document_title: Adaptations of Agatha Christie

question_text: three movies made from agatha christie's novels

question_tokens: three movies made from agatha christie 's novels

root

text: Adaptations of Agatha Christie

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Story based on
Notes

1928
The Passing of Mr. Quinn
The Coming of Mr Quin
First Christie film adaptation

1929
Die Abenteurer G.m.b.H.
The Secret Adversary
German
First Christie foreign film adaptation; a German adaptation of The Secret Adversary

1931
Alibi
The stage play Alibi and the novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd
First Christie film adaptation to feature Hercule Poirot

1931
Black Coffee
Black Coffee

1932
Le Coffret de Laque
Black Coffee
French adaptation of Black Coffee

1934
Lord Edgware Dies
Thirteen at Dinner

1937
Love from a Stranger
The stage play Love from a Stranger and the short story Philomel Cottage
Released in the US as A Night of Terror

1945
And Then There Were None
The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None
First Christie film adaptation of And Then There Were None

1947
Love from a Stranger
The stage play Love from a Stranger and the short story Philomel Cottage
Released in the UK as A Stranger Walked In

1957
Witness for the Prosecution
The stage play Witness for the Prosecution and the short story The Witness for the Prosecution

1960
The Spider's Web
Spider's Web

1960
Chupi Chupi Aashey
The Mousetrap and Three Blind Mice (radio play and short story)
Uncredited adaptation in Bengali; possibly the only notable film version of the celebrated play.[citation needed]

1961
Murder, She Said
4.50 from Paddington
First Christie film adaptation to feature Miss Marple

1963
Murder at the Gallop
After the Funeral
In the film, Miss Marple replaces Hercule Poirot

1964
Murder Most Foul
Mrs McGinty's Dead
The film is loosely based on the book and as a major change Miss Marple replaces Hercule Poirot

1964
Murder Ahoy!
None
An original film, not based on any book, although it borrows some elements of They Do It with Mirrors

1965
Gumnaam
And Then There Were None|Hindi movie Uncredited adaptation of And Then There Were None

1965
Ten Little Indians
The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None

1965
The Alphabet Murders
The A.B.C. Murders

1972
Endless Night
Endless Night

1973
Dhund
The Unexpected Guest
Dhund (translation: Fog) is a 1973 Hindi movie produced and directed by B. R. Chopra

1974
Murder on the Orient Express
Murder on the Orient Express

1974
And Then There Were None
The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None
Released in the US as Ten Little Indians

1978
Death on the Nile
The stage play Murder on the Nile and the novel Death on the Nile

1980
The Mirror Crack'd
The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side

1982
Evil Under the Sun
Evil Under the Sun

1985
Ordeal by Innocence
Ordeal by Innocence

1987
Desyat Negrityat
The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None
Russian film adaptation of And Then There Were None

1988
Appointment with Death
The stage play Appointment with Death and the novel Appointment with Death

1989
Ten Little Indians
The stage play And Then There Were None and the novel And Then There Were None

1995
Innocent Lies
Towards Zero

2003
Shubho Mahurat
The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side
Indian (Bengali) adaptation of The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side

2005
Mon petit doigt m'a dit...
By the Pricking of My Thumbs
French adaptation of By the Pricking of My Thumbs

2007
L'Heure zéro
Towards Zero
French adaptation of Towards Zero

2008
Le crime est notre affaire
4.50 from Paddington
French adaptation of 4.50 from Paddington

2008
Le Grand Alibi
The Hollow
French adaptation of The Hollow

2012
Grandmaster
The A.B.C. Murders
Indian (Malayalam) adaptation of The A.B.C Murders

2016
Chorabali
Cards on the Table
Indian (Bengali) adaptation of Cards on The Table

2017
Murder on the Orient Express
Murder on the Orient Express

2017
Crooked House
Crooked House

tag: table

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Miss Marple Murder films

Films

Murder, She Said
Murder at the Gallop
Murder Most Foul
Murder Ahoy!

text: Television[edit]

text:
1937 Spider's Web (Based on the stage play of the same name)
1938 Love from a Stranger (Based on the stage play of the same name from the short story Philomel Cottage)
1947 Love from a Stranger
1949 Ten Little Indians
1959 Ten Little Indians
1970 The Murder at the Vicarage
1980 Why Didn't They Ask Evans?
1982 Spider's Web
1982 The Seven Dials Mystery
1982 The Agatha Christie Hour
1982 Murder is Easy
1982 The Witness for the Prosecution
1983 The Secret Adversary
1983 Partners in Crime
1983 A Caribbean Mystery
1983 Sparkling Cyanide
1985 Murder with Mirrors
1985 Thirteen at Dinner
1986 Dead Man's Folly
1986 Murder in Three Acts
1989 The Man in the Brown Suit
1997 The Pale Horse
2001 Murder on the Orient Express
2003 Sparkling Cyanide
2007 Hercule Poirot's Christmas (A French film adaptation)
2015 Partners in Crime
2015 And Then There Were None
2016 The Witness For The Prosecution
2018 Ordeal by Innocence

tag: ul

text: Miss Marple television series[edit]

text: Episodes of the television series Miss Marple include:

tag: p

text:
1984 The Body in the Library
1985 The Moving Finger
1985 A Murder is Announced
1985 A Pocket Full of Rye
1986 The Murder at the Vicarage
1987 Sleeping Murder
1987 At Bertram's Hotel
1987 Nemesis
1987 4.50 from Paddington
1989 A Caribbean Mystery
1991 They Do It with Mirrors
1992 The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side

text: Agatha Christie's Marple television series[edit]

text: Episodes of the television series Agatha Christie's Marple include:

text:
2004 The Body in the Library
2004 The Murder at the Vicarage
2004 4.50 from Paddington
2005 A Murder is Announced
2005 Sleeping Murder
2006 The Moving Finger
2006 By the Pricking of My Thumbs
2006 The Sittaford Mystery
2007 Towards Zero
2007 Nemesis
2007 At Bertram's Hotel
2007 Ordeal by Innocence
2009 A Pocket Full of Rye
2009 Murder is Easy
2009 They Do It with Mirrors
2009 Why Didn't They Ask Evans?
2010 The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side
2010 The Secret of Chimneys
2010 The Blue Geranium
2010 The Pale Horse
2013 A Caribbean Mystery
2013 Greenshaw's Folly
2013 Endless Night

text: Agatha Christie's Poirot television series[edit]

text: Episodes of the television series Agatha Christie's Poirot include:

text:
1990 Peril at End House
1990 The Mysterious Affair at Styles
1992 The ABC Murders
1992 Death in the Clouds
1992 One, Two, Buckle My Shoe
1994 Hercule Poirot's Christmas
1995 Murder on the Links
1995 Hickory Dickory Dock
1996 Dumb Witness
2000 The Murder of Roger Ackroyd
2000 Lord Edgware Dies
2001 Evil Under the Sun
2001 Murder in Mesopotamia
2004 Five Little Pigs
2004 Death on the Nile
2004 Sad Cypress
2004 The Hollow
2005 The Mystery of the Blue Train
2005 Cards on the Table
2005 After the Funeral
2006 Taken at the Flood
2008 Mrs. McGinty's Dead
2008 Cat Among the Pigeons
2008 Third Girl
2008 Appointment with Death
2009 The Clocks
2009 Three Act Tragedy
2010 Hallowe'en Party
2010 Murder on the Orient Express
2013 Elephants Can Remember
2013 The Big Four
2013 Dead Man's Folly
2013 The Labours of Hercules
2013 Curtain

text: BBC Radio[edit]

text: Many of Christie's novels have been adapted for BBC Radio over the course of several years. However the most prominent productions were the dramatisations of the Poirot and Miss Marple stories:

text: Poirot[edit]

text: (Starring John Moffatt as Poirot, unless otherwise stated)

text:
The Mysterious Affair at Styles
Murder on the Links
The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding
The Murder of Roger Ackroyd
The Mystery of the Blue Train (* Maurice Denham as Poirot)
Peril at End House
Lord Edgware Dies (aka Thirteen at Dinner)
Murder in Mesopotamia
Murder on the Orient Express
Three Act Tragedy
Death in the Clouds
The A.B.C. Murders
Dumb Witness
Cards on the Table
Death on the Nile
Appointment with Death
Hercule Poirot's Christmas (* Peter Sallis as Poirot)
One, Two, Buckle My Shoe
Sad Cypress
Evil Under the Sun
Five Little Pigs
Taken at the Flood
Mrs McGinty's Dead
After the Funeral
Dead Man's Folly
Hallowe'en Party
Elephants Can Remember

text: Miss Marple[edit]

text: (Starring June Whitfield as Miss Marple)

text:
Murder at the Vicarage
A Pocket Full of Rye
At Bertram's Hotel
4.50 from Paddington
A Caribbean Mystery
The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side
Nemesis
The Body in the Library
A Murder Is Announced
The Moving Finger
They Do It With Mirrors
Sleeping Murder

text: Notable others[edit]

text: Endless Night

text: Starring Jonathan Forbes as Mike and Lizzy Watts as Ellie

text: Towards Zero

text: Starring Hugh Bonneville as Nevile and Marcia Warren as Lady Tresselian

text: The Sittaford Mystery

text: Starring Melinda Walker as Emily Trefusis, Stephen Tompkinson as Charles Enderby, John Moffatt as Mr. Rycroft and Geoffrey Whitehead as Inspector Narracott

text: And Then There Were None

text: Geoffrey Whitehead as Justice Wargrave, Lyndsey Marshal as Vera Claythorne, Alex Wyndham as Philip Lombard, John Rowe as Dr. Armstrong, and Joanna Monro as Emily Brent

text: Sparkling Cyanide

text: Starring Naomi Frederick as Iris and Amanda Drew as Ruth

text: Ordeal by Innocence

text: Starring Mark Umbers as Arthur Calgary and Jacqueline Defferary as Gwenda

text: Graphic novels[edit]

text: Euro Comics India began issuing a series of graphic novel adaptations of Christie's work in 2007.

