document_title: 64th National Film Awards

question_text: the winner of the best actor award in the 64th national film festival 2017

text: 64th National Film Awards

text: Selection process[edit]

text: The Directorate of Film Festivals invited online entries for the first time on 16 January 2017 and the acceptable last date for entries was until 21 January 2017.[2] Feature and Non-Feature Films certified by Central Board of Film Certification between 1 January 2016, and 31 December 2016, were eligible for the film award categories. Books, critical studies, reviews or articles on cinema published in Indian newspapers, magazines, and journals between 1 January 2016, and 31 December 2016, were eligible for the best writing on cinema section. Entries of dubbed, revised or copied versions of a film or translation, abridgements, edited or annotated works and reprints were ineligible for the awards.[3]

text: For the Feature and Non-Feature Films sections, films in any Indian language, shot on 16 mm, 35 mm, a wider film gauge or a digital format, and released in cinemas, on video or digital formats for home viewing were eligible. Films were required to be certified as a feature film, a featurette or a Documentary/Newsreel/Non-Fiction by the Central Board of Film Certification.[2]

text: Best Film Friendly State[edit]

text: The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through a State Government Policy.

text:
Award
Name of State
Citation

Best Film Friendly State
State of Uttar Pradesh
For implementing a unique film policy, taking into account that the film medium is not only about entertainment but is also a very important vehicle of employment, social awareness and cultural development. The State’s Film Policy includes various measures to create a suitable environment, which not only invites shooting of films on a large scale in the State but also promotes other activities, which are related to various aspects of film production at the ground level, including financial incentives for filmmakers.

Best Film Friendly State - Special Mention
State of Jharkhand
To foster the film Industry and their endeavour to give incentives to filmmakers from across India. In addition to the above, the Film Policy also provides growth opportunities to the local filmmaking talent from within the State.

text: Golden Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Swarna Kamal

text: All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)'.

text: Dadasaheb Phalke Award[edit]

text: Introduced in 1969, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award is the highest award given to recognise the contributions of film personalities towards the development of Indian cinema and for distinguished contributions to the medium, its growth and promotion. "[4]

text: A committee consisting five eminent personalities from Indian film industry was appointed to evaluate the lifetime achievement award, Dadasaheb Phalke Award. Following were the jury members:[5]

text:
Jury Members

Manoj Kumar • T. S. Nagabharana • Asha Bhosle • Kamal Haasan • S. P. Balasubrahmanyam

text:
Name of Award
Awardee(s)
Awarded As
Awards

Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Kasinathuni Viswanath
Filmmaker
Swarna Kamal, ₹1 million (US$16,000) and a shawl

text: Feature Films[edit]

text: Feature films will be awarded at All India as well as regional level. Following will be the awards given in each category:

text: Jury[edit]

text: For the Feature Film section, six committees were formed based on the different geographic regions in India. The two-tier evaluation process included a central committee and five regional committees. The central committee, headed by the director Priyadarshan, included the heads of each regional committee and five other jury members. At regional level, each committee consisted of one chief and four members. The chief and one non-chief member of each regional committee were selected from outside that geographic region. The table below names the jury members for the central and regional committees:[5]

text: Central Jury

text:
•  Priyadarshan (Chairperson)

 •  N. Chandra
 •  Vasant S. Sai

 •  K. J. Suresh
 •  Imo Singh

 •  Girish Mohite
 •  Deboshruti Roy Chowdhury

 •  C. V. Reddy
 •  P. C. Reddy

 •  Ashok Rane
 •  Devdas Chhottrey

text: Northern Region: (Bhojpuri, Dogri, English, Hindi, Punjabi, Rajasthani, Urdu)

text:
•  K. J. Suresh (Head)

 •  Rakesh Mittal
 •  Advaita Kala

 •  Uma Maheswar Rao
 •  S. S. Bhakhoo

text: Eastern Region: (Assamese, Bengali, Oriya and North-Eastern dialects)

text:
•  Shyamaprasad (Head)

 •  Sanjeev Hazarika
 •  Tanushree Hazarika

 •  Girish Mohite
 •  Jagora Bandyopadhyay

text: Western Region: (Gujarati, Konkani, Marathi)

text:
•  N. Chandra (Head)

 •  Sanjay Pawar
 •  B. Diwakar

 •  Pramod Pawar
 •  Gopi Desai

text: Southern Region I: (Malayalam, Tamil)

text:
•  Imo Singh (Head)

 •  R. S. Vimal
 •  Balaji Sakthivel

 •  Suresh Chandra
 •  Priya Krishnaswamy

text: Southern Region II: (Kannada, Telugu)

text:
•  Vasant S. Sai (Head)

 •  G. Bhageeradha
 •  K. S. Ramesh

 •  H. N. Maruthi
 •  Aslam Sheikh

text: All India Award[edit]

text: Following will be the awards given:

text: Golden Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Swarna Kamal

text: All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

text:
Name of Award
Name of Film
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize

Best Feature Film
Kaasav
Marathi
Director(s): Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar
Producer(s):  • Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar
 • Mohan Agashe
₹ 250,000/- Each

Best Debut Film of A Director
Alifa
Bengali
Director: Deep Choudhury
Producer: Arman Ahmed
₹ 125,000/- Each

Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment
Sathamanam Bhavati
Telugu
Producer: V. Venkata Ramana Reddy
Director: Satish Vegesna
₹ 200,000/- Each

Best Children's Film
Dhanak
Hindi
Director: Nagesh Kukunoor
Producer: Drishyam Films
₹ 150,000/- Each

Best Direction
Ventilator
Marathi
Rajesh Mapuskar
₹ 250,000/-

Best Animated Film
Mahayodha Rama
Hindi
Producer: Contiloe Pictures Pvt. Ltd.
Director: Rohit Vaid
Animator: Deepak S.V
₹ 100,000/- Each

text: Silver Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Rajat Kamal

text: All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

text:
Name of Award
Name of Film
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize

Best Feature Film on National Integration
Dikchow Banat Palaax
Assamese
Director: Sanjib Sabha Pandit
Producer: Canvascope
₹ 150,000/- Each for

Best Film on Other Social Issues
Pink
Hindi
Director: Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury
Producer: Rashmi Sharma Films
₹ 150,000/- Each

Best Film on Environment/Conservation/Preservation
Loktak Lairembee
Manipuri
Haoban Paban Kumar
₹ 150,000/- Each

Best Actor
Rustom
Hindi
Akshay Kumar
₹ 50,000/-

Best Actress
Minnaminungu – the Firefly
Malayalam
Surabhi Lakshmi
₹ 50,000/-

Best Supporting Actor
Dashkriya
Marathi
Manoj Joshi
₹ 50,000/-

Best Supporting Actress
Dangal
Hindi
Zaira Wasim
₹ 50,000/-

Best Child Artist
Railway Children
Kannada
Manohara K
₹ 50,000/- (Cash component to be shared)

Sahaj Paather Gappo
Bengali
 • Nur Islam
 • Samiul Alam

Kunju Daivam
Malayalam
Adish Praveen

Best Male Playback Singer
Joker
(For the song "Jasmine E")
Tamil
Sundarayyar
₹ 50,000/-

Best Female Playback Singer
Praktan
(For the song "Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho")
Bengali
Iman Chakraborty
₹ 50,000/-

Best Cinematography
24
Tamil
Tirru
₹ 50,000/-

Best Screenplay
 • Screenplay Writer (Original)
Maheshinte Prathikaaram
Malayalam
Syam Pushkaran
₹ 50,000/-

Best Screenplay
 • Screenplay Writer (Adapted)
Dashakriya
Marathi
Sanjay Krishnaji Patil
₹ 50,000/-

Best Screenplay
 • Dialogues
Pelli Choopulu
Telugu
Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam
₹ 50,000/-

