document_title: Thursday Night Football

question_text: who played the first nfl thursday night football game

text: Thursday Night Football

text: Background[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The NFL Network's coverage was not the first time that NFL games were covered on Thursday or Saturday. Prior to the new contract, ESPN carried a handful of sporadic Thursday night games (usually those displaced from Sunday night) and the broadcast networks used to air several national games on Saturday afternoons in mid-to-late December after the college football regular season ended. Incidentally, the only reason the league is even allowed to televise football games on Saturday night stems from a legal loophole: the league's antitrust exemption, the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961, was written when the NFL regular season ended in mid-December, and as such, it contains specific language that prohibits televising NFL games in most markets on Friday nights and all day on Saturdays between the second week of September and the second week of December, to protect high school and college football. Since most high school and college seasons have ended by mid-December, other than bowl games, there has been little desire to close this loophole, even though the regular season has expanded well beyond mid-December since the law's passage.

text: In 2005, when the NFL negotiated a new set of television contracts, Comcast-owned OLN offered to pay $450 million for an eight-year contract to carry NFL prime time games. In exchange, Comcast planned to add NFL Network to its digital cable lineup. The channel was added, but NFL Network decided to air the games itself, foregoing a rights fee.[4] The other television deals generated $3.735 billion per year over an eight-year period for CBS, Fox, NBC, ESPN and DirecTV (owner of the out-of-market sports package NFL Sunday Ticket).[citation needed]

text: Thursday Night Football debuted on November 23, 2006, with the Kansas City Chiefs handing the visiting Denver Broncos a 19–10 Thanksgiving defeat. Each of the game broadcasts were titled either Thursday Night Football or Saturday Night Football, depending on the night on which it aired. This format carried over to the 2007 season.

text: Starting in 2008, NFL Network eliminated all but one of the Saturday night games and started their Thursday night package three weeks earlier. This was done to accommodate the earlier schedule and the league's antitrust exemption that prohibits Saturday games from being held for most of the season. In the following season, all references to Saturday Night Football were dropped, and any games that are not played on Thursday (such as in 2016, two Christmas weekend games and an NFL International Series game) have since been branded as "special editions" of Thursday Night Football, and later Thursday Night Special or NFL Network Special. The Thanksgiving matchup was moved from NFL Network to NBC's Sunday Night Football package as part of the new broadcast contract after the 2011 season. During Super Bowl week in 2012, it was announced that the Thursday Night Football package would expand from eight to 13 games and air on NFL Network, again soliciting and rejecting offers from Turner Sports and Comcast.[citation needed]

text: 2014–2015: partnership with CBS Sports[edit]

text: In January 2014, it was reported that the NFL was planning to sub-license a package of up to eight Thursday Night Football games to another broadcaster for the 2014 NFL season. The league had negotiated with its existing broadcast partners, along with Turner Sports. These eight games were to be simulcast by NFL Network, and reports indicated that ESPN planned to place the games on ABC in the event it won the rights, bringing the NFL back to the network for the first time since Super Bowl XL and the move of Monday Night Football to ESPN in 2006.[5][6][7][8] The remaining games would remain exclusive to NFL Network, due to carriage contracts with TV providers requiring at least eight NFL games to air exclusively on the channel per-season.[9] The decision came as the league wished to heighten the profile of its Thursday night games, which had suffered from relatively lower viewership and advertising revenue in comparison to other games.[10]

text: On February 5, 2014, the NFL announced that CBS had acquired the partial rights to Thursday Night Football for the 2014 season. Under the agreement, all of the Thursday Night Football telecasts would be produced by CBS Sports and called by the network's primary announcing team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms. The first eight games of the season were simulcast nationally on NFL Network and CBS; the remaining games in the package only aired nationally on NFL Network, but per league broadcast polices, were simulcast on local stations in the participating teams' markets. CBS affiliates were given right of first refusal to air the local simulcast before it is offered to another station (as had occurred in Cincinnati, Ohio where the market's NBC affiliate WLWT aired a game between the Bengals and the Cleveland Browns instead of CBS affiliate WKRC-TV). A Saturday doubleheader was also added on Week 16: NFL Network aired the early game, while CBS aired the second, prime time game.[11][12][13][14][15]

text: The NFL considered CBS's bid to be the most attractive, owing to the network's overall ratings stature (CBS had been the highest-rated broadcast network in the U.S. since the 2005-06 television season), a commitment to aggressively promote the Thursday games across its properties, and its plans to utilize CBS Sports' top NFL talent and production staff across all of the games in the package to ensure a major improvement in quality over the previous, in-house productions.[10] CBS staff also cited experience with its joint coverage of the NCAA Men's basketball tournament with Turner Sports as an advantage in its collaboration with NFL Network staff, as talent from both networks collaborate on pre-game, halftime and post-game coverage. During the games, a distinct graphics package co-branded with both CBS and NFL Network logos is used, certain players on each team wear microphones, and 4K cameras are used to allow zoom-in shots during instant replays.[14][16]

text: With the move of selected games to CBS, media executives expected more major match-ups to appear on Thursday Night Football than in previous years in order to attract better viewership; in the past, Thursday Night Football had been criticized for often featuring games between lesser and poorer-performing teams.[17][17][18][18] CBS and the NFL unveiled the games scheduled for Thursday Night Football in April 2014; CBS's slate of games featured a number of major divisional rivalries, including New York Giants–Washington, Green Bay–Minnesota, and its opening game on September 11, 2014, featuring the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Baltimore Ravens.[13][19]

text: In the wake of the controversy surrounding Ravens player Ray Rice (who had been removed from the team and suspended from the NFL earlier in the week following the discovery of footage showing the player physically assaulting his wife, Janay, who was engaged to Rice at the time the security camera footage was recorded), changes were made to pre-game coverage on the first game in order to accommodate additional interviews and discussion related to the incident. Among these changes were the removal of an introductory segment featuring Rihanna (who was similarly assaulted by fellow performer Chris Brown in 2009) performing her song "Run This Town".[20][21] Following complaints by Rihanna on Twitter regarding the removal, the song was pulled entirely from future broadcasts.[22]

text: The rights were negotiated under a one-year contract valued at $275 million; on January 18, 2015, the NFL announced that it would renew the arrangement with CBS for the 2015 season, with its value increasing to around $300 million.[2][10][23]

text: 2016–2017: CBS and NBC[edit]

text: In November 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that in response to the success of the package under CBS, the NFL was planning to negotiate a long-term contract for Thursday Night Football, with CBS, Fox, NBC, and Turner Sports showing interest.[23] The New York Post reported that this deal would also include the sale of a stake in NFL Network itself.[9]

text: On December 16, 2015, it was reported that the NFL was shopping the Thursday Night Football package as a one-year deal with an option for a second year, similarly to the current arrangement with CBS; the league also requested that bidders outline goals for "growing" NFL Network. The league was also reportedly interested in selling non-exclusive digital rights to simulcast the games to another partner, such as Amazon.com, Apple Inc., Google, or Yahoo! (which exclusively streamed an International Series as part of a trial during the 2015 season, but would shut down its original video content service in January 2016).[24] In January 2016, it was reported that the NFL was considering splitting the Thursday Night Football package across multiple broadcasters in tandem with the possibility of expanding the overall package to 17 games. It was also reported that ESPN and Turner Sports were not interested in the package due to its short-term nature, and that Fox was attempting to outbid CBS.[25][26]

text: On February 1, 2016, the NFL announced that Thursday Night Football would be shared between CBS, NBC, and NFL Network for the 2016 and 2017 seasons. CBS and NBC will each air five games (resulting in a schedule of 10 games on broadcast TV in comparison to 8 under the previous deal), followed by an additional eight games exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy NFL Network's retransmission consent contracts with cable providers; the eight NFL Network-exclusive games included six Thursday contests, a Sunday morning International Series contest, and a Christmas day game. As with the previous contract, all games will be simulcast by NFL Network. Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league was "thrilled to add NBC to the Thursday Night Football mix, a trusted partner with a proven track record of success broadcasting NFL football in primetime, and look forward to expanding with a digital partner for what will be a unique tri-cast on broadcast, cable and digital platforms."[27][28] On April 5, 2016, it was revealed that Twitter had acquired non-exclusive worldwide digital streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television TNF games. The collaboration will also include streaming content on Twitter's Periscope service, such as behind the scenes access.[29]

text: Rogers Media, who owns television rights to the Thursday Night Football package in Canada through the end of the 2016 season but has not yet acquired digital rights (the majority of the NFL's media rights in Canada are owned by Rogers's rival, Bell Media), successfully forced Twitter to block the game streams in that country, overriding the league's insistence that the free stream be global.[30][31] Due to the streaming deal, over-the-top television providers PlayStation Vue and Sling TV are also required to black out the simulcast of the games on NFL Network.[32]

text: The first game produced by NBC Sports was broadcast exclusively on NFL Network on November 3, 2016, while the first game simulcast nationally on NBC aired on November 17. A cappella group Pentatonix recorded a reworked version of their song "Sing" ("Weekend Go") to serve as the opening theme song for NBC's Thursday Night Football telecasts,[33][34] NBC also commissioned new instrumental theme music by Jimmy Greco, "Can't Hold Us Down", which was performed by members of the orchestra from the Broadway musical Hamilton.[35] Both were retained for NBC's games in 2017.

text: On April 4, 2017, it was announced that Amazon.com had acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television games for the 2017 season over their Amazon Prime Video service, under a deal valued at $50 million, a five-fold increase over the $10 million paid by Twitter. The streams will be exclusive to paid Prime subscribers.[3] The deal includes $30 million worth of promotion.[36] Amazon planned several special features for its inaugural game, including broadcasting alternate feeds with Spanish, Portuguese and British English commentary (the last of which being intended for those unfamiliar with the rules and terminology of American football), and a pre-show hosted by Tiki Barber and Curtis Stone that featured presentations of NFL merchandise available for purchase on Amazon.[37][38] [39]

text: The November 16, 2017 telecast between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Tennessee Titans was the first NFL broadcast to intentionally use the Skycam as its primary camera angle, as opposed to the usual sideline camera that has been used since telecasts of NFL games began in 1939. NBC Sports had previously switched to a skycam-only presentation for portions of two Sunday night games earlier that season because of fog and smoke (and, sixteen years prior, during its coverage of the XFL); positive reaction to the impromptu change prompted NBC to experiment with using the strategy for the full game.[40]

text: Coverage[edit]

text: Game announcers[edit]

text: The initial NFL Network team consisted of HBO Sports' Bryant Gumbel as play-by-play announcer, NBC Sports' Cris Collinsworth as the color commentator for the Thursday telecasts, and Dick Vermeil replacing Collinsworth for Saturday telecasts. In 2007, Collinsworth replaced Vermeil alongside Gumbel for all games.

text: Gumbel left the network after the 2007 season and his then-HBO colleague Bob Papa, who is also the radio voice of the New York Giants, was brought in to replace him. Collinsworth stayed on until the end of the 2008 season, then left to take over for the retiring John Madden as lead analyst on NBC Sunday Night Football. NFL Network replaced him with Matt Millen, who returned to broadcasting in 2009, and then added former ESPN analyst Joe Theismann for 2010.

