document_title: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

question_text: when does the boy in the striped pajamas take place

root

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

text:
The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas

Author
John Boyne

Country
Ireland

Language
English

Genre
Historical / post modern

Publisher
David Fickling Books

Publication date

5 January 2006

Media type
Print (hard cover & paper back)

Pages
216

ISBN
0-385-60940-X

OCLC
62132588

Dewey Decimal

823.914 22

LC Class
CS 2006/45764

tag: table

text: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas is a 2006[1] Holocaust novel by Irish novelist John Boyne. Unlike the months of planning Boyne devoted to his other books, he said that he wrote the entire first draft of The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas in two and a half days, barely sleeping until he got to the end.[1] As of March 2010, the novel had sold more than five million copies around the world.[2] In both 2007 and 2008, it was the best selling book of the year in Spain, and it has also reached number one on the New York Times bestseller list,[3] as well as in the UK, Ireland, and Australia.[not verified in body] The book was adapted in 2008 as a film of the same name.

tag: p

text: Plot[edit]

text: Bruno is a 9-year-old boy growing up during World War II in Berlin. He lives with his parents, his 12-year-old sister Gretel and maids, one of whom is called Maria. After a visit by Adolf Hitler, Bruno's father is promoted to Commandant, and the family has to move to "Out-With" because of the orders of "The Fury" (Bruno's naïve interpretation of the word 'Führer'). Bruno is initially upset about moving to Out-With (in actuality, Auschwitz)[4] and leaving his friends, Daniel, Karl, and Martin. From the house at Out-With, Bruno sees a camp in which the prisoners wear striped pyjamas. One day, Bruno decides to explore the strange wire fence. As he walks along the fence, he meets a Jewish boy named Shmuel, who he learns shares his birthday. Shmuel says that his father, grandfather, and brother are with him on this side of the fence, but he is separated from his mother. Bruno and Shmuel talk and become very good friends, although Bruno still does not understand very much about Shmuel and his side of the fence. Nearly every day, unless it's raining, Bruno goes to see Shmuel and sneaks him food. As the meetings go on, and Shmuel gets more and more skinny, Bruno's naïveté means he never realizes he is living beside a death camp.

text: When lice eggs are discovered in Bruno's hair he is forced to get all of his hair shaved off. Bruno comments that he looks like Shmuel, and Shmuel agrees, except that Bruno is fatter. Bruno's mother eventually persuades his father to take them back to Berlin and stay at Out-With without them.

text: The next day Bruno concocts a plan with Shmuel to sneak into the camp to look for Shmuel's father. Shmuel brings a set of prison clothes (which look to Bruno like striped pyjamas), and Bruno leaves his own clothes outside the fence. As they search the camp, both children are rounded up along with a group of prisoners on a "march".They are forced to remove their clothing and are lead into a gas chamber. In the gas chamber, Bruno apologizes to Shmuel for not finding his father and tells Shmuel that he is Bruno's best friend for life. Shmuel does not answer, as at that moment the door of the gas chamber is closed, it becomes dark, and all is chaos.

text: Critics' reviews[edit]

text: Some critics have called the premise of the book and subsequent film – that there would be a child of Shmuel's age in the camp – erroneous. Reviewing the original book, Rabbi Benjamin Blech wrote: "Note to the reader: There were no 9-year-old Jewish boys in Auschwitz – the Nazis immediately gassed those not old enough to work."[5] Rabbi Blech affirmed the opinion of a Holocaust survivor friend that the book is "not just a lie and not just a fairytale, but a profanation". Blech acknowledges the objection that a "fable" need not be factually accurate; he counters that the book trivializes the conditions in and around the death camps and perpetuates the "myth that those [...] not directly involved can claim innocence", and thus undermines its moral authority. Students who read it, he warns, may believe the camps "weren't that bad" if a boy could conduct a clandestine friendship with a Jewish captive of the same age, unaware of "the constant presence of death".[6]

text: Kathryn Hughes, whilst agreeing about the implausibility of the plot, argues that "Bruno's innocence comes to stand for the willful refusal of all adult Germans to see what was going on under their noses".[7]


document_title: Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang

question_text: who plays the dad in nanny mcphee and the big bang

text: Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang

text: Plot[edit]

text: On a farm during World War II, while her husband is away at war, Isabel Green is driven to her wits end by her hectic life. Between trying to keep the family farm up and running and her job in the village shop, run by the slightly mad Mrs. Docherty, she also has three boisterous children to look after, Norman, Megsie, and Vincent. When her children's two wealthy cousins, Cyril and Celia, also then come to live with them, Isabel requires childcare help.

text: When the magical Nanny McPhee arrives, the children at first do not listen and carry on fighting, which she soon puts a stop to. Meanwhile, Isabel's brother-in-law, Phil, has gambled away his half of the farm, and is being chased by two hired-assassin women under casino owner Mrs. Biggles. He desperately attempts to make Isabel sell her half of the farm, using mean and spiteful schemes to leave her no choice. Isabel takes the children on a picnic during which an ARP Warden, Mr. Docherty, warns them about bombs and how he imagines a pilot might accidentally release his bomb. At the end of the picnic, Uncle Phil delivers a telegram saying Isabel's husband has been killed in action. Isabel and everyone else believes the telegram, but Norman says that he can "feel it in his bones" that his father is not dead. He tells this to Cyril, who at first says it is just because he is upset, but then agrees Norman might be right, so the two boys ask Nanny McPhee to take them to the War Office in London, where Cyril and Celia's father works.

text: There, Nanny McPhee and the boys ask Cyril's father Lord Gray, who is very important in the War Office, what has happened to Mr. Green. At first Lord Gray sneers at Norman's disbelief at his father's death, but after Cyril blurts out that he knows that his parents are getting a divorce, Lord Gray checks what has happened. While he is gone, Cyril tells Norman that he and Celia have been sent away because their parents will be splitting up, and Norman asks where Cyril and Celia will live. When Cyril replies "with Mum, I suppose, not that it makes much difference, she only ever really sees us when she wants to show us off", Norman tells Cyril that he and Celia are welcome to live on the farm with the Greens. Lord Gray returns and tells Norman that his father is not dead, but missing in action, and that there is no record of a telegram being sent to his mother. After the boys leave, Norman deduces that Uncle Phil forged the telegram.

text: While the boys were at the War Office, Megsie, Celia and Vincent were trying to stop Isabel from signing the papers and selling the farm. Just as Isabel is about to sign the papers, a German pilot accidentally drops a huge bomb; it shakes everything but does not explode and is left sticking out of the barley field. When Nanny McPhee returns with Norman and Cyril, Norman accuses Phil of forgery, which he admits to, and Isabel handcuffs him to the stove. The children go out to watch Mr. Docherty dismantle the bomb, but he falls from the ladder. Megsie takes over, and succeeds with the help of the other children and Nanny McPhee's raven, Mr. Edelweiss. After Nanny McPhee helps to harvest the barley with a little magic, saving Phil from Mrs. Biggles' hitwomen in the process, it is revealed that old Mrs. Docherty is in fact baby Agatha from the first film and that Nanny McPhee has been staying with her. As Nanny McPhee walks away from the now happy family, the children and Isabel chase after her, only to see Mr. Green, in army uniform and with an injured arm, making his way to them. He runs to his family and they embrace.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Emma Thompson as Nanny McPhee, the magical nanny who changes the lives of the Green and Gray children.
Maggie Gyllenhaal as Isabel Green (née Carrington) the frazzled mother of Norman, Megsie, and Vincent.
Rhys Ifans as Phil Green - Norman, Megsie, and Vincent's uncle who tries to sell the farm because he gambled it away at a casino.
Asa Butterfield as Norman Michael Green, the eldest of the Green children.
Lil Woods as Megsie Charlotte Green, the middle and only girl of the Green children.
Oscar Steer as Vincent David Green, the youngest of the Green children.
Eros Vlahos as Cyril Sean Gray - the spoiled cousin of Norman, Megsie, and Vincent. He becomes kinder throughout the film and makes friends with Norman.
Rosie Taylor-Ritson as Celia Rosa Gray - the other spoiled cousin of Norman, Megsie, and Vincent.
Maggie Smith as Agatha Rose Doherty (née Brown), the owner of the shop at which Mrs. Green works. She is baby Aggie from the first film grown up.
Ewan McGregor as Rory Green, the father of the Greens, away fighting in World War II.
Ralph Fiennes as Lord Gray - Cyril and Celia's father, who is very high up in the War Office.
Sam Kelly as Mr. Algernon Doherty - Mrs. Doherty's husband, who is an ARP (Air Raid Precautions) Warden.
Sinead Matthews as Miss Topsey - a henchwoman of Mrs. Biggles, the woman who owns the casino at which Phil gambled the farm away.
Katy Brand as Miss Turvey, the colleague of Miss Topsey.
Bill Bailey as Farmer MacReadie, the farmer who buys the piglets from the Greens.
Nonso Anozie as Sergeant Ralph Jeffreys - the guard at the War Office, and a former charge of Nanny McPhee.
Daniel Mays as Blenkinsop - Cyril and Celia's chauffeur.
Ed Stoppard as Lieutenant Addis, a coworker of Lord Gray.
Toby Sedgwick as an enemy plane pilot.

