document_title: Walking Tall (2004 film)

question_text: where was walking tall with the rock filmed

text: Walking Tall (2004 film)

text: Plot

text: Former U.S. Army Special Forces sergeant Chris Vaughn (The Rock) returns to his small home town in Kitsap County, Washington. Looking for work, he finds the local cedar mill was closed down three years prior by its heir, Jay Hamilton (Neal McDonough), who opened a new casino that now accounts for the majority of revenue for the local area. Hamilton, who was also Vaughn's school friend, invites him to a night of fun at the casino. While checking out the VIP lounge, Vaughn stumbles upon his childhood friend Deni (Ashley Scott), who is now working as a stripper. Later, he notices the craps dealer using loaded dice and demonstrates this to the patrons by placing a bet and calling out the roll before throwing the dice. When the floorman declares no payout, Vaughn instigates a fight. Although he beats down most of the security guards, he is subsequently subdued with a cattle prod and knocked unconscious. The security staff take Vaughn into the basement and Hamilton's right-hand man and head of security Booth (Kevin Durand) tortures him by cutting his torso with a utility knife before dumping him on a roadside. He is found by a trucker and hospitalized, but recovers quickly.

text: Vaughn goes to the sheriff, Stan Watkins (Michael Bowen), to press charges against the guards, but Sheriff Watkins refuses to allow him to do so because the casino is viewed as too important to the town's economy, stating that because of its position, the casino is considered a "no fly zone". After this, Vaughn also learns that his nephew, Pete (Khleo Thomas), experimented with crystal meth, which was sold to his friends by the casino security guards. Infuriated, Vaughn goes to the casino, and using a piece of lumber as a club, begins destroying casino property, and brutally beats the security guards when they attempt to stop him. Vaughn is apprehended by Sheriff Watkins and his deputies as he is driving away from the scene.

text: In the ensuing trial, all of Hamilton's security and staff testify against Vaughn. When the judge allows Vaughn to present his defense, he fires his appointed attorney, who is implicitly under Hamilton's employ. After making a civic speech about the town's great former self, Vaughn tells the jury and the rest of the town that if he's cleared of the charges, he will run for sheriff and clean up the town. To further emphasize his plea, Vaughn reveals the grotesque scars on his torso from his being tortured by the casino staff. He is then acquitted and wins the election for sheriff. Upon taking office, he summarily dismisses the entire police force and deputizes his friend, Ray Templeton (Johnny Knoxville), whom Vaughn feels he can trust, as well as help Vaughn learn about narcotics (Templeton revealed earlier that he served time in prison after becoming a drug addict).

text: Vaughn and Templeton find drugs on Booth and they take him into custody. In an attempt to make him reveal information on the town drug operation, they hold him captive in a garage and proceed to strip his truck into pieces in front of him, but he does not talk. Vaughn assigns Templeton to stand watch over his house, as he knows Hamilton will likely target his family. Vaughn himself remains at the sheriff's office to supervise Booth. He is visited by Deni, stopping by under the pretense of bringing him food and reveals that she quit her job as the casino stripper. The two end up spending the night together in the office. The next morning, Watkins and his deputies arrive at the Sheriff's office where they blow up Vaughn's truck and fire upon the building with machine guns. Recognizing his dangerous predicament, Booth pleads for Vaughn to let him out of his cell, prompting Vaughn to use Booth's perilous situation as leverage for information. Booth reveals that the old mill is where the drugs are being produced, but is immediately killed by the indiscriminate fire of the attackers. Vaughn manages to kill all of the attackers with Deni's help.

text: Vaughn's parents' house is attacked, but Templeton and Vaughn's father are able to dispatch the gunmen. After ensuring their safety, Vaughn heads for the mill where he discovers a meth lab as well as Hamilton, calmly waiting in a control room. Hamilton attempts to kill Vaughn with the mill equipment by dropping him through a trap door, but Vaughn drags Hamilton down with him and the two fall through a chute. Vaughn, whose leg is injured, manages to tend to his injury in a nearby forest before Hamilton attacks him with an axe. The two fight for their lives, with Vaughn ultimately coming out on top by beating Hamilton with a nearby uprooted tree, breaking his leg. Vaughn repeats what Hamilton said to him earlier "You're right, Jay. This does change our relationship. This is my town. You're under arrest." And Hamilton is arrested and taken into custody, with Templeton's assistance, Vaughn shuts down the casino. In the closing scene it is revealed that the local mill is back in use.

text: Cast

text:
Dwayne Johnson as Christopher "Chris" Vaughn, Jr.
Johnny Knoxville as Ray Templeton
Neal McDonough as Jay Hamilton
Michael Bowen as Sheriff Stan Watkins
Kevin Durand as Booth
Kristen Wilson as Michelle Vaughn
Ashley Scott as Deni
Khleo Thomas as Pete Vaughn
John Beasley as Christopher Vaughn Sr.
Cobie Smulders as Beautiful Eye Candy in car

text: Production

text: In the original film, Pusser uses a wooden club to beat the criminals. Director Kevin Bray wanted to update it by making it a baseball bat. There were objections, so the compromise was just to add a handle. Although it was filmed in Squamish, British Columbia, Canada, the setting of this 2004 film is in semi-rural Kitsap County, Washington, and not in the McNairy County, Tennessee, where Buford Pusser originally served as a sheriff.

text: Reception

text: The film received mostly negative reviews from critics. Based on 133 reviews collected by the film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 25% of critics gave Walking Tall a positive review, with an average rating of 4.4/10, with the critics consensus: "The Rock makes a competent hero, but the movie is content to let a 2×4 do all the talking."[1]

text: The film grossed $57 million (worldwide total), with a budget of $46 million.[2]

text: Sequel

text: Walking Tall: The Payback and Walking Tall: Lone Justice are two direct-to-video sequels that have been released starring Kevin Sorbo.


document_title: Absorption of water

question_text: active absorption of water from the soil by the root is mainly affected by

root

text: Absorption of water

text: Active absorption[edit]

text: Active absorption refers to the absorption of water by roots with the help of ATP, generated by the root respiration: as the root cells actively take part in the process, it is called active absorption. According to Renner, active absorption takes place in low transpiring and well-watered plants, and 4% of total water absorption is carried out in this process. The active absorption is carried out by two theories; active osmotic water absorption and Active non-osmotic water absorption. In this process energy is required.

tag: p

text: Active osmotic water absorption[edit]

text: This theory was given by Pari (1910) and Priestley (1921). According to this theory, the root cells behave as an ideal osmotic pressure system through which water moves up from the soil solution to the root xylem along an increasing gradient of D.P.D. (suction pressure, which is the real force for water absorption). If solute concentration is high and water potential is low in the root cells, water can enter from soil to root cells through endosmosis. Mineral nutrients are absorbed actively by the root cells due to utilisation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As a result, the concentration of ions (osmotica) in the xylem vessels is more in comparison to the soil water. A concentration gradient is established between the root and the soil water. Hence, the solute potential of xylem water is more in comparison to that of soil and correspondingly water potential is low than the soil water.If stated, water potential is comparatively positive in the soil water. This gradient of water potential causes endosmosis. The endosmosis of water continues till the water potential both in the root and soil becomes equal. It is the absorption of minerals that utilise metabolic energy, but not water absorption. Hence, absorption of water is indirectly an active process in a plant's life.Active transport is in an opposite direction to that of diffusion.[1]

text: Active non-osmotic water absorption[edit]

text: This theory was given by Thimann (1951) and Kramer (1959). According to the theory, sometimes water is absorbed against a concentration gradient. This requires expenditure of metabolic energy released from respiration of root cells. There is no direct evidence, but some scientists suggest involvement of energy from respiration. In conclusion, it is said that, the evidences supporting active absorption of water are themselves poor.[2]

text: Passive absorption[edit]

text: This mechanism is carried out without utilisation of metabolic energy. Here, only the roots act as an organ of absorption or passage. Hence, sometimes it is called water absorption 'through roots', rather 'by' roots. It occurs in rapidly transpiring plants during the daytime, because of the opening of stomata and the atmospheric conditions. The force for absorption of water is created at the leaf end i.e. the transpiration pull. The main cause behind this transpiration pull, water is lifted up in the plant axis like a bucket of water is lifted by a person from a well. Transpiration pull is responsible for dragging water at the leaf end, the pull or force is transmitted down to the root through column of water in the xylem elements. The continuity of the water column remains intact due to the cohesion between the molecules and it act as a rope. Roots simply act as a passive organ of absorption. As transpiration proceeds, water absorption occurs simultaneously to compensate the water loss from the leaf end. Most volume of water entering plants is by means of passive absorption. Passive transport is no different from diffusion, it requires no input of energy: there is free movement of molecules from their higher concentration to their lower concentration. The water will enter the plant via the root cells that can be found in the roots where mainly passive absorption occurs. Also, with the absorption of water, minerals and nutrients are also absorbed.


document_title: Origin of replication

question_text: eukaryotes have how many origins of dna replication

text: Origin of replication

text: Types[edit]

text: The origin of replication are classified in two ways:

text:
Narrow or broad host range
High- or low-copy number.

tag: ul

text: There are also no significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic origins of replication:

text:
Most bacteria have a single circular molecule of DNA, and typically only a single origin of replication per circular chromosome.[5]
Most archaea have a single circular molecule of DNA, and several origins of replication along this circular chromosome.[6]
Eukaryotes often have multiple origins of replication on each linear chromosome that initiate at different times (replication timing), with up to 100,000 present in a single human cell.[7] Having many origins of replication helps to speed the duplication of their (usually) much larger store of genetic material. The segment of DNA that is copied starting from each unique replication origin is called a replicon.

text: Origins of replication are typically assigned names containing "ori".

text: Prokaryotic[edit]

text: Bacterial genome origins[edit]

text: The genome of E. coli consists of a single circular DNA molecule of approximately 4.6 x 106 nucleotide pairs. DNA replication typically begins at a single origin of replication. In E. coli, the origin of replication—oriC—consists of three A–T rich 13-mer repeats and four 9-mer repeats. Ten to 20 monomers of the replication initiator protein DnaA bind to the 9-mer repeats, and the DNA coils around this protein complex forming a protein core. This coiling stimulates the AT rich region in the 13-mer sequence to unwind, allowing the helicase loader DnaC to load the replicative helicase DnaB to each of the two unwound DNA strands. The helicase DnaB forms the basis of the primosome, a complex of enzymes to which DNA polymerase III is recruited before replication can occur .[8]

text: Bacterial plasmid origins[edit]

text: Many bacteria, including E. coli, contain plasmids that each contain an origin of replication. These are separate from the origins of replication that are used by the bacteria to copy their genome and often function very differently. For example, the E. coli plasmid pBR322 uses a protein called Rop/Rom to regulate the number of plasmids that are within each bacterial cell[citation needed]. The most common origin of replication that is used in plasmids for genetic engineering is called pUC. This origin is derived from pBR322 but it contains two mutations. One single point mutation in the origin itself and another that deletes the Rop/Rom gene. This removes all the regulatory constraints on the plasmids replication and the bacteria then go from producing 30–40 plasmids per cell with pBR322 up to producing over 500 with pUC. This allows genetic engineers to produce large quantities of DNA for research purposes. Other origins of replication include pSC101 (derived from Salmonella, around 5 copies per cell), 15A origin (derived from p15A, 10–20 copies per cell) and Bacterial artificial chromosomes (1 copy per cell).[9]

text: Eukaryotic[edit]

text: In eukaryotes, the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were first identified by their ability to support the replication of mini-chromosomes or plasmids, giving rise to the name Autonomously replicating sequences or ARS elements. Each budding yeast origin consists of a short (~11 bp) essential DNA sequence (called the ARS consensus sequence or ACS) that recruits replication proteins.[citation needed]

text: In other eukaryotes, including humans, the base pair sequences at the replication origins vary. Despite this sequence variation, all the origins form a base for assembly of a group of proteins known collectively as the pre-replication complex (pre-RC):[citation needed]

text:
First, the origin DNA is bound by the origin recognition complex (ORC) which, with help from two further protein factors (Cdc6 and Cdt1), load the mini chromosome maintenance (or MCM) protein complex.
Once assembled, this complex of proteins indicates that the replication origin is ready for activation. Once the replication origin is activated, the cell's DNA will be replicated.

