document_title: Ellen's Game of Games

question_text: where do they drop in game of games

question_tokens: where do they drop in game of games

text: Ellen's Game of Games

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions)

1
8
December 18, 2017 (2017-12-18)
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
N/A
N/A

2
13
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

text: Format[edit]

text: Each episode is a self-contained mini-tournament with contestants being selected to play in one of four preliminary games. The winner of each game advances to the semi-final round to play "Know or Go". The last remaining player will play the "Hot Hands" game for a chance to win $100,000.

text: Preliminary games[edit]

text:
Aw Snap: Contestants are joined by a bungee cord. The first contestant to move five apples into a basket, using only their teeth, advances.
Blindfolded Musical Chairs: Five contestants are blindfolded. In each of four heats, the contestants dance on a dance floor until the music stops; Ellen then presses buttons that cause stools to rise up from the floor. The first contestant to sit on each chair advances; the last contestant in each heat is eliminated. At the end of the fourth round, the winning contestant advances.
Danger Word: Two teams of two compete. One member of each team stands by Ellen, and acts as a clue-giver; the other member of the team sits behind three cannons. For each round, there is a "winning word" and a related "danger word" (e.g., winning word "lettuce", danger word "salad"). The two teams then alternate giving clues, Password-style. If a guesser gives the winning word, the opposing team gets a strike (and the opposing guesser gets sprayed with something from one of the cannons); if a guesser gives the danger word, his or her team gets a strike, and he or she gets sprayed. The first team to get three strikes is eliminated, and the winning team chooses one contestant to play Know or Go.
Dizzy Dash: Ellen reads a trivia question. Before contestants can answer, they are spun around to disorient them; to answer the question, the contestants must run to a nearby podium and grab the ball on top of it. The first contestant to answer three questions correctly advances.
Don't Leave Me Hanging: Three contestants are suspended from harnesses. The contestants take turns coming up with answers that fit a given category, such as "States that end in 'A'." A category ends when one contestant gives an incorrect answer, repeats a previous answer, or takes too long to respond; that contestant gets a strike. A contestant who gets three strikes is eliminated, and is launched to the top of the studio.
In Your Face, Honey: Two couples compete against each other: one member from each couple attempting to throw a ball as close to the target as possible. Whichever couple accumulates the most points after two attempts decides who will advance to Know or Go.
Make It Rain: Two contestants answer trivia questions asked by Ellen for turns at pulling down one of several umbrellas; one of which contains a cash prize of $10,000 in addition to a chance at playing for Know or Go, the rest filled with water.
Master Blaster: Three contestants compete to solve a jigsaw-style puzzle. The contestants are attached to bungee cords; the losing contestants are "blasted" into the air.
One-Eyed Monster: One at a time, contestants enter the monster. They must answer a question whose answer is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5. For each number the contestant is off, he or she must pull one of the monster's teeth (e.g., if the correct answer is 3, saying either 2 or 4 results in pulling one tooth). However if the contestant gets the answer exactly right, he or she will not have to pull out any teeth and is safe. Pulling the wrong tooth causes the monster's jaws to snap shut, eliminating the contestant.
Say Whaaaat?: Eight contestants form two teams of four. One member of the team must relay a message to the other member, who is wearing headphones and therefore must use lip reading. The team that collects the most points wins, and chooses one member to compete in Know or Go. if there is a tie the teams must do it again.
Scary Go Round: Contestants must try to move three large balls across a series of rotating platforms within three minutes. The second contestant can fire balls from a "ball blaster" to impede the first contestant's progress. The contestant who completes the task in the faster time wins. if there is a tie, both players must do it again.
Tuba Toothpaste: Contestants are seated before a row of buttons shaped like valves on a tuba. Ellen then poses ridiculously hard trivia questions to each contestant in turn. When a contestant misses a question, Ellen spins a wheel to determine how many valves (one, two, or three) the contestant must press. but if a contestant somehow gets it right, he or she is safe. One of the valves causes the tuba to eject toothpaste at the contestant; when that happens, the other contestant advances.
You Bet Your Wife: Two teams of spouses or fiancés compete. Two husbands/fiancés bid auction-style on how many answers their wives/fiancés can give in a given category (e.g., "national brands of toothpaste") within 30 seconds. When one husband challenges, the other team's wife must give the required number of responses (there is no penalty for incorrect answers). Giving the required number of responses earns one point; the opposing teams earns a point if the challenged team fails, with Ellen sending the wife/fiancé falling. The first team to earn three points wins, and then chooses one member of the pair to play Know or Go.

text: Know or Go[edit]

text: The four winning contestants of each preliminary game stand on a platform 30 feet in the air. One by one they are given a category, and each contestant is asked a question in turn from left to right. When a contestant misses a question or answers it incorrectly, the contestant is eliminated, and falls through a chute beneath his or her feet. The last contestant remaining wins and advances to Hot Hands.

text: Hot Hands[edit]

text: The contestant has 30 seconds to identify the faces of ten celebrities that fit a category ("80s Stars" in the premiere). After identifying a celebrity, the contestant must press a button to move on to the next face. Contestants may pass if they are unsure; after three seconds, the next face automatically appears. Contestants earn an escalating amount of money based on the number of faces they correctly identify, as shown in the table below; correctly identifying ten celebrities earns the grand prize of $100,000.

text:
Correct answers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Money won
$100
$1,000
$2,500
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$75,000
$100,000

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Game of Games"
December 18, 2017
1.7/6
7.23[5]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

2
"I'll Have What She's Playing"
January 2, 2018
2.2/8
8.84[6]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

3
"Say Hello to My Little Friends"
January 2, 2018
2.4/8
8.88[6]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

4
"Hasta la Vista, Honey!"
January 9, 2018
2.1/8
7.87[7]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

5
"Just Keep Spinning"
January 16, 2018
2.2/8
8.78[8]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

6
"You Can't Handle the Toothpaste"
January 23, 2018
1.8/7
7.57[9]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

7
"Ellen, We Have a Problem"
January 30, 2018
1.8/7
7.58[10]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

8
"I See Dizzy People"
February 6, 2018
1.9/7
7.70[11]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Religion in France

question_text: what are the first and second major religions in france

root

text: Religion in France

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Chronological statistics[edit]

text:
Religious
group
Population
% 1986[5]
Population
% 1994[5]
Population
% 2007[6][7][full citation needed]
Population
% 2016[1]

Christianity
82%
69%
59%
51.1%

Catholicism
81%
67%
51%
-

Protestantism
1%
2%
3%
-

Other and unaffiliated Christians
-
-
5%
-

Islam
-
-
4%
5.6%

Judaism
-
-
1%
0.8%

Other religions and unspecified
2.5%
8%
5%
2.5%

Not religious
15.5%
23%
31%
39.6%

tag: table

text: Statistical graphics[edit]

text:
Demographics of major religious categories in France over the years according to CSA surveys.[citation needed]

Major religious categories by age group according to CSA 2013.[citation needed]

tag: ul

text: Historical developments and legal status[edit]

text: France guarantees freedom of religion as a constitutional right and the government generally respects this right in practice. A long history of violent conflict between groups led the state to break its ties to the Catholic Church early in the 1800s and to adopt a strong commitment to maintaining a totally secular public sector.[8]

tag: p

text: Catholicism as a state religion[edit]

text: Catholicism is the largest religion in France. During the pre-1789 Ancien Régime, France was traditionally considered the Church's eldest daughter, and the King of France always maintained close links to the Pope. This led to various conflicts, in particular between Catholics and Huguenots (French Calvinists) during the Reformation.

text: French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)[edit]

text: A strong Protestant population resided in France, primarily of Reformed confession. It was persecuted by the state for most of the time, with temporary periods of relative toleration. These wars continued throughout the 16th century, with the 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day massacre as its apex, until the 1598 Edict of Nantes issued by Henry IV.

text: For the first time, Huguenots were considered by the state as more than mere schismatics and heretics. The Edict of Nantes thus opened a path for secularism and tolerance. In offering general freedom of conscience to individuals, the edict offered many specific concessions to the Protestants, for instance, amnesty and the reinstatement of their civil rights, including the right to work in any field or for the State and to bring grievances directly to the king.

text: Post–Edict of Nantes (1598–1789)[edit]

text: The 1598 Edict also granted the Protestants fifty places of safety (places de sûreté), which were military strongholds such as La Rochelle for which the king paid 180,000 écus a year, along with a further 150 emergency forts (places de refuge), to be maintained at the Huguenots' own expense. Such an innovative act of toleration stood virtually alone in a Europe (except for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) where standard practice forced the subjects of a ruler to follow whatever religion that the ruler formally adopted – the application of the principle of cuius regio, eius religio.

text: Religious conflicts resumed in the end of the 17th century, when Louis XIV, the "Sun King", initiated the persecution of Huguenots by introducing the dragonnades in 1681. This wave of violence intimidated the Protestants into converting to Catholicism. He made the policy official with the 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes. As a result, a large number of Protestants – estimates range from 200,000 to 500,000 – left France during the following two decades, seeking asylum in England, the United Provinces, Denmark, in the Protestant states of the Holy Roman Empire (Hesse, Brandenburg-Prussia, etc.), and European colonies in North America and South Africa.[9]

text: On 17 January 1686, Louis XIV himself claimed that out of a Huguenot population of 800,000 to 900,000, only 1,000 to 1,500 had remained in France. A Camisard (Huguenot) rebellion broke out in 1702 in the Cevennes mountains.