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The village in the film is Hambleden in Buckinghamshire, the farm set and scenes were filmed in Hascombe, near Godalming in Surrey and the War Office scenes, both interior and exterior, were filmed at the University of London, and the motorbike scenes on various London roads. Senate House.[citation needed][5] Dunsfold Aerodrome, the location of Top Gear, name Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang as being filmed there [6]

text: Relation to Nurse Matilda[edit]

text: The film is one of a wave of adaptations of the book trilogy by children's author Christianna Brand, Nurse Matilda. The books are not directly connected to the film, but most scenes in the film are adapted from the books. Emma Thompson started to write the script based on Brand's books in the spring of 2007.[citation needed]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Best Things In Life Are Free - Performed by Bing Crosby
Pick Yourself Up - Performed by Harry Roy and His Band

text: Release[edit]

text: Theatrical[edit]

text: Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang was theatrically released on August 20, 2010 by Universal Pictures (April 2, 2010 in the UK).

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on 19 June 2010. Nanny McPhee Returns, as the film was renamed for the North American market, was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 14 December 2010.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Critical response for the film was positive. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 76% based on 115 reviews, with the site's consensus stating: "Emma Thompson's second labor of love with the Nanny McPhee character actually improves on the first, delivering charming family fare with an excellent cast."[7] News of the World gave it 4/5 stars, stating the film was "smart, witty and beautifully crafted – exactly what you want from a family film" and excited about the next film said "Roll on Nanny McThree".[8] The Independent gave a very favourable review, stating "the film is an ingenious entertainment machine fuelled by a profound understanding of what children enjoy, whether it's cowpats, talking welly boots or piglets doing synchronised swimming. Thompson has written a properly funny script, which is performed superbly by Ifans, Maggie Smith, Bill Bailey, Ralph Fiennes and some estimable child actors."[9] Eros Vlahos was nominated for Best Leading Young Actor at the Young Artist Awards 2011 against Noah Ringer for The Last Airbender, Zachary Gordon for Diary of a Wimpy Kid and Jaden Smith (winner) for The Karate Kid.

text: Box office[edit]

text: In the UK, the film opened at number one, with £2,586,760[10] outperforming fellow new release The Blind Side, grossing a total of £16,211,057. In the United States and Canada, it debuted in seventh position with a $8.4 million.[3] Gross exceeded $27 million.[11]

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

IFMCA Award
Best Original Score for a Comedy Film and Film Composer of the Year
James Newton Howard for The Last Airbender, Love & Other Drugs, Salt, and The Tourist
Nominated

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Silver Medal
Introductions and Lead-in titles
Paul Donnellon (Director)
David Z. Obadiah (Producer)
Andrew White (Designer)
Noel Donnellon (Producer)
VooDooDog
Won

text:
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Leading Young Actor
Eros Vlahos
Nominated

text: Nanny McPhee's five lessons[edit]

text: In the course of the story, Nanny McPhee teaches the children five lessons: (1) to stop fighting; (2) to share nicely; (3) to help each other; (4) to be brave; and (5) to have faith.[12]


document_title: Grace and Frankie

question_text: who plays frankie’s sister teddy on grace and frankie

question_tokens: who plays frankie 's sister teddy on grace and frankie

text: Grace and Frankie

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Grace, a retired cosmetics mogul, and Frankie, a hippie art teacher, whose husbands, Robert and Sol, are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego. Grace and Frankie's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives. Now, the women, who have never particularly liked each other, are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jane Fonda as Grace Hanson, a retired cosmetics mogul
Lily Tomlin as Frances "Frankie" Bergstein (née Mengela), a hippie art teacher
Martin Sheen as Robert Hanson, a successful divorce lawyer and Grace's former husband who later becomes Sol's husband
Sam Waterston as Sol Bergstein, a successful divorce lawyer and Frankie's former husband who later becomes Robert's husband
June Diane Raphael as Brianna Hanson, older daughter of Grace and Robert, head of the company founded and once run by Grace
Baron Vaughn as Nwabudike "Bud" Bergstein, son of Frankie and Sol, and also a lawyer at Robert & Sol's firm
Brooklyn Decker as Mallory Hanson, younger daughter of Grace and Robert, a wife and mother of four children
Ethan Embry as Coyote Bergstein, son of Frankie and Sol, a substitute teacher and recovering addict
RuPaul as TBA (Season 5)

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Season

1
2
3
4

Ernie Hudson
Jacob
Recurring

Brittany Ishibashi
Erica
Guest
Recurring

Guest

Geoff Stults
Mitch
Recurring

Guest

Tim Bagley
Peter
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Peter Cambor
Barry
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Craig T. Nelson
Guy
Recurring

Michael Charles Roman
Adam
Guest
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Marsha Mason
Arlene

Guest
Recurring

Swoosie Kurtz
Janet

Guest

Guest

Lindsey Kraft
Allison Giampietro-Smikowitz

Recurring

Megan Ferguson
Nadia

Guest
Recurring

Peter Gallagher
Nick Skolka

Recurring

Jack Plotnick
Paul

Recurring

Lisa Kudrow
Sheree

Recurring

Talia Shire
Teddie

Recurring

Sam Elliott
Phil Milstein

Recurring

Mark Deklin
Roy

Recurring

Carrie Preston
Krystle

Guest

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

2
13
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

3
13
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

4
13
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

text: Production and development[edit]

text: In March 2014, Netflix finalized a deal for a 13-episode straight-to-series order for Grace and Frankie, with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles. The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris, who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda, Tomlin, Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor, and Skydance Productions' Dana Goldberg, David Ellison and Marcy Ross.[2]

text: On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[3] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[4]

text: On December 10, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season[5] which premiered on March 24, 2017.[6]

text: On April 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 19, 2018.[7][8]

text: On February 15, 2018, the series was renewed for a fifth season, with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie.[1]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting announcements began in June 2014, with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert, Grace's husband.[9] The following month, Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol, Frankie's husband.[10] June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast, with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna, Grace and Robert's elder daughter, who rebels against Grace's decorum. Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike, Frankie and Sol's son.[11] Shortly afterwards, Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series. Embry joined in the role of Coyote, Frankie and Sol's recovering drug addicted son, while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory, Grace and Robert's younger daughter.[12] In October 2015, it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace's love interest.[13] In April 2017, it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree, Grace's manicurist.[7] In February 2018, the same day as the fifth season was commissioned, RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie.[1]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles, California, in early August 2014, and ended in late November.[14] Production on season two of the series began in July 2015, and ended in November the same year.[15][16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grace and Frankie's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal, although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting."[17] On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]

text: The second season received a more positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 89%, based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10.[19] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[20] Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5/5, calling it "heartfelt and hilarious" and "a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season." [21]

text: The third season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100%, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2015

67th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[23]

20th Satellite Awards
Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[24]

73rd Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[25]

Dorian Awards
TV Comedy of the Year

Nominated

[26]

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Jane Fonda
Nominated

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

LBGTQ TV Show of the Year

Nominated

27th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[27]

19th OFTA Awards
Best Comedy Series

Nominated

[28]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Won

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Sam Waterston
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Direction in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Writing in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2016

68th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[29]
[30]

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Allyson Fanger, Lori DeLapp
Nominated

23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[31]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Outstanding Contemporary Television Series
Allyson B. Fanger
Nominated

[32]

28th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[33]

Artios Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy
Tracy Lilienfield, Emily Towler
Nominated

[34]

20th OFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[35]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2017

69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[36]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Designers[show]

Allyson B. Fanger, Heather Pain, Lori DeLapp

Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)

Designers[show]