text: In metazoans, pre-RC formation is inhibited by the protein geminin, which binds to and inactivates Cdt1. Regulation of replication prevents the DNA from being replicated more than once each cell cycle.[citation needed]

text: In humans an origin of replication has been originally identified near the Lamin B2 gene on chromosome 19 and the ORC binding to it has extensively been studied.[10]

text: Viral[edit]

text: Viruses often possess a single origin of replication.

text: A variety of proteins have been described as being involved in viral replication. For instance, Polyoma viruses utilize host cell DNA polymerases, which attach to a viral origin of replication if the T antigen is present.


document_title: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)

question_text: where is im a celebrity get me out of here 2017 filmed

question_tokens: where is im a celebrity get me out of here 2017 filmed

text: I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (UK TV series)

text: Format

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In return for their appearance on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, the celebrities are asked to nominate a charity to which the producers, ITV Studios, make donations. The celebrities themselves are also paid a fee to compensate them for possible loss of earnings while they are in the jungle. The producers of the show keep the precise details of the celebrities' contracts private, prompting much speculation from the media. The money is raised by allowing viewers to vote by phone, text message, or the "red button" (a colloquialism popular in the UK for TV interactive services) for the celebrity they would like to complete a "Bushtucker Trial" — a physical task usually involving snakes, spiders or other creepy-crawlies found in the jungle — and, later in each series, to vote for the celebrity they would like to see win the show. The last remaining celebrity after all others have been evicted is declared the winner of the show, and is branded "King/Queen of the Jungle".

text: Bushtucker trial

text: Bushtucker trials are used in the show to allow the contestants to gain food and treats for camp. Bushtucker Trials take two formats: eating trials, or physical/mental tasks.

text: In the eating trials, contestants are required to eat a variety of different "jungle" foods. Each dish successfully eaten will gain the contestants one star, which equals one meal for camp (although the number of meals per star can vary). These trials generate the most viewer responses according to the ITV website.[citation needed] The foods that are required to be eaten can include: crickets (in a variety of forms, such as cooked into biscuits, blended into drinks or eaten alive or dead), green ants, mealworms, witchetty grub, roasted spider or tarantulas, kangaroo testicles, kangaroo penis, kangaroo vaginal parts, crocodile penis, cockroach (prepared in various ways such as being cooked into biscuits, blended into drinks, eaten alive or dead). Other past foods include beach worms, bull's tongues, the anus of various animals, vomit fruits, cooked pigs' brains, various animal testicles, raw fish eyes, sheep eyes, blended rats or mice tails.

text: The second type of challenge is more of a physical or mental task that requires the contestants to perform activities to gain stars. These can include searching through dung, going through tunnels, negotiating obstacles on high wires, or performing other tasks.

text: Dingo Dollar Challenge/Dingo Dimes

text: One way of camp can earn treats is by doing extra tasks in Bushtucker trials or in general. Dingo Dimes can be used in the vending machine in Croc Creek. Dingo Dimes only featured in the 2015 series.

text: Another way camp can earn treats is to do what is known as the "Dingo Dollar Challenge". This involves two or more celebrities going into the jungle to perform a task that releases an item to open a container with an amount of dingo dollars. Once that has been completed and the dollars have been retrieved, it is taken to a small woodshack shop, with shopkeeper 'Kiosk Keith'. They can exchange the dollars for a necessity such as a hammock or a treat such as chocolate chip cookies. Kiosk Keith calls camp and the celebrities then have a question usually relating to a celebrity or a piece of trivia. The "Celebrity Chest" was abandoned for the first time in the 2012 series, in favour of the Dingo Dollar Challenge, which involves the celebrities collecting 'dingo dollars' and subsequently answering a question correctly in order to win a treat for the camp, if they win they will receive their prize however if the celebrities get it wrong, Kiosk Keith takes the dingo dollars and shuts up shop, leaving nothing for the camp.

text: Formerly, 'The Celebrity Chest' had a question with a choice of answers, similar to the Dingo Dollar Challenge, the two celebrities who took part in the challenge would bring the chest back to camp and collaborate over the question with the other camp members. If correct, they would win a treat, if incorrect, they would be told what the treat was.

text: In Dingo Dollars if the camp members answer correctly they get a choice of two treats.

text: Filming location

text: The first series of the show was filmed near Cairns, in Queensland, Australia.[2] Since the second series, the programme has been filmed in Springbrook National Park, near Murwillumbah, New South Wales, Australia.

text: Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on-site medical facilities, containers for the storage of props, and other back-stage facilities. Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions. From this area, a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios. The road then heads down into a valley via four-wheel drive access to the set of the show.

text: Some of these areas are viewable from Google Earth, although it is difficult to view the suspension bridges and open-air studio that Ant & Dec broadcast from. While the roof of the main building is bright red, when filming is out of season, this whole area is covered with hessian to obscure the aerial view.[clarification needed] The creeks and camp areas are situated directly below the main suspension bridges. As they are so close to the celebrities, the crew have to be careful during filming to keep voices and music down. Many of the Bushtucker Trials are not performed here; in fact, some are performed well away from the area.

text: Once out of the jungle, the contestants stay at the five-star hotel Palazzo Versace Australia.[3] The health and well-being of the celebrities and crew are looked after by medic Bob McCarron and his team from EMS. McCarron is also responsible for all of the creatures and food in the challenges.

text: Popularity and criticism

text: The finals of the second and third UK series were seen by 12.73 and 14.99 million people respectively[citation needed] — in both cases well over half of all people watching television in the country at the time.

text: The site in which the celebrities stay appears to be open to the elements, but is largely covered by sheets above the view of the cameras. In one episode, a celebrity had to swim in a swamp apparently infested with crocodiles. Marksmen were shown ready to shoot the animals if they attacked. In actuality, the area where this was filmed does not have crocodiles because it is too far south.

text: In Series 9 it was revealed that Katie Price was being paid almost four times as much as the other contestants, which sparked some criticism. It was also reported that, as a result, cash-strapped ITV were unable to provide any more money for the series, and that the quality of the trials had gone down.[4]

text: Controversies

text: ITV apologised in 2006 after confusion over the instructions for telephone and red-button interactive voting led to allegations in the media that the wrong person had been evicted in the run-off vote in Series 6 between Toby Anstis and Dean Gaffney.[5]

text: The show was forced to enhance its procedures after Ofcom found that after complaints, on 23 November 2006 episode, the show had breached Rule 1.16 of the Broadcasting Code for airing bad language before the watershed.[6]

text: 30 November 2006 episode was ruled to have breached Rule 2.2 of the Broadcasting Code after an investigation launched as part of the wider UK television public voting controversy. Due to late running, seven percent of phone and text votes for that episode of the show were not counted, although this did not affect the result.[7]

text: Sarah Matravers blamed the show for the breakdown of her relationship with contestant Marc Bannerman after he flirted with Cerys Matthews in Series 7.[8] Matthews and Bannerman later alleged the show footage had been edited by ITV to look like more than it was.[9]

text: Former Sex Pistols manager, Malcolm McLaren, who was due to appear on Series 7 but pulled out at the last minute, alleged that the show and the choice of winner was fixed, and the trials posed no real danger. He alleged that the show doctor told him that "'Things are so safe, I would send my own kids in to do the show'. There is nothing bad in there. They're hoodwinking the public".[10]

text:
ITV apologised in 2009 for not having properly advised the contestants in Series 9 of the relevant Australian legislation regarding animal cruelty.[11] Gino D'Acampo and Stuart Manning were charged by New South Wales Police after RSPCA Australia complained over their killing and eating of a rat during the show.[12]
In 2012, the decision by Nadine Dorries to enter the show was the source of criticism, which led to her suspension from the Conservative Party due to allegations she did not seek permission from the party whip Andrew Mitchell, resulting in an inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards.[13]

text:
The fifteenth series saw Ferne McCann eat a live water spider as part of a bushtucker trial. Ofcom reportedly received 694 complaints from the public over allegations of 'animal cruelty for entertainment'. ITV also received a further 500 complaints. In January 2016, it was revealed no further action would be taken.[14][15]
Ant was accused of racism following a joke during the show aimed at the Australian crew, which saw Ant joke that they get "paid in..." following a word that was construed by many viewers as "abos" an offensive term for Aboriginal Australians. A spokesperson later responded, stating that Ant had actually said "Avo's which is short for avocados".[16]
Viewers regularly complained that camp mate Iain Lee was the subject of bullying and isolation from other camp mates during the seventeenth series, and there were concerns raised as to the adverse affect this could have on his mental health. There have been calls for Rebekah Vardy to be cut as a mental health ambassador, due to her alleged role in the 'bullying'. On the ITV show Good Morning Britain the day after her eviction, she defended herself for remarks she made about Iain in Extra Camp, the ITV2 spin-off series stating that she was she "under pressure", and that they were taken out of context. After his eviction from the camp, Dennis Wise also claimed on Good Morning Britain that he and Iain were on friendly terms, and insisted that ITV would not allow bullying on the show. He latter accused of show of 'editing him' to look like a bully. Following his third place eviction, Iain directly addressed his relationship those accused of 'picking on him', stating that he has "loves them" and that there's "no beef between [them]". He also addressed claims that he had a "game plan", stating that he was just being himself.[17][18][19][20][21][22]

text: Series details

text: Winners are crowned King or Queen of their respective year. To date, there have been 10 Kings and 7 Queens of the Jungle.

text: Key:

text:
Series
Start date
End date
Sponsors
Days in camp
Campmates
Honour places
Viewers
(millions)

Winner
Second place
Third place

1
25 August 2002 (2002-08-25)
8 September 2002 (2002-09-08)
N/A
15
8
Tony Blackburn
Tara Palmer-Tomkinson
Christine Hamilton
7.58

2
28 April 2003 (2003-04-28)
12 May 2003 (2003-05-12)
V
10
Phil Tufnell
John Fashanu
Linda Barker
8.55