Best Audiography
 • Sound Designer
Kaadu Pookkunna Neram
Malayalam
Jayadevan Chakka Dath
₹ 50,000/-

Best Audiography
 • Re-recordist of the Final Mixed Track
Ventilator
Marathi
Alok De
₹ 50,000/-

Best Editing
Ventilator
Marathi
Rameshwar S. Bhagat
₹ 50,000/-

Best Production Design
24
Tamil
 •  Subrata Chakraborthy
 •  Shreyas Khedekar
 •  Amit Ray
₹ 50,000/-

Best Costume Design
Cycle
Marathi
Sachin Lovalekar
₹ 50,000/-

Best Make-up Artist
Allama
Kannada
NK Ramakrishna
₹ 50,000/-

Best Music Direction
 • Songs
Allama
Kannada
Bapu Padmanabha
₹ 50,000/-

Best Music Direction
 • Background Score
Allama
Kannada
Bapu Padmanabha
₹ 50,000/-

Best Lyrics
Praktan
(For the song "Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho")
Bengali
Anupam Roy
₹ 50,000/- (Cash Component To Be Shared)

Dharma Durai
(For the song "Entha Pakkam")
Tamil
Vairamuthu

Best Special Effects
Shivaay
Hindi
Naveen Paul
₹ 50,000/-

Best Choreography
Janatha Garage
Telugu
Raju Sundaram
₹ 50,000/-

Best Stunt Choreographer
Pulimurugan
Malayalam
Peter Hein
₹ 50,000/-

Special Jury Award
 • Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol
 • Janatha Garage
 • Pulimurugan
Malayalam
Telugu
Malayalam
Mohanlal
₹ 200,000/-

Special Mention
Kadvi Hawa
Hindi
Producer: Eleeanora Images Private Ltd.
Director: Nila Madhab Panda
Certificate only

Mukti Bhawan
Hindi
Producer: Red Carper Moving Pictures
Director: Shubhashish Bhutiani

Mukti Bhawan
Hindi
Adil Hussain (Actor)

Neerja
Hindi
Sonam Kapoor (Actress)

text: Regional Awards[edit]

text: National Film Awards are also given to the best films in the regional languages of India. Awards for the regional languages are categorised as per their mention in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India. Awardees included producers and directors of the film. No films in languages other than those specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution were eligible.

text:
Name of Award
Name of Film
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize

Best Feature Film in Assamese
Maj Rati Keteki
Producer: Udara Films
Director : Santwana Bardoloi
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Bengali
Bisarjan
Producer: M/s Opera
Director : Kaushik Ganguly
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Gujarati
Wrong Side Raju
Producer: Cineman Productions Ltd.
Director: Mikhil Musale
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Hindi
Neerja
Producer: Fox Star Studios India Pvt. Ltd.
Director : Ram Madhvani
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Kannada
Reservation
Producer: Thotadamane
Director : Nikhil Manjoo
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Konkani
K Sera Sera - Ghodpachem Ghoddtelem
Producer: de Goan Studio
Director: Rajiv Shinde
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Malayalam
Maheshinte Prathikaaram
Producer: Dream Mill Cinemas and Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
Director: Dileesh Pothan
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Marathi
Dashkriya
Producer: Rangneel Creations
Director: Sandeep Bhalachandra Patil
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Tamil
Joker
Producer: Dream Warrior Pictures
Director: Raju Murugan
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Telugu
Pelli Choopulu
Producer: Dharamapatha Creations
Director: Tharun Bhascker Dhaassyam
₹ 100,000/- Each

text: Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified In the Schedule VIII of the Constitution

text:
Name of Award
Name of Film
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize

Producer
Director

Best Feature Film in Moran
Haanduk
Mayamara Production
Jaicheng Jai Dohutia
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Feature Film in Tulu
Madipu
Aastha Production
Chetan Mundadi
₹ 100,000/- Each

text: Non-Feature Films[edit]

text: Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.

text: Jury[edit]

text: A committee of seven, headed by Raju Mishra, was appointed to evaluate the Non-Feature Films entries. The jury members were:[5]

text:
•  Raju Mishra (Chairperson)

 •  Ashok Sharan
 •  M. C. Rajanarayanan

 •  M. Maniram
 •  Sanjeev Ratan

 •  Preethi Tripathi
 •  Sushmit Ghosh

text: Golden Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Swarna Kamal

text:
Name of Award
Name of Film
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize

Best Non-Feature Film
Fireflies in the Abyss
English
Producer: Chandrasekhar Reddy
Director: Chandrasekhar Reddy
₹ 100,000/- Each

Best Director in Non-Feature Film
Aaba... Aiktaay Na?
Marathi
Producer: Shri Mahalasa Productions Ponda
Director: Aaditya Jambhale
₹ 150,000/- to the Director

text: Silver Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Rajat Kamal

text: All the Awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.

text:
Name of Award
Name of Film
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize

Best First Non-Feature Film
SOZ...A Ballad of Maladies
Hindi
Producer: Rajiv Mehrotra, PSBT
Director: Tushar Madhav & Sarvnik Kaur
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Biographical Film / Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film
Zikr Us Parivaksha: Begum Akhtar
Urdu
Producer: Snageet Natak Akademi
Director: Nirmal Chander
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Arts / Cultural Film
In the Shadow of Time
The Lord of the Universe
English
Producer: Indira Gandhi National Center for Arts
Director: Shankhajeet Dey

Producer: Shibu Prusty
Director: Shibu Prusty
₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)

Best Environment Film including Best Agricultural Film
The Tiger Who Crossed The Line
English
Producer: Krishnendu Bose
Director: Krishnendu Bose
₹ 50,000/- Each (Cash Component to be shared)

Best Promotional Film
Weaves of Maheshwar
Hindi, English
Producer: Storyloom Films
Director:Keya Vaswani & Nidhi Kamath
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Film on Social Issues
I am Jeeja
Sanath
English
Hindi
Producer: Rajiv Mehrotra
Director: Swaty Chakraborty

Producer: Priya Arun
Director: Vasanth S. Sai
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film
The Water Fall
English
Producer: Syed Sultan Ahmed
Director: Lipika Singh Darai
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Exploration / Adventure Film
Matitle Kusti
Telugu & English
Producer: Madhavi Reddy
Director: Prantik Vivek Deshmukh
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Investigative Film
Placebo
English
Producer: Archana Fadke
Director: Abhay Kumar
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Animation Film
Hum Chitra Banate Hai
Hindi
Producer: IDC, IIT MUmbai
Director: Nina Sabnani
Animator: Piyush Varma And Shyam Sundar Chatterjee
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Short Fiction Film
Aaba
English
Producer: Raj Kumar Gupta
Director: Amar Kaushik
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Film on Family Welfare
Little Magician
English
Producer: Syed Sultan Ahmed
Director: Neha Sharma
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Cinematography
Kalpvriksha
Adnyat
Hindi
English
Cameraman:Alpesh Nagar
Cameraman:Vishal Sangwai
₹ 50,000/- Each

Best Audiography
In Return Just A Book
English
Ajith Abraham George
₹ 50,000/-

Best Editing
Gudh
English
Jishu Sen
₹ 50,000/-

Best Music Direction
Leeches
Hindi, English
Tanuj Tiku
₹ 50,000/-

Best Narration / Voice over
Makino
English
Setsu Makino Togawa
₹ 50,000/- Each

Special Jury Award
The Cinema Travellers
English
Producer: Shirley Abraham
Director: Shirely Abraham
₹ 50,000/- Each

Special Mention
Chembai:Descoperire A Mei Unai Legende Chembai My discovery of a legend (Documentary)
English
Soumya Sadanandan
Certificate

Sikar Aru Sitkar
Assamese
Ramesh Borah and Sibanu Borah
Certificate

The Eyes of Darkness
English
Amitabh Parashar
Certificate

Best On Location - Sound Recordist
Remembering Kurdi
English
Christopher Bhurchell
₹ 50,000/- Each

text: Best Writing on Cinema[edit]

text: The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.

