document_title: Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

question_text: what event provoked congress to propose the eleventh amendment and the states to ratify it

text: Text[edit]

text: The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.

tag: p

text: Background[edit]

text: The Eleventh Amendment was the first Constitutional amendment adopted after the Bill of Rights. The amendment was adopted following the Supreme Court's ruling in Chisholm v. Georgia, 2 U.S. 419 (1793). In Chisholm, the Court ruled that federal courts had the authority to hear cases in law and equity brought by private citizens against states and that states did not enjoy sovereign immunity from suits made by citizens of other states in federal court. Thus, the amendment clarified Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, which gives diversity jurisdiction to the judiciary to hear cases "between a state and citizens of another state".[2]

text: Proposal and ratification[edit]

text: The Eleventh Amendment was proposed by the 3rd Congress on March 4, 1794, when it was approved by the House of Representatives by vote of 81–9,[3] having been previously passed by the Senate, 23–2, on January 14, 1794.[4] The amendment was ratified by the state legislatures of the following states:[5]

text:
New York – March 27, 1794
Rhode Island – March 31, 1794
Connecticut – May 8, 1794
New Hampshire – June 16, 1794
Massachusetts – June 26, 1794
Vermont – November 9, 1794
Virginia – November 18, 1794
Georgia – November 29, 1794
Kentucky – December 7, 1794
Maryland – December 26, 1794
Delaware – January 23, 1795
North Carolina – February 7, 1795
As there were 15 States at the time, the ratification by twelve States added the Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution. It was subsequently ratified by:

South Carolina – December 4, 1797

tag: ol

text: On January 8, 1798, approximately three years after the Eleventh Amendment's adoption, President John Adams stated in a message to Congress that the Eleventh Amendment had been ratified by the necessary number of States and that it was now a part of the Constitution of the United States.[6] New Jersey and Pennsylvania did not take action on the amendment; neither did Tennessee, which had become a State on June 16, 1796.

text: Impact[edit]

text: Retroactivity[edit]

text: In Hollingsworth v. Virginia, 3 U.S. 378 (1798), the Supreme Court held that every pending action brought under Chisholm had to be dismissed because of the amendment's adoption.[7]

text: Sovereign immunity[edit]

text: The amendment's text does not mention suits brought against a state by its own citizens. However, in Hans v. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1 (1890), the Supreme Court ruled that the amendment reflects a broader principle of sovereign immunity. As Justice Anthony Kennedy later stated in Alden v. Maine, 527 U.S. 706 (1999):

text: [S]overeign immunity derives not from the Eleventh Amendment but from the structure of the original Constitution itself. ... Nor can we conclude that the specific Article I powers delegated to Congress necessarily include, by virtue of the Necessary and Proper Clause or otherwise, the incidental authority to subject the States to private suits as a means of achieving objectives otherwise within the scope of the enumerated powers.[8]

text: However, Justice David Souter, writing for a four-Justice dissent in Alden, said the states surrendered their sovereign immunity when they ratified the Constitution. He read the amendment's text as reflecting a narrow form of sovereign immunity that limited only the diversity jurisdiction of the federal courts. He concluded that neither the Eleventh Amendment in particular nor the Constitution in general insulates the states from suits by individuals.[9]

text: Application to federal law[edit]

text: Although the Eleventh Amendment grants immunity to states from suit for money damages or equitable relief without their consent, in Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908), the Supreme Court ruled that federal courts may enjoin state officials from violating federal law. In Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U.S. 445 (1976), the Supreme Court ruled that Congress may abrogate state immunity from suit under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment. In Central Virginia Community College v. Katz, 546 U.S. 356 (2006), the Court ruled the Congress could do the same regarding bankruptcy cases by way of Article I, Section 8, Clause 4 of the Constitution. In Lapides v. Board of Regents of Univ. System of Ga., 535 U.S. 613 (2002), the Supreme Court ruled that when a state invokes a federal court's removal jurisdiction, it waives the Eleventh Amendment in the removed case.

text: Territorial application[edit]

text: The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit has ruled that Puerto Rico enjoys Eleventh Amendment immunity.[10]

text: The territories of American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands and the Virgin Islands do not enjoy Eleventh Amendment immunity.[11][12][13]


document_title: List of leading rugby union test try scorers

question_text: who has scored the most tries in rugby union

root

text: Top try scorers[edit]

text: Updated: 17 March 2018

text: Players who are still active at international level are in bold. Players who are active in rugby union at club level, but not at international level, are in italics.

text:
Rank
Caps
Tries
Tries
per cap
Player
International team
Position
Ref

1
58
69
1.190
Daisuke Ohata
 Japan
Wing
[1]

2
124
67
0.540
Bryan Habana
 South Africa
Wing
[2]

3
101
64
0.634
David Campese
 Australia
Wing
[3]

4
91
60
0.659
Shane Williams
 Wales (58)
 British and Irish Lions (2)
Wing
[4][5]

5
81
55
0.679
Hirotoki Onozawa
 Japan
Wing
[6]

6
91
50
0.549
Rory Underwood
 England (49)
 British and Irish Lions (1)
Wing
[7]

7
62
49
0.790
Doug Howlett
 New Zealand
Wing
[8]

8
141
47
0.333
Brian O'Driscoll
 Ireland (46)
 British and Irish Lions (1)
Centre
[9][10]

9
58
46
0.793
Christian Cullen
 New Zealand
Fullback
[11]

=
68
46
0.676
Joe Rokocoko
 New Zealand
Wing
[12]

=
54
46
0.852
Julian Savea
 New Zealand
Wing
[13]

12
60
44
0.733
Jeff Wilson
 New Zealand
Wing / Fullback
[14]

13
103
41
0.398
Gareth Thomas
 Wales (40)
 British and Irish Lions (1)
Utility back
[15][16]

14
78
40
0.513
Chris Latham
 Australia
Fullback
[17]

15
93
38
0.409
Serge Blanco
 France
Fullback
[18]

=
89
38
0.427
Joost van der Westhuizen
 South Africa
Scrum-half
[19]

17
116
37
0.319
Adam Ashley-Cooper
 Australia
Centre / Wing
[20]

=
63
37
0.587
Jonah Lomu
 New Zealand
Wing
[21]

19
74
36
0.486
Tana Umaga
 New Zealand
Wing / Centre
[22]

20
63
35
0.556
John Kirwan
 New Zealand
Wing
[23]

21
67
34
0.507
Vincent Clerc
 France
Wing
[24]

=
79
34
0.430
Ieuan Evans
 Wales (33)
 British and Irish Lions (1)
Wing
[25]

=
71
34
0.479
Drew Mitchell
 Australia
Wing
[26]

=
100
34
0.340
Mils Muliaina
 New Zealand
Fullback

=
76
34
0.447
George North
 Wales (32)
 British and Irish Lions (2)
Wing / Centre

26
54
33
0.611
Diego Ormaechea
 Uruguay
Number Eight
[27]

=
48
33
0.688
Sitiveni Sivivatu
 Pacific Islanders (4)
 New Zealand (29)
Wing
[28][29]

28
102
32
0.314
Catalin Fercu
 Romania
Fullback

=
62
32
0.516
Israel Folau
 Australia
Fullback

=
72
32
0.444
Jaque Fourie
 South Africa
Centre
[30]

=
68
32
0.471
Takashi Kikutani
 Japan
Back-Row
[31]

=
69
32
0.464
Philippe Saint-André
 France
Wing
[32]

=
51
32
0.627
DTH van der Merwe
 Canada
Wing

34
57
31
0.544
Ben Cohen
 England
Wing
[33]

=
57
31
0.544
Will Greenwood
 England (31)
 British and Irish Lions (0)
Centre
[34][35]

=
73
31
0.425
Jeremy Guscott
 England (30)
 British and Irish Lions (1)
Centre
[36]

=
103
31
0.301
Ma'a Nonu
 New Zealand
Centre
[37]

=
53
31
0.585
César Sempere
 Spain
Fullback
[38]

39
74
30
0.405
Tommy Bowe
 Ireland (30)
 British and Irish Lions (0)
Wing
[39]

=
103
30
0.291
Matt Giteau
 Australia
Centre
[40]

=
80
30
0.375
Tim Horan
 Australia
Centre
[41][42]

=
56
30
0.536
Jason Robinson
 England (28)
 British and Irish Lions (2)
Wing / Fullback
[43]

=
86
30
0.349
Joe Roff
 Australia
Wing
[41]

=
111
30
0.270
Philippe Sella
 France
Centre
[44]

=
67
30
0.448
Lote Tuqiri
 Australia
Wing / Centre
[41]

tag: table

text: Forwards with the most tries[edit]

text: Nearly all the top try scorers are backs, but some forwards have scored numerous tries. Here is a non-comprehensive list:[45]

text:
Diego Ormaechea,  Uruguay - 33 tries in 54 tests (1989–1999)
Takashi Kikutani,  Japan - 32 tries in 68 tests (2005-2014)
Richie McCaw,  New Zealand - 27 tries in 148 tests (2001-2015)
Mamuka Gorgodze,  Georgia - 26 tries in 71 tests (2003-2017)
Kieran Read,  New Zealand - 23 tries in 109 tests (2008-)
Colin Charvis,  Wales and British and Irish Lions - 22 tries in 96 tests (1996–2007)
Ryu Holani,  Japan - 22 tries in 44 tests (2008-)
Carlo Checchinato,  Italy - 21 tries in 83 tests (1990–2004)
Victor Gresev,  Russia - 19 tries in 96 tests (2006-)
Mihai Macovei,  Romania - 19 tries in 78 tests (2006-)
Rolando Martin,  Argentina - 18 tries in 86 tests (1994–2003)
Neil Back,  England and British and Irish Lions - 17 tries in 71 tests (1994–2005)
Zinzan Brooke,  New Zealand - 17 tries in 58 tests (1987–1997)
Aaron Carpenter,  Canada - 17 tries in 80 tests (2005-2017)
Lawrence Dallaglio,  England and British and Irish Lions - 17 tries in 88 tests (1995–2007)
Viacheslav Grachev,  Russia - 17 tries in 71 tests (1993–2011)
Jacobus Otto,  Germany - 17 tries in 17 tests (2015-)
Semo Sititi,  Samoa - 17 tries in 63 tests (1999–2009)
Schalk Burger,  South Africa - 16 tries in 86 tests (2003–2015)
Todd Clever,  United States - 16 tries in 76 tests (2003-)
Ian Kirkpatrick,  New Zealand - 16 tries in 39 tests (1967–1977)
Hendrik Tui,  Japan - 16 tries in 40 tests (2012-)
Mauro Bergamasco,  Italy - 15 tries in 106 tests (1998-2015)
Sergio Parisse,  Italy - 15 tries in 134 tests (2002-)
Ovidiu Tonita,  Romania - 15 tries in 73 tests (2000-2016)
Keith Wood,  Ireland and British and Irish Lions - 15 tries in 64 tests (1994–2003)

tag: ul

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^a Sources differ as to the number of tries scored by Núñez Piossek. His national federation, the Argentine Rugby Union (UAR), credits him with 30 tries in 28 Tests. Scrum.com credits him with 29 tries in 28 Tests.[46] For the Pumas' Test against Chile on 25 April 2004 the UAR credits him with 3 tries[47] while Scrum.com credits him with only two.[46] Núñez Piossek also scored one try against the British and Irish Lions in 2005, but the UAR did not award test caps for this game, unlike the Home Unions.