3
23 January 2004 (2004-01-23)
9 February 2004 (2004-02-09)
First Choice
16
Kerry Katona
Jennie Bond
Peter Andre
11.02

4
21 November 2004 (2004-11-21)
1 December 2004 (2004-12-01)
18
11
Joe Pasquale
Paul Burrell
Fran Cosgrave
8.66

5
20 November 2005 (2005-11-20)
5 December 2005 (2005-12-05)
12
Carol Thatcher
Sheree Murphy
Sid Owen
9.32

6
13 November 2006 (2006-11-13)
1 December 2006 (2006-12-01)
Iceland
19
Matt Willis
Myleene Klass
Jason Donovan
7.96

7
12 November 2007 (2007-11-12)
30 November 2007 (2007-11-30)
20
11
Christopher Biggins
Janice Dickinson
Jason "J" Brown
7.45

8
16 November 2008 (2008-11-16)
5 December 2008 (2008-12-05)
21
12
Joe Swash
Martina Navratilova
George Takei
8.78

9
15 November 2009 (2009-11-15)
4 December 2009 (2009-12-04)
13
Gino D'Acampo
Kim Woodburn
Jimmy White
9.37

10
14 November 2010 (2010-11-14)
4 December 2010 (2010-12-04)
Stacey Solomon
Shaun Ryder
Jenny Eclair
10.37

11
13 November 2011 (2011-11-13)
3 December 2011 (2011-12-03)
Dougie Poynter
Mark Wright
Fatima Whitbread
10.08

12
11 November 2012 (2012-11-11)
1 December 2012 (2012-12-01)
12
Charlie Brooks
Ashley Roberts
David Haye
10.49

13
17 November 2013 (2013-11-17)
8 December 2013 (2013-12-08)
22
Kian Egan
David Emanuel
Lucy Pargeter
11.14

14
16 November 2014 (2014-11-16)
7 December 2014 (2014-12-07)
23
Carl "Foggy" Fogarty
Jake Quickenden
Melanie Sykes
10.26

15
15 November 2015 (2015-11-15)
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06)
Aunt Bessie's
22
13
Vicky Pattison
George Shelley
Ferne McCann
9.86

16
13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)
4 December 2016 (2016-12-04)
12
Scarlett Moffatt
Joel Dommett
Adam Thomas
10.42

17
19 November 2017 (2017-11-19)
10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)
Tombola Arcade
Georgia "Toff" Toffolo
Jamie Lomas
Iain Lee
9.96

text: Sponsors in the Republic of Ireland includes holiday firm MultiTrip.com, online fashion store M and M Direct and more recently car company, Kia.

text: Main series results

text: The first three series of I'm a Celebrity occurred at various different times during the years they were broadcast. From series 4 onwards, the show is broadcast from around mid November until late November/early December.

text: Series 1 (2002)

text: 8 contestants, 25 August – 8 September 2002:

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Tony Blackburn
BBC Radio 1 disc jockey
Day 1
Day 15
1st

Tara Palmer-Tomkinson
Socialite, model, columnist & television presenter
Day 1
Day 15
2nd

Christine Hamilton
Author & public speaker
Day 1
Day 14
3rd

Nell McAndrew
Glamour model & television presenter
Day 1
Day 13
4th

Rhona Cameron
Comedian
Day 1
Day 12
5th

Darren Day
Actor, singer & television presenter
Day 1
Day 11
6th

Nigel Benn
Former Middleweight champion boxer
Day 1
Day 10
7th

Uri Geller
Magician, television personality & self-proclaimed psychic
Day 1
Day 9
8th

text: Series 2 (2003)

text: 10 contestants, 28 April  – 12 May 2003:

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Phil Tufnell
Former England left-arm orthodox spin bowler
Day 1
Day 15
1st

John Fashanu
Former England striker & television presenter
Day 1
Day 15
2nd

Linda Barker
Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer
Day 1
Day 15
3rd

Wayne Sleep
Royal Ballet dancer
Day 1
Day 14
4th

Antony Worrall Thompson
Celebrity chef
Day 1
Day 13
5th

Toyah Willcox
Singer-songwriter & actress
Day 1
Day 12
6th

Catalina Guirado
Model & reality television star
Day 1
Day 11
7th

Chris Bisson
Holby City & Prime Suspect actor
Day 1
Day 10
8th

Danniella Westbrook
Former EastEnders actress
Day 1
Day 9
9th

Siân Lloyd
Television weather reporter
Day 1
Day 8
10th

text: Series 3 (2004)

text: 10 contestants, 26 January – 9 February 2004:

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Kerry Katona
Atomic Kitten singer
Day 1
Day 16
1st

Jennie Bond
BBC royal correspondent
Day 1
Day 16
2nd

Peter Andre
Pop singer
Day 1
Day 16
3rd

Lord Brocket
Television presenter
Day 1
Day 15
4th

Katie Price
Glamour model
Day 1
Day 14
5th

Alex Best
Glamour model
Day 1
Day 13
6th

John Lydon
Sex Pistols band member & presenter
Day 1
Day 11
7th

Neil Ruddock
Former England footballer
Day 1
Day 11
8th

Diane Modahl
Olympic middle distance runner
Day 1
Day 10
9th

Mike Read
Radio DJ & journalist
Day 1
Day 9
10th

text: Series 4 (2004)

text: 11 contestants, 21 November – 6 December 2004:

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Joe Pasquale
Comedian
Day 1
Day 18
1st

Paul Burrell
Former Royal Household servant
Day 1
Day 18
2nd

Fran Cosgrave
Nightclub manager, television personality & bodyguard
Day 1
Day 18
3rd

Janet Street-Porter
Broadcaster & journalist
Day 1
Day 17
4th

Sophie Anderton
Glamour model
Day 1
Day 15
5th

Antonio Fargas
Starsky & Hutch actor
Day 1
Day 14
6th

Sheila Ferguson
The Three Degrees singer
Day 1
Day 13
7th

Vic Reeves
Vic and Bob comedian
Day 5
Day 12
8th

Nancy Sorrell
Model & television presenter
Day 1
Day 11
9th

Natalie Appleton
Former All Saints singer
Day 1
Day 10
10th

Brian Harvey
East 17 singer
Day 2
Day 7
11th

text: Series 5 (2005)

text: 12 contestants, 20 November – 5 December 2005:

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Carol Thatcher
Journalist & author
Day 1
Day 18
1st

Sheree Murphy
Emmerdale actress
Day 1
Day 18
2nd

Sid Owen
EastEnders actor & singer
Day 1
Day 18
3rd

Jimmy Osmond
Singer, actor & businessman
Day 1
Day 17
4th

Bobby Ball
Cannon and Ball comedian & actor
Day 6
Day 16
5th

Antony Costa
Former Blue singer
Day 1
Day 15
6th

Jenny Frost
Former Atomic Kitten singer
Day 1
Day 14
7th

David Dickinson
Former Bargain Hunt presenter
Day 1
Day 12
8th

Kimberley Davies
Former Neighbours actress
Day 1
Day 11
9th

Jilly Goolden
Wine critic & journalist
Day 1
Day 11
10th

Tommy Cannon
Cannon and Ball comedian
Day 6
Day 10
11th

Elaine Lordan
Former EastEnders actress
Day 1
Day 1
12th

text: Series 6 (2006)

text: 12 contestants, 13 November – 1 December 2006:

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Matt Willis

Busted band member
Day 1
Day 19
1st

Myleene Klass

Hear'Say singer
Day 1
Day 19
2nd

Jason Donovan

Stage & screen performer
Day 1
Day 19
3rd

David Gest

Music promoter & television producer
Day 1
Day 18
4th

Dean Gaffney

Former EastEnders actor
Day 5
Day 18
5th

Jan Leeming

Journalist & broadcaster
Day 1
Day 17
6th

Malandra Burrows

Emmerdale actress
Day 6
Day 16
7th

Phina Oruche

Footballer's Wives actress
Day 1
Day 15
8th

Lauren Booth

Broadcaster, journalist & activist
Day 1
Day 14
9th

Faith Brown

Comedian & impressionist
Day 1
Day 13
10th

Scott Henshall

Model & fashion designer
Day 1
Day 12
11th

Toby Anstis

Global Radio presenter
Day 1
Day 11
12th

text: Series 7 (2007)

text: 11 contestants, 12–30 November 2007:

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Christopher Biggins

Film, television & stage actor
Day 5
Day 20
1st

Janice Dickinson

Supermodel
Day 1
Day 20
2nd

Jason "J" Brown

Former 5ive singer
Day 1
Day 20
3rd

Cerys Matthews

Singer-songwriter
Day 1
Day 19
4th

Gemma Atkinson

Hollyoaks actress & glamour model
Day 1
Day 18
5th

Anna Ryder Richardson

Changing Rooms presenter & interior designer
Day 1
Day 16
6th

Rodney Marsh

Retired England footballer
Day 1
Day 15
7th

John Burton Race

Celebrity chef
Day 1
Day 14
8th

Lynne Franks

Spokeswoman & writer
Day 1
Day 13
9th

Katie Hopkins

The Apprentice contestant
Day 2
Day 12
10th

Marc Bannerman

EastEnders actor
Day 1
Day 11
11th

text: Series 8 (2008)

text: Series 8: Sunday 16 November – 5 December 2008:

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Joe Swash

EastEnders actor
Day 1
Day 21
1st

Martina Navratilova

Retired professional tennis player
Day 1
Day 21
2nd

George Takei

Former Star Trek actor
Day 1
Day 21
3rd

David Van Day

Former Dollar singer
Day 5
Day 20
4th

Simon Webbe

Blue singer
Day 1
Day 19
5th

Nicola McLean

Glamour model
Day 1
Day 18
6th

Brian Paddick

Liberal Democrat & retired policeman
Day 1
Day 17
7th

Esther Rantzen

Television presenter & charity campaigner
Day 1
Day 16
8th

Timmy Mallett

Children's television presenter
Day 5
Day 15
9th

Carly Zucker

Personal trainer & model
Day 1
Day 14
10th

Dani Behr

Television presenter, model & singer
Day 1
Day 13
11th

Robert Kilroy-Silk

Former Labour Party politician & television presenter
Day 1
Day 12
12th

text: Series 9 (2009)

text: Series 9: 15 November – 4 December 2009

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Gino D'Acampo

Chef & television presenter
Day 1
Day 21
1st

Kim Woodburn

How Clean Is Your House? presenter
Day 1
Day 21
2nd

Jimmy White

Professional snooker player
Day 1
Day 21
3rd

Justin Ryan

Interior designer & television presenter
Day 1
Day 20
4th

Stuart Manning

Former Hollyoaks actor
Day 1
Day 19
5th

Sabrina Washington

Former Mis-Teeq singer
Day 1
Day 18
6th

George Hamilton

Film actor
Day 1
Day 17
7th

Joe Bugner

Heavyweight boxer
Day 4
Day 16
8th

Samantha Fox

Former model & singer
Day 1
Day 14
9th

Colin McAllister

Interior designer & television presenter
Day 1
Day 11
10th

Lucy Benjamin

Former EastEnders actress
Day 1
Day 10
11th

Katie Price

Businesswoman & television personality
Day 2
Day 9
12th

Camilla Dallerup

Strictly Come Dancing professional dancer
Day 1
Day 4
13th

text: Series 10 (2010)

text: I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! returned on 14 November 2010 at 9pm on ITV and ITV1 HD for its tenth series, as confirmed by presenters Ant and Dec at the end of the "Coming Out" show at the conclusion of series 9. This is the first series in HD. Series 10 is the only series to have 2 live trials.