text: The 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes created a state of affairs in France similar to that of virtually every other European country of the period, where only the majority state religion was tolerated. The experiment of religious toleration in Europe was effectively ended for the time being. In practice, the revocation caused France to suffer a brain drain, as it lost a large number of skilled craftsmen, including key designers such as Daniel Marot.

text: Upon leaving France, Huguenots took with them knowledge of important techniques and production. This had a significant effect in those regions to which they relocated, on the quality of the silk, plate glass, cabinet making, and silversmithing for which the Huguenots were renowned. Some rulers, such as Frederick Wilhelm of Brandenburg who issued the Edict of Potsdam, encouraged the Protestants to flee and settle in their countries.

text: French Revolution (1789)[edit]

text: During the French Revolution, the Catholic Church lost much of its power and influence. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy, passed in 1790, put the Catholic Church under state control. While the clergy was persecuted by the commune of Paris and by some of the representatives on mission, new religions and philosophies were allowed to compete with Catholicism.

text: Following the Thermidorian Reaction the persecutions ceased, but the schism between the French government and the Catholic Church continued until the Concordat of 1801 by Napoleon restored some of the privileges of the church.

text: Bourbon Restoration (1814-1830)[edit]

text: After the Bourbon Restoration and the coming to power of the Ultra-royalists in the Chambre introuvable, Catholic Church again became the state religion of France. Under Villèle's ultra-royalist government, the Chamber voted the extreme 1830 Anti-Sacrilege Act.

text: Third Republic (1870–1940)[edit]

text: 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State[edit]

text: A 1905 law instituted the separation of Church and State and prohibited the government from recognising, salarying, or subsidising any religion. The 1926 Briand-Ceretti Agreement subsequently restored for a while a formal role for the state in the appointment of Catholic bishops, but evidence for its exercise is not easily obtained. Prior to 1905, the 1801–1808 Concordat compelled the State to support the Catholic Church, the Lutheran Church, the Calvinist Church, and the Jewish religion, and to fund public religious education in those established religions.

text: For historical reasons, this situation is still current in Alsace-Moselle, which was a German region in 1905 and only joined France again in 1918. Alsace-Moselle maintains a local law of pre-1918 statutes which include the Concordat: the national government salaries as state civil servants the clergy of the Catholic diocese of Metz and of Strasbourg, of the Lutheran Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine, of the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine, and of the three regional Israelite consistories, and it provides for now non-compulsory religious education in those religions in public schools and universities. For also historical reasons, Catholic priests in French Guiana are civil servants of the local government.

text: Religious buildings built prior to 1905 at taxpayers' expense are retained by the local or national government, and may be used at no expense by religious organizations. As a consequence, most Catholic churches, Protestant temples, and Jewish synagogues are owned by the government. The government, since 1905, has been prohibited from funding any post-1905 religious edifice, and thus religions must build and support all newer religious buildings at their own expense. Some local governments de facto subsidize prayer rooms as part of greater "cultural associations".

text: An ongoing topic of controversy is whether the separation of Church and State should be weakened so that the government would be able to subsidize Muslim prayer rooms and the formation of imams. Advocates of such measures, such as Nicolas Sarkozy at times, declare that they would encourage the Muslim population to better integrate into the fabric of French society. Opponents contend that the state should not fund religions. Furthermore, the state ban on wearing conspicuous religious symbols, such as the Islamic female headscarf, in public schools has alienated some French Muslims, provoked minor street protests and drawn some international criticism.

text: Religious organizations are not required to register, but may if they wish to apply for tax-exempt status or to gain official recognition. The 1901 and 1905 laws define two categories under which religious groups may register: "associations cultuelles" (associations of worship, which are exempt from certain taxes) and "associations culturelles" (cultural associations, which are not exempt from these taxes).

text: Associations in these two categories are subject to certain management and financial disclosure requirements. An association of worship may organize only religious activities, loosely defined as liturgical services and practices, but no social or diaconal ones. A cultural association may engage in social as well as in profit-making activity. Although a cultural association is not exempt from taxes, it may receive government subsidies for its cultural and educational operations, such as schools. Religious groups normally register entities under both of these categories; churches run strictly religious activities through associations of worship and operate schools and social activities under cultural associations.

text: In accordance with the provisions of Title IV, Art. 19 of the Law of 9 December 1905, these associations of worship must be exclusively for the purpose of religious ministries, i.e.: the performance of religious ceremonies and services, the acquisition and maintenance of buildings of worship, the wages and the theological education of their ministers of religion.

text: Under the 1905 statute, religious groups must apply with the local prefecture to be recognized as an association of worship and receive tax-exempt status. The prefecture reviews the submitted documentation regarding the association's purpose for existence. To qualify, the group's purpose must be solely the practice of some form of religious ministries.

text: While according to the 1905 law associations of worship are not taxed on the donations that they receive, the prefecture may decide to review a group's status if the association receives a large donation or legacy that comes to the attention of the tax authorities. If the prefecture determines that the association is not in fact in conformity with the 1905 law, its status may be changed, and it may be required to pay taxes at a rate of 70 percent on the present and past donations that fall within a legal category close to that of inheritance.

text: Religious denominations[edit]

text: Buddhism[edit]

text: As of the 2000s Buddhism in France was estimated to have between 1 million (Ministry of the Interior) strict adherents and 5 million people influenced by Buddhist doctrines (survey published on the journal Psychologies, 64)[full citation needed], very large numbers for a Western country. According to scholar Dennis Gira, who was the director of the Institute of Science and Theology of Religions of Paris, Buddhism in France has a missionary nature and is undergoing a process of "inculturation" that may represent a new turning of the "Wheel of the Dharma", similar to those that it underwent in China and Japan, from which a new incarnation of the doctrine — a "French Buddhism" — will possibly arise.[10]

text: About 2% of the working-age, internet connected population of France declared they were Buddhists as of 2016.[11] In 2012, the European headquarters of the Fo Guang Shan monastic order opened in France, near Paris. It was the largest Buddhist temple in Europe at that time.[12]

text: Christianity[edit]

text: According to a survey held by Institut Montaigne and Institut français d'opinion publique (Ifop), 51.1% of the total population of France was Christian in 2016.[1] The following year, a Ipsos survey focused on Protestants and based on 31,155 interviews found that 57.5% of the total population of France declared to be Catholic and 3.1% declared to be Protestant.[13]

text: In 2016, "Ipsos Global Trends", a multi-nation survey held by Ipsos and based on approximately 1,000 interviews, found that Christianity is the religion of 45% of the working-age, internet connected population of France, 42% stated they were Catholic and 2% stated that they were Protestants. A further 1% declared to belong to an Orthodox church.[11]

text: Catholicism[edit]

text: Early Christianity was already present among the Gauls by the 2nd century; Irenaeus, bishop of Lugdunum (Lyon), detailed the deaths of ninety-year-old bishop Pothinus and other martyrs during the persecution in Lyon which took place in 177. The Gaulish church was soon established in communion with the bishop of Rome. With the Migration Period of the Germanic peoples, the Gauls were invaded by the Franks, who at first practised Frankish paganism. Their tribes were unified into a kingdom, which came to be called France, by Clovis I. He was proclaimed the king of the Franks in 509, after having been baptised in 496 by Remigius, bishop of Reims. Roman Catholicism was made the state religion of France. This made the Franks the only Germanic people who directly converted from their paganism to Roman Catholicism without first embracing Arianism, which was the first religion of choice among Germanic peoples in the Migration Period.

text: In 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, forming the unified political and religious foundation of Christendom, medieval European Christian civilisation, and establishing in earnest France's long historical association with the Catholic Church, for which it was known as the "eldest daughter of the church" throughout the Middle Ages.[14] The French Revolution (1789–1790), which resulted in the establishment of the French First Republic (1892–1904), involved a heavy persecution of the Catholic Church, within a policy of dechristianisation, which led to the destruction of many churches, religious orders and artworks, including the very influential Cluny Abbey. During the First French Empire (1804–1814), the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830) and the following July Monarchy (1830–1848), Roman Catholicism was made again the state religion, and maintained its role as the de facto majority religion during the French Second Republic (1848–1852) and the Second French Empire (1852–1870). Laïcité (secularism), absolute neutrality of the state with respect to religious doctrines, was first established during the Third French Republic (1870–1940) and remains the official policy of the contemporary French republic.

