document_title: New York Heart Association Functional Classification

question_text: new york heart association functional classification of angina

root

text: The New York Heart Association (NYHA) Functional Classification[1] provides a simple way of classifying the extent of heart failure. It places patients in one of four categories based on how much they are limited during physical activity; the limitations/symptoms are in regard to normal breathing and varying degrees in shortness of breath and/or angina.

tag: p

text: It originated in 1902,[2] when no measurements of cardiac function were possible, to provide a common language for physicians to communicate. Despite difficulties in applying it, such as the challenge of consistently classifying patients in class II or III,[3] because functional capacity is such a powerful determinant of outcome it remains arguably the most important prognostic marker in routine clinical use in heart failure today.

text:
NYHA Class

Symptoms

I

Cardiac disease, but no symptoms and no limitation in ordinary physical activity, e.g. no shortness of breath when walking, climbing stairs etc.

II

Mild symptoms (mild shortness of breath and/or angina) and slight limitation during ordinary activity.

III

Marked limitation in activity due to symptoms, even during less-than-ordinary activity, e.g. walking short distances (20–100 m).Comfortable only at rest.

IV

Severe limitations. Experiences symptoms even while at rest. Mostly bedbound patients.

tag: table

text: Another frequently used functional classification of cardiovascular disease is the Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris.


document_title: List of Family Guy cast members

question_text: who does the voice of stewie family guy

question_tokens: who does the voice of stewie family guy

text: List of Family Guy cast members

text: Current cast[edit]

text: From seasons 1 to 4, Family Guy had four main cast members. Since season 5, there have been five main cast members. The casting of Meg Griffin changed after season 1.

text: Seth MacFarlane[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin.[1] MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it.[2] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[3] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[4] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[5] MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian.[2]

text: MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman.[6] He is the only voice to be in every episode.

text: Alex Borstein[edit]

text: Alex Borstein voices Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother Barbara Pewterschmidt.[7] Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on MADtv. She had not met MacFarlane or seen any of his artwork and said it was "really sight unseen".[8] At the time, Borstein performed in a stage show in Los Angeles, in which she played a redhead mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins.[7][8] The voice was originally slower (and deeper for the original series), but when MacFarlane heard it, he replied "Make it a little less fucking annoying ... and speed it up, or every episode will last four hours."[7]

text: Mila Kunis[edit]

text: Mila Kunis voices Meg Griffin.[6] Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on That '70s Show.[9] MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her.[9] Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat". She further explained, "Meg gets picked on a lot. But it's funny. It's like the middle child. She is constantly in the state of being an awkward 14-year-old, when you're kind of going through puberty and what-not. She's just in a perpetual mode of humiliation. And it's fun."[10]

text: Seth Green[edit]

text: Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][11] Green stated that he did an impression of the "Buffalo Bill" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[12] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how "Buffalo Bill" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[13]

text: Mike Henry[edit]

text: Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text: In addition to both its main cast and guest stars, Family Guy utilizes a deep bench of regularly appearing supporting voice actors. Some appear in nearly every episode each season, while others appear less frequently. Some of these actors specifically play recurring characters, while others mainly play background citizens of Quahog or characters in cutaway gags.

text: The current supporting cast repertory includes the following actors:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
(Out of 245 produced)
Notes

Benjamin, H. JonH. Jon Benjamin
Carl
14
Since 2006.

Breckenridge, AlexandraAlexandra Breckenridge
Various women
57
Since 2005. Currently voices most female “extras” not voiced by Alex Borstein.

Brennan, JohnnyJohnny Brennan
Goldman, MortMort Goldman, Horace the bartender
77

Callaghan, SteveSteve Callaghan
Various
37
Also the current showrunner and executive producer of Family Guy and former showrunner/EP of American Dad!. [14]

Garman, RalphRalph Garman
Various
138

Lakin, ChristineChristine Lakin
Kinney, JoyceJoyce Kinney
23
Since 2010.

LaMarr, PhilPhil LaMarr
Williams, OllieOllie Williams and the Quahog judge
56

MacFarlane, RachaelRachael MacFarlane
Olivia and various women
54
Formerly one of the most frequent female voices. She reduced her number of appearances per season after joining American Dad! in 2005 but still appears several times per season. Seth MacFarlane's sister.

Osment, EmilyEmily Osment
Various
14
Since 2012.

Richardson, Kevin MichaelKevin Michael Richardson
Jerome and Cleveland Jr.
30
Since 2009.

Sheridan, ChrisChris Sheridan
Various
33
Also a Family Guy writer.

Smith, DannyDanny Smith
Various, including Evil Monkey, Al Harrington and Ernie, the Giant Chicken
189
Also a Family Guy writer.

