document_title: Legal status of tattooing in the United States

question_text: how old do you have to be to get a tattoo by state

text: In the United States, there is no federal law regulating the practice of tattooing. However, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have statutory laws requiring a person receiving a tattoo be 18 years of age or older. This is partially based on the legal principle that a minor cannot enter into a legal contract or otherwise render informed consent for a procedure. Most states permit a person under the age of 18 to receive a tattoo with permission of a parent or guardian, but some states outright prohibit tattooing under a certain age regardless of permission, with the exception of medical necessity (such as markings placed for radiation therapy).

text: In all jurisdictions, individual tattooists may also choose to place additional restrictions based on their own moral feelings, such as refusing any clients under a specific age even with parental consent despite it being legal, or limiting the type and/or location of where they are willing to tattoo (such as refusing any work around intimate parts of the body). They may additionally refuse to perform specific artwork, including if they merely find it inappropriate or offensive, or refuse to work on a client that they suspect may be intoxicated. Artists sometimes claim their personal business restrictions are a matter of law even when it is not true, so as to avoid arguments with clients.

text:
Legal Restrictions on Tattooing & Body Modification by State

State
Minimum Age (with parent/guardian consent)
Form of Parent/Guardian Consent
Notes & Exceptions
Intoxicated/Impaired Individuals
Area of Law/Type of Penalty
Licensing & Regulation
Relevant Statute(s) and Rules

Alabama
none specified[1]
informed written consent, signed in presence of the artist/service provider or their agent[1][2]
Ear piercing exempt from Alabama body art laws & rules.[2][3]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced[1][2]
Violations of Alabama Tattoo & Body Piercing laws are a class c misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of up to $100 and/or up to 90 days imprisonment for each violation.[4]
Alabama's Department of Public Health licenses Tattoo, body piercing, & body art facilities, and sets standards for their operation.[5]
Individual tattoo artists, piercers, etc. require a permit.[2]

Ala. Code § 22-1-17A[3][6]
State Board of Health rules on Body Art Practices and Facilities.[2]

Alaska
18 (piercing excepted)[7]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure[7]
Minors may be pierced with parental consent [7]
no restriction[8]

Alaska Stat. § 08.13.217[7]

Arizona
none specified[9]
parent/guardian must be physically present[9]
Minors can have their ears pierced with the written or verbal consent of a parent/guardian, can have procedures prescribed by a health care provider.[9]
no restriction[9]
Violations are a class 6 felony.[9]
There are no health regulations for tattoo shops in Arizona. [10]
Tattoos. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-3721[9]

Arkansas
16[11]
parent/guardian must both give written consent and be physically present[12]
none specified[12]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or pierced.[12]

Ark. Stat. Ann. §§ 20-27-1501 et seq.[12]

California
18 (piercing excepted)[13][14]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Minors may have their ears pierced with parental consent.[15] They may be pierced elsewhere with parental consent, but not on their genitals or nipples. Permanent cosmetics are permitted on nipples, when done by a cosmetic technician and with parental consent.[14]
no restriction

Body Art. Cal. Health & Safety Code § 119300 to 119328[6][15]
Cal. Penal Code 653[13]

Colorado
18 Express written consent of parent or guardian[16]
parent/guardian must be present during procedure
Persons who are "noticeably impaired" cannot have body art procedures[16]

Body Artists. Colo. Rev. Stat. § 25-4-2101 to 2103[6]

Connecticut
none specified
permission of parent or guardian[17][18]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[17]
Tattooing may only be performed by physicians, or by registered nurses & technicians working under the supervision of a physician.[18]

no restrictions

Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92a,[6][18]
Conn. Gen. Stat. §19a-92g[6][17]

District of Columbia
18 (ear piercing excepted)[19]
written consent (for ear piercing)[19]
minors may have their ears pierced with written parental consent[19]
no restrictions[19]

Body Artists. DC Code § 47-2853.76d[6][19]

Delaware
18[20]
notarized written consent to the specific procedure[20]
none specified[20]
cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced[20]

Del. Code Ann. Title 11, Ch 5 §1114(a)[6][20]
Del. Code Ann. Title 16, Ch 2 §122(3)(w)[6]

Florida
16[21]
Must be accompanied by parent or guardian who can show proof of guardianship, both parent and minor must present photo ID, and a consent form must be notarized.[21]
for medical or dental purposes by a licensed physician or dentist[21]
no restriction

Fla. Stat. § 381.00787[6]
Fla. Stat. §381.0775 et seq.[6] Fla. Stat. §381.075[6]

Georgia
18 (body piercing excepted)[22]
For body piercing: prior written consent of parent/guardian[23]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent[23]
Minors may be body pierced with written parental consent[23]
Physicians and Osteopaths or technicians working under their direct supervision can give minors tattoos or produce scars for "medical or cosmetic purposes."[22]
No one can be tattooed within an inch of their eye socket.[24]

no restrictions

Ga. Code § 31-40-1 to 31-40-10[6]
Ga. Code § 16-12-5[6]
Ga. Code § 16-5-71.1[6]

Hawaii
none specified[25]
written consent of parent/guardian[25]

Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-13[6]
Hawaii Rev. Stat. § 321-379[6]

Idaho
18[26]
Written informed consent of parent/guardian, executed in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their agent/employee.[26]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parental consent.[6]
Piercing for medical procedures exempt.[6]

no restrictions

Idaho Code § 18-1523 (2004)[6]

Illinois
18 (body piercings excepted)[27]
Written consent of parent/guardian (for body piercings)[27]
Minors cannot be present in places where tattooing or body piercing is done except in the presence of a parent/guardian.[27]
Minors can have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[27]

no restrictions

Ill. Stat. 720 §5/12-10.1[6]
Ill. Stat. 410 §54/1 t0 54/999[6]

Indiana
none specified[28]
Parent/guardian must both be present during the procedure and provide written permission.[28]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[28]
no restrictions

Ind. Code Ann. §35-42-2-7[6][28]
Ind. Code Ann. §16-19-3-4.1[6][29]

Iowa
18[30]
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed[30]
Body piercing is not regulated by state law in Iowa, however county or city laws may regulate it.[31]
no restrictions

Iowa Code §135.37[6]
Iowa Code §135.37[6]

Kansas
16[32]
Parent/guardian must give written consent, written consent must be notarized, and the parent/guardian must be present during the procedure.[32]
Minors may have their ears pierced[33]
no restrictions

Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1953[6]
Kan. Stat. Ann. §65-1940 to 65-1954[6]

Kentucky
16
Parent/guardian must give written, notarized consent.[34]
none (ear piercing also requires written, notarized consent).[35]

Ky. Rev. Stat. §211.760[6]
Ky. Rev. Stat. §194A.050; 211.760[6]

Louisiana
16
Parent or guardian must consent, and their presence during the procedure is required for tattoos, but not for body piercings.[36]

no restrictions

La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §14:93.2[6]
La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 40:2831 et seq.[6]

Maine
18 (piercings excepted)[37]
For body piercings: prior legal consent of parent/guardian.[38]
Maine law does not require parent/guardian consent for ear piercing[39]
no restrictions

Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. Title 32 § 4201-4329[6]

Maryland
none specified[40]
written consent, which must be retained for 3 years.
Piercing of the ear lobe is exempt[41]
no restriction
Health Department Regulations
A license is not required, but any person performing tattooing or piercing must comply with all the relevant health code regulations[40]
COMAR 10.06.01.02 and 10.06.01.06

Massachusetts
18 (except body piercing other than genitalia)[42]
Minors cannot receive tattoo, branding, or scarification at all. For piercing of areas other than the genitalia, a parent may provide identification and sign the consent document.[42]
Physicians performing for treatment reasons and ear piercing are exempt from regulation.[42]
no restriction
County Health Department regulates body art, but all follow a model regulation set by the state.
Artists must have a permit, and establishments are subject to following specific health department regulations[42]
Model Regulations for Body Art Establishments[42]

Michigan
none specified[43]
Written, informed consent of parent/guardian. Must be executed (signed) in the presences of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[43]

cannot be tattooed, branded, or body pierced.[43]

Mich. Comp. Laws § 333.13101 to 333.13112[44]

Minnesota
18 (piercings excepted)[45]
For piercings: presence of parent/guardian and a consent form are both required.[45]
Minors cannot be tattooed. They can be body pierced, but not in the nipples or genitals. Branding, scarification, suspension, subdermal implantation, microdermal, and tongue bifurcation are also prohibited for minors.[45]
cannot have any body art procedures.[45]

Minnesota Statutes 146B.07[45]

Mississippi
18
n/a - minors cannot be tattooed
piercing also prohibited except for the outer perimeter or lobe of the ear.
no restriction

Miss.Code Ann. §73-61

Missouri
none specified[46]
For both piercings and tattoos, parent/guardian must sign written consent in the presence of the person performing the procedure, or their employee.[46]

cannot be tattooed, branded or body pierced.[46]
violations are a misdemeanor, punishable with a fine of up to $500 (more for repeat offenses)[46]
The state director of the division of professional registration licenses all body artists, and sets rules & regulations for the operation of body art establishments.[47]
Mo. Rev. Stat. §324.520[46]

Montana
none specified[48]
Parent or guardian must give "explicit, in-person" consent.[48] Montana administrative rules also require that the parent/guardian be present throughout the procedure.[49]

cannot be tattooed or body pierced.[49]
A person who tattoos or body pierces a minor without parent/guardian consent is guilty of Unlawful transactions with children, punishable by a fine of up to $500 or six months in county jail, or both.[48]
Other violations of Montana body art laws are a misdemeanor, with punishments ranging from a fine of $50–100 for a first offense to $300 and/or 90 days in county jail for third and subsequent offense.[50]

Montana's Department of Health and Safety licenses and regulates body art establishments.[51] Local health boards may establish their own licensing and regulatory schemes in lieu of the state department's.[52]
Mont. Code Ann. §45-5-623[48]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-101 to 110[53]
Mont. Code Ann. §50-48-201 to 209[54]