text: Jury[edit]

text: A committee of three, headed by the National Award-winning writer Bhavana Somaya was appointed to evaluate the nominations for the best writing on Indian cinema. The jury members were as follows:[5]

text:
•  Bhavana Somaya (Chairperson)

 •  Mohan V. Raman
 •  Prabhat Kumar

text: Golden Lotus Award[edit]

text: Official Name: Swarna Kamal

text: All the awardees are awarded with the Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal) accompanied with a cash prize.

text:
Name of Award
Name of Book
Language
Awardee(s)
Cash Prize

Best Book on Cinema
Sur Gatha
Hindi
Author: Yatindra Mishra Publisher: Vani Prakashan
₹ 75,000/- Each

Best Film Critic
NA
English
G. Dhananjayan
₹ 75,000/-

Special Mention
A Fly in the Curry
English
Author: K.P. Jayashankar & Anjali Monteiro
Certificate Only

text: Controversy[edit]

text: There was controversy over the National Film Award for Best Actor, which the committee awarded to Akshay Kumar for his performance in Rustom,[6][7] snubbing Aamir Khan's performance for Dangal.[8][9][10] Committee member Priyadarshan, who has worked with Kumar on several films,[6][10] gave the following explanation for awarding Kumar instead of Khan:[10]

text: Why should we have given the Best Actor award to Aamir Khan when he has made it very clear that he doesn’t attend awards functions? If he doesn’t want to accept the honour, what is the point in honouring him? Nowadays, we have seen people returning their awards. We didn’t want to take that risk.


document_title: Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics

question_text: who won every men's biathlon event in the 2002 winter olympics

question_tokens: who won every men 's biathlon event in the 2002 winter olympics

root

text: Biathlon at the 2002 Winter Olympics

text: Medal summary[edit]

text: Seven nations won medals in biathlon, with Germany winning the most (3 gold, 5 silver, 1 bronze), while Norway led the medal table with 4 gold medals. These four all involved Ole Einar Bjørndalen, who won each of the three men's individual events, as well as participating in the gold-medal winning relay team. Kati Wilhelm was the most successful athlete in the women's competition, taking two golds and a silver.

tag: p

text: Medal table[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Norway (NOR)
4
2
0
6

2
 Germany (GER)
3
5
1
9

3
 Russia (RUS)
1
0
2
3

4
 France (FRA)
0
1
1
2

5
 Sweden (SWE)
0
0
2
2

6
 Austria (AUT)
0
0
1
1

 Bulgaria (BUL)
0
0
1
1

Total
8
8
8
24

tag: table

text: Men's events[edit]

text:
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze

Individual
details
Ole Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
51:03.3
Frank Luck
 Germany
51:39.4
Viktor Maigourov
 Russia
51:40.6

Sprint
details
Ole Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
24:51.3
Sven Fischer
 Germany
25:20.2
Wolfgang Perner
 Austria
25:44.4

Pursuit
details
Ole Einar Bjørndalen
 Norway
32:34.6
Raphaël Poirée
 France
33:17.6
Ricco Groß
 Germany
33:30.6

Relay
details
 Norway (NOR)
Halvard Hanevold
Frode Andresen
Egil Gjelland
Ole Einar Bjørndalen
1:23:42.3
 Germany (GER)
Ricco Groß
Peter Sendel
Sven Fischer
Frank Luck
1:24:27.6
 France (FRA)
Gilles Marguet
Vincent Defrasne
Julien Robert
Raphaël Poirée
1:24:36.6

text: Women's events[edit]

text:
Event
Gold
Silver
Bronze

Individual
details
Andrea Henkel
 Germany
47:29.1
Liv Grete Skjelbreid-Poirée
 Norway
47:37.0
Magdalena Forsberg
 Sweden
48:08.3

Sprint
details
Kati Wilhelm
 Germany
20:41.4
Uschi Disl
 Germany
20:57.0
Magdalena Forsberg
 Sweden
21:20.4

Pursuit
details
Olga Pyleva
 Russia
31:07.8
Kati Wilhelm
 Germany
31:13.1
Irina Nikulchina
 Bulgaria
31:15.9

Relay
details
 Germany (GER)
Katrin Apel
Uschi Disl
Andrea Henkel
Kati Wilhelm
1:27:55.8
 Norway (NOR)
Ann-Elen Skjelbreid
Linda Tjørhom
Gunn Margit Andreassen
Liv Grete Skjelbreid-Poirée
1:28:26.4
 Russia (RUS)
Olga Pyleva
Galina Kukleva
Svetlana Ishmouratova
Albina Akhatova
1:29:20.5

text: Participating nations[edit]

text: Thirty-four nations sent biathletes to compete in the events. Below is a list of the competing nations; in parentheses are the number of national competitors. Chile and Croatia made their Olympic debuts in the sport, with one athlete each.

text:
Argentina (2)
 Austria (5)
 Belarus (11)
 Bulgaria (5)
 Canada (1)
 Chile (2)
 China (5)
 Croatia (1)
 Czech Republic (10)

 Estonia (4)
 Finland (9)
 France (10)
 Great Britain (4)
 Germany (11)
 Greece (2)
 Hungary (3)
 Italy (10)
 Japan (8)

 Kazakhstan (2)
 Kyrgyzstan (1)
 South Korea (2)
 Latvia (5)
 Lithuania (2)
 Moldova (2)
 Norway (9)
 Poland (5)
 Romania (4)

 Russia (11)
 Slovenia (10)
 Switzerland (4)
 Slovakia (6)
 Sweden (5)
 Ukraine (11)
 United States (8)


document_title: Captive killer whales

question_text: when was the first orca put in captivity

text: Captive killer whales

text: Orcas[edit]

text: The killer whale (Orcinus orca) is the largest species of the Dolphin family. The species is found in all the world's oceans, from the frigid Arctic and Antarctic regions to warm, tropical seas. Killer whales are intelligent, versatile and opportunistic predators. Some populations feed mostly on fish, and other populations hunt marine mammals, including sea lions, seals, walruses, large whales and some species of shark. They are considered an apex predator, having no natural predators in their environment. There are up to five distinct killer whale types, some of which may be separate races, subspecies or even species.[citation needed][3] Killer whales are highly social; some populations are composed of matrilineal family groups, which are the most stable of any animal species.[4] The sophisticated social behavior, hunting techniques, and vocal behavior of killer whales have been described as manifestations of culture.[5]

text: Although killer whales are not an endangered species, some local populations are considered threatened or endangered due to pollution by PCBs, depletion of prey species, captures for marine mammal parks, conflicts with fishing activities, acoustic pollution, shipping vessels, stress from whale-watching boats, and habitat loss.[6][7][8]

text: Capture and breeding[edit]

text: Killer whales are large, active and intelligent. Males range from 6 to 9.7 m (20 to 32 ft) and weigh over 8 tonnes (8.8 tons), while females range from 5 to 7 m (16 to 23 ft) and weigh 3 to 5 tonnes (3.3 to 5.5 tons).[9] It is extremely difficult to capture killer whales and to provide a healthy environment for the captives. Early attempts in the 1960s caused many injuries and deaths. However, with experience the teams who specialized in the business became more adept and post-capture survival rates improved. Live captures peaked in the early 1970s, but have become increasingly rare as the marine parks have learned how to maintain theme park populations through captive breeding and artificial insemination.

