document_title: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

question_text: when were the beatles inducted into the rock and roll hall of fame

text: Inductees[edit]

text: Performers[edit]

text: The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."[2] Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[10]

text:
Year
Image
Name
Inducted members
Inducted By[11]

1986

Berry, ChuckChuck Berry

Keith Richards[N2]

1986

Brown, JamesJames Brown

Steve Winwood[N2]

1986

Charles, RayRay Charles

Quincy Jones

1986

Cooke, SamSam Cooke

Herb Alpert

1986

Domino, FatsFats Domino

Billy Joel[N2]

1986

Everly Brothers !The Everly Brothers
Don Everly and Phil Everly.[12]
Neil Young[N2]

1986

Holly, BuddyBuddy Holly

John Fogerty[N2]

1986

Lewis, Jerry LeeJerry Lee Lewis

Hank Williams Jr.

1986

Little Richard

Roberta Flack

1986

Presley, ElvisElvis Presley

Julian and Sean Lennon

1987

Coasters !The Coasters
Carl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones.[13]
Lester Sill

1987

Cochran, EddieEddie Cochran

Mick Jones[N2]

1987

Diddley, BoBo Diddley

ZZ Top[N2]

1987

Franklin, ArethaAretha Franklin

Keith Richards[N2]

1987

Gaye, MarvinMarvin Gaye

Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson

1987

Haley, BillBill Haley

Chuck Berry[N3]

1987

King, B.B.B.B. King

Sting[N2]

1987

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter

Ben E. King[N2]

1987

Nelson, RickyRicky Nelson

John Fogerty[N2]

1987

Orbison, RoyRoy Orbison

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1987

Perkins, CarlCarl Perkins

Sam Phillips

1987

Robinson, SmokeySmokey Robinson

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1987

Turner, Big JoeBig Joe Turner

Doc Pomus

1987

Waters, MuddyMuddy Waters

Paul Butterfield[N2]

1987

Wilson, JackieJackie Wilson

Peter Wolf

1988

Beach Boys !The Beach Boys
Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[14]
Elton John[N2]

1988

Beatles !The Beatles
George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[15]
Mick Jagger[N2]

1988

Drifters !The Drifters
Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[16]
Billy Joel[N2]

1988

Dylan, BobBob Dylan

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1988

Supremes !The Supremes
Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[17]
Little Richard[N3]

1989

Dion !Dion

Lou Reed[N2]

1989

Redding, OtisOtis Redding

Little Richard[N3]

1989

Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[18]
Pete Townshend[N2]

1989

Temptations !The Temptations
Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[19]
Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1989

Wonder, StevieStevie Wonder

Paul Simon[N2]

1990

Ballard, HankHank Ballard

Boz Scaggs

1990

Darin, BobbyBobby Darin

Paul Anka

1990

Four Seasons !The Four Seasons
Tom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[20]
Bob Crewe

1990

Four Tops !Four Tops
Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[21]
Stevie Wonder[N3]

1990

Kinks !The Kinks
Mick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[22]
Graham Nash[N2]

1990

Platters !The Platters
David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[23]
Phil Spector

1990

Simon & Garfunkel
Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[24]
James Taylor[N2]

1990

Who !The Who
Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[25]
U2[N2]

1991

Baker, LaVernLaVern Baker

Chaka Khan

1991

Byrds !The Byrds
Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[26]
Don Henley[N2]

1991

Hooker, John LeeJohn Lee Hooker

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1991
—
Impressions !The Impressions
Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[27]
Tracy Chapman

1991

Pickett, WilsonWilson Pickett

Bobby Brown

1991

Reed, JimmyJimmy Reed

ZZ Top[N2]

1991

Turner, Ike & TinaIke & Tina Turner
Ike Turner and Tina Turner.[28]
Phil Spector

1992

Bland, Bobby !Bobby "Blue" Bland

B.B. King[N3]

1992

Booker T. & the M.G.'s
Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[29]
Jim Stewart

1992

Cash, JohnnyJohnny Cash

Lyle Lovett

1992

Isley Brothers !The Isley Brothers
Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[30]
Little Richard[N3]

1992

Hendrix Experience, The JimiThe Jimi Hendrix Experience
Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[31]
Neil Young[N2]

1992

Sam & Dave
Sam Moore and Dave Prater.[32]
Billy Joel[N2]

1992

Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[33]
The Edge[N2]

1993

Brown, RuthRuth Brown

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1993

Cream
Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[34]
ZZ Top[N2]

1993

Creedence Clearwater Revival
Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[35]
Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1993

Doors !The Doors
John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[36]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

1993

Lymon & The Teenagers, FrankieFrankie Lymon & The Teenagers
Herman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[37]
Boyz II Men

1993

James, EttaEtta James

k.d. lang

1993

Morrison, VanVan Morrison

Robbie Robertson[N2]

1993

Sly and the Family Stone
Gregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[38]
George Clinton[N2]

1994

Animals !The Animals
Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[39]
Dave Pirner

1994

Band !The Band
Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[40]
Eric Clapton[N3]

1994

Eddy, DuaneDuane Eddy

Mick Jones[N2]

1994

Grateful Dead
Tom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[41]
Bruce Hornsby

1994

John, EltonElton John

Axl Rose[N2]

1994

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon

Paul McCartney[N2]

1994

Marley, BobBob Marley

Bono[N2]

1994

Stewart, RodRod Stewart

Jeff Beck[N3]

1995

Allman Brothers Band !The Allman Brothers Band
Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[42]
Willie Nelson

1995

Green, AlAl Green

Natalie Cole

1995

Joplin, JanisJanis Joplin

Melissa Etheridge

1995

Led Zeppelin
John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[43]
Steven Tyler[N2] and Joe Perry[N2]

1995

Martha and the Vandellas
Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, Martha Reeves, and Sandra Tilley.[44]
Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson

1995

Young, NeilNeil Young

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1995

Zappa, FrankFrank Zappa

Lou Reed[N2]

1996

Bowie, DavidDavid Bowie

Madonna[N2] and David Byrne[N2]

1996

Knight & the Pips, GladysGladys Knight & the Pips
William Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Edward Patten.[45]
Mariah Carey

1996

Jefferson Airplane
Marty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[46]
Mickey Hart[N3] and Phil Lesh[N3]

1996

Little Willie John

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1996

Pink Floyd
Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[47]
Billy Corgan

1996

Shirelles !The Shirelles
Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[48]
Merry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love[N2]

1996

Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[49]
Patti Smith[N2]

1997

Bee Gees
Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[50]
Brian Wilson[N3]

1997

Buffalo Springfield
Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[51]
Tom Petty[N2]

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash
David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[52]
James Taylor[N2]

1997

Jackson 5, TheThe Jackson 5
Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[53]
Diana Ross[N3]

1997

Mitchell, JoniJoni Mitchell

Shawn Colvin

1997

Parliament-Funkadelic
Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William "Billy Bass" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[54]
Prince[N2]

1997

Rascals !The (Young) Rascals
Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[55]
Steven Van Zandt

1998

Eagles
Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[56]
Jimmy Buffett

1998

Fleetwood Mac
Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[57]
Sheryl Crow

1998

Mamas & The Papas !The Mamas & the Papas
Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[58]
Shania Twain

1998

Price, LloydLloyd Price

Tony Rich

1998

Santana
Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[59]
John Popper

1998

Vincent, GeneGene Vincent

John Fogerty[N3]

1999

Joel, BillyBilly Joel

Ray Charles[N3]

1999

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield

Sean Combs

1999

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney

Neil Young[N3]

1999

Shannon, DelDel Shannon

Art Alexakis

1999

Springfield, DustyDusty Springfield

Elton John[N3]

1999

Springsteen, BruceBruce Springsteen

Bono[N2]

1999

Staple Singers, TheThe Staple Singers
Cleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[60]
Lauryn Hill

2000

Clapton, EricEric Clapton

Robbie Robertson[N3]

2000

Earth, Wind & Fire
Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[61]
Lil Kim

2000

Lovin' Spoonful, TheThe Lovin' Spoonful
Steve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[61]
John Mellencamp[N2]

2000

Moonglows, TheThe Moonglows
Prentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[61]
Paul Simon[N3]

2000

Raitt, BonnieBonnie Raitt

Melissa Etheridge

2000

Taylor, JamesJames Taylor

Paul McCartney[N3]

2001

Aerosmith
Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[62]
Kid Rock

2001

Burke, SolomonSolomon Burke

Mary J. Blige

2001

Flamingos, TheThe Flamingos
Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[63]
Frankie Valli[N3]

2001

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson

NSYNC

2001

Queen
John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[64]
Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2001

Simon, PaulPaul Simon

Marc Anthony

2001

Steely Dan
Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.[65]
Moby

2001

Valens, RitchieRitchie Valens

Ricky Martin

2002

Hayes, IsaacIsaac Hayes

Alicia Keys

2002

Lee, BrendaBrenda Lee

Jewel

2002

Petty and the Heartbreakers, TomTom Petty and the Heartbreakers
Tom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[66]
Jakob Dylan

2002

Pitney, GeneGene Pitney

Darlene Love[N2]

2002

Ramones
Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[67]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

2002

Talking Heads
David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[68]
Anthony Kiedis[N2]

2003

AC/DC
Brian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[69]
Steven Tyler[N3]

2003

Clash, TheThe Clash
Terry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[70]
The Edge[N2] and Tom Morello

2003

Costello & the Attractions, ElvisElvis Costello & the Attractions
Elvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[71]
Elton John[N3]

2003

Police, TheThe Police
Stewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[72]
Gwen Stefani