text: In 2016, relying upon Ipsos data, scholars Cleuziou and Cibois estimated that Catholics represented 53.8% of the French population. According to the same study, 23.5% were engaged Catholics and 17% were practising Catholics.[15] The following year, in a survey focused on Protestantism by Ipsos, 57.5% of a sample of 31,155 people declared to be Catholic.[13]

text: Protestantism[edit]

text: According a survey by Ifop in 2012, 770 people out of the 37,743 interviewed (or 2.1%) declared to be Protestants of various types. About 42% of them were Calvinists (Huguenots), 21% were evangelical Protestants, 17% were Lutherans and another 20% were affiliated with other Protestant churches.[16] The percentage rose to 3.1% in 2017, mainly due to recent conversions. Out of 100% of people that have become Protestants, 67% were Catholic and 27% were of no religion.[13]

text: In a study regarding the various religions of France, based on 51 surveys held by the Ifop in the period 2011-2014, so based on a sample of 51.770 interviewed, there were 17.4% of Protestants in the Bas-Rhin, 7.3% in the Haut-Rhin, 7.2% in the Gard, 6.8% in the Drôme and 4.2% in the Ardèche. In the other departments this presence is residual, with, for example, only 0.5% in Côte-d'Or and in the Côtes-d'Armor.[17]

text: Eastern Orthodoxy[edit]

text: The Eastern Orthodox Christianity in France is represented by several communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Traditionally, Eastern Orthodox Christians in France are mainly ethnic Greeks, Russians, Rumanians, Bulgarians, Serbs and Georgians, but also there are some ethnic French who converted to Eastern Orthodoxy. Different Eastern Orthodox Churches have separate jurisdictions and organizations in France, the senior of them being the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of France inder the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople.[18]

text: Oriental Orthodoxy[edit]

text: The Oriental Orthodox Christianity in France is represented by several communities and ecclesiastical jurisdictions. Traditionally, Oriental Orthodox Christians in France are mainly ethnic Armenians, Copts, Ethiopians and Syriacs, but also there are some ethnic French who converted to Oriental Orthodoxy. Different Oriental Orthodox Churches have separate jurisdictions and organizations in France, the largest of them being the Coptic Orthodox Church of France.[19]

text: Other Christians[edit]

text: Other Christian groups in France include the Jehovah's Witnesses, the Orthodox Christians, and other small sects. The European Court on Human Rights reckoned 249,918 "regular and occasional" Jehovah's Witnesses [20] and according to their official website, there are 128,759 ministers who teach the Bible in France.[21]

text: Islam[edit]

text: A 2016 survey held by Institut Montaigne and Ifop found that 6.6% of the French population had an Islamic background, while 5.6% declared they were Muslims by faith. According to the same survey, 84.9% of people who have an Islamic background in France are still Muslims, 3.4% are Christians, 10.0% are not religious and 1.3% belong to other religions.[1]

text: In the same year, Ipsos found that just 2% of the working-age, internet connected French declared they were Muslims in the Ipsos survey.[11] This gap is most likely due to the difference of the samples, since the survey held by the Institut Montaigne and the Institut français d'opinion publique has a total sample of 15,459 people, while the Ipsos Global Trends survey has a sample of only about 1,000, so the margin of error is bigger.

text: Judaism[edit]

text: There has been a Jewish presence in France since at least the early Middle Ages. France was a center of Jewish learning in the Middle Ages, but persecution increased as the Middle Ages wore on, including multiple expulsions and returns. During the late 18th century French Revolution, France was the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population. Antisemitism has persisted despite legal equality, as expressed in the Dreyfus affair of the late 19th century.

text: During World War II, the Vichy government collaborated with Nazi occupiers to deport numerous French and foreign Jewish refugees to concentration camps.[22] 75% of the Jewish population in France survived the Holocaust.[23][24]

text: As for 2016, 0.8% of the total population of France was Jewish, or about 535.000 people.[1]

text: Paganism[edit]

text: Paganism, in the sense of contemporary Neopaganism, in France has been described as twofold, on one side represented by ethnically identitary religious movements and on the other side by a variety of witchcraft and shamanic traditions without ethnic connotations. According to the French historian of ideas and far-right ideologies Stéphane François, the term "pagan" (Latin paganus), used by Christians to define those who maintained polytheistic religions, originally meant "countryman" in the sense of "citizen", the "insiders" (inside the cultural tradition or citizenry), and its opposite term was "alien" (Latin alienus), the "others", the "outsiders", which defined Christians. Modern French Pagans of the identitary movements hearken back to this meaning.[25]

text: Identitary Pagan movements are the majority and are represented by Celtic Druidry and Germanic Heathenry, many of whom uphold the idea of a superiority of the white race and of the Indo-Europeans. They are aligned with the Nouvelle Droite political movement, espousing the idea that each ethnically-defined folk has its own natural land and natural religion. The identitary Pagan movement carries within itself a warrior ethic which is concerned with the erosion of French and European culture under growing immigration and Islamisation, so that Jean Haudry, longtime identitary Pagan and professor of linguistics at Lyon III, in a 2001 article entitled Païens ! for the journal of the organisation Terre et Peuple says that "Pagans will be at the forefront of the reconquest (of Europe)". Dominique Venner, who committed suicide in 2013 inside Notre-Dame de Paris in protest against the erosion of French culture, was a Pagan[25] close to the Groupement de recherche et d'études pour la civilisation européenne (GRECE), an identitary Pagan think-tank founded by the Nouvelle Droite ideologist Alain de Benoist. Other politically-engaged Pagans include Pierre Vial, who with other members of the National Front was among the founders of Terre et Peuple.[25]

text: Other groups[edit]

text: France created in 1995 the first French parliamentary commission on cult activities which led to a report registering a number of religious groups considered as socially disruptive and/or dangerous.

text: According to French sociologist Régis Dericquebourg, in 2003 the main small religious minorities were the Jehovah's Witnesses (130,000, though the European Court on Human Rights reckoned the number as 249,918 "regular and occasional" Jehovah's Witnesses),[20] Adventists, Evangelicals (Assemblies of God, Christian Open Door...), Mormons (31,000), Scientologists (4,000), and Soka Gakkai. According to the 2005 Association of Religion Data Archives data there are close to 4,400 Bahá'ís in France[26] and the French government is among those who have been alarmed at the treatment of Bahá'ís in modern Iran.[27]

text: Many groups have around 1,000 members (including Antoinism, Christian Science, Invitation to Life, Raelians, Mandarom, Hare Krishna) and Unification Church has 400. There are no longer members of the Family (formerly Children of God).[28] According to the 2007 edition of the Quid, other notable religious minorities include New Apostolic Church (20,000), Universal White Brotherhood (20,000), Sukyo Mahikari (15,000–20,000), New Acropolis (10,000), Universal Alliance (1,000), and Grail Movement (950).[29]

text: Controversies and incidents[edit]

text: Growing presence of Islam[edit]

text: In Paris and the surrounding Île-de-France region where French Muslims tend to be more educated and religious, the vast majority rejects violence and say they are loyal to France according to studies by Euro-Islam, a comparative research network on Islam and Muslims in the West sponsored by GSRL Paris/CNRS France and Harvard University.[30][31]

text:
77% of Muslims in Paris have chosen a low rating when asked whether or not violence is an acceptable moral response for a noble cause (1 or 2 on a scale of 5)
73% of Muslims in Paris said that Muslims are loyal to France
18% of Muslims in Paris believe that homosexuality is acceptable[30]

text: In France in 2011, 150 new mosques were under construction. There are 2500 mosques in France (as of 2015; in 2011 there were 2000). Dalil Boubakeur said the number should be doubled.[32]

text: The financing of mosque construction was a problematic subject for a long time; French authorities were concerned that foreign capital could be used to acquire influence in France and so in the late 80s decided to simulate the emergence of a "French Islam". The 1905 law forbids funding of religious groups by the state. According to Salah Bariki, Advisor to the Mayor of Marseille in 2001: "At the Koran training institute in Nièvre 3% of the books are written in French and everything has been paid for from abroad". She supported the public participation in financing an Islamic cultural centre in Marseille to encourage Muslims to develop and use French learning materials, as an obstacle to foreign indoctrination. Also "secular Muslims" and "actors of civil society" should be represented, not just religious officials.[33]

text: Local authorities have financed the construction of mosques, sometimes without minarets and calling them Islamic "cultural centres" or municipal halls rented to "civil associations". In one case, due to FN, NRM, and MPF protests and tribunal decision, the rent for a 8,000 m2 (86,111 sq ft) terrain to be used for the construction of the Mosque of Marseilles was increased from €300/year to €24,000/year and the period reduced from 99 to 50 years.[33]

text: Charlie Hebdo shooting[edit]

text: After the shooting at the Charlie Hebdo satirical newspaper by Al-Qaeda's followers, 2 million people in Paris including President Hollande and more than 40 world leaders led a rally of national unity.

text: One teacher in Clichy-sous-Bois, a suburb with many immigrants, reported that three quarters of the students had refused to observe the minute of silence in memory of the victims of Charlie Hebdo shooting.[34]

text: There have been about 200 incidents in schools after the attack, some of them "glorifying terrorism".[34] In Bobigny, a suburb of Paris, a couple of students grunted "Allahu Akbar" during the minute of silence – the words that were shouted by the terrorists during the attack.[35]


document_title: Grease (film)

question_text: who played sandy's jock boyfriend in grease

question_tokens: who played sandy 's jock boyfriend in grease

text: Grease (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1958, Danny Zuko and vacationing Sandy Olsson meet at the beach and fall in love. When the summer comes to an end, Sandy, who is going back to Australia, frets that they might never meet again, but Danny tells her that their love is "only the beginning", and they will stay friends. The film moves to the start of the new school year at Rydell High School ("Grease"). Danny, a greaser, is a member of the T-Birds, consisting of his best friend Kenickie, Doody, Sonny, and Putzie. The Pink Ladies, a sassy, popular clique of girls, also arrive, consisting of Rizzo, Frenchy, Marty, and Jan.