Nebraska
none specified[55]
written consent, must be present during procedure
Piercing does not include the external parts of the ear[56]
No restrictions

Nebraska Revised Statute 38-1008, 38-1009, 38-1010, 38-1011, 38-1060, 38-10,165

Nevada
n/a[6]
n/a[6]
Nevada state law does not regulate tattoos, piercings, or other body art. Regional health districts may regulate the practice. The southern Nevada Health District, for example, does not allow minors below the age of 14 to be tattooed, and requires a parent or guardian to provide written consent and be present during the procedure for 14- to 18-year-olds. The southern Nevada district also bans tattoos on those who are under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[57]
n/a[6]

n/a[6]

New Hampshire
18 (piercings excepted)[58]
For piercings: parent/guardian must both sign written consent and be present during the procedure.
Minors cannot be tattooed or branded. They may be pierced with parent/guardian consent.[58] Minors may have their ears pierced without parent/guardian consent.[59]
no restrictions

N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 314[6]

New Jersey
none specified[60]
written permission of parent/guardian is required for tattooing and body piercing.[60]
Parent/guardian must be present and sign written consent for ear piercings as well as for body piercing. Minors cannot have genital piercings even with parent/guardian consent.[61]
no restrictions
no restrictions
no restrictions
N.J. Stat. Ann. §2C:40-21
N.J.A.C. 8:27-1 et seq.
N.J. Stat. Ann. §26-1A-7[6]

New Mexico
none specified[62]
Written consent and presence during the procedure.
Medical procedures by physicians and ear piercing are exempt[63]
no restrictions
Administrative Regulations set by the Board of Barbers and Cosmetologists
All body artists are required to be licensed through the state, and are subject to regulations from the Board
Body Art Safe Practices Act. N.M. Stat. Ann. § 61-17B et seq.,[63] N.M. Administrative Code 16.36 et seq.[62]

New York
18 (piercings excepted) [64]
Minors cannot be tattooed with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent, signed in presence of the body artist or body art establishment owner.[65]
Written parental consent is not required for ear piercings.[66]
no restrictions

New York Public Health Law, Article 4-A[6][65]
N.Y. Public Health Law §460-466[6]
N.Y. Penal Law § 260.21[6]

North Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[67]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. "Prior consent" of parent/guardian is required for body piercings.[67]
Minors may have their ears pierced without parental consent.[67]
no restrictions

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 130A-283[68]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-400[69]

North Dakota
none specified[70]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure and give written consent.[70]

cannot get tattoos or other body art[71]

N.D. Code §23-01-35[72]
N.D. Code §12.1-31-13[6][70]

Ohio
none specified[73]
Parent/guardian must both sign a consent form and "appear in person at the business at the time the procedure is performed."[73]
none - parent/guardian consent and presence is also required for ear piercings.[73]
no restrictions

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §3730.01 to 3730.99[6][73]

Oklahoma
18 (piercings excepted)[74]
Minors cannot be tattooed, even with parent/guardian consent. For piercings: parent/guardian must both give written consent and be present during the procedure.[74]
Ear piercing is not governed/restricted by Oklahoma law.[74]
Scleral tattooing is illegal.[74]

cannot be tattooed.[74]

Okla. Stat. Title 21 §842.1, 842.2, 842.3[6]

Oregon
18 (piercings excepted)[75]
For piercings: parent/guardian must give written consent and present proof of identity.[76][77]
Minors can only be tattooed with the authorization of a physician.[75]
Scarification and dermal implants are prohibited[78]
Persons with sunburns or skin diseases or disorders cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Minors cannot be pierced on the genitals or nipples, even with parent/guardian consent.[76]
Piercing on testes, deep shaft (corpus cavernosa), uvula, eyelids and sub-clavicle are all prohibited.[77]

cannot be tattooed or pierced.[75][77]
Violations of Oregon body art laws are a misdemeanor.[79]
Violations of Health Licensing Office rules are fined (various amounts).[80]

Both body artists and body art establishments are licensed by the Oregon Health Licensing Office.[81] With the assistance of a Board of Body Art practitioners, the Health Licensing Office also sets detailed rules and regulations for body art.[82]
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.350 et seq
Or. Rev. Stat. § 690.401 to 410
Or. Rev. Stat. § 679.500[6]
Health Licensing Office Rules, especially Divisions 900, 905, 915 & 920[82]

Pennsylvania
none specified[83]
parent/guardian must both give consent and be present during the procedure.[83]

no restrictions

Pa. Cons. Stat. Title 18 § 6311[6][83]

Rhode Island
18 (piercings excepted)[84][85]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[84] For piercings: parent/guardian must both give consent and be present for the procedure.[85]

no restrictions
Tattooing a minor is a criminal offense (misdemeanor), maximum fine $300[84]
Tattooing and body art are regulated by the department of health, artists must be registered.[85]
RI Gen L § 23-1-39[85]
RI Gen L § 11-9-15[84]

South Carolina
18 (piercings excepted)[86][87]
Minors cannot be tattooed.[86] For piercings: parent/guardian must either give written, notarized consent or be present during the procedure.[87]
Head, face, and neck tattoos are illegal.[86]
cannot be tattooed or body pierced[86][88]
Under the Health Code, persons violating restrictions on tattooing and body piercing are guilty of a misdemeanor. Upon conviction, they may be fined up to $2500 or imprisoned for a year, or both.[86][87]
Tattoo and body piercing facilities are regulated by the Department of Health and Environmental Control. Tattoo facilities are licensed, body piercing facilities require a permit, and artists must be registered[89][90]
S.C. Code § 44-32-10 to 44-32-120[88]
S.C. Code § 44-34-10 to 44-34-110[91]

South Dakota
none specified[92]
Parent/guardian must sign a consent form.[92]

cannot be tattooed or pierced[93][94]
Tattooing a minor is a class 2 misdemeanor.[95]
Tattooing and Body Piercing are governed by Department of Health rules.[96] Municipalities may set stricter regulations, and have the authority to license body artists.[95]
S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §26-10-19[92]
S.D. Laws § 9-34-17[95]

Tennessee
18 (piercings excepted)[97][98]
For tattoos that cover an existing tattoo (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[97]
For piercings: Parent/Guardian must give written consent, be present during the procedure.[98]

Minors over the age of sixteen may be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo, with parent/guardian consent.[97]

Minors who lie about their age to be tattooed are guilty of a "delinquent act," are required to pay a fine of $50–$250 and serve at least 20 hours of community service.[97]
Tattooing a minor is a class a misdemeanor,[97] breach of body piercing law is a class b misdemeanor.[99]

Tattoo artists and body piercers are licensed by the state department of health, tattoo shops require a certificate from the local health department.[100][101]
Tenn. Code §§ 62-38-201-310[102]

Texas
18 (piercings excepted)[103][104]
For body piercings and for covering existing tattoos (see Notes & Exceptions): Parent/guardian must be present during procedure, sign an affidavit[103][104]
Ear piercing is exempt from body piercing statutes[105]
Minors may, with parent/guardian consent, be tattooed to cover up an existing tattoo that has offensive, gang-related, or drug-related content, or "other words, symbols, or markings that the person's parent or guardian considers would be in the best interest of the person to cover"[103]
Tongue splitting prohibited.[106]

Cannot be tattooed or pierced.[103][107]
Misrepresenting one's age to get a tattoo, or to get a piercing without parental consent, is a class B misdemeanor[103][104]
Violations of Texas tattooing & body piercing statute are a Class A misdemeanor, with each day of violation counting as a separate offense.[108]
Health Commissioner can impose a fine of up to $5000 on artists & shops for each violation[109]

Tattoo artists and body piercers must be registered with the Texas Department of Health[110] Tattoo and body piercing shops must be licensed[111]
Texas Health and Safety Code Ann. §146[112]

Utah
none specified[113]
Parent/guardian must be present during the procedure, give written permission, and provide proof of identity.[113]
Parental consent not required by law for ear piercing[113]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class b misdemeanor, shops can be fined up to $1000 for each violation.[113]

Utah Code Ann. §76-10-2201[6]

Vermont
none specified[114]

Tattooists and body piercers must be registered.[114]
Vt. Stat. Ann. Title 26 §4101 to 4109[6][115]

Virginia
none specified[116]
Parent/Guardian must be present during the procedure.[116]
Virginia law does not limit minors' ability to have their ears pierced.[116]

Tattooing or body piercing a minor is a class 1 misdemeanor[116]
Tattoo artists and body piercers, as well as the operators of tattoo and body piercing establishments, are licensed by the state.[117][118]
Civic/local governments are empowered to regulate tattoo and body piercing establishments.[119]

Va. Code §54.1-700 et seq.
Va. Code §15.2-912
Va. Code § 18.2-371.3.[6]

Washington
18 (piercings excepted)[120]

cannot have tattoos, body piercings, or other body art.[121]

Wash. Code §26.28.085[120]
Wash. Code § 18.300[122]
Wash. Code § 246-145-001 to 060[123]
Wash. Code §70.54[124]

West Virginia
none specified[125]
parent/guardian must give written consent[125]

All persons receiving a tattoo must attest they are not under the influence of drugs or alcohol.[125]

Tattoo shop owners and body piercing studios must register with local board of health, and must be registered as a business with the state[126][127][128]
W. Va. Code §16-37
W. Va. Code §16-38[129]

Wisconsin
18[130]
n/a (tattooing not permitted under 18)
Physicians in the course of professional practice are exempt
no restriction
Tattooing a minor or even offering to do so is subject to a fine of up to $200
Artists must be satisfy training requirements and obtain a license from the health department. Establishments are subject to inspection and licensing[131]
Wisconsin Statutes & Annotations 948.70 and 252.235

Wyoming
none specified[132]
Verbal consent, presence during procedure.[132]
Procedures performed under the supervision of a licensed physician, and piercing of the ear, do not count as body art for this law.
no restriction[132]
Misdemeanor criminal offense, punishable by fine and prison time[132]