2003

Righteous Brothers, TheThe Righteous Brothers
Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[73]
Billy Joel[N3]

2004

Browne, JacksonJackson Browne

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2004

Dells, TheThe Dells
Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[74]
Robert Townsend

2004

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison

Tom Petty[N3] and Jeff Lynne[N2]

2004

Prince

Outkast and Alicia Keys

2004

Seger, BobBob Seger

Kid Rock

2004

Traffic
Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[75]
Dave Matthews

2004

ZZ Top
Frank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[76]
Keith Richards[N3]

2005

Guy, BuddyBuddy Guy

Eric Clapton[N3] and B.B. King[N3]

2005

O'Jays, TheThe O'Jays
Eddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[77]
Justin Timberlake

2005

The Pretenders
Martin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[78]
Neil Young[N3]

2005

Sledge, PercyPercy Sledge

Rod Stewart[N3]

2005

U2
Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[79]
Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2006

Black Sabbath
Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[80]
James Hetfield[N2] and Lars Ulrich[N2]

2006

Blondie
Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[81]
Shirley Manson

2006

Davis, MilesMiles Davis

Herbie Hancock

2006

Lynyrd Skynyrd
Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[82]
Kid Rock

2006

Sex Pistols
Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[83]
Jann Wenner

2007

Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five
Melvin "Melle Mel" Glover, Nathaniel "The Kidd Creole" Glover, Eddie "Scorpio" Morris, Joseph "Grandmaster Flash" Sadler, Robert Keith "Keef Cowboy" Wiggins, and Guy Todd "Rahiem" Williams.[84]
Jay-Z

2007

R.E.M.
Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[85]
Eddie Vedder[N2]

2007

Ronettes, TheThe Ronettes
Estelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[86]
Keith Richards[N3]

2007

Smith, PattiPatti Smith

Zack de la Rocha

2007

Van Halen
Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[87]
Velvet Revolver

2008

Clark Five, The DaveThe Dave Clark Five
Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[88]
Tom Hanks

2008

Cohen, LeonardLeonard Cohen

Lou Reed[N2]

2008

Madonna

Justin Timberlake

2008

Mellencamp, JohnJohn Mellencamp

Billy Joel[N3]

2008

Ventures, TheThe Ventures
Bob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[89]
John Fogerty[N3]

2009

Beck, JeffJeff Beck

Jimmy Page[N3]

2009

Little Anthony and the Imperials
Clarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[90]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2009

Metallica
Cliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[91]
Flea[N2]

2009

Run-DMC
Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell, and Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons.[92]
Eminem

2009

Womack, BobbyBobby Womack

Ron Wood[N3]

2010

ABBA
Benny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[93]
Barry[N3] and Robin Gibb[N3]

2010

Genesis
Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[94]
Trey Anastasio

2010

Cliff, JimmyJimmy Cliff

Wyclef Jean

2010

Hollies, TheThe Hollies
Bernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[95]
Steven Van Zandt

2010

Stooges, TheThe Stooges
Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[96]
Billie Joe Armstrong[N2]

2011

Alice Cooper
Alice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[97]
Rob Zombie

2011

Diamond, NeilNeil Diamond

Paul Simon[N3]

2011

Dr. John

John Legend

2011

Love, DarleneDarlene Love

Bette Midler

2011

Waits, TomTom Waits

Neil Young[N3]

2012

Beastie Boys
Michael "Mike D" Diamond, Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz, and Adam "MCA" Yauch.[98]
Chuck D[N2] and LL Cool J

2012
—
Blue Caps !The Blue Caps[N1]
Backing band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[99]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Comets !The Comets[N1]
Backing band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[100]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Crickets !The Crickets[N1]
Backing band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[101]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Donovan

John Mellencamp[N3]

2012

Famous Flames !The Famous Flames[N1]
Backing vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[102]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Guns N' Roses
Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[103]
Green Day[N2]

2012
—
Midnighters !The Midnighters[N1]
Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[104]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Miracles !The Miracles[N1]
Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[105]
Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Nyro, LauraLaura Nyro

Bette Midler

2012

Red Hot Chili Peppers
Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[106]
Chris Rock

2012
—
Small Faces/Faces
Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[107]
Steven Van Zandt

2013

Heart
Michael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[108]
Chris Cornell

2013

King, AlbertAlbert King

John Mayer

2013

Newman, RandyRandy Newman

Don Henley[N3]

2013

Public Enemy
Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[109]
Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee

2013

Rush
Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[110]
Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2013

Summer, DonnaDonna Summer

Kelly Rowland

2014

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel

Chris Martin

2014

Hall & Oates
Daryl Hall and John Oates.[111]
Questlove

2014

Kiss
Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[112]
Tom Morello

2014

Nirvana
Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[113]
Michael Stipe[N3]

2014

Ronstadt, LindaLinda Ronstadt

Glenn Frey[N3]

2014

Stevens, CatCat Stevens

Art Garfunkel[N3]

2015

Butterfield Blues Band, The PaulThe Paul Butterfield Blues Band
Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold, Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[114]
Peter Wolf

2015

Jett & the Blackhearts, JoanJoan Jett & the Blackhearts
Joan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[115]
Miley Cyrus

2015

Reed, LouLou Reed[116]

Patti Smith[N3]

2015

Green Day
Billie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[117]
Fall Out Boy

2015

Vaughan, Stevie RayStevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble
Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[118]
John Mayer

2015

Withers, BillBill Withers

Stevie Wonder[N3]

2016

Cheap Trick
Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[119]
Kid Rock

2016

Chicago
Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[120]
Rob Thomas

2016

Deep Purple
Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[121]
Lars Ulrich[N3]

2016

N.W.A
DJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[122]
Kendrick Lamar

2016

Miller, SteveSteve Miller

The Black Keys

2017

Electric Light Orchestra
Bev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[123]
Dhani Harrison

2017

Baez, JoanJoan Baez

Jackson Browne[N3]

2017

Journey
Jonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[124]
Pat Monahan

2017

Pearl Jam
Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[125]
David Letterman

2017

Tupac Shakur

Snoop Dogg

2017

Yes
Jon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[126]
Geddy Lee[N3] and Alex Lifeson[N3]

2018

Bon Jovi
David Bryan, Jon Bon Jovi, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such and Tico Torres[127]
Howard Stern[128]

2018

The Cars
Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr[129]

2018

Dire Straits
Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers[130]

2018

The Moody Blues
Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas[131]

2018

Nina Simone

text: ^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.

text: ^ Note 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.

text: ^ Note 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.

text: Early influences[edit]

text: Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."[2] Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Rodgers, JimmieJimmie Rodgers

1986
Yancey, JimmyJimmy Yancey

1986
Johnson, RobertRobert Johnson

1987
Jordan, LouisLouis Jordan

1987
Walker, T-BoneT-Bone Walker

1987
Williams, HankHank Williams

1988
Guthrie, WoodyWoody Guthrie

1988
Lead Belly

1988
Les Paul

1989
Ink Spots !The Ink Spots[A]

1989
Smith, BessieBessie Smith

1989
Soul Stirrers !The Soul Stirrers[B]

1990
Christian, CharlieCharlie Christian

1990
Armstrong, LouisLouis Armstrong

1990
Rainey, MaMa Rainey

1991
Howlin' Wolf

1992
James, ElmoreElmore James

1992
Longhair, ProfessorProfessor Longhair

1993
Washington, DinahDinah Washington

1994
Dixon, WillieWillie Dixon

1995
Orioles, TheThe Orioles[C]

1996
Seeger, PetePete Seeger

1997
Jackson, MahaliaMahalia Jackson

1997
Monroe, BillBill Monroe

1998
Jelly Roll Morton

1999
Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys[D]

1999
Brown, CharlesCharles Brown

2000
Cole, Nat !Nat King Cole

2000
Holiday, BillieBillie Holiday

2009
Jackson, WandaWanda Jackson

2012
King, FreddieFreddie King[E]

2015
5 Royalses !The "5" Royales[E][F]

2018
Tharpe, Sister RosettaSister Rosetta Tharpe[E]

text:
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.[132]
^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R. H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E. A. Rundless.[133]
^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp.[134]
^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody" Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin.[135]
^ E. Nominated as a performer.
^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr[136]

text: Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)[edit]

text: The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."[2] Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2] This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.[137] In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".[138]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Freed, AlanAlan Freed

1986
Phillips, SamSam Phillips

1987
Chess, LeonardLeonard Chess

1987
Ertegun, AhmetAhmet Ertegun

1987
Leiber !Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

1987
Wexler, JerryJerry Wexler

1988
Gordy, Jr., BerryBerry Gordy, Jr.

1989
Spector, PhilPhil Spector

1990
Gerry Goffin and Carole King

1990
Holland–Dozier–Holland

1991
Bartholomew, DaveDave Bartholomew

1991
Bass, RalphRalph Bass

1992
Fender, LeoLeo Fender

1992
Graham, BillBill Graham

1992
Pomus, DocDoc Pomus

1993
Clark, DickDick Clark

1993
Gabler, MiltMilt Gabler

1994
Otis, JohnnyJohnny Otis

1995
Ackerman, PaulPaul Ackerman

1996
Donahue, TomTom Donahue

1997
Nathan, SydSyd Nathan

1998
Toussaint, AllenAllen Toussaint

1999
Martin, GeorgeGeorge Martin

2000
Davis, CliveClive Davis

2001
Blackwell, ChrisChris Blackwell

2002
Stewart, JimJim Stewart

2003
Ostin, MoMo Ostin

2008
Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

2010
Geffen, DavidDavid Geffen

2010
Blackwell, OtisOtis Blackwell

2010
Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich

2010
Shuman, MortMort Shuman

2010
Stone, JesseJesse Stone

2010
Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil

2011
Holzman, JacJac Holzman

2011
Rupe, ArtArt Rupe

2012
Kirshner, DonDon Kirshner

2013
Adler, LouLou Adler

2013
Jones, QuincyQuincy Jones

2014
Epstein, BrianBrian Epstein

2014
Andrew Loog Oldham

2016
Berns, BertBert Berns

text: Award for Musical Excellence[edit]

text: This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers."

