document_title: Chicana/o studies

question_text: when did chicano studies become major studies programs on college campuses

text: Chicana/o studies

text: History[edit]

text: Many Chicano scholars agree that Chicano studies came about as a result of the Chicano student movements, whether they were in the form of protests, activism or just taking part in el movimiento.[5] Chicano studies was seen as a way to advance Mexican American perspectives on culture, history and literature.[4] The major push for universities and colleges to include Chicano studies came within the context of the African-American civil rights struggle.[6][7] During this period, Mexican American educators demanded that colleges and universities address the pedagogical needs of Mexican American students.[6] This was especially important because Mexican American student populations grew significantly in the 1960s.[8] In addition, many young people and students were becoming very politically aware and organized.[8] A very prominent student organization that grew out of the civil rights movements of the '60s was the Mexican American Youth Organization (MAYO), which began to work towards educational reform.[9] MAYO was very active in promoting student walkouts in Texas and California to highlight problems that Mexican American students faced.[9] As students became more organized, they began to develop "experimental colleges" where informal classes on topics important to the Chicano movement were taught.[9]

text: Manuel H. Guerra, professor at the University of Southern California and chair of the Mexican American Political Association's (MAPA) Education Committee, reported in 1963 on "serious discriminatory policies and practices" at his university in relation to hiring Mexican-Americans, especially considering that there had been an increase in the number of Mexican American students.[8] Serving Mexican-American students without providing Mexican American faculty was considered a sort of colonialism and cultural assimilation.[8] In addition, many Mexican American students were put at a disadvantage because speaking Spanish (even outside of class) was considered "degrading" or "un-American."[9] Opportunities such as the Educational Opportunity Program (EOP) helped increase the number of minorities entering colleges and universities.[9] Educators and students alike began to visualize "an academic program that could serve and transform the Mexican American community," a program that would become Chicano studies and which was built by and for Chicanos.[10]

text: In 1967, anthropologist Octavio Romano along with graduate students at the University of California, Berkeley began to publish a Chicano studies journal called El Grito: A Journal of Contemporary Mexican-American Thought.[11] His co-founder was Nick. C. Vaca.[9] Many of the ideas surrounding the formation of later Chicano studies programs stemmed from this publication.[11] One major idea that was put forth in El Grito by its editors was that Mexican Americans, in contrast to other ethnic groups, "have retained their distinct identity and refused to disappear into The Great American Melting Pot."[9] The consequence of this, felt the editors, was that Mexican Americans were kept in an economic and politically impoverished state.[9] Also in 1967, Ralph Guzmán, a political scientist was hired by Los Angeles State to conduct a study which would lay the foundation for the creation of a national center for Mexican American studies at California State College, Los Angeles (CSCLA).[9] Both Mexican American and Black Student Unions pressed CSCLA to have ethnic studies classes at this time.[9]

text: The Plan de Santa Barbara is generally considered to be the manifesto of Chicano Studies.[10] Drafted in 1969 at the University of California, Santa Barbara, the Plan emphasizes the need for education, and especially higher education to enact Chicano community empowerment.[12] The Plan helped to "establish Chicano studies as an entity incorporated into the structures of academia."[12] However, while the Plan articulated a need for education, it did not specify how to create a program of study.[10] The Plan did, however, lead to the creation of the Chicano Studies Institute in 1969.[13] Another important document in Chicano studies was also produced in 1969. In March of that year, the Chicano Youth Conference held in Denver produced a plan written by Chicano poet, Alurista.[9] It was called El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán (The Spiritual Plan of Aztlán) and it contains a concept of "ethnic nationalism and self-determination."[9] The idea of the mythic homeland of the Aztec people, Aztlán, is one that unifies the United States and Mexico and correspondingly, united Mexican Americans with a sense of nationalism.[14]

text: In 1970, a major Chicano journal began to be published at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).[15] The journal was called Aztlán: A Journal of Chicano Studies and it was created at first by the students.[15] The journal, Aztlán, had a big influence on the discourse surrounding Chicano studies and helped "establish and legitimize" the subject in colleges and universities.[15] The name of the journal came directly from El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán and under the direction of the historian Juan Gomez-Quiñones, the journal supported and sustained a culture of activism.[14] Chicano scholars in 1970 also wrote papers for the Chicano Studies Institute which were later published in the journal, Epoca.[10] These papers addressed topics such as Chicano curriculum, goals of the educational program and how to achieve academic recognition.[10]

text: As Chicano studies programs began to be implemented at universities, it was necessary to provide infrastructure and support. In 1973, the University of California, Berkeley recognized the need to provide quality library materials to support the Chicano studies programs.[16] Chicano scholars also recognized the need to have a "Chicano-controlled academic" space.[17] Researchers began to study the impact that these new programs had on students, finding that Mexican-American students responded positively to Chicano studies and also to bilingual classes.[7][18] Many scholars felt that the philosophy of education in the United States at the time was "inconsistent with the values of the Chicano movement" and that Chicano studies needed to create tools for students to use in the real world and also a new type of research to solve problems.[10] It was also important to find ways to recruit Chicano teachers and administration within the schools to support students and research.[10] Further support for Chicano studies came in the form of the National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies (NACCS) which was created in 1972 in San Antonio, Texas.[19] The NACCS allows scholars in Chicano studies to exchange ideas, share research, communicate and it also has an annual conference.[19] The conferences were important to help bring together scholars and legitimize Chicano studies, since other disciplines have similar annual conferences.[10]

text: By 1975, many Chicano studies programs were in place at major universities.[10]

text: The ten years between 1977 and 1987 saw "tremendous changes in the foundations of Chicano/a studies."[14] During this period, Chicano studies began to include more diverse voices that better represented women, homosexuality and other under-represented groups under the umbrella of "Chicano" while also acknowledging the many differences within the group.[14] In 1981, the Mexican American Studies and Research Center (MASRC) at the University of Arizona was established. MASRC focused on contemporary applied public policy research on Mexican Americans. MASRC became a department in 2009. As the Mexican American Studies Department, it continued public policy research and teaching to addressing issues of concern to Mexican American communities. It currently offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, and in 2011, began offering a Ph.D. degree in Mexican American Studies. The idea of the "borderland" or nepantla grew stronger than the idea of Aztlán by the 1980s and Chicanaos celebrated the many different (often conflicting) aspects of themselves.[14] Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) by Gloria Anzaldúa both grew out of and signifies this change.[14] Chicano studies became less about nationalism, and more about belonging to a group and contributing to "something greater."[14] This shift helped reshape the mission of Chicano studies and gave it "new life" and "new authority."[14]

text: The 1980s saw more Chicano Studies programs integrated into institutions of higher learning while it also created a "canonical approach" to its studies and "gatekeeping procedures" to evaluate promotions and tenure.[12] In addition, Chicano studies programs helped universities and colleges fulfill Affirmative Action requirements.[6] During the mid 1990s, however, a study found that most Chicano studies programs were still very non-uniform.[20] Part of the reason that many Chicano studies programs were not consistent in what was studied is that a core curriculum had not yet been formally published.[3] The first primer of Chicano studies was published in 1980 by Diego Vigil, called From Indians to Chicanos: A Sociocultural History.[3] In addition, there was a lack of Chicano faculty with only 1.2% of faculty at U.S. colleges and universities having any "Hispanic" ethnicity at all in 1985.[6] Many of the faculty teaching Chicano studies didn't feel that their own programs were "qualitatively sound."[6]

text: Schools of thought[edit]

text: Chicano studies has two major threads, one is considered pragmatic and the other transformational.[12] The pragmatic method involves a more activist and "politicized" approach while the transformational method is more in line with working within the traditions of academia, rather than against it.[12]

text: Current Events[edit]

text: On May 11, 2010, the Governor of Arizona, Jan Brewer, signed House Bill 2281 (also known as HB 2281) which prohibits a school district or charter school from including in its curriculum courses that

text:
Promote the overthrow of the United States Government
Promote resentment toward any race or class
Advocate ethnic solidarity instead of being individuals
Are designed for a certain ethnicity

tag: ol

text: while still allowing:

text:
Native American classes to comply with federal law
Grouping of classes based on academic performance
Classes about the history of an ethnic group open to all students
Classes discussing controversial history

text: Another provision of the law stated that any school district or charter school breaching its stated provisions would be liable to lose state funding as a public institution.[21]

text: As a result, the Mexican-American studies program as taught by Tucson Unified School District (TUSD) came under scrutiny and was found to be in violation of the law by Tom Horne. However, an independent audit (paid for by the state of Arizona) was conducted, and found the program was not in breach of HB 2281.[22] With pressure from former Arizona Superintendent Tom Horne, who felt the courses were breaching HB 2281, and after TUSD issued an appeal stating otherwise, Superintendent John Huppenthal deemed that the course must be disbanded or TUSD would lose funding.[23] Thus, in January 2012, the TUSD school board came to a 4-1 decision that the program was to be disbanded in lieu of the district losing state funding.[24]

text: A further consequence of HB 2281 was opening the door to challenges and limiting classes teaching Chicano studies not just in Arizona, but across the United States.[4]

text: Scholars whose work is associated with Chicano studies[edit]

text:
Rodolfo Acuña
Gloria Anzaldúa
Cecilia Preciado de Burciaga
Luis Leal
Amalia Mesa-Bains
Isidro Ortiz
Jacinto Quirarte
María Guillermina Valdes Villalva
Refugio I Rochin (Founder Smithsonian Latino Center)
Felipe de Ortego y Gasca (Founding Director Chicano Studies, University of Texas—El Paso, 1970)

tag: ul

text: Programs and departments[edit]

text: This is an abbreviated list of programs throughout the United States which can be associated with Chicano Studies.

text:
Chicano/Latino Studies Program, University of California, Berkeley
Department of Chicano Studies, California State University, Los Angeles CSULA
Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies, California State University, Northridge CSUN
Department of Chicana & Chicano studies and César E. Chávez Center for Interdisciplinary Education and Chicano Studies Research Center, UCLA
Department of Chicano/Latino Studies, University of California, Irvine
Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies and Center for Chicano Studies, UCSB
Center for Mexican American Studies (CMAS), The University of Texas at Arlington
Department of Mexican American Studies, University of Arizona
Chicano Studies, California State University, Bakersfield
Transborder Chicano/a Latino/a Studies, Arizona State University
Department of Chicano/Chicana Studies, California State University, Dominguez Hills
Chicana and Chicano Studies Program, California State University, Fullerton
Chicano Studies, Claremont McKenna College
Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies, Loyola Marymount University
Department of Chicana/o Studies, Metropolitan State College of Denver
Department of Chicana & Chicano Studies, San Diego State University
Chicano Studies[dead link], Scripps College
Chicana and Chicano Studies major, Stanford University
Chicana/o Studies Program, University of California, Davis
Department of Chicano Studies, University of Minnesota
Chicano Hispano Mexicano Studies, University of New Mexico
Center for Mexican-American Studies, University of Texas at Austin
Mexican-American Studies Program, University of Texas at San Antonio
Chicana/o Studies, University of Texas at El Paso
Chicano Studies, University of Washington
Chican@ and Latin@ Studies, University of Wisconsin–Madison
Chicano Studies Program, University of Wyoming
Chicano/Latino Studies, PhD Program, Michigan State University
of Chicana/Chicano and Hemispheric Studies[dead link], Western New Mexico University


document_title: List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics

question_text: who carried the usa flag in opening ceremony

root

text: Firsts[edit]

text: US team manager[1] Matthew Halpin was the first to carry the flag at the 1906 Intercalated Games,[2] though that event is no longer considered by the International Olympic Committee to be part of Olympic history.[3] Ralph Rose became the first competitor to have the honor when he led the team out at the 1908 Summer Games,[2] the first official Olympic Games to feature a parade of nations.[4] The first woman to represent the United States was fencer Janice Romary in 1968, her sixth consecutive Summer Olympics.[5] Taffy Abel was the first person to represent the United States at the Winter Olympics when he was chosen to carry the flag at the inaugural Games in Chamonix in 1924.[2]

tag: p

text: Irish-born Pat McDonald, one of the "Irish Whales", became the first athlete to be selected as the flag bearer twice when he performed his second duty in 1924.[2][6] In 1956 two other athletes led the U.S. team out for a second time, James Bickford at the Winter Olympics and Norman Armitage at the Summer Games.[2]

text: Selection and reactions[edit]

text: The flag bearers are chosen by a vote of the team captains of each sport.[7]

text: Athletes view their selection of flag bearer as a great honour:

text:
"It's more than a dream. "I keep saying, I'm not sure if this is true or not true. I'm making the team and now I'm the first guy coming to the stadium and the whole world will be watching me carry the flag. There are no words to describe it."