text: North Eastern Pacific captures[edit]

text: The first captured North Eastern Pacific killer whale (Wanda) was caught in November 1961 by a collecting crew from Marineland of the Pacific in Los Angeles. The 5.2 m (17 ft) orca was placed in a tank at the aquarium, where she repeatedly crashed into the walls. She died the following day.[10][11] The next killer whale captured, Moby Doll, had been harpooned and shot in 1964 and survived for three months when brought back for display to Vancouver, British Columbia.[12] The third capture for display occurred in June 1965 when William Lechkobit found a 22-foot (6.7m) male orca in his floating salmon net that had drifted close to shore near Namu, British Columbia. The killer whale was sold for $8,000 to Ted Griffin, a Seattle public aquarium owner. Named after his place of capture, Namu was the subject of a film that changed some people's attitudes toward orcas.[13]

text: During the 1960s and early 1970s, nearly 70 killer whales were taken from Pacific waters for exhibition. The Southern Resident community of the Northeast Pacific lost 48 of its members to captivity. By 1976, only 80 killer whales were left in the community, which remains endangered. With subsequent captures, the theme parks learned more about avoiding injury during capture and subsequent care of killer whales, and discovered that they could be trained to perform tricks, making them a great attraction to visitors. As commercial demand increased, growing numbers of Pacific orcas were captured, peaking in 1970.[14]

text: A turning point came with a mass capture of orcas from the L-25 pod in August 1970 at Penn Cove, Puget Sound off the coast of Washington. The Penn Cove capture became controversial due to the large number of wild killer whales that were taken (seven) and the number of deaths that resulted: four juveniles died, as well as one adult female who drowned when she became tangled in a net while attempting to reach her calf. In his interview for the CNN documentary Blackfish, former diver John Crowe told how all five of the whales had their abdomen slit open and filled with rocks, their tails weighted down with anchors and chains, in an attempt to conceal the deaths.[15] The facts surrounding their deaths were discovered three months later after three of the dead whales washed ashore on Whidbey Island. Public concern about the welfare of the animals and the impact of captures on the wild pods led to the Marine Mammal Protection Act being passed in 1972 by the US Congress, protecting orcas from being harassed or killed, and requiring special permits for capture. Since then, few wild orcas have been captured in Northeastern Pacific waters.[16][17]

text: Lolita, originally known as Tokitae, was a survivor of the Penn Cove captures. She was about six years old at time of capture and is now the oldest captive killer whale. Lolita is the subject of the documentary Lolita: Slave to Entertainment, released in 2008.[18] Various groups still argue that Lolita should be released into the wild.[19][20]

text: Icelandic captures[edit]

text: When the US Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 effectively stopped the capture of Pacific orcas, exhibitors found an area more tolerant of killer whale captures in Iceland. Icelandic herring fishermen had traditionally seen killer whales as competitors for their catch, and sale of live killer whales promised a large new source of income. 48 live killer whales captured in Icelandic waters were exported to marine parks between 1976 and 1988. The capture process was based on luring the orcas by dumping leftovers from herring fishing in front of the pod, capturing the killer whales in a purse seine net, selecting desirable animals and hauling them on board in a specially designed frame, then placing them in foam-lined boxes full of seawater.[21] However, restrictions on US killer whale import permits and advances in captive breeding programs meant that the market never became as large as expected. Growing concern from conservationists and animal rights activists has caused the Icelandic government to limit the number of orcas that may be captured each year.[22]

text: Perhaps the best known of the Icelandic captives is Keiko, caught in 1979 and sold to the Icelandic aquarium in Hafnarfjörður. Three years later, he was sold to Marineland Canada, where he first started performing for the public and developed skin lesions indicative of poor health. He was then sold to Reino Aventura (now named Six Flags Mexico), an amusement park in Mexico City, in 1985. He was the star of the 1993 movie Free Willy, the publicity from which led to an effort by Warner Brothers Studio to find him a better home. Using donations from the studio, Craig McCaw the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, Oregon spent over $7 million to construct facilities to return him to health with the hope of returning him to the wild. He was airlifted to his new home in January 1996, where he soon regained weight. In September 1998, he was flown to Klettsvik Bay in Vestmannaeyjar in Iceland, and gradually reintroduced to the wild, returning to the open sea in July 11, 2002. Keiko died from pneumonia in December 12, 2003 at the age of 27 years.[23][24] He had become lethargic and had a loss of appetite.

text: North Western Pacific captures[edit]

text: 1,477 killer whales were hunted in Japanese waters between 1948 and 1972, 545 of them around Hokkaido. Killer whale encounters in Japanese waters are now rare.[25] In 1997 a group of ten killer whales was corralled by Japanese fisherman banging on iron rods and using water bombs to disorient the animals and force them into a bay near Taiji, Wakayama. They were held in the bay for two days before being auctioned to Japanese marine parks. Five animals were released, and the other five transported via road or sea to the aquariums. All five are dead.[26]

text: The first live killer whale captured in Russia was an 18-foot (5.5 m)-long female estimated to be about six years old, captured off the Pacific coast of the Kamchatka district on September 26, 2003. She was transferred over 7,000 miles (11,000 km) to a facility owned by the Utrish Dolphinarium on the Black Sea, where she died in October 2003 after less than a month in captivity.[27]

text: Killer whales born in captivity[edit]

text: The majority of today's theme-park killer whales were born in captivity: 33 out of 56. Kalina, a female orca born in September 1985 at SeaWorld Orlando, was the first captive orca calf to survive more than two months. Kalina's mother is an Icelandic female named Katina, and her father, Winston (also known as Ramu III), was a Pacific Southern Resident, making Kalina an Atlantic/Pacific hybrid – a unique situation that would not have occurred in the wild.[28]

text: The first killer whale conceived through artificial insemination was Nakai who was born to Kasatka at the SeaWorld park in San Diego in September 2001.[29] A female killer whale named Kohana, the second killer whale conceived in this manner, was born at the same park eight months later.[30] Artificial insemination lets park owners maintain a healthier genetic mix in the small groups of killer whales at each park while avoiding the stress of moving killer whales for breeding purposes.[31]

text: The practice of exhibiting killer whales born in captivity is less controversial than of retaining free-born orcas, since the captive-born orcas have known no other world and may not be able to adapt to life in the wild. Captive breeding also promises to reduce incentives to capture wild orcas.[32] However, in January 2002 the Miami Seaquarium stated that captive orcas are dying faster than they are being born, and as it is virtually impossible to obtain orcas captured from the wild, the business of exhibiting captive orcas may eventually disappear.[33]

text: Captivity locations[edit]

text: As of September 29, 2016, orcas in 13 facilities in North and South America, Europe and Asia provide entertainment for theme park visitors.[34] Building the physical infrastructure of the parks requires major capital expenditure, but as the star attractions the orcas are arguably the most valuable and irreplaceable assets.

text: SeaWorld[edit]

text: SeaWorld is a chain of marine mammal parks in the United States and is the largest owner of captive killer whales in the world. The parks feature killer whale, sea lion, and dolphin shows and zoological displays featuring various other marine animals. The parks' icon is Shamu, the orca.[35] Parks include:

text:
SeaWorld San Diego, San Diego, California; home of Corky II, Orkid, Ulises, Nakai, Kalia, Ikaika, Keet, Shouka, Makani, and Amaya
SeaWorld Orlando, Orlando, Florida; home of Katina, Trua, Nalani, Kayla, Malia, and Makaio
SeaWorld San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; home of Kyuquot, Tuar, Takara, Sakari, and Kamea

tag: ul

text: There was also a fourth park named SeaWorld Ohio, but the park closed in 2001.

text: Miami Seaquarium[edit]

text: The Miami Seaquarium is an aquarium located on Virginia Key in Biscayne Bay near downtown Miami, Florida. A subsidiary of the privately held Wometco Enterprises, the Seaquarium was the first major marine park attraction in South Florida, opening in 1955. In addition to marine mammals, the Miami Seaquarium houses fish, sharks, sea turtles, birds and reptiles.[36] It is home to Lolita (aka Tokitae), the oldest killer whale in captivity.[37]

text: Marineland Canada[edit]

text: Marineland is a privately held themed amusement and animal exhibition park in the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. Owing to its proximity to the falls and other natural park areas and its blend of animal attractions and rides, it is one of the main tourist destinations in Niagara Falls, in Ontario, Canada.[38] It currently only holds Kiska.