text: After her parents unexpectedly decide to move from Australia, Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy, who considers dropping out of high school to become a beautician by going to a beauty school. Unaware of each other's presence at Rydell, Danny and Sandy tell their curious groups the accounts of events during the pair's brief romance, without initially mentioning the other's name. Sandy's version emphasizes the romance of the affair, and the truth and purity, while Danny's version is more sexual ("Summer Nights").

text: When Sandy finally tells everyone it was Danny Zuko, Rizzo arranges a surprise reunion for the two at a pep rally, where Sandy is cheering along with high-achiever and resident swot, Patty Simcox. At the rally, Sandy catches the eye of a muscly member of the football team. When Sandy and Danny are reunited, they are initially elated, but Danny soon slips back into his greaser attitude, which offends Sandy. At the same rally, Kenickie reveals his new car, a dilapidated used jalopy, and announces he has entered it into a "pinks" street race at Thunder Road.

text: Frenchy invites Sandy to her house for a sleepover. Sandy vomits at trying her first cigarette, drinking a dessert wine, and getting her ears pierced by Frenchy. While she recovers in the bathroom, Rizzo makes fun of her innocent and virtuous nature ("Look At Me, I'm Sandra Dee"). The T-Birds arrive in Kenickie's car, and Rizzo departs with Kenickie, leaving the other T-Birds stranded. Sandy laments over her feelings towards Danny, despite his earlier behavior ("Hopelessly Devoted to You"). Before Kenickie and Rizzo start having sex, the condom Kenickie is using breaks. The two are also interrupted by Leo, leader of the T-Birds' rival gang, the Scorpions, and his tall and brash girlfriend Cha-Cha.

text: The next day, the T-Birds are looking over Kenickie's car, and although they are initially skeptical of its potential, Danny and Kenickie explain the modifications they could add to make it a hot-rodding sex machine ("Greased Lightnin'"). In an attempt to impress Sandy, Danny approaches Coach Calhoun in an effort to become a high school athlete. Danny's pride and lack of experience lead to him picking fights with the jocks when he tries to play basketball, wrestling or baseball, so Calhoun suggests cross-country running, in which Danny excels. Danny's running proves to impress Sandy, prompting the two to reconcile for a date at the Frosty Palace; when the other greasers arrive, Danny and Sandy promptly leave in discomfort. Kenickie and a noticeably distressed Rizzo get into an argument and break up, while Putzie and Jan arrange to go to the dance. Left alone, Frenchy—who dropped out of Rydell to enroll in beauty school, only to quit when she turned her own hair bright pink—is visited by a guardian angel who advises her to return to Rydell ("Beauty School Dropout").

text: The school dance arrives, broadcast live on television and hosted by DJ Vince Fontaine, who flirts with Marty. Rizzo and Kenickie attempt to spite one another by bringing Leo and Cha-Cha as their dates, while Danny and Sandy arrive together. Danny and Sandy dance well and appear to be on their way to winning the competition, but a drunken Sonny pulls Sandy off the floor partway through. Cha-Cha joins Danny for the rest of the dance, and the two win ("Born to Hand Jive"). During the last dance ("Blue Moon"), Putzie leads Sonny and Doody in a mooning of the national TV audience, which Principal McGee vows to put on their permanent records.

text: Danny apologizes to Sandy and tries to make it up to her by taking her to a drive-in theater. She's unmoved by his pleas for forgiveness until he gives Sandy his ring, which she gleefully accepts. Moments later, Danny tries to aggressively make out with her, causing Sandy to angrily throw his ring at him and depart, leaving Danny distraught ("Sandy"). Meanwhile, because she skipped a period, Rizzo quietly admits she may be pregnant to Marty, who in turn tells Sonny, and the rumor spreads like wildfire through the drive-in, reaching Kenickie just as Rizzo is walking past. He attempts to talk to Rizzo about it, telling her he doesn't run away from his mistakes. Rizzo tells him it was someone else's mistake, a response that angers Kenickie. At school the next day, word of Rizzo's pregnancy fears reaches Patty Simcox, who has spread the gossip to her clique and sneers at Rizzo as they walk by. A visibly hurt Rizzo, who thanks Sandy for her offer of help, sings to herself about how her sins are not as bad as they could be ("There Are Worse Things I Could Do").

text: On the day of the race, Kenickie asks Danny to be on standby in case he decides to back out. Moments before the race is set to begin, Kenickie suffers a concussion when he bends over to pick up a penny for good luck and Putzie opens the car door on Kenickie's head, and Danny takes the helm of the car. Leo and Danny run a tight race, with Leo attempting to shred Danny's tires with bladed hubcaps (in a sequence paying homage to Ben-Hur); Danny eventually wins when Leo skids out. Sandy watches from afar and concludes that she still loves Danny. She decides to change her attitude and image to impress him and asks Frenchy for help ("Look At Me, I'm Sandra Dee (Reprise)").

text: On the last day of school, a sobbing Principal McGee and her equally nostalgic assistant Blanche, in a speech over the intercom, tell the students that they could be future leaders. The school hosts a carnival where Sonny and Putzie learn that, because they either never took or failed physical education, they have to take summer school with Coach Calhoun in order to get their diplomas.

text: Kenickie approaches Rizzo and demands to talk to her, only to have her reveal she is not pregnant after all. Overjoyed, they reunite. Danny shows up wearing a Letterman's sweater and reveals he is now a letterman for the cross-country team, to the T-Birds' dismay. Danny confesses it is a decision he has made in an effort to clean up his image so that he can be together with Sandy, telling the T-Birds that they too will have to grow up and stop following people all the time. The group is subsequently stunned when Sandy appears seconds later sporting a new hairstyle, dressed in black leather, and smoking a cigarette. In song, the two admit they love each other and reunite ("You're the One That I Want") and Sandy also tells Danny that if she was willing to change for him then it is only fair that he do the same for her by being faithful and more mature.

text: The gang realizes that high school is now over, and worries that they'll never see each other again. Danny insists, "Nah, that'll never happen," and everyone celebrates their friendship ("We Go Together"). As the song nears its conclusion, Danny and Sandy depart in a red hot rod, which takes flight, and the pair wave goodbye to their friends.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Principal cast[edit]

text:
John Travolta as Danny Zuko, who lives a double life as leader of the greaser gang the T-Birds and as Sandy's boyfriend
Olivia Newton-John as Sandy Olsson, Danny's girlfriend and an Australian expatriate and ingénue, who transforms from square to greaser
Stockard Channing as Betty Rizzo, Danny's former fling and the cynical leader of the Pink Ladies clique
Jeff Conaway as Kenickie, Danny's best friend, Rizzo's love interest and the owner of Greased Lightnin'
Barry Pearl as Doody, a member of the T-Birds; he pairs with Frenchy at the school dance
Michael Tucci as Sonny LaTierri, a trouble-making wannabe womanizer and T-Bird who courts Marty with little success over the course of the film
Kelly Ward as Putzie, a member of the T-Birds whose relationship with Jan builds over the course of the film
Didi Conn as Frenchy, Sandy's closest friend in the Pink Ladies and an aspiring beautician
Jamie Donnelly as Jan, a quirky member of the Pink Ladies with a liking for Ipana toothpaste
Dinah Manoff as Marty Maraschino, a member of the Pink Ladies whose attractiveness regularly draws the attention of men, including Sonny and Vince Fontaine

text: School staff/others[edit]

text:
Eve Arden as Principal McGee, who shows discomfort at the goings-on at Rydell High.
Dody Goodman as Secretary Blanche Hodel, who enjoys even the wilder antics at the school.
Sid Caesar as Coach Vince Calhoun, the tough-talking gym teacher and coach of all the school's perennially losing sports teams
Eddie Deezen as Eugene Felsnick, the class nerd
Susan Buckner as Patty Simcox, the head cheerleader and a rival for Danny's affections
Lorenzo Lamas as Tom Chisum, a popular jock who competes for Sandy's affections
Dennis C. Stewart as Leo "Craterface" Balmudo, head of the Scorpions, a rival greaser gang
Annette Charles as Charlene "Cha-Cha" DiGregorio, Leo's girlfriend
Joan Blondell as Vi, a waitress at the Frosty Palace
Ellen Travolta as Waitress
Frankie Avalon as Teen Angel
Edd Byrnes as Vince Fontaine, on-air personality at KZAZ radio and television
Sha-Na-Na as Johnny Casino and the Gamblers, a rock and roll band
Alice Ghostley as Mrs. Murdock, a rogue auto shop teacher who helps build Greased Lightnin' for the T-Birds
Darrell Zwerling as Mr. Lynch
Molly Brady (uncredited) as unnamed baby
Dick Patterson as Mr. Rudie
Fannie Flagg as Nurse Wilkins
Michael Biehn (uncredited) as Mike, a jock at Rydell high

text: Production[edit]

text: Casting[edit]