"I feel happy, honored. I'm feeling so blessed to get an opportunity to present the United States of America, to present the United States flag in front of my team."

text: "I'm still shaking. I was incredibly surprised when Brian [Martin] told me, and I'm still trying to process it all. To be the person leading the U.S. team into the opening ceremony is just such a great honor."

text: Flag dipping[edit]

text: Olympic protocol is that the flag bearer dips their flag to the head of state as part of the parade. It has become tradition that the U.S. flag is not dipped, though the origins of this are surrounded by legend and are widely misreported:[9][10]

text: "The motives for the original refusal, the identity of the flag-bearer and the truth behind the quotation and other issues remain much murkier in the historical record than legend-tellers portray ... The evolution of this flag mythology reveals a great deal about the complex strains of early 20th century American nationalism."

text: The parade of nations was introduced at the 1906 Intercalated Games with Matthew Halpin as the U.S. flag bearer. Halpin gladly dipped the flag, noting that when he did so King George I of Greece "staked me to a smile that made me feel like I belonged".[11] The controversy began at the 1908 Summer Olympics in London where flag bearers were expected to dip the flag to Edward VII on two occasions. Research by the International Society of Olympic Historians concluded that the flag bearer was Ralph Rose and that he might not have dipped the flag to the British King on one of those occasions. Martin Sheridan is often attributed with the explanation of this supposed disrespect by stating at the time "This flag dips to no earthly king" but no evidence of this can be found.[11] Modern versions of the story describe how the Stars and Stripes have never been dipped during the parade of nations since 1908 but this is apocryphal. It has been dipped on three occasions since then: 1912, 1924, and 1932.[10]

text: The 1932 winter games were held in Lake Placid and, though head of state President Herbert Hoover would normally have greeted the parade of nations, the duty was passed to New York governor Franklin Roosevelt.[11] This was the last time that the flag was dipped at the Olympics as political forces intervened thereafter. The head of state awaiting the athletes at the 1936 Summer Games was Adolf Hitler, to whom the U.S. refused to lower their flag.[10] The 1940 Olympics were cancelled due to the onset of World War II and, in 1942, the United States Congress introduced the United States Flag Code which stated: "That no disrespect should be given to the flag of the United States of America, the flag should not be dipped to any person or thing."[11][12] However, since the Flag Code is legally unenforceable, it appears to be merely codified tradition.

text: Foreign-born representatives[edit]

text: Several foreign-born athletes have represented the United States at the opening ceremonies. Irishman Pat McDonald was the first in 1920 and he, at the age of 42, became the oldest Olympic track & field champion. Though he did not compete, he also went on to lead the U.S. team at the following Summer Olympics.[6]

text: Rolf Monsen, a multi-discipline Winter sports athlete born in Oslo, Norway, competed as an American in 1928 and 1932. He qualified for the 1936 Games and though an injury prevented him from taking part, he was still chosen to carry the flag.[13]

text: The American team at the 1936 Summer Games were led by Berlin-born, highly regarded gymnast Al Jochim.[2][14]

text: Olga Fikotová was a discus-thrower at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the only athlete to win a gold medal for her home country Czechoslovakia in that year. She began a much-publicised romance with American athlete Harold Connolly, much to the frustration of the Communist authorities. Fikotová was accused of being a traitor and the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee banned her from representing her country again. Now living in the U.S., she would go on to compete for her adopted country in the next four Summer Games. Despite not being able to replicate her success, Fikotová was chosen to lead the American team at the 1972 Games in Munich, West Germany.[15]

text: Lopez Lomong carried the flag at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China and became the fifth flag bearer to be born outside the United States.[2] As a teenager in war-torn Sudan, Lomong was one of several thousand boys brought to America as a refugee in 2001.[7] His selection came during a time when the U.S. and other Western countries had been critical of the Chinese government's close links with Sudan, a country accused of human rights violations and war crimes.[16]

text: Other notes[edit]

text: Godfrey Dewey, son of Melvil Dewey the inventor of Dewey Decimal Classification,[17] was the president of the Lake Placid Organizing Committee and was largely responsible for the successful candidature of Lake Placid for the 1932 Winter Olympics.[18] In addition to his role as the U.S. ski team manager he was chosen as the flag bearer for the 1928 Games in St. Moritz, Switzerland.[19]

text: List of flag bearers[edit]

text: List of flag bearers:[2]

text:
#
Event year
Season
Ceremony
Flag bearer
Sex
State/Country
Sport

62
2018
Winter
Closing
Diggins, JessicaJessica Diggins
F
Minnesota
Cross-country skiing

61
2018
Winter
Opening
Hamlin, ErinErin Hamlin
F
New York
Luge

60
2016
Summer
Closing
Biles, SimoneSimone Biles
F
Texas
Gymnastics

59
2016
Summer
Opening
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
M
Maryland
Swimming

58
2014
Winter
Closing
Chu, JulieJulie Chu
F
Connecticut
Hockey

57
2014
Winter
Opening
Lodwick, ToddTodd Lodwick
M
Colorado
Nordic combined

56
2012
Summer
Closing
Nellum, BryshonBryshon Nellum
M
California
Athletics

55
2012
Summer
Opening
Zagunis, MarielMariel Zagunis
F
Oregon
Fencing

54
2010
Winter
Closing
Demong, BillBill Demong
M
New York
Nordic combined

53
2010
Winter
Opening
Grimmette, MarkMark Grimmette
M
Michigan
Luge

52
2008
Summer
Closing
Lorig, KhatunaKhatuna Lorig
F
Georgia (country)
Archery

51
2008
Summer
Opening
Lomong, LopezLopez Lomong
M
Sudan (now South Sudan)
Athletics

50
2006
Winter
Closing
Cheek, JoeyJoey Cheek
M
North Carolina
Speed skating

49
2006
Winter
Opening
Witty, ChrisChris Witty
F
Wisconsin
Speed skating

48
2004
Summer
Closing
Hamm, MiaMia Hamm
F
Texas
Women's soccer

47
2004
Summer
Opening
Staley, DawnDawn Staley
F
Pennsylvania
Basketball

46
2002
Winter
Closing
Shimer, BrianBrian Shimer
M
Florida
Bobsleigh

45
2002
Winter
Opening
Peterson, AmyAmy Peterson
F
Minnesota
Short track speed skating

44
2000
Summer
Closing
Gardner, RulonRulon Gardner
M
Wyoming
Wrestling

43
2000
Summer
Opening
Meidl, CliffCliff Meidl
M
California
Canoeing

42
1998
Winter
Closing
Granato, CammiCammi Granato
F
Illinois
Hockey

41
1998
Winter
Opening
Flaim, EricEric Flaim
M
Massachusetts
Speed skating

40
1996
Summer
Closing
Matz, MichaelMichael Matz
M
Pennsylvania
Equestrian

39
1996
Summer
Opening
Baumgartner, BruceBruce Baumgartner
M
New Jersey
Wrestling

38
1994
Winter
Closing
Jansen, DanDan Jansen
M
Wisconsin
Speed skating

37
1994
Winter
Opening
Myler, CammyCammy Myler
F
New York
Luge

36
1992
Summer
Closing
Westbrook, PeterPeter Westbrook
M
Missouri
Fencing

35
1992
Summer
Opening
Larrieu Smith, FrancieFrancie Larrieu Smith
F
California
Athletics

34
1992
Winter
Opening
Koch, BillBill Koch
M
Vermont
Cross-country skiing

33
1988
Summer
Opening
Ashford, EvelynEvelyn Ashford
F
Louisiana
Athletics

32
1988
Winter
Opening
Nelson, LyleLyle Nelson
M
Idaho
Biathlon

31
1984
Summer
Opening
Burke, EdEd Burke
M
California
Athletics

30
1984
Winter
Opening
Masley, FrankFrank Masley
M
Delaware
Luge

29
1980
Winter
Opening
Hamilton, ScottScott Hamilton
M
Ohio
Figure skating

28
1976
Summer
Opening
Hall, GaryGary Hall
M
North Carolina
Swimming

27
1976
Winter
Opening
Nelson, CindyCindy Nelson
F
Minnesota
Alpine skiing

26
1972
Summer
Opening
Fikotová, OlgaOlga Fikotová
F
Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic)
Athletics

25
1972
Winter
Opening
Holum, DianneDianne Holum
F
Illinois
Speed skating

24
1968
Summer
Opening
Romary, JaniceJanice Romary
F
California
Fencing

23
1968
Winter
Opening
McDermott, TerryTerry McDermott
M
Michigan
Speed skating

22
1964
Summer
Opening
O'Brien, ParryParry O'Brien
M
California
Athletics

21
1964
Winter
Opening
Disney, BillBill Disney
M
Kansas
Speed skating

20
1960
Summer
Opening
Johnson, RaferRafer Johnson
M
Texas
Athletics

19
1960
Winter
Opening
McDermott, DonDon McDermott
M
New York
Speed skating

18
1956
Summer
Opening
Armitage, NormanNorman Armitage
M
New York
Fencing

17
1956
Winter
Opening
Bickford, JamesJames Bickford
M
New York
Bobsleigh

16
1952
Summer
Opening
Armitage, NormanNorman Armitage
M
New York
Fencing

15
1952
Winter
Opening
Bickford, JamesJames Bickford
M
New York
Bobsleigh

14
1948
Summer
Opening
Craig, RalphRalph Craig
M
Michigan
Athletics

13
1948
Winter
Opening
Heaton, JackJack Heaton
M
Connecticut
Skeleton

12
1936
Summer
Opening
Jochim, AlAl Jochim
M
Germany
Gymnastics

11
1936
Winter
Opening
Monsen, RolfRolf Monsen
M
Norway
Cross-country skiing

10
1932
Summer
Opening
Taylor, MorganMorgan Taylor
M
Iowa
Athletics

9
1932
Winter
Opening
Fiske, BillyBilly Fiske
M
Illinois
Bobsleigh

8
1928
Summer
Opening
Houser, BudBud Houser
M
Missouri
Athletics

7
1928
Winter
Opening
Dewey, GodfreyGodfrey Dewey
M
Florida
President of Lake Placid Organizing Committee

6
1924
Summer
Opening
McDonald, PatPat McDonald
M
Ireland
Athletics

5
1924
Winter
Opening
Abel, TaffyTaffy Abel
M
Michigan
Hockey

4
1920
Summer
Opening
McDonald, PatPat McDonald
M
Ireland
Athletics

3
1912
Summer
Opening
Bonhag, GeorgeGeorge Bonhag
M
Massachusetts
Athletics

2
1908
Summer
Opening
Rose, RalphRalph Rose
M
California
Athletics & tug of war

1
1906
Summer
Opening
Halpin, MatthewMatthew Halpin
M
New York
Team manager

tag: table


document_title: What Happens to My Family?