text: For 2011, then ESPN now CBS play-by-play man Brad Nessler took over the Thursday night broadcast. He was joined by NFL Network draft analyst and NBC Notre Dame color man Mike Mayock, and the pairing spent three seasons calling games.

text: As a result of CBS taking over production responsibilities for the Thursday Night Football broadcasts, its number one broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms took over the broadcast booth.[15] With NBC adding games in 2016, Al Michaels and Cris Collinsworth, the broadcast team of NBC Sunday Night Football, were required under league contract to do the same. NBC had initially hired former Monday Night Football play-by-play man Mike Tirico for Thursdays before the league nixed the idea of any separate broadcast teams for Sunday and Thursday nights. Tirico would eventually call three Sunday Night Football games, including the Thanksgiving night game which is in the SNF package, in order for NBC to allow Michaels over a week's rest before the end of the season.[28][41] Tirico would also call the December 22, 2016 TNF game alongside Collinsworth, as well as two NBC-produced Thursday Night Special game broadcasts on December 18 and Christmas Day, respectively, both alongside former USFL and NFL quarterback Doug Flutie, who serves as the analyst for NBC's college football coverage as well.[42] On May 31, 2017, it was announced that Mike Tirico would replace Al Michaels full-time for NBC's Thursday Night Football games.[43] For 2017, Kurt Warner will similarly fill in for Collinsworth on two non-Thursday games.[44]

text: For 2017, CBS hired Tony Romo as its lead color commentator. Numerous complications needed to be resolved, namely Romo's reluctance to cover both Sunday and Thursday nights as required under the Thursday Night Football contract,[45] and the fact that Simms remains under contract with CBS through the next several years.[46] However, the network confirmed via press release that Romo's duties would include Sunday and Thursday games.[47]

text: Pregame, halftime and postgame coverage[edit]

text: Each game telecast is preceded on NFL Network by TNF GameDay, which broadcasts live from the site of each game and currently features Rich Eisen as its host, with Steve Mariucci, Deion Sanders, Michael Irvin and either Kurt Warner or other NFL Network colleagues as analysts. The show generally begins two hours before game time (6:00 p.m. Eastern Time).

text: The game proper is preceded by a pre-game show; CBS games are preceded by Thursday Night Kickoff, hosted by James Brown, Bill Cowher, and Deion Sanders. NBC games are preceded by Football Night in America (renamed in reference of the host city of the game, such as Football Night in Tampa), hosted by Liam McHugh, Tony Dungy, and Rodney Harrison. CBS joined Thursday Night Kickoff at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Time during its games.[16] This resulted in some controversy among viewers and the producers of syndicated programming in the locally programmed timeslot before network primetime, where the pre-game affects programs such as Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy! and Entertainment Tonight (all distributed by CBS's sister syndication division CBS Television Distribution), along with several other programs, which then require pre-emption or slotting on lower-profile alternate timeslots or stations to air in markets where they are carried by CBS or NBC affiliates in order to accommodate the Thursday games.[48]

text: Radio coverage[edit]

text: Westwood One provides national radio broadcasts of the Thursday Night Football games, with Ian Eagle calling play-by-play, Tony Boselli handling color analysis and Hub Arkush as the sideline reporter.[49] Boomer Esiason, the Monday Night Football analyst for Westwood One, is a regular substitute should Boselli be unavailable due to other commitments (in some cases, Esiason would call the Thursday night game if he is unavailable for the previous/next Monday night game and/or if the Thursday game is in close proximity to his New York home.)

text: Game announcers[edit]

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text: Television[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text:
James Brown – CBS Host (2014–present)
Bill Cowher – CBS Analyst (2014–present)
Deion Sanders – CBS Analyst (2006–present)
Liam McHugh – Fill-in NBC Host (2016); NBC Host (2017–present)
Dan Patrick - Fill-in NBC Host (2017)
Tony Dungy – NBC Analyst and Fill-in Color Analyst (2016–present)
Rodney Harrison – NBC Analyst (2016–present)

tag: ul

text:
Rich Eisen – Host (2006–present)
Chris Rose – Fill-in Host (2016–present)
Amber Theoharis - Fill-in Host (2016–present)
Dan Hellie - Fill-in Host (2017–present)
Michael Irvin – Analyst (2011–present)
Steve Mariucci – Analyst (2006–present)
LaDanian Tomlinson – Fill-in Analyst (2016–present)
Willie McGinest – Fill-in Analyst (2016–present)
Steve Smith Sr. - Fill-in Analyst (2017–present)
Reggie Wayne - Fill-in Analyst (2017-present)

text:
Jim Nantz – CBS #1 Play-by-Play (2014–present)
Tony Romo – CBS #1 Color Commentator (2017–present)
Tracy Wolfson – CBS #1 Sideline Reporter (2014–present)
Greg Gumbel – CBS #2 Play-by-Play (2017–present)
Trent Green – CBS Fill-in Color Commentator (2015); CBS #2 Color Commentator (2017–present)
Jamie Erdahl - CBS #2 Sideline Reporter (2017–present)
Mike Tirico – NBC Host & Fill-in Play-by-Play (2016); NBC Play-by-Play (2017–present)
Cris Collinsworth - NFLN color commentator (2006-2008); NBC #1 Color Commentator (2016–present)
Kurt Warner – NFLN Color Commentator (2010–2011); NBC #2 Color Commentator (2017–present)
Heather Cox – NBC Sideline Reporter (2016–present)

text: Former[edit]

text:
Fran Charles – NFLN pre-game host (2006-2008)
Bob Costas – NBC Host (2016)
Jenny Dell – CBS Fill-in Sideline Reporter (2014)
Ian Eagle – CBS Fill-in Play-by-Play (2014–2015) (Still calls TNF on the Radio)
Marshall Faulk – Analyst (2006–2017 Week 14)
Alex Flanagan – NFLN sideline reporter (2010–2013)
Doug Flutie – NBC Fill-in Color Commentator (2016)
Jay Glazer – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010–2011)
Bryant Gumbel – NFLN play-by-play (2006–2007)
Tom Hammond – NFLN substitute play-by-play (2007)
Scott Hanson – NFLN sideline reporter (2009)
Kara Henderson – NFLN pre-game host (2011)
Harry Kalas – NFLN sponsorship announcer (2006–2008; deceased)
Mike Mayock – NFLN color analyst (2011–2013)
Al Michaels - NBC play-by-play (2016)
Matt Millen – NFLN color analyst (2009–2010)
Jim Mora – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010)
Brad Nessler – NFLN play-by-play (2011–2013)
Bob Papa – NFLN play-by-play (2008–2010)
Warren Sapp – NFLN pre-game analyst (2008)
Adam Schefter – NFLN sideline reporter (2006–2008)
Sterling Sharpe – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010–2011)
Phil Simms – CBS Color analyst (2014–2016)
Pat Summerall – NFLN sponsorship announcer (2009; deceased)
Joe Theismann – NFLN color commentator (2010)
Dick Vermeil – NFLN Saturday color commentator (2006)
Evan Washburn – Fill-in CBS Sideline Reporter (2015)

text: Radio[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text:
Ian Eagle – play-by-play (2008–present)
Boomer Esiason – color analyst (2013–present) Select Games
Tony Boselli – color analyst (2015–present) Select Games

text: Former[edit]

text:
Bonnie Bernstein – sideline reporter (2006–2007)
Randy Cross – color analyst (2009)
Dick Enberg – play-by-play (2006–2007)
Dennis Green – color analyst (2007–2008)
Mike Mayock – color analyst (2014)
Tim Ryan – color analyst (2015) Select Games
Sam Wyche – color analyst (2006)

text: Results[edit]

text: This table shows the National Football League teams' all-time standings for games played on Thursday Night Football.

text: Standings are current as of December 25, 2017.

text:
Team
Games Played
Wins
Losses
Ties
Win Pct.
First Appearance
Most Recent Appearance

Indianapolis Colts
9
7
2

.778
000000002007-11-22-0000November 22, 2007
defeated Atlanta 31–13
000000002017-12-23-0000December 23, 2017
lost to Baltimore 23-16

Kansas City Chiefs
8
6
2

.750
000000002006-11-23-0000November 23, 2006
defeated Denver 19–10
000000002017-12-16-0000December 16, 2017
defeated L.A. Chargers 30-13

Pittsburgh Steelers
11
8
3

.727
000000002006-12-07-0000December 7, 2006
defeated Cleveland 27–7
000000002017-12-25-0000December 25, 2017
defeated Houston 34-6

New York Jets
7
4
3

.571
000000002008-11-13-0000November 13, 2008
defeated New England 34–31
000000002017-11-02-0000November 2, 2017
defeated Buffalo 34–21

Los Angeles Chargers‡
7
5
2

.714
000000002008-12-04-0000December 4, 2008
defeated Oakland 34–7
000000002017-12-16-0000December 16, 2017
lost to Kansas City 30-13

Dallas Cowboys
10
8
2

.800
000000002006-12-16-0000December 16, 2006
defeated Atlanta 38–28
000000002017-11-30-0000November 30, 2017
defeated Washington 38-14

Philadelphia Eagles
7
4
3

.571
000000002008-11-27-0000November 27, 2008
defeated Arizona 48–20
000000002017-10-12-0000October 12, 2017
defeated Carolina 28–23

New York Giants
7
4
3

.571
000000002006-12-30-0000December 30, 2006
defeated Washington 34–28
000000002016-12-22-0000December 22, 2016
lost to Philadelphia 24–19

San Francisco 49ers
11
5
6

.455
000000002006-12-14-0000December 14, 2006
defeated Seattle 24–14
000000002017-09-21-0000September 21, 2017
lost to L.A. Rams 41-39

Denver Broncos
11
6
5

.545
000000002006-11-23-0000November 23, 2006
lost to Kansas City 19–10
000000002017-12-14-0000December 14, 2017
defeated Indianapolis 25-13

Atlanta Falcons
10
7
3

.700
000000002006-12-16-0000December 16, 2006
lost to Dallas 38–28
000000002017-12-07-0000December 7, 2017
defeated New Orleans 20-17

Chicago Bears
10
4
6

.400
000000002007-12-06-0000December 6, 2007
lost to Washington 24–16
000000002017-12-16-0000December 16, 2017
lost to Detroit 20-10

Baltimore Ravens
11
7
4

.636
000000002006-11-30-0000November 30, 2006
lost to Cincinnati 13–7
000000002017-12-23-0000December 23, 2017
defeated Indianapolis 23-16

Seattle Seahawks
6
5
1

.833
000000002006-12-14-0000December 14, 2006
lost to San Francisco 24–14
000000002017-11-09-0000November 9, 2017
defeated Arizona 22-16

Green Bay Packers
6
5
1

.833
000000002006-12-21-0000December 21, 2006
defeated Minnesota 9–7
000000002017-09-28-0000September 28, 2017
defeated Chicago 35-14

Arizona Cardinals
8
4
4

.500
000000002008-11-27-0000November 27, 2008
lost to Philadelphia 48–20
000000002017-11-09-0000November 9, 2017
lost to Seattle 22-16