Devorah Herbert, Ben Edelberg, Christopher Carlson

Nominated

2018

24th Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[31]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

text: Controversy[edit]

text: After the show's release, Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston, even though "the show is not 'Sol and Robert', it's 'Grace and Frankie,'" in the words of Lily Tomlin,[37] and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity. Shortly thereafter, Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars' demands for a salary increase, with Waterston being quoted as saying: "I think they're being cheated".[38] After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity, the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism, saying: "This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews. We appreciate everyone's support and the attention to this issue, but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair, and we couldn't be happier to work with Skydance, Netflix and the great cast of this show."[39] Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had "made a joke in an interview about our salaries, which was taken out of context."[39]


document_title: List of National Football League career receiving yards leaders

question_text: who has the most receiving yards in the nfl history

text: Players with at least 10,000 receiving yards[edit]

text:
Key

^
Inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame

*
Denotes player who is still active in the NFL

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s) by season
Receptions
Yards
Average

1
Jerry Rice^
San Francisco 49ers (1985–2000)
Oakland Raiders (2001–2004[a])
Seattle Seahawks (2004)
1,549
22,895
14.8

2
Terrell Owens
San Francisco 49ers (1996–2003)
Philadelphia Eagles (2004–2005)
Dallas Cowboys (2006–2008)
Buffalo Bills (2009)
Cincinnati Bengals (2010)
1,078
15,934
14.8

3
Randy Moss
Minnesota Vikings (1998–2004, 2010[b])
Oakland Raiders (2005–2006)
New England Patriots (2007–2010)
Tennessee Titans (2010)
San Francisco 49ers (2012)
982
15,292
15.6

4
Isaac Bruce
Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams (1994[c]–2007)
San Francisco 49ers (2008–2009)
1,024
15,208
14.9

5
Tony Gonzalez
Kansas City Chiefs (1997–2008)
Atlanta Falcons (2009–2013)
1,325
15,127
11.4

6
Tim Brown^
L.A./Oakland Raiders (1988[d]–2003)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2004)
1,094
14,934
13.7

7
Larry Fitzgerald*
Arizona Cardinals (2004–present)
1,170
14,883
12.7

8
Steve Smith Sr.
Carolina Panthers (2001–2013)
Baltimore Ravens (2014–2016)
1,031
14,731
14.3

9
Marvin Harrison^
Indianapolis Colts (1996–2008)
1,102
14,580
13.2

10
Reggie Wayne
Indianapolis Colts (2001–2014)
1,070
14,345
13.5

11
Andre Johnson
Houston Texans (2003–2014)
Indianapolis Colts (2015)
Tennessee Titans (2016)
1,062
14,185
13.4

12
James Lofton^
Green Bay Packers (1978–1986)
Los Angeles Raiders (1987–1988)
Buffalo Bills (1989–1992)
Los Angeles Rams (1993[e])
Philadelphia Eagles (1993)
764
14,004
18.3

13
Cris Carter^
Philadelphia Eagles (1987–1989)
Minnesota Vikings (1990–2001)
Miami Dolphins (2002)
1,101
13,899
12.6

14
Anquan Boldin
Arizona Cardinals (2003–2009)
Baltimore Ravens (2010–2012)
San Francisco 49ers (2013–2015)
Detroit Lions (2016)
1,076
13,779
12.8

15
Henry Ellard
Los Angeles Rams (1983–1993)
Washington Redskins (1994–1998[f])
New England Patriots (1998)
814
13,777
16.9

16
Torry Holt
St. Louis Rams (1999–2008)
Jacksonville Jaguars (2009)
920
13,382
14.5

17
Andre Reed^
Buffalo Bills (1985–1999)
Washington Redskins (2000)
951
13,198
13.9

18
Steve Largent^
Seattle Seahawks (1976–1989)
819
13,089
16.0

19
Irving Fryar
New England Patriots (1984–1992)
Miami Dolphins (1993–1995)
Philadelphia Eagles (1996–1998)
Washington Redskins (1999–2000)
851
12,785
15.0

20
Art Monk^
Washington Redskins (1980–1993)
New York Jets (1994)
Philadelphia Eagles (1995)
940
12,721
13.5

21
Jimmy Smith
Dallas Cowboys (1992)
Philadelphia Eagles (1994)
Jacksonville Jaguars (1995–2005)
862
12,287
14.3

22
Brandon Marshall*
Denver Broncos (2006–2009)
Miami Dolphins (2010–2011)
Chicago Bears (2012–2014)
New York Jets (2015–2016)
New York Giants (2017–present)
959
12,215
12.7

23
Jason Witten*
Dallas Cowboys (2003–present)
1,120
12,171
10.9

24
Charlie Joiner^
Houston Oilers (1969–1972[g])
Cincinnati Bengals (1972–1975)
San Diego Chargers (1976–1986)
750
12,146
16.2

25
Hines Ward
Pittsburgh Steelers (1998–2011)
1,000
12,083
12.1

26
Mason, DerrickDerrick Mason
Tennessee Oilers/Titans (1997–2004)
Baltimore Ravens (2005–2010)
New York Jets (2011)
Houston Texans ((2011)
943
12,061
12.8

27
Michael Irvin^
Dallas Cowboys (1988–1999)
750
11,904
15.9

28
Don Maynard^
New York Giants (1958)
New York Titans/Jets[h](1960–1972)
633
11,834
18.7

29
Calvin Johnson
Detroit Lions (2007–2015)
731
11,619
15.9

30
Muhsin Muhammad
Carolina Panthers (1996–2004, 2008–2009)
Chicago Bears (2005–2007)
860
11,438
13.3

31
Rod Smith
Denver Broncos (1995–2006)
849
11,389
13.4

32
Keenan McCardell
Cleveland Browns (1992–1995)
Jacksonville Jaguars (1996–2001)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2002–2003)
San Diego Chargers (2004–2006)
Houston Texans (2007)
Washington Redskins (2007)
883
11,373
12.9

33
Gates, AntonioAntonio Gates*
San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers (2003–present)
910
11,311
12.4

34
Chad Johnson
Cincinnati Bengals (2001–2010)
New England Patriots (2011)
766
11,059
14.4

35
Joey Galloway
Seattle Seahawks (1995–1999)
Dallas Cowboys (2000–2003)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2004–2008)
New England Patriots (2009)
Washington Redskins (2010)
698
10,918
15.6

36
Roddy White
Atlanta Falcons (2005–2015)
808
10,863
13.4

37
Gary Clark
Washington Redskins (1985–1992)
Arizona/Phoenix Cardinals (1993[i]–1994)
Miami Dolphins (1995)
699
10,856
15.5

38
Stanley Morgan
New England Patriots (1977–1989)
Indianapolis Colts (1990)
557
10,716
19.2

39
Keyshawn Johnson
New York Jets (1996–1999)
Tampa Bay Buccaneers (2000–2003)
Dallas Cowboys (2004–2005)
Carolina Panthers (2006)
814
10,571
13.0

40
Harold Jackson
Los Angeles Rams (1968, 1973–1977)
Philadelphia Eagles (1969–1972)
New England Patriots (1978–1981)
Minnesota Vikings (1982)
Seattle Seahawks (1983)
579
10,372
17.9

41
Santana Moss
New York Jets (2001–2004)
Washington Redskins (2005–2014)
732
10,283
14.0

42
Lance Alworth^
San Diego Chargers (1962–1970)
Dallas Cowboys (1971–1972)
542
10,266
18.9

43
Andre Rison
Indianapolis Colts (1989)
Atlanta Falcons (1990–1994)
Cleveland Browns (1995)
Jacksonville Jaguars (1996[j])
Green Bay Packers (1996)
Kansas City Chiefs (1997–1999)
Oakland Raiders (2000)
743
10,205
13.7

44
Donald Driver
Green Bay Packers (1999–2012)
743
10,137
13.6

45
Shannon Sharpe^
Denver Broncos (1990–1999, 2002–2003)
Baltimore Ravens (2000–2001)
815
10,060
12.3

text: Active players with at least 8,000 receiving yards[edit]

text: Through Week 8 of 2017 season in progress. All numbers in yards.