text: John Travolta had previously worked with producer Robert Stigwood on Saturday Night Fever, had a nascent singing career at the time (including the top-10 hit "Let Her In" in 1976), and had previously appeared as Doody in a touring production of the stage version of Grease. He made a number of casting recommendations that Stigwood ultimately accepted, including suggesting Randal Kleiser (who had never directed a theatrical feature before this but had directed Travolta in the 1976 telefilm The Boy in the Plastic Bubble) as director, and Olivia Newton-John, then known almost exclusively as a country music singer, as Sandy.[4] Newton-John had done little acting before this film, with only one film credit (the unreleased 1970 film Toomorrow, which predated her singing breakthrough) to her name up to that time. Before accepting the role, Newton-John requested a screen test for Grease to avoid another career setback.[5] The screen test was done with the drive-in movie scene. Newton-John, who is native to England and lived most of her life in Australia, was unable to perform with a convincing American accent, and thus her character was rewritten to be Australian. Before Newton-John was hired, Allan Carr was considering numerous names such as Ann-Margret, Susan Dey and Marie Osmond for the lead role; Newton-John agreed to a reduced asking price in exchange for star billing.[5] In a case of life imitating art, Newton-John's own musical career would undergo a transformation similar to that of the Sandy Olsson character; her next album after Grease, the provocatively titled Totally Hot, featured a much more sexual and pop-oriented approach, with Newton-John appearing on the album cover in similar all-leather attire and teased hair.[6]

text: Jeff Conaway, like Travolta, had previously appeared in the stage version of Grease; he had played Danny Zuko during the show's run on Broadway.[7] Jamie Donnelly reprised her role as Jan from the Broadway show, the only cast member to do so; as her hair had begun to gray by this point, she had to dye her hair to resemble her stage character.[8] Kelly Ward had previously appeared as a similar sarcastic supporting character in The Boy in the Plastic Bubble with Travolta under Kleiser; the role was substantially rewritten from the musical. Whereas "Rump" in the musical sang lead on two songs and was particularly known for his mooning, the renamed "Putzie" did not sing and shares the mooning scene with two of the other T-Birds, Sonny and Doody.

text: Lorenzo Lamas was a last-minute replacement for Steven Ford, who developed stage fright shortly before filming and backed out. His role contained no spoken dialogue and required Lamas to dye his hair blond to avoid looking like most of the other T-Birds (although Conaway and Ward were also blonds).[8]

text: Henry Winkler was once considered for a lead in the film. Winkler, who was playing Arthur Fonzarelli on Happy Days, was originally chosen to play Danny. His lack of singing experience and fear of being typecast after Happy Days and the film The Lords of Flatbush led him to decline the role.[citation needed] Adult film star Harry Reems was originally signed to play Coach Calhoun; however, executives at Paramount nixed the idea due to Reems' previous work in adult films, and producers cast Sid Caesar instead.[9] Caesar was one of several veterans of 1950s television (Eve Arden, Frankie Avalon, Joan Blondell, Edd Byrnes, Alice Ghostley, Dody Goodman) to be cast in supporting roles. Coincidentally, Frankie Avalon and Randal Kleiser had both appeared in 1966's Fireball 500, the latter as an extra.

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu's Leo Carrillo State Beach, making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity. The exterior Rydell scenes, including the basketball, baseball and track segments, were shot at Venice High School in Venice, California, while the Rydell interiors, including the high school dance, were filmed at Huntington Park High School. The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood. The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers "Greased Lightning" and "Beauty School Dropout". The drive-in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive-In (it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place). The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges, where many other films have been shot.[10] The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School.[11] And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles.

text: Post-production[edit]

text: Scenes inside the Frosty Palace contain obvious blurring of various Coca-Cola signs.[12] Prior to the film's release, producer Allan Carr had made a product-placement deal with Coca-Cola's main competitor Pepsi (for example, a Pepsi logo can be seen in the animated opening sequence). When Carr saw the footage of the scene with Coca-Cola products and signage, he ordered director Randal Kleiser to either reshoot the scene with Pepsi products or remove the Coca-Cola logos from the scene. As reshoots were deemed too expensive and time-consuming, optical mattes were used to cover up or blur out the Coca-Cola references. The 'blurring' covered up trademarked menu signage and a large wall poster, but a red cooler with the logo could not be sufficiently altered so was left unchanged. According to Kleiser, "We just had to hope that Pepsi wouldn't complain. They didn't."[13][14]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Grease was originally released to North American theaters on June 16, 1978 and was an immediate box office success. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $8,941,717 in 862 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking at No. 2 (behind Jaws 2) at the box office for the weekend[15] and with the all-time opening weekend records.[16] Despite losing the weekend, it set a record gross in its first 19 days with $40,272,000.[17]

text: Grease has grossed $188,755,690 domestically and $206,200,000 internationally, totaling $394,955,690 worldwide. Globally, it was the highest-grossing musical ever, eclipsing the 13-year-old record held by The Sound of Music, but has since been overtaken by Les Misérables, Mamma Mia! and the 2017 release of Beauty and the Beast. Grease is now the fourth highest-grossing live action musical.[18]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Grease received mostly positive reviews from movie critics[19] and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1978.[20][21][22][23]

text: Vincent Canby on its initial release in June 1978 called the film "terrific fun", describing it as a "contemporary fantasy about a 1950s teen-age musical—a larger, funnier, wittier and more imaginative-than-Hollywood movie with a life that is all its own"; Canby pointed out that the film was "somewhat in the manner of Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which recalls the science-fiction films of the '50s in a manner more elegant and more benign than anything that was ever made then, Grease is a multimillion-dollar evocation of the B-picture quickies that Sam Katzman used to turn out in the '50s (Don't Knock the Rock, 1956) and that American International carried to the sea in the 1960s (Beach Party, 1963)."[24]

text: Grease was voted the best musical ever on Channel 4's 100 greatest musicals in 2004.[25] The film holds a 75% approval rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 64 reviews with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Grease is a pleasing, energetic musical with infectiously catchy songs and an ode to young love that never gets old."[26] It holds a score of 70/100 on the review aggregator Metacritic based on 15 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19]

text: Grease premiered for the first time on American television in 1981 on ABC-TV. It was re-released to theaters in 1998 to mark the 20th anniversary. The film was also ranked number 21 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[27][28]

text: Home video[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Grease was first released in the US on VHS by Paramount Home Video in 1982, with reissues in 1989 and 1994; the last VHS release was on June 23, 1998 and titled the 20th Anniversary Edition following a theatrical re-release that March. On September 17, 2002, it was released on DVD for the first time. On September 19, 2006, it was re-released on DVD as the Rockin' Rydell Edition, which came with a black Rydell High T-Bird jacket cover, a white Rydell "R" letterman's sweater cover or the Target-exclusive Pink Ladies cover. It was released on Blu-ray Disc on May 5, 2009.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

1978
Grease
Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Nominated

John Travolta
Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Nominated

Olivia Newton-John
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
Nominated

"Grease"
Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song
Nominated

"You're the One That I Want"
Nominated

1979
CIC
Golden Screen Award
Won

Stockard Channing
People's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture Supporting Actress
Won

Grease
People's Choice Award for Favorite Musical Motion Picture
Won

Grease
People's Choice Award for Favorite Overall Motion Picture
Won

"Hopelessly Devoted to You"
Academy Award for Best Original Song
Nominated

2006
Grease
Satellite Award for Best Classic DVD
Nominated

2008
"You're the One That I Want"
TV Land Award for Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room
Nominated

text: American Film Institute Recognition[edit]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions: No. 97
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs: No. 70 for "Summer Nights"
AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals: No. 20

text: Sequels and spin-offs[edit]

text: The sequel, Grease 2 (1982), stars Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer. While only a few cast members from the original movie such as Dody Goodman, Sid Caesar, Eddie Deezen, Didi Conn, Dennis Stewart and Eve Arden reprise their respective roles. Dick Patterson returned, playing a different character. It was not as successful, grossing just $15 million on its $13 million budget. Patricia Birch, the original movie's choreographer, directed the ill-fated sequel. It would be the only movie that she would direct.

text: On July 8, 2010, a sing-along version of Grease was released to select theaters around the U.S.[29] A trailer was released in May 2010, with cigarettes digitally removed from certain scenes, implying heavy editing; however, Paramount confirmed these changes were done only for the film's advertising,[30] and the rating for the film itself changed from its original PG to that of PG-13 for "sexual content including references, teen smoking and drinking, and language."[31] The movie was shown for two weekends only; additional cities lobbied by fans from the Paramount official website started a week later and screened for one weekend.[32]

text: On March 12, 2013, Grease and Grease 2 were packaged together in a Double Feature DVD set from Warner Home Video.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second-best selling album of the year in the United States, exceeded only by another soundtrack album, from the film Saturday Night Fever, which also starred Travolta.[3] The song "Hopelessly Devoted to You" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Music—Original Song. The song "You're the One That I Want" was released as a single prior to the film's release and became an immediate chart-topper, despite not being in the stage show or having been seen in the film at that time.[33] Additionally, the dance number to "You're the One That I Want" was nominated for TV Land's award for "Movie Dance Sequence You Reenacted in Your Living Room" in 2008.[34] In the United Kingdom, the two Travolta/Newton-John duets, "You're the One That I Want" and "Summer Nights", were both number one hits and as of 2011 are still among the 20 best-selling singles of all time (at Nos. 6 and 19 respectively).[35] The movie's title song was also a number-one hit single for Frankie Valli.[36]

text: The song "Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee" references Sal Mineo in the original stage version. Mineo was stabbed to death a year before filming, so the line was changed to refer to Elvis Presley instead. The references to Troy Donohue, Doris Day, Rock Hudson and Annette Funicello are from the original stage version. Coincidentally, this scene as well as the scene before and the scene after it were filmed on August 16, 1977, the date of Elvis Presley's death.[37]

text: Some of the songs were not present in the film; songs that appear in the film but not in the soundtrack are "La Bamba" by Ritchie Valens, "Whole Lotta Shaking Going On" by Jerry Lee Lewis, "Alma Mater", "Alma Mater Parody", and "Rydell Fight Song". "Alone at a Drive-in Movie (instrumental)", "Mooning", and "Freddy My Love" are not present in the film, although all three are listed in the end credits in-addition to being on the soundtrack. (Both "Mooning" and "Rock'n'Roll Party Queen," the latter of which was played in the film as background music, were written in the musical for a character named Roger that was written out of the film, replaced by the non-singing Putzie. In general, all of the songs in the musical that were performed by characters other than Danny, Rizzo, Sandy or Johnny Casino were either taken out of the film or given to other characters, including Marty Maraschino's number "Freddy My Love," Kenickie's "Greased Lightnin'," and Doody's "Those Magic Changes.") Two songs from the musical, "Shakin' at the High School Hop" "and "All Choked Up," were left off both the film and the soundtrack.