text:
Year
Name

2011
Russell, LeonLeon Russell

2012
Matassa, CosimoCosimo Matassa

2012
Dowd, TomTom Dowd

2012
Johns, GlynGlyn Johns

2014
E Street Band [G]

2015
Ringo Starr

2017
Nile Rodgers[139]

text: ^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.

text: Sidemen[edit]

text: Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.[2] In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[140]

text:
Year
Name
Instrument

2000
Blaine, HalHal Blaine
Drums[141]

2000
Curtis, KingKing Curtis
Saxophone[142]

2000
Jamerson, JamesJames Jamerson
Bass guitar[143]

2000
Moore, ScottyScotty Moore
Guitar[144]

2000
Palmer, EarlEarl Palmer
Drums[145]

2001
Burton, JamesJames Burton
Guitar[146]

2001
Johnson, JohnnieJohnnie Johnson
Piano[147]

2002
Atkins, ChetChet Atkins
Guitar[148]

2003
Benjamin, BennyBenny Benjamin
Drums[149]

2003
Cramer, FloydFloyd Cramer
Piano[150]

2003
Douglas, SteveSteve Douglas
Saxophone[151]

2008
Walter, LittleLittle Walter
Harmonica[152]

2009
Black, BillBill Black
Bass guitar[153]

2009
Fontana, D. J.D. J. Fontana
Drums[154]

2009
Oldham, SpoonerSpooner Oldham
Keyboard[155]

text: Lifetime achievement[edit]

text: The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."[2]

text:
Year
Name

1986
Hammond, JohnJohn Hammond

1991
Ertegun, NesuhiNesuhi Ertegun

2004
Wenner, JannJann Wenner

2005
Barsalona, FrankFrank Barsalona

2005
Stein, SeymourSeymour Stein

2006
Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss

text: Multiple inductees[edit]

text: As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with Cream and The Yardbirds.[156] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010. The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back-to-back years (1987/88 for McPhatter, 1992/93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000). The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.

text:
Name
First
Year
Second
Year
Third
Year

Beck, JeffJeff Beck
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
zzzzz !Solo career
2009
—
—

Carter, JohnnyJohnny Carter
Flamingos !The Flamingos
2001
Dells !The Dells
2004
—
—

Clapton, EricEric Clapton
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Cream
1993
Solo career
2000

Crosby, DavidDavid Crosby
Byrds !The Byrds
1991
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Gabriel, PeterPeter Gabriel
Genesis !Genesis
2010
Solo career
2014
—
—

Harrison, GeorgeGeorge Harrison
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
2004
—
—

Jackson, MichaelMichael Jackson
Jackson Five !The Jackson Five
1997
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Lennon, JohnJohn Lennon
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
—
—

Mayfield, CurtisCurtis Mayfield
Impressions !The Impressions
1991
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McCartney, PaulPaul McCartney
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
zzzzz !Solo career
1999
—
—

McPhatter, ClydeClyde McPhatter
zzzzz !Solo career
1987
Drifters !The Drifters
1988
—
—

Nash, GrahamGraham Nash
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
Hollies !The Hollies
2010
—
—

Page, JimmyJimmy Page
Yardbirds !The Yardbirds
1992
Led Zeppelin
1995
—
—

Reed, LouLou Reed
Velvet Underground !The Velvet Underground
1996
zzzzz !Solo career
2015
—
—

Rolie, GreggGregg Rolie
Santana
1998
Journey
2017
—
—

Simon, PaulPaul Simon
Simon and Garfunkel
1990
zzzzz !Solo career
2001
—
—

Starr, RingoRingo Starr
Beatles !The Beatles
1988
Award For Musical Excellence, Solo career
2015
—
—

Stewart, RodRod Stewart
zzzzz !Solo career
1994
Faces
2012
—
—

Stills, StephenStephen Stills
Buffalo Springfield
1997
Crosby, Stills & Nash
1997
—
—

Strain, Sammy !Sammy Strain
The O'Jays
2005
Little Anthony & The Imperials
2009
—
—

Wood, RonnieRonnie Wood
Rolling Stones !The Rolling Stones
1989
Faces
2012
—
—

Young, NeilNeil Young
zzzzz !Solo career
1995
Buffalo Springfield
1997
—
—


document_title: Dutch colonization of the Americas

question_text: who took over the dutch colony in north america

root

text: Dutch colonization of the Americas

text: Mainland In North America[edit]

text: In 1602, the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands chartered a young and eager Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or "VOC") with the mission of exploring North America's Rivers and Bays for a direct passage through to the Indies. Along the way, Dutch explorers were charged to claim any uncharted areas for the United Provinces, which led to several significant expeditions and, over time, Dutch explorers founded the province of New Netherland. By 1610, the VOC had already commissioned English explorer Henry Hudson who, in an attempt to find the so-called northwest passage to the Indies, discovered and claimed for the VOC parts of the present-day United States and Canada. Hudson entered the Upper New York Bay by sailboat, heading up the Hudson River, which now bears his name.

tag: p

text: On March 27, 1614 the States General would move away from traditional monopolistic endeavors and take a new and freer approach to exploration and commercial development of the New World; the issuance of the General Charter for Those who Discover Any New Passages, Havens, Countries, or Places stated that "the said undertaking to be laudable, honorable, and serviceable for the prosperity of the United Provinces and wishing that the experiment be free and open to all and every of the inhabitants of this country, have invited and do hereby invite all and every of the inhabitants of the United Netherlands to the aforesaid search."[1]

text: In 1614, Adriaen Block led an expedition to the lower Hudson River in the Tyger, and then explored the East River aboard the Onrust, becoming the first known European to navigate the Hellegat in order to gain access to Long Island Sound. Block Island and Block Island Sound are befittingly named in his honor. Upon his return to Amsterdam in 1614, Block compiled a map, and applied the name 'New Netherland' for the first time to the area between English Virginia and French Canada, where he was later granted exclusive trading rights by the Dutch government. Block quickly ascended and became Manhattan's first monopolist.

text: After some early trading expeditions, the first Dutch settlement in the Americas was founded in 1615: Fort Nassau, on Castle Island along the Hudson, near present-day Albany. The settlement served mostly as an outpost for trading in fur with the native Lenape tribespeople, but was later replaced by Fort Orange. Both forts were named in honor of the House of Orange-Nassau.

text: By 1621, the United Provinces had charted a new company, a trading monopoly in the Americas and West Africa: the Dutch West India Company (Westindische Compagnie or WIC). The WIC sought recognition as founders of the New World – which they ultimately did as founders of a new Province in 1623, New Netherland. That year, another Fort Nassau was built on the Delaware River near Gloucester City, New Jersey.

text: In 1624, the first colonists, mostly Walloons and their slaves-bound servants, arrived to New Netherland by the shipload, landing at Governors Island and initially dispensed to Fort Orange, Fort Wilhelmus and Kievets Hoek. In 1626, Director of the WIC Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape natives and started construction of Fort Amsterdam, which grew to become the main port and capital, New Amsterdam. The colony expanded to outlying areas at Pavonia, Brooklyn, Bronx, and Long Island.

text: On the Connecticut River, Fort Huys de Goede Hoop was completed in 1633 at present day Hartford. By 1636, the English from Newtown (now Cambridge, Massachusetts) settled on the north side of the Little River. In the Treaty of Hartford, the border of New Netherland was retracted to western Connecticut and by 1653, the English had overtaken the Dutch trading post.

text: Expansion along the Delaware River beyond Fort Nassau did not begin until the 1650s, after the takeover of a Swedish colony, obviously called New Sweden which had been established at Fort Christina in 1638. Settlements at Fort Nassau and the short-lived Fort Beversreede were abandoned and consolidated at Fort Casimir. By 1655 Fort Christina, sitting in what is today Wilmington, had already been renamed Fort Altena.

text: Not all inhabitants of New Netherlands, Manahattan's first European colonizers, were ethnically Dutch, but in reality came from many European countries. Along with the large number of African native peoples—originally brought over bound by the shackles of slavehood—many New Netherlanders were Walloons, Huguenots, Germans, Scandinavian and English relocated from New England.[citation needed]

text: In 1664, an English naval expedition ordered by Prince James, Duke of York and of Albany (later King James II & VII) sailed in the harbor at New Amsterdam, threatening to attack. Being greatly outnumbered, Director-General Peter Stuyvesant surrendered after negotiating favorable articles of capitulation. The Province then took a new name, New York (from James's English title). Fort Orange was renamed Fort Albany (from James's Scottish title). The region between the lower Hudson and the Delaware was deeded to proprietors and called New Jersey.

text: The loss of New Netherland led to the Second Anglo–Dutch War during 1665–1667. This conflict ended with the Treaty of Breda, which stipulated that the Dutch give up their claim to New Netherlands in exchange for Suriname.

