Befana"
"La Béfana"
Thomas Astruc
Benoît Boucher
Thomas Astruc
Mélanie Duval
Sébastien Thibaudeau
30 October 2017 (2017-10-30)[89]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Marinette is excited today is her birthday. Not only that, but her grandmother Gina Dupain is also visiting. Despite being excited to visit Marinette, Gina is surprised to see how much Marinette has grown up, but is saddened when Marinette does mostly new things. While hanging out, Marinette heads to where her friends planned her surprise party and ditches Gina. Feeling rejected, Gina becomes influenced by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Befana", a mean-spirited baddie with the ability to turn people who do bad things into coal and those who do good into angels, who become her servants, with a gun filled with candy she wanted to give Marinette.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 25 November 2017.[87][88]

31
5
"Riposte"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
1 November 2017 (2017-11-01)[91]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

On the fencing court, Marinette has hopes of joining to impress Adrien. Armand assigns the new recruits to pair with the experience ones. A new student, Kagami Tsurugi, the daughter of a famous fencer, moved in Paris and challenges Adrien to show everyone she's the best fencer. After a duel, Marinette, not wanting Adrien to be second best and not sure how the battle ended, due to Kagami chasing Adrien around and battling fiercely and roughly, declares Adrien the winner, much to Kagami's dismay and humiliation, causing her to depart from the school. Disappointed, Kagami becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Riposte", a silver armor samurai villain with the power to slice and cut anything in half with one armed sword.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 2 December 2017.[90]

32
6
"Robostus"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
3 November 2017 (2017-11-03)[93]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

When Max builds Markov, a miniature robot capable of real human emotions, he is hesitant to even reveal him. After helping prevent a computer virus from wiping the school's servers, Principal Damocles instead confiscates Markov thinking that he's a toy. Markov even becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth, and turns into "Robostus", a techno-threat capable of giving life to mechanical devices. When Hawk Moth tells Robostus to bring him the Miraculous, he mistakenly informs him of their power to grant wishes. Robostus takes Max with him in his new megasized body to the Paris Stadium, where he ambushes Ladybug and Cat Noir. When Robostus is about to gain the heroic duo's Miraculouses, he intends to take them for himself to gain mortality; only for Max, wanting his friend back, to free Ladybug and Cat Noir, who capture and de-evilize Markov. Marinette asks Master Fu, who elaborates the Miraculouses' ability to grant wishes. Due to the universe needing to maintain balance who ever is granted a wish, someone else must lose the very thing wished for. Marinette promises Master Fu to not allow this, and to continue guarding her own Miraculous.

The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 9 December 2017.[92]

33
7
"Gigantitan"
Thomas Astruc
Christelle Abgrall
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
26 November 2017 (2017-11-26)[94][95]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Today is a great day for Marinette: she and her friends Mylène, Rose, Juleka, Alix and, of course, Alya, have come up with a flawless plan to help Marinette propose a romantic stroll to Adrien. But nothing is going as planned and Adrien's bodyguard, annoyed by the girls, becomes Hawk Moth's target. However, while the latter tries to akumatize him, the Gorilla calms down. The akuma then transforms a young child, who is nearby and upset at not having his candy, into Gigantitan, a fifty foot (disobedient) giant.

34
8
"The Dark Owl"
"Le Hibou Noir"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)[97]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Principal Damocles starts characterizing his favorite hero Knightowl and acts like him as well. However, while performing, he becomes the laughing stock of the school when Ladybug and Cat Noir thought he was trying to play hero and tried to perform a stunt that went horribly wrong. Humiliated, Damocles becomes akumatized and turns into Dark Owl, the actual superhero, and traps the heroes in a chamber to reveal their true identities. Not ready to know each other's identity yet, they de-transform with their eyes closed as Ladybug gives Hawk Moth fake Miraculouses, unaware that Tikki and Plagg start to meet each other and begin to know the identities of one another.

This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on December 5, 2017[96]

35
9
"Glaciator"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
14 January 2018 (2018-01-14)[100]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Marinette, Alya and her other friends go to eat some ice cream together at André, a famous ice cream maker in Paris. According to a legend, the couple who eats an ice cream at André's place will love each other forever! Marinette hopes that Adrien will be there, but he did not come. For a good reason: he transformed into Cat Noir to prepare a candlelight dinner for Ladybug. Disappointed by the absence of Adrien, Marinette refuses to eat the ice cream André gave her. Depressed over the failed romance, Andre becomes akumatized by Hawk Moth and turns into Glaciator, a giant ice cream snowman with the power that transforms 'single people' into ice cream and they start to melt! Ladybug and Cat Noir must not get cold feet if they want to stop him. In the midst, Marinette comes to know Cat Noir's genuine and sensitive side.

This episode was scheduled to premiere on TFOU on December 17, 2017, but it did not air due to production issues.[98][99]

36
10
"Sapotis"
Thomas Astruc
Jun Violet
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Fred Lenoir
Sébastien Thibaudeau
21 January 2018 (2018-01-21)[101]
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Marinette helps Alya babysit the latter's twin sisters Ella and Etta. When they keep staying up and refuse to go to bed, Alya forbids them from going to the amusement park the next day and confiscate one of their hats. The twins are fighting over the other hat, then Hawk Moth akumatize them into Sapotis, a pair of small but totally unpredictable monsters that multiply and cause havoc. When Ladybug and Cat Noir are overwhelmed by the creatures, Ladybug is prompted by her Lucky Charm to visit Master Fu, who loans her the Fox Miraculous. Ladybug gives the Miraculous to Alya, who, with the command of Trixx the kwami, transforms into the fox-themed superheroine Rena Rouge. After the three heroes overcome the Sapotis menace, Alya reluctantly returns the Fox Miraculous to Ladybug and keeps the details of her adventure a secret.