Wyoming Statute §14-3-107[132]


document_title: 2014 Winter Olympics medal table

question_text: who won the most medals at the 2014 winter olympics

root

text: 2014 Winter Olympics medal table

text: Medal table[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

2014 Winter Olympics

Bid process (Sochi bid)
Venues
Torch relay
Mascots
Broadcasters
Opening ceremony (flag bearers)
Chronological summary
Medal table (medalists)
World and Olympic records
Controversies (Russian doping scandal • LGBT rights protests)
Closing ceremony (flag bearers)
Paralympics

IOC
ROC
SOOC

v
t
e

tag: table

text: The medal table is based on information provided by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and is consistent with IOC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won, where nation is an entity represented by a National Olympic Committee (NOC). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals.

tag: p

text: In the women's downhill event in alpine skiing, two gold medals were awarded for a first place tie. No silver medal was awarded for the event.[15] In the men's super-G alpine skiing, two bronze medals were awarded for a third place tie.[16]

text: Host nation (Russia)

text:
Rank
NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Russia (RUS)
11
9
9
29

2
 Norway (NOR)
11
5
10
26

3
 Canada (CAN)
10
10
5
25

4
 United States (USA)
9
7
12
28

5
 Netherlands (NED)
8
7
9
24

6
 Germany (GER)
8
6
5
19

7
 Switzerland (SUI)
6
3
2
11

8
 Belarus (BLR)
5
0
1
6

9
 Austria (AUT)
4
8
5
17

10
 France (FRA)
4
4
7
15

11
 Poland (POL)
4
1
1
6

12
 China (CHN)
3
4
2
9

13
 South Korea (KOR)
3
3
2
8

14
 Sweden (SWE)
2
7
6
15

15
 Czech Republic (CZE)
2
4
2
8

16
 Slovenia (SLO)
2
2
4
8

17
 Japan (JPN)
1
4
3
8

18
 Finland (FIN)
1
3
1
5

19
 Great Britain (GBR)
1
1
2
4

20
 Ukraine (UKR)
1
0
1
2

21
 Slovakia (SVK)
1
0
0
1

22
 Italy (ITA)
0
2
6
8

23
 Latvia (LAT)
0
2
2
4

24
 Australia (AUS)
0
2
1
3

25
 Croatia (CRO)
0
1
0
1

26
 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
0
0
1
1

Total (26 NOCs)
97
95
99
291

text: Russian team doping case[edit]

text: On 18 July 2016, the McLaren Report was published claiming that the Russian government had sanctioned the use of performance-enhancing drugs by Russian athletes in the 2014 Winter Olympics.[17]

text: On 9 December 2016, a World Anti-Doping Agency report expanded upon the previous report and included the note that "Two [Russian] [sport] athletes, winners of 4 Sochi Olympic Gold medals, and a female Silver medal winner in [sport] had samples with salt readings that were physiologically impossible" and that "Twelve [Russian] medal winning athletes ... from 44 examined samples had scratches and marks on the inside of the caps of their B sample bottles, indicating tampering".[18]

text: In December 2016, following the release of the McLaren Report on Russian doping at the Sochi Olympics, the International Olympic Committee announced the initiation of an investigation of 28 Russian athletes at the Sochi Olympic Games. La Gazzetta dello Sport reported the names of 17 athletes, of whom 15 were among the 28 under investigation (the number later rose to 46). [19][20]

text: Three ladies artistic skaters were named as being under investigation. They are Adelina Sotnikova, the singles gold medalist, as well as pairs skaters Tatiana Volosozhar and Ksenia Stolbova. Volosozhar and Stolbova won gold and silver medals, respectively, in pairs skating. Both also won gold medals in the team event, which also puts the other eight team medalists at risk of losing their golds.[21] In November 2017 the proceeding against Sotnikova was dropped.[22]

text: Six cross-country skiers were suspended from competition on the basis of the McLaren Report: Evgeniy Belov, Alexander Legkov, Alexey Petukhov, Maxim Vylegzhanin, Yulia Ivanova and Evgenia Shapovalova. Legkov won a gold and silver medals, and Vylegzhanin won three silver medals.[23] The IOC disqualified all six from Sochi, imposed lifetime bans and, in the process, stripped Legkov's and Vylegzhanin's of the medals they had won in four events (three individual medals and one team medal).[24] On 1 February 2018, the Court of Arbitration for Sport upheld five out of six appeals (except for Ivanova whose appeal was overturned), and their results were restored.[25] Nikita Kryukov, Alexander Bessmertnykh and Natalya Matveyeva were disqualified on 22 December 2017.[26] These decisions were also overturned by the CAS on 1 February 2018.[25] The IOC intends to appeal these decisions.[27]

text: The International Biathlon Union suspended two Russian biathletes who were in the Sochi games: Olga Vilukhina and Yana Romanova. Vilukhina won silver in sprint, and both women were on a relay team that won the silver medal.[28] They were disqualified and stripped of their medals on 27 November 2017.[29]

text: The International Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation suspended four Russian skeleton sliders. They were Alexander Tretyakov, Elena Nikitina, Maria Orlova and Olga Potylitsina. Tretyakov won a gold medal, and Nikitina won a bronze.[30][31] On 22 November 2017, the IOC stripped these medals and imposed lifetime Olympic bans on all four.[32]

text: Seven Russian female ice hockey players were to have hearings before the Oswald Commission on 22 November 2017. The identities of the seven players have not been revealed. Two of the seven are accused of submitting samples showing readings that were physically impossible to be held by a woman. The Russian women's ice hockey team finished sixth at Sochi 2014.[33] On December 12, 2017 six of them were disqualified.[34] Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina were also disqualified ten days later.[35]

text: On 24 November 2017, the IOC disqualified and imposed lifetime Olympic bans on bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov who won two gold medals and speed skater Olga Fatkulina who won a silver medal.[36] All their results were disqualified, resulting in Russia losing its first place in the medal standings. On 27 November 2017, Russian bobsledders Aleksei Negodaylo, Dmitry Trunenkov, and skeleton racer Sergei Chudinov were sanctioned as well.[37] Three other athletes who didn't win medals (Alexander Kasjanov, Ilvir Huzin, Aleksei Pushkarev) were banned on November 29, 2017.[38] Biathlete Olga Zaitseva who won silver in a relay was disqualified on 1 December 2017. Two other athletes, Anastasia Dotsenko and Yuliya Chekalyova, were also banned, bringing the total to 31 (six Russian ice hockey players were sanctioned shortly after).[39] Speed skaters Ivan Skobrev and Artyom Kuznetsov, lugers Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova, bobsledders Liudmila Udobkina and Maxim Belugin were disqualified on 22 December 2017, bringing the total to 43. Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova were also stripped of their silver medals.[35]

text: As of January 2018, the IOC had sanctioned 43 Russian athletes from the 2014 Winter Olympics and banned them from competing in the 2018 edition and all other future Olympic Games as part of the Oswald Commission. All but one of these athletes appealed against their bans to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The court overturned the sanctions on 28 athletes meaning that their Sochi medals and results are reinstated but decided that there was sufficient evidence against 11 athletes to uphold their Sochi sanctions. The IOC said in a statement that “the result of the CAS decision does not mean that athletes from the group of 28 will be invited to the Games. Not being sanctioned does not automatically confer the privilege of an invitation” and that “this [case] may have a serious impact on the future fight against doping”. The IOC found it important to note that CAS Secretary General "insisted that the CAS decision does not mean that these 28 athletes are innocent” and that they would consider an appeal against the courts decision. The court also decided that none of the 39 athletes should be banned from all future Olympic Games, but only the 2018 Games. 3 Russian athletes are still waiting for their hearing which will be conducted after the 2018 Games.[27]

text: Changes in medal standings[edit]

text:
Ruling date
Sport / event
NOC
01 !
02 !
03 !
Total
Comment

List of official changes in medal standings (after the Games)

1 November 2017
Cross-country skiing
Men's 50 kilometre freestyle
Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay
 Russia (RUS)
−1
−1

−2
On 1 November 2017, the IOC disqualified cross country skier Alexander Legkov and he was stripped of his gold and silver medals.[40]

9 November 2017
Cross-country skiing
Men's 50 kilometre freestyle
Men's team sprint
 Russia (RUS)

−2

−2
On 9 November 2017, the IOC disqualified cross country skier Maxim Vylegzhanin and he was stripped of his two silver medals (alongside with the stripped silver medal in the team relay with Legkov).[41]

22 November 2017
Skeleton
Men's event
Women's event
 Russia (RUS)
−1

−1
−2
On 22 November 2017, the IOC disqualified men's gold medallist Alexander Tretyakov and women's bronze medallist Elena Nikitina.[32]

24 November 2017
Bobsleigh
Two-man
Four-man
 Russia (RUS)
–2

−2
On 24 November 2017, the IOC disqualified bobsledder Alexandr Zubkov and he was stripped of his two gold medals.[36] His teammates in four-man bobsled Alexey Negodaylo and Dmitry Trunenkov were disqualified three days later.[37] On 18 December 2017, Zubkov's teammate in two-man bobsled and four-man bobsled, Alexey Voyevoda was also disqualified.[42]

24 November 2017
Speed skating
Women's 500 metres
 Russia (RUS)

–1

−1
On 24 November 2017, the IOC disqualified speedskater Olga Fatkulina and she was stripped of her silver medal.[36]

27 November 2017
Biathlon
Women's sprint
 Russia (RUS)

–1

−1
On 27 November 2017, the IOC disqualified biathlete Olga Vilukhina and she was stripped of her silver medal.[37]

27 November 2017
Biathlon
Women's relay
 Russia (RUS)

–1

−1
On 27 November 2017, the IOC disqualified biathletes Olga Vilukhina and Yana Romanova and they were stripped of their relay silver. On 1 December 2017, fellow team member Olga Zaitseva was also disqualified.[37]

22 December 2017
Luge
Men's singles
Team relay
 Russia (RUS)

–2

−2
On 22 December 2017, the IOC disqualified lugers Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova who won a combined two silver medals. Their results were made void.[35]