text: From 1673 to 1674, the territories were once again briefly captured by the Dutch in the Third Anglo–Dutch War, only to be returned to England at the Treaty of Westminster. In 1674, Dutch navy captain Jurriaen Aernoutsz also briefly captured two forts in the French colony of Acadia, which he claimed as Dutch territory the new colony of New Holland. However, Aernoutsz's appointed administrator, John Rhoades, quickly lost control of the territory after Aernoutsz himself left for Curaçao to seek out new settlers, and with effective control of Acadia remaining in the hands of France, Dutch sovereignty existed only on paper until the Netherlands surrendered their claim in the Treaties of Nijmegen.

text: Caribbean Sea[edit]

text: Netherlands (Dutch) Antilles[edit]

text: Dutch colonization in the Caribbean started in the 1634 on St. Croix and Tobago (1628), followed in 1631 with settlements on Tortuga (now Île Tortue) and Sint Maarten. When the Dutch lost Sint Maarten (and Anguilla where they had built a fort shortly after arriving in Sint Maarten) to the Spanish, they settled Curaçao and Sint Eustatius. They regained half of Sint Maarten in 1648, from then on sharing the island with France. The border between the two portions of the island continued to be modified periodically, before being set for good in 1816

text:
Sint Maarten in 1618
Bonaire in 1634
Curaçao in 1634
Sint Eustatius in 1636
Aruba in 1637
Saba in 1640
Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Jost van Dyke before 1640

tag: ul

text: Until deep into the 19th century, the now Venezuelan islands of Aves, the Aves archipelago, Los Roques and La Orchila were also considered by the Dutch government to be part of the Dutch West Indies.

text: The Netherlands Antilles remained an overseas territory of the Netherlands. It was granted self-rule in 1954. In 1986, Aruba was granted autonomy, separately from the other islands. On October 10, 2010 the Netherlands Antilles was dismantled. Like Aruba, the islands Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius became special municipalities of the Netherlands.

text: Tobago[edit]

text: The Netherlands made numerous attempts to colonize Tobago (Nieuw-Walcheren) in the 17th century. Each time, the settlements were destroyed by rival European powers. Dutch settlements on Tobago:[2]

text:
1628 – 1 Jan 1637: Fort Vlissingen; massacred by the Spanish
Sept 1654 – Jan 1666: Forts Lampsinsberg, Beveren, and Bellavista; conquered by British, destroyed by French
1667 – 18 Dec 1672: Nieuw-Vlissingen; destroyed by British
1 Sept 1676 – 6 Dec 1677: Fort Sterreschans; destroyed by French

text: Virgin Islands[edit]

text: As a group, the islands are known as the Maagdeneilanden in Dutch. The Dutch established a base on St. Croix (Sint-Kruis) in 1625, the same year that the British did. French Protestants joined the Dutch but conflict with the British colony led to its abandonment before 1650. The Dutch established a settlement on Tortola (Ter Tholen) before 1640 and later on Anegada, Saint Thomas (Sint-Thomas) and Virgin Gorda. The British took Tortola in 1672 and Anegada and Virgin Gorda in 1680.

text: South America[edit]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: From 1630 onward, the Dutch Republic gained control of a large portion of northeastern Brazil from the Portuguese. The Dutch West India Company set up their headquarters in Recife. The governor, Johan Maurits, invited artists and scientists to the colony to help promote migration to the new South-American colony. However, the Portuguese fought back and won a significant victory at the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. On January 26, 1654, the Dutch Republic surrendered and signed a capitulation returning control of all the northeastern Brazil colony to the Portuguese. After the end of the First Anglo–Dutch War in May 1654, the Dutch Republic demanded that New Holland (Dutch Brazil) be returned to Dutch control. Under threat of an occupation of Lisbon and a reoccupation of northeastern Brazil, the Portuguese, already involved in a war against Spain, acceded to the Dutch demand. However, the new Dutch political leader Johan de Witt deemed commerce more important than territory, and saw to it that New Holland was sold back to Portugal on August 6, 1661 through the Treaty of the Hague.[3]

text: Chile[edit]

text: In 1600, the Chilean city of Valdivia was conquered by the Dutch pirate Sebastian de Cordes.[4] He left the city after a few months. In 1642, the VOC and WIC sent a fleet to Chile to conquer Valdivia and its supposed gold mines. This expedition was led by Hendrik Brouwer, a Dutch admiral. In 1643, Brouwer died before effecting the conquest of the Chiloé Archipelago; his lieutenant Elias Herckmans succeeded in capturing the ruins of the city, which he refortified and named Brouwershaven.[5][6] Finding no gold but many hostile natives, the Dutch soon abandoned the outpost.

text: The second emigration from the Netherlands to Chile was in 1895. Under the so-called "Inspector General of Colonization and Immigration Chilean", a dozen Dutch families settled between 1895 and 1897 in Chiloé, particularly in Mechaico, Huillinco and Chacao. In the same period Hageman Egbert arrived in Chile.[7] with his family, 14 April 1896, settling in Rio Gato, near Puerto Montt. In addition, family Wennekool which inaugurated the Dutch colonization of Villarrica.[8]

text: In the early twentieth century, there arrived in Chile a large group of Dutch people from South Africa, which had been established where they worked mainly in construction of the railway. When the Boer War, which would eventually lead to the British annexation of both republics in 1902. These emigrants decided to emigrate to Chile with the help of the Chilean government.

text: On 4 May 1903, a group of over 200 Dutch emigrants sailed on the steamship "Oropesa" shipping company "Pacific Steam Navigation Company, from La Rochelle (La Pallice) in France. The majority of migrants were born in the Netherlands: 35% was from North Holland and South Holland, 13% of North Brabant, 9% of Zeeland and equal number of Gelderland.

text: On June 5, arrived by train to their final destination, the city of Pitrufquén, located south of Temuco, near the hamlet of Donguil. Another group of Dutchmen arrived shortly after to Talcahuano, in the "Oravi" and the "Orissa". The Netherlands colony in Donguil was christened "New Transvaal Colony. There were established more than 500 families in order to start a new life. Between 7 February 1907 and February 18, 1909 above the last group of families Boers.

text: It is currently estimated at about 50,000 descendants of Dutch, mostly located in Malleco, Gorbea, Pitrufquén, Faja Maisan and around Temuco and Osorno.[9][10]

text: Guyanas[edit]

text: The Dutch West Indian Company built a fort in 1616 on the Essequibo River. The Dutch traded with the Indian peoples and, as in Suriname, established sugar plantations worked by African slaves. While the coast remained under Dutch control, the English established plantations west of the Suriname River. Conflict between the two countries meant parts of the region changed hands a number of times, but by 1796 Britain had control of the region. The Netherlands ceded the colonies of Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice to Britain in 1814.

text: The colony in Suriname had originally been founded in the 1650s by Lord Francis Willoughby, the British governor of Barbados. It was captured by the Dutch under Abraham Crijnsen during the Second Anglo–Dutch War. On July 31, 1667, under the Treaty of Breda the Dutch offered New Netherland (including New Amsterdam, modern-day New York City) in exchange for their sugar factories on the coast of Suriname. In 1683 Suriname was sold to the Dutch West India Company. The colony developed an agricultural economy based on African slavery. England controlled Suriname during the Napoleonic Wars from 1799 until 1816, when it was returned to the Dutch. The Netherlands abolished slavery in 1863 and later imported indentured labor from the British Raj and the Dutch East Indies to keep the economy going. Internal self governance was granted in 1954 and full independence in 1975. The prospect of independence prompted many to migrate to the Netherlands, especially from the large Hindustani minority. Political instability and economic decline after independence resulted in even more migration to the Netherlands. The Surinamese community in the Netherlands is now almost as large as the population in the country itself (about 450,000).


document_title: V(D)J recombination

question_text: which gene segments code for the variable region of the heavy chain

text: V(D)J recombination

text: Background[edit]

text: Human antibody molecules (and B cell receptors) are composed of heavy and light chains (each of which contains both constant (C) and variable (V) regions), which are encoded by genes on three loci:

text:
The immunoglobulin heavy locus (IGH@) on chromosome 14, containing the gene segments for the immunoglobulin heavy chain.
The immunoglobulin kappa (κ) locus (IGK@) on chromosome 2, containing the gene segments for part of the immunoglobulin light chain.
The immunoglobulin lambda (λ) locus (IGL@) on chromosome 22, containing the gene segments for the remainder of the immunoglobulin light chain.

text: Each heavy chain and light chain gene contains multiple copies of three different types of gene segments for the variable regions of the antibody proteins. For example, the human immunoglobulin heavy chain region contains 2 Constant (Cμ and Cδ) gene segments and 44 Variable (V) gene segments,[2] plus 27 Diversity (D) gene segments and 6 Joining (J) gene segments.[3] The light chains also possess 2 Constant (Cμ and Cδ) gene segments and numerous V and J gene segments, but do not have D gene segments. DNA rearrangement causes one copy of each type of gene segment to go in any given lymphocyte, generating an enormous antibody repertoire; roughly 3×1011 combinations are possible, although some are removed due to self reactivity.