37
11
"Gorizilla"
Thomas Astruc
Benoît Boucher
Thomas Astruc
Matthieu Choquet
Mélanie Duval
Sébastien Thibaudeau
TBA
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Adrien sneaks out to watch a particular movie Solitude in which his mother plays the lead role, but gets mobbed and runs into Marinette who he turns to for help. Meanwhile, Gabriel suspects his son might be Cat Noir. He sends Adrien's bodyguard after him, when the Gorilla just got his car towed for illegal parking, and Gabriel transforms into Hawk Moth and decides to akumatize the frustrated bodyguard to get faster results. The Gorilla becomes Gorizilla, a giant ape with enormous strength and a keen sense of smell, and begins to follow Adrien all through Paris. Ladybug jumps into action to save Adrien, while the latter tries to hide and transform into Cat Noir to help Ladybug. In the end, when the villain is defeated, Gabriel is convinced he was wrong about Adrien being Cat Noir since he saw both them at the same time (but he actually saw one of Adrien's fans, who disguised himself as Adrien). When the real Adrien returns home, Gabriel shows him the movie he wanted to watch, in order to gain more of his trust.

This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on March 14, 2018.[102]

38
12
"Captain Hardrock"
"Capitaine Hardrock"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Fred Lenoir
Jean-Remi Perrin
Sébastien Thibaudeau
TBA (TBA)
30 March 2018 (2018-03-30)
TBA

Today is Paris' music festival, Marinette and her friends are all setting up at the Couffaine houseboat. Juleka's mother, Anarka, will direct the stage. However, Marinette worries about Adrien, since his father has isolated him again after making a mistake in his piano act. In spite of Alya's reassures, Marinette goes to find Juleka's brother, Luka, and discovers they share similar hobbies and feels attracted to him. When Luka practices the guitar recital, it causes a huge sound wave creating a disturbance in Paris, which prompts Officer Roger and the police to disqualify Anarka's stage performance. Upset and dejected, Anarka is akumatized by Hawk Moth and becomes Captain Hardrock, a pirate who wants to blast her music across Paris, ruining Jagged Stone and XY's concerts.

This episode first premiered worldwide in the U.S. on Netflix on March 30, 2018. It also premiered in Canada on Family Channel.

39
13
"Zombizou"
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
Thomas Astruc
Wilfried Pain
TBA (TBA)
TBA
TBA

It's Miss Bustier's birthday and all her cherish students have gifts for her, except for Chloé. After being called out for it, she messes up Marinette's gift. When Marinette is privately talked by Miss Bustier in the hall, her protest makes her a target for Hawk Moth. Miss Bustier calms her down, but she ends up akumatized trying to save Marinette. She is brainwashed into the love spreading "Zombizou", whose kiss contagiously turns others into kissing zombies, and she targets Chloé. Ladybug and Cat Noir gather an evacuation at the Eiffel Tower from the kissing invasion. When Bustier is de-evilized, Chloé actually admits the fault is hers and accepts forgiveness; on the other hand, conquering true love gives Hawk Moth the hope for his wish.

This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on April 13, 2018.[103]

40
14
"Syren"
Thomas Astruc
TBA
TBA (TBA)
TBA
TBA

This episode was originally supposed to air on April 21, 2018 in the UK, but it didn't due to a sudden change of schedule.
This episode will first premiere worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on May 5, 2018.[104]
The English version of this episode will premiere in the UK on Disney Channel on May 12, 2018.[105]

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
English Title
French Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date (France)
U.S. release date
Prod.
code [9]

S1
"A Christmas Special"[5]
"Pire Noël"[107]
Thomas Astruc
Story by:
Jeremy Zag

Teleplay by:
Thomas Astruc, Fred Lenoir, and Sébastien Thibaudeau
11 December 2016 (2016-12-11)[107]
20 December 2016 (Netflix)[5]
TBA

While preparing for Christmas Eve, Adrien is about to spend his first Christmas without his mother. Thinking that his father does not want to celebrate the holidays this year, Adrien turns into Cat Noir and leaves his home to sing his anger in snowy Paris. When his father discovers that Adrien is not in his room, he becomes extremely worried. Hearing the news, Marinette transforms into Ladybug and finds Adrien, who has reverted back to his normal self, in the company of a Santa. Ladybug thinks the Santa is akumatized and wants to trouble Adrien, so she pushes him away. Scorned, the Santa actually becomes a victim of Hawk Moth as "Santa Claws",[b] who plans to make this Christmas the worst in the history of Paris.
The special is done in a musical format, with various characters breaking into song throughout the episode.[106]

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: A series of webisodes, Miraculous: La Webserie, was released by TF1. They can also be found on the official YouTube channel of the cartoon. They contain clips from various episodes and are usually narrated by Marinette, who writes in her diary, or by the others.[108] Nick also released the English version on their website as Miraculous Secrets (also A Miraculous Message), as well as on YouTube.[109] A 2D-animated series of webisodes was also released, titled Miraculous: Tales from Paris (Miraculous, une journée à Paris).

text: Miraculous Secrets[edit]

text:
No.
English title (web title / title card)
French title [109]
Original release date (France)
English release date (U.S.)

W1
"Cat Noir as seen by Marinette"
"Chat Noir vu par Marinette"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette writes about having Cat Noir as a superhero partner in her diary.

W2
"Marinette and Adrien"
"Marinette et Adrien"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette writes about her feelings for Adrien in her diary and decides to make him the scarf seen in "The Bubbler".

W3
"Marinette's Double Life"
"La double vie de Marinette (The double life of Marinette)"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her superhero life as Ladybug

W4
"My Birthday Party"
"Ma fête d'anniversaire (The Birthday Party)"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her classmates while wondering whom to invite to her birthday party

W5
"Marinette and Alya"
"Marinette et Alya"
5 October 2016 (2016-10-05)
24 September 2016

Marinette talks about her friendship with Alya and what they like to do together

W6
"Marinette in Paris / The City of Paris / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Paris!"[110]
"Marinette et Paris (Marinette and Paris)"
12 October 2016 (2016-10-12)
17 December 2015

Marinette talks about her favorite monuments in Paris, including the Louvre, the Trocadéro and the Eiffel Tower.