Sulkin, AlecAlec Sulkin
Christ, JesusJesus Christ and various others
147
Since 2005, Also a Family Guy writer.

Tatasciore, FredFred Tatasciore
Various
36

Tilly, JenniferJennifer Tilly
Swanson, BonnieBonnie Swanson
42
Has recurred as the Griffin's neighbor since the first season.

Viener, JohnJohn Viener
Various
182
Since 2005, he has been one of the most frequently heard male voices aside from Seth MacFarlane. Also a Family Guy writer.

Warburton, PatrickPatrick Warburton
Swanson, JoeJoe Swanson
163
Has appeared as the Griffins' neighbor since the first season, and usually appears in most episodes each season. Warburton is the most frequently appearing one-character actor in the supporting repertory.

Wingert, WallyWally Wingert
Various
41

text: In addition to the above, the following actors were formerly regularly recurring voice actors in the series:

text:
Actor
Character(s)
No. of Episodes
Notes

Alan, LoriLori Alan
Simmons, DianeDiane Simmons
63
Left the show in season nine when her character was killed off. Was replaced in the series' context by Christine Lakin's Joyce Kinney

Alazraqui, CarlosCarlos Alazraqui
Weed, Mr.Mr. Weed
10
Peter's first boss, Mr. Weed, was killed off early in the series' run.

Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore
Russell, JillianJillian Russell
12
Played Jillian, Brian's former girlfriend. The character still appears in background roles

Cole, GaryGary Cole
Various
38
Cole appeared frequently in the earlier seasons, but still pops up now and then to play Meg and Chris' principal, Mr. Shepherd.

Hartman, ButchButch Hartman
Various
8

Henry, MikeMike Henry
Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, Consuela, and various others

Was promoted to main cast in 2005. Also a Family Guy writer.

Hentemann, MarkMark Hentemann
Opie and various others
45
Recently left Family Guy to work on another Seth MacFarlane project. Also a Family Guy writer.

Fisher, CarrieCarrie Fisher
Angela
19
Has recurred as Peter's boss several times per season since 2005. Died in 2016.

Strong, TaraTara Strong
Various, as well as Meg's singing voice
21
Appeared frequently in the first four seasons. Returned briefly in 2010-2012 and again for one episode in 2014.

Sullivan, NicoleNicole Sullivan
Goldman, MurielMuriel Goldman
27
Muriel was killed off in season nine.

Whitman, MaeMae Whitman
Various
10
Was a recurring younger female voice for several seasons between 2008-2010.

Wild, WellesleyWellesley Wild
Various
14
No longer a recurring voice (since 2013). He was a producer, but left the show.

Wilhoit, LisaLisa Wilhoit
D'Amico, ConnieConnie D'Amico
15
Meg's bully Connie has not appeared in the series since 2013.

West, AdamAdam West
Mayor West, AdamAdam West
93
Played a warped version of himself as the mayor of Quahog. Died in 2017.

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text: The recurring guest voices include Adam Carolla as Death, Patrick Stewart as Susie Swanson, Scott Grimes as Kevin Swanson and Sanaa Lathan as Donna Tubbs Brown. Previous recurring guests included Phyllis Diller in three episodes as Peter's Mother, Thelma, and Charles Durning as Peter's father, Francis. Both characters have since died, but Durning returned once to play Francis as a ghost. Early in the show's run, Fred Willard and Jane Lynch had a recurring role as a family of nudists. James Woods as James Woods.

text: Casting changes[edit]

text:
Lacey Chabert voiced Meg for the first production season (14 episodes), but, because of a contractual agreement, was never credited.[15] Chabert left the series due to time constraints with her acting role in Party of Five, as well as schoolwork.[16]
Norm Macdonald voiced the character of Death in a second season episode of Family Guy. He was subsequently replaced by Adam Carolla in all other appearances.
Jon Cryer originally voiced Kevin Swanson in his first appearance, before the role was passed temporarily onto Seth MacFarlane. The character was written out of the series for several years, with Scott Grimes taking over the voice when the character returned.
Fairuza Balk was the original voice of high school bully Connie D'Amico until Lisa Wilhoit took over the character in the third season.

tag: ul

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Actor
Award
Category
Role
Result
Ref.