document_title: Pearly gates

question_text: who do you meet at the gates of heaven

question_tokens: who do you meet at the gates of heaven

text: Pearly gates

text: Pearly gates is an informal name for the gateway to Heaven according to some Christian denominations. It is inspired by the description of the New Jerusalem in Revelation 21:21: "The twelve gates were twelve pearls, each gate being made from a single pearl."[1]

text: The image of the gates in popular culture is a set of large gold, white or wrought-iron gates in the clouds, guarded by Saint Peter (the keeper of the "keys to the kingdom"). Those not fit to enter heaven are denied entrance at the gates, and descend into Hell.[2] In some versions of this imagery, Peter looks up the deceased's name in a book, before opening the gate.


document_title: Bull

question_text: what are bulls used for on a farm

question_tokens: what are bulls used for on a farm

text: Bull

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: The female counterpart to a bull is a cow, while a male of the species who has been castrated is a steer, ox[1] or bullock, although in North America this last term refers to a young bull, and in Australia to a draught animal. Usage of these terms varies considerably with area and dialect. Colloquially, people unfamiliar with cattle may refer to both castrated and intact animals as "bulls".

text: A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a micky in Australia.[2] Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer, also known as a stag in Australia, Canada and New Zealand.[3] In some countries an incompletely castrated male is known also as a rig or ridgling.

text: The word "bull" also denotes the males of other bovines, including bison and water buffalo as well as many other species of large animals including elephants, camels, elk, moose, and whales.

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: Bulls are much more muscular than cows, with thicker bones, larger feet, a very muscular neck, and a large, bony head with protective ridges over the eyes. These features assist bulls in fighting for domination over a herd, giving the winner superior access to cows for reproduction.[4] The hair is generally shorter on the body, but on the neck and head there is often a "mane" of curlier, wooly hair. Bulls are usually about the same height as cows or a little taller, but because of the additional muscle and bone mass they often weigh far more. Most of the time, a bull has a hump on its shoulders.[5] When a bull is full-grown, it can weigh as much as 2,000 pounds.[5]

text: In horned cattle the horns of bulls tend to be thicker and somewhat shorter than those of cows,[6] and in many breeds they curve outwards in a flat arc rather than upwards in a lyre shape. It is not true, as is commonly believed, that bulls have horns and cows do not: the presence of horns depends on the breed, or in horned breeds on whether the horns have been disbudded (conversely, in many breeds of sheep indeed only the males have horns). Cattle that naturally do not have horns are referred to as polled, or muleys.[7]

text: Castrated male cattle are physically similar to females in build and horn shape, although if allowed to reach maturity they may be considerably taller than either bulls or cows, with heavily muscled shoulders (but not necks).[8]

text: Reproductive anatomy[edit]

text: Bulls become fertile at about seven months of age. Their fertility is closely related to the size of their testicles, and one simple test of fertility is to measure the circumference of the scrotum: a young bull is likely to be fertile once this reaches 28 centimetres (11 in); that of a fully adult bull may be over 40 centimetres (16 in).[9][10]

text: Bulls have a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure.[11][12][13] Bulls are occasionally affected by a condition known as "corkscrew penis".[14][15] The penis of a mature bull is about 3–4 cm in diameter,[16][17][18][19] and 80–100 cm in length.[20] The bull's glans penis has a rounded and elongated shape.[20]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: A common misconception widely repeated in depictions of bull behavior is that the color red angers bulls, inciting them to charge. In fact, like most mammals, cattle are red-green color blind.[21] In bullfighting, it is the movement of the matador's cape, and not the color, which provokes a reaction in the bull.

text: Management[edit]

text: Beef production[edit]

text: Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are slaughtered for meat before the age of three years, except where they are needed (castrated) as work oxen for haulage. Most of these beef animals are castrated as calves to reduce aggressive behavior and prevent unwanted mating,[22] although some are reared as uncastrated bull beef. A bull is typically ready for slaughter one or two months sooner than a castrated male or a female, and produces proportionately more, leaner muscle.[22]

text: Frame score is a useful way of describing the skeletal size of bulls and other cattle. Frame scores can be used as an aid to predict mature cattle sizes and aid in the selection of beef bulls. Frame scores are calculated from hip height and age. In sales catalogues, this measurement is frequently reported in addition to weight and other performance data such as estimated breed value (EBV).[23]

text: Temperament and handling[edit]

text: Adult bulls may weigh between 500 and 1,000 kilograms (1,100 and 2,200 lb). Most are capable of aggressive behavior and require careful handling to ensure safety of humans and other animals. Those of dairy breeds may be more prone to aggression, while beef breeds are somewhat less aggressive, though beef breeds such as the Spanish Fighting Bull and related animals are also noted for aggressive tendencies, which are further encouraged by selective breeding.

text: It is estimated that 42% of all livestock-related fatalities in Canada are a result of bull attacks, and fewer than one in twenty victims of a bull attack survives.[24] Dairy breed bulls are particularly dangerous and unpredictable; the hazards of bull handling are a significant cause of injury and death for dairy farmers in some parts of the United States[25][26][27] The need to move a bull in and out of its pen to cover cows exposes the handler to serious jeopardy of life and limb.[28] Being trampled, jammed against a wall or gored by a bull was one of the most frequent causes of death in the dairy industry before 1940.[29] With regard to such risks, one popular farming magazine has suggested, "Handle [the bull] with a staff and take no chances. The gentle bull, not the vicious one, most often kills or maims his keeper".[30]

text: On the other hand, and like other domestic animals, some bulls have saved human lives. For instance, when the Beast of Gevaudan terrorized people in France in the 18th century, some people were saved by their bulls.[31]

text: Handling[edit]

text: It is traditional in many areas to place rings in bulls' noses to help control them. The ring is usually made of copper, and is inserted through a small hole cut in the septum of the nose. It is used by attaching a lead rope either directly to it or running through it from a head collar, or for more difficult bulls, a bull pole (or bull staff) may be used. This is a rigid pole about 1 metre (3 ft) long with a clip at one end; this attaches to the ring and allows the bull both to be led and to be held away from his handler.

text: An aggressive bull may be kept confined in a bull pen: a robustly-constructed shelter and pen, often with an arrangement to allow the bull to be fed without entering the pen. If an aggressive bull is allowed to graze outside, additional precautions may be needed to help avoid his harming people. One method is a bull mask, which either covers the bull's eyes completely, or restricts his vision to the ground immediately in front of him, so he cannot see his potential victim. Another method is to attach a length of chain to the bull's nose-ring, so that if he ducks his head to charge, he steps on the chain and is brought up short. Alternatively, the bull may be hobbled, or chained by his ring or by a collar to a solid object such as a ring concreted into the ground.

text: In larger pastures, particularly where a bull is kept with other cattle, the animals may simply be fed from a pickup truck or tractor, the vehicle itself providing some protection for the humans involved. Generally, bulls kept with cows tend to be less aggressive than those kept alone. In herd situations, cows with young calves are often more dangerous to humans. In the off season, multiple bulls may be kept together in a "bachelor herd".

text: Artificial insemination[edit]

text: Many cattle ranches and stations run bulls with cows, and most dairy or beef farms traditionally had at least one, if not several, bulls for purposes of herd maintenance.[32][33] However, the problems associated with handling a bull (particularly where cows must be removed from its presence to be worked) has prompted many dairy farmers to restrict themselves to artificial insemination (AI) of the cows.[34] Semen is removed from the bulls and stored in canisters of liquid nitrogen, where it is kept until it can be sold, at which time it can be very profitable, in fact, many ranchers keep bulls specifically for this purpose. AI is also used to increase the quality of a herd, or to introduce an outcross of bloodlines. Some ranchers prefer to use AI to allow them to breed to several different bulls in a season or to breed their best stock to a higher quality bull than they could afford to purchase outright. AI may also be used in conjunction with embryo transfer to allow cattle producers to add new breeding to their herds.

text: Relationship with humans[edit]

text: Aside from their reproductive duties, bulls are also used in certain sports, including bullfighting and bull riding. They are also incorporated into festivals and folk events such as the Running of the Bulls and were seen in ancient sports such as bull-leaping. Though less common than castrated males, bulls are used as draught oxen in some areas.[35][36] The once-popular sport of bull-baiting, in which a bull is attacked by specially bred and trained dogs (which came to be known as bulldogs), was banned in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835.

text: As with other animals, some bulls have been regarded as pets. The singer Charo, for instance, has owned a pet bull named Manolo.[37]

text: Significance in human culture[edit]

text: Bulls have held a place of significance in human culture since before the beginning of recorded history. They appear in cave paintings estimated to be up to 17,000 years old. The mythic Bull of the Heavens plays a role in the ancient Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, dating as far back as 2150 BC. The importance of the bull is reflected in its appearance in the zodiac as Taurus, and its numerous appearances in mythology, where it is often associated with fertility. See also Korban. In Hinduism, a bull named Nandi, usually depicted seated, is worshipped as the vehicle of the god Shiva and depicted on many of the images of that God. Symbolically, the bull appears commonly in heraldry, and, in modern times, as a mascot for both amateur and professional sports teams.


document_title: Rosary

question_text: what are the joyful mysteries of the holy rosary

question_tokens: what are the joyful mysteries of the holy rosary

text: Rosary

text: Theological significance[edit]

text: During the 16th century, Pope Pius V associated the rosary with the General Roman Calendar by instituting the Feast of Our Lady of Victory (later changed to Our Lady of the Rosary), which is celebrated on 7 October.