W7
"Marinette and Fashion / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Fashion!"[111]
"Marinette et la mode"
20 October 2016 (2016-10-20)
8 January 2016

When asked about her career plans, Marinette talks about being a fashion designer, what she has designed, and what inspires her.

W8
"Ladyblog / Alya's Ladyblog / A Miraculous message from Alya"[112]
"Ladyblog"
27 October 2016 (2016-10-27)
22 January 2016

Alya talks about her Ladyblog website.

W9
"Adrien's Double Life / A Miraculous message from Adrien"[113]
"La double vie d'Adrien"
27 October 2016 (2016-10-27)
29 January 2016

Adrien talks about his life as a teenage model, the son of a rich and famous fashion designer, and his excitement about being a student. He also talks about life as Cat Noir.

W10
"Ladybug as seen by Adrien / Adrien's Love Letter / A Miraculous message from Adrien: Love Letter!"[114]
"Ladybug vue par Adrien (Ladybug seen by Adrien)"
3 November 2016 (2016-11-03)
9 January 2016

Adrien brainstorms some ideas in writing a love letter to Ladybug, and ends up crumpling it and tossing it in the garbage.

text: Tales from Paris[edit]

text:
No.
English title (web title / title card)
French title [109]
Original release date (France)
English release date (U.S.)

T1
"The Notebook"
"Le carnet"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
18 January 2017

Marinette, Alya, and Juleka cheer up Rose after Chloe makes fun of her notebook.

T2
"Inspiration"
"Inspiration"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
26 January 2017

Marinette works on a design for a dress to wear to a school dance.

T3
"Repetition"
"Répétition"
30 January 2017 (2017-01-30) ((TF1)
15 February 2017

Tikki helps Marinette practise asking out Adrien.

T4
"Busy Day"
"Grosse journée"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
16 March 2017

Marinette helps her parents in the bakery.

T5
"Homework Essay"
"L'exposé"
3 February 2017 (2017-02-03) (TF1)
3 April 2017

Marinette has to make a presentation on a person who inspires her.

text: Home media[edit]

text: In the United States and Canada, the first DVD, featuring seven episodes from season one, with both English and French audio tracks, was released on 3 May 2016 by Shout! Factory.[115][116] Another DVD, subtitled Spots On!, which contains six episodes, was released on 30 August 2016.[117] A third DVD, Be Miraculous, which contains seven episodes (including the two-part prequel), was released on 10 January 2017 .[118] A fourth DVD, It's Ladybug was released on 11 April 2017.

text:
DVD title
Season
Episodes
Release date

Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir
1
7

List[show]

"The Bubbler"
"Mr. Pigeon"
"Stormy Weather"
"Timebreaker"
"Copycat"
"The Pharaoh"
"Lady Wifi"

3 May 2016

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Spots On!
1
6

List[show]

"The Evillustrator"
"Rogercop"
"Dark Cupid"
"Horrificator"
"Darkblade"
"The Mime"

30 August 2016

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Be Miraculous
1
7

List[show]

"Ladybug & Cat Noir (Origins, Part 1)"
"Stone Heart (Origins, Part 2)"
"Animan"
"Simon Says"
"Pixelator"
"Guitar Villain"
"Kung Food"

10 January 2017

Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: It's Ladybug
1
6

List[show]

"Gamer"
"Antibug"
"The Puppeteer"
"Refletka"
"Princess Fragrance"
"Volpina"

11 April 2017

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Ladybug et Chat Noir (Origines - Partie 1)". Miraculous: Les Aventures de Ladybug et Chat Noir. Season 1. Episode 22 (in French). 4 March 2016. Event occurs at 02:40. Télé-Québec. Encore jeune! Je n'ai que cent-quatre-vingt-six ans! (Still young! I am only 186 years old!
Jump up ^ In the Christmas special, Santa, or Père Noël (lit. Father Christmas) is akumatized into Pire Noël (lit. "worst Christmas").

tag: ol


document_title: List of The Last Ship episodes

question_text: how many episodes in season 4 of last ship

root

text: List of The Last Ship episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
10
June 22, 2014 (2014-06-22)
August 24, 2014 (2014-08-24)

2
13
June 21, 2015 (2015-06-21)
September 6, 2015 (2015-09-06)

3
13
May 30, 2016 (2016-05-30)
September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11)

4
10
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Phase Six"
Jonathan Mostow
Hank Steinberg and Steven Kane
June 22, 2014 (2014-06-22)
5.33[5]

Two civilian virologists, Drs. Rachel Scott and Quincy Tophet, claiming to be studying birds, join Captain Tom Chandler and crew aboard the USS Nathan James on their way to the Arctic. Renegade Russian forces attack them, and Chandler learns the virologists are actually collecting samples of a deadly virus that has infected 80 percent of the human population while they have been at sea. The remaining U.S. government orders the ship home, and those aboard try desperately - many in vain - to contact their family. After a nuclear detonation, the crew boards a ship filled with dead, infected people. The safest place to develop a vaccine is on their ship in open water.

2
2
"Welcome to Gitmo"
Jack Bender
Hank Steinberg and Josh Schaer
June 29, 2014 (2014-06-29)
4.65[6]

Chandler and his crew head to the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in hopes of collecting food, medical supplies and fuel replenishments. Three teams are dispatched to carry out these varied tasks. While there, they come under attack by escaped Al-Qaeda prisoners and enlist the help of a grizzled private contractor who's been surviving for weeks. Meanwhile back onboard, Dr. Tophet is following orders from some unknown source and tries to sabotage proceedings, delaying departure long enough for a Russian battlecruiser to arrive on the scene.