text: Most T cell receptors are composed of an alpha chain and a beta chain. The T cell receptor genes are similar to immunoglobulin genes in that they too contain multiple V, D and J gene segments in their beta chains (and V and J gene segments in their alpha chains) that are rearranged during the development of the lymphocyte to provide that cell with a unique antigen receptor. The T cell receptor in this sense is the topological equivalent to an antigen-binding fragment of the antibody, both being part of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

text: Failure of the cell to create a successful product that does not self-react leads to apoptosis. Autoimmunity is prevented by eliminating lymphocytes that self-react in the thymus by testing them against an array of self antigens expressed through the function of Aire. Interestingly, the immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus contains protein-coding genes that can be lost with its rearrangement.[4] This is based on a physiological mechanism and is not pathogenetic for leukemias or lymphomas.[4]

text: Immunoglobulins[edit]

text: Heavy chain[edit]

text: In the developing B cell, the first recombination event to occur is between one D and one J gene segment of the heavy chain locus. Any DNA between these two gene segments is deleted. This D-J recombination is followed by the joining of one V gene segment, from a region upstream of the newly formed DJ complex, forming a rearranged VDJ gene segment. All other gene segments between V and D segments are now deleted from the cell’s genome. Primary transcript (unspliced RNA) is generated containing the VDJ region of the heavy chain and both the constant mu and delta chains (Cμ and Cδ). (i.e. the primary transcript contains the segments: V-D-J-Cμ-Cδ). The primary RNA is processed to add a polyadenylated (poly-A) tail after the Cμ chain and to remove sequence between the VDJ segment and this constant gene segment. Translation of this mRNA leads to the production of the Ig M heavy chain protein.

text: Light chain[edit]

text: The kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) chains of the immunoglobulin light chain loci rearrange in a very similar way, except that the light chains lack a D segment. In other words, the first step of recombination for the light chains involves the joining of the V and J chains to give a VJ complex before the addition of the constant chain gene during primary transcription. Translation of the spliced mRNA for either the kappa or lambda chains results in formation of the Ig κ or Ig λ light chain protein. Interestingly, the immunoglobulin lambda light chain locus contains protein-coding genes that can be lost with its rearrangement.[4] This is based on a physiological mechanism and is not pathogenetic for leukemias or lymphomas.[4] However, the rearrangement of several lambda variable subgenes can activate expression of an overlapping miRNA gene, which has consequences for gene expression regulation.[5]

text: Assembly of the Ig μ heavy chain and one of the light chains results in the formation of membrane bound form of the immunoglobulin IgM that is expressed on the surface of the immature B cell.

text: T cell receptors[edit]

text: During thymocyte development, the T cell receptor (TCR) chains undergo essentially the same sequence of ordered recombination events as that described for immunoglobulins. D-to-J recombination occurs first in the β chain of the TCR. This process can involve either the joining of the Dβ1 gene segment to one of six Jβ1 segments or the joining of the Dβ2 gene segment to one of six Jβ2 segments.[6] DJ recombination is followed (as above) with Vβ-to-DβJβ rearrangements. All gene segments between the Vβ-Dβ-Jβ gene segments in the newly formed complex are deleted and the primary transcript is synthesized that incorporates the constant domain gene (Vβ-Dβ-Jβ-Cβ). mRNA transcription splices out any intervening sequence and allows translation of the full length protein for the TCR Cβ chain.

text: The rearrangement of the alpha (α) chain of the TCR follows β chain rearrangement, and resembles V-to-J rearrangement described for Ig light chains (see above). The assembly of the β- and α- chains results in formation of the αβ-TCR that is expressed on a majority of T cells.

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: Key enzymes and components[edit]

text: The process of V(D)J recombination is mediated by VDJ recombinase, which is a diverse collection of enzymes. The key enzymes involved are recombination activating genes 1 and 2 (RAG), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and Artemis nuclease, a member of the ubiquitous non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway for DNA repair.[7] Several other enzymes are known to be involved in the process and include DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), DNA ligase IV, non-homologous end-joining factor 1 (NHEJ1; also known as Cernunnos or XRCC4-like factor [XLF]), the recently discovered Paralog of XRCC4 and XLF (PAXX), and DNA polymerases λ and μ.[8] Some enzymes involved are specific to lymphocytes (e.g., RAG, TdT), while others are found in other cell types and even ubiquitously (e.g., NHEJ components).

text: To maintain the specificity of recombination, V(D)J recombinase recognizes and binds to Recombination Signal Sequences (RSSs) flanking the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) genes segments. RSSs are composed of three elements: a heptamer of seven conserved nucleotides, a spacer region of 12 or 23 basepairs in length, and a nonamer of nine conserved nucleotides. While the majority of RSSs vary in sequence, the consensus heptamer and nonamer sequences are CACAGTG and ACAAAAACC, respectively; and although the sequence of the spacer region is poorly conserved, the length is highly conserved.[9][10] The length of the spacer region corresponds to approximately one (12 basepairs) or two turns (23 basepairs) of the DNA helix. Following what is known as the 12/23 Rule, gene segments to be recombined are usually adjacent to RSSs of different spacer lengths (i.e., one has a "12RSS" and one has a "23RSS").[11] This is an important feature in the regulation of V(D)J recombination.[12]

text: Process[edit]

text: V(D)J recombination begins when V(D)J recombinase (through the activity of RAG1) binds an RSS flanking a coding gene segment (V, D, or J) and creates a single-strand nick in the DNA between the first base of the RSS (just before the heptamer) and the coding segment. This is essentially energetically neutral (no need for ATP hydrolysis) and results in the formation of a free 3' hydroxyl group and a 5' phosphate group on the same strand. The reactive hydroxyl group is positioned by the recombinase to attack the phosphodiester bond of opposite strand, forming two DNA ends: a hairpin (stem-loop) on the coding segment and a blunt end on the signal segment.[13] The current model is that DNA nicking and hairpin formation occurs on both strands simultaneously (or nearly so) in a complex known as a recombination center.[14][15][16][17]

text: The blunt signal ends are flushly ligated together to form a circular piece of DNA containing all of the intervening sequences between the coding segments known as a signal joint (although circular in nature, this is not to be confused with a plasmid). While originally thought to be lost during successive cell divisions, there is evidence that signal joints may re-enter the genome and lead to pathologies by activating oncogenes or interrupting tumor suppressor gene function(s)[Ref].

text: The coding ends are processed further prior to their ligation by several events that ultimately lead to junctional diversity.[18] Processing begins when DNA-PK binds to each broken DNA end and recruits several other proteins including Artemis, XRCC4, DNA ligase IV, Cernunnos, and several DNA polymerases.[19] DNA-PK forms a complex that leads to its autophosphorylation, resulting in activation of Artemis. The coding end hairpins are opened by the activity of Artemis.[20] If they are opened at the center, a blunt DNA end will result; however in many cases, the opening is "off-center" and results in extra bases remaining on one strand (an overhang). These are known as palindromic (P) nucleotides due to the palindromic nature of the sequence produced when DNA repair enzymes resolve the overhang.[21] The process of hairpin opening by Artemis is a crucial step of V(D)J recombination and is defective in the severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) mouse model.

text: Next, XRCC4, Cernunnos, and DNA-PK align the DNA ends and recruit terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), a template-independent DNA polymerase that adds non-templated (N) nucleotides to the coding end. The addition is mostly random, but TdT does exhibit a preference for G/C nucleotides.[22] As with all known DNA polymerases, the TdT adds nucleotides to one strand in a 5' to 3' direction.[23]

text: Lastly, exonucleases can remove bases from the coding ends (including any P or N nucleotides that may have formed). DNA polymerases λ and μ then insert additional nucleotides as needed to make the two ends compatible for joining. This is a stochastic process, therefore any combination of the addition of P and N nucleotides and exonucleolytic removal can occur (or none at all). Finally, the processed coding ends are ligated together by DNA ligase IV.[24]

text: All of these processing events result in an antigen-binding region that is highly variable, even when the same gene segments are recombined. V(D)J recombination allows for the generation of immunoglobulins and T cell receptors to antigens that neither the organism nor its ancestor(s) need to have previously encountered, allowing for an adaptive immune response to novel pathogens that develop or to those that frequently change (e.g., seasonal influenza). However, a major caveat to this process is that the DNA sequence must remain in-frame in order to maintain the correct amino acid sequence in the final protein product. If the resulting sequence is out-of-frame, the development of the cell will be arrested, and the cell will not survive to maturity. V(D)J recombination is therefore a very costly process that must be (and is) strictly regulated and controlled.


document_title: Large denominations of United States currency

question_text: when was the $1 000 bill discontinued

question_tokens: when was the $ 1 000 bill discontinued

text: Overview and history[edit]

text: Large-denomination currency (i.e., banknotes with a face value of $500 or higher)[1] had been used in the United States since the late 18th century.[2] The first $500 note was issued by the Province of North Carolina, authorized by legislation dated May 10, 1780.[3] Virginia quickly followed suit and authorized the printing of $500 and $1,000 notes on October 16, 1780[4] and $2,000 notes on May 7, 1781.[5] High-denomination treasury notes were issued, for example during the War of 1812 ($1,000 notes authorized by an act dated June 30, 1812).[6] During the American Civil War Confederate currency included $500 and $1,000 notes.[7] During the Federal banknote issuing period (1861 to present), the earliest high-denomination notes included three-year Interest-bearing notes of $500, $1,000, and $5,000, authorized by Congress on July 17, 1861.[8] In total, 11 different types of U.S. currency were issued in high-denomination notes across nearly 20 different series dates. The obverse of United States banknotes generally depict either historical figures, allegorical figures symbolizing significant concepts (e.g., liberty, justice), or a combination of both. The reverse designs range from abstract scroll-work with ornate denomination identifiers to reproductions of historical art works.

text: Public versus institutional use[edit]

text: Series 1934 gold certificates ($100, $1,000, $10,000 and $100,000) were issued after the gold standard was repealed and gold was compulsorily confiscated by order of President Franklin Roosevelt on March 9, 1933 (see United States Executive Order 6102). Thus the series 1934 notes were used only for intragovernmental (i.e., Federal Reserve Bank) transactions and were not issued to the public. This series was discontinued in 1940. The series 1928 gold certificate reverse was printed in black and green. See history of the United States dollar.