Washington Redskins
9
4
5

.444
000000002006-12-30-0000December 30, 2006
lost to N.Y. Giants 34–28
000000002017-11-30-0000November 30, 2017
lost to Dallas 38-14

New England Patriots
6
5
1

.833
000000002007-12-29-0000December 29, 2007
defeated N.Y. Giants 38–35
000000002017-10-05-0000October 5, 2017
defeated Tampa Bay 19–14

Miami Dolphins
8
4
4

.500
000000002009-11-19-0000November 19, 2009
defeated Carolina 24–17
000000002017-10-26-0000October 26, 2017
lost to Baltimore 40-0

Houston Texans
8
3
5

.375
000000002007-12-13-0000December 13, 2007
defeated Denver 31–13
000000002017-12-25-0000December 25, 2017
lost to Pittsburgh 34-6

Oakland Raiders
9
5
4

.556
000000002006-12-23-0000December 23, 2006
lost to Kansas City 20–9
000000002017-10-19-0000October 19, 2017
defeated Kansas City 31-30

Cleveland Browns
8
3
5

.375
000000002006-12-07-0000December 7, 2006
lost to Pittsburgh 27–7
000000002017-10-29-0000October 29, 2017
lost to Minnesota 33-16

Cincinnati Bengals
10
4
6

.400
000000002006-11-30-0000November 30, 2006
defeated Baltimore 13–7
000000002017-09-14-0000September 14, 2017
lost to Houston 13–9

Carolina Panthers
10
3
7

.300
000000002007-12-22-0000December 22, 2007
lost to Dallas 20–13
000000002017-10-12-0000October 12, 2017
lost to Philadelphia 28-23

Jacksonville Jaguars
8
3
5

.375
000000002008-12-18-0000December 18, 2008
lost to Indianapolis 31–24
000000002016-10-27-0000October 27, 2016
lost to Tennessee 36–22

Tennessee Titans
8
3
5

.375
000000002009-12-25-0000December 25, 2009
lost to San Diego 42–17
000000002017-11-16-0000November 16, 2017
lost to Pittsburgh 40-17

New Orleans Saints
8
3
5

.375
000000002008-12-11-0000December 11, 2008
lost to Chicago 27–24
000000002017-12-07-0000December 7, 2017
lost to Atlanta 20-17

Buffalo Bills
7
2
5

.288
000000002009-12-03-0000December 3, 2009
lost to N.Y. Jets 19–13
000000002017-11-02-0000November 2, 2017
lost to N.Y. Jets 34–21

Los Angeles Rams†
8
3
5

.375
000000002007-12-20-0000December 20, 2007
lost to Pittsburgh 41–24
000000002017-09-21-0000September 21, 2017
defeated San Francisco 41-39

Minnesota Vikings
6
2
4

.333
000000002006-12-21-0000December 21, 2006
lost to Green Bay 9–7
000000002017-10-29-0000October 29, 2017
defeated Cleveland 33-16

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
6
1
5

.167
000000002011-12-17-0000December 17, 2011
lost to Dallas 31–15
000000002017-10-05-0000October 5, 2017
lost to New England 19-14

Detroit Lions
2
1
1

.500
000000002015-12-03-0000December 3, 2015
lost to Green Bay 27-23
000000002017-12-16-0000December 16, 2017
defeated Chicago 20-10

text: • †St. Louis Rams, 1995–2015 • ‡San Diego Chargers, 1961–2016

text: Reception[edit]

text: Carriage[edit]

text: Upon the original launch of the Thursday and Saturday night games, few television service providers carried the NFL Network due to disputes during the network's terms in its carriage contracts during negotiations. These disputes were magnified throughout the 2007 season, as two high-profile matchups were to be broadcast by the network. The first was a matchup between the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers which was scheduled for the week after Thanksgiving and saw both teams at 10-1, vying for the top seed in the NFC, and the second was Week 17 Saturday night game between the New England Patriots and the New York Giants, where the Patriots had a chance to become the first team since the 1972 Miami Dolphins to end a regular season undefeated.

text: In the first case, fans were displeased that a matchup between two teams at such a critical point in the season was not available on broadcast television except in the Dallas and Green Bay markets. To avoid such a problem with the potential sixteenth victory for the Patriots, CBS and NBC bought broadcast rights to the game so it could be seen by a nationwide audience on both cable and broadcast television. This ended up causing another controversy, however, as the move by the networks infringed on the exclusivity that would normally have been enjoyed by WWOR-TV in New York City and WCVB-TV in Boston, which were the Giants' and Patriots' respective local over-the-air broadcasters for cable-televised games (the game aired on these stations, as well as on WCBS-TV, WNBC, WBZ-TV and WHDH in the teams' market areas).[50]

text: Game quality and viewership[edit]

text: Thursday Night Football games on NFL Network are among the lowest-rated nationally televised NFL broadcasts. Critics have argued that the games televised on Thursday Night Football have been of lower quality than other prime time games, as they often featured match-ups between lesser or poor-performing teams, and that the shortened rest between games triggered by Thursday games also has an effect on their overall quality.[17][18] In an analysis by Sports on Earth writer Aaron Roberts, it was determined that most Thursday games were of average or above-average quality in comparison to normal, non-prime time games, but that this was "by design" due to the leverage of other NFL broadcasters on how games are scheduled throughout the season (which traditionally prioritizes "major" games for either late-afternoon or Sunday and Monday nights).[51][52]

text: The move of selected games to CBS brought improved ratings: the inaugural game was the highest-rated program of the night, with an audience share of 13.7 and an average of 20.7 million viewers, representing a 108% increase in ratings over the first NFL Network game in 2013. The game, whose ratings were boosted by coverage of the Ray Rice scandal, also brought CBS its highest prime time ratings on a Thursday night since May 2006. While lower, at 9.6 million viewers, the Week 3 game between the Atlanta Falcons and Tampa Bay Buccaneers was also the highest-rated program of the night.[53][54][55][56] The first four games of the package, however, featured blowout victories.[57][58] In total, average viewership of the games increased from around 7 million to around 11.8 million in the 2014 season.[59]

text: Controversy over ratings and the quality of play in Thursday night contests escalated when on November 28, 2016, a report circulated that the league was considering ending the franchise. The NFL, however, denied this rumor.[60] The subsequent game on December 1, 2016 between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings was the highest rated Thursday Night Football of the season.[61][62]

text: During the 2016 season, current and former players including Richard Sherman,[63] J. J. Watt,[64] and Charles Woodson [65] expressed their dislikes for Thursday Night Football, with Richard Sherman calling it a "poopfest".[66]

text: Player safety[edit]

text: As mentioned, a team needing to play a Thursday night game can result in a shortened rest period for players between games.[17][18] On October 6, 2014, Arian Foster, then of the Houston Texans, made a statement considering it hypocritical for the NFL to emphasize the safety of players (particularly in regards to concussions) while allowing its players to play a game on only three days' rest, which he considered to be equally "dangerous".[58] Richard Sherman of the Seattle Seahawks has also voiced displeasure about Thursday night games reducing prep time, and wrote a 2016 editorial for The Players' Tribune about the games[67]. Sherman's 2017 season would end on November 9, 2017 during a Thursday night game against the Arizona Cardinals, when he ruptured his Achilles tendon.[68]

text: On January 29, 2015, the NFL released its health and safety report, which states that an average of 4.8 injuries were sustained during Thursday games compared to 6.9 injuries per game on Sundays and Mondays.[69]


document_title: Pokémon Trading Card Game

question_text: how many different kinds of pokemon cards are there

root

text: Pokémon Trading Card Game

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Players assume the role of a Pokémon trainer and use their Pokémon to battle their opponents'. Players play Pokémon to the field and attack their opponent's Pokémon. A Pokémon that has sustained enough damage is knocked out, and the player who knocked it out draws a Prize card. There are usually six Prize cards, and the primary win condition is to draw all of them. Other ways to win are by knocking out all the Pokémon the opponent has on the field such that the opponent has none left, or if at the beginning of their opponent's turn there are no cards left to draw in the opponent's deck.[2]

tag: p

text: Players begin by having one player selects heads or tails, and the other flips a coin; the winner of the coin flip will decide who goes first or second. The player going first cannot attack on their first turn. (Dice may be used in place of coins, with even numbers representing heads and odd numbers representing tails). Players then shuffle their decks and draw seven cards, then play one Basic Pokémon onto the field. This Pokémon is known as the Active Pokémon, and is usually the one that attacks and receives damage. If a player does not have any Basic Pokémon, they must shuffle and draw a new hand, and the opponent may draw one additional card. Once both players have at least one Basic Pokémon, they can play up to five more Basic Pokémon onto their "Bench" (representing the maximum-carry limit of six from the video games). Players then take the top six cards of their deck and place them to the side as Prize Cards. Play then begins with the player who won the coin flip.

text: Play alternates between players who may take several actions during their turn, including playing new Basic Pokémon, evolving their Pokémon, playing Trainer cards and Energy cards, and using Pokémon Abilities. A player may also retreat their Active Pokémon, switching the Active Pokémon with one on the Bench. At the end of their turn, a player may use one of their Active Pokémon's attacks, provided the prerequisite amount and types of Energy are attached to that Pokémon. Effects from that attack are then activated and damage may be placed on the Defending Pokémon (some attacks simply have effects but do not do damage). This damage may be modified depending on whether the defender has a Weakness or Resists the attacker's Pokémon type. If the final damage exceeds the defending Pokémon's HP, it is Knocked Out, and the active player takes a Prize Card and ends their turn.[3]

text: Card types[edit]

text: Basic Pokémon are the foundation of all decks. Without them a player cannot play the game, since both players begin the game by placing a Basic Pokémon in the Active position on the field. Each Pokémon card depicts a Pokémon from the video games. Each player may have up to six Pokémon on the playing field at a time: one "Active" Pokémon and up to five on the bench. Each Pokémon card has a name, a type, and an amount of Health Points (HP). All Pokémon feature attacks; these typically deal damage to the opponent's active Pokémon, or occasionally, their benched Pokémon; however, an attack may also perform different functions, such as drawing cards, inflicting Special Conditions, or altering the opponent's board state. The vast majority of these attacks require Energy, which comes in the form of Energy cards. Abilities (known as Poké-Powers and Poké-Bodies until 2011) are not attacks but simply effects that either are activated under certain conditions, or remain in effect as long as the Pokémon with the Ability remains in play.