3
3
"Dead Reckoning"
Jack Bender
Steven Kane
July 6, 2014 (2014-07-06)
4.09[7]

The Nathan James faces off against a Russian battlecruiser and its commander, a legendary admiral studied by Chandler. Dr. Tophet attempts to kidnap Scott, and reveals that the Russians are holding his family hostage. The Nathan James attempts to escape by stealth, and Green and Foster go on a mission to disable the Russian ship.

4
4
"We'll Get There"
Jack Bender
Quinton Peeples
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
4.56[8]

After leaving Gitmo, the ship and its crew are in danger when the propulsion system encounters serious mechanical problems. Scott's samples of the virus and all her research must be protected from overheating, while Chandler comes up with ideas to face the ship's low water supplies and the lack of propulsion.

5
5
"El Toro"
Paul Holahan
Hank Steinberg and Cameron Welsh
July 20, 2014 (2014-07-20)
4.06[9]

Chandler leads an expedition team in the jungle to find monkey samples for Scott's experiments, trying to complete her vaccine research. The crew are held in captivity by a former drug lord who's running the uninfected village near the river and they soon find themselves in trouble trying to accomplish their mission and help the local people.

6
6
"Lockdown"
Sergio Mimica-Gezzan
Hank Steinberg
July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)
4.36[10]

While Scott is announced to be close to success with her vaccine trials, Green contracts an illness that throws the ship into panic. Chandler has to deal with the crew's losing faith in both him and the vaccine research.

7
7
"SOS"
Michael Katleman
Jessica Butler and Jill Blankenship
August 3, 2014 (2014-08-03)
4.15[11]

Close to the cure, the doctor discovers that a human strand has been added to the virus, making it next to impossible to find the cure. In the comms room, a distress signal is picked up from the sole survivor of 50 people on a Jamaican fishing vessel. The crew is ambushed at the end of their mission to find the survivor and, in the ensuing gun battle, Tex and Chandler are left stranded in open water. They are both captured by the Russians.

8
8
"Two Sailors Walk Into a Bar..."
Michael Katleman
Josh Schaer and Cameron Welsh
August 10, 2014 (2014-08-10)
4.61[12]

The Captain and Tex are transferred to the Russian ship. The Russians threaten to destroy the Nathan James if the crew does not turn over Dr. Scott, her research and the primordial strain of the virus. The crew is forced to come up with a way to save the captain and Tex. Despite a successful rescue of the three prisoners and two civilians being held and the apparent destruction of the Russian war ship, the episode ends with a tragedy.

9
9
"Trials"
Jack Bender
Onalee Hunter Hughes
August 17, 2014 (2014-08-17)
4.12[13]

With Dr. Scott back on board, the crew begins prepping for human testing of the vaccine. Six volunteer crew members are selected as test subjects, based on their genetics. However, the testing does not go smoothly, as the sailors suffer symptoms and side effects that are unexpected and far worse than anticipated by Drs. Scott and Tophet, who disagree on the cause and go to extreme measures to counter which all seem to fail. In the process however, Scott determines the virus causes a severe autoimmune response, turning the body into its worst enemy. The crew eventually comes up with the vaccine and the cure, but not before they lose one of their own.

10
10
"No Place Like Home"
Brad Turner
Steven Kane
August 24, 2014 (2014-08-24)
4.38[14]

The Nathan James returns to the U.S. after making contact with a government facility in Baltimore under the direction of Granderson, (Alisha Granderson's mother), a surviving member of the Defense Policy board, and where Dr. Scott is hoping that mass production of the vaccine can be achieved but not all is as it seems. Chandler locates his family only to realize that a terrible secret is hiding behind what seems to be the new order. Meanwhile, state troopers allied with Granderson take over the ship, killing and injuring crew members, taking control of Nathan James' lab and the vaccine.

text: Season 2 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

11
1
"Unreal City"
Jack Bender
Hank Steinberg & Steven Kane
June 21, 2015 (2015-06-21)
2.94[15]

With Granderson's men in possession of the Nathan James and Dr. Scott's samples of the cure, Chandler attempts to rally the few men he has available to hit her where it hurts and comes across an unexpected ally in Thornwald.

12
2
"Fight the Ship"
Jack Bender
Hank Steinberg & Steven Kane
June 21, 2015 (2015-06-21)
2.94[15]

As Chandler and Thornwald raid Granderson's headquarters, the crew of the Nathan James fights to reclaim control of their ship.

13
3
"It's Not a Rumor"
Tim Matheson
Hank Steinberg
June 28, 2015 (2015-06-28)
3.28[16]

The ship reaches Norfolk and makes contact with several teams of Navy pilots and SEALs and scattered remnants of other branches of the U.S. Armed Forces and civilian medical and scientific experts. It is found that several labs are up and running throughout the world, several planes are sent to deliver and spread the cure. Several crew teams are dispatched to search for their families, with some success. Chandler is torn between his family and his duty.
Parallel to these events we see Niels who, after his escape from Ruskov, is now in Florida where he infects and kills a small group of people. He ends up with a group of naturally immune survivors who see themselves as the true "inheritors of the Earth".

14
4
"Solace"
Sergio Mimica-Gezzan
Steven Kane
July 5, 2015 (2015-07-05)
2.62[17]

The discovery of a hospital ship in the ocean brings about the Nathan James as they investigate it for supplies to bolster Dr. Scott's lab for manufacturing the cure; however, the ship has been boarded by armed mercenaries searching for the cure.

15
5
"Achilles"
Jack Bender
Mark Malone
July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)
3.00[18]

Following the fight on the hospital ship, the Nathan James plays cat and mouse with the submarine as their prisoner reveals startling information about his comrades and their goals.