text: Pope Leo XIII, known as "The Rosary Pope," issued twelve encyclicals and five apostolic letters concerning the rosary and added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto. Pope Pius XII and his successors actively promoted veneration of the Virgin in Lourdes and Fatima, which is credited with a new resurgence of the rosary within the Catholic Church.[7] Pope John Paul II issued the Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae which emphasized the Christocentric nature of the Rosary as a meditation on the life of Christ.[8]

text: Pope John XXIII deemed the rosary of such importance that on April 28, 1962, in an apostolic letter he appealed for the recitation of the Rosary in preparation for the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council.[9]

text: During 2002, Pope John Paul II said: “Through the Rosary the faithful receive abundant grace, as by the hands of the Mother of the Redeemer." [8]

text: On 3 May 2008, Pope Benedict XVI stated that the Rosary was experiencing a new springtime: "It is one of the most eloquent signs of love that the young generation nourish for Jesus and his Mother."[10] To Benedict XVI, the rosary is a meditation on all the important moments of salvation history.

text: The Congregation for Divine Worship's directory of popular piety and the liturgy emphasizes the Christian meditation/meditative aspects of the rosary, and states that the Rosary is essentially a contemplative prayer which requires "tranquility of rhythm or even a mental lingering which encourages the faithful to meditate on the mysteries of the Lord's life."[11] The Congregation for Divine Worship points out the role the Rosary can have as a formative component of spiritual life.

text: The theologian Romano Guardini described the Roman Catholic emphasis on the rosary as "participation in the life of Mary, whose focus was Christ."[7] This opinion was expressed earlier by Leo XIII who considered the rosary as way to accompany Mary in her contemplation of Christ.[12]

text: Devotions and spirituality[edit]

text: Devotion to the rosary is one of the most notable features of popular Catholic spirituality.[13] Pope John Paul II placed the rosary at the very center of Christian spirituality and called it "among the finest and most praiseworthy traditions of Christian contemplation."[14][8]

text: Catholics believe the Rosary is a remedy against severe trials, temptations and the hardships of life, and that the Rosary is one of the great weapons given to believers in their battle against every evil. [15]

text: Saints and popes have emphasized the meditative and contemplative elements of the rosary and provided specific teachings for how the rosary should be prayed, for instance the need for "focus, respect, reverence and purity of intention" during rosary recitations and contemplations.[16]

text: From the sixteenth century onwards, rosary recitations often involved "picture texts" that assisted meditation. Such imagery continues to be used to depict the mysteries of the rosary. Catholic saints have stressed the importance of meditation and contemplation. Scriptural meditations concerning the rosary are based on the Christian tradition of Lectio Divina, (literally divine reading) as a way of using the Gospel to start a conversation between the person and Christ. Padre Pio, a rosary devotee, said: "Through the study of books one seeks God; by meditation one finds him."[17]

text: References to the rosary have been part of a number of reported Marian Apparitions spanning two centuries. The reported messages from these apparitions have influenced the spread of rosary devotion worldwide.[18][19] In Quamquam pluries Pope Leo XIII related rosary devotions to Saint Joseph and granted indulgences for adding a prayer to St. Joseph to the Rosary during the month of October.[20]

text: Praying the Rosary may be prescribed by priests as a type of penance after confession. (Penance is not generally intended as a "punishment"; rather, it is meant to encourage meditation upon and spiritual growth from past sins.[21])

text: History[edit]

text: According to pious tradition, the concept of the rosary was given to Saint Dominic in an apparition of the Virgin Mary during the year 1214 in the church of Prouille, though in fact it was known from the ninth century in various forms. This Marian apparition received the title of Our Lady of the Rosary.[22] In the 15th century it was promoted by Alanus de Rupe (aka Alain de la Roche or Blessed Alan of the Rock), a Dominican priest and theologian, who established the "fifteen rosary promises" and started many rosary confraternities.

text: According to Herbert Thurston, it is certain that in the course of the twelfth century and before the birth of St. Dominic, the practice of reciting 50 or 150 Ave Marias had become generally familiar. According to 20th century editions of the Catholic Encyclopedia, the story of St. Dominic's devotion to the rosary and supposed apparition of Our Lady of the Rosary does not appear in any documents of the Church or Dominican Order prior to the writings of Blessed Alanus, some 250 years after Dominic.[23][23] However recent scholarship by Donald H. Calloway, which has received the endorsement of some of the Church hierarchy, seeks to refute this claim.[24]

text: Leonard Foley claimed that although Mary's giving the rosary to St. Dominic is recognized as a legend, the development of this prayer form owes much to the Order of Preachers.[25]

text: The practice of meditation during the praying of the Hail Mary is attributed to Dominic of Prussia (1382–1460), a Carthusian monk who termed it "Life of Jesus Rosary".[7] The German monk from Trier added a sentence to each of the 50 Hail Marys, using quotes from scriptures (which at that time followed the name "Jesus," before the intercessory ending was added during the Counter-Reformation).[26] In 1569, the papal bull Consueverunt Romani Pontifices by the Dominican Pope Pius V officially established the devotion to the rosary in the Catholic Church.[27]

text: From the 16th to the early 20th century, the structure of the rosary remained essentially unchanged.[23] There were 15 mysteries, one for each of the 15 decades. During the 20th century, the addition of the Fatima Prayer to the end of each decade became more common. There were no other changes until 2002, when John Paul II instituted five optional new Luminous Mysteries, although variations of these had already been proposed by the likes of St. Louis de Montfort and were implemented during the mid-20th Century by figures such as Patrick Peyton.

text: Devotional growth[edit]

text: The Rosary has been featured in the writings of Roman Catholic figures from saints to popes and continues to be mentioned in reported Marian apparitions, with a number of promises attributed to the power of the rosary.

text: According to Alan de la Roche, the Virgin Mary is reputed to have made 15 specific promises to Christians who pray the Rosary.[28] The Fifteen rosary promises range from protection from misfortune to meriting a high degree of glory in heaven.[29]

text: John T. McNicholas says that during the time of the Penal Laws in Ireland when Mass was either infrequent or impossible, the Rosary became a substitute within the home.[30] During the 18th century, the French priest Louis de Montfort elaborated on the importance of the rosary and its power in his book Secret of the Rosary. He emphasized the power of the rosary and provided specific instructions on how it should be prayed, e.g. with attention, devotion, and modesty (reverence), with reflective pauses.[31]

text: One of the forces that encouraged the spread of the rosary during the 19th century among Roman Catholics was the influence of the Rosary Pope, a title given to Leo XIII (1878–1903) because he issued a record twelve encyclicals and five Apostolic Letters concerning the rosary, instituted the Catholic custom of daily rosary prayer during the month of October and, during 1883, added the invocation Queen of the most Holy Rosary to the Litany of Loreto.[32]

text: Leo XIII explained the importance of the rosary as the one road to God from the faithful to the mother and from her to Christ and through Christ to the Father, and that the rosary was a vital means to participate with the life of Mary and to find the way to Christ.[12] This emphasis on the path through Mary to Christ has since been a key direction in Roman Catholic Mariology, with Mariology being viewed as inherent in Christology.[33][34][35]

text: Rosary as a family prayer was endorsed by Pope Pius XII in his encyclical Ingruentium malorum: "The custom of the family praying of the Holy Rosary is a most efficacious means."[36]

text: Structure of prayers[edit]

text: Basic structure[edit]

text: The structure of the Rosary is as follows: [37]

text: The Rosary is begun on the short strand:

text:
The sign of the cross on the Crucifix;
The prayer "O Lord, open my lips;[38] O God, come to my aid; O Lord, make haste to help me",[39] still on the Crucifix;
The Apostles' Creed, still on the Crucifix;
The Lord's Prayer at the first large bead (for the intentions of the pope and the needs of the Church);
The Hail Mary on each of the next three beads (for the three theological virtues: faith, hope, and charity); and
The Glory Be on the next large bead.

text: The praying of the decades then follows, repeating this cycle for each mystery:

text:
Announce the mystery;
The Lord's Prayer on the large bead;
The Hail Mary on each of the ten adjacent small beads;
The Glory Be on the space before the next large bead; and

text: To conclude:

text:
The Salve Regina;
The Loreto Litany;
Any further intentions; and
The sign of the cross.

text: Instead of ending each decade with the Gloria Patri, Pope Pius IX would add "May the souls of the faithful departed through the mercy of God rest in peace."[40] The Fatima Prayer, is commonly added here as a pious addition, still on the large bead.

text: Variations and common pious additions[edit]

text: Common pious additions to the Rosary occur after each decade and after recitation of the Hail Holy Queen. Some Catholics recite the Fatima Decade Prayer at the end of each decade, preceding or following the Glory Be. Some add the Miraculous Medal prayer "O Mary, conceived without sin..." or the Fatima Ave refrain ("Ave, Ave, Ave Maria! Ave, Ave, Ave Maria!"). Others add a praying of the pious Eucharistic prayer "O Sacrament Most Holy, O Sacrament Divine, All praise and all thanksgiving be every moment Thine" at the end of each decade in honor of Jesus in the Blessed Sacrament. In the practice of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, there is an additional decade for the intentions of the students or the Virgin Mary.

text: After the Hail, Holy Queen many Catholics add the prayer "O God, by Your Only Begotten Son...", the prayer to Saint Michael, and a prayer for the intentions of the Pope. In some cases, the Litany of Loreto may be recited at the end.

text: In the practice of the Dominican Order, the beginning prayers of the rosary correspond to the beginning of the Divine Office:[41]

text:
In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. Amen.
Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with Thee.
Blessed art Thou among women, and Blessed is the Fruit of Thy Womb, Jesus.
O Lord, open my lips.
And my mouth will proclaim Your praise.
Incline Your aid to me, O God.
O Lord, make haste to help me.
Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit, as it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.[42]

text: Group recitation of the Rosary[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: When a group recites the Rosary, it is customary that the prayers that constitute the decades are divided into two parts. A leader may recite the first half of the prayer while the other participants recite the rest.

text: The second part of the Our Father begins with "Give us this day our daily bread ..."; the second part of the Hail Mary begins with "Holy Mary, Mother of God ..."; and the second part of the Glory Be to the Father with "As it was in the beginning...."

text: In another style of praying the Rosary, the recitation of the first part of the prayers is sometimes entrusted to different persons while still maintaining the traditional Leader versus Congregation style of praying.