text: Marineland (Antibes)[edit]

text: Marineland is an animal exhibition park in Antibes, France, founded in 1970. It receives more than 1,200,000 visitors per year, and is the only French sea park featuring two cetacean species: killer whales and dolphins. The park is a subsidiary of Parques Reunidos, a Spanish group with properties in Europe, Argentina and the US. It currently holds Inouk (M), Wikie (F), Moana (M), and Keijo (M) and owns Shouka (F), who is at SeaWorld San Diego.

text: Loro Parque[edit]

text: Loro Parque (Spanish for "parrot park") is a zoo located on the outskirts of Puerto de la Cruz on Tenerife. The park has the world's largest indoor penguin exhibition, the longest shark tunnel in Europe, and is one of only two parks in Europe to house killer whales.[39]

text: In February 2006, Loro Parque received four young killer whales; two males, Keto (born in 1995) and Tekoa (born in 2000), and two females, Kohana (2002) and Skyla (2004) on loan from SeaWorld. Sea World has sent its own professionals, including trainers, curators & veterinarians, to supplement the staff at Loro Parque. In 2004 and 2005, before the killer whales were brought to Loro Parque, eight animal trainers from the park were sent to Sea World parks in Texas and Florida for training. However, only half of these trainers are currently employed in Orca Ocean, Loro Parque's facility for the killer whales. None of the subsequent employees hired have been sent to Sea World parks for training.[40] On December 24, 2009, orca trainer Alexis Martinez, age 29, was killed during a Christmas show rehearsal when he was attacked by one of the killer whales, presumably Keto, resulting in his drowning. He had worked at Loro Parque since 2004. From this date the trainers no longer enter the water with the orcas during live shows. In December of 2017, SeaWorld announced that the orcas they loaned to Loro Parque now belonged to the Spanish amusement park.

text: Mundo Marino[edit]

text: Mundo Marino, located south of Buenos Aires in the coastal town of San Clemente del Tuyú, Argentina, is the largest aquarium in South America. Mundo Marino is home to one male killer whale, Kshamenk, that was stranded, or force-stranded, in 1992.[41] Kshamenk is estimated to have been around 4 1/2 years old when captured.

text: Other marine exhibitions[edit]

text:
Kamogawa SeaWorld, Kamogawa, Chiba, Japan; home of Lovey, Lara, Earth, and Luna
Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; home of Ran II, Stella, and Lynn
Moskvarium, Moscow, Russia; home of Narnia, Nord, and Juliet
TINRO Center, Vladivostok, Russia; home of three-four unnamed orcas, one male and two females
Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, Henqin, Zhuhai, China; home of four unnamed orcas, two of which are male, the other two are unknown genders
It is unknown where TIN-OO-C1306 currently resides, he/she may be with Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, the TINRO Center, or at another park.

text: Captivity conditions[edit]

text: Tank size and water conditions[edit]

text: Legal requirements for tank size vary greatly from country to country. In the US, the minimum enclosure size is set by the Code of Federal Regulations, 9 C.F.R. 3.104, under the Specifications for the Humane Handling, Care, Treatment, and Transportation of Marine Mammals.[42] In 9 CFR 3.104, Table III classifies killer whales as Group I cetaceans with an average length of 24 feet (7.3 m). Based on length, Table I states up to two killer whales may be held in a pool with a minimum horizontal dimension (the diameter of a circular pool of water) of twice that length or 48 feet (15 m) and a minimum depth of 12 feet (3.7 m), giving a minimum volume of 21,700 cubic feet (615 m3) for two killer whales. Each additional killer whale requires a pool with an additional 10,900 cubic feet (308 m3) of volume. 9 CFR 3.104 also requires a minimum of 680 square feet (63 m2) surface area per killer whale in Table IV (the example with a cylindrical tank 48 feet (15 m) in diameter for two whales provides 905 square feet (84.1 m2) of surface area per killer whale). Swiss regulations require a larger minimum volume: 400 square metres (4,300 sq ft) × 4 metres (13 ft) deep for two killer whales, or 1,600 cubic metres (57,000 cu ft). The Alliance of Marine Mammal Parks and Aquariums (AMMPA) goes further, and recommends 1,918 cubic metres (67,700 cu ft) for two killer whales.[43] The US exhibitors of captive killer whales belong to the AMMPA, but exhibitors in other countries do not.[44]

text: The tanks in most marine parks are considerably larger than the minimum sizes required by regulations. However, the Miami Seaquarium has been criticized for the small size of the tank holding their sole killer whale, Lolita, which is less than two of her body lengths wide at any point. Building a new tank would be costly and there is little prospect of replacing the aging Lolita.[45]

text: Nutrition and medical care[edit]

text: On average, an adult killer whale in the wild may eat about three to four percent of their body weight daily,[46] or as much as 227 kg (500 lb) of food for a six-ton male. Their diet in the wild depends on what is available, and may include fish, walruses, seals, sea lions, penguins, squid, sea turtles, sharks and whales.[47] According to SeaWorld, each of their adult orcas receives 140 to 240 pounds of food per day, primarily herring, capelin, salmon and mackerel. To maintain their alertness, the killer whales are fed at sporadic intervals throughout the day (as would happen in the wild) and feeding is often combined with training and shows. Each batch of fish is carefully tested to determine its nutritive composition, and each killer whale's weight, activity and health is carefully monitored to determine any special dietary requirements.[48]

text: Killer whales have been the subject of extensive medical research since their first capture, and much is known about prevention and treatment of the common viral and bacterial infections, including vaccination and use of antibiotics and other medicines.[49] Allometric principles and therapeutic drug monitoring are used to accurately determine the doses and avoid toxicity.[50]

text: Training[edit]

text: Whales are trained using a system of reward (called "positive reinforcement" by trainers) by giving the killer whale food or other reinforcement when they are successful, and withholding it when they are not.[51] Secondary reinforcement—things not essential to life, such as play time, tactile rewards and fun games—can also be used as rewards.[52]

text: Issues with captivity[edit]

text: The practice of keeping killer whales in captivity is controversial, and organizations such as World Animal Protection and the Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society campaign against the captivity of killer whales. Orcas in captivity may develop physical pathologies, such as the dorsal fin collapse seen in 80–90% of captive males.

text: The captive environment bears little resemblance to their wild habitat, and the social groups that the killer whales are put into are foreign to those found in the wild.[2] Critics claim that captive life is stressful due to small tanks, false social groupings and chemically altered water. Captive killer whales have been observed acting aggressively toward themselves, other killer whales, or humans, which critics say is a result of stress.[citation needed]

text: Disease and lifespan[edit]

text: The lifespan of killer whales in captivity versus wild killer whales is disputed. Several studies published in scientific journals show that the average mortality rate for captive killer whales is approximately three times higher than in the wild.[53] A 2015 study in the Journal of Mammalogy, authored by SeaWorld's vice-president of theriogenology, Todd Robeck,[54][55] concluded that the life expectancy for killer whales born at SeaWorld is the same as those in the wild.[56] In the wild, female killer whales have a typical lifespan of 60–80 years, and a maximum recorded lifespan of 103 years.[57] The average lifespan for males in the wild is 30 years, but some live up to 50–60 years.[58] The 2015 study has been criticised by Trevor Willis, senior lecture in marine biology at the University of Portsmouth, who stated that the study is misleading, "clearly wrong" and indicative of "poor practice". He stated that it is misleading in two ways: "First, it compares two completely different circumstances: the controlled environment of a swimming pool, with highly trained vets on hand; and the wild ocean. "There are no predators in a swimming pool. Second, and in the absence of any other information, it appears they’ve looked at the survival rate of calves in the first two years of life and extrapolated it out 50 years into the future." He also stated that no captive orca has lived for 55.8 years,[54] the recorded average life expectancy of adult orcas at SeaWorld.[55]

text: SeaWorld San Antonio's 14-year-old Taku, born in captivity, died suddenly on October 17, 2007. Trainers were notified that Taku had been acting differently a week before his death. The necropsy determined that Taku had died from a sudden case of pneumonia, a common illness among captive orcas.[59][60] It was also discovered that Taku was infected by the West nile virus, transmitted by mosquitos.[61]

text: The shallowness of orca tanks forces orcas to spend a lot of time at the surface. So much time at the surface leads to prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays. Prolonged exposure to the surface and UV rays is attributed to sunburns and the development of cataracts in orcas in captivity. Orcas in the wild would live at higher latitudes, meaning less intense sun, and spend more time in deeper, darker waters.[62] While it is uncertain the effects of prolonged UV exposure to orcas' skin, since captive orca necropsies are extremely secretive,[63] it seems logical that prolonged exposure to UV rays on unprotected skin would have the same negative effects such as melanoma (skin cancer) on orcas as it does on humans.