16
6
"Long Day's Journey"
Paul Holahan
Steven Kane
July 19, 2015 (2015-07-19)
3.02[19]

With the cure labs destroyed by the immune, Chandler goes in to hunt down the submarine and its crew while Dr. Scott attempts to complete her mentor's work in creating a powdered version of the cure.

17
7
"Alone and Unafraid"
Nelson McCormick
Jill Blankenship & Jessica Butler
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
2.96[20]

Undercover inside of the Immune commune, Chandler works out a way to get the President away from the immune as the crew also discovers that Niels is with the immune, and trying to spread the virus to isolate the immune from the rest.

18
8
"Safe Zone"
Hank Steinberg
Hank Steinberg
August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)
2.86[21]

Chandler tries to gain intel and reverse the brainwashing suffered by Michener. While Rachel attempts to reconstruct Dr. Hunter's lost formula while wrestling with the knowledge that her bitter enemy is now on board the Nathan James once again.

19
9
"Uneasy Lies the Head"
Peter Weller
Nic Van Zeebroeck
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)
2.98[22]

Chandler and his team set out to find supplies and materials for Dr. Scott's lab, only to tangle with bounty hunters and the Immunes. Meanwhile, Rachel's effort to find a spreadable cure depends on the scientist who nearly erased mankind.

20
10
"Friendly Fire"
Mario Van Peebles
Onalee Hunter Hughes
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)
2.81[23]

Alishia decodes a message found on a cell phone, that was recovered from the Immunes on land. Rachel is hard at work, to find a more efficient version of the cure.

21
11
"Valkyrie"
Olatunde Osunsanmi
Steven Kane
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)
2.69[24]

A message implicating the Navy in a devastating disaster is broadcast by Sean Ramsey, and causes problems aboard the ship.

22
12
"Cry Havoc"
Greg Beeman
Mark Malone & Nic Van Zeebroeck
August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)
2.96[25]

The Nathan James is trapped between a sub and the civilian blockades set up by the Immunes; Chandler sends Dr. Scott and the cure off the ship under Slattery's protection. The Nathan James engages the Immune sub, the Achilles but exhausts all of its ammunition for all but the ship's forward cannon which is a surface weapon. Recognizing this, the Nathan James lures the Achilles near shore, forcing the Achilles to the surface and rendering it vulnerable to the Nathan James cannon. The Achilles is nearly able to fire torpedoes before the Nathan James is ready, but Slattery, Tex and Green take over an Immune shore missile battery and fire upon the Achilles. Combined fire from the Nathan James and the shore battery finally sink the Achilles, but Ramsey survives trapped at the bottom of the sea. At the same time, Dr. Scott proves the effectiveness of her contagious cure.

23
13
"A More Perfect Union"
Jack Bender
Anne Cofell-Saunders
September 6, 2015 (2015-09-06)
2.75[26]

The Nathan James puts a call out to civilians to meet at ports along the Mississippi River, where they will receive the cure; small immune factions remain active in their quest to fight the cure. While the Immunes try to stop the distribution of the cure by pretending to be Navy personnel and exposing uninfected people to the virus, they are stopped and their leader is captured while the crew proves they're telling the truth by spreading the cure aerosolized. In St. Louis, Missouri, the ship is greeted by a massive crowd, including Jeter's estranged in-laws who make up with him. The crew spreads the contagious cure as planned and Michener is sworn in as President. He also gets the Immune leader they captured to stop the efforts against them in exchange for a pardon. The Nathan James is put into dry dock for repairs from the damage it suffered fighting the Achilles and Chandler is promoted to Chief of Naval Operations. Dr. Scott is pardoned as well, but is shot in the hallway of a hotel.

text: Season 3 (2016)[edit]

text: On August 11, 2015, The Last Ship was renewed for a 13-episode third season,[27] which was scheduled to premiere on June 12, 2016, but postponed following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting due to the plot of the episode also containing a mass shooting in a nightclub.[28][29]

tag: p

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

24
1
"The Scott Effect"
Michael Katleman
Steven Kane
May 30, 2016 (2016-05-30)[a]
1.86[31]

It's been several months since the United States began rebuilding, with Chandler as the new Chief of Naval Operations and Slattery as the new captain of the Nathan James, though they are still reeling following Dr. Scott's death. While Chandler is in China trying to deal with the obstructive Peng to pass on the cure, Slattery and several other officers are ambushed at a Vietnamese nightclub while building relations with the locals. Dr. Scott is definitively dead.

25
2
"Rising Sun"
Michael Katleman
Hank Steinberg
June 19, 2016 (2016-06-19)
1.78[32]

As Lt. Green and Burke evade the pirates who captured Slattery, Garnett, and others, an attempt on his life leads Chandler off the grid as he, Wolf, and a local CIA agent try to make their way back to the Nathan James.

26
3
"Shanzhai"
Paul Holahan
Jorge Zamacona
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
2.42[33]

Chandler travels to Shanzhai for information about the missing crew members, who try to get an idea of what they've been captured for.

27
4
"Devil May Care"
Paul Holahan
Nic Van Zeebroeck
July 3, 2016 (2016-07-03)
1.97[34]

With the public reveal of Slattery and company's abductions, Chandler and the Nathan James must infiltrate Peng's estate for a possible location on the captives.

28
5
"Minefield"
Peter Weller
Mark Malone
July 10, 2016 (2016-07-10)
2.50[35]

While en route to find Takehaya, the Nathan James must first navigate a dangerous and tricky minefield.

29
6
"Dog Day"
Michael Nankin
Jill Blankenship & Onalee Hunter Hughes
July 17, 2016 (2016-07-17)
2.35[36]

The Nathan James assaults Takehaya's hideout to rescue their captured crew members.

30
7
"In the Dark"
Steven Kane
Katie Swain
July 24, 2016 (2016-07-24)
2.46[37]

With Takehaya in custody and the captured crew members rescued, things should be smooth sailing for the Nathan James, but they soon find themselves pursued by Chinese ships, while Michener deals with the fallout after his dark secret is leaked.