text: Among certain cultures,[who?] the first, third, and fifth mysteries are recited by the single leader while the other members of the group say the second part; the second and fourth mysteries are recited by the congregation by saying the first part and the leader says the second part of the prayer.

text: Mysteries of the Rosary[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

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Overview[show]

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Memorare
Sub tuum praesidium

Antiphons[show]

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Ave Maris Stella
Ave Regina Caelorum
Salve Regina

Hymns to Mary[show]

Hail Queen of Heaven, the Ocean Star
Immaculate Mary
Lo, How a Rose E'er Blooming
O Sanctissima
Regina Coeli
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Devotional practices[show]

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text: The Mysteries of the Rosary are meditations on episodes in the life and death of Jesus from the Annunciation to the Ascension and beyond, known as the Joyful (or Joyous) Mysteries, the Sorrowful Mysteries, and the Glorious Mysteries. Each of these Mysteries contemplates five different stages of Christ's life. [37]

text: Typically a fruit (spiritual goal) are also assigned to the mystery. Below are listed from the appendix Louis Marie de Montfort's book Secret of the Rosary for the original 15 mysteries, with other possible fruits being listed in other pamphlets bracketed:

text:
The Annunciation. Fruit of the Mystery: Humility
The Visitation. Fruit of the Mystery: Love of Neighbour
The Nativity. Fruit of the Mystery: Poverty, Detachment from the things of the world, Contempt of Riches, Love of the Poor
The Presentation of Jesus at the Temple. Fruit of the Mystery: Gift of Wisdom and Purity of mind and body (Obedience)
The Finding of Jesus in the Temple. Fruit of the Mystery: True Conversion (Piety, Joy of Finding Jesus)

text:
The Agony in the Garden. Fruit of the Mystery: Sorrow for Sin, Uniformity with the Will of God
The Scourging at the Pillar. Fruit of the Mystery: Mortification (Purity)
The Crowning with Thorns. Fruit of the Mystery: Contempt of the world (moral courage)
The Carrying of the Cross. Fruit of the Mystery: Patience
The Crucifixion and Death of our Lord. Fruit of the Mystery: Perseverance in faith, grace for a holy death (Forgiveness)

text:
The Resurrection. Fruit of the Mystery: Faith
The Ascension. Fruit of the Mystery: Hope, Desire for ascension to Heaven
The Descent of the Holy Spirit. Fruit of the Mystery: Love of God, Holy Wisdom to know the truth and share with everyone, Divine Charity, Worship of the Holy Spirit
The Assumption of Mary. Fruit of the Mystery: Grace of a Happy Death and True Devotion towards Mary
The Coronation of the Virgin. Fruit of the Mystery: Perseverance and increase in virtue (Trust in Mary's Intercession)

text: Pope John Paul II, in his apostolic letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae (October 2002), recommended an additional set called the Luminous Mysteries (or the "Mysteries of Light").[43]

text:
The Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan. Fruit of the Mystery: Openness to the Holy Spirit, the Healer.
The Wedding at Cana. Fruit of the Mystery: To Jesus through Mary. The understanding of the ability to manifest-through faith.
Jesus' Proclamation of the Kingdom of God. Fruit of the Mystery: Trust in God (Call of Conversion to Messiah)
The Transfiguration. Fruit of the Mystery: Desire for Holiness.
The Institution of the Eucharist. Fruit of the Mystery: Adoration

text: The original Mysteries of Light were written by George Preca, the only Maltese official Catholic Saint, and later reformed by the Pope.[44]

text: Days of praying[edit]

text: The full rosary consists of praying all sets of mysteries, with the Joyful, Sorrowful and Glorious considered the minimal amount. Alternatively, a single set of five mysteries can be prayed each day, according to the following convention:

text:
Day of praying
Standard / Traditional
With the Luminous Mysteries

Sunday
During Advent, Christmas, and Time After Epiphany: The Joyful Mysteries
During Septuagesima and Lent: The Sorrowful Mysteries
During Easter and Time After Pentecost: The Glorious Mysteries
The Glorious Mysteries

Monday
The Joyful Mysteries†
The Joyful Mysteries

Tuesday
The Sorrowful Mysteries
The Sorrowful Mysteries

Wednesday
The Glorious Mysteries†
The Glorious Mysteries

Thursday
The Joyful Mysteries†
The Luminous Mysteries

Friday
The Sorrowful Mysteries
The Sorrowful Mysteries

Saturday
The Glorious Mysteries†
The Joyful Mysteries

text: † Note: It is customary to pray only the Sorrowful Mysteries during the seasons of Septuagesima and Lent, regardless of the day of week.

text: Rosary beads[edit]

text: The rosary beads provide a physical method of keeping count of the number of Hail Marys said as the mysteries are contemplated. [37] The fingers are moved along the beads as the prayers are recited. By not having to keep track of the count mentally, the mind is free to meditate on the mysteries. A five-decade rosary contains five groups of ten beads (a decade), with additional large beads before each decade.[45] The Hail Mary is said on the ten beads within a decade, while the Lord's Prayer is said on the large bead before each decade. A new mystery meditation commences at each of the large beads. Some rosaries, particularly those used by religious orders, contain fifteen decades, corresponding to the traditional fifteen mysteries of the rosary. Both five- and fifteen-decade rosaries are attached to a shorter strand, which starts with a crucifix, followed by one large bead, three small beads, and one large bead, before connecting to the rest of the rosary. [37] A five-decade rosary consists of a "total" of 59 beads.[46]

text: Although counting the prayers on a string of beads is customary, the prayers of the rosary do not actually require a set of beads, but can be said using any type of counting device, by counting on the fingers or by counting without any device at all. [37]

text: Single-decade rosaries[edit]

text: Single-decade rosaries can also be used: the devotee counts the same ring of ten beads repeatedly for every decade. During religious conflict in 16th and 17th century Ireland severe legal penalties were prescribed against practicing Roman Catholics. Small, easily hidden rosaries were thus used to avoid identification and became known as Irish penal rosaries. [37] Sometimes rather than a cross, other symbols of specific meanings were used, such as a hammer to signify the nails of the cross, cords to represent the scourging, a chalice to recall the Last Supper, or a crowing rooster signifying the denial of Peter.

text: Materials and distribution[edit]

text: The beads can be made from any materials, including wood, bone, glass, crushed flowers, semi-precious stones such as agate, jet, amber, or jasper, or precious materials including coral, crystal, silver, and gold. Beads may be made to include enclosed sacred relics or drops of holy water. Rosaries are sometimes made from the seeds of the "rosary pea" or "bead tree." Today, the vast majority of rosary beads are made of glass, plastic or wood. It is common for beads to be made of material with some special significance, such as jet from the shrine of St. James at Santiago de Compostela, or olive seeds from the Garden of Gethsemane. In rare cases beads are made of expensive materials, from gold and silver to mother of pearl and Swarovski black diamond designs. Early rosaries were strung on thread, often silk, but modern ones are more often made as a series of chain-linked beads. Catholic missionaries in Africa have reported that rosaries made of tree bark have been used there for praying due to the lack of conventional rosaries. Our Lady's Rosary Makers produce some 7 million rosaries annually that are distributed to those considered to be in economic and spiritual need.[47]

text: Most rosaries used in the world today have simple and inexpensive plastic or wooden beads connected by cords or strings.The major cost is labor for assembly. A large number of inexpensive rosary beads are manufactured in Asia, especially in China and Taiwan. Italy has a strong manufacturing presence in medium- and high-cost rosaries.

text: Rosaries are often made for sale; hundreds of millions have also been made and distributed free of charge by Roman Catholic lay and religious apostolates worldwide. There are a number of rosary-making clubs around the world that make and distribute rosaries to missions, hospitals, prisons, etc. free of charge. To comply with safety precautions in prisons, special rosaries are donated using string that easily breaks.

text: Wearing the rosary[edit]

text: The Apostolate of Holy Motherhood writes that the Virgin Mary encourages the faithful to wear the rosary and scapular because "it will help them to love Jesus more" and serve as a "protection from Satan."[48] In addition, Saint Louis-Marie Grignion de Montfort encouraged Christians to wear the rosary, stating that doing so "eased him considerably."[49] Many religious orders wear the rosary as part of their habit. A rosary hanging from the belt often forms part of the Carthusian habit.[50]

text: Canon Law §1171 provides that sacred objects, which are designated for divine worship by dedication or blessing, are to be treated reverently and are not to be employed for profane or inappropriate use even if they are owned by private persons.[51] As such, according to Edward McNamara, professor of liturgy at the Regina Apostolorum university:

text: If the reason for wearing a rosary is as a statement of faith, as a reminder to pray it, or some similar reason "to the glory of God," then there is nothing to object to. It would not be respectful to wear it merely as jewelry. This latter point is something to bear in mind in the case of wearing a rosary around the neck. In the first place, while not unknown, it is not common Catholic practice. ...While a Catholic may wear a rosary around the neck for a good purpose, he or she should consider if the practice will be positively understood in the cultural context in which the person moves. If any misunderstanding is likely, then it would be better to avoid the practice. ...Similar reasoning is observed in dealing with rosary bracelets and rings, although in this case there is far less danger of confusion as to meaning. They are never mere jewelry but are worn as a sign of faith.[52]

text: A rosary ring is a ring worn around the finger with 10 indentations and a cross on the surface, representing one decade of a rosary. These rosary rings have been given to some Catholic nuns at the time of their solemn profession. [53] A finger rosary is similar to a ring, but is somewhat larger. Rosaries like these are used by either rotating or just holding them between a finger and thumb while praying. A hand rosary is a decade in a complete loop, with one bead separated from ten other beads, this is meant to be carried while walking or running, so as not to entangle the larger type. Smaller ring rosaries became known as soldiers' rosaries because they were often taken into battle by soldiers, most notably during World War I.[citation needed]

text: In addition to a string of beads, single-decade rosaries are made in other physical forms. A ring rosary, also known as a "Basque rosary," is a finger ring with eleven knobs on it, ten round ones and one crucifix.