text:
2007 The Murder on the Links. Adapted by François Rivière, illustrated by Marc Piskic
2007 Murder on the Orient Express. Adapted by François Rivière, illustrated by Solidor (Jean-François Miniac).
2007 Death on the Nile. Adapted by Francois Riviere, illustrated by Solidor (Jean-François Miniac)
2007 The Secret of Chimneys. Adapted by François Rivière, illustrated by Laurence Suhner
2007 The Murder of Roger Ackroyd. Adapted and illustrated by Bruno Lachard
2007 The Mystery of the Blue Train. Adapted and illustrated by Marc Piskic
2007 The Man in the Brown Suit. Adapted and illustrated by Alain Paillou
2007 The Big Four. Adapted by Hichot and illustrated by Bairi
2007 The Secret Adversary. Adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq
2007 The Murder at the Vicarage. Adapted and illustrated by "Norma"
2007 Murder in Mesopotamia. Adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Chandre
2007 And Then There Were None. Adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq
2007 Endless Night. Adapted by Francois Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq
2008 Ordeal by Innocence. Adapted and illustrated by Chandre
2008 Hallowe'en Party. Adapted and illustrated by Chandre
2008 Peril at End House Adapted by Thierry Jollet and illustrated by Didier Quella-Guyot
2009 Dumb Witness Adapted and illustrated by "Marek"
2010 Cards on the Table Adapted and illustrated by Frank Leclercq
2010 Five Little Pigs Adapted by Miceal O'Griafa, David Charrier
2012 Dead Man's Folly Adapted and illustrated by Marek
2013 Evil Under the Sun Adapted by Thierry Jollet and illustrated by Didier Quella-Guyot

text: Video games[edit]

text:
1988 The Scoop (published by Spinnaker Software and Telarium) (PC)
2005 Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (PC and Wii).
2006 Agatha Christie: Murder on the Orient Express (PC)
2007 Agatha Christie: Death on the Nile (I-Spy hidden-object game) (PC)
2007 Agatha Christie: Evil Under the Sun (PC and Wii)
2008 Agatha Christie: Peril at End House (I-Spy hidden-object game)
2009 Agatha Christie: The ABC Murders (DS)
2009 Agatha Christie: Dead Man's Folly (I-Spy hidden-object game) (PC)
2010 Agatha Christie 4:50 from Paddington (I-Spy hidden-object game) (PC)
2016 Agatha Christie: The ABC Murders (PC, Playstation 4 and Xbox One)

text: Animation[edit]

text: In 2004 the Japanese broadcasting company Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai turned Poirot and Marple into animated characters in the anime series Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple, introducing Mabel West (daughter of Miss Marple's mystery-writer nephew Raymond West, a canonical Christie character) and her duck Oliver as new characters.


document_title: Gossip Girl

question_text: what college does everyone in gossip girl go to

question_tokens: what college does everyone in gossip girl go to

text: Gossip Girl

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Gossip Girl book series was originally supposed to be adapted into a film starring Lindsay Lohan with head Gilmore Girls creator Amy Sherman-Palladino.[7] When the film project did not get off the ground, Stephanie Savage and Josh Schwartz took over the project to create a television series. As of October 2006, Schwartz was working on the pilot. He said, "I was very skeptical. I don't want to do The O.C. NYC. But I thought the books were smart. The characters are worldly in a way that Orange County kids aren't."[8] The characteristics for each character in the pilot were based on the first Gossip Girl book.[9] In January 2007, the show was given the green light by The CW.[10]

text: Production team[edit]

text: The O.C. creator Josh Schwartz and fellow writer Stephanie Savage have served as the show's executive producers throughout the series' run, followed by Bob Levy and Leslie Morgenstein of Alloy Entertainment, who were assigned in aiding the adaptation of the novels into the series.[10] Following the success of Gossip Girl, Gilmore Girls co-producer, John Stephens was approached by Schwartz and Savage, having previously worked with him on The O.C., and hired him as an executive producer.[11] Joshua Safran, who started as a writer/consulting producer before becoming co-executive producer, was later added as an executive producer. On April 24, 2012, it was announced that he would leave the show at the end of the fifth season to be the new showrunner of NBC's now-cancelled musical series Smash.[12] To fill in Safran's void, co-executive producer Sara Goodman was promoted to executive producer for the sixth season.[13] Alexandra Patsavas who worked with Schwartz on The O.C. was in charge of the music.[14] Eric Daman was at the head of the costume department; he previously had assisted Patricia Field on Sex and the City.[15]

text: Casting[edit]

text:
When Veronica Mars was canceled, the following season of pilots for The CW had been announced, and one was Gossip Girl. I read it, and I knew I was sort of old to play any of the kids. I called Dawn Ostroff -- who was the head of The CW at the time -- and said, 'Hey, I did so much narration on Veronica Mars, can I narrate this show? And she said, 'Hey, that's a very good idea.' They knew I had a younger voice, they liked me and they knew I'd show up for work, and I guess that was all I really needed. It was so clear to me how sassy and catty she needed to be.

— Kristen Bell on how she landed the narration spot of the show[16]

tag: div

text: Featuring nine regular speaking roles, the majority of the ensemble cast was assembled from February to April 2007. Leighton Meester and Blake Lively – who started auditioning in December 2006[17] – were the first two actresses to be chosen in February for the lead roles of Blair Waldorf and Serena van der Woodsen, respectively.[18] Penn Badgley, who had previously worked with Stephanie Savage on The Mountain,[17] Taylor Momsen, Chace Crawford, Kelly Rutherford, and Connor Paolo also auditioned successfully and landed roles in the series in March, as did Florencia Lozano who appeared only in the pilot, and was replaced by Margaret Colin.[19][20][21] Badgley at first turned down the part of Dan,[22] as did Lively—who planned to attend college—for the role of Serena.[23] Actors for the roles of Chuck Bass and Rufus Humphrey were found in April when English actor Ed Westwick, and Matthew Settle were cast.[24] Westwick first read for the role of Nate but was then asked to try Chuck.[17] As rumors swirled about the impending cancellation of Veronica Mars, it was revealed at The CW's 2007 Upfronts on May 17, 2007, that Kristen Bell had narrated the pilot, thus making her the title character of another show on the network.[25] Jessica Szohr was signed on to portray the recurring role of Vanessa Abrams and received regular status during the fourteenth episode of the first season.[26][27] Kaylee DeFer joined the series in the eighteenth episode of the fourth season and was promoted to series regular for the show's fifth season.[28]

text: At the conclusion of the fourth season, Momsen, who went on an indefinite hiatus during the season while retaining regular billing,[29][30] and Jessica Szohr both left the show.[31] Throughout the series' run, Connor Paolo consistently declined to elevate his recurring role of Eric van der Woodsen to regular status, citing personal reasons for his decision.[32] After becoming a regular on the ABC series Revenge, Paolo confirmed his departure from Gossip Girl in August 2011.[33]

text: As the show progressed, numerous recurring guest stars appeared in the show. Michelle Trachtenberg signed on to portray Georgina Sparks.[34] The role had previously been offered to Mischa Barton who declined the role.[34] Francie Swift and Sam Robards took the parental roles of Anne and Howard Archibald, respectively.[35][36] Caroline Lagerfelt portrayed Celia "CeCe" Rhodes, Serena and Eric's grandmother and Lily's mother.[37] Sebastian Stan made several appearances as Carter Baizen throughout the show's first three seasons.[38]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Primarily filming in New York, Gossip Girl has been declared by New York Magazine as the "Most Restauranty Show Since Sex and the City", citing the pilot episode filming locales such as the Japanese restaurant, Geisha, the Campbell Apartment where Nate and Serena were filmed having sex and the New York Palace Hotel bar Gilt.[39] Other New York City landmarks and well-known establishments were filmed throughout the first season. Victor/Victrola filmed the fictional infamous Chuck Bass burlesque club, Victrola, at The Box Manhattan, a sister club to The Box Soho in London.[40] The fictional Constance Billard-St.Judes School, based on novel writer Cecil Von Ziegesar's alma mater, Nightingale-Bamford used external shots of the Museum of the City of New York.[41]

text: The second season premiered at the Hamptons and began filming in mid-June. The season premiere opening montage showed a scene at Cooper's Beach that was instead filmed in Rockaway Beach followed by an elaborate white party.[42][43] For the sixth episode of the season, Columbia University was used to film the Yale campus, an episode that followed disappointment from Yale fans due to its erroneous portrayal of the admissions process and reliance on Ivy League university stereotypes.[44] During the season's seventh episode, the Brooklyn Inn was integrated into the show.[45] Remaining true to its New York locations, the show filmed at the Russian Tea Room.[46][47]

text: The fourth season premiered on September 13, 2010, with the first two episodes filmed in Paris.[48][49] New York Magazine revealed several locations shot at the French University, La Sorbonne in the Latin District (or Quartier Latin) of Paris on July 5.[50][51] Other locations include the Musée d'Orsay, the Eiffel Tower, the Gare du Nord, Avenue Montaigne.[52] and Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Columbia University became the primary filming location for the first few episodes of the season following the Paris story arc.[53]

text: The fifth season premiered on September 26, 2011, with the first two episodes filmed in Los Angeles, California.[54]

text: Because of its location in New York, executive producer Stephanie Savage said, "We were quickly told it would be too expensive, too complicated" at the beginning of the series. She said that it had been proposed to shoot in a Los Angeles studio that would recreate Central Park, but they eventually filmed the series in New York.[55] Savage explained their choice to film there, "There's no New York City on TV, or there wasn't when we started making the pilot, except what you could see in the background behind the dead bodies on cop shows. We've never seen the city from the point of view of teenagers. It felt like a world with high stakes for young people." Schwartz added, "What's funny about these teenagers is they grew up watching Sex and the City, even though it wasn't about them. And I think they've probably incorporated that into how they mythologize New York. I fought really hard to shoot the show in New York because we want New York to be a character in the show."[56] Many scenes were filmed in the Empire Hotel on the Upper West Side.[57]

text: Episode format[edit]

text: Each episode begins with the home page of the Gossip Girl website and Serena's picture from the pilot episode. Afterward, a recap of events relevant to the upcoming narrative is shown, which ends again with the home page of the website, only this time with a picture from other character(s) with a text about a recent event connected with the picture.