text:
DeSean Jackson, 9,179
Antonio Brown, 9,142
Vincent Jackson, 9,080
Demaryius Thomas, 8,093


document_title: Vacuum flask

question_text: what is the use of silvering the walls of thermos flask

text: Vacuum flask

text: History[edit]

text: The vacuum flask was designed and invented by Scottish scientist Sir James Dewar in 1892 as a result of his research in the field of cryogenics and is sometimes called a Dewar flask in his honour. While performing experiments in determining the specific heat of the element of palladium, Dewar formed a brass chamber that he enclosed in another chamber to keep the palladium at its desired temperature.[1] He evacuated the air between the two chambers creating a partial vacuum to keep the temperature of the contents stable. Through the need for this insulated container James Dewar created the vacuum flask, which became a significant tool for chemical experiments and also became a common household item. The flask was later developed using new materials such as glass and aluminum; however, Dewar refused to patent his invention.[1]

text: Dewar's design was quickly transformed into a commercial item in 1904 as two German glassblowers, Reinhold Burger and Albert Aschenbrenner, discovered that it could be used to keep cold drinks cold and warm drinks warm.[2][3] The Dewar flask design had never been patented, as stated above. But the German men who discovered the commercial use for the product renamed it "Thermos," and they subsequently claimed both the rights to the commercial product and the trademark to the name. In his subsequent attempt to claim the rights to the invention, Dewar instead lost a court case to the company.[4] The manufacturing and performance of the Thermos bottle was significantly improved and refined by the Viennese inventor and merchant Gustav Robert Paalen, who designed various types for domestic use, which he also patented, and distributed widely, through his Thermos Bottle Companies in the United States and Canada. The name later became a genericized trademark after the term "thermos" became the household name for such a liquid container.[2] The vacuum flask went on to be used for many different types of scientific experiments and the commercial “Thermos” was transformed into a common item. "Thermos" remains a registered trademark in some countries, but it was declared a genericized trademark in the United States in 1963, since it is colloquially synonymous with vacuum flasks in general. However, there are other vacuum flasks.

text: After the German glassblowers determined the commercial uses for the Dewar flask, the technology was sold to the Thermos company who used it to mass-produce vacuum flasks for at-home use.[2] Over time, the company expanded the size, shapes and materials of these consumer products, primarily used for carrying coffee on the go and carrying liquids on camping trips to keep them either hot or cold. Eventually other manufacturers produced similar products for consumer use.

text: Design[edit]

text: The vacuum flask consists of two flasks, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a partial-vacuum which reduces heat conduction or convection. Heat transfer by thermal radiation may be minimized by silvering flask surfaces facing the gap but can become problematic if the flask's contents or surroundings are very hot; hence vacuum flasks usually hold contents below the boiling point of water. Most heat transfer occurs through the neck and opening of the flask, where there is no vacuum. Vacuum flasks are usually made of metal, borosilicate glass, foam or plastic and have their opening stoppered with cork or polyethylene plastic. Vacuum flasks are often used as insulated shipping containers.

text: Extremely large or long vacuum flasks sometimes cannot fully support the inner flask from the neck alone, so additional support is provided by spacers between the interior and exterior shell. These spacers act as a thermal bridge and partially reduce the insulating properties of the flask around the area where the spacer contacts the interior surface.

text: Several technological applications, such as NMR and MRI machines, rely on the use of double vacuum flasks. These flasks have two vacuum sections. The inner flask contains liquid helium and the outer flask contains liquid nitrogen, with one vacuum section in between. The loss of precious helium is limited in this way.

text: Other improvements to the vacuum flask include the vapour-cooled radiation shield and the vapour-cooled neck,[5] both of which help to reduce evaporation from the flask.

text: Research and industry[edit]

text: In laboratories and industry, vacuum flasks are often used to hold liquefied gases (often LN2) for flash freezing, sample preparation and other processes where maintaining an extreme low temperature is desired. Larger vacuum flasks store liquids that become gaseous at well below ambient temperature, such as oxygen and nitrogen; in this case the leakage of heat into the extremely cold interior of the bottle results in a slow boiling-off of the liquid so that a narrow unstoppered opening, or a stoppered opening protected by a pressure relief valve, is necessary to prevent pressure from building up and eventually shattering the flask. The insulation of the vacuum flask results in a very slow "boil" and thus the contents remain liquid for long periods without refrigeration equipment.

text: Vacuum flasks have been used to house standard cells and ovenized Zener diodes, along with their printed circuit board, in precision voltage-regulating devices used as electrical standards. The flask helped with controlling the Zener temperature over a long time span and was used to reduce variations of the output voltage of the Zener standard owing to temperature fluctuation to within a few parts per million.

text: One notable use was by Guildline Instruments, of Canada, in their Transvolt, model 9154B, saturated standard cell, which is an electrical voltage standard. Here a silvered vacuum flask was encased in foam insulation and, using a large glass vacuum plug, held the saturated cell. The output of the device was 1.018 volts and was held to within a few parts per million.

text: The principle of the vacuum flask makes it ideal for storing certain types of rocket fuel, and NASA used it extensively in the propellant tanks of the Saturn launch vehicles in the 1960s and 1970s.[6]

text: The design and shape of the Dewar flask was used as a model for optical experiments based on the idea that the shape of the two compartments with the space in between is similar to the way the light hits the eye.[7] The vacuum flask has also been part of experiments using it as the capacitor of different chemicals in order to keep them at a consistent temperature.[8]

text: The industrial Dewar flask is the base for a device used to passively insulate medical shipments.[9][10] Most vaccines are sensitive to heat[11][12] and require a cold chain system to keep them at stable, near freezing temperatures. The Arktek device uses eight one-litre ice blocks to hold vaccines at under 10 °C.[13]

text: Safety[edit]

text: Vacuum flasks are at risk of implosion hazard, and glass vessels under vacuum, in particular, may shatter unexpectedly. Chips, scratches or cracks can be a starting point for dangerous vessel failure, especially when the vessel temperature changes rapidly (when hot or cold liquid is added). Proper preparation of the Dewar vacuum flask by tempering prior to use is advised to maintain and optimize the functioning of the unit. Glass vacuum flasks are usually fitted into a metal base with the cylinder contained in or coated with mesh, aluminum or plastic to aid in handling, protect it from physical damage, and contain fragments should they break.

text: In addition, cryogenic storage dewars are usually pressurized, and they may explode if pressure relief valves are not used.

text: Thermodynamics[edit]

text: This section may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. The talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The rate of heat (energy) loss through a vacuum flask can be analyzed thermodynamically, starting from the second TdS relation:[14]

text:
T
d
S
=
d
H
−
V
d
P

{\displaystyle TdS=dH-VdP}

text:
T

s
u
r
r

Δ
S
=
m

c

p

δ
T
−
V
d
p

{\displaystyle T_{surr}\Delta S=mc_{p}\delta T-Vdp}

text: Assuming constant pressure throughout the process,

text:
T

s
u
r
r

Δ
S
=

c

p

(

T

b
′

−

T

c

)

{\displaystyle T_{surr}\Delta S=c_{p}\left(T_{b'}-T_{c}\right)}

text: Rearranging the equation in terms of the temperature of the outside surface of the vacuum flask's inner wall,

text:
T

b
′

=

T

c

+

T

s
u
r
r

Δ
S

c

p

{\displaystyle T_{b'}=T_{c}+{\frac {T_{surr}\Delta S}{c_{p}}}}

text: Where

text:
Tsurr is the temperature of the surrounding air
∆S is the change in specific entropy of stainless steel
cp is the specific heat capacity of stainless steel
Tc is the temperature of the liquid contained within the flask
Tb' is the temperature of the outside surface of the vacuum flask's inner wall

text: Now consider the general expression for heat loss due to radiation:

text:
Q

0

′

=
A
ϵ
σ

(

T

4

−

T

0

4

)

{\displaystyle Q'_{0}=A\epsilon \sigma \left(T^{4}-T_{0}^{4}\right)}

text: In the case of the vacuum flask,

text:
Q

0

′

=

A

i
n

ϵ

s
.
s
.

σ

(

T

b

′

4

−

T

s
u
r
r

4

)

{\displaystyle Q'_{0}=A_{in}\epsilon _{s.s.}\sigma \left(T_{b}'^{4}-T_{surr}^{4}\right)}

text: Substituting our earlier expression for Tb',

text:
Q

0

′

=

A

i
n

ϵ

s
.
s
.

σ

[

(

T

c

+

T

s
u
r
r

Δ
S

c

p

)

4

−

T

s
u
r
r

4

]

{\displaystyle Q'_{0}=A_{in}\epsilon _{s.s.}\sigma \left[\left(T_{c}+{\frac {T_{surr}\Delta S}{c_{p}}}\right)^{4}-T_{surr}^{4}\right]}

text: Where

text:
Q'0 is the rate of heat transfer by radiation through the vacuum portion of the flask
Ain is the surface area of the outside of the inner wall of the flask
εs.s. is the emissivity of stainless steel
σ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant

text: Assuming that the outer surface of the inner wall and the inner surface of the outer wall of the vacuum flask are coated with polished silver to minimize heat loss due to radiation, we can say that the rate of heat absorption by the inner surface of the outer wall is equal to the absorptivity of polished silver times the heat radiated by the outer surface of the inner wall,

text:
α

Q

0

′

=

Q

i
n

′

{\displaystyle \alpha Q'_{0}=Q'_{in}}

text: In order for energy balance to be maintained, the heat lost through the outer surface of the outer wall must be equal to the heat absorbed by the inner surface of the outer wall,

text:
Q

i
n

′

=

Q

o
u
t

′

{\displaystyle Q'_{in}=Q'_{out}}

text: Since the absorptivity of polished silver is the same as its emissivity, we can write

text:
Q

o
u
t

′

=

ϵ

s
.
s
.