question_text: last episode of what happens to my family

text: What Happens to My Family?

text: Plot[edit]

text: Cha Soon-bong is a widower who has devoted his life to his three children, loving them despite their self-centred selfishness and disrespect. However, when he discovers that he has terminal cancer, he decides to use the time he has left to ensure their happiness when he is gone. His eldest daughter Kang-shim, after a failed relationship, has resigned herself to never marry and a lifetime of being alone; his eldest son Kang-jae, a brilliant oncologist, is resentful of his humble origins; and his youngest son, Dal-bong, is a drifter who claims that nothing seems to go right for him.

text: As part of his scheme Soon-bong takes his children to court, since he has received none of the filial piety that he is due; he asks instead for a cash sum that none of them can pay. The children settle instead for granting their father seven requests. As these requests are fulfilled they each in turn comes to realize the reason for their father's bizarre behavior. To make him happy, all that the children have left is to set right their own lives.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Yoo Dong-geun as Cha Soon-bong
Kim Hyun-joo as Cha Kang-shim
Kim Sang-kyung as Moon Tae-joo
Yoon Park as Cha Kang-jae
Park Hyung-sik as Cha Dal-bong
Son Dam-bi as Kwon Hyo-jin
Nam Ji-hyun as Kang Seo-wool
Seo Kang-joon as Yoon Eun-ho
Yang Hee-kyung as Cha Soon-geum
Kim Jung-nan as Noh Young-seol
Kim Jung-min as Seo Joong-baek
Kim Yong-gun as Moon Tae-oh
Kim Il-woo as Kwon Ki-chan
Kyeon Mi-ri as Heo Yang-geum
Na Young-hee as Baek Seol-hee
Song Jae-hee as Byun Woo-tak

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The drama aired with English subtitles on KBS World two weeks after its initial broadcast in Korea.

text:
Episode
Broadcast date
TNmS ratings[3]
AGB Nielsen ratings[4]

Nationwide
Seoul Capital Area
Nationwide
Seoul Capital Area

1
2014/08/16
19.2%
18.0%
20.0%
20.5%

2
2014/08/17
23.7%
24.4%
23.3%
24.0%

3
2014/08/23
21.8%
22.0%
20.3%
20.2%

4
2014/08/24
23.9%
24.3%
25.6%
25.3%

5
2014/08/30
21.8%
21.2%
22.3%
22.4%

6
2014/08/31
24.6%
25.7%
25.9%
25.8%

7
2014/09/06
21.6%
23.1%
22.4%
22.2%

8
2014/09/07
20.1%
20.7%
21.4%
21.2%

9
2014/09/13
23.3%
23.8%
24.5%
24.7%

10
2014/09/14
25.4%
25.7%
27.5%
29.0%

11
2014/09/20
21.4%
21.5%
23.5%
24.4%

12
2014/09/21
26.3%
27.9%
28.0%
28.8%

13
2014/09/28
20.5%
22.9%
22.6%
22.8%

14
2014/10/04
18.8%
20.6%
20.7%

15
2014/10/05
25.8%
28.0%
28.8%
28.7%

16
2014/10/11
24.0%
24.4%
24.4%
23.8%

17
2014/10/12
26.4%
27.6%
29.5%
29.6%

18
2014/10/18
25.5%
26.6%
25.8%
25.7%

19
2014/10/19
29.3%
31.6%
31.8%
32.0%

20
2014/10/25
26.6%
27.6%
28.6%

21
2014/10/26
30.7%
33.2%
34.5%
34.7%

22
2014/11/01
28.4%
29.0%
27.9%
27.0%

23
2014/11/02
32.2%
34.3%
33.5%
34.2%

24
2014/11/08
28.7%
29.1%
30.7%
30.9%

25
2014/11/09
32.5%
34.5%
34.0%
33.6%

26
2014/11/15
29.4%
29.0%
29.3%
29.4%

27
2014/11/16
33.4%
36.0%
34.5%
34.9%

28
2014/11/22
29.4%
29.3%
29.0%
28.7%

29
2014/11/23
34.0%
37.4%
35.4%
35.8%

30
2014/11/29
31.3%
32.0%
30.2%
29.8%

31
2014/11/30
35.4%
37.9%
37.0%
35.8%

32
2014/12/06
30.4%
31.7%
30.2%
29.6%

33
2014/12/07
35.0%
37.1%
36.6%

34
2014/12/13
30.8%
31.0%
32.4%

35
2014/12/14
36.2%
38.3%
37.9%
38.0%

36
2014/12/20
31.9%
33.2%
31.3%
30.2%

37
2014/12/21
37.7%
40.3%
38.7%
38.0%

38
2014/12/27
35.6%
37.0%
36.2%
36.4%

39
2014/12/28
39.3%
41.9%
41.2%
42.2%

40
2015/01/03
37.0%
38.8%
39.1%
39.3%

41
2015/01/04
41.7%
44.4%
40.7%
40.9%

42
2015/01/10
36.8%
38.4%
36.4%
35.6%

43
2015/01/11
41.2%
44.3%
41.2%
41.9%

44
2015/01/17
36.7%
37.8%
36.8%
37.3%

45
2015/01/18
40.5%
42.9%
41.2%
41.9%

46
2015/01/24
36.3%
37.8%
36.1%
36.4%

47
2015/01/25
41.1%
43.7%
42.2%
43.0%

48
2015/01/31
29.5%
30.3%
30.0%
29.9%

49
2015/02/01
39.3%
41.7%
40.1%

50
2015/02/07
37.4%
38.8%
35.1%
34.4%

51
2015/02/08
41.2%
44.1%
43.3%
44.1%

52
2015/02/14
37.7%
39.6%
37.6%
36.8%

53
2015/02/15
40.8%
43.5%
43.1%
42.4%

Average
30.75%
32.19%
31.70%
31.75%

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipient
Result

2014

3rd APAN Star Awards

Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama
Yoo Dong-geun
Nominated

Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama
Kim Sang-kyung
Nominated

Excellence Award, Actress in a Serial Drama
Kim Hyun-joo
Nominated

Best New Actor
Park Hyung-sik
Nominated

22nd Korea Culture and
Entertainment Awards

Best Drama
What Happens to My Family?
Won

KBS Drama Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)
Yoo Dong-geun
Won

Top Excellence Award, Actor
Yoo Dong-geun
Nominated

Kim Sang-kyung
Nominated

Top Excellence Award, Actress
Kim Hyun-joo
Won

Excellence Award, Actor in a Serial Drama
Yoo Dong-geun
Nominated

Kim Sang-kyung
Won

Excellence Award, Actress in a Serial Drama
Kim Hyun-joo
Nominated

Yang Hee-kyung
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Son Dam-bi
Nominated

Best New Actor
Park Hyung-sik
Won

Seo Kang-joon
Nominated

Best New Actress
Nam Ji-hyun
Won

Best Writer
Kang Eun-kyung
Won

Best Couple Award
Kim Sang-kyung and Kim Hyun-joo
Won

Park Hyung-sik and Nam Ji-hyun
Won

2015

51st Baeksang Arts Awards

Best New Actor (TV)
Park Hyung-sik
Nominated

Best New Actress (TV)
Nam Ji-hyun
Nominated

8th Korea Drama Awards

Grand Prize (Daesang)
Yoo Dong-geun
Nominated


document_title: Baseball statistics

question_text: what does g stand for in baseball stats

question_tokens: what does g stand for in baseball stats

text: Baseball statistics

text: Development of statistics[edit]

text: The practice of keeping records of player achievements was started in the 19th century by Henry Chadwick.[1] Based on his experience with the sport of cricket, Chadwick devised the predecessors to modern-day statistics including batting average, runs scored, and runs allowed.

text: Traditionally, statistics such as batting average (the number of hits divided by the number of at bats) and earned run average (the average number of earned runs allowed by a pitcher per nine innings) have dominated attention in the statistical world of baseball. However, the recent advent of sabermetrics has created statistics drawing from a greater breadth of player performance measures and playing field variables. Sabermetrics and comparative statistics attempt to provide an improved measure of a player's performance and contributions to his team from year to year, frequently against a statistical performance average.

text: Comprehensive, historical baseball statistics were difficult for the average fan to access until 1951, when researcher Hy Turkin published The Complete Encyclopedia of Baseball. In 1969, Macmillan Publishing printed its first Baseball Encyclopedia, using a computer to compile statistics for the first time. Known as "Big Mac", the encyclopedia became the standard baseball reference until 1988, when Total Baseball was released by Warner Books using more sophisticated technology. The publication of Total Baseball led to the discovery of several "phantom ballplayers", such as Lou Proctor, who did not belong in official record books and were removed.[2]

text: Use of statistics[edit]

text: Throughout modern baseball, a few core statistics have been traditionally referenced – batting average, RBI, and home runs. To this day, a player who leads the league in all of these three statistics earns the "Triple Crown." For pitchers, wins, ERA, and strikeouts are the most often-cited statistics, and a pitcher leading his league in these statistics may also be referred to as a "Triple Crown" winner. General managers and baseball scouts have long used the major statistics, among other factors and opinions, to understand player value. Managers, catchers and pitchers use the statistics of batters of opposing teams to develop pitching strategies and set defensive positioning on the field. Managers and batters study opposing pitcher performance and motions in attempting to improve hitting. Scouts will use stats when they are looking at a player who they may end up drafting or signing them to a contract.

text: Some sabermetric statistics have entered the mainstream baseball world that measure a batter's overall performance including on-base plus slugging, commonly referred to as OPS. OPS adds the hitter's on-base percentage (number of times reached base by any means divided by total plate appearances) to his slugging percentage (total bases divided by at-bats). Some argue that the OPS formula is flawed and that more weight should be shifted towards OBP (on-base percentage).[2] The statistic wOBA (weighted on-base average) attempts to correct for this.

text: OPS is also useful when determining a pitcher's level of success. "Opponent On-base Plus Slugging" (OOPS) is becoming a popular tool to evaluate a pitcher's actual performance. When analyzing a pitcher's statistics, some useful categories to consider include K/9IP (strikeouts per nine innings), K/BB (strikeouts per walk), HR/9 (Home runs per nine innings), WHIP (walks plus hits per inning pitched) and OOPS (opponent on-base plus slugging).

text: However, since 2001, more emphasis has been placed on Defense-Independent Pitching Statistics, including Defense-Independent ERA (dERA), in an attempt to evaluate a pitcher's performance regardless of the strength of the defensive players behind him.

text: All of the above statistics may be used in certain game situations. For example, a certain hitter's ability to hit left-handed pitchers might incline a manager to increase his opportunities to face left-handed pitchers. Other hitters may have a history of success against a given pitcher (or vice versa), and the manager may use this information to create a favorable match-up. Broadcast commentators often refer to this as "playing the percentages".

text: Commonly used statistics[edit]

text: Most of these terms also apply to softball. Commonly used statistics with their abbreviations are explained here. The explanations below are for quick reference and do not fully or completely define the statistic; for the strict definition, see the linked article for each statistic.