text: The narrator is Gossip Girl, voiced by actress Kristen Bell. She begins the recap with the sentence, "Gossip Girl here, your one and only source into the scandalous lives of Manhattan's elite," and ends the recap with whispered voices saying "Where has she been?" and "Serena." Then, the voice of Gossip Girl says, "And who am I? That's one secret I'll never tell! You know you love me…XO XO, Gossip Girl."

text: During each episode, there is always a social event taking place, whether small or large. Joshua Safran explained, "We structure it [the show] so that every week, the episode leads to an event. I feel like it is much like a procedural."[9]

text: Episode titles[edit]

text: All of the episodes' titles are based on the name of a film or a novel.[58] For example, episode "The Wild Brunch" evokes western film The Wild Bunch and "Seventeen Candles" Sixteen Candles.[58] Episode "All About My Brother" refers to Pedro Almodóvar's All About My Mother while "Pret-a-Poor-J" came from Prêt-à-Porter.[58] "There Might Be Blood" took its title from 2007 film There Will Be Blood.[58] "The Serena Also Rises" was titled after novel The Sun Also Rises. The fifth-season episode "The Big Sleep No More" was named for the film The Big Sleep and the New York-based production Sleep No More. Episode "Easy J" was titled after Emma Stone's hit movie Easy A. Episode "The Age of Dissonance", which was titled after Edith Wharton's novel The Age of Innocence, saw a high school production of the novel taking place,[58] and "The Blair Bitch Project" was named after The Blair Witch Project. "Victor, Victrola" is named after the British-American musical comedy Victor/Victoria. "Bad News Blair" was named after the 1976 movie The Bad News Bears.

text: Joshua Safran said, "we draw from classic works like Les Liaisons Dangereuses and The Great Gatsby as much as we do from pop culture."[9]

text: Product placement[edit]

text:
"It was really about showing features on a device. We usually do about between six and eight scenes in a season of 'Gossip Girl' -- you can't get that in many shows -- where the characters are using their devices. Initially, it was just a wireless phone, but eventually that became a smartphone, a tablet, all these other types of technology that took them through their day and showed how they used it to get from one place to the next."

— Barbra Robin, Senior Vice President, Integrated Marketing[59]

text: Gossip Girl is known for its product placement. The show had a contract with Verizon Wireless for its first five seasons; all the characters were seen with phones chosen by the brand until the deal ended by the sixth season.[60] During their contract, Verizon Wireless offered exclusive Gossip Girl content and created a website where ringtones of the songs featured on the show could be downloaded.[61] In the summer of 2008, executives of VitaminWater approached The CW for a placement deal. During the second season, the drinks were mentioned several times in dialogues. The partnership helped pay the costs of shooting on location in the Hamptons.[62] An HP TouchPad was prominently displayed in an episode of the sixth season.[63] According to OneNewsNow.com, other sponsors have included Procter & Gamble, L'Oreal, Target and Johnson & Johnson, which allowed the series to earn $28.2 million in ad dollars in 2007.[64]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: The first episodes of the first season included the original concept from the books, mainly following the lives of the five wealthy and privileged teenage characters in their high school years. Serena van der Woodsen (Blake Lively) is often described as the 'it girl'. It is revealed that she has had a scandalous past that continues to haunt her throughout the show and she is notorious for her many on-again, off-again relationships with countless male characters as well as for her rebellious drive-outs. Dan Humphrey (Penn Badgley) is an outsider who becomes a part of the turbulent Manhattan scene, an aspiring writer and fairly straight-arrow guy with a good heart and morals. Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) is the beautiful Queen Bee of Constance Billard School's social scene, as well as Serena's best friend and fierce rival (at points, threatening their relationship). Nate Archibald (Chace Crawford) is the perfect "Golden Boy" of the Upper East Side, always being fought over by the prominent female characters, and deals with a lot of issues that compromise his "perfect" life. Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) serves as the show's antihero, being a womanizer and party lover with a troubled life and past that provide a hidden vulnerable side.

text: Besides the five regulars cast members mentioned above, three more characters appeared in the pilot episode. Jenny Humphrey (Taylor Momsen) is Dan's younger sister, who desperately tries to become the next queen bee, a goal that eventually makes her realize the true values of life; Lily van der Woodsen (Kelly Rutherford) Serena's mother; and Dan and Jenny's father Rufus Humphrey (Matthew Settle). They share a romantic past that follows them throughout the show and eventually leads to their marriage. The Humphrey family is centered upon as they explore life on the 'Upper East side', Dan trying to look after his little sister as she discovers the party scene.

text: Vanessa Abrams (Jessica Szohr), enters the show in its first season as Dan's past love, but still close friend, and becomes a series regular after the 14th episode. Other characters include Eric van der Woodsen (Connor Paolo), Serena's kind and compassionate brother, who comes out late in the first season and becomes very close with Jenny. Georgina Sparks (Michelle Trachtenberg) is an occasional antagonist in the show, with a recurring role. Carter Baizen (Sebastian Stan) appears as Chuck's enemy with a romantic interest in Serena.

text: Kaylee DeFer plays Ivy Dickens, an actress from Miami who is hired by Lily's sister, Carol Rhodes (Sheila Kelly), to portray her daughter, Charlie Rhodes, to access her trust fund. Ella Rae Peck plays the real Charlie Rhodes, who goes by the name of Lola.

text: Many characters appear as guest stars as parents and other relatives of the main cast. Eleanor Waldorf-Rose (Margaret Colin) and Harold Waldorf (John Shea) appeared as Blair's divorced parents, with Cyrus Rose (Wallace Shawn) as Eleanor's husband and Blair's stepfather. Dorota Kishlovsky (Zuzanna Szadkowski) is Blair's loyal maid. Anne Archibald (Francie Swift) and Howard "The Captain" Archibald (Sam Robards) are Nate's estranged parents, while William van der Bilt I (James Naughton) and William "Tripp" van der Bilt III (Aaron Tveit) are Nate's manipulative grandfather and cousin, respectively. Bartholomew "Bart" Bass (Robert John Burke) is Lily's late husband and Chuck's demanding father, and Jack Bass (Desmond Harrington) is Bart's brother and Chuck's manipulative uncle. Celia "CeCe" Rhodes (Caroline Lagerfelt) is Serena's grandmother and Lily's mother. Gabriela Abrams (Gina Torres) is Vanessa's mother. Introduced in Season 4 is Blair's new boyfriend/fiancé, Prince Louis of Monaco (Hugo Becker).

text: Series overview[edit]

text: This episode's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Season 1: 2007–2008[edit]

text: The first season's main focus is Serena van der Woodsen's sudden return to the Upper East Side following her mysterious disappearance. Everyone is extremely shocked at her sudden return after first sightings of her spread across the web, when she is spotted at Grand Central station including her best friend, Blair Waldorf. It turns out Serena returns from Boarding School to see her suicidal brother, Eric. Blair soon finds out that Serena had slept with her boyfriend, Nate Archibald, the night of her disappearance. Meanwhile, Brooklyn boy Dan Humphrey and Serena begin dating while Nate struggles with his feelings for Blair. The two try to salvage what's left of their relationship, only leaving Blair to lose her virginity to Nate's best friend, Chuck Bass, instead. Jenny Humphrey constantly tries to make it in this upscale world by following around Blair and her friends. Rufus Humphrey, her father, worries that Jenny may be losing herself as she strives for popularity. Vanessa Abrams, Dan's best friend, returns. We find out that Dan had confessed his love for Vanessa in the past, but the two move beyond this as friends, considering Dan is now with Serena. It is discovered that Lilly van der Woodsen and Rufus Humphrey have a romantic past, yet both struggle with other relationships. The two decide to see other people in light of their children's romance. Blair and Nate eventually break up, after finally having sex, despite her affair with Chuck. Nate finds out about the affair and he and Chuck stop associating with one another. Throughout the season, Chuck tries to seduce Blair and the two somewhat come to terms with their feelings for each other. Georgina Sparks, past friend of Serena, comes back and causes havoc, including outing Eric van der Woodsen. Georgina's return reminds Serena of the real reason she left the Upper East Side. Problems erupt between Dan and Serena, since Serena tries to hide her secret from him and Georgina (pretending to be Sarah) manipulates Dan. It is revealed that the true reason Serena left the Upper East Side was because she was involved in a drug-related death and felt responsible for the situation. However, the incident is finally resolved and Georgina leaves. However, Dan and Serena's relationship is in ruins and the two decide to break it off. Meanwhile, Lilly accepts her proposal from Bart Bass, despite her ever-present feelings for Rufus, and the season ends with a Bass wedding and Blair waiting for Chuck at the airport.

text: Season 2: 2008–2009[edit]

text: The second season mainly explores the senior year of the characters with the premiere at the Hamptons and primarily focused on the relationship between Blair and Chuck, who were labeled "the heart of GG" by People magazine.[65] At first, both characters negate their feelings for one another, and go through random schemes and manipulations.

text: The first half of the season deals with Serena's growing prominence as a socialite which draws the attention of Blair as their friendship is tested when the character of Poppy Lifton (Tamara Feldman) arrives, a socialite who inadvertently drives a wedge between Serena and Blair after inspiring Serena to take her place in the spotlight during the early episodes of the season. Serena and Dan get back together for a brief period of time and eventually break up due to complications.[66] Nate faces the aftermath of his father's criminal past and pursues a relationship with Vanessa, who becomes entangled in the world of the Upper East Side. Jenny reignites her rebellious nature by pursuing a career as a fashion designer, thereby challenging Rufus' skills as a parent while Dan's friendship with Nate and relationship with Serena slowly transforms him from a social outcast to an insider. The show finished its first half during the first week of December, with the shocking death of Bart Bass.