text: Passive retirement[edit]

text: Although they are still legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System,[9] due to 'lack of use'. The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then.[nb 1]

text: The Federal Reserve began taking high-denomination currency out of circulation (destroying large bills received by banks) in 1969. As of May 30, 2009[update], only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist; 342 remaining $5,000 bills; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills.[10] Due to their rarity, collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them. Some are in museums in other parts of the world.

text: For the most part, these bills were used by banks and the Federal government for large financial transactions. This was especially true for gold certificates from 1865 to 1934. However, for the most part, the introduction of an electronic money system has made large-scale cash transactions obsolete. When combined with concerns about counterfeiting and the use of cash in unlawful activities such as the illegal drug trade and money laundering, it is unlikely that the U.S. government will re-issue large denomination currency in the near future, despite the amount of inflation that has occurred since 1969 (a $500 bill is now worth less, in real terms, than a $100 bill was worth in 1969). According to the U.S. Department of Treasury website, "The present denominations of our currency in production are $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50 and $100. The purpose of the United States currency system is to serve the needs of the public and these denominations meet that goal. Neither the Department of the Treasury nor the Federal Reserve System has any plans to change the denominations in use today."[11]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Before they were 'retired', host Monty Hall regularly tempted or teased contestants on Let's Make a Deal with a $1,000 bill featuring Grover Cleveland.[12]

text: High-denomination(HD) banknote issuing data[edit]

text:
Key to high denomination banknote type abbreviations[nb 2]

Abbr
Type
Size[nb 3]
Series dates
High denomination series date
Comments

$500
$1,000
$5,000
$10,000
$100,000

LT
Legal tender
Large
1862–1923
1862
1863
1869
1874
1875
1878
1880
1862
1863
1869
1878
1880
1878
1878
–
[nb 4]

CITN
Compound interest treasury note
Exception
1863–1864
1863
1864
1864
–
–
–

IBN
Interest bearing note
Exception
1861–1865
1861
1863
1864
1865
1861
1863
1864
1865
1861
1863
1864
1865
–
–
[nb 5]

SC
Silver certificate
Large
1878–1923
1878
1880
1878
1880
1891
–
–
–

TN
Treasury note
Large
1890–1891
1891[nb 6]
1890
1891
–
–
–

NBN
National bank note
Large
1865–1875
1865
1875
1865
1875
–
–
–

FRN
Federal reserve note
Large
1914–1918
1918
1918
1918
1918
–

NGBN
National gold bank note
Large
1870–1883
1870[nb 7]
–[nb 8]
–
–
–
[nb 9]

GC
Gold certificate
Large[nb 10]
1865–1922
1865
1870
1875
1882
1922
1865
1870
1875
1882
1907
1922
1865
1870
1882
1888
1865
1870
1875
1882
1888
1900
–

FRN
Federal reserve note
Small
1928–present
1928
1934
1928
1934
1928
1934
1928
1934
–

GC
Gold certificate
Small
1928–1934[nb 11]
1928
1928
1934
1928
1928
1934
1934

tag: table

text: High-denomination United States banknotes[edit]

text: The National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian Institution contains (among other things) the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) certified proofs and the Treasury Department collection of United States currency. Using a combination of proofs and issued notes, a nearly complete type set of high-denomination currency was compiled. Notably missing are several types of Compound and Interest Bearing Notes. Printed during the early to mid-1860s on very thin paper, these high-denomination notes are virtually non-existent. Their issuance (1861–65) pre-dates the BEP's responsibility for U.S. Currency (1870s), so it is fortunate that any proofs exist in the current archives.

text:
High denomination United States banknotes[nb 12]

Value
Type
Series
Fr.
Image
Portrait/engraving[nb 13]
Comments[nb 14]

000500$500
LT
1862–63
Fr.183c

Gallatin-AlbertAlbert Gallatin
4 known (variety)
7 known (type)[19]

000500$500
LT
1869
Fr.184

Adams-John-QuincyJohn Quincy Adams
(Charles Burt)[20]
Justice
(Stephen A. Schoff)[21]
4 known (only one privately)[22]

000500$500
LT
1874–78
Fr.185b

Mansfield-JosephJoseph Mansfield
(Charles Burt)[20]
Victory
(Charles Burt)[23]

000500$500
LT
1880
Fr.185l

Mansfield-JosephJoseph Mansfield
(Charles Burt)[20]
Victory
(Charles Burt)[23]
5 known (variety)[nb 15]

000500$500
CITN
1864
Fr.194a
Proof

zStandard Bearer-New IronsidesStandard Bearer (left)
(George D. Baldwin)[25]
New Ironsides (right)
(James Smillie)[26]
Unknown[27]

000500$500
SC
1878
Fr.345a

Sumner-CharlesCharles Sumner
(Charles Burt)[20]
Unique (variety and type)[28]

000500$500
SC
1880
Fr.345c

Sumner-CharlesCharles Sumner
(Charles Burt)[20]
5 known (variety)
7 known (type)[28]

000500$500
TN
1891
Fr.379
Proof

Sherman-WilliamWilliam Tecumseh Sherman
None issued[29]

000500$500
NBN
1865–75
Fr.464

zCivilization-Sirius-BurgoyneCivilization (left)
(James D. Smillie)[30]
Sirius arriving in New York (right)
Surrender of General Burgoyne (rev)
(Frederick Girsch)[31]
2 known (variety)
3 known (type)[32]

000500$500
FRN
1918
Fr.1132d

Marshall-JohnJohn Marshall
(Charles Schlecht)[33]
de Soto discovering the Mississippi (rev)
(Frederick Girsch)[31]

000500$500
GC
1863
Fr.1166d
Proof

zEagle-shieldEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[34]
Unknown[35]

000500$500
GC
1870–75
Fr.1166i

Lincoln-AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
(Charles Burt)[20]
Unique[35]

000500$500
GC
1882–1922
Fr.1216a

Lincoln-AbrahamAbraham Lincoln
(Charles Burt)[20]

000500$500
FRN
1928–34
Fr.2200g

McKinley-WilliamWilliam McKinley
(John Eissler)[36]

000500$500
GC
1928
Fr.2407

McKinley-WilliamWilliam McKinley
(John Eissler)[36]

001000$1,000
LT
1862–63
Fr.186e

Morris-RobertRobert Morris
(Charles Schlecht)[33]
Unique (variety)
5 known (type)[37]

001000$1,000
LT
1869
Fr.186f
Proof

Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton
2 known[38]

001000$1,000
LT
1878
Fr.187a

Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton
Columbus in his study
(Henry Gugler)[39]

001000$1,000
LT
1880
Fr.187k

Clinton-DeWittDeWitt Clinton
Columbus in his study
(Henry Gugler)[39]
4 known (variety)
~20–25 known (type)[nb 16]

001000$1,000
IBN
1863
Fr.201
Proof

zJustice-LibertyJustice (left); Liberty (right)
Unknown[40]

001000$1,000
IBN
1863
Fr.206
Proof

zShipsGuerriere and the Constitution (left) and Discovery of the Mississippi by De Soto (right)
Unknown[41]

001000$1,000
SC
1878
Fr.346a
Proof

Marcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy
(Charles Schlecht)[33]
Unknown[42]

001000$1,000
SC
1880
Fr.346d

Marcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy
(Charles Schlecht)[33]
5 known (variety)
5 known (type)[42]

001000$1,000
SC
1891
Fr.346e

Marcy-WilliamWilliam Marcy
(Charles Schlecht)[33]
Liberty
(Charles Burt)[43]
2 known[42]

001000$1,000
TN
1890
Fr.379a

Meade-GeorgeGeorge Meade
(Charles Burt)[20]
5 known (variety)
7 known (type)[44]

001000$1,000
TN
1891
Fr.379c

Meade-GeorgeGeorge Meade
(Charles Burt)[20]
2 known (variety)
3 known (type)[44]

001000$1,000
NBN
1865–75
Fr.465
Proof

zScott-Winfield-Washington-GeorgeScott entering City of Mexico (left)
(Alfred Jones)[45]
United States Capitol (right)
(James Smillie)[26]
Washington resigning his commission (rev)
(Frederick Girsch)[31]
Unknown[46]

001000$1,000
FRN
1918
Fr.1133d

Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
(G.F.C. Smillie)[47]
Eagle (rev)
(Marcus W. Baldwin)[48]

001000$1,000
GC
1863
Fr.1166e
Proof

zEagle-shield-Justice-scalesEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[34]
Justice with scales
Unique[35]

001000$1,000
GC
1870–75
Fr.1166o
Proof

Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
(Charles Burt)[49]
Unique[35]

001000$1,000
GC
1882
Fr.1218g

Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
(G.F.C. Smillie)[47]

001000$1,000
GC
1907–22
Fr.1219

Hamilton-AlexanderAlexander Hamilton

001000$1,000
FRN
1928–34
Fr.2210g

Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland
(John Eissler)[36]

001000$1,000
GC
1928
Fr.2408

Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland
(John Eissler)[36]

001000$1,000
GC
1934
Fr.2409

Cleveland-GroverGrover Cleveland
(John Eissler)[36]

005000$5,000
LT
1878
Fr.188
Proof

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[50]
Eagle
(William Chorlton)[51]
All notes have been redeemed, none outstanding[15]

005000$5,000
IBN
1863
Fr.202
Proof

zAltar-of-LibertyThe Altar of Liberty
(Louis Delnoce)[52]
Unknown[40]