text: The other type of Pokémon card is an Evolved Pokémon. Basic Pokémon are Pokémon that have not evolved, and can be played directly onto the Bench. In contrast, an Evolved Pokémon cannot normally be placed directly onto the field; they must be played on top of the corresponding lower-stage Pokémon. Stage 1 Pokémon evolve from Basic Pokémon, and Stage 2 Pokémon evolve from Stage 1 Pokémon. As a Pokémon evolves, it gains HP and its attacks change, typically becoming more powerful. Pokémon ex or EX cards were first introduced in the TCG set EX Ruby and Sapphire, and typically have higher Hit Points than other Pokémon, yet award an extra prize card to the opponent when defeated. Baby Pokémon cards, introduced in Neo Genesis, are a special kind of Basic Pokémon that have low HP but attack with strange (sometimes very powerful) effects. Mega Pokémon, introduced in XY, evolve from Pokémon-EX, but are a special stage; as such, effects on Stage 1 Pokémon do not apply to Mega Pokémon. Break Pokémon were also introduced later on in the XY series. Variations of Basic, Evolved, and Baby Pokémon cards have appeared in many sets, usually indicated with a word before or after the Pokémon's name. Secret Rare Pokémon cards are some of the rarest cards. They are usually represented by a shiny holo foil and a gold outline. These cards include Shiny Pokémon, Trainers, alternate-art Pokémon, and some rarer Mega evolution cards. Pokémon-GX cards were introduced with the Pokémon Sun & Moon expansion. These cards have a specific move set at the bottom of their card that can only be used once per game.[4] Only one GX move can be played per game, so if there are three different Pokémon-GX cards in your deck only one of the three GX moves can be used. Also with the new Pokémon Sun & Moon sun and moon expansion are Alolan Pokémon, these Pokémon are monsters that have an alternate form from their original look that is specific to Alola and the Sun & Moon series.[4]

text: Energy cards are attached to a Pokémon to power that Pokémon's attacks. Typically, only one Energy card may be played per turn. There are two main categories of Energy cards: Basic Energy and Special Energy. The nine different Basic Energy types (which correspond to Pokémon card types) are Grass, Fire, Water, Lightning, Psychic, Fighting, Darkness, Metal, and Fairy. Two additional types, Dragon and Colorless, do not have their own Energy cards and instead use other types of Energy. Basic Energy cards are used only to fulfill costs for attacking and retreating, while Special Energy cards have additional benefits. Most attacks require a certain type and amount of Energy. If an attack requires a certain type and amount of Energy, then that type and amount of Energy must be attached to the Pokémon. If the attack has a Colorless Energy requirement, that requirement can be met by any Energy card.[3]

text: Trainer cards perform various functions to affect the game: healing Pokémon, discarding energy from the opposing Pokémon, or retrieving cards from the discard pile are some key examples. Before the Diamond & Pearl expansion, all cards that were not Pokémon or Energy were considered Trainer cards. Trainers have since been subdivided into categories: Item cards directly affect the battling Pokémon, Tool cards are attached to a Pokémon and modify their features, Stadium cards affect the entire field, and Supporters are like more powerful Items, only one of which can be played per turn.[3]

text: Pokémon types[edit]

text:
Color
TCG type
Type(s)

Green
Grass
Bug, Grass1

Red
Fire

Blue
Water
Water, Ice

Yellow
Lightning
Electric

Purple
Psychic
Psychic, Ghost, Poison1

Brown/Orange
Fighting
Fighting, Rock, Ground

Black
Darkness
Dark

Silver
Metal
Steel

Pink
Fairy

Gold
Dragon2

White
Colorless
Normal, Flying2

tag: table

text: A simplified type system was adopted from the video games for use in the trading card game. Instead of 18 types of Pokémon, only eleven exist in the TCG. Seven were introduced in the Base Set (the first ever set of Pokémon cards); Darkness and Metal types appeared when Pokémon Gold and Silver introduced the Dark and Steel types in the video games; the Dragon type was introduced in the Japanese Dragon Selection set; and finally, the Fairy type was introduced in the Japanese XY set to correspond to its introduction in the video games.

text: Most Pokémon have only one type, three exceptions are EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua which introduced Dual-type Pokémon that have two different types, XY: Steam Siege, and the Heartgold/ Soulsilver era sets. Dual-types were utilized in Pokémon LEGEND cards, to emphasize the multiple Pokémon the mechanic has in the Heartgold and Soulsilver sets. In August 2016, the Steam Siege expansion from the XY Series reintroduced dual-type Pokémon, this time with regular Pokémon being multiple types as well as EX Pokémon.

text:
^ Starting with the Diamond & Pearl expansion, Poison-type Pokémon in-game are now Psychic; they were previously Grass.
^ Starting with the Black & White expansion set Dragon Selection, Dragon-type Pokémon in-game are now Dragon; they were previously Colorless.

tag: ol

text: Sets[edit]

text: A new set addition in November 2017, with the announcement of SM4: Crimson Invasion in North America, 75 different sets have been released in English[5] and 69 in Japanese.[5]

text: A rarely played format is Unlimited, in which all cards released in English are legal (except oversized cards, such as promotional boxes like Mega Blaziken Ex Premium Collection Box).[citation needed]

text: Every few sets, new Mechanics or types of cards are introduced to the game. Several of these include: Dark Pokémon (Team Rocket); Owners' Pokémon and Stadium cards (Gym Heroes); Darkness-type and Metal-type Pokémon, the second generation, and Pokémon Tools (Neo Genesis); Shining Pokémon (Neo Revelation); Light Pokémon (Neo Destiny); Supporter cards and Technical Machines (Expedition); Crystal-type Pokémon (Aquapolis); Pokémon-ex (EX Ruby & Sapphire); Dual-type Pokémon (EX Team Magma vs Team Aqua); Pokémon Star (EX Team Rocket Returns); Delta Species Pokémon and Holon's Pokémon (EX Delta Species); Pokémon LV.X, the separation of Trainer, Supporter and Stadium cards, and the addition of Metal and Darkness as Basic Energy types (Diamond and Pearl); Pokémon With Items (Mysterious Treasures);Pokémon-GX, with a move that is playable only once a game (Sun & Moon);

text: Trainer cards of which two can be played at once (Stormfront); owner-specific Pokémon SP (Platinum), Pokémon LEGEND (HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection), Pokémon PRIME which replace Pokémon Lv. X ("HeartGold and SoulSilver Collection"), Full Art cards (Black and White), Dragon-type Pokémon, BREAK evolution cards which replace Pokémon PRIME (XY BREAKthrough), and the newly release GX cards from Sun and Moon. These changes, along with yearly format rotations, make for a constantly evolving game.[citation needed]

text: Competitive play[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In addition to the collectible aspect of the card game, The Pokémon Company International (formerly known as Pokémon USA) has also created Play! Pokémon, formerly known as Pokémon Organized Play (POP), which is in charge of the organization of an official League program, where players can battle others in local environments and earn player points, two-card booster packets from a promotional set, badges, stickers and other materials. These are run by League leaders and owners. POP also runs a professor program, in which individuals age 18 or over may become a professor, who can sanction and run tournaments and leagues. A League Leader may assist in organizing the league, while a League Owner is the one officially in charge of the league, reporting to the Organized Play program any results and/or problems every seven weeks. The leagues run in yearly cycles, based on a certain aspect of one of the Pokémon Video Game or Trading Card Game: the current cycle is based upon the Newest set, The current season is Evolutions season.

text: Prerelease tournaments are organized just before each set is released. Usually, they are run on the two weekends before a set is released in stores to the public. At Prerelease Tournaments players are given three booster packs from the judge and must construct a 40 card deck, with only 4 prize cards, using only the cards pulled from the packs and the judges provide the energy, but not special energy cards. Many fans have come up with alternative methods of playing the Trading Card Game. Certain websites such as PokéCap are dedicated to providing players with a new twist to their card game with new game rules they can follow. New methods may be based more on the video game adaptations of Pokémon or the Pokémon television show.

text: Players in a tournament are split into three age categories: Junior (born in 2003 or later), Senior (born in 2000-2002), and Master (born in 1999 or earlier). Notable references include: Austin Brewen who won the first junior tournament, Brenden Zhang who won the first Senior Tournament, and Arturo Heras who won the first Master Tournament. These tournaments play a number of rounds, where players will play a standard game against each other and wins and losses will be recorded. In most tournaments, there are a number of Swiss-style rounds where players are paired up against others of similar win/loss ratios, usually from their own age group (this does not always occur in smaller events, though). Afterwards, there will either be a cut of the top record-holders (approximately the top 1/8 of participants) where players will play best two out of three matches, and the loser gets eliminated (standard tournament bracket style), with an eventual winner.

text: POP runs a season for these tournaments, which allows players to earn larger prizes and play in a more competitive environment in comparison to League. These range from City and State Championships, all the way up to the Pokémon World Championships, the single invite-only event of the year. Players can earn invites to the World Championships by winning or ranking high at National Championships, doing well at tournaments to get Championship Points, or by qualifying in the Last Chance Qualifier. The World Championships is a three-day tournament, with one eventual winner in each age group; the winner of the Masters Division age group is generally noticed as the best player in the world for that season. Some of these methods are only used in the United States, as PUI and POP are based in the United States, but they are represented by local distributors who provide the Organized Play program to their own country.

text: 2017 Worlds - Anaheim California [6]

text: 2018 Worlds - Nashville Tennessee[6]

text: Major tournaments[edit]

text: On August 26–27, 2000, forty-two Pokémon trainers from around the world met at the Hilton Hawaiian Village in Honolulu for the Tropical Mega Battle, an international communication event for the Pokémon Trading Card Game. The Tropical Mega Battle brought together children aged 14 and under from the United States, Japan, France, Italy, Canada, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom for two days in Honolulu, Hawaii. Children participating in the Tropical Mega Battle received invitations through Qualifier tournaments, DCI rankings, and other events in their respective countries.

text: The Super Trainer Showdowns were large Pokémon TCG tournaments held in the United States by Wizards of the Coast between 2000 and 2001. The tournaments were open to the public. Each tournament consisted of three age groups: 10 and under, 11 to 14 years old, and 15 years old and over. Each Super Trainer Showdown was preceded by a series of Qualifier Tournaments held in cities around the United States and abroad in which players in the 11-to-14 and 10-and-under age groups could win trips for themselves and a parent or guardian to the Super Trainer Showdown event. To date, there have been four Super Trainer Showdowns. The first Super Trainer Showdown was held in Long Beach, California inside of the cruise liner, the Queen Mary on July 22, 2000. The format was unlimited, meaning that all Pokémon cards released in the United States were legal for deck construction. The second Super Trainer Showdown was held at the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus, New Jersey on November 18, 2000. There were over 700 players in all three age divisions competing for the title. The tournament was eight rounds of Swiss style pairings followed by a cut to a top-eight single-elimination playoff. All games were best-of-one. The third Super Trainer Showdown was held again in the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus, New Jersey. It was held on June 23–24, 2001 and more than 1,600 players attended the event. The format for this event was titled “Modified” and allowed players to construct 60-card decks using a maximum of four of any card other than basic energy from specific sets. The fourth and final Super Trainer Showdown was held at the San Antonio Convention Center in San Antonio, Texas on December 1–2, 2001.[7] The format was again "Modified", however the newest set Neo Discovery was also legal for the tournament.

text: Although TPCI tries to keep Organized Play as equal as possible all over the Earth, there are some notable differences in how POP is run outside of the United States. The Pokémon Card Laboratory (PCL), located in Japan, is the designer of new cards and the ultimate authority on any matter relating to the Pokémon Trading Card Game. It can declare rulings on any in-game circumstance, issue errata, change card text after publishing, and change the basic game rules, although the latter three rarely occur. PCL runs Organized Play in Japan. The Pokémon Trading Card Game in most European countries is currently handled by The Pokémon Company International. Certain countries have no direct official presence; in these regions, distributors of the game run tournaments. European countries are able to qualify for positions at the Pokémon Trading Card Game World Championships each year, through National Championships and European Rankings.