31
8
"Sea Change"
Jennifer Lynch
Sarah H. Haught
July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31)
2.40[38]

As Chandler and the Nathan James search for those responsible for the nightclub attack, they unearth a dark secret behind the cure's ineffectiveness on Takehaya; back stateside, the United States deals with the death of Michener.

32
9
"Paradise"
Paul Holahan
Jorge Zamacona
August 14, 2016 (2016-08-14)
2.00[39]

Chandler and the Nathan James search for Peng's anti-cure weapons while back in Saint Louis, Kara uncovers dark secrets about the new leadership.

33
10
"Scuttle"
Mairzee Almas
Ira Parker
August 21, 2016 (2016-08-21)
2.32[40]

Following the ambush that left two Navy ships sunk, the short-supplied Nathan James intends to stop Peng before it's too late, only for things to get complicated when a warrant is issued for Chandler's arrest; Kara seeks the truth about Shaw's coup.

34
11
"Legacy"
Paul Holahan
Hiram Martinez
August 28, 2016 (2016-08-28)
2.54[41]

Chandler faces Peng in a final showdown. Kara finds some backup to help in her mission.

35
12
"Resistance"
Anton Cropper
Mark Malone & Nic Van Zeebroeck
September 4, 2016 (2016-09-04)
2.13[42]

The Nathan James heads into San Diego while the ousted President and his team head to meet them, both groups planning to resist the new order and bring back democracy.

36
13
"Don't Look Back"
Peter Weller
Jill Blankenship & Onalee Hunter Hughes
September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11)
2.27[43]

As the crew of the Nathan James makes its move to capture the regional leaders, Shaw makes one final attempt to kill Chandler.

text: Jump up ^ The first episode of the third season, "The Scott Effect", was aired as a special premiere, three weeks before its formal premiere on June 19, 2016.[30]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

37
1
"In Medias Res"
Paul Holahan
Steven Kane
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
1.87[44]

Sixteen months after stopping the coup, the Nathan James searches for seeds with immunity to the red rust virus affecting the world's plant life; Tom Chandler attempts to live a quiet life in Greece.

38
2
"The Pillars of Hercules"
Reza Tabrizi
Onalee Hunter
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
1.65[44]

The Nathan James heads to the suspected location of the seeds only to be caught in an ambush; Chandler is brought into a gang fight club.

39
3
"Bread and Circuses"
Bobby Roth
Ira Parker
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
1.65[45]

The crew's search for a precious item leads them to a strange place of opulence and violence where they cross paths with an unexpected ally.

40
4
"Nostos"
Kenneth Fink
Jill Blankenship
September 3, 2017 (2017-09-03)
1.67[46]

The crew searches for one of their own while enemies close in on all sides; Slattery is haunted by visions of the past.

41
5
"Allegiance"
Steven Kane
Michael Sussman
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
1.46[47]

The crew of the Nathan James divert from their mission when they receive a suspicious distress call from a fishing trawler while Chandler deals with the mixed emotions of the crew regarding his return.

42
6
"Tempest"
Peter Weller
Katie Swain
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1.58[48]

With Vellek and his allies closing in, the crew takes the Nathan James into a massive storm to lose them, while Fletch puts his plan into action.

43
7
"Feast"
Bill Roe
Hiram Martinez
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
1.54[49]

The Nathan James searches Giorgio's "fight club" for information regarding Dr. Vellek's whereabouts, but things turn south when an old enemy seeks vengeance against Giorgio.

44
8
"Lazaretto"
Paul Holahan
Story by : Sean Cook
Teleplay by : Jill Blankenship
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
1.34[50]

The crew infiltrates Vellek's test facility; Fletcher tries to turn Giorgio against his father.

45
9
"Detect, Deceive, Destroy"
Lukas Ettlin
Story by : Onalee Hunter Hughes & Jill Blankenship
Teleplay by : Onalee Hunter Hughes
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
1.34[51]

As the Nathan James heads to Malta to stop the spread of Vellek's cure, the crew must confront the full force of his defenses.

46
10
"Endgame"
Peter Weller
Hiram Martinez & Ira Parker
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
1.20[51]

With Vellek's plan coming to fruition, Chandler and Slattery employ a risky gambit to stop him.


document_title: Preamble to the United States Constitution

question_text: how does the us government form a more perfect union

text: Text

text: We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence,[note 1] promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

text: Drafting

text: The Preamble was placed in the Constitution during the last days of the Constitutional Convention by the Committee on Style, which wrote its final draft, with Gouverneur Morris leading the effort. It was not proposed or discussed on the floor of the convention beforehand. The initial wording of the preamble did not refer to the people of the United States, rather, it referred to people of the various states, which was the norm. In earlier documents, including the 1778 Treaty of Alliance with France, the Articles of Confederation, and the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing American independence, the word "people" was not used, and the phrase the United States was followed immediately by a listing of the states, from north to south.[1] The change was made out of necessity, as the Constitution provided that whenever the popularly elected ratifying conventions of nine states gave their approval, it would go into effect for those nine, irrespective of whether any of the remaining states ratified.[2]

text: Meaning and application

text: The Preamble serves solely as an introduction, and does not assign powers to the federal government,[3] nor does it provide specific limitations on government action. Due to the Preamble's limited nature, no court has ever used it as a decisive factor in case adjudication,[4] except as regards frivolous litigation.[5]

text: Judicial relevance

text: The courts have shown interest in any clues they can find in the Preamble regarding the Constitution's meaning.[6] Courts have developed several techniques for interpreting the meaning of statutes and these are also used to interpret the Constitution.[7] As a result, the courts have said that interpretive techniques that focus on the exact text of a document[8] should be used in interpreting the meaning of the Constitution. Balanced against these techniques are those that focus more attention on broader efforts to discern the meaning of the document from more than just the wording;[9] the Preamble is also useful for these efforts to identify the "spirit" of the Constitution.