1 February 2018
Cross-country skiing
Men's 50 kilometre freestyle
Men's team sprint
Men's 4 × 10 kilometre relay

Skeleton
Men's event
Women's event

Speed skating
Women's 500 metres

Luge
Men's singles
Team relay
 Russia (RUS)
+2
+6
+1
+9
On 1 February 2018, the Court of Arbitration for Sport reinstated the results for medalists Aleksander Tretyakov and Elena Nikitina in skeleton, Alexander Legkov and Maxim Vylegzhanin in cross-country skiing, Albert Demchenko and Tatiana Ivanova in luge, and Olga Fatkulina in speed skating.[25]

text:
List of official changes by country

NOC
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

 Russia (RUS)
−2
−2

−4


question_text: who determines the rules of the us house and us senate

text:
This article is part of a series on the

United States Senate

History of the United States Senate

Members

Current members

(by seniority
by class)

Former members

Hill committees

(DSCC
NRSC)

United States Vice President (list)
President Pro Tempore (list)
Presiding officer

Party leaders

Party leadership of
the United States Senate

Democratic Caucus
Republican Conference

Politics and procedure

Advice and consent
Blue slip
Closed session (list)

Cloture
Committees (list)

Executive session
Morning business

Filibuster
Nuclear option

Recess appointment

Quorum
Quorum call
Salaries

Saxbe fix
Seal
Holds

Senatorial courtesy
Standing Rules

Traditions
Unanimous consent

Vice Presidents' tie-breaking votes

Places

United States Capitol
Senate chamber
Senate Reception Room

Senate office buildings

(Dirksen
Hart
Russell)

v
t
e

text: The Standing Rules of the Senate are the parliamentary procedures adopted by the United States Senate that govern its procedure. The Senate's power to establish rules derives from Article One, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: "Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings..."

text: There are currently 44 rules, with the latest revision having been adopted on January 24, 2013.[1] (The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 lobbying reform bill introduces a 44th rule on earmarks). The stricter rules are often waived by unanimous consent.

text: The Constitution provides that a majority of the Senate constitutes a quorum to do business. Under the rules and customs of the Senate, a quorum is always assumed to be present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. Any senator may request a quorum call by "suggesting the absence of a quorum"; a clerk then calls the roll of the Senate and notes which members are present. In practice, senators almost always request quorum calls not to establish the presence of a quorum, but to temporarily delay proceedings without having to adjourn the session. Such a delay may serve one of many purposes; often, it allows Senate leaders to negotiate compromises off the floor or to allow Senators time to come to the Senate floor to make speeches without having to constantly be present in the chamber while waiting for the opportunity. Once the need for a delay has ended, any senator may request unanimous consent to rescind the quorum call.

text: During debates, senators may only speak if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer is, however, required to recognize the first senator who rises to speak. Thus, the presiding officer has little control over the course of debate. Customarily, the Majority Leader and Minority Leader are accorded priority during debates, even if another senator rises first. All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr. President" or "Madam President." Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other Members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, senators do not refer to each other by name, but by state, using forms such as "the senior senator from Virginia" or "the junior senator from California."

text: There are very few restrictions on the content of speeches; there is no requirement that speeches be germane to the matter before the Senate.

text: The Standing Rules of the United States Senate provide that no senator may make more than two speeches on a motion or bill on the same legislative day. (A legislative day begins when the Senate convenes and ends with adjournment; hence, it does not necessarily coincide with the calendar day.) The length of these speeches is not limited by the rules; thus, in most cases, senators may speak for as long as they please. Often, the Senate adopts unanimous consent agreements imposing time limits. In other cases (for example, for the Budget process), limits are imposed by statute. In general, however, the right to unlimited debate is preserved.

text: The filibuster is an obstructionary tactic used to defeat bills and motions by prolonging debate indefinitely. A filibuster may entail, but does not actually require, long speeches, dilatory motions, and an extensive series of proposed amendments. The longest filibuster speech in the history of the Senate was delivered by Strom Thurmond, who spoke for over twenty-four hours in an unsuccessful attempt to block the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957. The Senate may end a filibuster by invoking cloture. In most cases, cloture requires the support of three-fifths of the Senate; however, if the matter before the Senate involves changing the rules of the body, a two-thirds majority is required. Cloture is invoked very rarely, particularly because bipartisan support is usually necessary to obtain the required supermajority. If the Senate does invoke cloture, debate does not end immediately; instead, further debate is limited to thirty additional hours unless increased by another three-fifths vote.

text: When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. In many cases, the Senate votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either "Aye!" (in favor of the motion) or "No!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. Any senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; each senator responds when his or her name is called. Senators who miss the roll call may still cast a vote as long as the recorded vote remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. If the vote is tied, the Vice President, if present, is entitled to a casting vote. If the Vice President is not present, however, the motion is resolved in the negative.

text: On occasion, the Senate may go into what is called a secret, or closed session. During a closed session, the chamber doors are closed, and the galleries are completely cleared of anyone not sworn to secrecy, not instructed in the rules of the closed session, or not essential to the session. Closed sessions are quite rare, and are usually held only under certain circumstances where the Senate is discussing sensitive subject-matter such as information critical to national security, private communications from the President, or even to discuss Senate deliberations during impeachment trials. Any Senator has the right to call a closed session as long as the motion is seconded.

text: Budget bills are governed under a special rule process called "Reconciliation" that disallows filibusters. Reconciliation was devised in 1974 but came into use in the early 1980s.

text: The Rules by number[edit]

text: The Standing Rules of the Senate detail the rules of order of the United States Senate. The latest version was adopted on April 27, 2000 and comprises the following 43 rules. The Legislative Transparency and Accountability Act of 2006 introduces a 44th rule on earmarks.

text:
SR Rule I: Appointment of a Senator to the Chair
SR Rule II: Presentation of Credentials and Questions of Privilege
SR Rule III: Oaths
SR Rule IV: Commencement of Daily Sessions
SR Rule V: Suspension and Amendment of the Rules
SR Rule VI: Quorum - Absent Senators May Be Sent For
SR Rule VII: Morning Business
SR Rule VIII: Order of Business
SR Rule IX: Messages
SR Rule X: Special Orders
SR Rule XI: Papers - Withdrawal, Printing, Reading of, and Reference
SR Rule XII: Voting Procedure
SR Rule XIII: Reconsideration
SR Rule XIV: Joint Resolutions, and Preambles Thereto
SR Rule XV: Amendments and Resolutions
SR Rule XVI: Appropriations and Amendments to General Appropriation Bills
SR Rule XVII: Reference to Committees; Motions to Discharge; Reports of Committees; and Hearings Available
SR Rule XVIII: Business Continued from Session to Session
SR Rule XIX: Debate
SR Rule XX: Questions for Order
SR Rule XXI: Session with Closed Doors
SR Rule XXII: Precedence of Motions
SR Rule XXIII: Privilege of the Floor
SR Rule XXIV: Appointments of Committee
SR Rule XXV: Standing Committees
SR Rule XXVI: Committee Procedure
SR Rule XXVII: Committee Staff
SR Rule XXVIII: Conference Committees; Reports; Open Meetings
SR Rule XXIX: Executive Sessions
SR Rule XXX: Executive Session - Proceedings on Treaties
SR Rule XXXI: Executive Session - Proceedings on Nominations
SR Rule XXXII: The President Furnished with Copies of Record Executive Sessions
SR Rule XXXIII: Senate Chamber - Senate Wing of the Capitol
SR Rule XXXIV: Public Financial Disclosure
SR Rule XXXV: Gifts
SR Rule XXXVI: Outside Earned Income
SR Rule XXXVII: Conflict of Interest
SR Rule XXXVIII: Prohibition of Unofficial Office Accounts
SR Rule XXXIX: Foreign Travel
SR Rule XL: Franking Privilege and Radio and Television Studios
SR Rule XLI: Political Fund Activity; Definitions
SR Rule XLII: Employment Practices
SR Rule XLIII: Representation by Members
SR Rule XLIV: Congressionally Directed Spending and Related Items

tag: ol


document_title: Britain's Next Top Model

question_text: who won britain's next top model 2016

question_tokens: who won britain 's next top model 2016

text: Britain's Next Top Model

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series features a group of young female contestants who live together in a house for several weeks while taking part in challenges, photo shoots and meetings with members of the modelling industry. Normally, one poor-performing contestant is eliminated each week until the last contestant remaining is declared "Britain's Next Top Model" and receives a modelling contract along with other prizes.

text: In a BBC interview, Elle Macpherson contrasted the show with the U.S. version, describing BNTM as "Uniquely British, the sense of humour and the styling is very British... more hybrid backgrounds... and I think that is really examplatory [sic] of what's going on in the UK today".[5]

text: Format[edit]

text: Each series of Britain's Next Top Model features from ten to fourteen episodes and begins with twelve to fourteen contestants. Each episode, one contestant is eliminated, though in rare cases a double elimination or no elimination is given by consensus of the judging panel. Season 6 saw a live finale where the public chose the winner of the cycle. The series was narrated by Fearne Cotton. Due to maternity leave, Fearne did not fulfill this role for the ninth series. She was replaced by Dawn Porter. When the show got revived on Lifetime, Dawn Porter was replaced by Cycle 5 and America's Next Top Model (cycle 18) contestant, Annaliese Dayes.

text: Starting with the ninth series, the elimination process was changed. Multiple contestants were in danger of elimination every week, with the number of contestants in danger being lowered as the competition progressed.

text: Judges[edit]

text: The season nine panel consisted of Elle Macpherson, Tyson Beckford, and fashion designer, pop star, model, and former X Factor Judge Dannii Minogue. It was originally reported for series 8 that Grace Woodward would leaving the judging panel to be replaced by Kelly Osbourne and that both Charley Speed and Julien Macdonald would continue on the judging panel. However it was later announced that both Speed and Woodward were leaving the panel to be replaced by Tyson Beckford and Whitney Port.[6] Previous judges have included Lisa Butcher, Marie Helvin, Paula Hamilton, Huggy Ragnarsson, industry expert Jonathan Phang and fashion expert Gerry DeVeaux. Usually, an additional guest judge will sit in on the panel every week.