text: Series 10: 14 November – 4 December 2010

text:
Celebrity
Famous for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Stacey Solomon

The X Factor contestant
Day 1
Day 21
1st

Shaun Ryder

Former Happy Mondays singer
Day 1
Day 21
2nd

Jenny Eclair

Comedian & novelist
Day 4
Day 20
3rd

Dom Joly

Comedian
Day 4
Day 19
4th

Kayla Collins

Playboy model
Day 1
Day 19
5th

Aggro Santos

Rapper
Day 1
Day 18
6th

Linford Christie

Retired Olympic sprinter
Day 1
Day 17
7th

Gillian McKeith

Nutritionist, author & television presenter
Day 1
Day 16
8th

Britt Ekland

Actress
Day 1
Day 15
9th

Alison Hammond

This Morning presenter
Day 6
Day 15
10th

Lembit Öpik

Former Liberal Democratic Party MP
Day 1
Day 13
11th

Sheryl Gascoigne

Author
Day 1
Day 12
12th

Nigel Havers

Coronation Street actor
Day 1
Day 9
13th

text: Series 11 (2011)

text: The eleventh series began on 13 November 2011.[23] The official line-up was confirmed on 9 November 2011.[24]

text: Series 11: 13 November – 3 December 2011

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Dougie Poynter

McFly bassist
Day 1
Day 21
1st

Mark Wright

The Only Way is Essex star
Day 1
Day 21
2nd

Fatima Whitbread

Olympic javelin thrower
Day 1
Day 20
3rd

Antony Cotton

Coronation Street actor
Day 1
Day 20
4th

Willie Carson

Former horse racing jockey
Day 1
Day 19
5th

Crissy Rock

Benidorm actress
Day 1
Day 18
6th

Emily Scott

Swimwear model
Day 5
Day 17
7th

Jessica-Jane Clement

Glamour model, actress & television presenter
Day 1
Day 16
8th

Lorraine Chase

Emmerdale actress
Day 1
Day 15
9th

Pat Sharp

Television & radio broadcaster
Day 3
Day 14
10th

Sinitta

80s pop singer
Day 3
Day 13
11th

Stefanie Powers

Stage & screen actress
Day 1
Day 12
12th

Freddie Starr

Comedian & impressionist
Day 1
Day 3
13th

text: Series 12 (2012)

text: The twelfth series began on 11 November and ended on 1 December 2012.[25] The official line-up was revealed on 7 November 2012.

text: Series 12: 11 November – 1 December 2012

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Charlie Brooks

EastEnders actress
Day 1
Day 21
1st

Ashley Roberts

Former The Pussycat Dolls singer
Day 1
Day 21
2nd

David Haye

Heavyweight boxer
Day 1
Day 20
3rd

Eric Bristow

Professional darts player
Day 1
Day 19
4th

Hugo Taylor

Made in Chelsea star
Day 1
Day 18
5th

Rosemary Shrager

Celebrity chef
Day 5
Day 17
6th

Helen Flanagan

Coronation Street actress & model
Day 1
Day 16
7th

Colin Baker

Former Doctor Who actor
Day 1
Day 15
8th

Linda Robson

Birds of a Feather actress
Day 1
Day 13
9th

Limahl

Kajagoogoo band member
Day 5
Day 12
10th

Nadine Dorries

Conservative Party politician
Day 1
Day 11
11th

Brian Conley

Actor & comedian
Day 1
Day 9
12th

text: Series 13 (2013)

text: The thirteenth series began airing on ITV on 17 November 2013.[26] The first advert for the series aired on 21 October 2013.[27] The line-up was confirmed on 13 November 2013.

text: Series 13: 17 November 2013 – 8 December 2013

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Kian Egan

Former Westlife singer
Day 1
Day 22
1st

David Emanuel

Royal fashion designer
Day 1
Day 22
2nd

Lucy Pargeter

Emmerdale actress
Day 1
Day 21
3rd

Joey Essex

The Only Way is Essex star
Day 1
Day 20
4th

Amy Willerton

Miss Universe Great Britain 2013
Day 1
Day 20
5th

Rebecca Adlington

Former Olympic swimmer
Day 1
Day 19
6th

Alfonso Ribeiro

Sitcom actor
Day 1
Day 19
7th

Steve Davis

Former professional snooker player
Day 1
Day 18
8th

Matthew Wright

The Wright Stuff presenter
Day 1
Day 17
9th

Vincent Simone

Strictly Come Dancing professional
Day 5
Day 17
10th

Laila Morse

EastEnders actress
Day 1
Day 16
11th

Annabel Giles

Television presenter & author
Day 5
Day 15
12th

text: Series 14 (2014)

text: The show returned for its fourteenth series on 16 November 2014.[28][29] On 15 October 2014, a teaser for the upcoming series was released on the official website. On 11 November, the full list of celebrities was confirmed by ITV.[30] On 20 November, a further two campmates were confirmed to have joined the show.[31]

text: Series 14: 16 November 2014 – 7 December 2014

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Carl "Foggy" Fogarty

Retired World Superbike racer
Day 1
Day 23
1st

Jake Quickenden

The X Factor contestant
Day 5
Day 23
2nd

Melanie Sykes

Television presenter & model
Day 1
Day 23
3rd

Edwina Currie

Former Conservative Party politician & author
Day 5
Day 22
4th

Tinchy Stryder

Rapper
Day 1
Day 21
5th

Kendra Wilkinson

Model & reality television star
Day 1
Day 21
6th

Vicki Michelle

Sitcom actress
Day 1
Day 20
7th

Michael Buerk

Newsreader & war journalist
Day 1
Day 19
8th

Nadia Forde

Model, television personality & singer
Day 1
Day 18
9th

Jimmy Bullard

Former Premier League footballer
Day 1
Day 17
10th

Craig Charles

Actor, comedian & presenter
Day 1
Day 4
11th

Gemma Collins

The Only Way is Essex star
Day 1
Day 3
12th

text: Series 15 (2015)

text: The show returned on 15 November 2015 under a new three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 10 December 2014.[1]

text: Series 15: 15 November 2015 – 6 December 2015

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Vicky Pattison

Geordie Shore star
Day 3
Day 22
1st

George Shelley

Union J singer
Day 1
Day 22
2nd

Ferne McCann

The Only Way is Essex star
Day 3
Day 22
3rd

Kieron Dyer

Former Premier League footballer
Day 1
Day 21
4th

Jorgie Porter

Hollyoaks actress
Day 1
Day 21
5th

Tony Hadley

Spandau Ballet singer
Day 1
Day 20
6th

Duncan Bannatyne

Former Dragons' Den panelist & entrepreneur
Day 1
Day 19
7th

Lady Colin Campbell

Royal biographer & socialite
Day 1
Day 17
8th

Chris Eubank

Retired professional boxer
Day 1
Day 17
9th

Yvette Fielding

Actress & television presenter
Day 1
Day 16
10th

Brian Friedman

Dancer & The X Factor choreographer
Day 1
Day 15
11th

Susannah Constantine

Fashion journalist
Day 1
Day 13
12th

Spencer Matthews

Made in Chelsea star
Day 3
Day 5
13th

text: Series 16 (2016)

text: The show returned in 2016, and is the second in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 9 December 2015. It began airing on 13 November 2016.[1]

text: Series 16: 13 November 2016 – 4 December 2016

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Scarlett Moffatt

Gogglebox star
Day 1
Day 22
1st

Joel Dommett

Stand-up comedian
Day 1
Day 22
2nd

Adam Thomas

Emmerdale actor
Day 1
Day 22
3rd

Sam Quek

Olympic hockey player
Day 1
Day 21
4th

Wayne Bridge

Former Premier League footballer
Day 1
Day 20
5th

Martin Roberts

Homes Under the Hammer presenter
Day 5
Day 20
6th

Larry Lamb

Actor
Day 1
Day 19
7th

Carol Vorderman

TV presenter & former Countdown co-host
Day 1
Day 18
8th

Jordan Banjo

Diversity Dance Troupe Member
Day 1
Day 17
9th

Ola Jordan

Former Strictly Come Dancing dancer
Day 1
Day 16
10th

Lisa Snowdon

Fashion model & presenter
Day 1
Day 15
11th

Danny Baker

Radio presenter
Day 5
Day 13
12th

text: Series 17 (2017)

text: The show returned in 2017, and is the third in a three-year contract, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 7 December 2016. It began airing on 19 November 2017.[1]

text: Series 17: 19 November 2017 – 10 December 2017

text:
Celebrity
Known for
Entered
Exited
Finished

Georgia "Toff" Toffolo

Made in Chelsea star
Day 1
Day 22
1st

Jamie Lomas

Hollyoaks actor
Day 1
Day 22
2nd

Iain Lee

Comedian
Day 5
Day 22
3rd

Jennie McAlpine

Coronation Street actress
Day 1
Day 21
4th

Amir Khan

Professional boxer
Day 1
Day 20
5th

Dennis Wise

Former Premier League footballer
Day 1
Day 19
6th

Stanley Johnson

Politician & author
Day 1
Day 18
7th

Vanessa White

The Saturdays singer
Day 1
Day 17
8th

Rebekah "Becky" Vardy

Wife of Jamie Vardy
Day 1
Day 16
9th

Kezia Dugdale

Politician & former Scottish Labour leader
Day 5
Day 15
10th

Shappi Khorsandi

Stand-up comedian
Day 1
Day 13
11th

Jack Maynard

DJ & YouTube personality
Day 1
Day 3
12th

text: Series 18 (2018)

text: The show will return in 2018, as confirmed by Ant & Dec at the end of the Coming Out show on 15 December 2017. It is the first series in a new two-year contract.

text: Series records and statistics

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Biggest winning percentage: 83.42% – Gino D'Acampo (Series 9)
Closest winning percentage: 50.56% – Charlie Brooks (Series 12)
Longest stay in camp: 23 days – Carl "Foggy" Fogarty & Melanie Sykes (Series 14)
Shortest stay in camp: 1 day – Elaine Lordan (Series 5)
Most appearances: 2 series – Katie Price (Series 3 and Series 9)
Most bushtucker trials: 12 trials – Adam Thomas (Series 16)
Most consecutive bushtucker trials: 7 trials – Helen Flanagan (Series 12)
Most refused bushtucker trials: 2 trials – Lady Colin Campbell (Series 15)

text: Series ratings

text:
Series
Start date
End date
No. of shows
Highest rating (millions)
Lowest rating (millions)
Average rating (millions)[32]