text: The second half of the season reveals the impact of Bart's death, causing a significant change of character direction for Chuck that subsequently leads to the growth of Rufus and Lily's relationship, the revelation of the two having a son together, and contributing to the decline of Dan and Serena's relationship. John Shea reprised his role as Harold Waldorf during a Thanksgiving episode and becomes entangled in Blair's striving ambition of attending Yale. Desmond Harrington entered the series as Chuck's manipulative uncle, Jack Bass. Feldman returned to the season with Armie Hammer as Serena's new love interest, Gabriel Edwards.[67] Michelle Trachtenberg returned to the role of Georgina Sparks and filmed her scenes during February, also adjoining her character's return to the second season mystery.[68]

text: A backdoor pilot for a spin-off premiered in May, but was not picked up by The CW to the limited number of spots available on their fall line-up.[69]

text: As the storylines progressed, the role of "Gossip Girl" is slightly decreased. She continues to run her blog, but she keeps the ultimate information for herself, sending it in the final episode as the last blast, where Serena decides to find out who "Gossip Girl" really is, but ultimately fails. The season finale ended with a well-received kiss between Blair and Chuck.

text: Season 3: 2009–2010[edit]

text: The third season focuses on Blair, Dan and Vanessa getting into New York University along with movie star Olivia Burke (Hilary Duff),[70] whom Dan starts dating; Nate getting into Columbia University; Serena taking a year off from school; Jenny becoming Queen Bee at Constance; and Chuck running Bass Industries, along with now adoptive mother Lily van der Woodsen. The first couple of episodes feature part of the summer vacation, respectively the week before the start of University classes and school. The role of "Gossip Girl" is slightly decreased throughout the season.

text: Many guest stars were cast throughout the season including Joanna García as Bree Buckley, a love interest for Nate; America's Next Top Model creator Tyra Banks as Ursula Nyquist, a larger than life actress whom Serena served as a publicist for a short time; William Baldwin as William van der Woodsen, Serena and Eric’s father, Lily’s ex-husband and Rufus’ long-time rival; and cameos by Lady Gaga, Tory Burch, Jimmy Fallon, Plastiscines, Georgina Chapman and Sonic Youth.[71][72][73]

text: The ninth episode of the season caused a significant amount of controversy. Parent groups urged The CW not to air the episode as it contained a threesome. The preview for the episode revolved around an "OM3" theme. CW ignored these requests and announced that it was going to air the episode as planned.[74]

text: Robert John Burke, who played Chuck's father, Bart Bass, returned for A Christmas Carol themed episode in December, while Desmond Harrington returned as Chuck's uncle Jack with a major storyline affecting Chuck and Blair's relationship again and involving Chuck's estranged mother Evelyn Bass Fisher (Laura Harring).[75][76]

text: The season focused hugely on Jenny Humphrey's development and downward spiral. She spends a good part of the season alienating herself from Eric, her former best friend, and chasing after Nate, who has his heart set on Serena. At the end of the season, due to her one night stand with Chuck Bass, and new drug dealing habit, Jenny's father and Lily send her to Hudson, New York, to live with her mother. Other story lines include: Blair and Chuck's attempt and ultimate failure at having a successful relationship; Dan and Vanessa moving from friends to something more; and Serena's attempts to find herself through a new job and brief love affairs with Carter, Nate's married cousin Tripp, and eventually Nate himself. The season ends dramatically with Chuck getting robbed and shot.

text: Season 4: 2010–2011[edit]

text: Season four's main mystery revolves around Juliet Sharp (Katie Cassidy), a secretive girl with an agenda against Serena involving her past. The second half of the season builds on the complications of Serena's new found relationship with her former teacher Colin, Chuck trying to regain control of Bass Industries from Russell Thorpe (Michael Boatman), and Dan and Blair's growing friendship. The season also focuses on Lily's past betrayals coming back to haunt her; Chuck and Blair's tumultuous relationship after their break up; Dan and Vanessa's deteriorating friendship; and the arrival of Serena's cousin Charlie Rhodes (Kaylee Defer) to the Upper East Side. By the end of the season, Blair has ignored Chuck, Dan has told Vanessa they are no longer friends, and Serena is on that single grind.

text: The first two episodes of the season took place with Serena, Blair, and Chuck in Paris. While in Paris, Blair meets Prince Louis Grimaldi, to whom she later becomes engaged at the end of the season.

text: Taylor Momsen, who plays Jenny Humphrey, was absent for the majority of the season but made appearances in "Easy J", "Juliet Doesn't Live Here Anymore", "The Witches of Bushwick", and "Gaslit".[77]

text: Season 5: 2011–2012[edit]

text: The series was renewed by The CW for a fifth season on April 26, 2011.[78]

text: On May 9, 2011, it was announced that Taylor Momsen and Jessica Szohr would not be back as series regulars, although both have been invited back as guest stars. Kaylee DeFer, who portrays Ivy Dickens, was promoted to series regular status for season 5.[79]

text: The season began in Los Angeles when a re-energized Chuck and Nate decided to pay Serena a visit. Chuck has a newfound philosophy and says "yes" to everything, even death defying stunts. Serena continues to work on the movie set, and is offered a full-time job at the end of the episode. Nate begins an affair with an older woman, Diana Payne, who may have an ulterior motive for being with Nate. Back in New York, Dan learns that Vanessa has published one chapter of his novel, and Blair continues to plan her wedding to Louis, and she also learns she is pregnant. After realizing she still had feelings for Chuck, Blair and Chuck decide to go away together, but their car crashes. As a result of the crash Blair loses her baby, Chuck nearly dies, and Blair eventually marries Louis. The season also focuses on Nate running an online gossip site NYSpectator, Blair and Dan's friendship turning into a relationship, Chuck's quest to find his real parents which leads him to discover that his father, Bart, is still alive, and the effects of CeCe's death on Lily and her marriage to Rufus. At the end of the season, Blair makes a choice between Dan and Chuck, and Lily makes a choice between Rufus and Bart. Serena is seen leaving town while Dan decides to write a new book about the Upper East Side, with the help of Georgina.

text: Season 6: 2012[edit]

text: On May 11, 2012, it was announced Gossip Girl would return for a shortened sixth and final season, which premiered on October 8, 2012.[4][80] During the CW upfronts, network president Mark Pedowitz said the number of episodes had not yet been decided and could consist of 10, 11, or 13 episodes with a retrospective, meaning it would end before Christmas.[81]

text: The season premiered with 0.78 million viewers tuning in, marking a series low for the show. The following week, there was a further drop in viewership, with only 0.76 million viewers, once again breaking the record for series-low ratings.

text: On October 29, 2012, the episode "Portrait of a Lady Alexander" was postponed due to the impact of Hurricane Sandy on the Eastern Seaboard. Widespread power outages led to the decision of pushing the new episode back a week and re-airing the previous episode, "Dirty Rotten Scandal".[82]

text: On December 17, 2012, the series broadcast its finale on U.S. television on the CW network. Actress Kristen Bell, the narrator of the series during all seasons makes a cameo as herself (but is not revealed as Gossip Girl). Several former Gossip Girl cast members appear in the finale, including Jessica Szohr, who played Vanessa Abrams, and Katie Cassidy, who played Juliet Sharp. Former series regulars Connor Paolo (Eric van der Woodsen) and Taylor Momsen (Jenny Humphrey), each appear also with one line a piece.

text: Season 6 begins with Chuck and Blair who part ways after making a pact that they will unite once they both achieve their individual goals. Chuck goes on his way to try to regain Bass Industries from his father who stole it from him while Blair tries to find herself and her individuality by taking over her mother’s company at her mother's request. Serena pursues a relationship with someone older and who happens to have a 17-year-old daughter, Sage who will do anything to try to split them up. Nate focuses on trying to get the Spectator to become successful and dates Sage. Meanwhile, Dan focuses on completing his second book with Georgina’s help. In the end after a surprising turn of events Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) and Chuck Bass (Ed Westwick) get married.[83] In the final moments the series speeds forward five years later where Chuck and Blair are revealed to have had a child and Nate Archibald appears successful and is rumored to be running for Mayor of New York. The show ends with the wedding of Serena van der Woodsen and Dan Humphrey. It's a small ceremony, in what looks like Blair and Chuck's home together, where Lily is with Serena and Eric's father, William, and Rufus seems to be happy with another woman (musician Lisa Loeb, who guest-starred in the first season) along with Dorota, Nate, Jack Bass and Georgina (who are now together), Jenny and Eric. A brief shot of The Spectator reveals that Lola Rhodes and Olivia Burke are now starring in a film about Ivy Dickens, based on her best-selling autobiography.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Gossip Girl initially received positive reviews. Due to the show's pedigree as an adaptation of The New York Times bestselling novel series, the show was considered to be one of the more anticipated new shows of the 2007–2008 television season. An August 2007 survey by OTX, a global media research and consulting firm, placed the show on the list of top ten new shows that viewers were aware of.[84] Though the pilot was the recipient of many positive reviews from publications such as Variety, The Washington Post, San Francisco Chronicle and the Boston Globe, other reviewers described it as a guilty pleasure rather than an hour's worth of must-watch television.[85][86][87][88] Metacritic gave it a score of 54, based on the reviews of 26 different publications.[89]

text: Toward the conclusion of the first season, Janet Malcolm of The New Yorker criticized the show for its deviations from the novels. She has stated that the series was "related to the original only in the names and outlines of the characters". She further asserted that, "Without von Ziegesar's fast, mocking commentary to propel them, the TV episodes are sluggish and crass—a move from Barneys to Kmart."[90] However, author Cecily von Ziegesar has expressed support for the show, noting that all of her major plot points were present in the pilot.[91]