Q

0

′

{\displaystyle Q'_{out}=\epsilon _{s.s.}Q'_{0}}

text: We must also consider the rate of heat loss through the lid of the vacuum flask (assuming it is made of polypropylene, a common plastic) where there is no vacuum inside the material. In this area, the three heat transfer modes of conduction, convection, and radiation are present. Therefore, the rate of heat loss through the lid is,

text:
Q

l
i
d

′

=

Q

c
o
n
d

′

+

Q

c
o
n
v

′

+

Q

r
a
d

′

{\displaystyle Q'_{lid}=Q'_{cond}+Q'_{conv}+Q'_{rad}}

text:
Q

l
i
d

′

=
k

A

l
i
d

(

T

b

−

T

s
u
r
r

Δ
x

)

+
h

A

l
i
d

(

T

b

−

T

s
u
r
r

)

+

A

l
i
d

ϵ

p
.
p
.

σ

[

(

T

c

+

T

s
u
r
r

Δ

S

p
.
p
.

c

p

p
.
p
.

)

4

−

T

s
u
r
r

4

]

{\displaystyle Q'_{lid}=kA_{lid}\left({\frac {T_{b}-T_{surr}}{\Delta x}}\right)+hA_{lid}\left(T_{b}-T_{surr}\right)+A_{lid}\epsilon _{p.p.}\sigma \left[\left(T_{c}+{\frac {T_{surr}\Delta S_{p.p.}}{c_{p}^{p.p.}}}\right)^{4}-T_{surr}^{4}\right]}

text: Where

text:
k is the thermal conductivity of air
h is the convective heat transfer coefficient of free air
εp.p is the emissivity of polypropylene
Alid is the outer surface area of the lid
cpp.p. is the specific heat capacity of polypropylene
∆Sp.p. is the specific entropy of polypropylene
∆x is the distance over which conduction across the temperature gradient takes place

text: Now we have an expression for the total rate of heat loss, which is the sum of the rate of heat loss through the walls of the vacuum flask and the rate of heat loss through the lid,

text:
Q

t
o
t
a
l

′

=

Q

o
u
t

′

+

Q

l
i
d

′

{\displaystyle Q'_{total}=Q'_{out}+Q'_{lid}}

text: where we substitute each of the expressions for each component into the equation.

text: The rate of entropy generation of this process can also be calculated, starting from entropy balance:

text:
Δ

S

s
y
s
t
e
m

=

S

i
n

−

S

o
u
t

+

S

g
e
n

{\displaystyle \Delta S_{system}=S_{in}-S_{out}+S_{gen}}

text: Written in rate form,

text:
Δ

S

s
y
s
t
e
m

′

=

S

i
n

′

−

S

o
u
t

′

+

S

g
e
n

′

{\displaystyle \Delta S'_{system}=S'_{in}-S'_{out}+S'_{gen}}

text: Assuming a steady-state process,

text:
−
∫

d

Q
′

T

s
u
r
r

+

S

g
e
n

′

=
0

{\displaystyle -\int {\frac {dQ'}{T_{surr}}}+S'_{gen}=0}

text:
S

g
e
n

′

=

Q

2

′

−

Q

1

′

T

s
u
r
r

{\displaystyle S'_{gen}={\frac {Q'_{2}-Q'_{1}}{T_{surr}}}}

text: Since there is no heat added to the system,

text:
S

g
e
n

′

=

Q

t
o
t
a
l

′

T

s
u
r
r

{\displaystyle S'_{gen}={\frac {Q'_{total}}{T_{surr}}}}


document_title: NBA Most Valuable Player Award

question_text: who won the most mvp awards in the nba

question_tokens: who won the most mvp awards in the nba

text: NBA Most Valuable Player Award

text: Winners

text:
^
Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Denotes player whose team won championship that year

Player (X)
Denotes the number of times the player had been named MVP at that time

Team (X)
Denotes the number of times a player from this team had won at that time

text:
Season
Player
Position
Nationality
Team

1955–56
Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
Forward
 United States
St. Louis Hawks

1956–57
Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
Guard
 United States
Boston Celtics

1957–58
Russell, BillBill Russell*
Center
 United States
Boston Celtics (2)

1958–59
Pettit, BobBob Pettit* (2)
Forward
 United States
St. Louis Hawks (2)

1959–60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
Center
 United States
Philadelphia Warriors

1960–61
Russell, BillBill Russell* (2)
Center
 United States
Boston Celtics (3)

1961–62
Russell, BillBill Russell* (3)
Center
 United States
Boston Celtics (4)

1962–63
Russell, BillBill Russell* (4)
Center
 United States
Boston Celtics (5)

1963–64
Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
Guard
 United States
Cincinnati Royals

1964–65
Russell, BillBill Russell* (5)
Center
 United States
Boston Celtics (6)

1965–66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (2)
Center
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers

1966–67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (3)
Center
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers (2)

1967–68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain* (4)
Center
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers (3)

1968–69
Unseld, WesWes Unseld*
Center/Forward
 United States
Baltimore Bullets

1969–70
Reed, WillisWillis Reed*
Center
 United States
New York Knicks

1970–71
AaaLew Alcindor*[g]
Center
 United States
Milwaukee Bucks

1971–72
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (2)
Center
 United States
Milwaukee Bucks (2)

1972–73
Cowens, DaveDave Cowens*
Center
 United States
Boston Celtics (7)

1973–74
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (3)
Center
 United States
Milwaukee Bucks (3)

1974–75
McAdoo, BobBob McAdoo*
Forward/Center
 United States
Buffalo Braves

1975–76
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (4)
Center
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers

1976–77
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (5)
Center
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers (2)

1977–78
Walton, BillBill Walton*
Center
 United States
Portland Trail Blazers

1978–79
Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
Center
 United States
Houston Rockets

1979–80
Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[g] (6)
Center
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers (3)

1980–81
Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
Forward
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers (4)

1981–82
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (2)
Center
 United States
Houston Rockets (2)

1982–83
Malone, MosesMoses Malone* (3)
Center
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers (5)

1983–84
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
Forward
 United States
Boston Celtics (8)

1984–85
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (2)
Forward
 United States
Boston Celtics (9)

1985–86
Bird, LarryLarry Bird* (3)
Forward
 United States
Boston Celtics 910 !Boston Celtics (10)

1986–87
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
Guard
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers (4)

1987–88
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
Guard
 United States
Chicago Bulls

1988–89
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (2)
Guard
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers (5)

1989–90
Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson* (3)
Guard
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers (6)

1990–91
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (2)
Guard
 United States
Chicago Bulls (2)

1991–92
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (3)
Guard
 United States
Chicago Bulls (3)

1992–93
Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
Forward
 United States
Phoenix Suns

1993–94
Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*
Center
 Nigeria[b]
Houston Rockets (3)

1994–95
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
Center
 United States
San Antonio Spurs

1995–96
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (4)
Guard
 United States
Chicago Bulls (4)

1996–97
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
Forward
 United States
Utah Jazz

1997–98
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan* (5)
Guard
 United States
Chicago Bulls (5)

1998–99
Malone, KarlKarl Malone* (2) [h]
Forward
 United States
Utah Jazz (2)

1999–00
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
Center
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers (7)

2000–01
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
Guard
 United States
Philadelphia 76ers (6)

2001–02
Duncan, TimTim Duncan
Forward/Center
 United States[c]
San Antonio Spurs (2)

2002–03
Duncan, TimTim Duncan (2)
Forward/Center
 United States[c]
San Antonio Spurs (3)

2003–04
Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett
Forward/Center
 United States
Minnesota Timberwolves

2004–05
Nash, SteveSteve Nash
Guard
 Canada[d]
Phoenix Suns (2)

2005–06
Nash, SteveSteve Nash (2)
Guard
 Canada[d]
Phoenix Suns (3)

2006–07
Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
Forward
 Germany
Dallas Mavericks

2007–08
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
Guard
 United States
Los Angeles Lakers (8)