text: Batting statistics[edit]

text:
1B – Single: hits on which the batter reaches first base safely without the contribution of a fielding error.
2B – Double: hits on which the batter reaches second base safely without the contribution of a fielding error.
3B – Triple: hits on which the batter reaches third base safely without the contribution of a fielding error.
AB – At bat: Plate appearances, not including bases on balls, being hit by pitch, sacrifices, interference, or obstruction.
AB/HR – At bats per home run: at bats divided by home runs.
BA – Batting average (also abbreviated AVG): hits divided by at bats (H/AB)
BB – Base on balls (also called a "walk"): hitter not swinging at four pitches called out of the strike zone and awarded first base.
BABIP – Batting average on balls in play: frequency at which a batter reaches a base after putting the ball in the field of play. Also a pitching category.
BB/K – Walk-to-strikeout ratio: number of bases on balls divided by number of strikeouts
BsR – Base runs: Another run estimator, like Runs Created; a favorite of writer Tom Tango
EQA – Equivalent average: a player's batting average absent park and league factors
FC – Fielder's choice: times reaching base safely because a fielder chose to try for an out on another runner
GO/AO – Ground ball fly ball ratio: number of ground ball outs divided by number of fly ball outs
GDP or GIDP – Ground into double play: number of ground balls hit that became double plays
GPA – Gross Production Average: 1.8 times on-base percentage plus slugging percentage, divided by four
GS – Grand Slam: a home run with the bases loaded, resulting in four runs scoring, and four RBI credited to the batter.
H – Hits: times reached base because of a batted, fair ball without error by the defense
HBP – Hit by pitch: times touched by a pitch and awarded first base as a result
HR – Home runs: hits on which the batter successfully touched all four bases, without the contribution of a fielding error.
ITPHR – Inside-the-park home run: hits on which the batter successfully touched all four bases, without the contribution of a fielding error or the ball going outside the ball park.
IBB – Intentional base on balls: times awarded first base on balls (see BB above) deliberately thrown by the pitcher. Also known as IW (intentional walk).
ISO – Isolated power: a hitter's ability to hit for extra bases, calculated by subtracting batting average from slugging percentage
K – Strike out (also abbreviated SO): number of times that a third strike is taken or swung at and missed, or bunted foul. Catcher must catch the third strike or batter may attempt to run to first base.
LOB – Left on base: number of runners neither out nor scored at the end of an inning.
OBP – On-base percentage: times reached base (H + BB + HBP) divided by at bats plus walks plus hit by pitch plus sacrifice flies (AB + BB + HBP + SF).
OPS – On-base plus slugging: on-base percentage plus slugging average
PA – Plate appearance: number of completed batting appearances
PA/SO – Plate appearances per strikeout: number of times a batter strikes out to their plate appearance
R – Runs scored: number of times a player crosses home plate
RC – Runs created: statistic that attempts to measure how many runs a player has contributed to his team
RP – Runs produced: statistic that attempts to measure how many runs a player has contributed
RBI – Run batted in: number of runners who score due to a batters' action, except when batter grounded into double play or reached on an error
RISP – Runner in scoring position: a breakdown of the batter's batting average with runners in scoring position, which include runners at second and third bases.
ROE - Reach on Error: Advance to a base due to a fielding error.
SF – Sacrifice fly: Fly balls hit to the outfield which although caught for an out, allow a baserunner to advance
SH – Sacrifice hit: number of sacrifice bunts which allow runners to advance on the basepaths
SLG – Slugging average: total bases achieved on hits divided by at-bats (TB/AB)
TA – Total average: total bases, plus walks, plus hit by pitch, plus steals, minus caught stealing divided by at bats, minus hits, plus caught stealing, plus grounded into double plays [(TB + BB + HBP + SB – CS)/(AB – H + CS + GIDP)]
TB – Total bases: one for each single, two for each double, three for each triple, and four for each home run [H + 2B + (2 × 3B) + (3 × HR)] or [1B + (2 × 2B) + (3 × 3B) + (4 × HR)]
TOB – Times on base: times reaching base as a result of hits, walks, and hit-by-pitches (H + BB + HBP)
XBH – Extra base hits: total hits greater than singles (2B + 3B + HR)
XR – Extrapolated runs: A linear run estimator developed by Jim Furtado

text: Baserunning statistics[edit]

text:
SB – Stolen base: number of bases advanced by the runner while the ball is in the possession of the defense.

CS – Caught stealing: times tagged out while attempting to steal a base
SBA/ATT – Stolen base attempts: total number of times the player has attempted to steal a base (SB+CS)
SB% – Stolen base percentage: the percentage of bases stolen successfully. (SB) divided by (SBA) (stolen bases attempted).
DI – Defensive Indifference: if the catcher does not attempt to throw out a runner (usually because the base would be insignificant), the runner is not awarded a steal. Scored as a fielder's choice.

R – Runs scored: times reached home plate legally and safely
UBR – Ultimate base running: a metric that assigns linear weights to every individual baserunning event in order to measure the impact of a player's baserunning skill

text: Pitching statistics[edit]

text:
BB – Base on balls (also called a "walk"): times pitching four balls, allowing the batter to take first base
BB/9 – Bases on balls per 9 innings pitched: base on balls multiplied by nine, divided by innings pitched
BF – Total batters faced: opponent team's total plate appearances
BK – Balk: number of times pitcher commits an illegal pitching action while in contact with the pitching rubber as judged by umpire, resulting in baserunners advancing one base
BS – Blown save: number of times entering the game in a save situation, and being charged the run (earned or not) which eliminates his team's lead
CERA – Component ERA: an estimate of a pitcher's ERA based upon the individual components of his statistical line (K, H, 2B, 3B, HR, BB, HBP)
CG – Complete game: number of games where player was the only pitcher for his team
DICE – Defense-Independent Component ERA: an estimate of a pitcher's ERA based upon the defense-independent components of his statistical line (K, HR, BB, HBP) but which also uses number of outs (IP), which is not defense independent.
ER – Earned run: number of runs that did not occur as a result of errors or passed balls
ERA – Earned run average: total number of earned runs (see "ER" above), multiplied by 9, divided by innings pitched
ERA+ – Adjusted ERA+: earned run average adjusted for the ballpark and the league average
FIP – Fielding independent pitching: a metric, scaled to resemble an ERA, that focuses on events within the pitcher's control – home runs, walks, and strikeouts – but also uses in its denominator the number of outs the team gets (see IP), which is not entirely within the pitcher's control.

xFIP: This variant substitutes a pitcher's own home run percentage with the league average

FPOM – First pitch outs made: Number of outs earned where the batter ground or flies out on the first pitch.
G – Games (AKA "appearances"): number of times a pitcher pitches in a season
GF – Games finished: number of games pitched where player was the final pitcher for his team as a relief pitcher
GIDP – Double plays induced: number of double play groundouts induced
GIDPO - Double play opportunities: number of groundout induced double play opportunities
GIR - Games in relief: games as a non starting pitcher
GO/AO or G/F – Ground Out to Air Out ratio, aka Ground ball fly ball ratio: ground balls allowed divided by fly balls allowed
GS – Starts: number of games pitched where player was the first pitcher for his team
H – Hits allowed: total hits allowed
H/9 – Hits allowed per 9 innings pitched: hits allowed times nine divided by innings pitched (also known as H/9IP)
HB – Hit batsman: times hit a batter with pitch, allowing runner to advance to first base
HLD (or H) – Hold: number of games entered in a save situation, recorded at least one out, did not surrender the lead, and did not complete the game
HRA – Home runs allowed: total home runs allowed
IBB – Intentional base on balls allowed
IP – Innings pitched: the number of outs a team gets while a pitcher is pitching divided by 3
IP/GS – Average number of innings pitched per game started
IR – Inherited runners: number of runners on base when the pitcher enters the game
IRA – Inherited runs allowed: number of inherited runners allowed to score
K – Strikeout: number of batters who received strike three
K/9 – Strikeouts per 9 innings pitched: strikeouts times nine divided by innings pitched
K/BB – Strikeout-to-walk ratio: number of strikeouts divided by number of base on balls
L – Loss: number of games where pitcher was pitching while the opposing team took the lead, never lost the lead, and went on to win
LOB% – Left-on-base percentage: LOB% represents the percentage of baserunners a pitcher does not allow to score. LOB% tends to regress toward 70–72% over time, so unusually high or low percentages could indicate that pitcher's ERA could be expected to rise or lower in the future. An occasional exception to this logic is a pitcher with a very high strikeout rate.[3]
OBA (or just AVG) – Opponents batting average: hits allowed divided by at-bats faced
PC-ST – An individual pitcher's total game pitches [Pitch Count] and [ST] his no. of strikes thrown within that PC.
PIT – Pitches thrown (Pitch count)
PFR – Power finesse ratio: The sum of strikeouts and walks divided by innings pitched.
pNERD – Pitcher's NERD: expected aesthetic pleasure of watching an individual pitcher
QOP – Quality of pitch: comprehensive pitch evaluation statistic which combines speed, location and movement (rise, total break, vertical break and horizontal break) into a single numeric value
QS – Quality start: a game in which a starting pitcher completes at least six innings and permits no more than three earned runs
RA – Run average: number of runs allowed times nine divided by innings pitched
RRA – Relief run average: A function of how many inherited base runners a relief pitcher allowed to score.
SHO – Shutout: number of complete games pitched with no runs allowed
SO – Strikeout Also may be notated as "K".
SV – Save: number of games where the pitcher enters a game led by the pitcher's team, finishes the game without surrendering the lead, is not the winning pitcher, and either (a) the lead was three runs or fewer when the pitcher entered the game; (b) the potential tying run was on base, at bat, or on deck; or (c) the pitcher pitched three or more innings
SVO – Save opportunity: When a pitcher 1) enters the game with a lead of three or fewer runs and pitches at least one inning, 2) enters the game with the potential tying run on base, at bat, or on deck, or 3) pitches three or more innings with a lead and is credited with a save by the official scorer
W – Win: number of games where pitcher was pitching while his team took the lead and went on to win, also the starter needs to pitch at least 5 innings of work (also related: winning percentage)
W + S – Wins in relief + saves.
whiff rate: a term, usually used in reference to pitchers, that divides the number of pitches swung at and missed by the total number of swings in a given sample. If a pitcher throws 100 pitches at which batters swing, and the batters fail to make contact on 26 of them, the pitcher's whiff rate is 26%.
WHIP – Walks and hits per inning pitched: average number of walks and hits allowed by the pitcher per inning
WP – Wild pitches: charged when a pitch is too high, low, or wide of home plate for the catcher to field, thereby allowing one or more runners to advance or score

text: Fielding statistics[edit]

text:
A – Assists: number of outs recorded on a play where a fielder touched the ball, except if such touching is the putout
CI – Catcher's Interference (e.g., catcher makes contact with bat)
DP – Double plays: one for each double play during which the fielder recorded a putout or an assist.
E – Errors: number of times a fielder fails to make a play he should have made with common effort, and the offense benefits as a result
FP – Fielding percentage: total plays (chances minus errors) divided by the number of total chances
INN – Innings: number of innings that a player is at one certain position
PB – Passed ball: charged to the catcher when the ball is dropped and one or more runners advance
PO – Putout: number of times the fielder tags, forces, or appeals a runner and he is called out as a result
RF – Range factor: 9*(putouts + assists)/innings played. Used to determine the amount of field that the player can cover
TC – Total chances: assists plus putouts plus errors
TP – Triple play: one for each triple play during which the fielder recorded a putout or an assist
UZR – Ultimate zone rating: the ability of a player to defend an assigned "zone" of the field compared to an average defensive player at his position

text: Overall player value[edit]

text:
VORP – Value over replacement player: a statistic that calculates a player's overall value in comparison to a "replacement-level" player. There are separate formulas for players and pitchers
Win shares: a complex metric that gauges a player's overall contribution to his team's wins
WAR – Wins above replacement: a non-standard formula to calculate the number of wins a player contributes to his team over a "replacement-level player"
PWA - Player Win Average: performance of players is shown by how much they increase or decrease their team's chances of winning a specific game[4]
PGP - Player Game Percentage: defined as, "the sum of changes in the probability of winning the game for each play in which the player has participated" [4]

text: General statistics[edit]

text:
G – Games played: number of games where the player played, in whole or in part
GS – Games started: number of games a player starts
GB – Games behind: number of games a team is behind the division leader
Pythagorean expectation: estimates a team's expected winning percentage based on runs scored and runs allowed.