text: As the show continued its first season, the response became considerably more positive, and by the second season critical response was favorable. Metacritic gave the new season an improved score of 71. "Summer's been good to this girl," claimed Entertainment Weekly, who awarded the series its highest grade of "A".[92] The New York Daily News claimed the show had found its footing by stating "It knows exactly what it wants and needs its new hybrid product to be. The hockey fights video of teen romance drama." Gossip Girl was designated the "Greatest Teen Drama of All Time" by New York magazine.[93] The magazine wrote, "the show has resurrected the potential for scripted dramas to be effective social satire—to present a world more accurately than a "reality" program can. Gossip Girl presents a wealth-eye view of the city, but because it is a cartoon we can laugh along with the conspicuousness of the consumption."[94]

text: The Parents Television Council has shown particular criticism of the series, especially with its "OMFG" ad campaign from April 2008.[95] It also named the episode "Victor/Victrola" the worst television program of the week in which the episode originally was broadcast.[96] Quotes from the Parents Television Council review, as well as negative quotes from the San Diego Union-Tribune, New York Post and the Boston Herald, were used on various advertisements for the second season. The Hartford Courant chronicled a variety of negative responses to the ads. The ads included quotes like "Every Parent's Nightmare", "Mind-Blowingly Inappropriate" and "A Nasty Piece of Work" in what appears to be an effort to continue the 'rebellious teen' style of the show.[97][98]

text: With the approach of the fifth season, New York Magazine reviewed the life expectancy of the show, noting its waning cultural relevancy despite the growing prominence of its actors, and the loss of its status as The CW's No.1 show, having been beaten out in terms of ratings by other shows of the network like Supernatural and 90210. "The series itself hasn't quite kept up, even if its plotting is as juicy and lunatic as ever." and that "The cast would all rather be making movies, while the showrunners are focusing on launching new projects via their nascent Fake Empire production company (including CW newcomer Hart of Dixie). Barring an unexpected brand reboot or another stab at a spinoff, we're afraid the end is near. XOXO."[99] AOL TV ranked Gossip Girl the 20th Best School Show of All Time and the 4th TV's Biggest Guilty Pleasure.[100][101] The show was declared the tenth highest rated show for the first ten years of IMDb.com Pro (2002-2012).[102]

text: There was much controversy to Dan being revealed as Gossip Girl in the season finale. Dan had always struggled to be an insider among the Upper East Side and had supposedly created Gossip Girl to gain more power and had been the one "pulling the strings the whole time" as mentioned by Serena in the finale. However, there was much speculation and controversy regarding this decision. Penn Badgley who played Dan, stated in an interview that he himself found it funny that they had decided to make him be Gossip Girl as there were too many loopholes in the show for this to make sense. There were times during the show where he would be alone and read a Gossip Girl post and be completely blown away by it.

text: Cultural influence[edit]

text:
[Schwartz and Savage] were spearheading: "What if the Internet is just a place to judge people? What if that’s what it turns into?" And they turned out to be Nostradamus.

— Kristen Bell on Gossip Girl depicting social media's influence[23]

text: CW executive Dawn Ostroff later compared Gossip Girl's role as the show that defined its network to House of Cards for Netflix. Its television audience was never very large, but the show was influential on culture; Savage recalled that the crew likened working on it to working for a lifestyle magazine. A hairstylist for the show compared media interest in Lively's hair to that for Jennifer Aniston's "The Rachel".[23] In 2008, The New York Times reported the show has had a profound impact on retail, saying Gossip Girl is probably "the first [show] to have been conceived, in part, as a fashion marketing vehicle". While it has had middling success in terms of ratings, it "may well be the biggest influence in the youth culture market", said a trendspotter.[103] According to Zoe Fox of Mashable, the show popularized social media networks and mobile communication, becoming "a pioneer in its use of mobile".[104] In 2008, New York Magazine named the series as "Best Show Ever".[105] In 2009, Rolling Stone named the series as "TV's Hottest Show".[106]

text: On January 26, 2012, in honor of the series' 100th episode, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg visited the set and proclaimed the date Gossip Girl Day, citing the show's cultural influence and impact on the economy of the city. "Gossip Girl has made New York a central character. While Gossip Girl is drawing fans in with its plot twists, the show also attracts many of them to visit New York, contributing to our incredible 50.5 million visitors last year. In fact, the economic impact of Gossip Girl and other television shows and films that are made in New York really can be felt directly in all five boroughs. The 100th episode of Gossip Girl is a real landmark, and I want to congratulate the show's cast and crew," he stated.[107]

text: The popularity of the series was also indirectly responsible for the creation of the reality series NYC Prep, which ran for one season on Bravo.[108][109] The series has been referenced in films such as Fired Up!, Get Him To The Greek, Vampires Suck, Easy A, Just Go With It and Horrible Bosses, and TV series such as Royal Pains, Entourage, Parks and Recreation, 30 Rock, and Skins, Shameless among others.[110]

text: Popular among teenagers and young adults, Gossip Girl cast has posed on the cover of numerous mainstream magazines, including Rolling Stone, People, Nylon, New York Magazine, TV Guide, New York Post, Vogue, Out Magazine, Details (magazine) and, Entertainment Weekly.

text: Awards and accolades[edit]

text:
Awards and accolades for Gossip Girl

Year
Result
Award
Category
Recipients

2008
Nominated
Artios Award
Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Pilot – Drama[111]

2008
Nominated
ASTRA Award
Favourite International Program[112]

2008
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show Drama[113][114]

2008
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Breakout Show[113][114]

2008
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress Drama[113][114]
Lively, BlakeBlake Lively

2008
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Breakout Female[113][114]
Lively, BlakeBlake Lively

2008
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Breakout Male[113][114]
Crawford, ChaceChace Crawford

2008
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Villain[113][114]
Westwick, EdEd Westwick

2008
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress Drama[113][114]
Meester, LeightonLeighton Meester

2008
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor Drama[113][114]
Crawford, ChaceChace Crawford

2008
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor Drama[113][114]
Badgley, PennPenn Badgley

2008
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Breakout Female[113][114]
Meester, LeightonLeighton Meester

2008
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Breakout Female[113][114]
Momsen, TaylorTaylor Momsen

2008
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Breakout Male[113][114]
Westwick, EdEd Westwick

2008
Nominated
People's Choice Award
Favorite New TV Drama[115]

2009
Nominated
ASTRA Award
Favourite International Personality or Actor[116]
Blake Lively

2009
Nominated
Costume Designers Guild
Outstanding Costume Design for Television Series – Contemporary
Eric Daman

2009
Nominated
Prism Award
Drama Episode
For episode "Woman on the Verge"[117]

2009
Nominated
Prism Award
Performance in a Drama Episode[117]
Blake Lively

2009
Nominated
ASTRA Award
Favourite International Program[116]

2009
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show Drama[118]

2009
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor Drama[118]
Crawford, ChaceChace Crawford

2009
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress Drama[118]
Meester, LeightonLeighton Meester

2009
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Villain[118]
Westwick, EdEd Westwick

2009
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Music Soundtrack[119]

2009
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor Drama[119]
Badgley, PennPenn Badgley

2009
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Parental Unit[119]
Settle, MatthewMatthew Settle

2009
Won
Young Hollywood Awards
Breakthrough Performance Male[120]
Ed Westwick

2010
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show Drama[121]

2010
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress Drama[121]
Meester, LeightonLeighton Meester

2010
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor Drama[121]
Crawford, ChaceChace Crawford

2010
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Female Scene Stealer[121]
Duff, HilaryHilary Duff

2010
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress Drama[122]
Lively, BlakeBlake Lively

2010
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor Drama[122]
Badgley, PennPenn Badgley

2010
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Villain[122]
Westwick, EdEd Westwick

2011
Nominated
People's Choice Award
Favorite TV Drama Actress[123]
Lively, BlakeBlake Lively

2011
Nominated
People's Choice Award
Favorite TV Drama Actor[123]
Crawford, ChaceChace Crawford

2011
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show Drama[124][125]

2011
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress: Drama[124][125]
Lively, BlakeBlake Lively

2011
Won
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor: Drama[124][125]
Crawford, ChaceChace Crawford

2011
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor: Drama[124]
Badgley, PennPenn Badgley

2012
Nominated
People's Choice Awards
Favorite TV Drama Actress[126]
Blake Lively

2012
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Drama Series[127]

2012
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Drama Actress[127]
Leighton Meester

2012
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Drama Actor[127]
Ed Westwick

2012
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Drama Actor[127]
Penn Badgley

2012
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Villain[128]
Michelle Trachtenberg

2013
Nominated
People's Choice Awards
Favorite Network TV Drama[129]
Gossip Girl

2013
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Drama[130]

2013
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actor: Drama[130]
Penn Badgley

2013
Nominated
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress: Drama[130]
Blake Lively

text: U.S. television ratings[edit]

text: The series premiere was watched by 3.50 million viewers and achieved a 1.6 Adults 18–49, coming in last place in its 9:00 pm timeslot on Wednesday nights.[131] However, the show was noted to have held the best audience retention of America's Next Top Model.[132] Benefiting from the network rerunning the show during the 2008 WGA strike,[23] the season ended with 3.00 million viewers.[133] The second season premiered with 3.43 million viewers.[134] The second season ended with 2.23 million viewers.[135] The third season premiered with 2.55 million viewers.[136] The third season ended with 1.96 million viewers.[137] The fourth season premiered to 1.83 million viewers and a 1.0 for adults 18–49.[138] Episode 4.04 hit season highs in all categories with a 2.8 rating in The CW's target of Women 18–34, a 1.7 in Adults 18–34 and 1.1 in Adults 18–49.[139] The fourth season ended with 1.36 million viewers.[140] The fifth season premiered with 1.37 million viewers.[141] The fifth season ended with 1.44 million viewers.[142]

text: Despite this, throughout season five, Gossip Girl continued to see a decrease in viewers. Season six premiered to 0.78 million viewers, making it not only the least viewed season premiere for the series, but also the least viewed episode in show's six-year run. The following episode saw a decrease to 0.76 million viewers, which once again marked a new series low in terms of viewers. The series finale was watched by 1.55 million viewers, the highest viewed episode since season four.