2008–09
James, LeBronLeBron James^
Forward
 United States
Cleveland Cavaliers

2009–10
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (2)
Forward
 United States
Cleveland Cavaliers (2)

2010–11
Rose, DerrickDerrick Rose^ [i]
Guard
 United States
Chicago Bulls (6)

2011–12
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (3)
Forward
 United States
Miami Heat

2012–13
James, LeBronLeBron James^ (4)
Forward
 United States
Miami Heat (2)

2013–14
Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
Forward
 United States
Oklahoma City Thunder

2014–15
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
Guard
 United States
Golden State Warriors (2)

2015–16
Curry, StephenStephen Curry^ (2)
Guard
 United States
Golden State Warriors (3)

2016–17
Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
Guard
 United States
Oklahoma City Thunder (2)

text: Multi-time winners

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Awards
Years

1
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar
Milwaukee Bucks (3) / Los Angeles Lakers (3)
6
1971, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1980

2
Bill Russell
Boston Celtics
5
1958, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1965

Michael Jordan
Chicago Bulls
1988, 1991, 1992, 1996, 1998

4
Wilt Chamberlain
Philadelphia Warriors (1) / Philadelphia 76ers (3)
4
1960, 1966, 1967, 1968

LeBron James
Cleveland Cavaliers (2) / Miami Heat (2)
2009, 2010, 2012, 2013

6
Moses Malone
Houston Rockets (2) / Philadelphia 76ers (1)
3
1979, 1982, 1983

Larry Bird
Boston Celtics
1984, 1985, 1986

Magic Johnson
Los Angeles Lakers
1987, 1989, 1990

9
Bob Pettit
St. Louis Hawks
2
1956, 1959

Karl Malone
Utah Jazz
1997, 1999

Tim Duncan
San Antonio Spurs
2002, 2003

Steve Nash
Phoenix Suns
2005, 2006

Stephen Curry
Golden State Warriors
2015, 2016


document_title: Meech Lake Accord

question_text: where did the meech lake accord take place

text: Meech Lake Accord

text: Prelude[edit]

text: In 1981, negotiations led by Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau to patriate the constitution reached an agreement that formed the basis of the Constitution Act, 1982. Quebec Premier René Lévesque and the Quebec National Assembly refused to approve the amendments and announced it would use a constitutional veto. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Quebec Veto Reference that Quebec did not have a veto, and the Constitution Act, 1982, was operative in Quebec.

text: In the 1984 election, the Progressive Conservatives, led by Brian Mulroney, committed to eventually allowing the National Assembly to accept the amendments "with honour and enthusiasm", winning a majority government. The apparent lessening of tension prompted Lévesque to attempt the "beau risque" of federal cooperation. His government split, leading to his resignation and the ultimate defeat of the Parti Québécois by the federalist Quebec Liberal Party, led by Robert Bourassa.

text: Bourassa, in his 1985 election platform, outlined five conditions that would have to be met for Quebec to "sign on" to the constitution.[1] They were: recognition of Quebec's distinct character (as primarily Catholic and French-speaking), a veto for Quebec in Constitutional matters, input by Quebec into the appointment of Supreme Court justices, entrenchment of Quebec's role in immigration,[clarification needed] and a limit on the Federal spending power.[1] Bourassa considered the demands practical, as all elements of the conditions had previously been offered by the Federal government to Quebec on different occasions.[1]

text: Bourassa and Mulroney, both pragmatic pro-business figures, had a far more congenial relationship than had Trudeau and Lévesque. Mulroney tasked Senator Lowell Murray with coordinating a possible agreement with the provinces.[2] Bourassa announced that talks could proceed based on the five conditions, adding only the provision that "recognition of Quebec's distinct character" had to be an interpretive clause rather than a symbolic note in a revised preamble.[citation needed][note 1]

text: At a meeting of the "First Ministers" in Edmonton in August 1986, the Premiers and Mulroney agreed to the "Edmonton Declaration". It stated that a "Quebec Round" of constitutional talks based on the five conditions would occur before further reforms would be undertaken.[3]

text: Consensus at Meech Lake[edit]

text: Believing that a constitutional agreement was possible, Mulroney called a conference for April 30, 1987, with provincial premiers at Willson House, Meech Lake, in the Gatineau Hills.[4] In contrast to previous constitutional conferences, which tended to feature a multitude of bureaucrats and advisors, the 11 "first ministers" were the only participants at the bargaining table. Other officials were kept downstairs and the media was locked out of the negotiation process.[5]

text: Mulroney chaired the meeting, and agreement came quickly on the Supreme Court and immigration conditions, both of which were significantly an entrenchment of the status quo.[6] The only agenda item added besides Quebec's conditions was senate reform. After initially proposing abolition, Mulroney agreed to allow appointment from lists created by the provinces while awaiting further reform, which was accepted by the provinces.[6] Changes to the amending formula and recognition of a distinct society were the most contentious issues. Changes to the wording of the "distinct society clause" that also preserved rights for English and French minorities in other provinces gained acceptance by all representatives at the table.[7]

text: After nine hours, the Premiers and Mulroney announced a consensus for constitutional reform had been reached amongst the First Ministers. The consensus would encompass five main modifications to the Canadian constitution:[8]

text:
Quebec was recognized as a "distinct society" in Section 2 of the Constitution Act, 1867. This would operate as an interpretative clause for the entire constitution;
Prospective constitutional amendments were now subject to s. 41 of the Constitution Act, 1982, which meant they required the approval of every province and the Federal government;
Provincial powers with respect to immigration were increased;
Provinces were granted the right for reasonable financial compensation if that province chose to opt out of any future federal programs in areas of exclusive provincial jurisdiction;
The appointment of senators and Supreme Court justices, traditionally a prerogative of the Prime Minister, would be drawn from a selection of names provided by the provinces.

text: Initial reaction[edit]

text: The initial reaction of the public was shock. Interest groups that had been involved in the constitutional debate, unaware that an agreement was practicable, had not thought to begin agitating for consultation. They were caught off balance by the accepted Accord.[9] The only province to have public hearings after the Accord stage and before the legal text was drafted was Quebec.[10]

text: National public opinion polls initially showed that a majority of Canadians supported the proposed agreement.[11] Liberal Party leader John Turner and New Democratic Party leader Ed Broadbent announced their agreement with the consensus.[10]

text: The first prominent opposition, as reported by the media, was from former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, who had led the effort for drafting and approval of the 1982 constitution. In an open letter published in both the Toronto Star and Le Devoir on May 26, 1987, Trudeau attacked the Accord as a capitulation to provincialism and the end of any dream of "One Canada". Portraying "patriation" as the equalization of the bargaining power of Federal and provincial governments that would allow Canada to survive indefinitely, Trudeau wrote that the new agreement made further devolution of powers inevitable. He referred to Mulroney as a "weakling," the Premiers as "snivelers," and invoked Bourassa's previous reneging of the Victoria Charter as suggesting that the Accord would be the beginning of concessions to Quebec and provincial interests.[12]

text: Trudeau's well-known position as an ardent Federalist and a prominent Québécois helped express the opposition to the Accord for many of its opponents. He generated concerns with the Accord in other groups that had embraced the Charter, such as First Nations ethnic communities and women.[13] His position created turmoil in the Federal and provincial Liberal parties, with the federal party split largely on linguistic lines, shaking John Turner's already fragile leadership.[14]

text: Final agreement[edit]

text: As the final agreement was to be drawn up in Ottawa on June 2, 1987, Trudeau's intervention had made him, in the words of Mulroney advisor L. Ian Macdonald, a "twelfth participant".[15] The meeting, seen as a formality to precede a signing ceremony the next day, instead lasted 19 hours.[16]

text: Manitoba NDP Premier Howard Pawley, faced with left-wing opposition to the consensus in his home province, insisted on more limited language regarding Federal spending power in the final agreement.[17] Ontario Premier David Peterson, as the sole Liberal at the table, did not have support for it by most of his caucus (including his main adviser, Ian Scott). They opposed the consensus, and proposed a variety of amendments to the federal spending power and the distinct society clauses.[14] Pawley and Peterson agreed to follow each other's lead or back out together, to avoid either being seen as the cause of the collapse of talk.[18] They asked Mulroney to take a harder line on Federal powers.[10]

text: Trudeau's intervention had also created a separate backlash: Mulroney and the other eight Premiers, insulted by what they saw as undue interference, aggressively embraced the previous consensus.[10] Bourassa in particular refused to move away from any of the Accord's major provisions.[19] Negotiations went on through the night. They ultimately agreed on a clause promising that "the distinct society clause" would not derogate the Charter, providing protections for multicultural and aboriginal rights, and tighter language regarding the Federal spending power.[20]

text: At a final roll call at 4:45AM, hours before the signing ceremony, Mulroney knowingly breached convention by taking the vote in reverse order around the table instead of the traditional order of a province's entry into confederation.[20] Pawley, after pressure from federal NDP leader Ed Broadbent, conceded and approved the agreement.[21] Peterson, the last to vote in this improvised formula, approved the final agreement on behalf of Ontario.[20]

text: At the symbolic signing ceremony, the Premiers signed the Accord. Bourassa declared that Quebec had become reintegrated in Canada to a standing ovation.[22]

text: Debate[edit]

text: Support[edit]

text: Supporters of the Accord argued that it would provide a generation of constitutional peace and do so in a simple and understandable way without major structural changes to the Federal government or the Canadian federation. Bourassa described Quebec's exclusion from the 1982 agreement as a "hole in the heart" that had to be mended before Quebec could become a normalized participant in constitutional matters.[23] Mulroney and others, acknowledging that the agreement focused on primarily Quebec concerns, described the agreement as a "bridge" that, once accepted, would allow for further negotiations with other groups to proceed with Quebec's full participation.