text: MLB statistical standards[edit]

text: It is difficult to determine quantitatively what is considered to be a "good" value in a certain statistical category, and qualitative assessments may lead to arguments. Using full-season statistics available at the Official Site of Major League Baseball[5] for the 2004 through 2015 seasons, the following tables show top ranges in various statistics, in alphabetical order. For each statistic, two values are given:

text:
Top5: the top five players bettered this value in all of the reported seasons
Best: this is the best of all of the players for all of the reported seasons

text:
Batting Statistics

Statistic
Top5
Best

BA
.322
.372

HR
41
73

RBI
116
156

SLG
.568
.812

SB
42
78

OPS
.974
1.422

Pitching Statistics

Statistic
Top5
Best

CG
4
11

ERA
2.38
1.66

G
89
94

GS
34
35

IP
227.2
255

K
245
301

SHO
2
6

SV
44
62

W
19
24

WHIP
0.98
0.84


document_title: Consumers International

question_text: when is the world consumer right day celebrated

text: Consumers International

text: History[edit]

text: The organisation was first established in 1960 as the International Organisation of Consumers Unions (IOCU) by national consumer organisations who wanted to create cross-border campaigns and share knowledge.

text: IOCU was founded by Elizabeth Schadee, who would later chair the board of the Netherlands' Consumentenbond, and Caspar Brook, who was the first director of the United Kingdom's Consumers' Association.[1] The two proposed an international conference to plan for consumer product testing organisations worldwide to work more closely together.[1] The United States organization Consumers Union provided US$10,000 at the request of Colston Warne to help fund the event.[1]

text: In January 1960, these three organisations sponsored the First International Conference on Consumer Testing in The Hague.[1] Thirty-four people representing seventeen consumer organisations in fourteen countries attended to discuss product testing and founding the International Organisation of Consumers Unions as an international organisation.[1] Belgium's Association des Consommateurs and the Australian Consumers' Association joined the three conference sponsors as the five founding organisations who became the international organisation's initial council.[1]

text: Membership[edit]

text: Consumers International has over 250 member organisations in 120 countries.[2] These members are independent consumer organisations.

text: About two-thirds of member organisations are in economically developing countries, the other third in industrialised countries.

text: Consumers International also works with and hosts the Transatlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD) [3] a forum of US and EU consumer organisations that develops and agrees on consumer policy recommendations to the US government and European Union to promote the consumer interest in EU and US policy making – at its office in London.[4]

text: World Consumer Rights Day[edit]

text: On 15 March 1962[5] former US President John F. Kennedy said:

text: Consumers by definition include us all. They are the largest economic group, affecting and affected by almost every public and private economic decision. Yet they are the only important group… whose views are often not heard.

text: [relevant? – discuss]

text: Consumer rights activist Anwar Fazal working for Consumers International at the time, later proposed the observance of a 'World Consumer Rights Day' marking that date, and on 15 March 1983 consumer organisations started observing that date as an occasion to promote basic rights of consumers.[6]

text: World Consumer Rights Day is an annual occasion for celebration and solidarity within the international consumer movement. Participants observe the day by promoting the basic rights of all consumers, demanding that those rights are respected and protected, and protesting about the market abuses and social injustices which undermine them.

text: World Consumer Rights Day is celebrated on 15 March every year.[7] The theme for 2018 is Fairer Digital Marketplaces. Consumers International is calling for: 1. Access to fair and secure internet for the over half the world that are still offline. 2. Action against scams and fraud. 3. Better general consumer protection online.

text: Campaigns, projects and key issues[edit]

text: Consumers International seek to achieve changes in government policy and corporate behaviour, whilst raising awareness of consumer rights and responsibilities. Its campaigns often fall under the themes of consumer justice and protection, food policy, digital consumer rights and sustainability. Consumers International has campaigned on issues like junk food marketing and unethical drug promotion, corporate social responsibility and unethical or unsustainable behaviour by corporations and governments.

text: In 1979, IOCU (which then became Consumers International) and other citizens’ groups formed the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN)[8] to eradicate the death and disease affecting millions of babies in economically developing countries as a result of consuming bottle-fed formula milk. After intense campaigning by IBFAN, including organising consumer boycotts against the likes of Nestlé,[9] whose subtle yet effective campaigns were undermining breast feeding,[10] the World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization, adopted the International Code of Marketing on Breast Milk Substitutes[11] the first such code designed to control widespread marketing abuses by baby food companies.

text: In 1981, Consumers International co-founded the Health Action International (HAI),[12] an informal network of some 120 consumer and public interest groups, HAI engaged in worldwide campaigns for the safe, rational and economic use of pharmaceuticals. At the 41st World Health Assembly in 1987,[13] HAI organised a large lobby of delegates to urge stronger controls on advertising by the drugs industry.

text: Partners[edit]

text: Consumers International works closely with the International Organization for Standardization to create Standards that provide solutions to global challenges.

text: It holds General Consultative Status to the United Nations Economic and Social Council. This is the highest status granted by the United Nations to non-governmental organizations, allowing them to participate in the work of the United Nations.[14]

text: Offices[edit]

text: Consumers International has staff working in five areas of the world:

text:
London, CI Global Office
Chile, Latin America and the Caribbean
South Africa, Africa
Malaysia, Asia Pacific
Oman, Middle East


document_title: Marvel Animated Features

question_text: who plays hulk in the thor and avengers series of movies

text: Marvel Animated Features

text: History[edit]

text: In 2004, Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Comics' new parent corporation, struck a deal with Lions Gate Entertainment to produce a series of eight to ten direct-to-video animated movies under the name of Marvel Animated Features[1][10] in conjunction with Marvel Studios, Marvel's direct film subsidiary.[11]

text: The first two features, Ultimate Avengers – The Movie and Ultimate Avengers 2, were released February 2006 and August 2006 respectively. As of November 2006, UA and UA2 combined had sold over 1.5 million units and both were in the top 10 children's releases for the year.[10]

text: After the pair of Ultimate Avengers (UA) DVDs, the next MAF film, The Invincible Iron Man, was released in January 2007. As of January 2007, Doctor Strange was slated next for summer 2007 with tentatively titled Teen Avengers under early development. Iron Man and the Dr. Strange features existed separately from the UA movie universe. A possible cross over or a third UA movie was hinted at being considered at that time.[6] Originally, the MAF were being released two per year until Dr. Strange, while was an Annie Awards nominee for "Best Home Entertainment Production" of 2007[12] only sold half the number of DVD as either UA feature.[13][14][15] After which, the MAFs releases were slowed to one per year.[16][17]

text: Marvel Animation was incorporated in January 2008 to direct Marvel's efforts in animation and home entertainment markets including Marvel Animation Features.[11]

text: A proposed “Ultimate War/Thor” dual film DVD was passed over for the 2009 released "Hulk Versus" dual film DVD. Ultimate War would have adapted the Ultimate Marvel comic book of the same name while the Thor movie would have selected a Walt Simonson’s classic “Thor" storyline with the original selection being Beta Ray Bill story.[18]

text: At the 2009 NATPE Conference, Lionsgate brought the eight Marvel Features to the TV market.[19]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Producer(s)
Music
Runtime

Ultimate Avengers: The Movie
February 21, 2006 (2006-02-21)

Bob Richardson (Supervising)
Curt Geda
Steven E. Gordon
Han Tae-Ho (Animation)

Greg Johnson (screenplay)
story:
Boyd Kirkland
Craig Kyle
Greg Johnson

Bob Richardson
Ken McLeod
(Direction)
72 minutes[2]

Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther
August 8, 2006 (2006-08-08)

Will Meugniot
Richard Sebast
Jamie Simone (Voice)

Craig Kyle
Craig Kyle (Executive)
David Ari Leon (Direction)
73 minutes[3]

The Invincible Iron Man
January 23, 2007 (2007-01-23)

Patrick Archibald
Jay Oliva
Frank Paur (Supervising)

Greg Johnson (screenplay)
Story:
Greg Johnson
Avi Arad
Craig Kyle

Frank Paur
Craig Kyle (Executive)
David Ari Leon
(Supervisor)[4]
83 minutes[20]

Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme
August 14, 2007 (2007-08-14)

Patrick Archibald
Richard Sebast
Jay Oliva
Frank Paur (Supervising)

Greg Johnson (screenplay)
Story: Greg Johnson
Craig Kyle

[5]
Frank Paur
Craig Kyle (Executive)[5]
David Ari Leon
(Supervisor)[5]
76 minutes

Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow
September 2, 2008 (2008-09-02)

Jay Oliva
Isamitsu Kashima (Animation)
Jamie Simone (Voice)
Gary Hartle (Supervising)

Christopher Yost (screenplay)
Greg Johnson
Craig Kyle (story)

Craig Kyle
Gary Hartle
David Ari Leon (Direction/
Supervision)[21]
78 minutes

Hulk Versus
January 20, 2009 (2009-01-20)
Frank Paur (Supervising)
Sam Liu[22]
Craig Kyle
Chris Yost[17]
Craig Kyle
Frank Paur

78 minutes:
45 minutes (Hulk vs. Thor)
33 minutes (Hulk vs. Wolverine)

[23]

Planet Hulk
February 10, 2010 (2010-02-10)
Sam Liu[24]
Greg Johnson

Joshua Fine
Craig Kyle
Frank Paur

81 minutes

Thor: Tales of Asgard
May 17, 2011 (2011-05-17)
Gary Hartle (supervising)
Sam Liu (animation)[25]