text: The songs appear in the film in the following order:

text:
"Love is a Many-Splendored Thing"
"Grease"
"Alma Mater"
"Summer Nights" – Danny, Sandy, Pink Ladies and T-Birds
"Rydell Fight Song" – Rydell Marching Band
"Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee" – Rizzo and Pink Ladies
"Hopelessly Devoted to You" – Sandy
"Greased Lightnin'" – Danny and T-Birds
"La Bamba"
"It's Raining on Prom Night"
"Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On"
"Beauty School Dropout" – Teen Angel and Female Angels
"Rock n' Roll Party Queen"
"Rock n' Roll is Here to Stay" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Those Magic Changes" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers; Danny sings along onscreen
"Tears on My Pillow" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Hound Dog" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Born to Hand Jive" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Blue Moon" – Johnny Casino and the Gamblers
"Sandy" – Danny
"There Are Worse Things I Could Do" – Rizzo
"Look at Me, I'm Sandra Dee (Reprise)" – Sandy
"Alma Mater Parody" (instrumental)
"You're the One That I Want" – Danny, Sandy, Pink Ladies, and T-Birds
"We Go Together" – Cast
"Grease (Reprise)"

tag: ol

text: Television[edit]

text: On August 17, 2009, a television series inspired by the film premiered in Venezuela. The series was produced and directed by Vladimir Perez. The show will explore and expand on the characters and story from the film.[38][39]


document_title: Fountain of Youth Stakes

question_text: who won the fountain of youth stakes at gulfstream park

text: Fountain of Youth Stakes

text: Records[edit]

text: Speed record:

text:
1 1⁄8 miles - 1.48.87 - Eskendereya (2010)
1 mile - 1:35.01 - Quality Road (2009)
1 1⁄16 miles - 1.41.00 - Sensitive Prince (1978)

text: Most wins by an owner:

text: 3 - Michael Tabor (1995, 2000 & 2007)

text: Most wins by a jockey:

text:
4 - John Velazquez (2007, 2009, 2010, 2013)
4 - Jerry Bailey (1980, 1998, 2004 & 2005)

text: Most wins by a trainer:

text: 3 - D. Wayne Lukas (1992, 1995 & 2000)

text: Winners of the Fountain of Youth Stakes since 1972[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Age
Jockey
Trainer
Owner
Distance
Time
Purse
Gr

2017
Gunnevera
3
Javier Castellano
Antonio Sano
Peacock Racing Stables
1 1⁄16 miles
1:44.25
$400,000
II

2016
Mohaymen
3
Junior Alvarado
Kiaran McLaughlin
Shadwell Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
1:42.84
$400,000
II

2015
Itsaknockout DQ
3
Luis Saez
Todd A. Pletcher
Starlight Racing
1 1⁄16 miles
1:46.28
$400,000
II

2014
Wildcat Red
3
Luis Saez
Jose Garoffalo
Honors Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
1:41.85
$400,000
II

2013
Orb
3
John Velazquez
Shug McGaughey
Janney/Phipps Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
1:42.24
$400,000
II

2012
Union Rags
3
Julien Leparoux
Michael Matz
Chadds Ford Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
1:42.68
$400,000
II

2011
Soldat
3
Alan Garcia
Kiaran McLaughlin
Clarke/Robertson
1 1⁄8 miles
1:50.23
$400,000
II

2010
Eskendereya
3
John Velazquez
Todd A. Pletcher
Zayat Stables
1 1⁄8 miles
1:48.87
$250,000
II

2009
Quality Road
3
John Velazquez
James A. Jerkens
Edward P. Evans
1 mile
1:35.01
$350,000
II

2008
Cool Coal Man
3
Kent Desormeaux
Nick Zito
Robert V. LaPenta
1 1⁄8 miles
1:50.07
$350,000
II

2007
Scat Daddy
3
John Velazquez
Todd A. Pletcher
Scatuorchio & Tabor
1 1⁄8 miles
1:49.11
$350,000
II

2006
First Samurai DQ
3
Edgar Prado
Frank L. Brothers
Bruce Lunsford/Robbins
1 1⁄8 miles
1:49.00
$300,000
II

2005
High Fly
3
Jerry D. Bailey
Nick Zito
Live Oak Racing
1 1⁄8 miles
1:49.70
$300,000
II

2004
Read the Footnotes
3
Jerry D. Bailey
Richard Violette
Klaravich Stables
1 1⁄16 miles
1:42.71
$250,000
II

2003
Trust n Luck
3
Cornelio Velasquez
Ralph Ziadie
Paul Robsham
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.33
$200,000
I

2002
Booklet
3
Jorge Chavez
John T. Ward, Jr.
John C. Oxley
1 1⁄16 miles
1:44.49
$200,000
I

2001
Songandaprayer
3
Edgar Prado
John F. Dowd
Bobby Hurley
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.48
$200,000
I

2000
High Yield
3
Pat Day
D. Wayne Lukas
M. Tabor & R & B Lewis
1 1⁄16 miles
1:42.56
$200,000
I

1999
Vicar
3
Shane Sellers
Carl Nafzger
James B. Tafel
1 1⁄16 miles
1:45.64
$200,000
I

1998
Lil's Lad
3
Jerry D. Bailey
Neil J. Howard
Durst/Farish/Centennial
1 1⁄16 miles
1:42.63
$200,000
II

1997
Pulpit
3
Shane Sellers
Frank L. Brothers
Claiborne Farm
1 1⁄16 miles
1:41.86
$200,000
II

1996
Built For Pleasure
3
Gary Boulanger
Tommy Heard, Jr.
Tommy Heard, Jr.
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.64
$200,000
II

1995
Thunder Gulch
3
Mike E. Smith
D. Wayne Lukas
Michael Tabor
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.21
$200,000
II

1994
Dehere
3
Craig Perret
Reynaldo Nobles
Due Process Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
1:44.70
$200,000
II

1993 #
Duc d'Sligovil
3
Julie Krone
Jeremy McNeill
Ray McNeill
1 1⁄16 miles
1:45.16
$187,500
II

1993 #
Storm Tower
3
Rick Wilson
Ben Perkins, Jr.
Charles Hesse
1 1⁄16 miles
1:44.98
$187,500
II

1992
Dance Floor
3
Chris Antley
D. Wayne Lukas
Oaktown Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
1:45.32
$250,000
II

1991
Fly So Free
3
Jose A. Santos
Scotty Schulhofer
T. & E. Valando
1 1⁄16 miles
1:44.30
$122,500
II

1990
Shot Gun Scott
3
Dave Penna
Ronald J. Sarazin
Jean Friedberg/Sco.Hamilton
1 1⁄16 miles
1:44.60
$130,000
II

1989
Dixieland Brass
3
Randy Romero
Charles Peoples
Bayard Sharp/Will Farish
1 1⁄16 miles
1:44.60
$130,000
II

1988
Forty Niner
3
Eddie Maple
Woody Stephens
Claiborne Farm
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.20
$165,000
II

1987
Bet Twice
3
Craig Perret
Warren Croll
Blanche Levy/Cisley Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.40
$167,500
II

1986 #
Ensighn Rhythm
3
Julio Pezua
Leo Azpurua, Jr.
Lushland Farm
1 1⁄16 miles
1:45.60
$130,000
II

1986 #
MyPrince Charming
3
Jose A. Santos
Newcome Green
Don Aronow
1 1⁄16 miles
1:45.00
$130,000
II

1985
Proud Truth
3
Jorge Velasquez
John M. Veitch
Darby Dan Farm
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.60
$175,000
II

1984
Darn That Alarm
3
Mike Venezia
George Gianos
Robert N. Caporella
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.00
$95,000
II

1983 #
Highland Park
3
Don Brumfield
Anthony Basile
Bwamazon Farm
1 1⁄16 miles
1:44.60
$75,500
II

1983 #
Copelan
3
Laffit Pincay, Jr.
Mitch Griffin
Fred W. Hooper
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.60
$75,500
II