1
25 August 2002 (2002-08-25)
8 September 2002 (2002-09-08)
15
10.95
6.14
7.58

2
28 April 2003 (2003-04-28)
12 May 2003 (2003-05-12)
12.73
5.15
8.55

3
26 January 2004 (2004-01-26)
9 February 2004 (2004-02-09)
17
14.99
8.96
11.02

4
21 November 2004 (2004-11-21)
6 December 2004 (2004-12-06)
16
11.43
7.04
8.66

5
20 November 2005 (2005-11-20)
5 December 2005 (2005-12-05)
12.35
7.69
9.32

6
13 November 2006 (2006-11-13)
1 December 2006 (2006-12-01)
17
10.05
6.97
7.96

7
12 November 2007 (2007-11-12)
30 November 2007 (2007-11-30)
19
8.84
5.00
7.45

8
16 November 2008 (2008-11-16)
5 December 2008 (2008-12-05)
20
10.19
7.91
8.78

9
15 November 2009 (2009-11-15)
4 December 2009 (2009-12-04)
19
10.86
7.86
9.37

10
14 November 2010 (2010-11-14)
4 December 2010 (2010-12-04)
13.48
6.68
10.37

11
13 November 2011 (2011-11-13)
3 December 2011 (2011-12-03)
11.10
6.98
10.08

12
11 November 2012 (2012-11-11)
1 December 2012 (2012-12-01)
11.51
8.81
10.49

13
17 November 2013 (2013-11-17)
8 December 2013 (2013-12-08)
20
13.05
9.62
11.14

14
16 November 2014 (2014-11-16)
7 December 2014 (2014-12-07)
11.97
9.21
10.26

15
15 November 2015 (2015-11-15)
6 December 2015 (2015-12-06)
21
11.32
8.88
9.86

16
13 November 2016 (2016-11-13)
4 December 2016 (2016-12-04)
12.66
9.21
10.42

17
19 November 2017 (2017-11-19)
10 December 2017 (2017-12-10)
22
12.69
8.88
9.96

text: Note for "Average rating": Since 2010 incl. HD viewers and since 2011 incl. "ITV +1" consumers.

text: I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp

text:
I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp

Also known as
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW! (2002–2015)

Created by
Granada Television (now part of ITV Studios)

Presented by
See presenters below

Country of origin
United Kingdom

Original language(s)
English

No. of series
17

Production

Location(s)
Australia

Running time
60 minutes (inc. adverts)

Release

Original network
ITV2

Picture format
576i: SDTV (2002–2010)
1080p: HDTV (2011–present)

Original release
27 August 2002 (2002-08-27) – present

Chronology

Related shows
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!

External links

Website

text: I'm a Celebrity: Extra Camp (previously I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!) is a companion show, broadcast on ITV2 in the UK and on UTV Ireland in the Republic of Ireland. It features behind-the-scenes footage of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! and shows the emotional responses of the contestants after they have been voted off.

text: Series 1 to 4 was filmed completely live in the UK and series 5–8 were filmed mainly live in Australia with a live co-presenter in the UK. Since series 9, the show has been filmed completely live in Australia with occasional celebrity interviews based in London, shown through webcam.

text: History

text: In the first series, the show was presented by Irish TV presenter Louise Loughman. In series 2–3, the show was presented by Mark Durden-Smith and Tara Palmer-Tomkinson. In series 4, Palmer-Tomkinson was absent and Durden-Smith was the only host. For the fifth series, Palmer-Tomkinson returned to present the show. Durden-Smith did not, as he decided to spend time with his children instead. He was replaced by Matt Brown. Palmer-Tomkinson did not return for series 6.

text: In series 6, Brendon Burns initially presented the show, but left after three episodes. This led to Durden-Smith returning for the rest of the series, where he presented from the UK. He was joined by new presenters Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier (briefly Steve Wilson before Brazier took over), who presented from the jungle in Australia.[33] Also this series, a 5pm teatime programme, I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Exclusive, ran each weekday on ITV. It was co-hosted by series 5 runner-up Sheree Murphy and Phillip Schofield in 2006. It did not return for a second series.

text: For series 7–8, Matt Willis and his wife Emma took over from the previous hosts, Kelly Osbourne and Jeff Brazier, in Australia. Because they were having a child in early 2009, they did not return to present series 9. Durden-Smith also presented the show, from the UK, for the final time.

text: Series 9 to 10 saw new presenter Caroline Flack take over with roving reporter Joe Swash, email/people reporter Russell Kane, and a panel of celebrity pundits, which changed approximately every three to five days. For series 11, Flack left in order to present another ITV2 show, The Xtra Factor, and was replaced by Laura Whitmore. Swash and Kane both stayed on for the eleventh series.

text: On 16 June 2012, it was announced that Kane would not return to Get Me Out of Here! NOW!.[34] He was replaced by stand-up comic Rob Beckett.[35] All three presenters returned to present the thirteenth and fourteenth series of the show.

text: Due to tour commitments, Beckett did not return for Series 15. He was replaced by comedian David Morgan.[36]

text: On 14 April 2016, Laura Whitmore stated that she would not be returning to the Jungle. On 31 May 2016 during an interview on Up Late with Rylan, Morgan confirmed that he would not be returning to the series due to other work commitments. They were replaced by Vicky Pattison, Stacey Solomon and Chris Ramsey.

text: On 13 April 2017, Pattison and Ramsey both stated on social media that they would not be returning to the show in 2017. It was confirmed that 2016 winner Scarlett Moffatt was announced as a new presenter in September 2017 and will join long-running presenter Joe Swash on the new series.[37] It was also confirmed that Joel Dommett would join the presenting lineup.

text: Presenters

text: Various TV presenters and comedians have hosted the show since it began in 2002, with Joe Swash having presented the most series, at nine.

text:
Series
Year
Presenter(s)
Comedian

1
2002
Louise Loughman
N/A

2
2003
Tara Palmer-Tomkinson
Mark Durden-Smith

3
2004

4
Mark Durden-Smith[fn 1]

5
2005
Tara Palmer-Tomkinson
Matt Brown

6
2006
Kelly Osbourne
Steve Wilson
Jeff Brazier
Brendon Burns

7
2007
Emma Willis
Matt Willis
N/A

8
2008

9
2009
Caroline Flack
Joe Swash
Russell Kane

10
2010

11
2011
Laura Whitmore
Joe Swash

12
2012
Rob Beckett

13
2013

14
2014

15
2015
David Morgan

16
2016
Vicky Pattison
Stacey Solomon
Joe Swash
Chris Ramsey

17
2017
Scarlett Moffatt
Joe Swash
Joel Dommett

text: Notes:

text: Jump up ^ Durden-Smith later returned for Series 6, 7 and 8 as the UK co-presenter of the show.

tag: ol


document_title: Temple of Vesta

question_text: who was the temple of vesta built for

question_tokens: who was the temple of vesta built for

text: Temple of Vesta

text: History[edit]

text: All temples to Vesta were round, and had entrances facing east to symbolize connection between Vesta’s fire and the sun as sources of life. The Temple of Vesta represents the site of ancient cult activity as far back as 7th century BCE. Numa Pompilius is believed to have built this temple along with the original Regia and House of the Vestal Virgins in its original form. Around the Temple stood The Sacred Grove, in which also there was a graveyard for the priests and virgins.[1]

text: It was one of the earliest structures located in the Roman Forum although its present reincarnation is the result of subsequent rebuilding. Instead of a cult statue in the cella, there was a hearth which held the sacred flame.[2] The temple was the storehouse for the legal wills and documents of Roman Senators and cult objects such as the Palladium. The Palladium was a statue of Athena (Roman Minerva) believed to have been brought by Aeneas from Troy; the statue was felt to be one of the Pignora Imperii, or pledges of imperium, of Ancient Rome.[3] That the Romans believed that the Sacred fire of Vesta was closely tied to the fortunes of the city and viewed its extinction as a portent of disaster has been agreed on by all ancient accounts.[4]

text: Reconstructions[edit]

text: The temple was rebuilt many times, for it was destroyed many times. The first destruction of the temple was by the Gauls in 390 BCE.[5] According to Ovid, the second time was in 241 BCE; after fire destroyed much of Vesta's temple, Lucius Caecilius Metellus who was Pontifex Maximus at the time, saved the palladium and according to tradition was blinded in the incident.[6] Such fires occurred again in 210 BCE and again in the early first century BCE; however, the building was safe. It was rebuilt again during the reigns of Augustus and Nero. Finally, it burnt down in 191 CE and was later built for the last time during the reign of Septimius Severus.[7]

text: The Temple of Vesta remained reasonably intact until the Renaissance. However, in 1549 CE, the building was completely demolished and its marble reused in churches and papal palaces.[8] The section standing today was reconstructed in the 1930s during the dictatorship of Benito Mussolini.[9]


document_title: List of Denver Nuggets seasons

question_text: when was the last time the denver nuggets made the playoffs

text: List of Denver Nuggets seasons

text: āThis is a list of seasons completed by the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). They have played for 49 seasons, 38 in the NBA and nine in the American Basketball Association (ABA). As of the close of the 2017 season, they have never reached an NBA Finals and only been to three Western Conference Finals series.

text:
League Champions
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Playoff Berth

text:
Season
League
Conference
Finish
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Win%
GB
Playoffs
Awards

Denver Rockets

1967–68
ABA

Western
3rd
45
33
.577
3
Lost Division Semifinals (Buccaneers) 3–2

1968–69
ABA

Western
3rd
44
34
.564
16
Lost Division Semifinals (Oaks) 4–3

1969–70
ABA

Western
1st
51
33
.607
—
Won Division Semifinals (Caps) 4–3
Lost Division Finals (Stars) 4–1

1970–71
ABA

Western
4th
30
54
.357
28

1971–72
ABA

Western
4th
34
50
.405
26
Lost Division Semifinals (Pacers) 4–3

1972–73
ABA

Western
3rd
47
37
.560
8
Lost Division Semifinals (Pacers) 4–1

1973–74
ABA

Western
5th
37
47
.440
14

Denver Nuggets

1974–75
ABA

Western
1st
65
19
.774
—
Won Division Semifinals (Stars) 4–2
Lost Division Finals (Pacers) 4–3

1975–76
ABA

1st
60
24
.714
—
Won Semifinals (Colonels) 4–3
Lost ABA Finals (Nets) 4–2

1976–77
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
50
32
.610
—
Lost Conference Semifinals (Trail Blazers) 4–2

1977–78
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
48
34
.585
—
Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3
Lost Conference Finals (SuperSonics) 4–2

1978–79
NBA
Western
4th
Midwest
2nd
47
35
.573
1
Lost First Round (Lakers) 2–1

1979–80
NBA
Western
9th
Midwest
4th
30
52
.366
19

1980–81
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
4th
37
45
.451
15

1981–82
NBA
Western
4th
Midwest
2nd
46
36
.561
2
Lost First Round (Suns) 2–1

1982–83
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
2nd
45
37
.549
8
Won First Round (Suns) 2–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–1

1983–84
NBA
Western
7th
Midwest
3rd
38
44
.463
7
Lost First Round (Jazz) 3–2

1984–85
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
52
30
.634
—
Won First Round (Spurs) 3–2
Won Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–1