text: Additionally, when interpreting a legal document, courts are usually interested in understanding the document as its authors did and their motivations for creating it;[10] as a result, the courts have cited the Preamble for evidence of the history, intent and meaning of the Constitution as it was understood by the Founders.[11] Although revolutionary in some ways, the Constitution maintained many common law concepts (such as habeas corpus, trial by jury, and sovereign immunity),[12] and courts deem that the Founders' perceptions of the legal system that the Constitution created (i.e., the interaction between what it changed and what it kept from the British legal system[13]) are uniquely important because of the authority "the People" invested them with to create it.[14] Along with evidence of the understandings of the men who debated and drafted the Constitution at the Constitutional Convention, the courts are also interested in the way that government officials have put into practice the Constitution's provisions, particularly early government officials,[15] although the courts reserve to themselves the final authority to determine the Constitution's meaning.[16] However, this focus on historical understandings of the Constitution is sometimes in tension with the changed circumstances of modern society from the late 18th century society that drafted the Constitution; courts have ruled that the Constitution must be interpreted in light of these changed circumstances.[17] All of these considerations of the political theory behind the Constitution have prompted the Supreme Court to articulate a variety of special rules of construction and principles for interpreting it.[18] For example, the Court's rendering of the purposes behind the Constitution have led it to express a preference for broad interpretations of individual freedoms.[19]

text: Examples

text: An example of the way courts utilize the Preamble is Ellis v. City of Grand Rapids.[20] Substantively, the case was about eminent domain. The City of Grand Rapids wanted to use eminent domain to force landowners to sell property in the city identified as "blighted", and convey the property to owners that would develop it in ostensibly beneficial ways: in this case, to St. Mary's Hospital, a Catholic organization. This area of substantive constitutional law is governed by the Fifth Amendment, which is understood to require that property acquired via eminent domain must be put to a "public use". In deciding whether the proposed project constituted a "public use", the court pointed to the Preamble's reference to "promot[ing] the general Welfare" as evidence that "[t]he health of the people was in the minds of our forefathers".[21] "[T]he concerted effort for renewal and expansion of hospital and medical care centers, as a part of our nation's system of hospitals, is as a public service and use within the highest meaning of such terms. Surely this is in accord with an objective of the United States Constitution: '* * * promote the general Welfare.'"[22]

text: On the other hand, courts will not interpret the Preamble to give the government powers that are not articulated elsewhere in the Constitution. United States v. Kinnebrew Motor Co.[23] is an example of this. In that case, the defendants were a car manufacturer and dealership indicted for a criminal violation of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The Congress passed the statute in order to cope with the Great Depression, and one of its provisions purported to give to the President authority to fix "the prices at which new cars may be sold".[24] The dealership, located in Oklahoma City, had sold an automobile to a customer (also from Oklahoma City) for less than the price for new cars fixed pursuant to the Act. Substantively, the case was about whether the transaction in question constituted "interstate commerce" that Congress could regulate pursuant to the Commerce Clause.[25] Although the government argued that the scope of the Commerce Clause included this transaction, it also argued that the Preamble's statement that the Constitution was created to "promote the general Welfare" should be understood to permit Congress to regulate transactions such as the one in this case, particularly in the face of an obvious national emergency like the Great Depression. The court, however, dismissed this argument as erroneous[26] and insisted that the only relevant issue was whether the transaction that prompted the indictment actually constituted "interstate commerce" under the Supreme Court's precedents that interpreted the scope of the Commerce Clause.[27]

text: Interpretation

text: Aspects of national sovereignty

text: The Preamble's reference to the "United States of America" has been interpreted over the years to explain the nature of the governmental entity that the Constitution created (i.e., the federal government). In contemporary international law, the world consists of sovereign states (or "sovereign nations" in modern equivalent). A state is said to be "sovereign," if any of its ruling inhabitants are the supreme authority over it; the concept is distinct from mere land-title or "ownership."[28] While each state was originally recognized as sovereign unto itself, the Supreme Court held that the "United States of America" consists of only one sovereign nation with respect to foreign affairs and international relations; the individual states may not conduct foreign relations.[29] Although the Constitution expressly delegates to the federal government only some of the usual powers of sovereign governments (such as the powers to declare war and make treaties), all such powers inherently belong to the federal government as the country's representative in the international community.[30]

text: Domestically, the federal government's sovereignty means that it may perform acts such as entering into contracts or accepting bonds, which are typical of governmental entities but not expressly provided for in the Constitution or laws.[31] Similarly, the federal government, as an attribute of sovereignty, has the power to enforce those powers that are granted to it (e.g., the power to "establish Post Offices and Post Roads"[32] includes the power to punish those who interfere with the postal system so established).[33] The Court has recognized the federal government's supreme power[34] over those limited matters[35] entrusted to it. Thus, no state may interfere with the federal government's operations as though its sovereignty is superior to the federal government's (discussed more below); for example, states may not interfere with the federal government's near absolute discretion to sell its own real property, even when that real property is located in one or another state.[36] The federal government exercises its supreme power not as a unitary entity, but instead via the three coordinate branches of the government (legislative, executive, and judicial),[37] each of which has its own prescribed powers and limitations under the Constitution.[38] In addition, the doctrine of separation of powers functions as a limitation on each branch of the federal government's exercise of sovereign power.[39]