text:
Season
Timeslot
Season premiere
Season finale
TV season
Rank
U.S. viewers
(in millions)
Rating
(adults 18–49)

1
Wednesday 9/8c
Monday 8/7c
September 19, 2007
May 19, 2008
2007–08
#196[143]
2.35[143]
1.2[144]

2
Monday 8/7c
September 1, 2008
May 18, 2009
2008–09
#168[145]
2.48[145]
1.4[144]

3
Monday 9/8c
September 14, 2009
May 17, 2010
2009–10
#135[146]
2.02[146]
1.1[146]

4
September 13, 2010
May 16, 2011
2010–11
#139[147]
1.64[148]
0.8[149]

5
Monday 8/7c
September 26, 2011
May 14, 2012
2011–12
#188[150]
1.18[151]
0.6[151]

6
Monday 9/8c
October 8, 2012
December 17, 2012
2012–13
140[152]
0.90[153]
0.5[153]

text: DVR ratings[edit]

text:
2007
2008 [2]
2009
2010 [3]
2011 [4]

text: Online ratings[edit]

text: The series was the 5th most-binged TV series on Subscription Video-on-Demand (SVOD) Services; derived from NPD’s VideoWatch Digital, consumer tracker based on data from 313,866 SVOD TV transactions across 26,176 SVOD subscribers that were completed between January 2012 and January 2013.[154]

text: Distribution[edit]

text: Gossip Girl aired on The CW on Mondays.[155] In addition to the television broadcast of the show, episodes of Gossip Girl have also been released on the Internet. In October 2011, The CW signed a deal allowing all Gossip Girl episodes to be streamed on Netflix.[156] The same month, the network signed a deal with Hulu. Both CWTV.com and Hulu streamed episodes for free, but only the five most recent installments were available for viewing.[157] All seasons of Gossip Girl are also available through the iTunes Store and Amazon Video where each episode can be purchased separately or in complete season sets.

text: As of 2012, the series was broadcast in 197 countries.[17]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: On July 25, 2012, Style Network announced that it had acquired the off-network rights to Gossip Girl and started airing repeats of the show on August 15, 2012.[158]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: The DVD sets of each season were released in various regions after their television broadcast.

text:
DVD Name
Release dates
Technical details
Bonus Features

Region
1
Region
2
Region
3
Region
4

The Complete First Season
August 19, 2008
August 18, 2008
October 22, 2008
April 15, 2009

5-Disc Set
Aspect ratio: 1.78:1
Language: English
Subtitles: Chinese, English, French, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, Thai
Running time: 810 minutes

Unaired Scenes
The Beginning, XOXO: Concept to Execution Featurette
Gossip Girl Couture Featurette;
A Gossip Girl Wedding Featurette
LOL: Gag Reel
The Pierces "Secret" and "Boring" Music Videos
Downloadable Audiobook of the Original Best-selling Novel, read by Christina Ricci.

The Complete Second Season
August 18, 2009
September 28, 2009
October 2, 2009
October 28, 2009

7-Disc Set
Aspect ratio (image): 1.78:1
Language: English
Subtitles: English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Thai
Running time: 810 minutes

5th Ave. Meets Gossip Girl: Tour the Gossip Girl Crowd's Favorite Haunts
Faces Behind the Design: Creative Forces Behind the Show's Art and Fashion
Chasing Dorota Webisodes
Gag Reel
Downloadable Audiobook of the Best-selling Novel Gossip Girl, You Know You Love Me by Cecily von Ziegesar, read by Christina Ricci; *Unaired Scenes

The Complete Third Season
August 24, 2010
August 23, 2010
October 2, 2010
September 1, 2010

5-Disc Set
Aspect ratio: 1.78:1
Language: English
Subtitles: English, French, Spanish
Running time: 935 minutes

Gossip Girl Mode: Interactive Viewing Experience on Episode 16, "The Empire Strikes Jack"
A Gossip Girl Fabulous Affair: Throwing a Party Gossip Girl-Style
Lady Gaga "Bad Romance" and Plastiscines "Bitch" Music Videos
Gag Reel
Unaired Scenes

The Complete Fourth Season
August 23, 2011
August 15, 2011
September 2011
September 7, 2011

5-Disc Set
Aspect ratio: 1.77:1
Language: English
Subtitles: Chinese, French, Portuguese, Spanish
Running time: 935 minutes

Bisoux a Paris!: Go Abroad on a Spree in Paris with the Cast and Creative Teams
Exposing Gossip Girl: The Making of Episode 18: The Complete Lowdown on the Creative Processes Behind "The Kids Stay in the Picture"
Gag Reel
Unaired Scenes

The Complete Fifth Season
September 25, 2012
September 3, 2012
October 12, 2012
September 12, 2012

5-Disc Set
Aspect ratio: 1.77:1
Language: English
Subtitles: Chinese, French, Portuguese, Spanish
Running time: 1032 minutes

5 Years of Iconic Style
Gossip Girl Turns 100
Gag Reel
Unaired Scenes

The Complete Sixth and Final Season[159]
February 12, 2013
February 18, 2013
July 19, 2013
February 27, 2013

3-Disc Set
Aspect ratio: 1.77:1
Language: English
Subtitles: Spanish, French, Korean
Running time: 430 minutes

"A Big Farewell and XOXO to the Upper East Siders" Featurette
Gossip Girl Prequel: It Had To Be You (Audiobook)
Gag Reel
Unaired Scenes

The Complete Series[159]
February 12, 2013
February 18, 2013
July 19, 2013
TBA

121 Episodes
30-Disc Set
Aspect ratio: 1.77:1
Language: English
Subtitles: Spanish, French, Korean, Chinese, Portuguese

Same Bonus Features as the Individual Season Sets

text: Notes:

text:
In Australia there is alternative cover art for Season 1. There are also three different versions of Season 2 (the standard edition, a special 8-disc edition, and an alternative cover art—which is the same cover art used for Season 2, Part 2 in the UK).
Season 2 was first released in two parts in Region 2. Part One was released on April 13, 2009, and Part Two was released on August 10, 2009, while the complete season was released later, on September 28, 2009.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The first soundtrack of the TV series, OMFGG – Original Music Featured On Gossip Girl, No. 1 was released digitally on September 2, 2008, and in stores on October 28, 2008.[160]

text: Fashion[edit]

text: Merchants, designers and trend consultants say that "Gossip Girl" ... is one of the biggest influences on how young women spend. Fans stride into boutiques bearing magazine tear sheets that feature members of the cast and ask for their exact outfits. Or they order scoop-neck tops and hobo bags by following e-commerce links from the show’s Web site.

text: Gossip Girl was very influential on fashion for teenage and young adult women. The show was intended in part as a way for fashion companies to market their products. Some brands paid a fee, and the show's Web site provided referral links so viewers could purchase items they saw on television.[103] In 2009, Anna Sui created a line inspired by Gossip Girl.[161] Daman, who based his costumes on what Manhattan private-school students wore,[103], said that by the sixth season the show was "getting one-of-a-kind couture from Paris", because "they wanted their wares on Blake Lively".[162]

text: On September 16, 2011, it was announced that Warner Bros. and label Romeo & Juliet Couture had partnered to create Gossip Girl's official clothing line inspired by lead characters Serena van der Woodsen and Blair Waldorf.[163] The launch of the fashion line took place on September 26, 2011, the same day as the premiere of the fifth season.[164]

text: Cosmetics online retailer Birchbox and Gossip Girl have teamed up to create a special Birchbox edition filled with beauty products inspired by the show. The products were chosen by Gossip Girl's makeup department head, Amy Tagliamonti, and hair department head, Jennifer Johnson.[165]

text: International adaptations[edit]

text: Gossip Girl spawned several adaptations in other countries. The Turkish version is known as Küçük Sırlar (Little Secrets).[166] On March 5, 2012, it was reported that Warner Bros. International Television and Metan Development Group would produce a Chinese teen drama series called China Girl inspired by Gossip Girl. Production was set to start in June 2012 with the show airing in November. The show will follow the lives of students at a university instead of a high school.[167] No news of the actual broadcast followed.

text: A Mexican version of the series was produced by Mexican producer Pedro Torres as Gossip Girl: Acapulco.[168] The show stars Sofía Sisniega, Oka Giner, Jon Ecker, Vadhir Derbez, Diego Amozurrutia, and Macarena Achaga.[169] Filming of the Mexican adaptation began in January 2013 and the series aired in July 5, 2013, on Televisa.[170][171] The show also aired in the United States on Univision in 2014.[172] It was not renewed for a second season.

text: Another version of Gossip Girl aired in Thailand on Channel 3 beginning July 16, 2015, dubbed as Gossip Girl: Thailand.[173]


document_title: List of players with the most goals in an association football game

question_text: premier league players to score 5 goals in one game

text: List[edit]

text: The players are listed by number of goals scored in an individual game. Players on equal goals are listed in chronological order with the earlier ones on top.

text: Continental[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a UEFA club competition match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Mascarenhas
6
Sporting CP
APOEL
16–1
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
13 November 1963
First round
[2]

text: Domestic[edit]

text: Austria[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in an Austrian Bundesliga match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Hans Krankl
7
Rapid Wien
Grazer AK
11–1
Austrian Bundesliga
22 June 1977
Austrian Bundesliga record
[3]

No player with six goals and three players with five goals: Hans Krankl (2x), Gernot Jurtin, Axel Lawarée
[3]

text: Colombia[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Colombian Categoría Primera A match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Gyula Zsengellér
6
Deportivo Samarios
Universidad
12–1
Campeonato Profesional
22 July 1951
Categoría Primera A record
[4][5]