1982
Star Gallant
3
Sandy Hawley
Leonard Imperlo
Buckram Oak Farm
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.20
$91,000
II

1981
Akureyri
3
Eddie Maple
Woody Stephens
Hickory Tree Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
1:44.40
$80,000
III

1980
Naked Sky
3
Jerry D. Bailey
Neal Winick
Maribel G. Blum
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.80
$50,000
III

1979
Spectacular Bid
3
Ron Franklin
Bud Delp
Hawksworth Farm
1 1⁄16 miles
1:41.20
$60,000
III

1978
Sensitive Prince
3
Mickey Solomone
H. Allen Jerkens
Top the Marc Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
1:41.00
$37,500
III

1977
Ruthies Native
3
Craig Perret
Eugene Jacobs
Ruth A. Perlmutter
1 1⁄16 miles
1:42.00
$45,000
III

1976
Sonkisser
3
Braulio Baeza
Stephen DiMauro
Harold Snyder
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.80
$37,500
III

1975
Greek Answer
3
Mickey Solomone
Frank H. Merrill
W. Preston Gilbride
1 1⁄16 miles
1:42.80
$37,500
III

1974
Green Gambados
3
Chuck Baltazar
John W. Jacobs
Harbor View Farm
1 1⁄16 miles
1:42.40
$77,400
III

1973
Shecky Greene
3
Braulio Baeza
Lou M. Goldfine
Joseph Kellman
1 1⁄16 miles
1:43.80
$37,650
III

1972
Gentle Smoke
3

David Sazer
Forus Stable
1 1⁄16 miles
0:00.00
$35,000

text: Earlier winners[edit]

text:
1971 - Authorize
1970 - Corn Off The Cob
1969 - Al Hattab
1968 - Wise Exchange
1967 - In Reality
1966 - Kauai King
1965 - Maribeau
1964 - Dandy K
1963 - Cool Prince
1962 - Sharp Count
1961 - Beau Prince
1960 - Eagle Admiral
1959 - Easy Spur
1958 - Tim Tam
1957 - Gen Duke
1956 - Oh Johnny
1955 - Nance's Lad
1954 - Sea O Erin
1953 - Ram O War
1953 - Tribe
1952 - No race
1951 - Alerted
1950 - Black George (Owner: William H. Veeneman)
1949 - Count-A-Bit
1948 - No race
1947 - Atomic Power
1947 - Tight Squeeze (Owner: Rarco Stables)
1946 - No race
1945 - Twenty Thirty

text: Special Bonus[edit]

text: Paths to win the $5,500,000 Preakness Bonus: win Fountain of Youth Stakes + win the Florida Derby + win The Preakness Stakes

text: Paths to $550,000 XpressBet Consolation Bonus: run in Fountain of Youth Stakes + win, place or show in the Florida Derby or win, place or show in the Santa Anita Derby + win The Preakness Stakes


document_title: Earthquake warning system

question_text: what is the name of the first earthquake early warning system

text: Earthquake warning system

text: Time lag and wave projection[edit]

text: An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy during rapid sliding along a fault. The sliding will start at some location and progress away from this hypocenter in each direction along the fault surface. The speed of the progression of this fault tear is slower than and distinct from the speed of the resultant pressure and shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave. The pressure wave will generate an abrupt shock while the shear waves can generate a periodic motion (at about 1 Hz) that is the most destructive in its effect upon structures, particularly buildings that have a similar resonant period, typically buildings around eight floors in height. These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage, and may project destructive waves well beyond the fault failure. The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions within the region and these effects are considered in constructing a computer model of the region that determines appropriate responses to specific events.

text: Transit safety[edit]

text: Such systems are currently implemented to determine appropriate real-time response to an event in determining train operator response for urban rail systems such as BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit). The appropriate response will be highly dependent upon the warning time, the local right–of–way conditions, and the current speed of the train.

text: Deployment[edit]

text: As of 2016, Japan and Taiwan are two countries with comprehensive nationwide earthquake early warning systems. Other countries and regions have limited deployment of earthquake warning systems, including Mexico (the Mexican Seismic Alert System covers areas of central and southern Mexico including Mexico City and Oaxaca), limited regions of Romania (the Basarab bridge in Bucharest) and parts of the United States. The earliest automated earthquake pre-detection systems were installed in the 1990s; for instance, in California, the Calistoga fire station's system which can automatically trigger a citywide siren to alert the entire area's residents.[3] Some California fire departments use their warning systems to automatically open overhead doors of fire stations before the earthquake can disable them. While many of these efforts are governmental, several private companies also manufacture earthquake early warning systems to protect infrastructure such as elevators, gas lines and fire stations.

text: The Mexican Seismic Alert System began operations in 1991 and began publicly issuing alerts in 1993. Initially serving Mexico City with twelve sensors, the system now has 97 and is designed to protect life and property in several central and southern Mexican states.

text: Japan's Earthquake Early Warning system was put to practical use in 2006. Its scheme to warn the general public was installed on October 1, 2007.[4][5] It was modeled partly on the Urgent Earthquake Detection and Alarm System (UrEDAS) of Japan Railways, which was designed to enable automatic braking of bullet trains.[6]

text: In 2009, an early warning system called ShakeAlarm was installed and commissioned in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was placed to protect a piece of critical transportation infrastructure called the George Massey Tunnel, which connects the north and south banks of the Fraser River. In this application the system automatically closes the gates at the tunnel entrances if there is a dangerous seismic event inbound.[7] The success and the reliability of the system was such that as of 2015 there have been several additional installations on the west coast of Canada and the United States, and there are more being planned.

text: In January 2013, Francesco Finazzi of the University of Bergamo started the Earthquake Network research project which aims at developing and maintaining a crowdsourced earthquake warning system based on smartphone networks.[2][8] Smartphones are used to detect the ground shaking induced by an earthquake and a warning is issued as soon as an earthquake is detected. People living at a higher distance from the epicenter and the detection point may be alerted before they are reached by the damaging waves of the earthquake. People can take part in the project installing the Android application "Earthquake Network" which is also required to receive the alerts.

text: In December 2014, the United States Congress approved a $5 million allocation as part of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014 in order to expand funding for development of the system.[9]

text: The USGS has investigated collaboration with the social networking site Twitter to allow for more rapid construction of ShakeMaps.[10][11] As of May 2015[update], USGS began testing an earthquake early warning app. QuakeAlert was developed by Early Warning Labs in partnership USGS.[12]

text: In July 2015, the USGS awarded $4 million in funding to the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory, the California Institute of Technology and the University of Washington, to turn the current ShakeAlert early warning prototype into a more robust system that could be used by "cities, industries, utilities and transportation networks in California, Oregon and Washington".[13]

text: Gravimetric data from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake has been used to create a model for increased warning time compared to seismic models, as gravity fields travel faster than seismic waves.[14]