text:
Judges
Cycles

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Hosts

Lisa Butcher
Main

Lisa Snowdon

Main

Elle Macpherson

Main

Abbey Clancy

Contestant

Guest

Main

Paul Sculfor

Guest

Main

Judging Panelists

Marie Helvin
Main

Jonathan Phang
Main

Paula Hamilton

Main

Gerry DeVeaux

Main

Huggy Ragnarsson

Main

Louis Mariette

Main

Guest

Julien Macdonald

Main

Charley Speed

Main

Grace Woodward

Main

Tyson Beckford

Guest
Main

Whitney Port

Main

Dannii Minogue

Main

Hilary Alexander
Guest

Guest
Main

Nicky Johnston

Guest

Guest
Main

Max Rogers

Main

text: Requirements[edit]

text: According to the show's official site, anyone with the right to live or work in Britain is free to apply for the show, but must meet the height requirement of 5'8", and be between the ages of 18-23 at the time they try out for the show.[7] This is true for seasons 6-8. During the first casting episode of cycle 7, some producers stated that 'The requirements would be stricter' in order to accommodate models closer within the range of the real fashion world.

text: Exhibition[edit]

text: Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model Live was launched by Media 10 in October 2010 at ExCeL London.[8] The event was created to immerse members of the public into the Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model (BINTM) lifestyle. Bringing the TV series to life, the event gave every visitor the opportunity to experience the Top Model lifestyle for themselves. The show featured 45 minute catwalk shows, music performances from celebrities and an exhibition full of clothes and fashion accessories for the visitor to purchase. The 2011 Britain and Ireland's Next Top Model Live took place from 28–30 October at London ExCel.

text: Cycles[edit]

text:
Cycle
Premiere date
Winner
Runner(s)-up
Other contestants in order of elimination
Number of contestants
International destination(s)

1
000000002005-09-14-000014 September 2005
Lucy Ratcliffe
Edwina Joseph
Marina Fallahi, Claire Hillier, Shauna Breen, Anne Kent (quit), Hayley Wilkins, Marisa Heath, Stephanie Jones, Naomi Teal, Tashi Brown, Jenilee Harris
12

Paris

Milan

2
000000002006-07-24-000024 July 2006
Lianna Fowler
Abigail Clancy
Yvette Stubbs, Nina Malone, Asha Hibbert, Lucy Flower, Sophia Price, Sam Gerrard, Tamar Higgs & Georgina Edewor-Thorley, Sarah Butler, Amber Niemann, Jasmia Robinson
13

Marrakesh

3
000000002007-07-02-00002 July 2007
Lauren McAvoy
Louise Watts
Dani Lawrence, Krystal Hancock, Abigail Galatia, Natalie Nwagbo, Holly Alexander, Carly Thompson, Sherece Campbell, Lucy Bennett, Stefanie Webber, Rebecca White
12

Rio de Janeiro

4
000000002008-04-21-000021 April 2008
Alex Evans
Catherine Thomas
Sophie Roberts, Musayeroh Barrie, Louise Heywood, Lauren Donaldson-Stanley, Lynzi Arnott, Lisa Fowler, Martha Braddell & Leanne Nagle, Aaron Hunt, Charlotte Denton, Rachael Cairns, Stefanie Wilson
14

Cape Town

5
000000002009-04-20-000020 April 2009
Mecia Simson
Sophie Sumner
Lisa-Ann Hillman, Lauren Wee, Kasey Wynter & Chloe Cummings, Madeleine Wheatley, Hayley Buchanan, Annaliese Dayes, Daisy Payne, Viola Szekely, Ashley Brown, Jade McSorley
13

Reykjavík

Buenos Aires

6
000000002010-07-05-00005 July 2010
Tiffany Pisani
Alisha White
Hannah Goodeve (quit), Rachelle Harry, Susan Loughnane, Harleen Kaur Nottay, Delita Cole, Amba Hudson-Skye, Nicola Wright, Kirsty Parsons, Olivia Oldham-Stevens, Amelia Thomas, Charlotte Holmes, Joy McLaren
14

Alicante

Hardanger

Kuala Lumpur

7
000000002011-07-04-00004 July 2011
Jade Thompson
Juste Juozapaityte
Kimberleigh Spreadbury & Joanne Northey, Ufuoma Itoje, Hannah Devane, Holly Higgins & Amy Woodman, Tanya Mihailovic & Stacey Haskins, Jessica Abidde, Imogen Leaver & Anastasija Bogatirjova
13

Dublin

Miami

8
000000002012-07-09-00009 July 2012
Letitia Herod
Emma Grattidge
Amelia Raven (quit), Emma Sharratt, Penelope Williamson, Tasmin Golding, Anne Winterburn, Kellie Forde, Jennifer Joint, Madeleine Taga, Roxanne O'Connor, Rissikat Oyebade, Lisa Madden, Anita Kaushik
14

Dubai

Paris

Toronto

9
000000002013-06-20-000020 June 2013
Lauren Lambert
Emma Ward
Sarah Kennedy
Christina Chalk, Danielle Sandhu, Jess Patterson, Abigail Johns, Laura Young, Emily Garner, Saffron Williams, Holly Carpenter, Angel Mbonu, Naomi Pelkiewicz, Sophie Ellson
14

Bridgetown

10
000000002016-01-14-000014 January 2016
Chloe Keenan
Angel Cole
Jessica Workman
Jasmine Hodge, Amreen Akhtar (quit), Alex Needham, Jenna McMahon, Megan Brunell & Georgia Butler, Billie Downes, Lexi Kelly, Bethan Sowerby
12

Zagreb

Ocho Rios

11
000000002017-03-16-000016 March 2017
Olivia Wardell
Jennifer Malengele
Anastasia Ellis, Abby Heaton, Victoria Clay, Eleanor Sippings (quit), Talulah-Eve Brown, Bianca Thomas, Chloe Lockley-Middleton, Simone Murphy, Tallulah Steed-Fassett, Alannah Beirne
12

Santa Maria

12
000000002017-10-19-000019 October 2017
Ivy Watson
Eleanor Sippings
Kira MacLean
Georgia Mason-Mottram, Alisia Grant, Tamsin Hough, Efi Muntoni-Clements (quit), Shaunagh Slattery & Louisa Northcote, Martha Miller (quit), Cirrah Leah Webb, Sophia Chawki
12

Bangkok
& Ayutthaya

text: America's Next Top Model: British Invasion[edit]

text: In 2012, it was announced that seven past contestants, they being Jasmia Robinson, Louise Watts, Catherine Thomas, Ashley Brown, Annaliese Dayes, Sophie Sumner, and Alisha White, would be appearing on cycle 18 of America's Next Top Model. Cycle 1 and cycle 7 were unrepresented. The returning contestants from Britain's Next Top Model and their placements for cycle 18 were:

text:
Previous season
Contestant
Original rank
Cycle 18 rank

Cycle 2
Jasmia Robinson
3rd
14th

Cycle 3
Louise Watts
Runner-up
12th (quit)

Cycle 5
Ashley Brown
4th
10th

Cycle 4
Catherine Thomas
Runner-up
6th

Cycle 6
Alisha White
Runner-up
4th (quit)

Cycle 5
Annaliese Dayes
7th
3rd

Cycle 5
Sophie Sumner
Runner-up
Winner

text: Juste Juozapaityte[edit]

text: In 2014, cycle 7 runner-up Juste Juozapaityte participated on Top Model po-russki's (the Russian adaptation of Top Model) fifth cycle, which included contestants from Russia and contestants from other countries with Russian roots. Juozapaityte, from London, was born in Lithuania and is of Russian descent.[9] She finished in second place to Zhenya Nekrasova of Kemerovo.


document_title: History of Las Vegas

question_text: when did las vegas become a gambling town

text: History of Las Vegas

text: Prehistory[edit]

text: The prehistoric landscape of the Las Vegas Valley and most of Southern Nevada was once a marsh with water and vegetation. The rivers that created the marsh eventually went underground, and the marsh receded. The valley then evolved into a parched, arid landscape that only supported the hardiest animals and plants.

text: At some point in the valley's early geologic history, the water resurfaced and flowed into what is now the Colorado River. This created a luxurious plant life, forming a wetland oasis in the Mojave Desert landscape.

text: Evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas Valley was found in 1993, when a group of construction workers discovered the remains of a Columbian mammoth. Palaeontologists estimate that the mammoth roamed the area some 8,000 to 15,000 years ago.

text: Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley, beginning over 10,000 years ago. Archaeologists have discovered baskets, petroglyphs, pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations, including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs. Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700, migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley, near Big Springs.[1]

text: 1829–1905: origins[edit]

text: A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles.[2][3][4][5][6][7] Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party.[8] By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley, described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California. The travelers named the area "Las Vegas" which is Spanish for "The Meadows".[9]

text: John C. Frémont traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on May 3, 1844, while it was still part of Mexico. He was appointed by President John Tyler to lead a group of scientists, scouts, and spies for the United States Army Corps of Engineers who were preparing for a possible war with Mexico. Upon arriving in the valley they made camp at the Las Vegas Springs, establishing a clandestine fort there. A war with Mexico did occur, resulting in the region becoming United States territory. The fort was used in later years by travellers, mountain men, hunters, and traders seeking shelter, but was never permanently inhabited.

text: In 1855, William Bringhurst led a group of 29 Mormon missionaries from Utah to the Las Vegas Valley. The missionaries built a 150-square-foot (14 m2) adobe fort near a creek and used flood irrigation to water their crops, a process still used at the park. However, because of tensions rising between leaders of the small Mormon community, the summer heat and difficulty growing crops, the missionaries returned to Utah in 1857, abandoning the fort.