text: A rosary bracelet is one with ten beads and often a cross or medal. Another form is the rosary card. A rosary card is either one with a "handle" that moves like a slide rule to count the decade, or it has a whole rosary with bumps similar to Braille and ancient counting systems. Some households that cannot afford Christian artwork or a crucifix hang up a rosary.[54] In addition, many Christians hang rosaries from the rear-view mirror of their automobiles as a sign of their faith and for protection as they drive.[55]

text: Rosary and Scapular[edit]

text: "The Rosary and the Scapular are inseparable" were words attributed to the Virgin Mary by Lucia Santos, one of the three children who reported the Marian apparitions of Our Lady of Fátima in 1917 and later the Pontevedra apparitions in 1925.[56] In these apparitions, the Virgin Mary reportedly called herself The Lady of the Rosary and in one of the final Fátima appearances on 13 October 1917 had a Brown Scapular in one hand and a Rosary in the other. The Lady of the Rosary reportedly encouraged the praying of the Rosary and the wearing of the Brown Scapular.[57]

text: Throughout history, the Rosary and the Scapular as objects for devotions and prayers have been encouraged and associated by a number of popes, and specific indulgences have been attached to them.[58][59]

text: Rosary based devotions[edit]

text: The use of Novenas which include a rosary is popular among Roman Catholics.[60] As in other Novenas, the traditional method consists of praying the rosary on nine consecutive days, and submitting a petition along with each prayer. Indulgences are provided for rosary Novenas that include specific prayers, e.g. a prayer to Saint Catherine of Siena and Saint Dominic.[61]

text: The longer "54-day Rosary Novena" consists of two parts, 27 days each, i.e. three repetitions of the 9 day Novena cycle. It is an uninterrupted series of Rosaries in honor of the Virgin Mary, reported as a private revelation by Fortuna Agrelli in Naples, Italy, in 1884.[62] The Novena is performed by praying five decades of the Rosary each day for twenty-seven days in petition. The second phase which immediately follows it consists of five decades each day for twenty-seven days in thanksgiving, and is prayed whether or not the petition has been granted. During the novena, the meditations rotate among the joyful, sorrowful and glorious mysteries. [63]

text: Rosary beads are at times used to say rosary based prayers which do not primarily involve the Hail Mary and the mysteries of the rosary. Some forms of the Roman Catholic rosary are intended as reparation including the sins of others. An example is the Rosary of the Holy Wounds first introduced at the beginning of the 20th century by the Venerable Sister Marie Martha Chambon, a Roman Catholic nun of the Monastery of the Visitation Order in Chambéry, France.[64] This rosary is somewhat similar in structure to the Chaplet of Divine Mercy introduced by Saint Faustina Kowalska said on the usual rosary beads and intended as an Act of Reparation to Jesus Christ for the sins of the world. These prayers often use rosary beads, but their words and format do not correspond to the Mysteries. Both Kowałska and Chambon attributed these prayers to visions of Jesus.[65]

text: Recordings of the Rosary[edit]

text: Recordings of the rosary prayers are sometimes used by devotees to help with aspects of prayer such as pacing, memorization, and by providing inspirational meditations. Some of the more well known include:

text:
The Rosary is a Place, Fr. Benedict J. Groeschel, CFR and Simonetta, The Saint Philomena Foundation
The Rosary is a Luminous Place, Fr. Benedict J. Groeschel, CFR and Simonetta, The Saint Philomena Foundation
The Rosary, Fr. Kevin Scallon and Dana, Heartbeat Records
Pray the Rosary with Servant of God, Fr. Patrick Peyton

text: In non-Catholic Christianity[edit]

text: Many similar prayer practices exist in other Christian communities, each with its own set of prescribed prayers and its own form of prayer beads, such as the prayer rope in Eastern Orthodox Christianity. These other devotions and their associated beads are usually referred to as "chaplets." The rosary is sometimes used by other Christians, especially in Lutheranism, the Anglican Communion, and the Old Catholic Church.[66][67]

text: Another example of Rosary-based prayers includes the non-denominational Ecumenical Miracle Rosary, "a set of prayers and meditations which covers key moments in the New Testament."[68]

text: Anglicanism[edit]

text: The use of the Catholic Rosary is fairly common among Anglicans of Anglo-Catholic churchmanship.[69] Many Anglo-Catholic prayer books and manuals of devotion contain the Roman Catholic Rosary along with other Marian devotions. The public services of the Anglican churches, as contained in the Book of Common Prayer, do not directly invoke the Blessed Virgin or any other saint in prayer as the Thirty-Nine Articles reject the practice of praying to saints, but many Anglo-Catholics feel free to do so in their private devotions. Anglicans who pray the Roman Catholic Rosary tend not to use the Luminous Mysteries or the Fátima decade prayer.[66]

text: Anglican prayer beads, also known informally as the "Anglican Rosary," are a recent innovation created in the 1980s.[70] They consist of four "weeks" (the equivalent of a decade) of seven beads each. The weeks are separated from each other by single beads termed "cruciform beads." A variety of different prayers may be said, the most common being the Jesus Prayer.

text: Anglican Prayer Beads are not a Marian devotion, and there are no appointed meditations. Although it is sometimes called the "Anglican rosary," it is distinct from the Rosary of Our Lady as prayed by Catholics, Anglicans, and other Western Christians.[69]

text: Lutheranism[edit]

text: A small minority of Lutherans pray the Rosary.[71] However, while using the Catholic format of the Rosary, each "Hail Mary" is replaced with the "Jesus Prayer." The only time the "Hail Mary" is said is at the end of the Mysteries on the medal, where it is then replaced with the "Pre-Trent" version of the prayer (which omits "Holy Mary, mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death"). The final "Hail Mary" can also be replaced by reciting of either the prayer Magnificat, or Martin Luther's "Evangelical praise of the Mother of God."[67] The Wreath of Christ is used in the Swedish Lutheran church.

text: Churches named for the Rosary[edit]

text: A number of churches around the world are named after the Rosary. These range from small churches in Poland,[citation needed] Canada,[citation needed] Brazil[citation needed] and Hong Kong[citation needed] to key basilicas at Lourdes and Fatima with millions of pilgrims per year.[citation needed]. Roman Catholic Marian churches around the world named in honor of the rosary include: the Shrine of the Virgin of the Rosary of Pompei in Italy, Our Lady of the Rosary Basilica in the Archdiocesan seat of Rosario province, Argentina; the Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás in the neighboring suffragan diocese of San Nicolás de los Arroyos, the Rosary Basilica in Lourdes, and Nossa Senhora do Rosário in Porto Alegre, Brazil.

text:
Rosary Basilica, Fatima, Portugal, 1953.

Rosary Basilica, Lourdes, France, 1899.

Our Lady of the Rosary, Drawień, Poland, 1695.

Rosary Cathedral, Toledo, Ohio, 1931.

Sanctuary of Our Lady of the Rosary of San Nicolás, Buenes Aires province, Argentina

text: In Marian art[edit]

text: Since the 17th century, the Rosary began to appear as an element in key pieces of Roman Catholic Marian art. Key examples include Murrillo's Madonna with the Rosary at the Museo del Prado in Spain and the statue of Madonna with Rosary at the church of San Nazaro Maggiore in Milan.

text:
Madonna and rosary by Nicola Porta

Madonna with rosary, by Guido Reni, 1596

Madonna offering Saint Dominic rosary by August Palme, 1860

Madonna with the Rosary by Murillo, 1650

Madonna of the Rosary statue, Naples, Italy

Rosary Madonna, Porto Alegre, Brazil

Madonna with Rosary, South-Tyrol, Austria

Madonna with Rosary by Josef Mersa, Italy

Crucifixion and rosary

Saint Anthony with a rosary

Rosary with pomander

Old woman praying

Madonna of the Rosary by Caravaggio


document_title: Susan Banks

question_text: who is edmund on days of our lives

question_tokens: who is edmund on days of our lives

text: Susan Banks

text: Casting[edit]

text: The decision to create a storyline in which Stefano hires a doppelganger to impersonate Kristen Blake demanded that the Days producers cast an actress who resembled Davidson. Actress, Brenda Epperson was considered for the role, an actress Davidson suggested to replace her in her role as Ashley Abbott on The Young and the Restless, due to their uncanny resemblance. Instead of casting Epperson, or any actress for that matter, Davidson suggested that she play both roles: Kristen and her alter. The show ultimately agreed.[5]

text: On rehearsing, Davidson related: “I had a tape recorder and I would read the scene and turn it off when the character I was supposed to be talked. I ran lines that way. The major way that I knew it was working was because the crew was laughing, and I was laughing, we were cracking up all the time.”[6]

text: Due to the sixteen-hour work days (including Saturdays) Davidson spent on the Days set led to her developing digestive problems and insomnia. "They worked me to death. I was at the end of my contract, I was going to leave after the first year I played Susan. And they asked me to stay an additional year to finish off the storyline, so I did."[7][6]

text: The gruel from playing upwards of five characters led to Davidson’s departure from the show. Post-Days, head writer James E. Reilly called Davidson personally to apologize for working her ‘into the ground.’ He told her that he couldn't help it; he felt inspired by her. “That’s OK. You know I volunteered to play both characters!” Davidson responded.[5]

text: In 2011, Days was unable to obtain Davidson, who was working on The Young and the Restless at the time, to reprise the role of Susan. A recast was made with actress Brynn Thayer filling in. Thayer was asked to research the character by watching old clips of Davidson as Susan on YouTube. The show decided to show only the back of Thayer’s head as Susan, who takes a phone call from Salem.[8]

text: Per Davidson’s agreement in 2012 to return to the soap, a stipulation was included in her contract: Lisa Williams, who acted as her double in her mid-90s Days stint, would be re-hired if need be. Davidson returned to the soap under the assumption that she would be portraying Susan Banks, with just a little bit of Kristen DiMera.[9] Ultimately, Banks would never reappear. However, in September 2013, a tribute of sorts was made to the late James E. Reilly when Kristen, who needs to go undercover, uses Susan’s teeth as a disguise.[10] Davidson had taken Susan’s teeth with her before leaving the soap in 1998.[11]

text: Prior to her 2014 return, Davidson was alerted that her storyline would include Susan Banks. "They told me, but they also knew that I was up for it." Lisa Williams returned as Davidson's double.[12] Davidson reprised her role in November 2017.[13]

text: In 2017, head writer Ron Carlivati discussed the decision behind having Susan Banks being responsible for Will Horton's disappearance and resurrection, stating: "When we went to explore who might have a motivation to initiate Will's disappearance or Will's death, Susan came to mind, and we came up with a story that would require [Eileen Davidson] involved." Carlivati admitted his reluctance to this decision, due to Davidson's commitment to The Young and the Restless, even considering a recast for the role, however, deemed that "trickier".[14] Davidson announced that her scenes became a collaborative effort as Carlivati was unfamiliar with Susan and was relying on others to fill him in – "But who better than, you know, the person that played her? [...] [Ron] was very open to hearing my input, and when I thought that it was maybe too broad, he would let me change it or cut it or whatever I needed to do. It’s easy to write Susan broad, and it's easy to play her broad. So it's always, like, trying to pull it back, but also showing the flavor of her personality."[15]