text: Video games[edit]

text: There are a few video games based on the card game. Pokémon TCG Online (PTCGO) is the official digital version of the card game available for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Android and iPad.[8] It was originally released in April 2011 as Pokémon Trainer Challenge. The game initially offered three starting decks, and featured more content after release. After April 6, 2011, players could buy cards from the Black and White series, which have a code to be digitally represented.[9] Players can also create a custom avatar.[10] There were booster pack codes which allow booster packs up to Black and White-Boundaries Crossed, to be purchased from the online shop. However, as of Black and White- Plasma Storm, the code card within booster packs directly redeem as online booster packs of their respective set. GamesRadar praised the game, stating "Everything looks to be faithfully recreated, including the card mat, prize card layout, and even coins."[10]

text: The eponymously titled Pokémon Trading Card Game, known as Pokémon Card GB in Japan, was developed for the Game Boy Color, releasing in Japan in December 1998 and later in North America and Europe in 2000. The game is based on the rules of the card game and features 226 cards from the game, as well as infrared linking for multiplayer and trading. The game was re-released for the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console in 2014. A sequel, Pokémon Card GB2: Great Rocket-Dan Sanjō! was released exclusively in Japan in March 2001.


document_title: Gandhi Nagar, Delhi

question_text: nearest metro station to gandhi nagar in delhi

text: Gandhi Nagar, Delhi

text: Residential colonies[edit]

text: It is surrounded by other colonies including Geeta Colony, Seelampur and Krishna Nagar. The colonies under this Assembly Constituency are:

text: Raghubar Pura Part I and Part II ( Sri Bhawani Devi Mahakali Mandir)

text: Mahila Colony

text:
Chand Mohalla
Shanti Mohalla
Rajgarh Colony
Subhash Road
Ram Nagar
Amar Mohalla
Kailash Nagar
Nanak Basti
Old Seelampur village
Ghas Mandi
Subhash Mohalla
Ajit Nagar
Dharampura
Jain Mohalla
Krishna Nagar
Lal Quarter
Chander Nagar
Shankar Nagar
Jheel

text: Education[edit]

text:
Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya
Geeta Bal Bharti
S.B.V. Rajgarh Colony
Gandhi Nagar Girls School
R.A. Geeta. Sr. Sec. School, Shankar Nagar
Chaudhary Malook Singh School, Jheel
D.A.V. Govt School
Sai Memorial Girls Sernior Secondary School
St. Lawrence Public School

text: Transportation[edit]

text: To make road travel from Mayur Vihar Phase I to Gandhi Nagar traffic-signal-free, four major road infrastructure projects worth Rs.412 crore, including the Geeta Colony bridge were inaugurated in 2009 by Delhi Chief Minister Sheila Dikshit.[5]

text:
Metro stations
Distance

Nirman Vihar
4.7 km

Seelam Pur
2.7 km

Welcome
3.8 km

Preet Vihar
5.4 km

Akshardham metro station
6.3  km

Shastri Park metro station
1.6 km
Source Code : 23623


document_title: Cyndi Grecco

question_text: who sang the theme song for laverne and shirley

text: Cyndi Grecco

text:
This biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.
Find sources: "Cyndi Grecco" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Cyndi Grecco (born May 19, 1952, in New York, New York) is an American singer who performed the theme tune to the popular 1970s American television show Laverne & Shirley. Titled "Making Our Dreams Come True", the song (in which Grecco was accompanied by the Ron Hicklin Singers) was also put out as a single and charted at #25 on July 25, 1976. The song came out on the small Private Stock label (#45086). An album followed, though a second disco-themed single, "Dancing, Dancing", failed to chart. She also provided the theme to another 1970s ABC television sitcom Blansky's Beauties. Nevertheless, Grecco remains a one-hit wonder.

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums

text:
Cyndi Grecco: Making Our Dreams Come True (Cyndi Grecco album)
Wish Upon A Star

text: Singles

text:
Making Our Dreams Come True
Dancing, Dancing
Hello Again
This Time I'm in It for Love
You Made Love Come True


document_title: List of In Living Color cast members

question_text: who was the dj on in living color

question_tokens: who was the dj on in living color

text: List of In Living Color cast members

text: First season (1990)[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey (as James Carrey)
Kelly Coffield
Kim Coles
Tommy Davidson
David Alan Grier
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh
Damon Wayans
Keenen Ivory Wayans
Kim Wayans
Shawn Wayans (as DJ SW-1) and the Fly Girls

text: Second season (1990–1991)[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey
Kelly Coffield
Tommy Davidson
David Alan Grier
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh
Damon Wayans
Keenen Ivory Wayans
Kim Wayans
Shawn Wayans (as DJ SW-1) and the Fly Girls

text: Third season (1991–1992)[edit]

text: Starring

text:
Keenen Ivory Wayans
Jim Carrey
Kelly Coffield
Tommy Davidson
David Alan Grier
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh
Damon Wayans
Kim Wayans

text: Featuring

text:
Jamie Foxx
Steve Park
Shawn Wayans
DJ Twist and the Fly Girls

text: Fourth season (1992–1993)[edit]

text: Starring

text:
Keenen Ivory Wayans (episodes 1–13 only)
Jim Carrey
Kelly Coffield
Tommy Davidson
David Alan Grier
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh
Kim Wayans

text: Featuring

text:
Jamie Foxx
Marlon Wayans (episodes 1–13 only)
Shawn Wayans
Alexandra Wentworth
DJ Twist and the Fly Girls

text: Fifth season (1993–1994)[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey
Tommy Davidson
Jamie Foxx
David Alan Grier
Anne-Marie Johnson
T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh
Reggie McFadden
Jay Leggett
Carol Rosenthal
Alexandra Wentworth
Marc Wilmore
DJ Twist and the Fly Girls

text: Jim Carrey, Tommy Davidson, David Alan Grier and T'Keyah Crystal Keymáh were the only cast members for all five seasons.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Chris Rock was never an official cast member on In Living Color, but did appear (as a "special guest star") in a number of skits in the fifth season, and reprised his "Cheap Pete" character from I'm Gonna Git You Sucka. In the early years of In Living Color, Rock was parodied as being the only African American cast member on Saturday Night Live (SNL also had Tim Meadows). In an SNL skit honoring Mother's Day, Rock's mother jokes that she is disappointed in him for being on SNL, and asks "Has In Living Color called yet?"

text: Other recurring guest stars in the fifth season include Nick Bakay (for The Dirty Dozens sketches) and Peter Marshall (ringmaster for several loopy editions of Hollywood Squares). Rapper Biz Markie also appeared in various roles as a guest star in the fifth season, such as being (not too much) in drag as Wanda the Ugly Woman's sister or as "Dirty Dozens" contestant Damian "Foosball" Franklin.

text: Fly Girls (house dance troupe)[edit]

text: The Fly Girls troupe had various members over In Living Color's five-season run. The original lineup consisted of Cari French, Carrie Ann Inaba, Deidre Lang, Lisa Marie Todd, and Michelle Whitney-Morrison. Rosie Perez was the choreographer for the first four seasons.

text: Sometimes the Fly Girls could be used as extras in sketches, or be part of an opening gag. In one sketch, they were shown performing open-heart surgery (in the sketch, the girls are dancing in order to pay their way through medical school).

text: In the fifth season Arthur Rainer became the main choreographer with Lisa Joann Thompson and Deidre Lang as assistant choreographers.

text:
Cari French – Seasons 1–3 (1990–1992)
Carla Garrido— part of Season 2 (1991)[1]
Michelle McGrath Gerlick – Season 1 (1989)
Laurie Ann Gibson – Season 5 (1993–1994)
MaDonna Grimes – Season 4 (1993–1994)
Jossie Harris – Seasons 4–5 (1992–1994)
Carrie Ann Inaba – Seasons 1–3 (1990–1992)
Keri Lane – Season 3 (1991)
Deidre Lang – Seasons 1–5 (1990–1994)
Jennifer Lopez – Seasons 3–4 (1991–1993)
Lisa Joann Thompson – Seasons 4–5 (1992–1994)
Lisa Marie Todd – Seasons 1–3 (1990–1992)
Alexandra Wentworth
Michelle Whitney-Morrison – Seasons 1–2 (1990–1991)
Masako Willis – Season 5 (1993–1994)


document_title: Gas laws

question_text: the temperature of gas is proportional to the

text: Gas laws

text: Boyle's Law[edit]

text: In 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas at constant temperature. He observed that volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure provided the temperature remains constant. Boyle's law, published in 1662, states that, at constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass of an ideal gas in a closed system is always constant. It can be verified experimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container. It can also be derived from the kinetic theory of gases: if a container, with a fixed number of molecules inside, is reduced in volume, more molecules will strike a given area of the sides of the container per unit time, causing a greater pressure.

text: A statement of Boyle's law is as follows:

text: The concept can be represented with these formulae:

text: Charles' law[edit]

text: Charles's law, or the law of volumes, was found in 1787 by Jacques Charles. It states that, for a given mass of an ideal gas at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to its absolute temperature, assuming in a closed system.

text: The statement of Charles' law is as follows: the volume (V) of a given mass of a gas, at constant pressure (Pa), is directly proportional to its temperature (K). As a mathematical equation, Charles's law is written as either:

text: where V is the volume of a gas, T is the absolute temperature and k2 is a proportionality constant (which is not the same as the proportionality constants in the other equations in this article).

text: Gay-Lussac's law[edit]

text: Gay-Lussac's law, Amontons' law or the pressure law was found by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1809. It states that, for a given mass and constant volume of an ideal gas, the pressure exerted on the sides of its container is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.

text: As a mathematical equation, Gay-Lussac's law is written as either:

text: K=P divided by T

text: Avogadro's law[edit]

text: Avogadro's law states that the volume occupied by an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of the gas present in the container. This gives rise to the molar volume of a gas, which at STP (273.15 K, 1 atm) is about 22.4 L. The relation is given by

text: Combined and ideal gas laws[edit]

text: The Combined gas law or General Gas Equation is obtained by combining Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and Gay-Lussac's Law. It shows the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature for a fixed mass (quantity) of gas:

text: This can also be written as:

text: With the addition of Avogadro's law, the combined gas law develops into the ideal gas law:

text: These equations are exact only for an ideal gas, which neglects various intermolecular effects (see real gas). However, the ideal gas law is a good approximation for most gases under moderate pressure and temperature.

text: This law has the following important consequences:

text:
If temperature and pressure are kept constant, then the volume of the gas is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas.
If the temperature and volume remain constant, then the pressure of the gas changes is directly proportional to the number of molecules of gas present.
If the number of gas molecules and the temperature remain constant, then the pressure is inversely proportional to the volume.
If the temperature changes and the number of gas molecules are kept constant, then either pressure or volume (or both) will change in direct proportion to the temperature.

text: Other gas laws[edit]

text:
Graham's law states that the rate at which gas molecules diffuse is inversely proportional to the square root of its density at constant temperature.Combined with Avogadro's law (i.e. since equal volumes have equal number of molecules) this is the same as being inversely proportional to the root of the molecular weight.
Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the pressure of a mixture of gases simply is the sum of the partial pressures of the individual components. Dalton's law is as follows:

text: or

text: Amagat's law of partial volume states that the volume of a mixture of gases (or the volume of the container) simply is the sum of the partial volumes of the individual components. Amagat's law is as follows:

text: Henry's law states that:

text: Real gas law, formulated by Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1873).


document_title: List of oldest surviving professional wrestlers

question_text: who is the oldest wrestler that is still wrestling

text: List[edit]

text: Oldest wrestlers ever[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Age
Birth
Death
Notes

1
Abe Coleman
M
101 years, 189 days
September 20, 1905
March 28, 2007
 Oldest wrestler ever verified. Born in Poland.[1]

2
Angelo Savoldi
M
99 years, 152 days
April 21, 1914
September 20, 2013
 Last surviving veteran of the "Pioneer Era".

3
Betty Wagner
F
98 years
1912–1913
June 3, 2011
 First wife and valet of Gorgeous George.[2]

4
Dan McLeod
M
98 years, 6 days
June 14, 1860
June 20, 1958
 Last surviving American Heavyweight Champion and veteran of the "Farmer" Burns-Frank Gotch era.[1]

5
Ivan the Terrible
M
97 years
1899
February 1996
 [1]

6
Jack LaLanne
M
96 years, 119 days
September 26, 1914
January 23, 2011
 World-famous fitness guru had a brief pro wrestling career in 1938.