Alfredo Castillo
6
Millonarios
Independiente Medellín
7–3
Campeonato Profesional
5 September 1948
Categoría Primera A record
[4]

Jaime Gutiérrez
6
Deportes Quindío
Deportivo Samarios
11–1
Campeonato Profesional
9 November 1952
Categoría Primera A record
[4]

text: England[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Football League match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Joe Payne
10
Luton Town
Bristol Rovers
12–0
Third Division South
13 April 1936
Football League record
[6]

Robert Bell
9
Tranmere Rovers
Oldham Athletic
13–4
Third Division North
26 December 1935

[6]

Ted Drake
7
Arsenal
Aston Villa
7–1
First Division
14 December 1935
English top flight record
[6][7]

Tommy Briggs
7
Blackburn
Bristol Rovers
8–3
Second Division
5 February 1955

[7]

Neville Coleman
7
Stoke
Lincoln
8–0
Second Division
23 February 1957

[7]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Premier League match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Andy Cole
5
Manchester United
Ipswich Town
9–0
Premier League
March 1995

Alan Shearer
5
Newcastle United
Sheffield Wednesday
8–0
Premier League
September 1999
Joint Premier League record
[8]

Jermain Defoe
5
Tottenham Hotspur
Wigan Athletic
9–1
Premier League
22 November 2009
[8]

Dimitar Berbatov
5
Manchester United
Blackburn Rovers
7–1
Premier League
27 November 2010
[8]

Sergio Agüero
5
Manchester City
Newcastle United
6–1
Premier League
3 October 2015
[8]

Twenty-two players with four goals: Robbie Fowler (2x), Gianluca Vialli, Jürgen Klinsmann, Michael Owen (2x), Ole Gunnar Solskjær (2x), Andy Cole, Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink, Mark Viduka, Thierry Henry, Yakubu Ayegbeni (2x), Dimitar Berbatov, Frank Lampard (2x), Andrey Arshavin, Robbie Keane, Wayne Rooney, Louis Saha, Edin Džeko, Efan Ekoku, Luis Suárez, Sergio Agüero, Georginio Wijnaldum, Romelu Lukaku, Mohamed Salah
[8]

text: The most successful scorers per game in an FA Cup match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Ted MacDougall
9
Bournemouth
Margate
11–0
FA Cup
20 November 1971
FA Cup record
[9]

text: Germany[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Bundesliga match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Dieter Müller
6
Köln
Werder Bremen
7–2
Bundesliga
17 August 1977
Bundesliga record
[10]

Thirteen players with five goals: Karl-Heinz Thielen, Rudolf Brunnenmeier, Franz Brungs, Klaus Scheer, Gerd Müller (4x), Jupp Heynckes, Manfred Burgsmüller, Atli Eðvaldsson, Dieter Hoeneß, Jürgen Klinsmann, Frank Hartmann, Michael Tönnies, Robert Lewandowski
[10]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a 2. Bundesliga match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Ottmar Hitzfeld
6
Stuttgart
Jahn Regensburg
8–0
2. Bundesliga
13 May 1977
2. Bundesliga record
[11]

Nine players with five goals: Rolf Kucharski, Volker Graul, Rainer Künkel, Wilfried Klinge, Horst Hrubesch, Otmar Ludwig, Frank Mill, Ronnie Worm, Dieter Gutzler
[11]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a DDR-Oberliga match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Joachim Streich
6
Magdeburg
BSG Chemie Böhlen
10–2
DDR-Oberliga
9 June 1979
DDR-Oberliga record
[12]

Two players with five goals: Hans-Bert Matoul, Damian Halata
[12]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a German Cup match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Carsten Jancker
6
Kaiserslautern
Schönberg 95
15–0
DFB-Pokal
21 August 2004
DFB-Pokal record
[13]

Seven players with five goals: Gerd Müller, Dieter Müller, Ronnie Worm, Olaf Thon, Paulo Sérgio, Carsten Jancker, Marek Leśniak
[13]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Women's Fußball-Bundesliga match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Heidi Mohr
7
TuS Niederkirchen
SG Praunheim
8–1
Women's Fußball-Bundesliga
3 March 1991
Women's Bundesliga record
[14]

text: Italy[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Serie A match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Silvio Piola
6
Pro Vercelli
Fiorentina
7–2
Serie A
29 October 1933
Joint Serie A record
[15]

Omar Sívori
6
Juventus
Internazionale
9–1
Serie A
10 June 1961
[16][17]

11 players with five goals: Miroslav Klose (2012–13), Roberto Pruzzo (1985–86), Kurt Hamrin (1963–64), Antonio Valentín Angelillo (1958–59), Carlo Galli (1957–58), Emanuele Del Vecchio (1957–58), Bruno Ispiro (1948–49), István Mike Mayer (1948–49), Giuseppe Meazza (1937–38), Cesare Augusto Fasanelli (1930–31) and Giovanni Vecchina (1929–30)
[18]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in an Eredivisie match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Afonso Alves
7
Heerenveen
Heracles Almelo
9–0
Eredivisie
7 October 2007
Eredivisie record
[19]

text: The most successful scorers per game in an Eerste Divisie match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Johan Voskamp
8
Sparta Rotterdam
Almere City
12–1
Eerste Divisie
20 August 2010

[20]

text: Norway[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Tippeligaen match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Odd Iversen
6
Rosenborg
Vålerenga
7–2
Tippeligaen
1968

[21]

Jan Fuglset
6
Molde
Strømsgodset
6–0
Tippeligaen
1976

[21]

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Pakistani women's football championship match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Malika-e-Noor
14
Young Rising Stars
Margala
25–0
Pakistani women's football championship
September 2011

[22]

text: Romania[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Liga I Feminin match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Cosmina Duşa
13
CFF Olimpia Cluj
CFF Clujana
13–2
Liga I Feminin
31 October 2010

[23]

Cosmina Duşa
8
CFF Olimpia Cluj
Fair Play Bucuresti
27–0
Liga I Feminin
8 May 2011
only played last 30 minutes
[24]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a top flight match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Jimmy McGrory
8
Celtic
Dunfermline
9–0
Division One
14 January 1928
Scottish top flight record
[25]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Scottish Premier League match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Kenny Miller
5
Rangers
St Mirren
7–1
Scottish Premier League
4 November 2000
Joint Scottish Premier League record
[25][26]

Kris Boyd
5
Kilmarnock
Dundee United
5–2
Scottish Premier League
25 September 2004
[25][26]

Kris Boyd
5
Rangers
Dundee United
7–1
Scottish Premier League
30 December 2009
[26]

Gary Hooper
5
Celtic
Hearts
5–0
Scottish Premier League
13 May 2012
[26]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Scottish Cup match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

John Petrie
13
Arbroath
Bon Accord
36–0
Scottish Cup
12 September 1885

[27]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Scottish Women's Cup match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Debbie McWhinnie
12
Glasgow City
Motherwell
28–0
Scottish Women's Cup
15 February 2004

[28]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Scottish Women's Premier League match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Debbie McWhinnie
10
Hibernian
East Kilbride
17–0
Scottish Women's Premier League
29 August 2004

[29]

Ruesha Littlejohn
7
Glasgow City
Inverness
11–0
Scottish Women's Premier League
7 November 2010

[30]

text: Spain[edit]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a La Liga match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Agustín Sauto Arana
7
Athletic Bilbao
Barcelona
12–1
La Liga
8 February 1931
Joint record holder for La Liga
[31]

László Kubala
7
Barcelona
Sporting Gijón
9–0
La Liga
10 February 1952
[31]

César
6
Granada
Castellón
7–3
La Liga
22 March 1942

[31]

Edmundo Suárez
6
Valencia
Real Betis
8–3
La Liga
28 February 1943

[31]

Telmo Zarra
6
Athletic Bilbao
Lleida
10–0
La Liga
19 November 1950

[31]

text: The most successful scorers per game in a Copa del Rey match:

text:
Player
Goals
For
Against
Result
Competition
Date
Notes
Ref

Eulogio Martínez
7
Barcelona
Atlético Madrid
8–1
Copa del Rey
1 May 1957

[32]


document_title: Marilyn (given name)

question_text: what is the origin of the name marilyn

question_tokens: what is the origin of the name marilyn

text: Marilyn (given name)

text: Origin and meaning[edit]

text: Marilyn is a blend of the English given names Mary and Lynn.[1] It began to be used in the 1920s, and it reached its peak of popularity in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Variants of the name includes: Maralyn, Marilynn, Marlyn, Marylyn, Marrilyn, Merilyn, Merrelyn and Merrilyn.[2]

text: Notable bearers of the name Marilyn[edit]

text: Notable people with the name include:

text:
Marilyn (singer) (born 1962), British entertainer
Marilyn Agliotti (born 1979), Dutch-South African field hockey player
Marilyn Bergman (born 1929), American composer, songwriter and author
Marilyn Borden (1932–2009), American singer and actress
Marilyn Brick, Canadian politician
Marilyn Chambers (1952–2009), American pornographic actress
Marilyn Cole (born 1949), Playboy magazine's January 1972 Playmate of the Month
Marilyn French (1929–2009), American author
Marilyn Hacker (born 1942), American poet, critic and reviewer
Marilyn Hall (c. 1927-2017), Canadian-born American producer and philanthropist
Marilyn Horne (born 1934), American opera singer
Marilyn Maxwell (1921–1972), American actress
Marilyn McCoo (born 1943), American singer and actress
Marilyn Milian (born 1961), judge on the television show The People's Court
Marilyn Miller (1898–1936), Broadway performer
Marilyn Monroe (1926–1962), American actress
Marilyn Quayle (born 1949), American lawyer, author and Second Lady of the United States
Marilyn Ramenofsky (born 1946), American freestyle swimmer
Marilyn Scott (born 1949), American singer
Marilyn Singer (born 1948), American author of children's books
Marilyn vos Savant (born 1946), American columnist and author
Marilyn Waltz (1931-2006), Playboy magazine's February 1954, April 1954, April 1955 Playmate of the Month
Marilyn Wilson-Rutherford (born 1947), American singer
Marilyn Ziering, an American business executive and philanthropist from Los Angeles, California
Marilynn Webb (born 1937), New Zealand artist

text: The American musician and artist Brian Hugh Warner goes by the stage name Marilyn Manson. His stage name was formed by juxtaposing the names of two opposing American pop cultural icons, actress Marilyn Monroe and cult leader Charles Manson; as an actual given name, Marilyn is not used as a male name.