text: Mulroney argued that the Senate and Supreme Court reforms would allow for greater involvement of other parties in what was generally a unilateral decision from the Prime Minister. It was an attempt to reduce what was seen as an overly powerful Prime Minister's Office.[6] Mulroney would tell the Toronto Star, "You can have the old style of warring federalism, or you can have genuine co-operative federalism, on which we're trying to build a new country."[24]

text: Proponents such as constitutional expert Peter Hogg said that the "distinct society" clause was merely an "affirmation of a sociological fact".[25] Chief Justice Brian Dickson noted that court decisions had for decades taken Quebec's "character" into consideration on a standard basis.[12]

text: Opposition[edit]

text: Opponents of the Accord took issue with both the process and ultimate results of the negotiations. Process objections focused on the agreement being negotiated in circumstances considered to be opaque and undemocratic: the amendments were effectively drafted and agreed to by the eleven Premiers themselves in two meetings and were presented to their legislatures as a fait accompli. Some academics described the Accord as resulting from an exercise in "elite accommodation" not compatible with a more democratic Canada.[26] Aside from Quebec, no province held public hearings on the Accord until opposition began to sprout.

text: Some critics said that "distinct society" focus unbalanced the Federation, creating a "special status" for Quebec that would lead to asymmetrical federalism and the possible decline of the English-speaking community in Quebec and Francophones elsewhere in Canada. Aboriginal, feminist, and minority groups worried that the clause could be interpreted by courts to allow the Quebec government to disregard sections of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and of other constitutional protections in the name of preserving the province's culture.

text: Aboriginal groups were opposed to the amendments that involved constitutional change, as they had not had any representation in negotiations.[27]

text: Former Prime Minister Trudeau and similar critics argued that the further devolution of powers was unnecessary and did not result in any "trade-off" with the Federal government. Rather, the Accord reduced its ability to speak for all Canadians on matters of national interest.

text: Western and Atlantic Canada particularly objected to the lack of more substantive reforms in how the Senate membership was chosen, especially as the Accord required further Senate reform to be subject to unanimous approval by the provinces.

text: On the other hand, activists seeking sovereignty for Quebec were also unhappy; they generally opposed the agreement, believing that "recognition of Quebec as a distinct society" would be only moderately useful. They thought acceptance of the agreement would forestall devolution of further powers.

text: Procedural[edit]

text: Because the agreement would have changed the constitution's amending formula, it needed to obtain the consent of all provincial and federal legislatures within three years. The signatory Premiers undertook to have Accord approved as soon as possible. Quebec passed the Accord on June 23, 1987, triggering the three year time limit provided for by the Section 39(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982; this meant that June 22, 1990, would be the last possible day the Accord could pass. Saskatchewan ratified the Accord on September 23, 1987, and Alberta did likewise on December 7, 1987.[28]

text: After the conclusion of public hearings, New Brunswick premier Richard Hatfield was unable, despite significant pressure from Mulroney, to put the Accord to the floor of the provincial legislature.[29] Hatfield's government lost every seat in the October 1987 New Brunswick election to the Frank McKenna-led Liberals. McKenna had campaigned on requesting changes to the Accord, especially for protections for New Brunswick's linguistic duality, and demanded changes before passing the Accord in New Brunswick. The unanimous provincial consensus was now gone, and with it much of the Accord's political momentum.

text: More surprising was the unexpected defeat of Howard Pawley's NDP majority government in Manitoba after a disgruntled backbencher voted against the government, prompting an election in April 1988. The result was a PC minority government under Gary Filmon that was tacitly supported by Gary Doer's NDP.[30] The leader of the opposition, Liberal Sharon Carstairs, was a fervent opponent of the Accord, and was convinced some dissident PCs and NDP MLAs could be convinced to vote it down.[31] The unstable confidence situation meant that all three leaders would have to negotiate on Manitoba's behalf.[32]

text: Trudeau was invited to both the Commons and Senate committee hearings to discuss the Accord, with his later Senate appearance lasting several hours. The Senate, the majority of whose members had been appointed by Trudeau, rejected the Accord, prompting the House of Commons to use s.47 of the Constitution Act, 1982, to pass the amendment without the Senate's consent.

text: The Accord played very little role in the 1988 Federal election, as all three parties supported the Accord and the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement was the dominant issue. Bourassa's Liberals, who supported free trade, lent tacit support to the federal Progressive Conservatives and their campaign in favour of the agreement. This support was later speculated to have been a cause of a disconnect between left wing intellectuals and support for the Accord,[33] and was cited by the Manitoba NDP for their more lukewarm attitude toward the amendments after Pawley's retirement.[30]

text: Ford v. Quebec[edit]

text: Shortly after the election, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled on Ford v. Quebec, a compendium of cases regarding sign restrictions in the Charter of the French Language. While acknowledging the protection of Quebec's French identity as a pressing and substantial objective, the Court ruled that the outright ban on English-language signs was a violation of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and ordered the language restrictions be struck down.[34]

text: The decision reignited the long-simmering debate over language use in Quebec: while English-language groups celebrated the decision, the Parti Québécois and nationalist groups demanded Bourassa use the notwithstanding clause to uphold the Charter of the French Language against the court ruling. Both Mulroney and Peterson pressured Bourassa not to use the notwithstanding clause,[35] while prominent Quebec cabinet minister and nationalist Claude Ryan threatened to resign if the clause was not used.[35]

text: Bourassa opted to propose Bill 178, which continued the sign ban on outdoor signs and used the clause, causing four of his English-speaking ministers to resign and prompting general outrage in English Canada.[36] Manitoba Premier Gary Filmon, calling the move a violation of the "spirit of Meech Lake", immediately ordered that public hearings regarding the Accord be ended and the Accord be withdrawn from consideration pending a new constitutional conference, officially joining New Brunswick in opposing the Accord.[37] John Turner and the federal Liberals, who had gained little traction in Quebec from their pro-Meech stance in the previous election, attacked Mulroney for what was seen as Federal acquiescence to and, in the case of Lucien Bouchard and Louis Plamondon, approval of Bill 178.[37]

text: Growing opposition[edit]

text: The Accord would gain a third opponent after the 1989 Newfoundland election, which saw PC premier Tom Rideout defeated by the Liberal Clyde Wells. Wells had campaigned against the Accord, as he was opposed to changing the amending formula before senate reform, the restrictions on the Federal spending power, and felt that distinct society would be used by Quebec to gain special status in confederation. Wells demanded a re-opening of the Accord. A conference held in November 1989 failed to break the logjam, and featured a bitter argument on national television between Wells and Mulroney.[38][39]

text: As the political discourse moved from the contents of the Accord to the possible results of its demise, palpable tension arose between English and French speakers throughout Canada, including outside of Quebec.[40] Using Bourassa's use of the notwithstanding clause as justification, groups such as the Alliance for the Preservation of English in Canada convinced municipalities such as Sault Ste. Marie to pass bylaws outlawing the provision of French language services.[41] A video clip of protesters stomping a Quebec flag in Brockville, Ontario was replayed frequently on Quebec television to symbolize English Canada's opposition to the Accord.[40]

text: Charest Commission and Bouchard[edit]

text: The Accord required passage in Manitoba, New Brunswick, and, after Wells used s. 46(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982, to revoke the province's previous assent, Newfoundland.[38]