text: For the next few years the area remained unoccupied by Americans except for travelers and traders. Then the U.S. Army, in an attempt to deceive Confederate spies active in southern California in 1864, falsely publicized that it reclaimed the fort and had renamed it Fort Baker, briefly recalling the area to national attention. After the end of the war in 1865, Octavius Gass, with a commission from the federal government, re-occupied the fort. The Paiute nation had declined in numbers and negotiated a new treaty with the United States, ceding the area around the fort to the United States in return for relocation and supplies of food and farming equipment. Consequently, Gass started irrigating the old fields and renamed the area 'Las Vegas Rancho.' Gass made wine at his ranch and Las Vegas became known as the best stop on the Old Spanish Trail. In 1881, because of mismanagement and intrigue with a Mormon syndicate, Gass lost his ranch to Archibald Stewart to pay off a lien Stewart had on the property.[citation needed] In 1884, Archibald's wife, Helen J. Stewart became the Las Vegas Postmaster.

text: The property (increased to 1,800 acres (730 ha)), stayed with the family (despite Archibald Stewart's murder in July 1884) until it was purchased in 1902 by the San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake Railroad, then being built across southern Nevada. The railroad was a project of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark. Clark enlisted Utah's U.S. Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns to ensure the line's completion through Utah to Las Vegas. The State Land Act of 1885 offered land at $1.25 per acre ($3.09/hectare). Clark and Kearns promoted the area to American farmers who quickly expanded the farming plots of the areas. Not until 1895 did the first large-scale migration of Mormons begin in the area, at long last fulfilling Brigham Young's early dream. Through wells and arid irrigation, agriculture became the primary industry for the next 20 years and in return for his development, the farmers named the area Clark County in honor of the railroad tycoon and Senator.

text: 1905–1929: birth, growth and crisis[edit]

text: By the early 20th century, wells piped water into the town, providing both a reliable source of fresh water and the means for additional growth. The increased availability of water in the area allowed Las Vegas to become a water stop, first for wagon trains and later railroads, on the trail between Los Angeles, California, and points east such as Albuquerque, New Mexico.

text: The San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was completed in 1905, linking Salt Lake City to southern California. U.S. Senator William Andrews Clark was the majority owner of the railroad, which was a corporation based in Utah. Among its original incorporators were Utah's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns and his business partner David Keith. Kearns, one of the richest and most powerful men in Utah, and Keith were the owners of Utah's Silver King Coalition Mine, several mines in Nevada and The Salt Lake Tribune newspaper. Kearns and Keith helped Clark ensure the success of the new railroad across Utah and into Nevada to California. Curiously, for a time there were two towns named Las Vegas. The east-side of Las Vegas (which encompassed the modern Main Street and Las Vegas Boulevard) was owned by Clark, and the west-side Las Vegas (which encompassed the area north of modern-day Bonanza Road) was owned by J.T. McWilliams, who was hired by the Stewart family during the sale of the Las Vegas Rancho and bought available land west of the ranch. It was from their property that Las Vegas took form.

text: Clark subsequently built another railroad branching off from Las Vegas to the boomtown of Bullfrog called the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad. With the revenue coming down both railways that intersected there, the area of Las Vegas was quickly growing. On May 15, 1905, Las Vegas officially was founded as a city, when 110 acres (45 ha), in what would later become downtown, were auctioned to ready buyers. Las Vegas was the driving force in the creation of Clark County, Nevada in 1909 and the city was incorporated in 1911 as a part of the county. The first mayor of Las Vegas was Peter Buol who served from 1911-1913.

text: Shortly after the city's incorporation, the State of Nevada reluctantly became the last western state to outlaw gaming. This occurred at midnight, October 1, 1910, when a strict anti-gambling law became effective in Nevada. It even forbade the western custom of flipping a coin for the price of a drink. Nonetheless, Las Vegas had a diversified economy and a stable and prosperous business community, and therefore continued to grow until 1917. In that year, a combination of economic influences and the redirection of resources by the federal government in support of the war effort forced the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad to declare bankruptcy. Although William Clark sold the remains of the company to the Union Pacific Railroad, a nationwide strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state.

text: 1930–1941: Hoover Dam and the first casinos[edit]

text: On July 3, 1930, President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam. The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration. Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000, with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam. However, the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment. A combination of local Las Vegas business owners, and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers.[11]

text: Despite the influx of known crime figures, the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site. However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath (this was during the time of Prohibition) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas. The government ultimately decided that a federal-controlled town, Boulder City, would be erected for the dam workers.

text: Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business, the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931. Las Vegas, with a small but already well-established illegal gambling industry, was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world. The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club, and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel. Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas[12] and received the city's first traffic light in 1931.

text: In reply, the federal government restricted movement of the dam workers to Las Vegas. Smuggling and circuitous routes then were developed. In 1934, to curtail these activities and the resulting growth of criminal figures in the gambling industry, the city's leading figures purged gambling dens and started an effort to stem the flow of workers from the dam. This only emboldened some dam workers who still contrived to visit Las Vegas. A celebration of this era has become known as Helldorado Days.[13]

text: Although the suppression efforts resulted in declines at gambling venues and resulted in a business downturn, the city was recharged—both literally and figuratively—when the dam was completed in 1935. In 1937, Southern Nevada Power became the first utility to supply power from the dam, and Las Vegas was its first customer. Electricity flowed into Las Vegas and Fremont Street became known as Glitter Gulch due to the many bright lights powered by electricity from Hoover Dam. Meanwhile, although the dam worker population disappeared, Hoover Dam and its reservoir, Lake Mead, turned into tourist attractions on their own and the need for additional higher class hotels became clear.

text: In 1940, U.S. Route 95 was finally extended south into Las Vegas, giving the city two major access roads. Also in 1940 Las Vegas's first permanent radio station, KENO, began broadcasting replacing the niche occupied earlier by transient broadcasters.

text: 1941–1945 war years[edit]

text: On January 25, 1941 the U.S. Army established a flexible gunnery school for the United States Army Air Corps in Las Vegas. Mayor John L. Russell signed over land to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for this development. The gunnery school later would become Nellis Air Force Base. The U.S. Army was not pleased with the legal prostitution in Las Vegas and in 1942 forced Las Vegas to outlaw the practice, putting Block 16, the local red light district permanently out of business.

text: On April 3, 1941, hotel owner Thomas Hull opened the El Rancho Vegas. It was the first resort on what would become the Las Vegas Strip. The hotel gained much of its fame from the gourmet buffet that it offered. On October 30, 1942, Texas cinema magnate R. E. Griffith rebuilt on the site of a nightclub called Pair-O-Dice,[14] that first opened in 1930, and renamed it Hotel Last Frontier. A few more resorts were built on and around Fremont Street, but it was the next hotel on the Strip that publicly demonstrated the influence of organized crime on Las Vegas.

text: Although ethnic organized crime figures had been involved in some of the operations at the hotels, the Mafia bosses never owned or controlled the hotels and clubs which remained monopolized by hard-bitten local Las Vegas families who were unwilling to cede ground to the crime bosses and proved strong enough to push back. This changed in post-war Las Vegas when Jewish gangster Bugsy Siegel, with help from friend and fellow mob boss Meyer Lansky, poured money through Mormon-owned banks for cover of legitimacy and built The Flamingo in 1946. Siegel modeled his enterprises on the long-running gambling empire in Galveston, Texas, which had pioneered the high-class casino concepts that became mainstays on the Strip.[15]

text: 1946–1955: postwar boom[edit]

text: The Flamingo initially lost money and Siegel died in a hail of gunfire in Beverly Hills, California in the summer of 1947. Additionally, local police and Clark County Sheriff deputies were notorious for their heavy-handed tactics toward mobsters who "grew too big for their pants." However, many mobsters saw the potential that gambling offered in Las Vegas. From 1952 to 1957, through money and institutional lending provided by the Teamsters Union and some Mormon bankers they built the Sahara, the Sands, the New Frontier, the Royal Nevada, the Showboat, The Riviera, The Fremont, Binion's Horseshoe (which was the Apache Hotel), and finally The Tropicana.[16]

text: Owned and operated by a joint combination of Mormon elders who provided political and business legitimacy and people involved with organized crime who provided unreported income and street muscle, such as Meyer Lansky, these crime hotels became regarded as the epitome of gambling entertainment.[citation needed] Even with the general knowledge that some of the owners of these casino resorts had dubious backgrounds, by 1954, over 8 million people were visiting Las Vegas yearly pumping $200 million into casinos. Gambling was no longer the only attraction; the biggest stars of films and music like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Andy Williams, Liberace, Bing Crosby, Carol Channing, and others performed in intimate settings. After coming to see these stars, the tourists would resume gambling, and then eat at the gourmet buffets that have become a staple of the casino industry.

text: However, the confluence of various marginal and/or suspected groups such as Jews, Sicilians, and Mormons into the gambling enterprises in Las Vegas and the subsequent cornering of the gambling market in the city by these groups sparked a two-year investigation by Senator Estes Kefauver and his Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce in 1950–51.[citation needed] The hearing concluded that organized crime money was incontrovertibly tied to the Las Vegas casinos and was becoming the controlling interest in the city thereby earning for the groups vast amounts of income which was strengthening their influence in the country. This led to a proposal by the Senate to institute federal gambling control. Only through the power and influence of Nevada's Senator Pat McCarran did the proposal die in committee.

text: Along with their connections in Hollywood and New York City, these interests in Las Vegas were able to use publicity provided by these media capitals to steer the rapid growth of tourism into Las Vegas thereby dooming Galveston, Texas; Hot Springs, Arkansas; and other illegal gaming centers around the nation.[17] Nevada's legal gaming as well as the paradoxical increased scrutiny by local and federal law enforcement in these other locales during the 1950s made their demise inevitable.