text: Development[edit]

text: While James E. Reilly created the character, Davidson was the driving force behind the character’s personality. “Susan was supposed to be insecure from a small town, not very worldly, basically kind of ignorant. She had an innocence. I based a lot of it on innocence, not necessarily ignorance. But she was very intelligent in a certain way. She was good at getting what she wanted.” Davidson would have a lot of input into all of the characters she portrayed, including wardrobe and hairstyles. Reilly added Susan's obsession with Elvis Presley.[16]

text: On Susan’s voice, Davidson states: "For the voice, I just went up a couple of octaves and threw in a Southern accent. It was easy." Besides the characters Kristen and Susan Banks, Davidson would go on to play an assortment of Susan's family members: Sister Mary Moira (a nun), Thomas Banks, and Penelope Kent.[17]

text: Storylines[edit]

text: In August 1996, Kristen is hospitalized after an explosion kills her mother and she miscarries her child.[18][19] Stefano soon reappears in Salem and hires Kristen's lookalike Susan Banks to carry a child that Kristen would raise as her and John's. With the help of her father and Peter, Kristen fakes her pregnancy. When Susan goes into labor, Kristen disguised as a nurse is forced to watch as John marries Susan, believing she is really Kristen. Kristen gets custody of the child long enough to name him John Black, Jr. and Susan soon returns to claim her child and husband. Kristen enlists Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) and Ivan in keeping Susan locked in a secret room but Marlena puts the pieces together and Kristen is forced to lock her away.[20][21] When Susan discovers the truth, sick of Kristen's manipulations she locks Kristen inside the room and attempts to marry John until Laura Horton (Jamie Lyn Bauer) confronts her at the wedding. After being rejected by John due to her scheming, Kristen's failed attempt to kill Marlena lands her in jail. After being released on bail, she attempts suicide after hearing about John and Marlena's engagement. She then reveals Marlena's presumed dead husband, Roman Brady (now Josh Taylor); John and Kristen then pretend to marry to keep Roman becoming suspicious.[22] When John and Stefano ruin her attempt to get back Susan's son, Elvis (a.k.a. John, Jr.), she reveals that Roman and Marlena have been seeing one another.[20][23]

text: Kristen's attempt to force Susan into giving the child back ends with the death of Susan's identical sister, Penelope Kent. Fearing she'll be charged with murder, Kristen pretends to be Susan and is forced to marry Susan's boyfriend, Edmund Crumb (Adam Caine).[24] In the meantime, "Susan" and Edmund go on a honeymoon and Laura is arrested for Kristen's murder.[20] Edmund admits to Kristen's "murder" and they soon run into the real Susan who explains that Kristen sold her into a harem; it is then revealed that the dead person was Susan's other sibling, Penelope Kent. To get revenge against Kristen, Susan exchanges her freedom for Kristen to be sold to the harem.[25][26]

text: In December 2011, Bo (Peter Reckell) and Hope (Kristian Alfonso) come across an ornament owned by Alice Horton. Tucked inside it they find a letter written by Susan asking Alice for help with Elvis who was sick and needed a doctor. The letter is to be extended to Stefano. Bo finds Susan's phone number in England and Hope decides to call her. Hope inquires the significance of the letter to Susan (Brynn Thayer) who becomes nervous that Elvis is in trouble. Susan inadvertently reveals that Alice helped Elvis, and Stefano visited her after Elvis was better. Realizing that she's said too much, Susan pretends that the phone line has a bad connection and hangs up.[27]

text: Susan turns up on the DiMera Mansion doorstep. She's come to visit EJ. She's had a premonition that he's in grave danger. She attempts to convince him to return to England with her. Susan also doesn't think that Sami (Alison Sweeney) is the right woman for him to be with; she sees her as nothing but trouble. She reveals why she allowed Stefano, who she says is evil, raise him: she and Edmund couldn't provide the life that he could. Susan refers to EJ and her "first born," suggesting that she's had more children after him.

text: Susan is left alone in the mansion and decides to pay John a visit in the hospital. She goes to open the door to leave and is greeted by Kristen who is standing there. The two trade barbs; Susan rushes out after Kristen gets Stefano on the phone. Susan visits an unconscious John in the hospital. She talks about their almost wedding and before going, leaves a photo from the nuptials.

text: The hunt for Will Horton (Chandler Massey) leads Sami, John and Marlena to a house in Memphis occupied by Roger, an Elvis impersonator and Susan Banks. While toting a rifle and standing in a bedroom whose walls are adorned with the initials "EJ", Susan reveals that she paid Dr. Wilhelm Rolf to revive Will as part of a revenge plot against Sami. Susan holds Sami responsible for EJ's death; it's caused her to spiral out of control as well as ended her marriage to Edmund. Susan is adamant that Rolf's revival didn’t work. However, Will, identifying himself as EJ, is found alive and working in a bar in Memphis. Friends and family try desperately to convince him that he's been brainwashed by his "mother" Susan and to return to Salem. When Roger confirms that Susan isn't Will's biological mother, Susan suffers a mental breakdown and is hospitalized. Will decides to return to Salem to learn about his former life.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Davidson's performance earned her her first Daytime Emmy Award nomination in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1998.[28]


document_title: List of The Jungle Book characters

question_text: what is the baby elephants name in jungle book

text: List of The Jungle Book characters

text: In the Mowgli stories[edit]

text:
Mowgli (मोगली Maogalī; feral child) - Also referred to as "Man Cub".
Jungle characters - The following characters reside in the jungle.

Seeonee Wolf Pack

Akela (अकेला Akēlā, "alone"; Indian wolf) - The leader of the wolf pack.
Raksha (रक्षा Rakṣā, "protection"; Indian wolf) - Also called Mother Wolf, she is Mowgli's adoptive mother

Baloo (भालू Bhālū, "bear"; Himalayan brown bear) - Mowgli's best friend. In Kipling's book, he is described as a sleepy old brown bear, who teaches Mowgli the law of the jungle.
Bagheera (बघीरा Baghīrā; بگیڑہ Bagīrah, "black panther"; black panther variety of Indian leopard) - Mowgli's mentor.
Bandar-log (बन्दर-लोग Bandar-lōg, "monkey-folks"; grey langurs) - A group of monkeys who are treated as pariahs for their scatterbrained anarchy. They kidnap the very young Mowgli, who is rescued by Bagheera, Baloo, and Kaa.
Kaa (का Kā; Indian rock python) - Mowgli's wise mentor and friend, though also feared throughout the jungle for his mesmerising "hunger dance".
Hathi (हाथी Hāthī, "Elephant"; Indian elephant) - The leader of the jungle's elephants and the individual called "The True Master of The Jungle".
Tabaqui (तंबाकूवी Taṃbākūvī; "Dish-Licking Dog"; golden jackal) - He feeds on scraps from either Shere Khan or the wolves of the Seeonee Pack. In some adaptations, he is a hyena. Tabaqui is the only friend of Shere Khan as well as Shere Khan's spy and messenger. He is killed by Grey Brother after the Grey Brother interrogates him into admitting both what Shere Khan plans to do and where and then crushes the jackal's back in "Tiger! Tiger!".
Shere Khan (शेर खान شیر خان (Śēr Khān, "Tiger King" ("Khan" is a common title of Indian Muslim lordship and royalty); Bengal tiger),[1] - A man-eating Royal Bengal Tiger who is the main villain and the archenemy of Mowgli. He is often known as "a chief among tigers" and in multiple adaptations as the one called "The King of Tigers". Despite being born with a withered leg and derisively nicknamed "Lungri" ("The Lame One") by his own mother, Shere Khan is aggressive, arrogant, self-centered, and sees himself as the rightful lord of the jungle. Tabaqui is his only friend. He has a very serious anger issue.
Chil (चील Cīl, "kite"; brahminy kite), in earlier editions called Rann (रण Raṇ, "battle") - A kite that serves as a messenger.

Human characters - The following characters are known humans.

Messua - The wife of the richest man of the human village, who decides to adopt the wild Mowgli, believing that he is their long-lost son Nathoo.
Messua's husband - An unnamed man who is the richest man of the village.
Nathoo (नत्थू Natthū) - The long-lost son of Messua and her husband, who has been snatched by a tiger.

text: Other stories[edit]

text:
"Rikki-Tikki-Tavi"

Rikki-Tikki-Tavi (mongoose)
Nag and Nagaina (cobras) - "Nag" is the Hindi word for "cobra."
Darzee (tailorbird) - "Darzee" means tailor in Hindi.
Chuchundra (Asian house shrew) - Called a muskrat in the story.
Karait (common krait)
The Coppersmith (coppersmith barbet)

"The White Seal"

Kotick (albino seal)
Sea Catch (northern fur seal)
Matkah (northern fur seal)
Sea Vitch (walrus)
Sea Cow (Steller's sea cow)
Burgomaster Gull (species) (same as Glaucous gull)
Limmershin, the Winter Wren

"Toomai of the Elephants"

Toomai
Kala Nag (elephant)

"Her Majesty's Servants"

Two-Tails (elephant)
Billy (battery-mule)
Vixen (a small dog)

"The Undertakers"

The Jackal (Golden jackal)
The Adjutant (Lesser adjutant stork, erroneously referred to as a crane)
Mugger of Mugger-Ghaut (Mugger crocodile)
The Gavial (Gharial) - The Mugger's cousin.