document_title: The Young and the Restless cast members

question_text: who plays gram on the young and the restless

text: The Young and the Restless cast members

text: Cast

text: Main cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration

Peter Bergman
Jack Abbott
1989–

Marco Annicelli
2015

Eric Braeden
Victor Newman
1980–

Sharon Case
Sharon Newman
1994–

Doug Davidson
Paul Williams
1978–

Eileen Davidson
Ashley Abbott
1982–88, 1999–

Melissa Claire Egan
Chelsea Newman
2011–

Cait Fairbanks
Tessa Porter
2017–

Noah Alexander Gerry
Charlie Ashby
2017–

Daniel Goddard
Cane Ashby
2007–

Caleb Atkinson
2011

Camryn Grimes
Cassie Newman
1997–2007, 2009–10, 2013–14

Mariah Copeland
2014–

Daniel Hall
Scott Grainger
2017–

Amelia Heinle
Victoria Newman
2005–

Bryton James
Devon Hamilton
2004–

Christel Khalil
Lily Ashby
2002–

Tristan Lake Leabu
Reed Hellstrom
2016–

Christian LeBlanc
Michael Baldwin
1991–93, 1997–

Kate Linder
Esther Valentine
1982–

Thad Luckinbill
J.T. Hellstrom
1999–2010, 2017–

Mishael Morgan
Hilary Hamilton
2013–

Joshua Morrow
Nicholas Newman
1994–

Melissa Ordway
Abby Newman
2013–

Melody Thomas Scott
Nikki Newman
1979–

Kristoff St. John
Neil Winters
1991–

Lexie Stevenson
Mattie Ashby
2017–

Jason Thompson
Billy Abbott
2016–

Gina Tognoni
Phyllis Summers
2014–

text: Recurring cast

text:
Actor
Character
Duration

Marla Adams
Dina Abbott Mergeron
1983–86, 1991, 1996, 2008, 2017–

Robert Adamson
Noah Newman
2012–

Catherine Bach
Anita Lawson
2012–

Lauralee Bell
Christine Blair Williams
1983–2006, 2010–

Corbin Bernsen
Todd Williams
2003–04, 2009–10, 2012–14, 2017–

Tracey E. Bregman
Lauren Fenmore Baldwin
1983–95, 2000–

Sarah Smythe
2010

Sean Carrigan
Stitch Rayburn
2013–

Judith Chapman
Jill Foster Abbott
1994

Gloria Abbott Bardwell
2005–

Tamara Clatterbuck
Alice Johnson
1998–2000, 2005, 2017–

Annalisa Cochrane
Zoey
2017–

Angell Conwell
Leslie Michaelson
2010–

Jerry Douglas
John Abbott
1982–2013, 2015–

Alistair Wallingford
2008

Max Ehrich
Fenmore Baldwin
2012–

Margarita Franco
Mrs. Martinez
2016–

Kelly Frye
Michelle Hazelton
2016–

David Faustino
Howard Green
2016–

Robert Gant
David Sherman
2013–

Stacy Haiduk
Patty Williams
2009–12, 2015–

Emily Peterson
2009–12

Hunter King
Summer Newman
2012–

Alyvia Alyn Lind
Faith Newman
2011–

Beth Maitland
Traci Abbott
1982–96, 1999, 2001, 2006–

Morgan Obenreder
Crystal
2017–

Dax Randall
Moses Winters
2016–

Marcia Rodd
Myrna Bloodworth
2017–

Tristan Rogers
Colin Atkinson
2010–12, 2014–

Ted Shackelford
William Bardwell
2006–07

Jeffrey Bardwell
2007–

Abhi Sinha
Ravi Shapur
2016–

Max Shippee
Graham Bloodworth
2017–

Terrell Tilford
Barton Shelby
2014–

Jess Walton
Jill Atkinson
1987–

Ray Wise
Ian Ward
2014–

text: Previous cast members

text: References and notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b The Young and the Restless Weekdays. "The Young and the Restless Cast: Doug Davidson". Cbs.com. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless Weekdays. "The Young and the Restless Cast: Jeanne Cooper". Cbs.com. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless Weekdays (July 20, 2007). "The Young and the Restless Cast: Eric Braeden". Cbs.com. Retrieved September 23, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Show Guide: Cast Bio: Kate Linder". Sony. Retrieved January 6, 2012.


document_title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

question_text: where was robin hood prince of thieves made

text: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: Plot[edit]

text: Robin of Locksley — an English nobleman who joined Richard the Lionheart, King of England in the Third Crusade — is imprisoned in Jerusalem along with his comrade, Peter Dubois. Facing the amputation of Peter's hand by the Ayyubid prison guards, Robin escapes with Peter, saving the life of a Moor named Azeem in the process. Robin, Peter, and Azeem escape through a sewer and into an alley, but Peter is shot and mortally wounded by an archer. Before making his last stand against the approaching guards, Peter has Robin swear to protect his sister, Marian. Robin returns to England with Azeem, who has vowed to accompany him until Azeem's life-debt to Robin is repaid.

text: In England, with King Richard away in France, the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham rules over the land, aided by his cousin Guy of Gisbourne, the witch Mortianna, and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford. At Locksley Castle, Robin's father, who is loyal to King Richard, is killed by the Sheriff's men after refusing to join them.

text: Robin returns to England to find his father dead, his home in ruins, and the Sheriff and his men oppressing the people. After telling Marian of Peter's demise, and while fleeing the Sheriff's forces afterwards, Robin and Azeem encounter a band of outlaws hiding in Sherwood Forest, led by Little John. Among the band is Will Scarlet, who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin. Robin assumes command of the group, training them to defend themselves and fight against Nottingham. They rob soldiers and convoys that pass through the forest, then distribute the stolen wealth among the poor. One of their early targets is Friar Tuck, who subsequently joins these Merry Men. Marian begins to sympathize with the band and renders Robin any aid she can muster. Robin's successes infuriate the Sheriff, who increases the mistreatment of the people, resulting in greater local support for Robin Hood.

text: The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys, and hires Celtic warriors from Scotland to assist his forces in assaulting the hideout. The Sheriff manages to locate the outlaws' hideout and launches an attack, destroying the refuge and capturing most of the outlaws. With the Bishop's help, the Sherrif has Marian confined when she tries to summon help from France. To consolidate his claim to the throne, the Sheriff proposes to Marian (who is Richard's cousin), claiming that if she accepts, he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws. Nevertheless, several of the rebels are due to be executed by hanging as part of the wedding celebration. Among the captured is Will Scarlet, who makes a deal with the Sheriff to find and kill Robin in exchange for his freedom.

text: Will meets up with Robin and a handful of his aides who survived the Celt's assault. Will informs Robin of the Sheriff's plans to marry Marian and execute Robin's men. Will continues to display anger against Robin, which motivates Robin to question why Will hates him so much. Will then reveals himself to be Robin's younger illegitimate half-brother; Will's mother was a peasant woman with whom Robin's father took comfort after Robin's mother died. Robin's anger toward his father caused him to separate from her and leave Will fatherless. Despite his anger, Robin is overjoyed to learn that he has a brother, and reconciles with Will.

text: On the day of the wedding and hangings, Robin and his men infiltrate Nottingham Castle, freeing the prisoners. Although Robin's band originally planned to free their friends and retreat, Azeem reveals himself and his willingness to fight the Sheriff, inciting the peasants to revolt. After a fierce fight, Robin kills the Sheriff, but is attacked by Mortianna with a spear. Azeem slays Mortianna, fulfilling his life-debt to Robin. Tuck kills the Bishop by burdening him with treasure and throwing him out a window.

text: Robin and Marian profess their love for each other and are married in the forest. Their wedding is briefly interrupted by King Richard, who blesses the marriage and thanks Robin for his deeds.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as Robin Hood (Robin of Locksley)[6]
Morgan Freeman as Azeem
Christian Slater as Will Scarlet
Alan Rickman as George, Sheriff of Nottingham[7]
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian Dubois
Geraldine McEwan as Mortianna
Mike McShane as Friar Tuck
Brian Blessed as Lord Locksley
Michael Wincott as Guy of Gisborne
Nick Brimble as Little John
Harold Innocent as the Bishop of Hereford
Walter Sparrow as Duncan
Daniel Newman as Wulf
Sean Connery (uncredited) as King Richard
Jack Wild as Much the miller's son
Daniel Peacock as Bull

text: Production[edit]

text: Rickman turned down the role of the sheriff twice before he was told he could have carte blanche with his interpretation of the character.

text: On the DVD commentary for ITV's Robin of Sherwood television series, which ran from 1983 to 1986, writer and creator Richard Carpenter explains that the stunt coordinator from the Robin of Sherwood series, Terry Walsh, was hired to do stunt work for Prince of Thieves. While on set, Walsh noticed a Saracen assassin character named Nasir was in the film. That character was a creation of Carpenter and is exclusive to the Robin of Sherwood series. Once the creators of Prince of Thieves realized a potential for copyright infringement, they changed the character's name from Nasir to Azeem. Carpenter also explains that Costner and others involved in Prince of Thieves have admitted to watching Robin of Sherwood as inspiration for their film.[citation needed]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom. A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude, France, for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle. Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire – restored in an early shot using a matte painting. Marian's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland. Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed throughout England: Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws' encampment, Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John, and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing.[9] Sycamore Gap on Hadrian's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff's men.[10] Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters, Sussex were used as the locale for Robin's return to England from the Crusades.[11]

text: Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey.[9]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The original music score was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen. An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek,[12] and has been used by Walt Disney Home Video in intros for trailers on DVD/Blu-ray.[13]

text:
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (Original Soundtrack)

Film score by Michael Kamen

Released
July 2, 1991

Length
60:22

Label
Morgan Creek Productions

text:
"Overture/A Prisoner of the Crusades" (8:27)
"Sir Guy of Gisborne/The Escape to Sherwood" (7:27)
"Little John/The Band in the Forest" (4:52)
"The Sheriff and His Witch" (6:03)
"Maid Marian" (2:57)
"Training/Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves" (5:15)
"Marian at the Waterfall" (5:34)
"The Abduction/The Final Battle at the Gallows" (9:53)
"(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" – Bryan Adams (6:33)
"Wild Times" – Jeff Lynne (3:12)

text: Release[edit]

text: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves was submitted for classification from the British Board of Film Classification and required 14 seconds to be cut from the film to obtain a PG rating.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman's performance as well as Rickman's, but ultimately decried the film as a whole, giving it two stars and stating, "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a murky, unfocused, violent, and depressing version of the classic story... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time."[14] The New York Times gave the film a negative review, with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is "a mess, a big, long, joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights, feminism, religious freedom, and economic opportunity for all."[15] The Los Angeles Times found the movie unsatisfactory, as well.[16] Costner was criticised for not attempting an English accent.[17]

text: Lanre Bakare, writing in The Guardian, calls Rickman's Sheriff, for which he won a BAFTA, a "genuinely great performance".[18] Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 53 critics to give the film a score of 49%.[19]

text: Prince of Thieves was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards: Kevin Costner won the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood, while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and Mobsters, but lost to Dan Aykroyd for Nothing but Trouble.[20]

text: In 2005, the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores.[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second. The film eventually made $390,493,908 at the global box office, making it the second-highest grossing film of 1991, immediately behind Terminator 2: Judgment Day. It enjoyed the second-best opening for a nonsequel, at the time.[22][23][24][25]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: A tie-in video game of the same name was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy. Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc., it was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine.[26]

text: A toy line was released by Kenner, consisting of action figures and playsets. Notably, all but one of the figures were slightly modified from Kenner's well known Super Powers line, while Friar Tuck, as well as the vehicles and playset, were modified from Star Wars: Return of the Jedi toys.[27]