text: The original Namu developed a bacterial infection which damaged his nervous system, causing him to become nonresponsive to people. During his illness he charged full-speed into the wire mesh of his pen, thrashed violently for a few minutes and then died.[64]

text: Dorsal fin collapse[edit]

text: Most captive male killer whales, and some females, have a dorsal fin that is partially or completely collapsed to one side. Several hypotheses exist as to why this happens. A dorsal fin is held erect by collagen, which normally hardens in late adolescence.

text: Scientists from the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) have reported that "the collapsed dorsal fins commonly seen in captive killer whales do not result from a pathogenic condition, but are instead thought to most likely originate from an irreversible structural change in the fin's collagen over time. Possible explanations for this include: (1) alterations in water balance caused by the stresses of captivity dietary changes, (2) lowered blood pressure due to reduced activity patterns, or (3) overheating of the collagen brought on by greater exposure of the fin to the ambient air."[65] According to SeaWorld's website, another reason for the fin to bend may be the greater amount of time that captive whales spend at the surface, where the fin is not supported by water pressure.[66] The Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society says that dorsal fin collapse is largely explained by captive killer whales swimming in small circles due to the inadequate space in which they have to swim.[67] SeaWorld, however, claims that "Neither the shape nor the droop of a whale's dorsal fin are indicators of a killer whale's health or well-being."[66]

text: Collapsed or collapsing dorsal fins are rare in most wild populations and usually result from a serious injury to the fin, such as from being shot or colliding with a vessel.[65] After the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill, the dorsal fins of two male resident killer whales who had been exposed to the oil collapsed, and the animals subsequently died. In 2002, the dorsal fin of a stranded killer whale showed signs of collapse after three days but regained its natural upright appearance as soon as the orca resumed strong normal swimming upon release.[65]

text: It has been reported that seven out of the 30 (23%) wild adult male killer whales from New Zealand waters have bent dorsal fins,[66][68] though this figure includes a variety of dorsal fin abnormalities, including rippled or twisted fins, in addition to simple one-sided collapse.[69] The New Zealand study noted that, in addition to the high prevalence of dorsal fin deformities, two of the 30 adult males in this population also had prolific body scarring that was consistent with bite marks from other killer whales.[69] The prevalence of dorsal fin deformities is 4.7% among adult male orcas in British Columbia and 0.57% in Norway.[69] Amongst the well-studied wild killer whales off the coast of British Columbia, the total rate of dorsal fin collapse is around 1%.[70][71]

text: Attacks on humans[edit]

text: Two recorded instances include a boy charged while swimming in Helm Bay (in southeast Alaska) and orcas trying to tip ice floes on which a dog team and photographer of the Terra Nova Expedition were standing.[72] In the case of the boy in Alaska, the boy was splashing in a region frequented by harbor seals, leading to speculation that the killer whales misidentified him as prey and aborted their attack. In the case of the Terra Nova expedition, there is speculation that the seal-like barking of the sled dogs may have triggered the killer whales' hunting curiosity.

text: Killer whales in the wild, however, are much less likely to attack people than are their captive counterparts, who have been known to attack either their handlers or intruders. Following one such attack on a trainer in 2006, ABC News reported that captive killer whales have attacked nearly two dozen people since the 1970s.[73] Studies of killer whales in the wild have identified at least two categories, based on their territorial range. Those living in a limited area, such as Puget Sound or the Strait of Juan de Fuca, are termed "resident" whales, while "transient" whales roam the oceans at will. These "transient" types have to be more aggressive, in order to assert themselves in a wide range of territories and to prey on a variety of different species. This increased aggressiveness does not disappear in captivity.[74] Furthermore, captivity itself has been asserted to aggravate aggressive behavior, resulting in a "cetacean equivalent of anxiety disorder."[75]

text: Captive killer whale attacks on humans seem to fall mostly into the categories of: biting during feeding, ramming in the water, and holding under water. Killer whales biting trainers during feeding or shows is generally the mildest form of attack seen, but can escalate to an animal dragging the trainer underwater and holding them there until they lose consciousness or drown. Trainers who have had killer whales ram into them in the water tend to suffer from a range of injuries including internal bleeding, broken bones, ruptured organs, and heart attack.[76]

text: Tilikum, a male killer whale, has been involved in the death of three individuals since his capture near Iceland in November 1983. In 1991, Tilikum and two other killer whales grabbed 20-year-old trainer Keltie Byrne in their mouths and tossed her to each other, drowning Byrne.[77][78] On July 5, 1999, Daniel P. Dukes visited SeaWorld and stayed after the park closed, evading security so as to enter a killer whale tank.[79] He was found dead the next day, floating in Tilikum's pool. He died due to a combination of hypothermia[dubious – discuss], trauma, and drowning but Dukes was covered in bruises, abrasions and bite marks, and his scrotum had been ripped open,[80] indicating that Tilikum had toyed with the victim. It is unclear whether Tilikum actually caused the man's death.[81] On February 24, 2010, after a noontime performance at Sea World, Orlando, Florida, Tilikum killed trainer Dawn Brancheau during a training session with the whale.[82] This latest incident with Tilikum reawakened a heated discussion about the effect of captivity on the killer whale's behavior.[83] In May 2012, Occupational Safety and Health Administration administrative law judge Ken Welsch faulted SeaWorld for the death of Dawn Brancheau and introduced regulations requiring a physical barrier between trainers and killer whales.[84]

text: Kasatka, a female killer whale who was captured off the coast of Iceland in October 1978 at the age of one year, has shown aggression toward humans. Kasatka tried to bite a trainer during a show in 1993, and again in 1999.[85] On November 30, 2006, Kasatka grabbed a trainer and dragged him underwater during their show. The trainer suffered puncture wounds to both feet and a torn metatarsal ligament in his left foot.[86][87][88]

text: On Christmas Eve of 2009, 29-year-old Alexis Martínez of Loro Parque, Tenerife, Spain was killed by a whale named Keto. After spending two and a half minutes at the bottom of the 12-meter-deep main pool, his body was retrieved but he could not be revived. The park initially characterized the death as an "accident" and claimed that the body showed no signs of violence, but the subsequent autopsy report stated that Martinez died due to grave injuries sustained by an orca attack, including multiple compression fractures, tears to vital organs, and the bite marks of the animal on his body.[89] During the investigation into the death of Alexis Martinez, it came to light that the park had also mischaracterized to the public a 2007 incident with Tekoa, the other male, and claimed it was also an accident rather than an attack.[90]

text: Aggression between captive orcas[edit]

text: One infamous incident of killer whale aggression took place in August 1989, when the dominant female Icelandic killer whale at SeaWorld San Diego, Kandu V, attempted to "rake" a female newcomer named Corky. Raking is a way orcas show dominance by forcefully scratching at another with their teeth. Kandu charged at Corky, attempting to rake her, missed and continued swimming into the back pool, where she ended up ramming the wall, rupturing an artery in her jaw. The crowd was quickly ushered out of the stadium. Forty-five minutes later Kandu V sank to the bottom of the pool and died.[91][92]

text: Kanduke, a male captured from T pod in British Columbia, Canada in August 1975, often fought with a younger Icelandic male named Kotar. The aggression became increasingly serious, leading to an incident in which Kotar bit a part of Kanduke's genitals and caused an infection. It is not known if such serious aggression and injury would occur in the open seas.[93]

text: Early pregnancy and related issues[edit]

text: Captive killer whales often give birth at a much younger age than in the wild, sometimes as young as age seven. The young mothers may have difficulty raising their offspring. The calves have a relatively low survival rate, though some have lived into adulthood.