7
Milo Steinborn
M
95 years, 328 days
March 18, 1893
February 9, 1989
 Promoted wrestling in Florida[1]

8
Joe D'orazio
M
95 years, 273 days
July 27, 1922
Living
 Oldest British Wrestler and referee still living.

9
Andrew Tsimpides
M
94 years, 34 days
August 16, 1916
September 19, 2011
 Former manager of Gorgeous George

10
James Dudley
M
94 years, 22 days
May 10, 1910
June 1, 2004
 First African-American promoter & manager working under Vincent J. McMahon

11
Billy Varga
M
94 years, 1 day
January 10, 1919
January 11, 2013
 Former NWA Hawaii Heavyweight Champion and actor

12
Clarence Eklund
M
93 years, 215 days
June 3, 1887
January 4, 1981
 [1]

13
Speedy Hatfield
M
93 years, 212 days
November 30, 1908
June 30, 2002
 [1][3]

14
Mick McManus
M
93 years, 131 days
January 11, 1920
May 22, 2013
 British and European Middleweight Champion, one of the most famous heels in the history of British wrestling. Watched by 20 million people in a famous televised match in 1963 [1]

15
Sam Muchnick
M
93 years, 130 days
August 22, 1905
December 30, 1998
 St. Louis wrestling promoter[1]

16
Prince Kumali
M
93 years, 122 days
September 11, 1921 [4]
January 11, 2015
 Wrestled for New Japan Pro Wrestling in the 1970s.

17
Dean Rockwell
M
93 years, 72 days
May 25, 1912
August 5, 2005
 [1]

18
Ray Villmer
M
92 years, 262 days
April 22, 1912
January 9, 2005
 [1]

19
Charles Baillargeon
M
92 years, 217 days
July 8, 1917
February 10, 2010
 Born in Canada.[1]

20
Lord James Blears
M
92 years, 203 days
August 13, 1923
March 3, 2016
 wrestler and actor.[1]

21
Abe Zvonkin
M
92 years, 169 days
March 6, 1910
August 22, 2002
 Born in the United States.[1]

22
Tony Cosenza
M
92 years, 125 days
April 14, 1919
August 17, 2011
 Once known as the "famous wrestling pianist".

23
Jackie Nichols
M
92 years, 112 days
December 31, 1910
April 22, 2003
 [1][5]

24
Cora Combs
F
92 years, 96 days
March 17, 1923
June 21, 2015

25
William Miller
M
92 years, 85 days
December 16, 1846
March 11, 1939
 Was the first ever Australian Heavyweight Champion.

text: Oldest wrestlers currently living[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Age
Birth
Notes

1
Joe D'orazio
M
95 years, 273 days
July 27, 1922
 Oldest British Wrestler and referee still living.

2
Bill Mercer
M
92 years, 72 days
February 13, 1926
 Voice of World Class Championship Wrestling.

3
Carlos Rocha
M
91 years, 83 days
February 2, 1927
 First Portuguese wrestler to wrestle in WWWF.

4
"Cowboy" Bob Ellis
M
89 years, 42 days
March 15, 1929
 Known as the inventor of the bulldog.[6]

5
Joe Cornelius
M
88 years, 360 days
May 1, 1929
 Lives in London, UK.

6
Pampero Firpo
M
88 years, 20 days
April 6, 1930
 Lives in the United States.

7
Jacques Rougeau Sr.
M
87 years, 334 days
May 27, 1930
 Oldest Canadian Wrestler. Wrestled mainly in Montreal, Quebec as well as Japan and the NWA

8
Dick Beyer
M
87 years, 289 days
July 11, 1930
 Best known for portraying the masked wrestlers The Destroyer and Doctor X. Father of Kurt Beyer. Oldest living World Heavyweight Champion (AWA)

9
Len Rossi
M
87 years, 214 days
September 24, 1930
 Tennessee legend

10
Tony Marino
M
87 years, 6 days
April 20, 1931
 Wrestled in Studio Wrestling as Battman and WWWF from 1963-1971

11
Don Leo Jonathan
M
86 years, 362 days
April 29, 1931
 Lives in Canada.

12
Dave Kidney
M
86 years
1931
 Oldest British wrestler to ever wrestle.[7]

13
Dominic DeNucci
M
86 years, 93 days
January 23, 1932
 Former WWWF Tag Team Champion

14
Billy Two Rivers
M
85 years, 356 days
May 5, 1932
 Wrestled mostly in Canada and the U.S. An actual Mohawk chief.

15
Danny Hodge
M
85 years, 348 days
May 13, 1932
 Wrestled in AWA, NWA, and UWF.

16
Rene Goulet
M
85 years, 288 days
July 12, 1932
[8] Wrestled in the WWWF(WWF) from 1971-1987 and later worked as a road agent for WWF until 1997.

17
Gene LeBell
M
85 years, 199 days
October 9, 1932
 Los Angeles promoter and announcer

18
Caswell Martin
M
85 years
1932
 Wrestled in the UK, Germany and Japan.

19
Stan Holek
M
85 years, 22 days
April 4, 1933
 Lives in the United States.

20
Dick Steinborn
M
84 years, 210 days
September 28, 1933
 Wrestled in NWA Georgia in the 1960s and 1970s

21
Les Thornton
M
84 years, 17 days
April 9, 1934
 Former WWF Junior Heavyweight Champion. Resides in Calgary, Canada.

22
Tomas Marin
M
83 years, 293 days
July 7, 1934
 Wrestled as a jobber for WWWF from 1963-1974

23
Reggie Parks
M
83 years old
August 1934
 Wrestled for AWA from 1963-1979

24
Mr. Wrestling II
M
83 years, 228 days
September 10, 1934
 Former NWA Florida Champion.

25
Jose Lothario
M
83 years, 135 days
December 12, 1934
 Trainer of Shawn Michaels.

26
Guillotine Gordon
M
83 years, 102 days
January 14, 1935
 Wrestled in the WWWF from 1964-1969

27
Dory Dixon
M
83 years, 84 days
February 1, 1935
 First Jamaican wrestler in the WWWF

28
Blackjack Lanza
M
82 years, 194 days
October 14, 1935
 Former WWWF Tag Team champion and current WWE road agent

29
Paul Diamond (Paul Lehman)
M
82 years, 184 days
October 24, 1935
 Wrestled for NWA Vancouver and AWA from 1960-1972

30
Tony Kontellis
M
82 years old
1935
 Wrestled in Australia and WWWF

31
Ricky Hunter
M
82 years, 56 days
March 1, 1936
 Wrestled mainly in Florida and WWF as the Gladiator

32
Beverly Shade
F
82 years, 36 days
March 21, 1936
 Oldest surviving women wrestler.

33
Beauregarde
M
82 years old
April 1936
 Wrestled for Pacific Northwest and was a musician.

34
Kathy Starr
F
81 years, 322 days
June 8, 1936
 Wrestled mainly in Hawaii

35
Larry Hennig
M
81 years, 312 days
June 18, 1936
 Wrestled in for AWA Father of Curt Hennig

36
Irma Gonzalez
F
81 years, 249 days
August 20, 1936
 Wrestled her entire career in Mexico from 1955-1996. Oldest Mexican women wrestler

37
Black Gordman
M
81 years, 203 days
October 5, 1936
 Wrestled in NWA Los Angeles with the Great Goliath

38
Emile Duprée
M
81 years, 188 days
October 20, 1936
 Wrestled in Canada. Former promoter for Grand Prix Wrestling. Father of Rene Dupree

39
Eddie Sharkey
M
81 years, 179 days
October 29, 1936
 Wrestled for AWA. He is most notable as a wrestling trainer. He trained The Road Warriors, Jesse Ventura and many others.

40
Eddie Morrow
M
81 years old
1936
 Wrestled for Pacific Northwest and Stampede Wrestling. Brother of Gerry Morrow. Resides in Calgary, Canada.

text: Oldest wrestlers to ever perform[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Age in last match
Birth
Death
Date of last match
Notes

1
Mae Young
F
87 years, 248 days
March 12, 1923
January 14, 2014
November 15, 2010
 She also took part in a match on November 15, 2010 at the age of 87, when she put her foot over WWE's LayCool tag team for a pinfall victory outside the ring in a Falls Count Anywhere Match.

2
The Fabulous Moolah
F
81 years, 61 days
July 22, 1923
November 2, 2007
September 21, 2004
 Teamed with Mae Young to defeat Dawn Marie and Torrie Wilson in a tag team match at the WWE SmackDown taping on September 21, 2004. The match aired on TV two days later.

3
Dominic DeNucci
M
80 years, 82 days
January 23, 1932
Living
April 14, 2012
 DeNucci wrestled his last match at a PWS card in Toronto, Canada teaming up with Shane Douglas.

4
Ox Baker
M
80 years, 0 days
April 19, 1934
October 20, 2014
April 19, 2014
 Wrestled his last match on his 80th birthday at a CCW card in Marion, Ohio. He died a few months later.[9]

5
Dave Kidney
M
79 years
1931
Living
January 28, 2011
 Last known match took place at SSW in Scotland on January 28, 2011.

6
Billy Riley
M
79 years
May 17, 1889
August 27, 1977
1968
 Last known match took place in 1968.

7
Bob Armstrong
M
77 years, 283 days
October 3, 1939
Living
July 13, 2017
 Armstrong's last match was for Sunbelt Wrestling Entertainment in Lakeland, Georgia, where he teamed up with Tommy Rich to defeat the team of Fidel Sierra and Francisco Ciatso.[10]

8
Dory Funk Jr.
M
77 years, 82 days
February 3, 1941
Living
Still active
 His most recent match took place at an All Japan Pro Wrestling event on November 28, 2017. Also still wrestles in his own promotion.