text: Disney adaptations[edit]

text: The following characters appear in the Disney adaptions:

text:
King Louie - The orangutan who leads the Bandar-log. In the 2016 film, he is a Gigantopithecus. He is voiced by Louis Prima in the first movie, Jim Cummings in TaleSpin, Jason Marsden in Season One of Jungle Cubs, Cree Summer in Season Two of Jungle Cubs, and Christopher Walken in the 2016 film.
Winifred - Colonel Hathi's wife and the mother of Hathi Jr. who serves as Hathi's second-in-command of the Jungle Patrol. She is voiced by Verna Felton in the first movie and by Kath Soucie in "Jungle Cubs."
Hathi Jr. - The baby elephant who is the son of Hathi and Winifred and is a good friend of Mowgli. He is voiced by Clint Howard in the first movie and by Jimmy Bennett in The Jungle Book 2.
Flunkey - King Louie's monkey servant and right hand-man. He is voiced by Leo De Lyon in the first film and by Jim Cummings in The Jungle Book 2.
Buzzie, Dizzy, Flaps, and Ziggy the Vultures - They are four vultures who closely resemble the Beatles because of their shaggy moptop haircuts and Liverpool accents. Buzzie resembles Ringo Starr, Dizzy resembles George Harrison, Flaps resembles Paul McCartney, and Ziggy resembles John Lennon. Their song "That's What Friends Are For" was sung in the style of a barbershop quartet instead of a Beatles song. Disney was originally going to have The Beatles voice them, but John Lennon refused the offer. Buzzie was voiced by J. Pat O'Malley in the first film and by Jim Cummings in The Jungle Book 2. Dizzy is voiced by Lord Tim Hudson in the first film and by Baron Davis in The Jungle Book 2. Flaps is voiced by Chad Stuart in the first film and by Jeff Bennett in The Jungle Book 2. Ziggy is voiced by Digby Wolfe in the first film and by Jess Harnell in The Jungle Book 2.
Shanti (named only in The Jungle Book 2) - The girl whose song "My Own Home" lured Mowgli into the Man Village in the 1967 film. Shanti later serves as his closest human friend/love interest in the sequel. Shanti is voiced by Darleen Carr in the first film and by Mae Whitman in The Jungle Book 2.
Ranjan (The Jungle Book 2) - Mowgli's adopted younger brother. He is depicted as the son of Messua and her husband. Ranjan is voiced by Connor Funk.
Lucky (The Jungle Book 2) - The vultures' friend who loves teasing Shere Kahn as seen in The Jungle Book 2. He is voiced by Phil Collins.
Rocky the Rhino - Rocky is an Indian rhinoceros. In the earlier production of the first film, Rocky was to appear in the same scene as the Vultures where he would've been voiced by Frank Fontaine. Unfortunately, his part got scrapped.[2] Rocky did appear in the 2016 film voiced by Russell Peters where he was among the animals observing the Water Truce. After telling Mowgli to watch himself after being backed into him upon being accidentally pricked by Ikki's quills, Rocky tells Raquel that Mowgli is a man-cub.
Raquel the Rhino (2016 film) - The daughter of Rocky the Rhino. She is voiced by Madeleine Favreau.
Fred the Pygmy Hog (2016 film) - A pygmy hog who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo. He was voiced by Jon Favreau.
Giant Squirrel (2016 film) - An Indian giant squirrel who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo. The Giant Squirrel was the one who supported Baloo's claim to Mowgli that the honey works to soothe the bee stings. He was voiced by Sam Raimi.
Pangolin (2016 film) - An Indian pangolin who is one of the neighbors and friends of Baloo. No voice actor was credited for this role.


document_title: Slow cooker

question_text: what degree is a crock pot on low

question_tokens: what degree is a crock pot on low

text: Slow cooker

text: History[edit]

text: The Naxon Utilities Corporation of Chicago, under the leadership of Irving Naxon, developed the Naxon Beanery All-Purpose Cooker. Naxon was inspired by a story his Jewish grandmother told about how back in her native Lithuanian town, her mother made a stew called cholent, which took several hours to cook in an oven.[2][3] A 1950 advertisement shows a slow cooker called the "Simmer Crock" made by the Industrial Radiant Heat Corp. of Gladstone, NJ.[4] The Rival Company bought Naxon in 1970 and reintroduced it under the name "Crock-Pot" in 1971. Slow cookers achieved popularity in the US during the 1970s, when many women began to work outside the home. They could start dinner cooking in the morning before going to work and finish preparing the meal in the evening when they came home. In 1974, Rival introduced removable stoneware inserts, making the appliance easier to clean. The brand now belongs to Sunbeam Products, a subsidiary of Jarden Corporation. Other brands of this appliance include Cuisinart, GE, Hamilton Beach, KitchenAid, Magic Chef, West Bend Housewares, and the now defunct American Electric Corporation.

text: Design[edit]

text: A basic slow cooker consists of a lidded round or oval cooking pot made of glazed ceramic or porcelain, surrounded by a housing, usually metal, containing an electric heating element. The lid itself is often made of glass, and seated in a groove in the pot edge; condensed vapor collects in the groove and provides a low-pressure seal to the atmosphere. The contents of a crock pot are effectively at atmospheric pressure, despite the water vapor generated inside the pot. A slow cooker is quite different from a pressure cooker and presents no danger of an abrupt pressure release.

text: The "crock," or ceramic pot, itself acts as both a cooking container and a heat reservoir. Slow cookers come in capacities from 500 mL (17 US fl oz) to 7 L (7.4 US qt). Because the heating elements are generally located at the bottom and often also partway up the sides, most slow cookers have a minimum recommended liquid level to avoid uncontrolled heating.

text: Many slow cookers have two or more heat settings (e.g., low, medium, high, and sometimes a "keep warm" setting); some have continuously variable power. Most slow cookers have no temperature control and deliver a constant heat to the contents. The temperature of the contents rises until it reaches boiling point, at which point the energy goes into gently boiling the liquid closest to the hot surface. At a lower setting, it may just simmer at a temperature below the boiling point.

text: Operation[edit]

text: To use a slow cooker, the cook places raw food and a liquid, such as stock, water, or wine, in the slow cooker. Some recipes call for pre-heated liquid. The cook puts the lid on the slow cooker and turns it on. Some cookers automatically switch from cooking to warming (maintaining the temperature at 71–74 °C (160–165 °F) after a fixed time or after the internal temperature of the food, as determined by a probe, reaches a specified value.

text: Heating element heats the contents to a steady temperature in the 79–93 °C (174–199 °F) range. The contents are enclosed by the crock and the lid, and attain an essentially constant temperature. The vapor that is produced at this temperature condenses on the bottom of the lid and returns as liquid, into which some water-soluble vitamins are leached.[5]

text: The liquid transfers heat from the pot walls to its contents, and also distributes flavors. The slow cooker's lid is essential to prevent the warm vapor from escaping, taking heat with it and cooling the contents.

text: Basic cookers, which have only high, medium, low, or keep warm settings, must be turned on and off manually. More advanced cookers have computerized timing devices that let a cook program the cooker to perform multiple operations (e.g., two hours high, followed by two hours low, followed by warm) and to delay the start of cooking.

text: Because food cooked in a slow cooker stays warm for a long time after it is switched off, people can use the slow cookers to take food elsewhere to eat without reheating. Some slow cookers have lids that seal to prevent their contents from spilling during transport.

text: Recipes[edit]

text: Recipes intended for other cooking methods must be modified for slow cookers. Quantities of liquids may need adjustment, as there is a little evaporation, but there should be enough liquid to cover the food. Many published recipes for slow cookers are designed primarily for convenience and use few ingredients, and often use prepared sauces or seasonings. The long, moist cooking is particularly suitable for tough and cheap cuts of meat including pork shoulder, beef chuck and brisket. For many slow-cooked dishes, these cuts give better results than more expensive ones. They are also often used to cook while no one is there to care for it, meaning the cook can fill the pot with its ingredients and come back several hours later to a ready meal.[6]

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Cheaper cuts of meat with connective tissue and lean muscle fibers are suitable for stewing, and produce tastier stews than those using expensive cuts,[7] as long slow cooking softens connective tissue without toughening the muscle. Slow cooking leaves gelatinized tissue in the meat, so that it may be advantageous to start with a richer liquid.

text: The low temperature of slow-cooking makes it almost impossible to burn even food that has been cooked too long. However, some meats and most vegetables become nearly tasteless or "raggy" if over-cooked.

text: Food can be set to slow-cook before leaving for the day so it is ready on return. Many homeowners with rooftop solar panels switch to slow cooking because it draws under 1 kW of power and can therefore be powered entirely by 1-2 kW panels during the day.[8] Some models include timers or thermostats that bring food to a given temperature and then lower it. With a timerless cooker it is possible to use an external timer to stop cooking after a set time, or both to start and stop.

text: Cooking the meal in a single pot reduces water waste resulting from cleaning multiple dishes, and the low cooking temperature and glazed pot make cleaning easier than conventional high-heat pots.

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text: Some vitamins and other trace nutrients are lost, particularly from vegetables, partially by enzyme action during cooking and partially due to heat degradation.[citation needed] When vegetables are cooked at higher temperatures these enzymes are rapidly denatured and have less time to act during cooking. Since slow cookers work at temperatures well below boiling point and do not rapidly denature enzymes, vegetables tend to lose trace nutrients.[citation needed] Blanched vegetables, having been exposed to very hot water, have already had these enzymes rendered largely ineffective, so a blanching or sauteing pre-cook stage leaves more vitamins intact.[9] This is often a smaller nutrient loss than over-boiling and can be lessened to an extent by not removing the lid until the food is done.

text: Slow cookers do not provide sufficient heat to compensate for loss of moisture and heat due to frequent removal of the lid, e.g., to add and remove food in perpetual stews, (pot au feu, olla podrida). Added ingredients must be given time to cook before the food can be eaten.

text: Because of the longer cooking time, there is greater danger with slow cookers of having an extended power outage during cooking without the cook's knowledge; for example, the power may go out for several hours while the cook is away at work in places with unreliable power supply.

text: Hazards[edit]

text: Scalding[edit]

text: Slow cookers are less dangerous than ovens or stove tops due to their lower operating temperatures and closed lids. However, they still contain a large amount of foods and liquids at temperatures close to boiling, and they can cause serious scalds if spilled.

text: Poisoning concerns[edit]

text: Raw kidney beans, and, to a lesser extent, some other such beans as broad beans or fava beans, contain the toxin phytohemagglutinin. Boiling destroys this toxin, but the far lower temperature of a slow cooker does not. This means that dry beans must be boiled at 100 °C (212 °F) for at least 30 minutes prior to slow cooking,[10] or, alternatively, they must be soaked in water overnight, after which the water must be discarded, and the beans must then be boiled for at least 10 minutes. Even a few beans can be toxic, and beans can be as much as five times more toxic if cooked at 80 °C (176 °F) than if eaten raw,[11] so adequate pre-boiling is vital, and indeed crucial, to avoid phytohemagglutinin poisoning.


document_title: Theme from A Summer Place

question_text: when was theme from a summer place released

text: Theme from A Summer Place

text: Percy Faith version[edit]

text:
"Theme from A Summer Place"