005000$5,000
IBN
1865
Fr.212h
Proof

zJustice-New IronsidesJustice (left)
New Ironsides (center)
(James Smillie)[26]

005000$5,000
FRN
1918
Fr.1134d

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[53]
Washington resigning his commission (rev)
(Louis Delnoce)[52]
Unique (variety)
5 known (type)[nb 17]

005000$5,000
GC
1863
Fr.1166f
Proof

zEagle-Shield-FemaleEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[34]
Female
Unique[35]

005000$5,000
GC
1870–75
Fr.1166k
Proof

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[49]
Unknown[35]

005000$5,000
GC
1882
Fr.1221a
Proof

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[55]
Two known[35]

005000$5,000
FRN
1928–34
Fr.2220g

Madison-JamesJames Madison
(Alfred Sealey)[55]

005000$5,000
GC
1928
Fr.2410

Madison-JamesJames Madison

010000$10,000
LT
1878
Fr.189
Proof

Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
(Alfred Sealey)[56]
All notes have been redeemed, none outstanding[15]

010000$10,000
FRN
1918
Fr.1135d

Chase-SalmonSalmon Chase; Embarkation of the Pilgrims (rev)
Unique (variety)
5 known (type)[nb 18]

010000$10,000
GC
1863
Fr.1166g
Proof

zEagle-ShieldEagle with shield or E Pluribus Unum
(Charles Skinner)[34]
Unknown[35]

010000$10,000
GC
1870–75
Fr.1166l
Proof

Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
Unique[35]

010000$10,000
GC
1882
Fr.1223a
Proof

Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
(Alfred Sealey)[55]
Two known[35]

010000$10,000
GC
1900
Fr.1225

Jackson-AndrewAndrew Jackson
(Alfred Sealey)[55]

010000$10,000
FRN
1928–34
Fr.2230b

Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase

010000$10,000
GC
1928
Fr.2411

Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase

010000$10,000
GC
1934
Fr.2412

Chase-SalmonSalmon P. Chase

100000$100,000
GC
1934
Fr.2413

Wilson-WoodrowWoodrow Wilson
(G.F.C. Smillie)[47]
Reverse
(Frederick Pauling)[57]


document_title: Santa Clarita Diet

question_text: who plays the principal in santa clarita diet

text: Santa Clarita Diet

text: Plot[edit]

text: Joel and Sheila Hammond are everyday suburban real estate agents in Santa Clarita, California.[6] The couple face a series of obstacles when Sheila has a medical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh. With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila through the trying time, they have to deal with neighbors, cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery.[7]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Drew Barrymore as Sheila Hammond, Joel's wife and Abby's mother
Timothy Olyphant as Joel Hammond, Sheila's husband and Abby's father
Liv Hewson as Abby Hammond, Sheila and Joel's daughter
Skyler Gisondo as Eric Bemis, the Hammonds' neighbor, Lisa's son and Dan's stepson

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Ricardo Chavira as Dan Palmer, a sheriff's deputy, Eric's stepfather and the Hammonds' neighbor
Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Lisa Palmer, Dan's wife and Eric's mother
Richard T. Jones as Rick, a Santa Monica police officer, the Hammond's neighbor, and Joel's friend
Joy Osmanski as Alondra, Rick's wife
Natalie Morales as Anne Garcia, a sheriff's deputy and co-worker of Dan's
Thomas Lennon as Novak, Abby's school principal
Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Bakavic, Novak's grandmother
DeObia Oparei as Loki Hayes, a convicted felon
Portia de Rossi as Cora Wolf, a scientist focused on the undead

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Nathan Fillion as Gary West, a realtor and the Hammonds' co-worker
Andy Richter as Carl Coby, the Hammonds' boss
Patton Oswalt as Dr. Hasmedi, a virologist
Ryan Hansen as Bob Jonas, Lisa Palmer's lover
Derek Waters as Anton, a conspiracy theorist
Ravi Patel as Ryan, a convention goer
Ramona Young as Ramona, a pharmacy worker whose unenthusiastic attempts to help customers trigger epiphanies in them

text: Production[edit]

text: Fresco came up with the premise from wanting to make "a family show with an interesting approach that we haven’t seen before". The zombie angle also allowed Fresco to explore the concept of Narcissism stating that "the undead are the ultimate narcissists. They want what they want when they want it and will do anything to just have what they want and don’t care about other people’s needs" [8]

text: For the setting Fresco drew from his own experience growing up in San Fernando Valley. Santa Clarita was chosen because of its middle class inhabitants.[8] The Hammonds' profession of realtors was chosen because "It gets them out into the world" as well as the "forced friendliness" inherent to the profession.[8]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"So Then a Bat or a Monkey"
Ruben Fleischer
Victor Fresco
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila Hammond are realtors leading a normal suburban life with their daughter Abby. They are trying hard to sell a house but while showing it Sheila begins to violently throw up copious amounts of yellow liquid, including what might be an organ. Joel takes Sheila to the emergency department but it’s slow and they go home. Sheila is acting oddly including an increased libido. Sheila shows the family that she had no heartbeat and her blood is thick. They then talk to Lisa’s son Eric who informs them Sheila is dead and undead, thus driven by her Id. Sheila is okay with her new state. Eric tells them Sheila must always be fed, and if she degrades they may have to kill her. Later, Sheila and Abby sneak out and buy a car then Sheila goes to party with her neighbors. Sheila and Joel's co-worker, Gary, shows up and entices Sheila into dancing with him when Joel finds them. They leave and Sheila thinks her new behavior might be who she really is. Sheila is at home when Gary comes by and tries to force himself on her, threatening to tell others she was unfaithful if she refuses. Sheila begin to lick his fingers, suddenly biting two of them off and begins to devour Gary in the backyard. Joel comes home, and walks into the backyard to see Sheila eating Gary. She tells Joel she wants to make this work as Joel looks on in astonishment and horror.

2
"We Can't Kill People!"
Ruben Fleischer
Victor Fresco
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

They bury Gary’s remains in the desert. Abby and Eric follow them discovering Sheila killed Gary. While covering up the murder Dan sees Joel spraying his grass in the middle of the night and gets suspicious. Joel consults a virologist but he thinks Joel is crazy. Dan comes to inspect the grass and Joel tells him they have ants. Abby ditches school with Eric. Joel tries to get Sheila to eat meat but she says since she ate Gary she does not want anything but humans. Joel suggests that maybe it is the freshness that matters. Sheila continues to act impulsively including killing a rooster. After they make the sale on the listing Sheila tells Joel she couldn’t eat the rooster. Joel reiterates that they cannot kill people. Joel and Sheila try to find an alternate food source at the morgue but Sheila can’t stand the cadaver flesh. Sheila’s hunger in growing so Joel tells her they are going to kill people so she can eat. They have been together since high school and he is not going to leave her now. Abby comes and sleeps in their bed because she is worried about the changes.

3
"We Can Kill People"
Marc Buckland
Clay Graham
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila discuss balancing killing people and being parents. Abby is grumpy with them for being overbearing. They make a plan to find a bad person to kill. Dan talks to them about never having a sloppy kill referring to the ants. They get supplies for killing people. Joel smokes pot in the bathroom to calm down. Eric and Abby have lunch while ditching school where Abby’s friend leaves with her 26-year-old drug dealer boyfriend, but he breaks up with her. Joel and Sheila talk to Rick, their other neighbor who is a cop, looking for where to find people to kill. He says that a pedophile lives in the area and the couple consider killing him. Sheila and Joel overhear the teenagers talking about how bad the ex-boyfriend was and decide to kill him. Once Joel talked to him he decides to let him go much to Sheila’s annoyance. The teenagers go to the ex-boyfriend's house; one of them teargasses it and retrieves her friend's sweater. On the way home, Sheila and Joel have a road rage incident then Sheila kills the driver of the other car. They put him in the freezer in their storage unit hoping he will not be missed. They go to family dinner and all three of them tell the others how wonderful everything is.

4
"The Farting Sex Tourist"
Ken Kwapis
Michael A. Ross
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Sheila makes a smoothie from the body in storage then goes walking with her neighbors. She suggests the women should live life to the fullest. She tells them her new attitude is due to her new high protein diet. Joel goes to paranormal stores researching zombies. He finds two prints from Serbia that show someone vomiting up a red ball and then eating someone. Rick talks to the couple about their new car and then Dan interrupts bringing them more ant spray. Abby’s school calls them in and Principal Novak tells them Abby is missing school. They insist everything is normal. Sheila gets upset with Novak and she wants to eat him when he threatens to suspend Abby. Sheila tells Abby she should drop out causing Joel to confront Sheila about her behavior concluding he is not sure their family can survive it. Sheila talks to Eric who tells her the undead have no impulse control and she cannot change. Meanwhile Joel talks to Abby and they steal Rick’s motorcycle before they bond over freaking out about Sheila. Joel realizes Novak is Serbian. Dan sprays Joel’s yard for ants and finds Gary's finger.

5
"Man Eat Man"
Marc Buckland
Chadd Gindin
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Abby goes to the storage unit and finds the dead man in the freezer. Joel talks to Novak’s Grandmother for help translating the prints. She tells him it is an old story about zombies from a book that might have a cure. Sheila is reluctant about a cure at first as she likes the side effects of being a zombie but finally agrees she wants a cure. Joel finds a possible source for the book, Anton. Abby tells Eric about the dead guy she found. Eric tells Abby he found out his mom is having an affair. Joel asks Rick to run a check for Anton. Dan blackmails Joel into killing a guy named Loki. Joel tells Sheila that Dan knows about Gary. Sheila wants to kill Loki for food and is willing to go alone. Abby complains to Eric about her parent’s lying and he tries to kiss her. Sheila and Joel try to kill Loki and fail. Sheila is worried she bit Loki. Abby notices blood on Sheila’s briefcase but does not confront her mom about it. Loki is on the floor of a hotel room surrounded by vomit like Sheila was before.