1985–86
NBA
Western
3rd
Midwest
2nd
47
35
.573
4
Won First Round (Trail Blazers) 3–1
Lost Conference Semifinals (Rockets) 4–2

1986–87
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
4th
37
45
.451
18
Lost First Round (Lakers) 3–0

1987–88
NBA
Western
2nd
Midwest
1st
54
28
.659
—
Won First Round (SuperSonics) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Mavericks) 4–2
Doug Moe (COY)

1988–89
NBA
Western
6th
Midwest
3rd
44
38
.537
7
Lost First Round (Suns) 3–0

1989–90
NBA
Western
7th
Midwest
4th
43
39
.524
13
Lost First Round (Spurs) 3–0

1990–91
NBA
Western
14th
Midwest
7th
20
62
.244
35

1991–92
NBA
Western
11th
Midwest
4th
24
58
.293
31

1992–93
NBA
Western
9th
Midwest
4th
36
46
.439
19

Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf (MIP)

1993–94
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
4th
42
40
.512
16
Won First Round (SuperSonics) 3–2
Lost Conference Semifinals (Jazz) 4–3

1994–95
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
4th
41
41
.500
21
Lost First Round (Spurs) 3–0
Dikembe Mutombo (DPOY)

1995–96
NBA
Western
10th
Midwest
4th
35
47
.427
24

1996–97
NBA
Western
12th
Midwest
5th
21
61
.256
43

1997–98
NBA
Western
14th
Midwest
7th
11
71
.134
51

1998–99
NBA
Western
12th
Midwest
6th
14
36
.280
23

1999–00
NBA
Western
10th
Midwest
5th
35
47
.427
20

2000–01
NBA
Western
11th
Midwest
6th
40
42
.488
18

2001–02
NBA
Western
12th
Midwest
6th
27
55
.329
31

2002–03
NBA
Western
14th
Midwest
7th
17
65
.207
43

2003–04
NBA
Western
8th
Midwest
6th
43
39
.524
15
Lost First Round (Timberwolves) 4–1

2004–05
NBA
Western
7th
Northwest
2nd
49
33
.598
3
Lost First Round (Spurs) 4–1

2005–06
NBA
Western
3rd
Northwest
1st
44
38
.537
—
Lost First Round (Clippers) 4–1

2006–07
NBA
Western
6th
Northwest
2nd
45
37
.549
6
Lost First Round (Spurs) 4–1
Marcus Camby (DPOY)

2007–08
NBA
Western
8th
Northwest
2nd
50
32
.610
4
Lost First Round (Lakers) 4–0

2008–09
NBA
Western
2nd
Northwest
1st
54
28
.659
—
Won First Round (Hornets) 4–1
Won Conference Semifinals (Mavericks) 4–1
Lost Conference Finals (Lakers) 4–2

2009–10
NBA
Western
4th
Northwest
1st
53
29
.646
—
Lost First Round (Jazz) 4–2

2010–11
NBA
Western
5th
Northwest
2nd
50
32
.610
5
Lost First Round (Thunder) 4–1

2011–12
NBA
Western
6th
Northwest
2nd
38
28
.576
9
Lost First Round (Lakers) 4–3

2012–13
NBA
Western
3rd
Northwest
2nd
57
25
.695
3
Lost First Round (Warriors) 4–2
George Karl (COY)

2013–14
NBA
Western
11th
Northwest
4th
36
46
.439
23

2014–15
NBA
Western
12th
Northwest
4th
30
52
.366
21

2015–16
NBA
Western
11th
Northwest
4th
33
49
.402
40

2016–17
NBA
Western
9th
Northwest
4th
40
42
.488
27

Denver Rockets regular season record (1967–1976)
413
331
.555

Denver Nuggets regular season record (1976–present)
1,603
1,711
.484

All-time Regular Season (1967–present)
2,016
2,042
.497

Denver Nuggets playoffs record (1976–present)
61
101
.377

Denver Rockets playoff record (1967–1976)
27
35
.435

All-time playoff record (1967–present)
88
136
.393

All-time Playoff & Regular Season record
2,104
2,178
.491


document_title: Mayflower

question_text: who was the captain of the mayflower which brought the pilgrims to plymouth

text: Mayflower

text: Mayflower structure and layout

text: The Pilgrim ship Mayflower was square-rigged and beak-bowed with high, castle-like structures fore and aft that served to protect the ship's crew and the main deck from the elements—designs that were typical with English merchant ships of the early 17th century. Her stern carried a 30-foot high, square aft-castle which made the ship extremely difficult to sail against the wind and unable to sail well against the North Atlantic's prevailing westerlies, especially in the fall and winter of 1620, and the voyage from England to America took more than two months as a result. The Mayflower's return trip to London in April–May 1621 took less than half that time, with the same strong winds now blowing in the direction of the voyage.[4][5]

text: No dimensions of her hull can be stated exactly, since this was many years before such measurements were standardized. She probably measured about 100 feet (30 m) in length from the forward end at the beak of her prow to the tip of her stern superstructure aft. She was about 25 feet (7.6 m) at her widest point, with the bottom of her keel about 12 feet (3.6 m) below the waterline. William Bradford estimated that Mayflower had a cargo capacity of 180 tons. Surviving records from that time indicate that she could certainly accommodate 180 casks of wine in her cargo hold. The casks were great barrels holding hundreds of gallons of claret wine each.[5]

text: This was a ship that traditionally was heavily armed while on trading routes around Europe, due to the possibility of encountering pirates and privateers of all types. And with its armament, the ship and crew could easily be conscripted by the English monarch at any time in case of conflict with other nations.[6] By 1620, the Mayflower was aging, nearing the end of the usual 15-year working life of an English merchant ship in that era.

text: General layout

text: The general layout of the ship was as follows:

text:
Three masts: mizzen (aft), main (midship), and fore, and also a spritsail in the bow area.[7]
Three primary levels: main deck, gun deck, and cargo hold.

text: Main deck

text: Aft on the main deck in the stern was the cabin for Master Christopher Jones, measuring about ten by seven feet (3 m × 2.1 m). Forward of that was the steerage room, which housed a whipstaff (tiller extension) for sailing control; not a wheel, as in later ships. Also here was the ship's compass and probably also berths for the ship's officers. Forward of the steerage room was the capstan, a vertical axle used to pull in ropes or cables. Far forward on the main deck, just aft of the bow, was the forecastle space where the ship's cook prepared meals for the crew; it may also have been where the ship's sailors slept.[6]

text: The poop deck was above the cabin of Master Jones, on the ship's highest level above the stern on the aft castle. The poop house was on this deck, which may have been for passengers' use either for sleeping or cargo. On normal merchant ships, this space was probably a chart room or a cabin for the master's mates.[8][9]

text: Gun deck

text: The gun deck was where the passengers resided during the voyage, in a space measuring about 50 by 25 feet (15.2 m × 7.6 m) with a five-foot (1.5 m) overhead (ceiling). But it was also a dangerous place in conflict, as it had port and starboard gun ports from which cannon could be run out to fire on the enemy. The gun room was in the stern area of the gun deck, to which passengers had no access due to it being the storage space for powder and ammunition for the ship's cannons and any other weapons belonging to the ship. The gun room might also house a pair of stern chasers, small cannons used to fire out the stern of the ship. Forward on the gun deck in the bow area was a windlass, equipment similar in function to the capstan in steerage, which was used to raise and lower the ship's main anchor. There were no stairs for the passengers on the gun deck to go up through the gratings to the main deck. To get up to the main deck, passengers were required to climb a wooden or rope ladder.[8][9]

text: There was no facility for a latrine or privy on the Mayflower, and ship's crew had to fend for themselves in that regard. Gun deck passengers most likely used a bucket as a chamber pot, affixed to the deck or bulkhead to keep it from being jostled at sea.[9][10]

text: Gun deck armament

text: The largest gun was a minion cannon which was brass, weighed about 1,200 pounds (545 kg), and could shoot a 3.5 pound (1.6 kg) cannonball almost a mile (1,600 m). The Mayflower also had on board a saker cannon of about 800 pounds (360 kg), and two base cannons that weighed about 200 pounds (90 kg) which shot a 3 to 5 ounce ball (85–140 g). She carried at least ten pieces of ordnance on the port and starboard sides of her gun deck: seven cannons for long range purposes, and three smaller guns often fired from the stern at close quarters that were filled with musket balls. Later at New Plymouth, Mayflower Master Jones unloaded four of the pieces to help fortify the colony against invaders, and would not have done so unless he was comfortable with the armament that he still had on board.[5]

text: Cargo hold

text: Below the gun deck was the cargo hold where the passengers kept most of their food stores and other supplies. Other items included most of their clothing and bedding. The hold also stored the passengers' personal weapons and military equipment – armor, muskets, gunpowder, and shot, as well as swords and bandoliers. It also stored all the tools that the Pilgrims would need, as well as all the equipment and utensils needed to prepare meals in the New World. It is also known that some Pilgrims loaded trade goods on board, including Isaac Allerton, William Mullins, and possibly others; these also most likely were stored in the cargo hold.[10]

text: Early history

text: It is not known when and where the Mayflower was built, but it is likely that she was launched at Harwich in the county of Essex, England. She was designated as "of Harwich" in the Port Books of 1609–11, although later known as "of London". Harwich was also the birthplace of Mayflower master Christopher Jones about 1570.[11]

text: Captain Jones became master of the Mayflower 11 years prior to the Pilgrims' voyage, sailing the ship cross-Channel taking English woolens to France and bringing French wine to London. In addition, he had also transported hats, hemp, Spanish salt, hops, and vinegar to Norway, and may have taken the Mayflower whaling in the North Atlantic in the Greenland area. She had traveled to Mediterranean ports, being then owned by Christopher Nichols, Robert Child, Thomas Short, and Christopher Jones, the ship's master. In 1620, Jones and Robert Child still owned their quarter shares in the ship, and it was from them that Thomas Weston chartered her in the summer of 1620 to undertake the Pilgrim voyage. Weston had a significant role in the Mayflower voyage, due to his membership in the Company of Merchant Adventurers, and he eventually traveled to the Plymouth Colony himself.[4][12][13]

text: There were 26 vessels bearing the same name as the Pilgrim ship in the Port Books of England in the reign of James I (1603–1625), and the reason for this popularity of the name has never been found.[14] One particular Mayflower that has caused historical confusion is a Mayflower erroneously identified as one of the 1620 Pilgrims. This ship was partly owned by John Vassall and was outfitted for Queen Elizabeth in 1588, during the time of the Spanish Armada, a war for which Vassall outfitted several ships. However, there are no records of Vassall's Mayflower after 1594.[15] The identity of Captain Jones's Mayflower is based on records of the time of her home port, her tonnage (est. 180–200 tons), and the master's name in 1620 in order to avoid confusion with the many other Mayflower ships.[14]

text: Records dating from August 1609 first note Christopher Jones as master and part owner of the Mayflower when his ship was chartered for a voyage from London to Trondheim in Norway and back to London. The ship lost an anchor on her return, due to bad weather, and made short delivery of her cargo of herrings. Litigation resulted, and this was still proceeding in 1612.