9
Gypsy Joe
M
77 years, 36 days
December 12, 1933
June 14, 2016
January 7, 2011
 Joe wrestled his last match at the Gypsy Joe retirement show on January 7, 2011. Held in Tullahoma, Tennessee by the Southern Wrestling Federation.

10
The Great Gama
M
77 years
May 22, 1878
May 23, 1960
1955
 Sources say that Gama remained active as a wrestler until 1955, remaining undefeated.

11
Great Kojika
M
75 years, 363 days
April 28, 1942
Living
Still active
 Wrestles for BJW in Japan. Debuted in 1963, retired full-time in 1988 but returned sporadically since 1995.

12
Mil Máscaras
M
75 years, 285 days
July 15, 1942
Living
Still active
 His most recent match took place in Japan on October 29, 2017. He has wrestled since 1964

13
Jimmy Valiant
M
75 years, 263 days
August 6, 1942
Living
Still active
 Valiant most recently wrestled on January 27, 2018, for NAWA Pro Wrestling in Lenoir, North Carolina.

14
Lou Thesz
M
74 years, 243 days
April 24, 1916
April 28, 2002
December 26, 1990
 The former undisputed World Heavyweight Champion last wrestled Masahiro Chono in Japan.

15
Jackie Fargo
M
74 years, 126 days
June 26, 1930
June 24, 2013
October 30, 2004
 Wrestled against Jerry Lawler and The Rock 'n' Roll Express at the Memphis Wrestling Throwback Night.

16
The Sheik
M
74 years
June 9, 1924
January 18, 2003
1998
 Wrestled his last match in Japan in 1998.

17
Bill Dundee
M
73 years, 362 days
October 24, 1943
Living
October 21, 2017
 Last wrestled on October 21, 2017 at a Memphis Wrestling Reunion event in Jonesboro, Arkansas.

18
Johnny Saint
M
73 years, 349 days
June 29, 1941
Living
June 13, 2015
 Wrestled for Italian Championship Wrestling.

19
Bushwhacker Butch
M
73 years, 112 days
October 21, 1944
Living
February 10, 2018
 Reunited with his Bushwhacker partner Luke for the first time since 2002. Butch wrestled for a New Zealand tour for NZWPW.

20
Estrella Blanca
M
73 years, 92 days
January 15, 1938
Living
April 17, 2011
 Last wrestled on April 17, 2011 in San Pedro Cholula, Mexico for a AAA show.

21
Terry Funk
M
73 years, 85 days
June 30, 1944
Living
September 23, 2017
 Last wrestled on September 23, 2017 for Big Time Wrestling in Spartanburg, South Carolina.

22
Mr. Wrestling II
M
73 years, 33 days
September 10, 1934
Living
October 13, 2007
 Last wrestled on October 13, 2007 for Hawai'i Championship Wrestling as he teamed up with Steve Corino and won the HCW Kekaulike Heritage Tag Team Championship title.

23
Claude Roca
M
72 years, 115 days
March 18, 1945
Living
July 11, 2017
 Roca is still active in various promotions in Asia. His most recent match took place in France on July 11, 2017.

24
Warren Bockwinkel
M
72 years (unverified)
May 21, 1911
March 25, 1986
1983?
 It is said that Warren Bockwinkel, father of Nick Bockwinkel, wrestled until the age of 72.

25
Jimmy Snuka
M
71 years, 362 days
May 18, 1943
January 15, 2017
May 15, 2015
 His last match was at an ECPW event.

26
Tinieblas
M
71 years, 325 days
June 8, 1939
Living
April 29, 2011
 Wrestled in a tag team match with his son, Tinieblas Jr. at an event in Tijuana, Mexico on April 29, 2011.

27
George Julio
M
71 years, 273 days
March 10, 1946
Living
December 8, 2017
 Wrestled for New Age Wrestling in Australia on December 8, 2017 against Tass Alexander.

28
Bushwhacker Luke
M
71 years, 108 days
January 8, 1947
Living
Still active
 Wrestled in his native New Zealand with his partner Bushwhacker Butch for UCW and IPW in February of 2018.

29
Kenny Jay
M
71 years, 93 days
March 27, 1937
Living
June 28, 2008
 Wrestled in a tag team match with Buck Zumhofe at an PWA event in South St. Paul, Minnesota.

30
Stu Hart
M
71 years, 83 days
May 3, 1915
October 16, 2003
July 25, 1986
 Wrestled in a tag team match with his son, Keith defeating Honky Tonk Wayne and JR Foley at Stampede Wrestling in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

text: Oldest wrestlers still wrestling[edit]

text:
Rank
Name
Sex
Age
Birth
Notes

1
Dory Funk Jr.
M
77 years, 82 days
February 3, 1941
 Still wrestles in his own promotion Funking Conservatory and various independent promotions in Japan.

2
Great Kojika
M
75 years, 363 days
April 28, 1942
 Still wrestles for Big Japan Pro Wrestling.

3
Mil Mascaras
M
75 years, 285 days
July 15, 1942
 Still wrestles in Mexico and Japan

4
Jimmy Valiant
M
75 years, 263 days
August 6, 1942
 Wrestles in independent shows as of 2018

5
Bushwhacker Luke
M
71 years, 108 days
January 8, 1947
 Most recent match took place on February 10, 2018 where he defeated Simon Seven at UCW's Invasion show, in Christchurch. As well as defeating James Shaw at IPW's Kiwi as mate show, in Auckland.

6
Great Kabuki
M
69 years, 230 days
September 8, 1948
 Most recent match took place on December 22, 2017, in Japan for Pro Wrestling NOAH.

7
Mitsuo Momota
M
69 years, 217 days
September 21, 1948
 Makes occasional appearances in Japan as of February 2018

8
Yoshiaki Fujiwara
M
68 years, 364 days
April 27, 1949
 Makes occasional appearances in Japan as of 2018.

9
Cien Caras
M
68 years, 190 days
October 18, 1949
 Makes occasional appearances in Mexico as of 2017.

10
Kevin Sullivan
M
68 years, 182 days
October 26, 1949
 Most recent match took place at Rockstar Pro Wrestling on April 18, 2018 in Dayton, Ohio against Sami Callihan in a street fight.


document_title: Massachusetts Compromise

question_text: how did the federalists and anti federalists compromise

text: Massachusetts Compromise

text: The Massachusetts Compromise was a solution reached in a controversy between Federalists and Anti-Federalists over ratification of the United States Constitution. The compromise helped gather enough support for the Constitution to ensure its ratification and lead to the adoption of the first ten amendments, the Bill of Rights.

text: Anti-Federalists feared the Constitution would over-centralize government and diminish individual rights and liberties. They sought to amend the Constitution, particularly with a Bill of Rights as a condition before ratification. Federalists insisted that states had to accept or reject the document as written.

text: When efforts to ratify the Constitution encountered serious opposition in Massachusetts, two noted anti-Federalists, John Hancock and Samuel Adams, helped negotiate a compromise. The anti-Federalists agreed to support ratification, with the understanding that they would put forth recommendations for amendments should the document go into effect. The Federalists agreed to support the proposed amendments, specifically a bill of rights.

text: Following this compromise, Massachusetts voted to ratify the Constitution on February 6, 1788. Five states subsequently voted for ratification, four of which followed the Massachusetts model of recommending amendments along with their ratification.


document_title: Product/market fit

question_text: product-market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market

text: Product/market fit

text: History[edit]

text: Mark Andreessen defined the term as follows: “Product/market fit means being in a good market with a product that can satisfy that market.”.[1][2][3] Many people interpret product/market fit as creating a so called minimum viable product that addresses and solves a problem or need that exists.

text: Sean Ellis is often associated with popularizing the term. He placed product/market fit as a precondition for effectively scaling marketing for a company in his startup marketing pyramid.[4]

text: Steve Blank referred to the concept of product/market fit as a step in between customer validation (step #2 in his book The Four Steps to the Epiphany) and customer creation (step #3).[5][6][7][8][9]

text: Interpretations[edit]

text: In Alexander Osterwalder's Business Model Canvas paradigm, product/market fit could be interpreted as a business model's value proposition, customer segment, relationship, and channel are fixed without requiring additional pivots.

text: Popular metrics[edit]

text: The 40% rule[edit]

text: One metric for product/market fit is if at least 40% percent of surveyed customers indicate that they would be "very disappointed" if they no longer have access to a particular product or service. Alternatively, it could be measured by having at least 40% of surveyed customers considering the product or service as "must have". Sean Ellis is noted for popularizing this heuristic after examining many startups.[10]

text: Analytics metrics[edit]

text: There are five metrics any online business can measure to empirically verify if they achieved Product / Market fit. They are 1. Bounce Rate, 2. Time on Site, 3. Pages per Visit, 4. Returning Visitors, 5. Customer Lifetime Value. Low bounce rates means a visitor's expectation is being met. High Time on Site and Pages per Visit indicate that the experience of the user is satisfactory. High Returning Visitor reflects the lasting impact a product has on their customers, causing them to come back, and Customer Lifetime Value measures the profitability each customer brings to the company. If these 5 metrics are above average and your 40% rule is met, you'll know you have a Product / Market Fit company.[11]

text: Common mistakes[edit]

text: It is important to differentiate between product/market fit and problem/solution fit when measuring a company's customer base. More specifically, when gauging a customer's desire, companies need to be sure they are measuring desire for the product or service—not just for a solution. Misinterpreting customers' desire for a solution as desire for a company's product or service will end up being a false positive for product/market fit.[12]

text: Product/market fit is not binary. For a fledgling startup, a minimum degree of product/market fit will not be adequate in order to achieve market traction and success. Rather, what is actually required is a high degree of product/market fit, or extreme product/market fit.[13]


document_title: The Search for Santa Paws

question_text: who plays janie in the search for santa paws

text: The Search for Santa Paws

text: Plot[edit]

text: Santa Claus (Richard Riehle) receives a gift stuffed animal dog when his dear friend, Mr. Hucklebuckle who owned a toy store in New York City, passes away. To help cheer Santa up, they bring the stuffed dog to the magic icicle which turns it into a real puppy, whom Santa names Paws (Zachary Gordon) and tells him that they will be the best of friends for all eternity. Meanwhile, Mr. Hucklebuckle's grandson James and his wife Kate are gifted the toy store and are told by Mr. Stewart (Bill Cobbs) as long as they run it for a Christmas season with a profit. James is a CPA from LA and plans to sell the store once they have ownership since Kate and James are unable to have children and are sad to face another Christmas without children of their own.

text: Meanwhile, a young orphan named Quinn (Kaitlyn Maher) arrives at a foster home run by a strict and no-nonsense woman named Ms. Stout (Wendi McLendon-Covey) who does not approve of anything that children love: toys, Christmas decorations, singing, and even pets. She has a furnace which she uses to burn all the toys which she confiscates from the girls who rightfully own them. Despite the strict rules she has to respect while staying at the foster home, Quinn eventually befriends the girls, including Janie (G. Hannelius) and Willamina "Will" (Madison Pettis) Who has lost her love of the holiday after the death of her parents years ago.