text: Atomic testing[edit]

text: While the Strip was booming, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on January 27, 1951 detonated the first of over a hundred atmospheric explosions at the Nevada Test Site. These atmospheric tests would continue until enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 when the tests moved underground. The last test explosion was in 1992. Despite the dangers and risks, greatly underestimated at the time, of radiation exposure from the fallout, Las Vegas advertised the explosions as another tourist attraction and offered Atomic Cocktails in Sky Rooms that offered a great view of the mushroom clouds.

text: The influx of government employees for the Atomic Energy Commission and from the Mormon-controlled Bank of Las Vegas spearheaded by E. Parry Thomas during those years funded the growing boom in casinos. But Las Vegas was doing more than growing casinos. In 1948, McCarran Field was established for commercial air traffic. In 1957 the University of Nevada, Las Vegas was first established, initially as a branch of the University of Nevada, Reno and becoming independent in 1969. In 1959 the Clark County Commission built the Las Vegas Convention Center, which would become a vital part of the area's economy. A new utility company, Southwest Gas expanded into Las Vegas in 1954.

text: 1956–1969: the beginning of modern Las Vegas[edit]

text: Howard Hughes[edit]

text: In 1966, Howard Hughes, the eccentric hero of the American aviation industry, and noted American entrepreneurial financier with vast connections to long established networks in the country, moved to Las Vegas. Initially staying in the Desert Inn, he refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel. Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate, hotels and media outlets, spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take over many of the well known hotels, especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas. He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city.

text: Hank Greenspun[edit]

text: The local newspaper Las Vegas Sun and its editor Hank Greenspun led a crusade in those days to expose all the criminal ties, activities, and government corruption in Las Vegas. His investigative reporting and editorials led to the exposure of Clark County Sheriff Glen Jones' ownership of a brothel and the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Clifford A. Jones as the state's national committeeman for the Democratic Party. Before his death in 1989, Hank Greenspun founded The Greenspun Corporation to manage his family's assets, and it remains a major influence in Las Vegas, with media holdings in print, television and the Internet; substantial real estate holdings; and ownership stakes in a number of casinos.

text: Local government[edit]

text: One problem for the City of Las Vegas was that the Strip did not reside in Las Vegas . Because of this, the city lost tax revenue. There was a push to annex the Strip by the City of Las Vegas, but The Syndicate used the Clark County Commissioners to pull a legal maneuver by organizing the Las Vegas Strip properties into an unincorporated township called Paradise. Under Nevada Law, an incorporated town, Las Vegas, cannot annex an unincorporated township. To this day, virtually all of the Strip remains outside the City of Las Vegas.

text: Desegregation[edit]

text: Much like in other American settled counties and towns throughout the United States, entertainment venues were segregated between black- and white-owned businesses. With almost all of the businesses owned and operated by whites, Black Americans were barred from entering the venues which remained focused, regardless of their legitimacy or criminality, on entertaining a white-only clientele. As a result of property deeds, businesses owned by or mainly serving non-whites were confined to clubs on the "west side" of the tracks. This also was enforced in many of the work positions. Thus, African Americans (except those who provided the labor for low-paying menial positions or entertainment) and Hispanics were limited in employment occupations at the white-owned clubs. However, because of employment deals with black worker groups, many clubs favored black workers, and the Hispanic population actually decreased ninety percent from 2,275 to just 236 by the mid-1950s.

text: Organized crime-owned businesses saw an opportunity in not dividing their clientele by race and, despite property deeds and city and county codes barring such activities, made several attempts at desegregating their businesses in the hopes of putting out of operation the non-white owned clubs and expanding their own market share. An attempt was made at forming an all-integrated night-club modeled on the Harlem Clubs of New York City during the 1920s and 1930s, like those owned by German-Jewish gangster Dutch Schultz. On May 24, 1955, Jewish crime boss Will Max Schwartz, along with other investors, opened the Moulin Rouge. It was a very upscale and racially integrated casino that actually competed against the resorts on the Strip, especially the non-white owned strips on the west side. By the end of the year, the casino closed as Schwartz and his partners had a falling out, but the seeds for racial integration were sown.

text: Many sources have credited Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack as a significant driving force behind desegregation in the casinos.[18] One famous story tells of Sinatra's refusal to perform at the Sands Hotel unless the hotel provided Sammy Davis Jr. with a room.[19] The famed performing group made similar demands at other venues, forcing owners to amend their policies over time.[20]

text: However, it took political action for racial desegregation to occur. In 1960, the NAACP threatened a protest of the city's casinos for their policies. A meeting between the NAACP, the mayor and local businessmen resulted in citywide casino desegregation, starting with the employees. Many whites were attritioned from positions and their jobs given to the black unions. Along with the rest of the country, Las Vegas experienced the struggle for civil rights. Activists like James B. McMillan, Grant Sawyer, Bob Bailey, and Charles Keller dragged Las Vegas to racial integration.

text: Aside from seeing no business advantage to excluding non-white customers from casinos and clubs, the organized crime groups themselves were composed of people of ethnicities (Jewish and Italian) that faced discrimination from WASP America and thus could understand the plight of blacks. This was also a driving force behind the integration advocated by ethnic performers such as Sinatra and Martin.

text: Another big force for equality was Mayor Oran Gragson. Spurred into local politics by a vigilante ring of cops who repeatedly broke into his appliance store, he implemented infrastructure improvements for the minority neighborhoods in Las Vegas, backed the NAACP in its actions, and promoted black workers for jobs. He also championed the cause of the Paiute tribe that owned a small portion of Las Vegas. Gragson stopped the U.S. government from evicting the tribe and actually made infrastructure improvements for them. His work helped reverse the decrease of minority populations in Las Vegas.

text: Local legislation kept up with the national legislation and integration was finally established. The only real violence came as a result of school integration, with violent riots and fights occurring in Clark High School when black gangs and youths began attacking the whites. Integration sparked white flight from the school district from 1965 to 1971. That school was then later destroyed.

text: 1970-1988: Explosive growth[edit]

text: On a percentage basis, Las Vegas and Clark County experienced incredibly high growth rates starting in the 1930s and lasting until the late 2000s recession. During that period, the population of the city more than doubled in most decades. The rate slowed down in the 1970s with the decrease of the white birth rate, but never dropped below 60% (1980–1990), and even accelerated after 1990 due to immigration. By 2000, Las Vegas was the largest city founded in the 20th century,[21] and by 2006 it was the 28th largest city in the US, with a population of 552,000 in the city and nearly 1.8 million in Clark County. The explosive growth resulted in rapid development of commercial and residential areas throughout the Las Vegas Valley. The strong boom in the resort business led to many new condominium developments all along the Strip and downtown area. Also urban sprawl development of single-family homes continued across the valley, building the areas of Henderson, North Las Vegas, Centennial Hills, and Summerlin. The rapid development and population growth both halted abruptly in the late 2000s recession.[22][23]

text: During this period of time, American author and journalist Hunter S. Thompson wrote and published his seminal novel, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, detailing the experience of his 1971 trip to the city.

text: On November 21, 1980 the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, suffered a devastating fire. A total of 85 people died and 785 were injured in what remains the worst disaster in Nevada history. The property was eventually sold and reopened as Bally's Las Vegas, while MGM moved south to Tropicana Avenue.

text: Since 1989: the megaresort era[edit]

text: The "Mafia/Rat Pack" Las Vegas of the mid-20th century came to a gradual end in the 1980s with the aging out of the World War II generation, the decline of organized crime elements, and the rise of baby boomer entrepreneurs who began a new chapter in the city's history, the so-called megaresort era. Las Vegas began to become a more commercialized, family-oriented place with large corporations coming to own the hotels, casinos, and nightclubs in place of Mafia bosses. The megaresort era kicked off in 1989 with the construction of The Mirage. Built by developer Steve Wynn, it was the first resort built with money from Wall Street, selling $630 million in junk bonds. Its 3,044 rooms, each with gold tinted windows, set a new standard for Vegas luxury and attracted tourists in droves, leading to additional financing and rapid growth on the Las Vegas Strip. More landmark hotels and other structures were razed to make way for ever-larger and more opulent resorts including:

text:
1990: Rio and Excalibur
1993: MGM Grand, Treasure Island, and Luxor,
1996: Stratosphere Tower and Monte Carlo
1997: New York-New York
1998: Bellagio
1999: Mandalay Bay, Venetian, and Paris
2000: Planet Hollywood (Formerly Aladdin)
2001: Palms
2005: Wynn (opened in April by Wynn Resorts Limited opened its new flagship, the constructed at a cost of US$2.7 billion.)

tag: ul

text: The Helldorado Days festival was resumed in 2005 for the City of Las Vegas' centennial celebration.[13]

text: Since 2007: downturn and recovery[edit]

text: The home mortgage crisis (2007-2010) and the late 2000s recession affected Las Vegas' economic success. New home construction was stalled, and construction projects were either canceled, postponed, or continued with financial troubles. Some of these projects included the MGM Mirage property of CityCenter, Fontainebleau, Echelon, and The Plaza. The global financial situation also had a negative effect on gaming and tourism revenue, causing many of the companies to report net loss.

text: Nevertheless, new landmark hotels and resorts were still to arise, including:

text:
2007: Palazzo
2008: Encore
2009: CityCenter
2010: The Cosmopolitan

text: Starting in 2013, the sector began to turn around with the proposal of the Resorts World projects replacing the Echelon currently under construction. The Alon resort is planned to resume the site formerly the Frontier and originally planned for the Plaza. Fontainbleau is currently being on the process of being sold and resumed. Wynn Resorts is also planning an additional tower with a central lake planned for 2020 and a new stadium opened near the New York New York hotel on 2016.

text: Las Vegas has still managed to host many conventions and major events, such as the annual Latin Grammy Awards, & the Consumer Electronics Show.