text: Hope for the Accord gained momentum after New Brunswick proposed a series of alternate concerns that would have to be addressed to enable passage of the original agreement. Jean Charest, a former cabinet minister, was tasked with heading a commission on addressing New Brunswick's concerns on March 22, 1990, which expanded into an attempt to forge an all-party consensus on the Accord.[42] Despite his opposition, leading Liberal leadership candidate Jean Chrétien, wishing the issue to be off the table, contributed to the commission via a back channel.[clarification needed][43] On May 17, 1990, the commission recommended a companion accord that would be approved by all provinces along with Meech Lake; This would permit the original accord to stay in place, saving face for Quebec and the federal government, while addressing the concerns of other provinces.[42] The companion Accord asserted that the distinct society clause would be subject to the Charter and would feature greater protections for minority language rights in the provinces.[42]

text: Bourassa dismissed the report the day it was released.[42] Anger at reading its contents in Paris prompted Lucien Bouchard, environment minister and Mulroney's Quebec lieutenant, to send a telegram to a gathering in his native Alma lavishly praising the Parti Québécois and René Lévesque to be read by PQ leader Jacques Parizeau.[43]

text: Upon his return to Canada, Mulroney demanded Bouchard clarify the remark or resign, and Bouchard supplied a lengthy letter of resignation on May 22, 1990.[44] The two men, who had been close friends since attending Laval University together, never spoke again.[45] Bouchard sat as an independent. He made a speech in defence of the original Meech accord and stated that without it, sovereignty was the only option.[45][46] Bourassa announced his support of Bouchard's action from the National Assembly, and said it provided a clear warning to English Canada of what would occur if Meech failed.[45]

text: "The Last Supper" and the Companion Accord[edit]

text: On June 3, 1990, after each Premier met individually with the Prime Minister at 24 Sussex Drive, the First Ministers met at the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Hull.[47] Scheduled as a one-day meeting, the premiers instead met for a week at the National Conference Centre and the Government Conference Centre. The combined media presence outside lent to an atmosphere of chaos and drama, with repeated intonations by Mulroney and other Federal officials that acceptance of the accord was necessary for the very survival of Canada.[47][48] As the process wore on, journalists noted that the secrecy and spin began to echo the original meetings that had created problems in the first place.[49] Historian Michael Bliss described the spectacle as "nauseating".[50]

text: After a first day that was unsuccessful, McKenna attempted to start conversation by announcing that New Brunswick would support the Accord.[38] The second day saw Filmon agree to a second accord being enacted a number of months after the original passed, allowing for all sides to show more flexibility.[51]

text: At the meeting, Bourassa conceded that a second accord could be adopted that included a guarantee that distinct society would not weaken gender equality and give the territories involvement in the appointment of senators and Supreme Court justices.[52] The Premiers also agreed to hold future conferences on Aboriginal and minority language issues, the creation of a "Canada Clause" to guide judicial decisions in the same manner as "distinct society", a new process for how new provinces would be formed, and a new amending procedure.[52]

text: Wells, however, was still not satisfied with the proposed conditions, and threatened to walk out of the conference. After being physically stopped by Alberta Premier Don Getty, he was asked what his conditions were for acceptance, and Wells replied that he needed a guarantee that senate reform would be carried out.[53] The Ontario delegation then proposed a new formula: A clause would be placed in the new accord for senate reform negotiations to continue to 1995. If negotiations failed by 1995, Ontario would agree to give up 6 Senate seats, meaning that Quebec would have 24 seats, Ontario 18, Prince Edward Island 4, and the remaining provinces 8.[53] Wells immediately agreed in principle.[54]

text: The next day, another signing ceremony was held, but Wells protested that the draft agreement had deleted a request that a 10-year review be conducted on the distinct society clause without informing him.[54] The clause was never seriously considered by Federal negotiators who, thinking it would be a poison pill for Quebec, had never brought it to Bourassa's attention.[54] Wells put an asterisk next to his signature, but promised that the Accord would be put before the Newfoundland House of Assembly or to a referendum.[55]

text: Final days[edit]

text: The apparent success of the negotiations was offset by a severe public relations blunder the following day: Mulroney, when describing the negotiation process to The Globe and Mail, stated that he had intentionally waited until the last minute to put pressure on the attendees for the final meeting, which would allow him to "roll the dice" and force the deal to go through.[56][57]

text: Susan Delacourt reported Mulroney's remark, which prompted general outrage in both the political class and in the public for its apparently flippant nature, which contrasted heavily with Mulroney's somber language and remarks about the necessity of the Accord passing during the previous conference.[57] Filmon and Wells both expressed their displeasure with the remark, and Filmon declared that, while he would place the Accord in front of the Manitoba legislature, he would not exempt the Accord from public hearing requirements.[58] Liberal leader Jean Chrétien, who had been considering endorsing the Accords, backed off after the remark.[59] Peterson believes that the remark killed any chance of the Accord passing.[60][note 2]

text: Wells had determined that a referendum was impractical in the short time period, and arranged for the Accord to be put to a free vote in the Newfoundland House of Assembly, with himself opposing ratification.[61] In a highly unusual maneuver, Mulroney, Peterson, and McKenna addressed the House of Assembly and urged them to accept the Accord.[62]

text: On the final day ratification was possible, June 22, 1990, unanimous support was still required to bypass the necessary public consultations in the Manitoba Legislative Assembly and proceed with ratification. Elijah Harper raised an eagle feather to mark his dissension, on the grounds that Aboriginal groups had not been consulted on either Accord. As the amendment could not proceed, Filmon contacted Wells in Newfoundland and advised that the Amendment would not reach the floor.[63]

text: Accordingly, Clyde Wells and opposition leader Tom Rideout agreed to cancel the planned free vote in the Newfoundland House of Assembly, because the outcome would have most likely been a refusal.[62] Peterson, Mulroney, and McKenna argue that Wells undertook to put the Accord to a vote before the ratification deadline, but Wells disagreed with that interpretation.[62]

text: Pursuant to Section 39(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982, on June 23, 1990, the amendments lapsed. They had received the assent of the federal government and eight provinces totaling 96% of the population.[14]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Quebec[edit]

text: In a speech to the National Assembly of Quebec delivered the next day, Bourassa captured the nationalist sentiment of the moment:

text: « Le Canada anglais doit comprendre de façon très claire que, quoi qu'on dise et quoi qu'on fasse, le Québec est, aujourd'hui et pour toujours, une société distincte, libre et capable d'assumer son destin et son développement. »

text: ... English Canada must clearly understand that, no matter what is said or done, Quebec is, today and forever, a distinct society, free and able to assume control of its destiny and development.

text: Jacques Parizeau, leader of the opposition, crossed the floor to shake Bourassa's hand and referred to him as "my Premier".[64] On June 25, an estimated 500,000 Quebecers marched in the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day celebrations in Quebec City, during which actor Jean Duceppe delivered a speech calling for independence. Polls at this time showed a majority of 61–64% in favour of sovereignty-association.[64] Bourassa, in an attempt to constructively capture nationalist sentiment, declared he would negotiate only with the Federal government, and later passed Bill 150, which promised a referendum by October 26, 1992, on a revised constitutional agreement or sovereignty for Quebec.[65] Despite these initiatives, Bourassa remained privately committed to federalism, believing that sovereignty, while possible, was unworkable.[66]

text: Bouchard and other alienated Quebec MPs united to form the Bloc Québécois under his leadership.[citation needed]

text: Other provinces[edit]

text: Ontario Premier David Peterson had, reluctantly, played a prominent role in creating the accord and continued to support it in the face of growing opposition. This led to a backlash in his own province, especially regarding his promise to provide Senate seats to other provinces. He was defeated by Bob Rae's NDP within months in a snap election.

text: In response to criticism of the Accord, British Columbia and Alberta enacted legislation requiring future constitutional amendments to be put to a referendum before being approved by the legislature.

text: Mulroney's popularity plummeted. Many condemned his handling of the accord, and the exhaustive and interminable debates over it caused a backlash against further constitutional negotiations. In November 1990, Mulroney sought the input of Canadians on the country's constitutional future by convening the Citizen's Forum on National Unity. The forum was more commonly known as the Spicer Commission, after its chair, Keith Spicer.

text: A variety of constitutional conferences and the efforts of former Prime Minister Joe Clark resulted in the Charlottetown Accord, which contained many of the same proposals, along with concrete involvement of First Nations groups. The Charlottetown Accord, unlike Meech Lake, was put to referenda (on October 26, 1992), but it was also defeated in most provinces, including Quebec. Following these attempts to make further amendments to the Constitution have been recognized as extremely difficult. No serious attempt has been made in the two decades since to alter the Constitution.