text: Merrelyn[edit]

text: A variation of Marylin is Merrelyn, sometimes spelled as Merrilyn. Notable people with the name include:

text:
Merrelyn Emery, Australian psychologist, co-refiner with Fred Emery of the Search Conference participative planning process
Merrilyn Gann (born 1963), Canadian actress
Merrilyn Goos, Australian mathematician
Merrilyn (Merri) Rose (born 1955), Australian politician

text: Characters[edit]

text: Marilyn Whirlwind, a character in the Northern Exposure TV series


document_title: Uniformitarianism

question_text: who is responsible for introducing the principle of uniformitarianism

text: Uniformitarianism

text: History[edit]

text: 18th century[edit]

text: The earlier conceptions[which?] likely[original research?] had little influence on 18th-century European geological explanations for the formation of Earth. Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817) proposed Neptunism, where strata represented deposits from shrinking seas precipitated onto primordial rocks such as granite. In 1785 James Hutton proposed an opposing, self-maintaining infinite cycle based on natural history and not on the Biblical account.[10][11]

text: The solid parts of the present land appear in general, to have been composed of the productions of the sea, and of other materials similar to those now found upon the shores. Hence we find reason to conclude:

text: Hence we are led to conclude, that the greater part of our land, if not the whole had been produced by operations natural to this globe; but that in order to make this land a permanent body, resisting the operations of the waters, two things had been required;

text: Hutton then sought evidence to support his idea that there must have been repeated cycles, each involving deposition on the seabed, uplift with tilting and erosion, and then moving undersea again for further layers to be deposited. At Glen Tilt in the Cairngorm mountains he found granite penetrating metamorphic schists, in a way which indicated to him that the presumed primordial rock had been molten after the strata had formed.[13][14] He had read about angular unconformities as interpreted by Neptunists, and found an unconformity at Jedburgh where layers of greywacke in the lower layers of the cliff face have been tilted almost vertically before being eroded to form a level plane, under horizontal layers of Old Red Sandstone.[15] In the spring of 1788 he took a boat trip along the Berwickshire coast with John Playfair and the geologist Sir James Hall, and found a dramatic unconformity showing the same sequence at Siccar Point.[16] Playfair later recalled that "the mind seemed to grow giddy by looking so far into the abyss of time",[17] and Hutton concluded a 1788 paper he presented at the Royal Society of Edinburgh, later rewritten as a book, with the phrase "we find no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end".[18]

text: Both Playfair and Hall wrote their own books on the theory, and for decades robust debate continued between Hutton's supporters and the Neptunists. Georges Cuvier's paleontological work in the 1790s, which established the reality of extinction, explained this by local catastrophes, after which other fixed species repopulated the affected areas. In Britain, geologists adapted this idea into "diluvial theory" which proposed repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment, initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood.[19]

text: 19th century[edit]

text: From 1830 to 1833 Charles Lyell's multi-volume Principles of Geology was published. The work's subtitle was "An attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation". He drew his explanations from field studies conducted directly before he went to work on the founding geology text,[20] and developed Hutton's idea that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time. The terms uniformitarianism for this idea, and catastrophism for the opposing viewpoint, were coined by William Whewell in a review of Lyell's book. Principles of Geology was the most influential geological work in the middle of the 19th century.

text: Lyell's uniformitarianism[edit]

text: According to Reijer Hooykaas (1963), Lyell's uniformitarianism is a family of four related propositions, not a single idea:[21]

text:
Uniformity of law – the laws of nature are constant across time and space.
Uniformity of methodology – the appropriate hypotheses for explaining the geological past are those with analogy today.
Uniformity of kind – past and present causes are all of the same kind, have the same energy, and produce the same effects.
Uniformity of degree – geological circumstances have remained the same over time.

text: None of these connotations requires another, and they are not all equally inferred by uniformitarians.[22]

text: Gould explained Lyell's propositions in Time's Arrow, Time's Cycle (1987), stating that Lyell conflated two different types of propositions: a pair of methodological assumptions with a pair of substantive hypotheses. The four together make up Lyell's uniformitarianism.[23]

text: Methodological assumptions[edit]

text: The two methodological assumptions below are accepted to be true by the majority of scientists and geologists. Gould claims that these philosophical propositions must be assumed before you can proceed as a scientist doing science. "You cannot go to a rocky outcrop and observe either the constancy of nature's laws or the working of unknown processes. It works the other way around." You first assume these propositions and "then you go to the outcrop."[24]

text: Uniformity of law across time and space: Natural laws are constant across space and time.[25]

text: Uniformity of process across time and space: Natural processes are constant across time and space.

text: Substantive hypotheses[edit]

text: The substantive hypotheses were controversial and, in some cases, accepted by few.[23] These hypotheses are judged true or false on empirical grounds through scientific observation and repeated experimental data. This is in contrast with the previous two philosophical assumptions[24] that come before one can do science and so cannot be tested or falsified by science.

text: Uniformity of rate across time and space: Change is typically slow, steady, and gradual.[24]

text: Uniformity of state across time and space: Change is evenly distributed throughout space and time.[32]

text: Systems of inorganic earth history[edit]

text: Geoscientists support diverse systems of Earth history, the nature of which rest on on certain mixture of views about process, control, rate, and state which are preferred. Because geologists and geomorphologists tend to adopt opposite views over process, rate and state in the inorganic world, there are eight different systems of beliefs in the development of the terrestrial sphere.[33] All geoscientists stand by the principle of uniformity of law. Most, but not all, are directed by the principle of simplicity. All make definite assertions about the quality of rate and state in the inorganic realm.[34]

text:
Methodological
assumption concernin
kind of process
Substantive claim
concerning state
Substantive claim
Concerning rate
System of Inorganic
Earth history
Promoters[35]

Same Kind of processes
that exist today
Actualism
Steady State
Non-directionalism
Constant Rate
Gradualism
Actualistic
Non-directional
Gradualism
Most of Hutton, Playfair, Lyell

Changing Rate
Catastrophism
Actualistic
Non-directional
Catastrophism
Hall

Changing State
Directionalism
Constant Rate
Gradualism
Actualistic
Directional
Gradualism
Small part of Hutton, Cotta, Darwin

Changing Rate
Catastrophism
Actualistic
Directional
Catastrophism
Hooke, Steno, Lehmann, Pallas,
de Saussure, Werner and geognosists,
Elis de Beaumont and followers

Different Kind of processes
than exist today
Non-Actualism
Steady State
Non-directionalism
Constant Rate
Gradualism
Non-Actualistic
Non-directional
Gradualism
Carpenter

Changing Rate
Catastrophism
Non-Actualistic
Non-directional
Catastrophism
Bonnet, Cuvier

Changing State
Directionalism
Constant Rate
Gradualism
Non-Actualistic
directional
Gradualism
De Mallet, Buffon

Changing Rate
Catastrophism
Actualistic
Directional
Catastrophism
Restoration cosmogonists,
English diluvialists,
Scriptural geologists

text: 20th century[edit]

text: Stephen Jay Gould's first scientific paper, Is uniformitarianism necessary? (1965), reduced these four assumptions to two.[36] He dismissed the first principle, which asserted spatial and temporal invariance of natural laws, as no longer an issue of debate. He rejected the third (uniformity of rate) as an unjustified limitation on scientific inquiry, as it constrains past geologic rates and conditions to those of the present. So, Lyellian uniformitarianism was unnecessary.

text: Uniformitarianism was proposed in contrast to catastrophism, which states that the distant past "consisted of epochs of paroxysmal and catastrophic action interposed between periods of comparative tranquility"[37] Especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, most geologists took this interpretation to mean that catastrophic events are not important in geologic time; one example of this is the debate of the formation of the Channeled Scablands due to the catastrophic Missoula glacial outburst floods. An important result of this debate and others was the re-clarification that, while the same principles operate in geologic time, catastrophic events that are infrequent on human time-scales can have important consequences in geologic history.[38] Derek Ager has noted that "geologists do not deny uniformitarianism in its true sense, that is to say, of interpreting the past by means of the processes that are seen going on at the present day, so long as we remember that the periodic catastrophe is one of those processes. Those periodic catastrophes make more showing in the stratigraphical record than we have hitherto assumed."[39]

text: Even Charles Lyell thought that ordinary geological processes would cause Niagara Falls to move upstream to Lake Erie within 10,000 years, leading to catastrophic flooding of a large part of North America.

text: Modern geologists do not apply uniformitarianism in the same way as Lyell. They question if rates of processes were uniform through time and only those values measured during the history of geology are to be accepted.[40] The present may not be a long enough key to penetrate the deep lock of the past.[41] Geologic processes may have been active at different rates in the past that humans have not observed. "By force of popularity, uniformity of rate has persisted to our present day. For more than a century, Lyell's rhetoric conflating axiom with hypotheses has descended in unmodified form. Many geologists have been stifled by the belief that proper methodology includes an a priori commitment to gradual change, and by a preference for explaining large-scale phenomena as the concatenation of innumerable tiny changes."[42]

text: The current consensus is that Earth's history is a slow, gradual process punctuated by occasional natural catastrophic events that have affected Earth and its inhabitants.[43] In practice it is reduced from Lyell's conflation, or blending, to simply the two philosophical assumptions. This is also known as the principle of geological actualism, which states that all past geological action was like all present geological action. The principle of actualism is the cornerstone of paleoecology.