text: Christopher Jones is described in a document of January 1611 as being "of Harwich", and his ship is called the Mayflower of Harwich (in the county of Essex). Records of Jones's ship Mayflower show that the ship was twice on the Thames at London in 1613, once in July and again in October and November. Records of 1616 again state that Jones's ship was on the Thames, carrying a cargo of wine, which suggests that the ship had recently been on a voyage to France, Spain, Portugal, the Canaries, or some other wine-producing land.

text: After 1616, there is no further record which specifically relates to Jones's Mayflower until 1624. This is unusual for a ship trading to London, as it would not usually disappear from the records for such a long time. And no Admiralty court document can be found relating to the pilgrim fathers' voyage of 1620, although this might be due to the unusual way in which the transfer of the pilgrims was arranged from Leyden to New England. Or some of the records of the period may have been lost.

text: Voyage

text: Speedwell and Mayflower

text: Approximately 65 passengers embarked the Mayflower in the middle of July 1620 at its home port in the Rotherhithe district of London on the Thames river. The ship then proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to the south coast of England to anchor at Southampton Water. The Mayflower waited there for a rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell. Speedwell was coming from Holland with English separatist Puritans, members of the Leiden congregation who had been living in Holland to escape religious persecution in England.

text: The two ships set sail for America around August 5, but the Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after, and the two ships were brought into Dartmouth for repairs. They made a new start after the repairs, and they were more than 200 miles (320 km) beyond Land's End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak. It was now early September, and they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers. This was a dire event, as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America. Both ships returned to Plymouth, where some of the Speedwell passengers joined the Mayflower and others returned to Holland. The Mayflower then continued on her voyage to America, and the Speedwell was sold soon afterwards.

text: Mayflower carried 102 passengers plus a crew of 25 to 30 officers and men, bringing the total to approximately 130.[16] According to William Bradford, Speedwell was refitted and "made many voyages... to the great profit of her owners." Bradford later implied that the Speedwell's master used "cunning and deceit" to abort the voyage, possibly by causing leaks in the ship and motivated by a fear of starving to death in America.[17]

text: Mayflower sets sail

text: In early September, western gales began to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place for sailing. The Mayflower's provisions were already quite low when departing Southampton, and they became lower still by delays of more than a month. The passengers had been on board the ship for this entire time, and they were quite worn out and in no condition for a very taxing, lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in cramped spaces in a small ship. But the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth on September 6, 1620 with what Bradford called "a prosperous wind".[18]

text: Aboard the Mayflower were many stores that supplied the pilgrims with the essentials needed for their journey and future lives. It is assumed that they carried tools and weapons, including cannon, shot, and gunpowder, as well as some live animals, including dogs, sheep, goats, and poultry. Horses and cattle came later. The ship also carried two boats: a long boat and a "shallop", a 21-foot boat powered by oars or sails. She also carried 12 artillery pieces (eight minions and four sakers), as the Pilgrims feared that they might need to defend themselves against enemy European forces, as well as the natives.[19]

text: The passage was a miserable one, with huge waves constantly crashing against the ship's topside deck until a key structural support timber fractured. The passengers had already suffered agonizing delays, shortages of food, and other shortages, and they were now called upon to provide assistance to the ship's carpenter in repairing the fractured main support beam. This was repaired with the use of a metal mechanical device called a jackscrew, which had been loaded on board to help in the construction of settler homes. It was now used to secure the beam to keep it from cracking further, making the ship seaworthy enough.[19][20]

text: The crew of the Mayflower had some devices to assist them en route, such as a compass for navigation, as well as a log and line system to measure speed in nautical miles per hour (knots). Time was measured with the ancient method of an hourglass.

text: Arrival in America

text: On November 9, 1620, they sighted present-day Cape Cod. They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers. However, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November 11. The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor, in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks.[21][22][23][24]

text: On Monday, November 27, an exploring expedition was launched under the direction of Capt. Christopher Jones to search for a suitable settlement site. As master of the Mayflower, Jones was not required to assist in the search, but he apparently thought it in his best interest to assist the search expedition. There were 34 persons in the open shallop: 24 passengers and 10 sailors. They were obviously not prepared for the bitter winter weather which they encountered on their reconnoiter, the Mayflower passengers not being accustomed to winter weather much colder than back home. They were forced to spend the night ashore due to the bad weather which they encountered, ill-clad in below-freezing temperatures with wet shoes and stockings that became frozen. Bradford wrote, "Some of our people that are dead took the original of their death here" on that expedition.[25]

text: The settlers explored the snow-covered area and discovered an empty native village, now known as Corn Hill in Truro. The curious settlers dug up some artificially made mounds, some of which stored corn, while others were burial sites. The modern writer Nathaniel Philbrick claims that the settlers stole the corn and looted and desecrated the graves,[26] sparking friction with the locals.[27] Philbrick goes on to say that they explored the area of Cape Cod for several weeks as they moved down the coast to what is now Eastham, and he claims that the Pilgrims were looting and stealing native stores as they went.[28] He then writes about how they decided to relocate to Plymouth after a difficult encounter with the Nausets at First Encounter Beach in December 1620.

text: However, the only contemporary account of events, William Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, records only that the pilgrims took "some" of the corn, to show to others back at the boat, leaving the rest. They later took what they needed from another store of grain, but paid the natives back in six months, and there was no resulting conflict.

text: Also there was found more of their corn and of their beans of various colors; the corn and beans they brought away, purposing to give them full satisfaction when they should meet with any of them as, about some six months afterward they did, to their good content.[29]

text: First winter

text: During the winter, the passengers remained on board the Mayflower, suffering an outbreak of a contagious disease described[by whom?] as a mixture of scurvy, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. When it ended, only 53 passengers remained—just over half; half of the crew died, as well. In the spring, they built huts ashore, and the passengers disembarked from the Mayflower on March 21, 1621.

text: The settlers decided to mount "our great ordnances" on the hill overlooking the settlement in late February 1621, due to the fear of attack by the natives. Christopher Jones supervised the transportation of the "great guns"—about six iron cannons that ranged between four and eight feet (1.2 to 2.4 m) in length and weighed almost half a ton. The cannon were able to hurl iron balls 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) in diameter as far as 1,700 yards (1.5 km). This action made what was no more than a ramshackle village almost into a well-defended fortress.[30]

text: Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site. But his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims, and he realized that he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor "till he saw his men began to recover."[31] The Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through the winter of 1620–21, then set sail for England on April 5, 1621, her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore. As with the Pilgrims, her sailors had been decimated by disease. Jones had lost his boatswain, his gunner, three quartermasters, the cook, and more than a dozen sailors.

text: The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. The westerly winds that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home, and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6, 1621,[32] less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America."[33]

text: Jones died after coming back from a voyage to France on March 5, 1622, at about age 52. For the next two years, the Mayflower lay at her berth in Rotherhithe, not far from Jones' grave at St. Mary's church. By 1624, she was no longer useful as a ship; her subsequent fate is unknown, but she was probably broken up about that time.[34]

text: Passengers

text: Some families traveled together, while some men came alone, leaving families in England and Leiden. Two wives on board were pregnant; Elizabeth Hopkins gave birth to son Oceanus while at sea, and Susanna White gave birth to son Peregrine in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor. He is historically recognized as the first European child born in the New England area. One child died during the voyage, and there was one stillbirth during the construction of the colony.

text: According to the Mayflower passenger list, just over a third of the passengers were Puritan Separatists who sought to break away from the established Church of England and create a society along the lines of their religious ideals. Others were hired hands, servants, or farmers recruited by London merchants, all originally destined for the Colony of Virginia. Four of this latter group of passengers were small children given into the care of Mayflower pilgrims as indentured servants. The Virginia Company began the transportation of children in 1618.[35] Until relatively recently, the children were thought to be orphans, foundlings, or involuntary child labor. At that time, children were routinely rounded up from the streets of London or taken from poor families receiving church relief to be used as laborers in the colonies. Any legal objections to the involuntary transportation of the children were overridden by the Privy Council.[36][37] For instance it was proven that the four More children were sent to America because they were deemed illegitimate.[38] Three of the four More children died in the first winter in the New World, but Richard lived to be approximately 81, dying in Salem, probably in 1695 or 1696.[39]

text: The passengers mostly slept and lived in the low-ceilinged great cabins and on the main deck, which was 75 by 20 feet large (23 m × 6 m) at most. The cabins were thin-walled and extremely cramped, and the total area was 25 ft by 15 ft (7.6 m × 4.5 m) at its largest. Below decks, any person over five feet (150 cm) tall would be unable to stand up straight. The maximum possible space for each person would have been slightly less than the size of a standard single bed.[40]

text: Passengers would pass the time by reading by candlelight or playing cards and games such as Nine Men's Morris.[19] Meals on board were cooked by the firebox, which was an iron tray with sand in it on which a fire was built. This was risky because it was kept in the waist of the ship. Passengers made their own meals from rations that were issued daily and food was cooked for a group at a time.[40]

text: Upon arrival in America, the harsh climate and scarcity of fresh food were exacerbated by the shortness of provisions due to the delay in departure. Living in these extremely close and crowded quarters, several passengers developed scurvy, a disease caused by a deficiency of vitamin C. At the time the use of lemons or limes to counter this disease was unknown, and the usual dietary sources of vitamin C in fruits and vegetables had been depleted, since these fresh foods could not be stored for long periods without their becoming rotten. Passengers who developed scurvy experienced symptoms such as bleeding gums, teeth falling out, and stinking breath.[41]

text: Passengers consumed large amounts of alcohol such as beer with meals. This was known to be safer than water, which often came from polluted sources causing diseases. All food and drink was stored in barrels known as "hogsheads".[41]

text: The passenger William Mullins brought 126 pairs of shoes and 13 pairs of boots in his luggage. Other items included oiled leather and canvas suits, stuff gowns and leather and stuff breeches, shirts, jerkins, doublets, neckcloths, hats and caps, hose, stockings, belts, piece goods, and haberdasherie. At his death, his estate consisted of extensive footwear and other items of clothing, and made his daughter Priscilla and her husband John Alden quite prosperous.[19][42][43]

text: No cattle or beasts of draft or burden were brought on the journey, but there were pigs, goats, and poultry. Some passengers brought family pets such as cats and birds. Peter Browne took his large bitch mastiff, and John Goodman brought along his spaniel.[19]

text: Mayflower officers, crew, and others

text: According to author Charles Banks, the officers and crew of the Mayflower consisted of a captain, four mates, four quartermasters, surgeon, carpenter, cooper, cooks, boatswains, gunners, and about 36 men before the mast, making a total of about 50. The entire crew stayed with the Mayflower in Plymouth through the winter of 1620–1621, and about half of them died during that time. The remaining crewmen returned to England on the Mayflower, which sailed for London on April 5, 1621.[44][45]

text: Crew members per various sources

text: Banks states that the crew totaled 36 men before the mast and 14 officers, making a total of 50. Nathaniel Philbrick estimates between 20 and 30 sailors in her crew whose names are unknown. Nick Bunker states that Mayflower had a crew of at least 17 and possibly as many as 30. Caleb Johnson states that the ship carried a crew of about 30 men, but the exact number is unknown.[2][46][47][48]

text: Officers and crew

text:
Captain: Christopher Jones. About age 50, of Harwich, a seaport in Essex, England, which was also the port of his ship Mayflower. He and his ship were veterans of the European cargo business, often carrying wine to England, but neither had ever crossed the Atlantic. By June 1620, he and the Mayflower had been hired for the Pilgrims voyage by their business agents in London, Thomas Weston of the Merchant Adventurers and Robert Cushman.[49][50]

Historical marker in London honoring the Mayflower and Captain Jones.