text: Corky (II), a female from the A5 Pod in British Columbia, Canada became the first killer whale to become pregnant in captivity, giving birth on February 28, 1977. The calf died after 18 days. Corky went on to give birth six more times, but the longest surviving calf, Kiva, lived only 47 days.[94] SeaWorld has attracted criticism over its continued captivity of Corky II from the Born Free Foundation, which wants her returned to the wild.[95]

text: A killer whale named Katina, captured near Iceland at about three years of age in October 1978, became pregnant in early spring of 1984 at SeaWorld San Diego and gave birth in September 1985 to a female named Kalina. Although ten years was an extremely young age for a killer whale to become a mother, Kalina was the first killer whale calf to be successfully born and raised in captivity.[96] In turn, Kalina gave birth at only seven and a half years of age to her first calf, a male named Keet.[28]

text: Gudrun was an Icelandic female caught in the 1970s. In 1993, she gave birth to Nyar, a female who was both mentally and physically ill, and who Gudrun tried to drown during several shows. Nyar died from an illness a few months later. Gudrun died in 1996 from stillbirth complications.[97][98]

text: Taima is a transient/Icelandic hybrid female killer whale born in captivity to Gudrun in 1989.[99] Trainers believe that Gudrun's behavior towards Nyar may have confused Taima, as she may have learned by example that this was how to raise a calf. In May 1998, Taima gave birth to a male calf named Sumar. They were separated when he was about eight months old because of the aggression between them. On one occasion while performing, Taima started biting Sumar and throwing him out of the pool onto the trainer's platform. She then slid out herself, and continued to bite him. In November 2000, Taima gave birth to a male named Tekoa. The two were separated after only nine months due to aggression between them.[100][101] On March 12, 2007, Taima gave birth to her third calf, Malia. Taima seemed to be a better mother this time, and no notable occurrences of aggression were reported; this may be in part due to the fact that Kalina acted as "aunt" to Malia and helped Taima to look after her. Kalina was a very experienced mother and would often be kept with Malia, while Taima was given time with her mate, Tilikum. Taima died in 2010 during the birthing process of her fourth calf. The calf, fathered by Tilikum, was stillborn.

text: Kayla, a killer whale born in captivity, gave birth to her first calf on October 9, 2005, a female named Halyn. Kayla rejected her calf, perhaps because she had never been exposed to a young calf before and did not know how to deal with it. Halyn was moved to a special animal care facility to be hand raised. Halyn died unexpectedly on June 15, 2008.[102]

text: On October 13, 2010, Kohana, an eight-year-old female killer whale, gave birth to a male calf at Loro Parque's "Orca Ocean" exhibit after a four-hour labor. The calf weighed about 150 kilograms (330 lb), and was two meters (6 ft 7 in) long. Kohana has yet to establish a "maternal bond" with her calf, forcing trainers to take the first steps in hand rearing him. The outcome of this pregnancy was not considered surprising, since Kohana was separated from her own mother, Takara, at three years of age, and was never able to learn about maternal care, compounded by the fact that she spent the formative years of her life surrounded by the three other juvenile killer whales at Loro Parque.


document_title: Mission China

question_text: first day collection of mission china assamese film

text: Mission China

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Zubeen Garg as Colonel Goswami
Deeplina Deka as Colonel's girlfriend
Siddharth Nipon Goswami
Yankee Parashar
Pabitra Rabha
Sattyakee D'com Bhuyan
Tridib Lahon
Nabadweep Borgohain
Parthasarathi Mahanta
Bibhuti Bhushan Hazarika
Bhashwati Bharati
Ragini Parashar
Priyanka Bharali & Debosmita Banerjee (Special Appearance in the song 'Raat Jwale')

text: Production[edit]

text: Mission China is produced by Garima Saikia Garg and Zubeen Garg under the banner of 'I Creation Production'. Mission China features many exotic locations such as Mirza, Sikkim, Shillong, Dima Hasao, Tawang etc.

text: Release[edit]

text: Mission China was released on 8 September 2017 in Assam with near about 168 shows daily. Fans have responded positively with this movie. The movie is also scheduled to release in Mumbai, Pune, Delhi and Bangalore. Later, this year the movie will be released in Bengali language. Zubeen is planning that he would make another part of Mission China and invest more than 4 crores.

text: Box office[edit]

text: Mission China was released on 8 September in 55 theaters of Assam and many other theaters in Delhi, Bangalore, Pune & Mumbai. The first, second and third day collection of the film was ₹ 39.97 lakh, ₹39.50 lakh and ₹ 49 lakh respectively, 4th day collection of Mission China is ₹ 39 lakh and 5th day collection is ₹ 39 lakh. The 1st week collection is ₹ 2 crore 40 lakh.[5] It is expected to be the biggest blockbuster in Assamese film history.[6][7] it collects ₹ 5 crore only in guwahati.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The Film contains six songs sung by Zubeen Garg, Nachiketa Chakraborty, Joi Barua, Amit Paul, Siddharth Hazarika, Rohit Sonar, Zublee, Satabdi Borah, Mrinmoyee Goswami and Turi. The lyrics of the songs are written by Zubeen Garg, Sasanka Samir & Sumit Acharya.

text:
Mission China

Soundtrack album by Zubeen Garg

Released
2017

Recorded
2015–2016

Genre
Feature film Soundtrack

Length
13:47

Label
Times Music[8]

Producer

Garima Saikia Garg
Zubeen Garg

Zubeen Garg chronology

Gaane Ki Aane
(2016)Gaane Ki Aane2016
Mission China

Singles from Mission China

"Din Jwale Rati Jwale"
Released: 8 July 2017
"Raat Jwale"
Released: 18 August 2017
"Mero Mayaalai"
Released: 24 August 2017

text: [9][10] The first video song of Mission China, Din Jwole Raati Jwole was released on 28 July 2017. It is well received by the listeners with the YouTube release getting around 1.9 lakh views within 24 hours of its release.[11]

text:
Track List

No.
Title
Lyrics
Artist (s)
Length

1.
"Din Jwole Raati Jwole"
Zubeen Garg
Zubeen Garg, Zublee Baruah
05:41

2.
"Naino Se Nikalte"
Sumit Acharya
Nachiketa Chakraborty, Turi
05:04

3.
"Mero Mayalaai"
Sasanka Samir
Zubeen Garg, Satabdi Borah
04:59

4.
"Raat Jale"
Zubeen Garg
Mrinmoyee Goswami
05:10

5.
"Every Morning Comes"
Zubeen Garg
Zubeen Garg, Joi Barua
05:03

6.
"Naino Se Nikalte (Reprise)"
Sumit Acharya
Zubeen Garg, Turi
05:04

7.
"Mission China - Title Track"
Zubeen Garg
Zubeen Garg, Siddharth Hazarika, Rohit Sonar, Amit Paul
04:40