text: One aspect of the American system of government is that, while the rest of the world now views the United States as one country, domestically American constitutional law recognizes a federation of state governments separate from (and not subdivisions of) the federal government, each of which is sovereign over its own affairs.[40] Sometimes, the Supreme Court has even analogized the States to being foreign countries to each other to explain the American system of State sovereignty.[41] However, each state's sovereignty is limited by the U.S. Constitution, which is the supreme law of both the United States as a nation and each state;[42] in the event of a conflict, a valid federal law controls.[43] As a result, although the federal government is (as discussed above) recognized as sovereign and has supreme power over those matters within its control, the American constitutional system also recognizes the concept of "State sovereignty," where certain matters are susceptible to government regulation, but only at the State and not the federal level.[44] For example, although the federal government prosecutes crimes against the United States (such as treason, or interference with the postal system), the general administration of criminal justice is reserved to the States.[45] Notwithstanding sometimes broad statements by the Supreme Court regarding the "supreme" and "exclusive" powers the State and Federal governments exercise,[46] the Supreme Court and State courts have also recognized that much of their power is held and exercised concurrently.[47]

text: People of the United States

text: The phrase "People of the United States" has sometimes been understood to mean "citizens." This approach reasons that, if the political community speaking for itself in the Preamble ("We the People") includes only citizens, by negative implication it specifically excludes non-citizens in some fashion.[48] It has also been construed to mean something like "all under the sovereign jurisdiction and authority of the United States."[49] The phrase has been construed as affirming that the national government created by the Constitution derives its sovereignty from the people,[50] (whereas "United Colonies" had identified external monarchical sovereignty) as well as confirming that the government under the Constitution was intended to govern and protect "the people" directly, as one society, instead of governing only the states as political units.[51] The Court has also understood this language to mean that the sovereignty of the government under the U.S. Constitution is superior to that of the States.[52] Stated in negative terms, the Preamble has been interpreted as meaning that the Constitution was not the act of sovereign and independent states.[53]

text: The popular nature of the Constitution

text: The Constitution claims to be an act of "We the People." However, because it represents a general social contract, there are limits on the ability of individual citizens to pursue legal claims allegedly arising out of the Constitution. For example, if a law was enacted which violated the Constitution, not just anybody could challenge the statute's constitutionality in court; instead, only an individual who was negatively affected by the unconstitutional statute could bring such a challenge.[54] For example, a person claiming certain benefits that are created by a statute cannot then challenge, on constitutional grounds, the administrative mechanism that awards them.[55] These same principles apply to corporate entities,[56] and can implicate the doctrine of exhaustion of remedies.[57]

text: In this same vein, courts will not answer hypothetical questions about the constitutionality of a statute.[58] The judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate unconstitutional laws solely because they are unconstitutional, but may declare a law unconstitutional if its operation would injure a person's interests.[59] For example, creditors who lose some measure of what they are owed when a bankrupt’s debts are discharged cannot claim injury, because Congress’ power to enact bankruptcy laws is also in the Constitution and inherent in it is the ability to declare certain debts valueless.[60] Similarly, while a person may not generally challenge as unconstitutional a law that they are not accused of violating,[61] once charged, a person may challenge the law's validity, even if the challenge is unrelated to the circumstances of the crime.[62]

text: Where the Constitution is legally effective

text: The Preamble has been used to confirm that the Constitution was made for, and is binding only in, the United States of America.[63] For example, in Casement v. Squier,[64] a serviceman in China during World War II was convicted of murder in the United States Court for China. After being sent to prison in the State of Washington, he filed a writ of habeas corpus with the local federal court, claiming he had been unconstitutionally put on trial without a jury.[65] The court held that, since his trial was conducted by an American court and was, by American standards, basically fair, he was not entitled to the specific constitutional right of trial by jury while overseas.[66]

text: Since the Preamble declares the Constitution to have been created by the "People of the United States", "there may be places within the jurisdiction of the United States that are no part of the Union."[67] The following examples help demonstrate the meaning of this distinction:[68]

text:
Geofroy v. Riggs, 133 U.S. 258 (1890): the Supreme Court held that a certain treaty between the United States and France which was applicable in "the States of the Union" was also applicable in Washington, D.C., even though it is not a state or a part of a state.
De Lima v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 1 (1901): the Supreme Court ruled that a customs collector could not, under a statute providing for taxes on imported goods, collect taxes on goods coming from Puerto Rico after it had been ceded to the United States from Spain, reasoning that although it was not a State, it was under the jurisdiction of U.S. sovereignty, and thus the goods were not being imported from a foreign country. However, in Downes v. Bidwell, 182 U.S. 244 (1901), the Court held that the Congress could constitutionally enact a statute taxing goods sent from Puerto Rico to ports in the United States differently from other commerce, in spite of the constitutional requirement that "all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States,"[69] on the theory that although Puerto Rico could not be treated as a foreign country, it did not count as part of the "United States" and thus was not guaranteed "uniform" tax treatment by that clause of the Constitution. This was not the only constitutional clause held not to apply in Puerto Rico: later, a lower court went on to hold that goods brought from Puerto Rico into New York before the enactment of the tax statute held constitutional in Downes, could retroactively have the taxes applied to them notwithstanding the Constitution's ban on ex post facto laws, even if at the time they were brought into the United States no tax could be applied to the goods because Puerto Rico was not a foreign country.[70]
Ochoa v. Hernandez y Morales, 230 U.S. 139 (1913): the Fifth Amendment's requirement that "no person shall . . . be deprived of . . . property, without due process of law" was held, by the Supreme Court, to apply in Puerto Rico, even though it was not a State and thus not "part" of the United States.

tag: ul

text: To form a more perfect Union

text: The phrase "to form a more perfect Union" has been construed as referring to the shift to the Constitution from the Articles of Confederation.[71] In this transition, the "Union" was made "more perfect" by the creation of a federal government with enough power to act directly upon citizens, rather than a government with narrowly limited power that could act on citizens (e.g., by imposing taxes) only indirectly through the states.[72] Although the Preamble speaks of perfecting the "Union," and the country is called the "United States of America," the Supreme Court has interpreted the institution created as a government over the people, not an agreement between the States.[73] The phrase has also been interpreted to confirm that state nullification of any federal law,[74] dissolution of the Union,[75] or secession from it,[76] are not contemplated by the Constitution.