Masters Mate: John Clark (Clarke), Pilot. By age 45 in 1620, Clark already had greater adventures than most other mariners of that dangerous era. His piloting career began in England about 1609. In early 1611, he was pilot of a 300-ton ship on his first New World voyage, with a three-ship convoy sailing from London to the new settlement of Jamestown in Virginia. Two other ships were in that convoy, and the three ships brought 300 new settlers to Jamestown, going first to the Caribbean islands of Dominica and Nevis. While in Jamestown, Clark piloted ships in the area carrying various stores. During that time, he was taken prisoner in a confrontation with the Spanish; he was taken to Havana and held for two years, then transferred to Spain where he was in custody for five years. In 1616, he was finally freed in a prisoner exchange with England. In 1618, he was back in Jamestown as pilot of the ship Falcon. Shortly after his return to England, he was hired as pilot for the Mayflower in 1620.[47][51][52][53]
Masters Mate: Robert Coppin, Pilot. Coppin had prior New World experience; he previously hunted whales in Newfoundland and sailed the coast of New England.[47][51][54] He was an early investor in the Virginia Company, being named in the Second Virginia Charter of 1609. He was possibly from Harwich in Essex, the hometown of Captain Jones.
Masters Mate: Andrew Williamson
Masters Mate: John Parker[51]
Surgeon: Doctor Giles Heale. The surgeon on board the Mayflower was never mentioned by Bradford, but his identity was well established. He was essential in providing comfort to all who died or were made ill that first winter. He was a young man from Drury Lane in the parish of St. Giles in the Field, London who had completed his apprenticeship with the Barber-Surgeons in the previous year. On February 21, 1621, he was a witness to the death-bed will of William Mullins. He survived the first winter and returned to London on the Mayflower in April 1621, where he began his medical practice and worked as a surgeon until his death in 1653.[55][56][57]
Cooper: John Alden. Alden was a 21-year-old from Harwich in Essex and a distant relative of Captain Jones. He hired on apparently while the Mayflower was anchored at Southampton Waters. He was responsible for maintaining the ship's barrels, known as hogsheads, which were critical to the passengers' survival and held the only source of food and drink while at sea; tending them was a job which required a crew member's attention. Bradford noted that Alden was "left to his own liking to go or stay" in Plymouth rather than return with the ship to England. He decided to remain.[58][59]
Quartermaster: (names unknown), 4 men. These men were in charge of maintaining the ship's cargo hold, as well as the crew's hours for standing watch. Some of the "before the mast" crewmen may also have been in this section. These quartermasters were also responsible for fishing and maintaining all fishing supplies and harpoons. The names of the quartermasters are unknown, but it is known that three of the four men died the first winter.[51][53]
Cook: (name unknown). He was responsible for preparing the crew's meals and maintaining all food supplies and the cook room, which was typically located in the ship's forecastle (front end). The unnamed cook died the first winter.[60]
Master Gunner: (name unknown). He was in charge of the ship's guns, ammunition, and powder. Some of those "before the mast" were likely in his charge. He is recorded as going on an exploration on December 6, 1620, and was "sick unto death and so remained all that day, and the next night". He died later that winter.[61]
Boatswain: (name unknown). He was the person in charge of the ship's rigging and sails, the anchors, and the ship's longboat. The majority of the crew members "before the mast" were most likely under his supervision, working the sails and rigging. The operation of the ship's shallop was also probably under his control, a light open boat with oars or sails (see seaman Thomas English). William Bradford made this comment about the boatswain: "the boatswain... was a proud young man, who would often curse and scoff at the passengers, but when he grew weak they had compassion on him and helped him." But despite such assistance, the unnamed boatswain died the first winter.[60]
Carpenter: (name unknown). He was responsible for making sure that the hull was well-caulked and the masts were in good order. He was the person responsible for maintaining all areas of the ship in good condition and being a general repairman. He also maintained the tools and all necessary items to perform his carpentry tasks. His name is unknown, but his tasks were quite important to the safety and seaworthiness of the ship.[51][62]
Swabber: (various crewmen). This was the lowliest position on the ship, responsible for cleaning (swabbing) the decks. The swabber usually had an assistant who was responsible for cleaning the ship's beakhead (extreme front end), which was also the crew's toilet.[63]

text: Known Mayflower seamen

text:
John Allerton: A Mayflower seaman who was hired by the company as labor to help in the Colony during the first year, then to return to Leiden to help other church members seeking to travel to America. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on ship's shallop with Thomas English on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the Mayflower returned to England in April 1621.[64][65]
____ Ely: A Mayflower seaman who was contracted to stay for a year, which he did. He returned to England with fellow crewman William Trevor on the Fortune in December 1621. Genealogist Dr. Jeremy Bangs believes that his name was either John or Christopher Ely (or Ellis), both of whom are documented in Leiden, Holland.[66]
Thomas English: A Mayflower seaman who was hired to be the master of the shallop (see Boatswain) and to be part of the company. He signed the Mayflower Compact. He was a seaman on the ship's shallop with John Allerton on exploration of December 6, 1620, and died sometime before the departure of the Mayflower for England in April 1621. He appeared in Leiden records as "Thomas England".[67][68]
William Trevore (Trevor): A Mayflower seaman who was hired to remain in Plymouth for one year. One reason for his hiring was his prior New World experience. He was one of those seamen to crew the shallop used in coastal trading. He returned to England with _____ Ely and others on the Fortune in December 1621. In 1623, Robert Cushman noted that Trevor reported to the Adventurers about what he saw in the New World. He did at some time return as master of a ship and was recorded living in Massachusetts Bay Colony in April 1650.[69][70][71]

text: Unidentified passenger

text: "Master" Leaver: Another passenger not mentioned by Bradford is a person called "Master" Leaver. He was named in Mourt's Relation, London 1622, under a date of January 12, 1621 as a leader of an expedition to rescue Pilgrims lost in the forest for several days while searching for housing-roof thatch. It is unknown in what capacity he came to the Mayflower and his given name is unknown. The title of "Master" indicates that he was a person of some authority and prominence in the company. He may have been a principal officer of the Mayflower. No more is known of him; he may have returned to England on the Mayflower's April 1621 voyage or died of the illnesses that affected so many that first winter.[72]

text: Later history

text: Three of Mayflower's owners applied to the Admiralty court for an appraisal of the ship on May 4, 1624, two years after Captain Jones' death in 1622; one of these applicants was Jones' widow Mrs. Josian (Joan) Jones. This appraisal probably was made to determine the valuation of the ship for the purpose of settling the estate of its late master. The appraisal was made by four mariners and shipwrights of Rotherhithe, home and burial place of Captain Jones, where the Mayflower was apparently then lying in the Thames at London. The appraisement is extant and provides information on ship's gear on board at that time, as well as equipment such as muskets and other arms. The ship may have been laid up since Jones' death and allowed to get out of repair, as that is what the appraisal indicates.[14][73] The vessel was valued at one hundred and twenty-eight pounds, eight shillings, and fourpence.[74]

text: What finally became of the Mayflower is an unsettled issue. Charles Edward Banks, an English historian of the Pilgrim ship, claims that the ship was finally broken up, with her timbers used in the construction of a barn at Jordans village in Buckinghamshire. Tradition claims that this barn still exists as the Mayflower Barn, located within the grounds of Old Jordan in South Buckinghamshire. In 1624, Thomas Russell supposedly added to part of a farmhouse already there with timbers from a ship, believed to be from the Pilgrim ship Mayflower, bought from a shipbreaker's yard in Rotherhithe. The well-preserved structure was a tourist attraction, receiving visitors each year from all over the world and particularly from America, but it is now privately owned and not open to the public.[14]

text: Second Mayflower

text: Another ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying 35 passengers, many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden that organized the first voyage. This was not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers. This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August. This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630 (as part of the Winthrop Fleet), 1633, 1634, and 1639. It attempted the trip again in 1641, departing London in October of that year under master John Cole, with 140 passengers bound for Virginia. It never arrived. On October 18, 1642, a deposition was made in England regarding the loss.[75]

text: Place in history

text: The Pilgrim ship Mayflower has a famous place in American history as a symbol of early European colonization of the future United States.[76]

text: The main record for the voyage of the Mayflower and the disposition of the Plymouth Colony comes from the letters and journal of William Bradford, who was a guiding force and later the governor of the colony.

text: The 400th anniversary of the Mayflower sailing will take place in 2020. The Harwich Mayflower Project is hoping to build a replica of the ship at Harwich, England.[77]


document_title: Colby cheese

question_text: colby chees is named after a town in what state

text: Colby cheese

text: History[edit]

text: In 1885, Joseph F. Steinwand developed a new type of cheese at his father's cheese factory near Colby, Wisconsin. The cheese was named after the village,[1] which had been founded three years earlier.[2] While Colby cheese is still widely available, it is no longer produced in Colby. A festival commemorating the cheese is held every year in mid-July where all local food booths offer free Colby cheese. On August 12, 2015, the original cheese factory was torn down leaving only the foundations of the building.[citation needed]

text: An 1898 issue of the Colby Phonograph noted that "A merchant in Phillips gives as one of the 13 reasons why people should trade with him, that he sells the genuine Steinwand Colby Cheese."[citation needed]

text: Properties[edit]

text: Colby is similar to Cheddar, but does not undergo the cheddaring process.[3] Considered a semi-hard cheese, Colby is softer, moister, and milder than cheddar because it is produced through a washed-curd process.[4] During this process, the whey is replaced with water during the cooking time, reducing the curd's acidity, and resulting in Colby's characteristically mild flavor. As with most other cheeses, it takes a little more than a U.S. gallon of milk to produce one pound (just over 8 liters for a kilogram) of cheese. Monterey Jack cheese is produced almost identically to Colby, but Colby is seasoned with annatto which gives it a sweet nutty flavor and its orange color.[3]

text: Longhorn is the best known style of the American Colby cheeses.[5] "Longhorn" refers to the long orange cylindrical shape of the cheese. Colby is available in both its original shape and in rectangles and half rounds.[6] Colby is not aged and dries out quickly.[5]

text: Uses[edit]

text: Because it is such a mild cheese, Colby is seldom used in cooking. It is typically used as a table cheese, for grating and grilling, and in snacks and salads.

text: Derivatives[edit]

text: Colby is sometimes mixed with Monterey Jack to produce a marbled cheese often called Colby-Jack or Co-Jack.

text: Pinconning cheese is a sharp aged relative of Colby cheese.

text: In 2015, artist John Riepenhoff and cheesemaker Bob Wills created a Double Cream Colby.[7]