Total length:
34:61


document_title: The Real (talk show)

question_text: who are the co hosts on the real

question_tokens: who are the co hosts on the real

text: The Real (talk show)

text: Production[edit]

text: In the summer of 2013, it was announced that the series was ordered for a test run on seven Fox-owned stations in New York, Los Angeles, Washington D.C., Philadelphia, Phoenix, Houston and Tampa.[2][3][4] In October 2013, it was announced that The Real had been green-lit for a national syndicated launch and would premiere on September 15, 2014-until September 15, 2017[5] with reruns airing on BET.[6]

text: In February 2015, Warner Bros. announced the series had been renewed for a second season.[7] In October 2015, the series was renewed for a third and fourth seasons, allowing it to air through 2018.[8][9]. In July 2017, the show announced that, for its fourth season, it will begin airing live broadcasts, with reruns airing on VH1 starting September 18, 2017.

text: SallyAnn Salsano and Rachel Miskowiec are recognized as the series' executive producers; it is produced by 495 Productions and Telepictures Productions, and is distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution.[10][11][12][13]

text: Co-hosts[edit]

text: Timeline[edit]

text:
Co-host
Seasons

Pilot
1
2
3
4

Tamar Braxton

Adrienne Houghton

Loni Love

Jeannie Mai

Tamera Mowry-Housley

text: Seasons 1–2[edit]

text: The panel consisted of actress Tamera Mowry-Housley from the 1990s sitcom, Sister, Sister; hostess and fashion expert Jeannie Mai; R&B singer and television personality, Tamar Braxton, best known for her hit reality series Braxton Family Values; singer and actress Adrienne Houghton, known for being the lead singer in groups 3LW and The Cheetah Girls; and comedian and actress Loni Love, known for being the runner up on Star Search 26 and a panelist on Chelsea Lately.[14][15]

text: Season 3-present[edit]

text: On May 22, 2016, Warner Bros. Domestic Television announced that Tamar Braxton would no longer be a part of the cast. Although it was rumored that Tamar Braxton left involuntarily, she was terminated before the third season premiered.[16][17][18]

text: Notable episodes[edit]

text: The Real celebrated its 100th episode on February 24, 2015. In January 2016, the co-hosts traveled to Washington, D.C. to visit The White House and First Lady Michelle Obama. In addition to granting an interview, The First Lady and the co-hosts spoke to high schoolers about college.[19][20]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Honorees
Result
Ref

2015

42nd Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Hairstyling
Robbi Rogers, Kya Bilal, Alyson Black-Barrie, Ray Dodson, Adriana Tesler, Noogie Thai
Nominated

[21]

Outstanding Makeup
Sarah Hall, Pamela Farmer, Motoko Honjo, Hyun-Jung Kim, Uzmee Krakovszki, Terrell Mullin
Nominated

[21]

2016

43rd Daytime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Talk Show / Entertainment
The Real
Nominated

[22]

Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host
Bailon, Braxton, Love, Mai, Mowry-Housley
Nominated

[22]

Outstanding Hairstyling
Roberta Rogers-Windley, Ray D, James Davis, Jeuge Master Karim, Noogie Thai
Nominated

[22]

Outstanding Makeup
Melanie Mills, Glen Alen, Motoko Honjo Clayton, Eva Kim, Uzmee Krakovski, Keesh Winkler-Smith
Nominated

[22]

2017

48th NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Talk Series
The Real
Nominated

[23]

44th Daytime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Entertainment Talk Show Host
Braxton, Houghton, Love, Mai, Mowry-Housley
Nominated

[24]

2018

49th NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Talk Series
The Real
Won


document_title: Run (baseball)

question_text: most runs ever scored in a mlb inning

question_tokens: most runs ever scored in a mlb inning

text: Run (baseball)

text: Examples[edit]

text: Below are some examples of runs scored.

text:
With a runner on third and two outs, batter hits a ground ball to the second baseman. The runner on third races home. The second baseman fields the ball and throws on to the first baseman in time to get the batter on the force out at first for the third out of the inning. Even if the runner on third had touched home plate before that force out was made at first, his run would not count.
With a runner on third and two outs, batter hits a fly ball over centerfielder's head. It bounces several times as it rolls to the wall. The runner on third runs safely home and easily scores a run. Meanwhile, the batter safely reaches first, then tries to advance to second. The centerfielder, having retrieved the ball, throws the ball to the second baseman and the runner is tagged out as he slides into second. Since the runner stepped on home plate before the batter was tagged out at second for the third out of the inning, his run will count.[1]

text: Significant run scoring records[edit]

text: Player[edit]

text: The career record for most runs scored by a major-league player is 2,295, held by Rickey Henderson (1979–2003). The season record for most runs scored is 198, set by Billy Hamilton of the Philadelphia Phillies in 1894. The so-called modern-day record (1900 and after) is 177, achieved by Babe Ruth of the New York Yankees in 1921. The record for most seasons leading one of the major leagues in runs scored is 8, held by Babe Ruth (American League: 1919–21, 1923, 1924, 1926–28).

text: The record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored is 18, shared by the Yankees' Red Rolfe (August 9–August 25, 1939) and the Cleveland Indians' Kenny Lofton (August 15–September 3, 2000). The record for most runs scored by a player in a single game is 7, set by Guy Hecker of the American Association's Louisville Colonels on August 15, 1886. The modern-day record of 6 is shared by fourteen players (eight of whom attained it before 1900). Of the six modern-day players to score 6 runs in a game, the first to perform the feat was Mel Ott of the New York Giants on August 4, 1934 (he repeated the accomplishment ten years later, making him the only player ever to do it twice); the most recent was Shawn Green, then of the Los Angeles Dodgers, on May 23, 2002.

text: Team[edit]

text: The record for most runs scored by a major-league team during a single season is 1,212, set by the Boston Beaneaters (now the Atlanta Braves) in 1894. The modern-day record is 1,067, achieved by the New York Yankees in 1931. The team record for most consecutive games with at least one run scored (i.e., most consecutive games not being shut out) is 308, set by the Yankees between August 3, 1931, and August 2, 1933. The team record for most runs in its overall history (up until 2013) is the Chicago Cubs with 94,138.[2]

text: The record for most runs scored by a team in a single game is 36, set by the Chicago Colts (now the Chicago Cubs) against the Louisville Colonels (which joined the National League in 1892) on June 29, 1897.  The modern-day record of 30 was set on August 22, 2007, by the Texas Rangers against the Baltimore Orioles in the first game of a doubleheader at Oriole Park.  The Rangers scored 5 runs in the fourth inning, 9 in the sixth, 10 in the eighth, and 6 in the ninth.  On August 25, 1922, the highest-scoring game in major-league history took place: the Chicago Cubs defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 26–23, a total of 49 runs.

text: The record for most runs scored by a team in a single inning is 18, set by the Chicago White Stockings (now the Cubs) against the Detroit Wolverines on September 6, 1883.  The modern-day record is 17, achieved by the Boston Red Sox against the Detroit Tigers on June 18, 1953.

text: World Series[edit]

text: The Yankees' Mickey Mantle holds the record for most career World Series runs scored with 42 (1951–53, 1955–58, 1960–64). The record for most runs scored in a single World Series, shared by two players, is 10, achieved both times in a six-game Series: Reggie Jackson of the Yankees was the first to do it, in 1977; the Toronto Blue Jays' Paul Molitor equaled him in 1993. The most runs ever scored by a player in a World Series game is 4, a record shared by ten players. Babe Ruth set the mark on October 6, 1926, while with the Yankees; it was matched most recently by Albert Pujols of the St. Louis Cardinals in Game 3 of the 2011 World Series.

text: On October 2, 1936, playing the New York Giants, the Yankees set the team record for most runs scored in a single Series game with 18.  Players crossed the plate a record 29 times in the highest-scoring World Series game in history on October 20, 1993, as the Blue Jays beat the Phillies 15–14 at Veterans Stadium in Game 4 of the 1993 World Series.