Greg Johnson (screenplay)
story:
Greg Johnson
Craig Kyle

Craig Kyle

77 minutes

text: Ultimate Avengers[edit]

text: Ultimate Avengers: The Movie is the first film in the Marvel Animated Features based loosely on the first six issues of the Ultimates by Mark Millar and Bryan Hitch. The film was produced by DongWoo Animation.[26][27] The movie focuses on Captain America, a super soldier, after stopping a Nazi/extraterrestrial plot in 1945, was frozen in ice for about 60 years. The Captain is assigned to lead a team of heroes found by General Nick Fury of S.H.I.E.L.D, to fight the alien threat.[26]

text: Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther[edit]

text: Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Panther, is the second film in the series and a sequel to Ultimate Avengers: The Movie, produced by Dong Wu Studios.[28] In the film, the Black Panther teams up with the Ultimate Avengers to continue their fight against the aliens when they invade Africa.[3]

text: Hawkeye, Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch were not in the initial Ultimate Avengers movie and were originally planned to be in the second movie. Using Hawkeye as an example, VP of Marvel Studios' Animation Development Craig Kyle did not want him to be a background character but "he's going to matter" if he appears.[28]

text: The Invincible Iron Man[edit]

text: The Invincible Iron Man is the third film in the series and is based on the classic Marvel Universe version by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.[27] The film was produced by Starburst Entertainment and was released on January 23, 2007.[10] Marc Worden returns as Tony Stark/Iron Man from the Ultimate Avengers films.[4] In The Invincible Iron Man, Tony Stark, billionaire manufacturer, finds a lost Chinese city where he accidentally unleashes an evil powerful force. Stark creates his armor to become Iron Man to defeat the evil.[29]

text: Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme[edit]

text: Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme (with the on-screen title of Doctor Strange) is the fourth film in the series and is based on the character of the same name by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, separate from the Ultimate Avengers universe.[6] The movie was nominated for "Best Home Entertainment Production" of 2007 for the 35th Annual Annie Awards.[12] Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme tells the story of Dr. Steven Strange, an unhappy neurosurgeon who falls victim to a car crash that injures the nerves in his hands, such that he can no longer perform surgery. Looking for a cure, he instead finds a different and higher pursuit as the new Sorcerer Supreme, the top master of the mystical arts.[6]

text: Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow[edit]

text: Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow,[19] tentatively titled Teen Avengers then Avengers Reborn, is the fifth movie in the Marvel Animated Features.[6] Preliminary work had begun on "Teen Avengers" before January 18, 2007.[6] By the release of its first look preview in August 2007, the title had changed to "Avengers Reborn".[30] Fred Tatasciore repeats as the Hulk from the Ultimate Avengers movies.[21] With the loss of their Avengers parents at the hands of Ultron and raised by billionaire bachelor Tony Stark/Iron Man, four orphaned teens, James Rogers (son of Captain America and Black Widow), Torunn (daughter of Thor and Sif), Henry Pym Jr. (son of Giant Man and Wasp), and Azari (son of Black Panther and Storm), must live up to their parents' legacy and defeat Ultron, the mechanical and maniacal foe that defeated them. Additional allies are recruited including Vision, the Hulk and Francis Barton (son of Hawkeye and Mockingbird).[21]

text: Hulk Versus[edit]

text: Hulk Versus is a double feature film and the sixth in the series. The two features are Hulk Vs. Thor and Hulk Vs. Wolverine.[18] In Hulk vs. Thor, Thor's villainous half-brother Loki teams up with Enchantress in order to use the Hulk against him. However, separating Bruce Banner from his rampaging persona may lead to a dire consequence in Asgard. In Hulk vs. Wolverine, Logan is sent by the Canadian government to take care of the Hulk. However, they both get captured and must deal with a mysterious figure and his own mutant team.

text: The latter is based on The Incredible Hulk #181 by Roy Thomas, Len Wein and John Romita Sr..[22] Hulk Vs. was selected over a proposed Ultimate War/Thor dual film DVD.[18] The film was produced by Madhouse.[22][31] The DVD was originally called "Hulk Smash" with an expected released date of October 2008.[16] The double feature was released on DVD, Two-Disc Special Edition DVD, and Blu-ray.[17]

text: Planet Hulk[edit]

text: Planet Hulk is the seventh film in the series. The movie was released on February 2, 2010 as a Two-Disc Special Edition DVD, Special Edition Blu-ray, Standard DVD, and Digital Download.[24] It was the second film produced by Madhouse.[22][31] The movie is based on the Planet Hulk story line in the comic book published in 2006–2007 by Greg Pak and Carlo Pagulayan.[24][32] The Hulk was sent to a harsh planet where he is enslaved as he was weakened because of the travel through space. As a slave, he becomes a gladiator in a society ruled by the despotic Red King. After relying on his savage instincts, he becomes the leader of a gladiator group.[24]

text: Thor: Tales of Asgard[edit]

text: Thor: Tales of Asgard is the eighth and final film in the series and is based on the character of the same name by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. This animated feature was released on May 17, 2011, 11 days after the Thor film.[33] Thor: Tales of Asgard takes place in Thor's early years before he got the hammer. He goes on a quest for the Lost Sword of Surtur with his adopted brother Loki, and the Warriors Three. Shifting from a treasure hunt to a life-or-death struggle with Asgard in the balance, Thor must show himself worthy of his destiny.[25]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Character
Ultimate Avengers
Ultimate Avengers 2
Invincible Iron Man
Doctor Strange
Next Avengers
Hulk Versus
Planet Hulk
Thor

Algrim

Ron Halder

Ancient One

Michael Yama

Azari

Dempsey Pappion

Balder

Michael Adamthwaite

Francis Barton

Adrian Petriw

Beta Ray Bill

Paul Dobson

Black Panther

Jeffrey D. Sams

Black Widow
Olivia D'Abo

Bruce Banner
Michael Massee

Ken Kramer
Bryce Johnson

Caiera

Lisa Ann Beley

Captain America
Justin Gross

Wong-Chu

James Sie

Deadpool

Nolan North

Dormammu

Jonathan Adams

Enchantress

Kari Wahlgren

Ashleigh Ball

Fandral

Jonathan Holmes

Alistair Abell

Fenris

Brian Drummond

Nick Fury
André Ware

Giant Man
Nolan North

Hela

Janyse Jaud

Hiroim

Liam O'Brien

Hogun

Paul Dobson

Paul Dobson

Hulk
Fred Tatasciore

Fred Tatasciore
Rick D. Wasserman

Iron Man
Marc Worden

Tom Kane

Marc Worden

Elloe Kaifi

Advah Soudack

Herr Kleiser
James K. Ward

Korg

Kevin Michael Richardson

Lady Deathstrike

Janyse Jaud

Loki

Graham McTavish

Rick Gomez

Mandarin

Fred Tatasciore

Miek

Samuel Vincent

Baron Mordo

Kevin Michael Richardson

Odin

French Tickner

Christopher Britton

Omega Red

Colin Murdock

Pepper Potts

Elisa Gabrielli

Henry Pym, Jr.

Aidan Drummond

Red King

Mark Hildreth

James Rogers

Noah C. Crawford

Betty Ross
Nan McNamara

Nicole Oliver

Sabretooth

Mark Acheson

Lavin Skee

Michael Kopsa

Sif

Grey DeLisle

Tara Strong

Howard Stark

John McCook

Doctor Strange

Bryce Johnson

Thor
David Boat

Michael Adamthwaite
Matthew Wolf

Matthew Wolf

Professor Thorton

Tom Kane

Torunn

Brenna O'Brien

Ultron

Tom Kane

Valkyrie

Nicole Oliver

Cathy Weseluck

Vision

Shawn MacDonald

Volstagg

Jay Brazeau

Brent Chapman

War Machine

Rodney Saulsberry

Wasp
Grey DeLisle

Wolverine

Steven Blum

Wong

Paul Nakauchi

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Ultimate Avengers: The Movie[edit]

text: Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed said, "It gave me what I wanted, in terms of entertainment, acting, animation, and sheer style…"[34] Jeffrey M. Anderson of Common Sense Media called it an "average animated action tale [that] features troubled superheroes."[35] David Cornelius of eFilmCritic.com said, "It's too violent for younger viewers, but not mature enough for older ones. It's a movie trapped in between target audiences."[36]

text: Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Black Panther[edit]

text: Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed said, "If this story doesn't widen its ideas, it's going to get much worse…"[37] Jeffrey M. Anderson of Common Sense Media said, "[This] downbeat superhero story has less character, more violence."[38] Marc Kandel of eFilmCritic.com said, "Turns out the sequel's just as bland as the first."[39]

text: The Invincible Iron Man[edit]

text: David Cornelius of eFilmCritic.com said, "It's enough to tide fans over until the live action flick arrives."[40] Todd Gilchrist of IGN said that "there are some great details that really bring this story to life," concluding that the film is "not quite invincible, but for a film about a guy made out of iron, it's pretty tough."[41] Mike Pinsky of DVD Verdict said "the first act takes a very long time to get going," "the villains have no personality whatsoever," and "the art design and animation frame rate are really no better than the average television cartoon." Pinsky added that "there are some nice touches" and "the third act does generate some suspense," but concluded that "given all these obstacles, I don't know if even Iron Man could win this battle."[42] Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk said, "I enjoyed watching The Invincible Iron Man, but it didn't open any new doors for me as an Iron Man fan. From the start the story was pretty straightforward and predictable, though a few twists kept the adventure exciting along the way. Some of the character development also felt kind of forced to me with things simply happening for no reason other than to further the plot." Douglass concluded, "In the end, The Invincible Iron Man should be considered an achievement by comic book fans. The solid adventure features a lot of action and a rich comic book atmosphere that will leave you wanting more DVDs just like it."[43]

text: Christopher Monfette of IGN said the film "plays out as expected" and has "[a] middle section [that] sags," but features "action sequences [that are] beautifully choreographed and emotionally resonant," and concluded that "strong animation, good acting, and resonant character work bring the icon to life."[44] Adam Arseneau of DVD Verdict said the film "fails to live up to its narrative potential" and criticized the "rushed ending," but praised its "sharp animation" and described the DVD as a "solid rental."[45] Nick Lyons of DVD Talk said that "the visuals are engaging," but criticized the film for "dramatically alter[ing]" the character, saying: "Instead of characterizing Stephen Strange as a cocky, personable, confident jackass like in the comic books he has been reduced to an emo wimp with a useless tacked-on backstory about the death of his sister. The lifeless voice work by Bryce Johnson doesn't help the character, either." Lyons concluded, "Comic book fans looking for a faithful adaptation of Dr. Strange will sadly be disappointed by this animated feature. For a superior Marvel animated movie, I'd advise checking out the first Ultimate Avengers. "[46]

text: Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow[edit]

text: Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed said, "[This is] the antithesis of what should be done to grab new demographics."[47] Nancy Davis Kho of Common Sense Media called it a "rollicking young superhero tale."[48] David Cornelius of DVD Talk called it, "Another batch of lost opportunities for Marvel."[49] Felix Gonzalez Jr. of DVD Review said, "With by-the-numbers characters and only a marginally interesting setup, however, even younger viewers may grow impatient as the film makes its way to a pretty good climax."[50]

text: Hulk Versus[edit]

text: Cindy White of IGN stated, "Rather than the wild, forest landscapes of Canada, this one deals with the stately architecture of Asgard, and there are a lot more characters. Being less familiar with Thor as a series, some of the shout-outs to the comics were lost on me, for the most part, but I'm sure Thor fans will appreciate them.[51] Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk said, "In Hulk vs. Thor the plot is a little more calculated and it feels balanced by comparison." and actually like the battles "One of the joys of Hulk vs. Thor was watching the monster tear his way across Odin's world. Nothing can stand in his way and there are many outstanding moments and fight scenes peppered throughout the film."[52] Kerry Birmingham of DVD Verdict stated, "Kyle and Yost have less of an affinity for Thor, and it shows; their Thor script, despite its violence, lacks the glee of the Wolverine installment. In approaching Thor's Hulk as a raging counterpart to Wolverine's more reactive, childlike Hulk, the creators commendably draw a distinction between their interpretations of the character, but the Asgard throw down is simply less fun than its more gonzo counterpart."[53]

text: Cindy White of IGN said, "The benefits of a direct-to-DVD project like this is that the creators didn't have to shy away from the kind of gore that would be unacceptable for a Saturday-morning audience" commenting on how Wolverine uses his claws on a living entity and not just on robots as in other animated features.[51] Todd Douglass Jr. of DVD Talk described it as fast-paced, but criticized the Weapon X backstory as "a bit out of place" and said it "also takes away from the Hulk versus Wolverine storyline."[52] Kerry Birmingham of DVD Verdict stated, "The most immediately successful of the two is Wolverine, enlivened by a punchier script than its Norse cousin. Craig Kyle and Chris Yost, screenwriters for both episodes, are veteran comic book writers and well-versed in the world of the X-Men, and as such seem to have injected Wolverine with a bit more energy."[53]

text: Planet Hulk[edit]

text: Felix Vasquez Jr. of Cinema Crazed said, "All in all strong voice work tops what is a truly entertaining installment from the Marvel animated film gallery."[54] Rick Marshall of MTV said, "In the end, Planet Hulk is a fun film that should prove entertaining for mainstream audiences and fans of the character. Marvel Studios and Lionsgate are headed in the right direction with their animated features, and Planet Hulk feels like another step forward."[24]

text: Thor: Tales of Asgard[edit]

text: Brian Costello of Common Sense Media criticized the film for its use of violence, drinking, and sexual innuendo.[55] Cindy White of IGN gave it a 7.0 out of 10 stating, "When it comes to content made just for DVD, DC and Warner Bros. have consistently edged out Marvel with their series of original animated movies, in quality of storytelling as well as animation. There's nothing about Thor: Tales of Asgard that reverses that trend".[56] Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant said "All in all, Tales of Asgard is an enjoyable Thor adventure -- even with the titular character reduced to teen age. It’s not necessarily one of those animated features you’ll want to watch over and over again, but if you’re a collector of every Marvel animated movie released, or are looking for an entertaining superhero adventure to rent, definitely check it out".[57] James O'Ehley of Sci-Fi Movie Page said, "Don't judge this DVD by its cover: the movie might as well be called Young Thor or I Was a Teenaged Norse Deity."[58]

text: Sales[edit]

text:
Year
Film
Number
Gross
(US$M sales)
Units
(US sales)
Refs.