text: By the suggestion of Mrs. Claus, Eli (Danny Woodburn) and Eddy (Richard Kind) the elf dog, Santa travels to New York City with Paws to visit ambassadors for the Santa cause and after running into Ms. Stout he gets hit by a cab and loses his memory, Paws sees a small person he presumes is an elf and begs for help, only leading him and Santa to become separated. A homeless man named Gus takes his crystal that keeps him eternal and his bag. Paws also gets separated from Santa and can't find him. He meets three stray dogs named Haggis, Rasta and T-Money who get caught by a dog catcher named Franklin. Using his crystal, he helps save them which makes them believe he is Santa's dog. They vow to help him so they can get off the naughty list. Santa comes across the Hucklebuckle Toy Store, where James and Kate are in search of a store Santa to help them turn a profit for the store. They hire Santa, who still has a memory loss and assumes his name is "Bud" likely due to Gus referring to him earlier. However, Santa is so popular with the children, word of the store and their store Santa make the store very popular. Will shows Quinn the store and the bike in the window she wishes she could have. Quinn goes into the store where Kate leads her to Santa, whom she asks for a puppy for the children of the orphanage to brighten their spirits and that Will could have the bike she wants.

text: Meanwhile, the reindeer are still waiting in Central Park with the sled for Santa and Paws to return, since they are unable to fly without Santa's magic. A cub scout, Jimmy, comes across them and vows to help find the real Santa Claus and give him the message that the reindeer are in Central Park waiting for him. He searches among all the store Santas in New York City trying to find the real Santa. He comes across Gus who is posing as a Santa with Santa's bag, ringing a bell to ask for money from passersby. He eventually finds the real Santa in Hucklebuckle Toy Store, who gives Jimmy his pin to thank him for his hard work, even if Santa doesn't remember if he is the real Santa. In order to save Christmas, Eli and Eddy have to go to New York City in order to save Santa and Paws.

text: Later, without his crystal, Santa becomes ill and passes out. Kate and James bring him to the hospital and are unable to find any of his family or anyone who knows him. Meanwhile, Eli and Eddy track down Santa's crystal and find Gus in the park, who admits to taking it and feels remorse. Eli then realizes the severity of the situation knowing without the magic crystal Santa could become mortal and eventually die. Gus vows to make things right and joins Eli and Eddy find Santa and save Christmas. The trio find the reindeer who are getting weak from lack of food, so Gus searches for Christmas food for their nourishment while Eli and Eddy track down Paws' crystal, who is now at the orphanage where Quinn found him and thought he was Santa's gift in response to her request.

text: When Ms. Stout finds Paws in the orphanage, she takes his crystal and puts him in the basement with Will for punishment. Without the crystal, Paws turned back into a stuffed animal. When Ms. Stout finds him, she thinks he's a toy and throws him into the incinerator. After she leaves to go on a date with Franklin and leaves the children alone, Eli and Eddy arrive and help them search for Paws and the crystal. After finding them and placing the crystal back on Paws, he turns back into a real puppy. Jimmy runs to tell the reindeer he thinks he found the real Santa and gave him the message. Gus returns with Christmas food for the reindeer. Both find they are helping as Santa Ambassadors to help save Christmas. Gus takes Jimmy to the orphanage where Eli and Eddy went. Eddy recognizes the pin Jimmy is wearing, which Santa gave him, which proves he knows where he is. Jimmy tells them where to find the real Santa at the Hucklebuckle Toy Store. Will and Quinn know where that is and take them there. Eli tells Jimmy to keep the pin and dubs him an official Santa's helper for his perseverance, before Jimmy heads home.

text: When Kate and James tell them he's in the hospital, they work together to rescue him and give him back the crystal. But the crystal is too weak to revive Santa. Paws tells Eli to put his crystal next to Santa to help, sacrificing himself as he'll turn back into a stuffed animal. Santa wakes up to find Paws as a stuffed animal. Gus drives the reindeer sled to the toy store, so that they could rush back to the North Pole to save him with the magic icicle. With Christmas around the corner, the icicle doesn't have enough power to spare. Santa sheds a tear over the loss of his best friend, which caused the magic to flow and turn Paws back into a full-grown dog named Santa Paws (Mitchel Musso) and Christmas is back on. Since Ms. Stout left the children alone and Will and Quinn are missing, Eli had called Mrs. Gibson from Child Services who fires Ms. Stout for her abusive treatments inflicted on the girls and takes over the orphanage.

text: Kate and James bring Will and Quinn back to the orphanage and decide to adopt them, with them all finally getting the family they always wanted. Later that night, Mrs. Gibson, Janie, Meg, Taylor and Mary welcome Gus who brought them Santa's bag full of money he collected while posing as a store Santa. Back at the North Pole, everyone is helping to get ready for Christmas, including Haggis, Rasta and T-Money, who caught a ride with Eli and Eddy back to the North Pole and become official dog elves. Due to the toy store's success as well as donating toys to children in need as Santa had earlier suggested, they turned a profit of one cent, which his grandfather had done every previous year. This allows them to receive the deed to the store, which they decide to keep and continue the tradition through the Hucklebuckle legacy. As Mr. Stewart leaves the store he looks up and speaks to Mr. Hucklebuckle's spirit, bidding him a merry Christmas and that his wish has been fulfilled.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kaitlyn Maher as Quinn, a young orphaned little girl who believes in the true spirit of Christmas. She finds Paws in the alley behind the foster home.
Madison Pettis as Willamina "Will", the oldest girl out of all the orphans who serves as an older sister figure to Quinn. She does not believe in the spirit of Christmas until she accidentally gets stuck in the basement with Paws.
Richard Riehle as Santa Claus.
Danny Woodburn as Eli, Santa's head elf.
Wendi McLendon-Covey as Ms. Stout, the strict no-nonsense headmistress of the girls home and the main villain of the film. She finds Christmas, toys and anything that children love annoying or offensive. She is eventually fired as a result of the abusive treatment she has inflicted upon the girls.
G. Hannelius as Janie, an orphan who is best friends with Will.
Michelle Creber as Taylor, an orphan.
Kathryn Kirkpatrick as Mrs. Gibson, a kind social services woman who takes over the orphanage after Ms. Stout is fired.
Melody B. Choi as Mary, an orphan.
Nicole Leduc as Meg, an orphan.
John Ducey as James Hucklebuckle, Kate's husband and grandson of the late Mr. Hucklebuckle.
Bonnie Somerville as Kate Hucklebuckle, James' open-minded wife.
Chris Coppola as Augustus "Gus", a poor homeless man who takes Santa's magic crystal, unaware of its power.
Jonathan Morgan Heit as Jimmy, a boy scout who helps search for Santa.
Patrika Darbo as Mrs. Claus.
Pete Gardner as Franklin, Ms. Stout's boyfriend as well as a dogcatcher.
Bill Cobbs as Mr. Stewart, James and Kate's caseworker who says they must successfully run Hucklebuckle toys profitabily for one Christmas season.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Zachary Gordon as Paws and Mitchel Musso as Santa Paws, the Great Pyrenees of whom only people that believe in Christmas can understand what he's saying. He is a stuffed animal when the crystal on his neck is removed.
Richard Kind as Eddy, a happy-go-lucky elf dog Jack Russell Terrier who is also Eli's assistant.
Jason Connery as Haggis, a Scottish Terrier who's "always ready to take action", he befriends Paws and is looking to get off Santa's Naughty List.
Christopher Massey as Rasta, a reggae Puli who is "laidback" and "easygoing", he befriends Paws and is looking to get off Santa's Naughty List.
Josh Flitter as T-Money, a streetwise hip-hop Bulldog who is "super cool", he befriends Paws and is looking to get off Santa's Naughty List.
Diedrich Bader as Comet, one of Santa's reindeer.
Michael Deyermond as Dancer, another one of Santa's reindeer.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Angela Walker, writing for ChristianCinema.com, gave the DVD three stars out of five, but said that the film fits the normal Disney DVD formula. However she went on to say that the film was predictable and a little clichéd, but that kids would enjoy it and that the film adds to the "spirit of Christmas".[1]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel, Santa Paws 2: The Santa Pups was released on November 20, 2012.


document_title: Bank of England 10s note

question_text: when did 10 shilling note go out of circulation

text: Bank of England 10s note

text: History[edit]

text: In the 18th and 19th centuries, banknotes were handwritten or part-printed and could be exchanged, in whole or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. During the First World War the British Government wanted to maintain its stocks of bullion and so banks were ordered to stop exchanging banknotes for gold. One pound and 10 shilling notes were introduced by the Treasury in lieu of gold sovereigns. These notes were nicknamed "Bradburys" because of the prominent signature of Sir John Bradbury, Permanent Secretary to the Treasury displayed on the notes.[1] Britain returned to the gold standard in 1925, but the Bank of England was only obliged to exchange notes for gold in multiples of 400 ounces or more[clarification needed]["or more" contradicts "multiples". And were these troy ounces?]. The responsibility for the printing of ten-shilling notes was transferred to the Bank of England in 1928, and the right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[2]

text: The first Bank of England ten-shilling notes were two-sided, red, printed banknotes featuring the declaration "I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of ten shillings" on the front. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. In 1940, during the Second World War, ten-shilling notes were issued in a new mauve and grey colour scheme in order to deter counterfeiters, although the design remained the same. At the same time, a metallic thread running through the paper was introduced as a security feature. After the war ten-shilling notes were issued in their original red colour. The earliest post-World War II notes did not have the metallic thread security feature, but those issued from October 1948 onward did.[1]

text: A new design for ten-shilling notes was introduced in 1961, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly longer and narrower, and were the first ten-shilling notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England.[1] In the late 1960s it was decided that future banknotes should feature a British historical figure on the reverse. The first such note was the series D £20 note, first issued in 1970, featuring William Shakespeare. A design for a ten-shilling note featuring Walter Raleigh on the reverse was approved in 1964 but was never issued.[3] Instead, in 1969, as part of the process of decimalisation, a new fifty pence coin was introduced as a replacement for the ten-shilling note. The principal reason for the change was economy: the notes had an average lifetime of about five months whereas coins could last at least fifty years.[4] The series C ten shilling notes ceased to be legal tender on 22 November 1970.[1]

text: Designs[edit]

text:
Note
First issued
Last issued
Ceased to be legal tender
Colour
Size
Design
Additional information

Series A (1st issue)
22 November 1928
Unknown
29 October 1962
Red-brown
138mm x 78mm

Emergency wartime issue
2 April 1940
Unknown
22 October 1962
Mauve and grey
138mm x 78mm

Incorporated metal thread for the first time; same design as series A

Series A (2nd issue)
17 June 1948
Unknown
29 October 1962
Brown
138mm x 78mm

Reissue of unthreaded pre-war notes

Series A (3rd issue)
25 October 1948
Unknown
29 October 1962
Brown
138mm x 78mm

Metal thread introduced permanently

Series C
12 October 1961
13 October 1969
22 November 1970
Red-brown
140mm x 67mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth II; Back: Bank of England logo
First 10/- note to carry portrait of monarch

Series D
N/A
Red-brown
121mm x 62mm
Front: Queen Elizabeth II; Back: Sir Walter Raleigh
Intended as 50p note following decimalisation; never issued

text: Information taken from Bank of England website.[1][2]