text: Many analysts agree that the Las Vegas economy is recovering, with improving conditions in tourism and the housing market for 2013.[24][25] Prices are rising and there has been a large increase in the million dollar home market, with many new custom homes being built. January 2013 marks the 19th consecutive month with home sales higher than the same month in the previous year.[26] In addition, Las Vegas was named America's Top Turn Around Market for 2012 by Trulia.[27]

text: In June 2017, a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft were grounded, with American Airlines reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff and Las Vegas tying its record high at 117 degrees Fahrenheit.[28]

text: During the late evening of October 1, 2017, Las Vegas became the scene of the deadliest mass shooting committed by a single gunman in the history of the United States. A gunman opened fire on Route 91 Harvest festival-goers from the Mandalay Bay resort, killing 58 and injuring 851.[29][30]


document_title: Trivia Crack

question_text: what are the lives used for in trivia crack

text: Trivia Crack

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The game's questions are based on 6 knowledge categories: Entertainment, Art, Sports, History, Science and Geography.[5] The game has 6 cartoonish iconic characters, one to represent each category (for example, a globe to represent the Geography category), which have been recently named (Tito for Geography, Al for Science, Hector for History, Bonzo for Sports, Tina for Art, and Pop for Entertainment). The objective of a Classic-mode game is to answer questions correctly and in doing so, obtain all 6 characters before one's opponent does. In the Classic and Challenge (not to be confused with the Challenge during a classic game) modes, the time limit to answer the given question is 20 seconds, while it is 10 seconds in Trivia Rush.

text: A player may start a new game by pressing the New Game button on the app, as long as they have a "life" in the game. They can choose to play against one of their Facebook friends, a friend they have, or they can play against a random opponent. The player starts with 6 empty slots, one to store each of the characters, and an empty 3-slot "crown gauge." The player tries to populate the crown gauge by spinning a wheel and correctly answering the presented question. The player will repeat this as long as they answer questions correctly or obtains all 6 characters and wins the game. If the player answers a question incorrectly, their turn is over and control of the game is passed to their opponent. The first player cannot get more than 3 characters in the first round, so if the third character is obtained in the first player's first turn the turn ends. The second player can get all 6 characters in the first round.

text: It is also possible to play against any other user of Trivia Crack, even if you or they are not on Facebook, by using the search function and entering a user name. The player will be given a list of user names that are a full or partial match that updates as they type.

text: The wheel consists of 7 slots: 6 category slots (one for each knowledge category), and a 7th special "crown" slot. The player spins the wheel and is then presented with a 4-choice question that is based on the category the wheel lands on. Each time the player answers a question correctly, one slot in the crown gauge is filled. The player has a chance to obtain a character anytime the 3-slot crown gauge is filled by either landing on categories and answering questions correctly 3 times, or by landing on the "crown" slot, which automatically fills the crown gauge and immediately grants the opportunity to obtain a character.

text: Each time the player gains the opportunity to obtain a character, they are asked which way they wish to try for it: the "crown" method or the "challenge" method. If the player chooses the crown method, they are asked to choose which category-based character to try for from a list of characters they have not yet obtained. The player will be presented with a question from the category associated with the character. If the question is answered correctly, the player wins that character and either continues trying for the remaining unattained characters, or wins the game after obtaining all 6 characters. The player can also choose the "challenge" method, which gives them an opportunity to steal a character from his opponent, but in doing so must bet one of their own characters. Challenge mode can only be done if both players have at least one character. In challenge mode, the player is given a series of 6 questions in a row to answer (correctly or incorrectly), then their opponent is given the same questions. If the challenger answers more questions correctly, they are able to steal a character from their opponent. If the challenger loses the challenge, they also lose the character they bet. If there is a tie, the defending player receives an extra question, in which the winner of the challenge is dependent on whether the defender answers the question correctly.

text: A game is over after either one of the players obtains all 6 characters, making them the winner, or a total of 25 rounds have been played. A round is completed each time both players play their turns until they answer a question incorrectly. If 25 rounds are played and neither player has obtained all 6 characters, the player with the most characters will be the winner. If both players have the same number of characters, a 6-question challenge will be presented to each player, and the winner will be the one that answers the most questions. If both players tie the challenge, the player that initially started the game will be the winner.[6]

text: It is possible for a given player to have multiple games in progress at a time. The app's main screen will show the player which games are currently waiting for them to play their turn, which games are waiting for the other player to play their turn, finished games that the player won or lost, games awaiting a Facebook friend's approval, or games a Facebook friend started that are awaiting the player's approval. Each game will list the score, that is, how many characters the player has and how many their opponent has.

text: When starting a game against a Facebook friend, the starting player will play their turns until they answer a question incorrectly, and the game will then be in a pending-approval status. Their Facebook-friend opponent can choose to accept or reject the game, and if they accept, game play continues normally until one of players obtains 6 characters or 25 rounds are completed. If a player chooses to start a game against a random opponent, the player will play their turn until they answer incorrectly, then will be randomly matched up with an opponent who has recently played his/her turns. If the starting player gets three characters without missing a question, the game will inform the player that they cannot get more than three characters before the opponent has a chance to play.

text: When a game's turn is passed to a player (from the opponent answering incorrectly), the game will wait up to 72 hours for that player to play their turn. If 72 hours pass and the player has not played his/her turns, the game will force the player to forfeit.

text: A challenge mode is also available. The player names the challenge and then invites friends to play. This will cost the player who started the game a life and all friends who accept the challenges one too. Each player is given the same 12 questions, 2 from each category. The winner is the player who gets the most questions right in the quickest time. The winner gets a set number of coins based on how many players have accepted the challenge.

text: Free spins[edit]

text: A newly created player starts with 3 "free spins." If a player spins the wheel and lands on a category they consider difficult, the player may use one of their free spins to spin the wheel again in the hopes of landing on a different category. If a player runs out of free spins, they can request more from their Facebook friends. Free spins are no longer purchaseable.

text: Power-ups and coins[edit]

text: The game makes three power-ups available; three in the standard game and two in "challenge mode," which players can use to help answer a question. Using a power-up costs coins, and each power-up costs a different amount. Coins can be obtained by either the player purchasing them, winning them in challenges/standard games, obtaining them by reaching certain game milestones, or by using a prize card from a gem machine.

text: (1.) Bomb: Using this power-up "blows away" (discards) two randomly selected wrong answers, narrowing the player's choices down to the correct answer and a remaining wrong answer. This power-up uses 480 coins.

text: (2.) Double Chance: If this power-up is used before guessing an answer, the player gets a second chance to pick the correct answer should they answer incorrectly the first time. This power-up uses 240 coins.

text: (3.) Skip: This allows the player to skip over a question to a new one in the same category. This power up uses 400 coins.

text: In all cases, only one power-up can be used. Once a power-up is used, all power-ups are disabled until the player answers. If the player answers correctly, power-ups will be available for use for the next question. If the player answers incorrectly, power-ups will also be available in the next question, however whether or not the question is answered correctly, the cost and choice to use the power-up is final.

text: Lives[edit]

text: "Lives" serve as a mechanism to throttle how often new games can be started, and also provide an in-app revenue opportunity for the developer. Each time a player starts a game by pressing the New Game button, or accepts a Facebook friend's request to play against them, they are charged a Life. A player can have as many lives as they wish, and as they spend lives, the game will automatically replenish one life every hour, provided they are below 5 lives, until the player returns to a full charge of 5 lives. A heart icon on the app's main screen shows how many lives the player currently has, and if they have less than 5, a timer will also display that ticks down in real time to show how long until the next replenishment. If the player runs out of lives, they must wait for replenishment before they can start any new games or approve a new game started against them by a Facebook friend. A player who does not want to wait can either request lives from their Facebook friends, or can buy lives through an in-app purchase.

text: When the app is updated, players are offered the opportunity to buy unlimited lives.

text: Running out of lives does not affect games that are already in progress, and these games can continue to be played in the meantime when it becomes the player's turn.

text: A newly updated Trivia Crack allows players to replenish one life by watching a video. Watching ads are one of the ways this free mobile app makes money.

text: Freebies[edit]

text: A game update introduced freebies, where the player can collect free coins, lives, and gems. Initially, the player starts with 2 cards, which allows the player to collect 1 life and a coin. The game will then undergo a tutorial (unless skipped by the user) to claim another card for free. Answering 50 questions correctly (they do not have to be consecutive) awards the player with a gem, which they can spend to buy new cards. Cards are available in four rarities, Common, Aqua, Gold, and Black, and is representative of how great the card is. Three machines are available, using 1 Gem, 3 Gems, and 5 Gems per card. Machines do not have an unlimited number of cards; a number above the 'Push' button tells the user how many cards are remaining in the machine, and tapping the question mark beside the machine name will inform the user of how many of each rarity of card remains in the machine. Seasonal machines occasionally appear next to the three machines, and can be purchased at 1 or 2 Gems for the first card per day, then 5 Gems. In the mobile versions, a VIP machine is available, and only contains cards that the player has not yet acquired from seasonal machines, but the number of gems needed to obtain one of these cards does not stay the same, and increases in number as fewer cards remain in it. Duplicate cards can also be traded in with five duplicates giving a player per one gem in return for the exchange, with three trade-ins allowed every four hours. Once the player has collected the 5 obtainable cards in a set, the sixth card, a 'Prize Card', is unlocked, and is usually better than all of the other cards in the set. If the player has enough Gems, they can also opt to 'Push x9', to get nine cards from that machine. During major holiday and sporting events, Trivia Crack offers special machines with special cards. These cards will give the players who have received all the other cards new chances for free prizes. Such holiday and sporting machines are New Years, Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day, Easter, Halloween and Christmas machines. Usually, Trivia Crack offers these machines to coincide with special Latin American themed or other world holidays such as Día de muertos and Chinese New Year. The Sporting machines involve both Winter and Summer Olympics and Soccer Tournaments.

text: Trivia Rush[edit]

text: A new game update introduced Trivia Rush, in which two players compete head-to-head in 5 questions for coins. A player chooses from 4 entry fees to compete with another player, then a computer-controlled wheel will choose a category for a question. The two players then compete to answer the questions - the winner is determined by the most questions correct out of 5, and wins slightly less than double the entry fee. In case of a tie, half of the winning prize is refunded, making Trivia Rush unprofitable or very slightly profitable in the long run.