01 !2006
Ultimate Avengers
1
$6.7

[13]

02 !2006
Ultimate Avengers 2
2
$7.9

[14]

03 !2007
The Invincible Iron Man
3
$5.3

[59]

04 !2007
Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme
4
$3.9

[15]

05 !2008
Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow
5
$3.8

[60]

06 !2009
Hulk Versus
6
$7.6

[61]

07 !2010
Planet Hulk
7
$7.0

[62]

08 !2011
Thor: Tales of Asgard
8
$3.1

[63]

Totals:
$45.3


document_title: X

question_text: when does an x sound like a z

question_tokens: when does an x sound like a z

text: X

text: History[edit]

text:
Greek Chi
Etruscan
 :X

text: In Ancient Greek, 'Χ' and 'Ψ' were among several variants of the same letter, used originally for /kʰ/ and later, in western areas such as Arcadia, as a simplification of the digraph 'ΧΣ' for /ks/. In the end, more conservative eastern forms became the standard of Classical Greek, and thus 'Χ' (Chi) stands for /kʰ/ (later /x/). However, the Etruscans had taken over 'Χ' from western Greek, and it therefore stands for /ks/ in Etruscan and Latin.[citation needed]

text: The letter 'Χ' ~ 'Ψ' for /kʰ/ was a Greek addition to the alphabet, placed after the Semitic letters along with phi 'Φ' for /pʰ/. (The variant 'Ψ' later replaced the digraph 'ΦΣ' for /ps/; omega was a later addition).[citation needed]

text: Use in writing systems[edit]

text: English[edit]

text: In English orthography, ⟨x⟩ is typically pronounced as the voiceless consonant cluster /ks/ when it follows the stressed vowel (e.g. ox), and the voiced consonant /ɡz/ when it precedes the stressed vowel (e.g. exam). It is also pronounced /ɡz/ when it precedes a silent ⟨h⟩ and a stressed vowel (e.g. exhaust).[2] Before ⟨i⟩ or ⟨u⟩, it can be pronounced /kʃ/ or /ɡʒ/ (e.g. sexual and luxury); these result from earlier /ksj/ and /ɡzj/. It also makes the sound /kʃ/ in words ending in -xion (typically used only in British-based spellings of the language; American spellings tend to use -ction). When ⟨x⟩ ends a word, it is always /ks/ (e.g. ax), except in loan words such as faux (see French, below).

text: There are very few English words that start with ⟨x⟩ (the fewest number of any letter). When ⟨x⟩ does start a word, it is usually pronounced /z/ (e.g. xylophone, xenophobia, and xanthan); in rare recent loanwords or foreign proper names, it can also be pronounced /s/ (e.g. the obsolete Vietnamese monetary unit xu) or /ʃ/ (e.g. Chinese names starting with Xi like Xiaomi or Xinjiang). Many of the words that start with ⟨x⟩ are of Greek origin, or standardized trademarks (Xerox) or acronyms (XC). In abbreviations, it can represent "trans-" (e.g. XMIT for transmit, XFER for transfer), "cross-" (e.g. X-ing for crossing, XREF for cross-reference), "Christ-" as shorthand for the labarum (e.g. Xmas for Christmas, Xian for Christian), the "crys-" in crystal (XTAL), or various words starting with "ex-" (e.g. XL for extra large, XOR for exclusive-or).

text: X is the third least frequently used letter in English (after ⟨q⟩ and ⟨z⟩), with a frequency of about 0.15% in words.[3]

text: Other languages[edit]

text: In Latin, ⟨x⟩ stood for [ks]. In some languages, as a result of assorted phonetic changes, handwriting adaptations or simply spelling convention, ⟨x⟩ has other pronunciations:

text:
Basque: as a spelling for [ʃ]. Additionally there is the digraph ⟨tx⟩ [tʃ].
Dutch: ⟨x⟩ usually represents [ks], except in the name of the island of Texel, which is pronounced Tessel. This is because of historical sound-changes in Dutch, where all /ks/ sounds have been replaced by /s/ sounds. Words with an ⟨x⟩ in the Dutch language are nowadays usually loanwords. In the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium, family names with ⟨x⟩ are not uncommon (e.g. Dierckx, Hendrickx, Koninckx, Sterckx, Vranckx).
In Norwegian, ⟨x⟩ is generally pronounced [ks], but since the 19th century, there has been a tendency to spell it out as 'ks'; it may still be retained in personal names, though it is fairly rare, and occurs mostly in foreign words and SMS language. Usage in Danish, German and Finnish is similar.
French: at the ends of words, silent (or [z] in liaison if the next word starts with a vowel). Three exceptions are pronounced [s]: six ("six"), dix ("ten") and in some city names such as Bruxelles (although some people still pronounce it 'ks') or Auxerre; it is fully pronounced [ks] in Aix-la-Chapelle. It is pronounced [z] in sixième and dixième.
In Italian, ⟨x⟩ is either pronounced [ks], as in extra, uxorio, xilofono,[4] or [ɡz], as exogamia, when it is preceded by ⟨e⟩ and followed by a vowel. In several related languages, notably Venetian, it represents the voiced sibilant [z]. It is also used, mainly amongst the young people, as a short written form for "per", meaning "for": for example, "x sempre" ("forever"). This because in Italian the multiplication sign (similar to ⟨x⟩) is called "per". However, ⟨x⟩ is found only in loanwords, as it is not part of the standard Italian alphabet; in most words with ⟨x⟩, this letter may be replaced with 's' or 'ss' (with different pronunciation: xilofono/silofono, taxi/tassì) or, rarely, by 'cs' (with the same pronunciation: claxon/clacson).
In Old Spanish, ⟨x⟩ was pronounced [ʃ], as it is still currently in other Iberian Romance languages. Later, the sound evolved to a hard [x] sound. In modern Spanish, due to a spelling reform, whenever ⟨x⟩ is used for the [x] sound it has been replaced with ⟨j⟩, including in words that originally had ⟨x⟩ such as ejemplo or ejercicio, though ⟨x⟩ is still retained for some names (notably 'México', even though 'Méjico' may sometimes be used in Spain). Presently, ⟨x⟩ represents the sound [s] (word-initially), or the consonant cluster [ks] (e.g. oxígeno, examen). Rarely, it can be pronounced [ʃ] as in Old Spanish in some proper nouns such as 'Raxel' (a variant of Rachel) and Uxmal.
In Galician and Leonese, ⟨x⟩ is pronounced [ʃ] in most cases. In learned words, such as 'taxativo' (taxing), it is pronounced [ks]. However, Galician speakers tend to pronounce it [s], especially when it appears before plosives, such as in 'externo' (external).
In Catalan, ⟨x⟩ has three sounds; the most common is [ʃ]; as in 'xarop' (syrup). Other sounds are: [ks]; 'fixar' (to fix), [ɡz]; 'examen'. In addition, [ʃ] gets voiced to [ʒ] before voiced consonants; 'caixmir'. Catalan also has the digraph ⟨tx⟩, pronounced [tʃ].
In Portuguese, ⟨x⟩ has four main sounds; the most common is [ʃ], as in 'xícara' (cup). The other sounds are: [ks] as in 'flexão' (flexion); [s], when preceded by E and followed by a consonant, as in 'contexto' ([ʃ] in European Portuguese), and in a small number of other words, such as 'próximo' (close/next); and (the rarest) [z], which occurs in the prefix 'ex-' before a vowel, as in 'exagerado' (exaggerated). A rare fifth sound is [ɡz], coexisting with [z] and [ks] as acceptable pronunciations in exantema and in words with the Greek prefix 'hexa-'.
In Venetian, it represents the voiced alveolar sibilant [z] much like in Portuguese 'exagerado', English 'xylophone' or in the French 'sixième'. Examples from medieval texts include raxon (reason), prexon (prison), dexerto (desert), chaxa/caxa (home). Nowadays, the best-known word is xe (is/are). The most notable exception to this rule is the name Venexia [veˈnɛsja] in which ⟨x⟩ has evolved from the initial voiced sibilant [z] to the present day voiceless sibilant.
In Albanian, ⟨x⟩ represents [dz], while the digraph ⟨xh⟩ represents [dʒ].
In Maltese, ⟨x⟩ is pronounced [ʃ] or, in some cases, [ʒ] (only in loanwords such as 'televixin', and not for all speakers).
In Polish, ⟨x⟩ was used prior to 19th century both in loanwords and native words and was pronounced [ks] or [gz], e.g. xiążę, xięstwo (now książę, księstwo). Later was replaced by ⟨ks⟩ and ⟨gz⟩ in all words and remained only in surnames as Axentowicz, Jaxa, Koxowski, Mixtacki, Rexemowski, Xiężopolski, names as Xawery, Xymena and abbreviations.

text: Additionally, in languages for which the Latin alphabet has been adapted only recently, ⟨x⟩ has been used for various sounds, in some cases inspired by European usage, but in others, for consonants uncommon in Europe. For these no Latin letter stands out as an obvious choice, and since most of the various European pronunciations of ⟨x⟩ can be written by other means, the letter becomes available for more unusual sounds.

text:
⟨x⟩ represents [x] (voiceless velar fricative) or [ꭓ] (voiceless uvular fricative) in e.g. Azerbaijani, Kurdish, Lojban, Tatar, Uzbek, Pashto and Uyghur (Latin script).
Esperanto: The x-convention replaces ⟨ĉ⟩, ⟨ĝ⟩, ⟨ĥ⟩, ⟨ĵ⟩, ⟨ŝ⟩, and ⟨ŭ⟩ with x-suffixes: ⟨cx⟩, ⟨gx⟩, ⟨hx⟩, ⟨jx⟩, ⟨sx⟩, and ⟨ux⟩.
In transliteration of Indian languages, ⟨x⟩ represents the consonant cluster [kʃ] in alternate spellings of words containing 'क्ष' (kṣ), especially names such as Laxmi and Dixit. Less frequently, ⟨x⟩ is used to represent 'ख़' [x].
In Apache ⟨x⟩ represents [x]
In Nahuatl, ⟨x⟩ represents [ʃ].
In Nguni languages, ⟨x⟩ represents the alveolar lateral click [ǁ].
In Pirahã, ⟨x⟩ symbolizes the glottal stop [ʔ].
An illustrating example of "x" as a "leftover" letter is differing usage in three different Cushitic languages:

Afar: voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ]
Oromo: alveolar ejective [tʼ]
Somali: voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ]

In Southeast Asia:

In Lao, based on romanization of Lao consonants, ⟨x⟩ may represent [ɕ], e.g. in Lan Xang.
In Vietnamese, ⟨x⟩ is pronounced like English ⟨s⟩ (at the beginning of a word, e.g. "sing"). This sound was [ɕ] in Middle Vietnamese, resembling the Portuguese sound /ʃ/, spelled ⟨x⟩.
In Hanyu Pinyin, Standard Chinese's official transcription system in China, Malaysia, Singapore, and Taiwan, the letter ⟨x⟩ represents the voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative /ɕ/, for instance in 'Xi', [ɕi]. This sound somewhat resembles [ʃ].

text: Other systems[edit]

text: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨x⟩ represents a voiceless velar fricative.

text: Other uses[edit]

text: In mathematics, x is commonly used as the name for an independent variable or unknown value. The modern tradition of using x to represent an unknown was introduced by René Descartes in La Géométrie (1637).[5] As a result of its use in algebra, X is often used to represent unknowns in other circumstances (e.g. X-rays, Generation X, The X-Files, and The Man from Planet X; see also Malcolm X).

text: In the Cartesian coordinate system, x is used to refer to the horizontal axis.

text:
It may also be used as a typographic approximation for the multiplication sign. In mathematical typesetting, x meaning an algebraic variable is normally in italic type (

x

{\displaystyle x\!}

), partly to avoid confusion with the multiplication symbol. In fonts containing both x (the letter) and × (the multiplication sign), the two glyphs are dissimilar.

text: It can be used as an abbreviation for 'between' in the context of historical dating; e.g., '1483 x 1485'.

text: Maps and other images sometimes use an X to label a specific location, leading to the expression "X marks the spot".[6]

text: The Roman numeral Ⅹ represents the number 10.[7][8]

text: In art or fashion, the use of X indicates a collaboration by two or more artists, e.g. Aaron Koblin x Takashi Kawashima. This application, which originated in Japan, now extends to other kinds of collaboration outside the art world.[9]

text: Related characters[edit]

text: Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet[edit]

text:
X with diacritics: Ẍ ẍ Ẋ ẋ ᶍ[10]
IPA-specific symbols related to X: χ
Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to X:[11]

U+AB56 ꭖ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LOW RIGHT RING
U+AB57 ꭗ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG
U+AB58 ꭘ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG AND LOW RIGHT RING
U+AB59 ꭙ LATIN SMALL LETTER X WITH LONG LEFT LEG WITH SERIF

ˣ : Modifier letter small x is used for phonetic transcription
ₓ : Subscript small x is used in Indo-European studies[12]

text: Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets[edit]

text:
Χ χ : Greek letter Chi, from which the following derive:

Х х : Cyrillic letter Kha
Ⲭ ⲭ : Coptic letter Khe, which derives from Greek Chi
𐍇 : Gothic letter enguz, which derives from Greek Chi
𐌗 : Old Italic X, which derives from Greek Chi, and is the ancestor of modern Latin X

ᚷ : Runic letter Gyfu, which may derive from old Italic X

Ξ ξ : Greek letter Xi, which was used in place of Chi in the Eastern (and the modern) Greek alphabets

text: Computing codes[edit]

text:
Character
X
x

Unicode name
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER X
    LATIN SMALL LETTER X

Encodings
decimal
hex
decimal
hex

Unicode
88
U+0058
120
U+0078

UTF-8
88
58
120
78

Numeric character reference
X
X
x
x

EBCDIC family
231
E7
167
A7

ASCII 1
88
58
120
78

text: In the C programming language, 'x' preceded by zero (0x or 0X) is used to denote hexadecimal literal values.

text: Other representations[edit]

text:
NATO phonetic
Morse code

X-ray
–··–

text:
Signal flag
Flag semaphore
American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)
Braille
dots-1346


document_title: Tropic of Cancer

question_text: where does tropic of cancer pass in india

text: Tropic of Cancer

text: Name[edit]

text: When this line of latitude was named some 2,000 years ago, the Sun was in the constellation Cancer (Latin for crab) at the June solstice, the time each year that the Sun reaches its zenith at this latitude. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, this is no longer the case; today the Sun is in Taurus at the June solstice. The word "tropic" itself comes from the Greek "trope (τροπή)", meaning turn (change of direction, or circumstances), inclination, referring to the fact that the Sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.

text: Geography[edit]

text:
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap · Google Maps

Download coordinates as: KML · GPX

text: The Tropic of Cancer's position is not fixed, but varies in a complicated manner over time. Currently, it gradually drifts south almost half an arcsecond (0.468″) of latitude, or 15 metres, per year (it was at exactly 23° 27′ in 1917 and will be at 23° 26' in 2045).[2] See axial tilt and circles of latitude for further information.

text: North of the tropic are the subtropics and the North Temperate Zone. The equivalent line of latitude south of the Equator is called the Tropic of Capricorn, and the region between the two, centered on the Equator, is the tropics.

text: Starting at the prime meridian and heading eastward, the Tropic of Cancer passes through 16 countries:

text:
Co-ordinates
Country, territory or sea
Notes

23°26′N 0°0′E / 23.433°N 0.000°E / 23.433; 0.000 (Prime Meridian)
 Algeria

23°26′N 11°51′E / 23.433°N 11.850°E / 23.433; 11.850 (Niger)
 Niger

23°26′N 12°17′E / 23.433°N 12.283°E / 23.433; 12.283 (Libya)
 Libya
The Tropic touches on the northernmost point of  Chad at 23°26′N 15°59′E / 23.433°N 15.983°E / 23.433; 15.983 (Northernmost point of Chad)

23°26′N 25°0′E / 23.433°N 25.000°E / 23.433; 25.000 (Egypt)
 Egypt
The Tropic passes through Lake Nasser

23°26′N 35°30′E / 23.433°N 35.500°E / 23.433; 35.500 (Red Sea)
Red Sea

23°26′N 38°38′E / 23.433°N 38.633°E / 23.433; 38.633 (Saudi Arabia)
 Saudi Arabia

23°26′N 52°10′E / 23.433°N 52.167°E / 23.433; 52.167 (United Arab Emirates)
 United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi emirate only

23°26′N 55°24′E / 23.433°N 55.400°E / 23.433; 55.400 (Oman)
 Oman

23°26′N 58°46′E / 23.433°N 58.767°E / 23.433; 58.767 (Indian Ocean)
Indian Ocean
Arabian Sea

23°26′N 68°23′E / 23.433°N 68.383°E / 23.433; 68.383 (India)
 India
States of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and West Bengal

23°26′N 88°47′E / 23.433°N 88.783°E / 23.433; 88.783 (Bangladesh)
 Bangladesh
Khulna, Dhaka, and Chittagong Divisions

23°26′N 91°14′E / 23.433°N 91.233°E / 23.433; 91.233 (India)
 India
State of Tripura

23°26′N 91°56′E / 23.433°N 91.933°E / 23.433; 91.933 (Bangladesh)
 Bangladesh
Chittagong Division

23°26′N 92°19′E / 23.433°N 92.317°E / 23.433; 92.317 (India)
 India
State of Mizoram

23°26′N 93°23′E / 23.433°N 93.383°E / 23.433; 93.383 (Myanmar)
 Myanmar
Chin State, Sagaing Division, Mandalay Division, Shan State

23°26′N 98°54′E / 23.433°N 98.900°E / 23.433; 98.900 (China)
 China
Provinces of Yunnan (passing about 7 km north of the border with  Vietnam), Guangxi, and Guangdong

23°26′N 117°8′E / 23.433°N 117.133°E / 23.433; 117.133 (Taiwan Strait)
Taiwan Strait

23°26′N 120°8′E / 23.433°N 120.133°E / 23.433; 120.133 (Taiwan)
 Taiwan
Chiayi County, Hualien County

23°26′N 121°29′E / 23.433°N 121.483°E / 23.433; 121.483 (Philippine Sea)
Philippine Sea

23°26′N 142°00′E / 23.433°N 142.000°E / 23.433; 142.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
Passing just south of Necker Island, Hawaii,  United States

23°26′N 110°15′W / 23.433°N 110.250°W / 23.433; -110.250 (Mexico)
 Mexico
State of Baja California Sur

23°26′N 109°24′W / 23.433°N 109.400°W / 23.433; -109.400 (Gulf of California)
Gulf of California

23°26′N 106°35′W / 23.433°N 106.583°W / 23.433; -106.583 (Mexico)
 Mexico
States of Sinaloa, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas

23°26′N 97°45′W / 23.433°N 97.750°W / 23.433; -97.750 (Gulf of Mexico)
Gulf of Mexico

23°26′N 83°0′W / 23.433°N 83.000°W / 23.433; -83.000 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean
Passing through the Straits of Florida and the Nicholas Channel
Passing just south of the Anguilla Cays ( Bahamas)
Passing through the Santaren Channel and into the open ocean

23°26′N 76°0′W / 23.433°N 76.000°W / 23.433; -76.000 (Bahamas)
 Bahamas
Exuma Islands and Long Island

23°26′N 75°10′W / 23.433°N 75.167°W / 23.433; -75.167 (Atlantic Ocean)
Atlantic Ocean

23°26′N 15°57′W / 23.433°N 15.950°W / 23.433; -15.950 (Western Sahara)
Western Sahara
Claimed by  Morocco and the  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

23°26′N 12°0′W / 23.433°N 12.000°W / 23.433; -12.000 (Mauritania)
 Mauritania

23°26′N 6°23′W / 23.433°N 6.383°W / 23.433; -6.383 (Mali)
 Mali

23°26′N 2°23′W / 23.433°N 2.383°W / 23.433; -2.383 (Algeria)
 Algeria

text: Climate[edit]

text: Excluding cooler highland regions in China, the climate at the Tropic of Cancer is generally hot and dry except for easterly coastal areas where orographic rainfall can be very heavy, in some places reaching 4 metres (160 in). Most regions on the Tropic of Cancer experience two distinct seasons: an extremely hot summer with temperatures often reaching 45 °C (113 °F) and a warm winter with maxima around 22 °C (72 °F). Much land on or near the Tropic of Cancer is part of the Sahara Desert, while to the east the climate is torrid monsoonal with a short wet season from June to September and very little rainfall for the rest of the year.

text: The highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer is Yushan in Taiwan; though it had glaciers descending as low as 2,800 metres (9,190 ft) during the Last Glacial Maximum, none survive and at present no glaciers exist within 470 kilometres (290 mi) of the Tropic of Cancer; the nearest currently surviving are the Minyong and Baishui in the Himalayas to the north and on Iztaccíhuatl to the south.

text: Circumnavigation[edit]

text: According to the rules of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, for a flight to compete for a round-the-world speed record, it must cover a distance no less than the length of the Tropic of Cancer, cross all meridians, and end on the same airfield where it started.

text: Length of the Tropic on 11 December 2015, at 23°26′14″N is 36,788 kilometres (22,859 mi).[3]

text: For an ordinary circumnavigation the rules are somewhat relaxed and the distance is set to a rounded value of at least 36,770 kilometres (22,850 mi).

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Road sign south of Dakhla, Western Sahara marking the Tropic of Cancer. The sign was placed by Budapest-Bamako rally participants; thus, the inscription is in English and Hungarian.

Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer a few miles from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India

Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer in Madhya Pradesh, India

Sign marking the Tropic of Cancer on National Highway 34 in Nadia District, West Bengal, India

Tropic of Cancer mark in Ruisui Township, Hualien County, Taiwan