6
"Attention to Detail"
Craig Zisk
Leila Cohan-Miccio
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila stake out Loki and debate the possibility that he was turned into a zombie. With no resolution they go to a party at Dan’s house and Joel has to lie to Dan about Loki. Sheila realizes she left a pen with her contact information at Loki’s house. Abby and Eric have a hard time recovering from the kiss. Dan wants Joel to kill another guy who he claims is a bad guy but when Sheila goes to kill him it turns out to be the guy Lisa is having an affair with and she does not kill him. Abby and Eric plant a flash bang in Dan’s rose garden to freak him out. In the process they find a stash of money concluding Dan is a dirty cop. Joel runs into Loki’s friends and is held hostage. They knock him out but he is OK and he finds the pen. Joel and Sheila decide they are going to do everything together moving forward. Joel confronts Dan telling him he will not be killing people for him anymore. They get into a fight and Joel kills him with a shovel.

7
"Strange or Just Inconsiderate?"
Lynn Shelton
Ben Smith
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila bring Dan’s body to their house and they make a plan to dispose of him. Sheila begins to worry about Joel, who is obsessed with retaining the family's "normality." Rick finds Anton for Joel. Abby finds Dan’s body in the tub and confronts her parents about lying to her. Abby tells Eric that Dan is dead and he is fine with it. Abby and Eric have a plan to help cover up Dan’s murder by revealing he is a dirty cop to the other cops. With the sheriff's department all over the neighborhood following Dan's disappearance, Sheila undertakes to eat him completely to hide the evidence but fails. Joel decides to take the remaining body parts out of the house in a cooler. The cops find Dan’s stash and with it Gary’s finger. Rick tells Joel that Gary’s disappearance is being blamed on Dan. While Sheila is taking a bath her little toe falls off.

8
"How Much Vomit?"
Steve Pink
Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Sheila keeps the fact that her toe has fallen off from Joel. As the police discover more about Dan's corrupt activities, Joel and Sheila hear that Loki is still alive and appears to have turned undead as well. They find him doing an acoustic performance at a local club, and he becomes obsessed with Sheila, forcing them to kill him when he tries to murder Joel. As Joel is coming to terms with Sheila's toe having fallen off, they are both shocked to notice that her right eye is now hanging out of her head.

9
"The Book!"
Tamra Davis
Sarah Walker
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Eric head to a paranormal convention to meet Anton, a popular and mysterious figure in the paranormal community, who claims to have an ancient book containing the cure for Sheila's condition. Anton accuses Joel of being a government agent, and when confronted later, admits he is a fraud and does not have the book—however Joel is approached by another attendee, who puts him in touch with the book's real owner, Dr. Cora Wolf. Meanwhile, Sheila tries to bond with Abby, as the two try to get her money back from the brother of the deceased chop shop owner.

10
"Baka, Bile and Baseball Bats"
Dean Parisot
Clay Graham
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Dr. Cora Wolf moves in with the Hammonds to work on a cure for the virus, which has previously only been tested on rats. Wolf tells Sheila that as her condition progresses, she will become uncontrollably violent and could harm her family and others. With Eric's assistance, Wolf synthesizes the cure, only requiring the final ingredient: the bile of a pure-born Serbian. Joel and Sheila visit Principal Novak's "baka" and attempt to get her to vomit by getting her drunk, however Novak calls the police and Joel is arrested and committed to a mental institution. Sheila gets Abby to chain her up in the basement, to prevent her harming anyone. She takes a call from a real estate client, telling them that she hopes either she or her husband "will be free next week".

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: First season of Santa Clarita Diet received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 74% based on 62 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Santa Clarita Diet serves up an excellent cast, frequent laughs, and an engaging premise – but the level of gore might not be to everyone's taste."[9] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[10]

text: Advertising controversy[edit]

text: In February 2017, advertising for the show sparked criticism in Germany, where Netflix promoted the show with posters depicting a human finger sliced up like a currywurst, a popular German fast food dish. After receiving more than 50 complaints that the advertising was glorifying violence and inducing fear, especially in children, the German Advertising Council, a self-regulatory institution, forwarded the complaints to the company. Netflix then decided to end the campaign and remove all posters.[11]


document_title: Days of Thunder (soundtrack)

question_text: who sings gimme some lovin in days of thunder

question_tokens: who sings gim me some lovin in days of thunder

text: Days of Thunder (soundtrack)

text: Background[edit]

text: "The Last Note of Freedom" was co-written by Hans Zimmer, Billy Idol and David Coverdale.

text: Maria McKee's "Show Me Heaven" was released as a single alongside the movie.

text: The album is also notable for the inclusion of Guns N' Roses' cover of Bob Dylan's "Knockin' on Heaven's Door", a year before the song was released with a slightly different mix on the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II. The version recorded for the soundtrack featured these spoken word responses in the second verse, which are omitted from the later album recording:

text:
Momma put my guns in the ground (It wasn't their fault)
I can't shoot them anymore (How were they even supposed to know?)
That cold black cloud is coming down (All things can be healed in time)
Feels like I'm knockin' on Heaven's door (What, why do they screw with us?)

text: The Cher song "Trail of Broken Hearts" was released in the single "Love And Understanding" and belongs to the recording sessions of her 1991 album Love Hurts.

text: The song "Gimme Some Lovin'" is credited to Terry Reid, but the version in the movie is actually from The Spencer Davis Group. "Gimme Some Lovin'" also featured on Reid's 1991 solo album, The Driver, along with an alternate version of "The Last Note of Freedom" with different lyrics, titled "The Driver (Part 2)".

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"The Last Note of Freedom" - David Coverdale
"Deal for Life" - John Waite
"Break Through the Barrier" - Tina Turner
"Hearts in Trouble" - Chicago
"Trail of Broken Hearts" - Cher
"Knockin' on Heaven's Door" - Guns N' Roses
"You Gotta Love Someone" - Elton John
"Show Me Heaven" - Maria McKee
"Thunderbox" - Apollo Smile
"Long Live the Night" - Joan Jett & The Blackhearts
"Gimme Some Lovin'" - Terry Reid (Spencer Davis Group version appears in movie)

tag: ol

text: Days of Thunder (score)[edit]

text:
Days of Thunder

Soundtrack album by Hans Zimmer

Released
November 5, 2013

Recorded
1989-1990

Genre
Score, instrumental pop, melodic rock, pop rock, hard rock, synthesizer music, instrumental guitar music

Length
71:14

Label
La-La Land Records[3]

Producer
Hans Zimmer, Paul Straveley O'Duffy

text: The film score to Days of Thunder was composed by Hans Zimmer and featured Jeff Beck on guitar. While bootlegs were available for years, an official album containing the score was not released until 2013, when La-La Land Records released the film's score, with bonus tracks, for the first time.[3]

text: While looking back at the film's production, Zimmer said, “It was complete insanity, but again because it was [director Tony Scott] he’d just keep it recklessly fun.” Zimmer elaborated on this by explaining how the film's production was behind schedule and what originally was a day trip to meet with producers in Daytona turned into a three-month composing gig done inside a studio built within a warehouse.[4]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
"Days of Thunder (Main Title)" (3:08)
"Rowdy Drives/Who Is This Driver?" (02:06)
"Let Me Drive/Cole Drives Rowdy's Car" (02:26)
"Car Building" (02:05)
"Darlington - Cole Wins" (04:47)
"You're Home/Daytona Race/The Crash" (03:29)
"The Hospital" (02:20)
"Wheelchair Race" (00:37)
"Rental Car Race" (03:50)
"Claire Arrives at her Apartment" (01:55)
"Physical Kiss" (01:05)
"Cole Blows His Engine" (01:10)
"Wheeler/Cole Smashes" (02:25)
"Cole at the Laundry/Cole Agrees to Drive Rowdy's Car" (02:11)
"Cole and Harry Fight/Harry Talks to Car" (02:52)
"Cole in Truck/Pre-Race" (03:52)
"The Last Race" (10:20)
"The Last Note of Freedom" (04:57) - David Coverdale
"The Hospital (Alternate)" (02:21)
"Wheelchair Race (Alternate)" (00:38)
"Claire Arrives at her Apartment (Alternate Ending)" (01:53)
"Cole Blows His Engine (Alternate) (01:12)
"Pre-Race (Alternate Mix)" (02:25)
"Days of Thunder (Main Title) (Rock Arrangement)" (04:59)

text: The last track, although marked as an alternate version of the main title, is in fact an instrumental version of "The Last Note of Freedom", with some studio outtakes of Jeff Beck performing parts of "Darlington - Cole Wins" and "The Last Race" at the end. The track also includes some studio chatter, presumably between Jeff Beck and editor Chris Lebenzon.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Hans Zimmer: Keyboards, Synthesizer, Programming [Fairlight CMI, Akai, Yamaha], Synclavier Programming
John Van Tongeren: Keyboard Programming, Synthesizer Programming, Synthesized Bass, Bass Guitar
Kirke Godfrey: Drums, Percussion
Jeff Beck: Guitar
Bruce Fowler: Additional Orchestrator
Shirley Walker: Additional Orchestrator, Conductor
Jay Rifkin: Score Mixer