Single by Percy Faith

from the album A Summer Place

B-side
Love theme from "Romeo and Juliet

Released
1959

Genre
Easy Listening

Length
2:25

Songwriter(s)
lyrics by Mack Discant and music by Max Steiner

text: Percy Faith recorded the most popular version of the theme, an instrumental orchestral arrangement, at the Columbia 30th Street Studio in New York City.[2] It was released in September 1959 as a single on Columbia Records, credited to "Percy Faith and his Orchestra," prior to the November 1959 release of the film A Summer Place.[1]

text: The single was not an immediate hit and did not enter the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart until mid-January 1960, finally reaching #1 six weeks later on February 22, 1960.[1] It went on to set an at-the-time record of nine consecutive weeks at #1,[1] a record which would not be broken until 1977, when "You Light Up My Life" spent ten weeks at #1. (Elvis Presley's double-sided hit "Don't Be Cruel/ Hound Dog" remained at #1 for 11 weeks in 1956 prior to the 1958 creation of the Hot 100 chart; The Beatles' "Hey Jude" tied, but did not break, the nine-week record in 1968.)[3] It remains the longest-running #1 instrumental in the history of the chart. Billboard ranked Faith's version as the Number One song for 1960.[4]

text: The Faith version reached #2 in the UK. It was also a #1 hit in Italy under the title "Scandalo Al Sole."

text: Faith won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1961 for his recording. This was the first movie theme and the first instrumental to win a Record of the Year Grammy.

text: Faith re-recorded the song twice: first, in 1969, as a female choral version, then, in 1976, as a disco version[3] titled "Summer Place '76."

text: In 2008, Faith's original version was ranked at #18 on Billboard's top 100 songs during the first 50 years of the Hot 100 chart.[5] The Billboard Book of Number One Hits called it "the most successful instrumental single of the rock era."

text: Other cover versions[edit]

text: "Theme from A Summer Place" has been covered by a number of artists in addition to Percy Faith, in both non-vocal instrumental versions, and with one or more vocalists either singing the Discant lyrics or a wordless melody line. The theme has also been referenced, sampled, or otherwise adapted into several other songs.

text: Instrumental versions[edit]

text:
In 1960, Billy Vaughn included an instrumental orchestral arrangement of the theme as the title cut to his album Theme From A Summer Place released on Dot Records, which peaked at #1 on the Billboard LP chart.
In 1961, Mantovani recorded an orchestral rendition of the theme for his album Mantovani Plays Music From 'Exodus' and Other Great Themes; the album reached the Top Ten on the UK charts.
In 1961, Mexican rock band Los Nómadas recorded an instrumental version of the theme with a "teen pop" arrangement by Bill Aken (credited as Zane Ashton). The record made the top 40 charts in Mexico.[citation needed]
In 1962, American rock and roll duo Santo & Johnny recorded a guitar-based arrangement of the theme for their album Come On In.
In 1962, the British instrumental band The Tornados included a guitar-based version on their British EP release More Sounds of the Tornados and on their U.S. LP The Original Telstar: The Sounds of the Tornadoes.
In 1966, The Mystic Moods Orchestra recorded an instrumental version on their U.S.LP record album "Nighttide".
In 1968, the Jamaican group The Crystalites recorded a rocksteady instrumental version featuring organist Ike Bennett. The song was released as a single under the artist name of "Ike B and the Crystalites", with the song entitled "Illya Kuryakin", although it has no connection whatsoever with the spy character Illya Kuryakin from the 1960s TV series The Man from U.N.C.L.E..
In 1969, the American instrumental rock band The Ventures included a cover of the theme on their album Hawaii Five-O, which reached #11 on the Billboard LP chart and was later certified gold.
Brad Swanson's album The Whispering Organ Sounds of Brad Swanson (Thunderbird Records) included the song.

text: Vocal versions[edit]

text: Most vocal versions of the theme have featured the Discant lyrics. However, some featured wordless vocals by singers who voiced the melody line.

text:
In 1960, British producer, bandleader and arranger Norrie Paramor released his arrangement of the theme as a single on Columbia Records, featuring wordless vocals by soprano Patricia Clarke and credited to "Norrie Paramor & His Orchestra". The single reached #36 on the UK charts.
In 1962, singer Dick Roman released his version of the theme as a single on Harmon Records, which reached #64 on the Billboard Hot 100. Roman also featured the song as the title track to his 1962 Harmon album Theme from A Summer Place.
In 1962, Andy Williams covered the theme for his gold-certified album Moon River and Other Great Movie Themes.
In 1962, the female vocal group The Chordettes included a vocal arrangement of the theme on their album of movie music entitled Never on Sunday.
In 1962, Joanie Sommers released a version of the theme as the B-side to her hit single, "Johnny Get Angry".
In 1965, the male vocal group The Lettermen had a hit with their harmony arrangement of the theme, released as a single on Capitol Records; it reached #16 on the Billboard Hot 100, and was included on their album The Hit Sounds of the Lettermen.
In 1965, Julie London included her jazz vocal version of the theme on her album Our Fair Lady.
In 1965, Cliff Richard covered the theme on his album Love is Forever.
In 1965, Bobby Vinton included his version of the theme on his album of movie themes entitled Drive-In Movie Time.
In 1988, American bandleader Ray Conniff recorded an orchestral arrangement (subtitled "A Tribute to Percy Faith"), with a vocal chorale wordlessly singing the melody line, for his 1988 album Always In My Heart.

text: Adaptations[edit]

text:
In 1966, vocal surf singer and producer Dean Torrence referenced a portion of the melody line of "Theme from A Summer Place" near the end of his song "Like a Summer Rain", which was self-released as a single credited to Jan and Dean.
In 2006, American R&B and hip hop singer Eamon sampled "Theme from A Summer Place" for his song "Elevator". The melody illustrates the song's description of "elevator music" as an aphrodisiac.
In 2006, Danish musician and producer Kenneth Bager created an electronic remake of the theme called "Fragment Four (Love Won't Leave Me Alone)" that was included on Bager's debut album Fragments from a Space Cadet. The remake combined a rhythmic dance version of the original "Theme from A Summer Place" melody with new lyrics consisting of repetitions of the words "Love won't leave me alone when you're gone", sung by vocalist Nikolaj Grandjean. The track also included electric violin solos by Jean-Luc Ponty.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: "Theme from A Summer Place" is frequently used as period background or soundtrack music in films and television programs set between 1959 and the mid-1960s. The theme has also become a ubiquitous representation of "peaceful music" and has been employed frequently in films, television shows and other popular culture to suggest peacefulness or in situations where inoffensive music is common (e.g. as stereotypical "elevator music"). It is also used for intentionally stereotypical comic effect when a show cuts away from a scene deemed to be too violent to display and shows peaceful images instead.[6]

text: More recently, the song's peaceful and relaxed theme has taken on a darker significance as it has been used to convey an eerie sense of false security in horror productions, such as the TV miniseries Rose Red (2002), and the films Final Destination 3 (2006), Dark Shadows (2012) and Beautiful Creatures (2013).

text: In film[edit]

text:
The Crowded Sky (1960) uses the theme (and also employs actor Troy Donahue from the film A Summer Place).
Claudelle Inglish (1961) uses the theme (and also employs actors Arthur Kennedy and Constance Ford from the film A Summer Place).
Susan Slade (1961) (which, like A Summer Place, was directed by Delmer Daves, scored by Max Steiner, features actor Troy Donahue, and deals with teenage pregnancy) re-used the theme in its score.
The Omega Man (1971) uses the theme (uncredited) as its opening theme, just before the character "Neville" shoots up a building with a mutant in it.
National Lampoon's Animal House (1978) uses the Percy Faith version during the toga party, and bedroom scene between Pinto and Clorette, although the song does not appear on the soundtrack album.
My American Cousin (1985), which is set in the late 1950s, uses the theme.
Back to the Beach (1987), a parody of 1960s beach party movies starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello, uses the theme.
Batman (1989) uses the original version in the scene where The Joker attempts to seduce Vicki Vale in the museum.
Cobb (1994), a biopic of baseball player Ty Cobb set in 1960, uses the theme.
Con Air (1997) uses the theme in a scene where the character "Pinball's" body falls out of the sky and onto a couple's Volvo.
Mickey Blue Eyes (1999) contains the theme.
Ocean's Eleven (2001) uses the theme during a restaurant scene.
Rose Red (2002) common background music
Final Destination 3 (2006) contains the theme.
Surf's Up (2007) uses the theme in a brief cutaway scene depicting the domestic situation of two penguin boys and their mother.
Bandslam (2009) uses the theme during a shopping mall scene.
An Education (2009), which is set in 1962, contains the theme being played during the character "Jenny's" 17th birthday party.
Dark Shadows (2012) uses the Percy Faith version in the scene where the character "Angelique" is first seen driving a car.
Beautiful Creatures (2013) uses the theme during a dining room scene.

text: In television[edit]

text:
The 1970 episode of Monty Python's Flying Circus entitled "Intermission" (Series 1, Episode 13) often used this music when announcing that there will be varying sizes of intermission.
The 1993 episode of The Simpsons entitled "Homer's Barbershop Quartet" (Season 5, Episode 1) contains an ironic cover of the theme sung by elderly Springfield citizen "Jasper".
The 1995 episode of Freakazoid! entitled "Relax-O-Vision" (Season 1, Episode 9) features a titular gag in which potentially frightening action sequences are replaced by peaceful stock footage accompanied by the theme. The theme is also used in a running gag in an earlier episode when a network censor announces that no harm occurred in the previous scene.
The 1997 episode of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer entitled "Inca Mummy Girl (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) (Season 2, Episode 4), Oz references his fantasy girl would involve "A feather boa and the Theme from a Summer Place"
The 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer entitled "Him" (Season 7, Episode 6) uses the theme.
The 2002 horror miniseries Rose Red uses the theme.
The 2008 episode of Mad Men entitled "The New Girl" (Season 2, Episode 5) uses the theme while Don Draper and Bobbie Barrett drive out to the beach.
The 2009 episode of 30 Rock entitled "The Bubble" (Season 3, Episode 15) uses the theme.
In the 2010 Disney Chanel series Fish Hooks the tune can be heard every time a camera close up is made to Steve Jackson. It goes with cheers and sounds of stars shining.
The tune can be heard in the 2016 HBO miniseries The Night Of (Episode 5, "The Season of the Witch").

text: In other media[edit]

text: In the BBC VT 1985 Christmas tape, the song is used during the establishing shots of London in the "Revenge from Outer Space" short film. [7]