2000
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Stewie Griffin
Won
[17]

2009
Seth MacFarlane
Primetime Emmy Award
Outstanding Voice-Over Performance
Peter Griffin
Won
[18]

2006
Seth MacFarlane
Annie Award
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Stewie Griffin
Won
[19]

2007
Mila Kunis
Annie Award
Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Meg Griffin
Won
[20]


document_title: Requiem for a Dream

question_text: what drug does the mom use in requiem for a dream

text: Requiem for a Dream

text: Plot[edit]

text: During the summer in Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, widow Sara Goldfarb spends her time watching infomercials. Meanwhile, her son Harry occasionally pawns her television set to fund his, his girlfriend Marion's, and his best friend Tyrone's drug use.

text: After Sara receives a call that she has won a spot on a television game show, she becomes excited about attending it. To fit back into her red dress, the favorite of her deceased husband Seymour's, she attempts to lose weight through unsuccessful diets. At the recommendation of a friend, she visits an unscrupulous physician who prescribes her a regimen of weight-loss amphetamines. She begins losing weight, and is excited by how much energy she has.

text: Harry and Tyrone plan to sell heroin to make enough to live off; that summer, their small-time dealing business thrives. Harry and Marion plan to open up a dress shop for Marion's designs, and Tyrone dreams of escaping the ghetto to make his mother proud. Sara and her friends wait expectantly every day for the game show invitation to arrive. With the extra money, Harry stops by to tell his mother he ordered her a new television set, but when he implores her to get off the amphetamines, she confesses that the only thing she has to live for anymore is the dream of looking glamorous on a television stage, and the extra attention she receives now from her friends.

text: As Sara’s tolerance for the amphetamines increases, she craves the high she once had, while becoming frantic about the invitation. When she increases her dosage she develops amphetamine psychosis. During a drug deal, Tyrone is caught in a shootout between the two rival gangs. He flees the scene and is arrested. Harry has to use most of their earned money to post bail. The local supply of heroin becomes restricted, and they are unable to find any for either use or sale. Eventually, Tyrone hears of a large shipment coming, but the price is doubled and the minimum high. Harry, desperate, suggests Marion ask her psychiatrist, Arnold, for money in exchange for sex, straining their relationship. When the drug buy goes bad, Harry returns empty-handed to Marion. He departs after giving her the number of a pimp, Big Tim, who trades heroin for sex. Harry and Tyrone decide that to put their business back on track, they will drive to Florida to buy directly from the wholesaler there.

text: After a series of horrifying hallucinations, Sara flees her apartment for the office of the casting agency in Manhattan, to confirm when she will be on TV. She is taken away by ambulance and committed to a psychiatric ward where she is subjected to degrading treatments. When none work, the physician induces a barely lucid Sara to approve electroconvulsive therapy.

text: On the drive to Miami, Harry and Tyrone visit a hospital because of Harry's increasingly infected needle injection sites. The doctor notices the symptoms of drug abuse, and Harry and Tyrone are arrested. Back in New York, a desperate Marion has sex with the pimp to get heroin. Recognizing her addiction, he entices her with a bigger score of heroin if she returns that weekend for a party. Tyrone is taunted by racist prison guards whilst enduring manual labor. Harry’s infected arm is amputated. Sara undergoes violent electroshock therapy. Marion is humiliated as the subject of a graphic sex show.

text: When Sara's friends come to the hospital to visit, they are distraught by her almost vegetative state. Harry wakes emotionally distraught after the amputation, knowing that Marion will not be visiting him. Tyrone thinks of his mother in prison and suffers from drug withdrawal. Marion comes home from the show and lies on her sofa, clutching her score of heroin. Sara dreams that she is on television, and has won the grand prize, with Harry as the guest of honor.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ellen Burstyn as Sara Goldfarb
Jared Leto as Harry Goldfarb
Jennifer Connelly as Marion Silver
Marlon Wayans as Tyrone C. Love
Christopher McDonald as Tappy Tibbons
Mark Margolis as Mr. Rabinowitz
Louise Lasser as Ada
Marcia Jean Kurtz as Rae
Sean Gullette as Arnold, Marion's psychiatrist
Keith David as Big Tim, Marion's pimp
Dylan Baker as Southern Doctor
Ajay Naidu as Mailman
Ben Shenkman as Dr. Spencer
Hubert Selby, Jr. as Laughing guard
Darren Aronofsky (uncredited) as Visitor

text: Production[edit]

text: The film rights to Hubert Selby, Jr.'s book were optioned by Scott Vogel for Truth and Soul Pictures in 1997 prior to the release of Aronofsky's film π.

text: Themes[edit]

text: The majority of reviewers characterized Requiem for a Dream in the genre of "drug movies", along with films like The Basketball Diaries, Trainspotting, Spun, and Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.[6][7]

text: However, Aronofsky has said:[8]

text: Requiem for a Dream is not about heroin or about drugs… The Harry-Tyrone-Marion story is a very traditional heroin story. But putting it side by side with the Sara story, we suddenly say, 'Oh, my God, what is a drug?' The idea that the same inner monologue goes through a person's head when they're trying to quit drugs, as with cigarettes, as when they're trying to not eat food so they can lose 20 pounds, was really fascinating to me. I thought it was an idea that we hadn't seen on film and I wanted to bring it up on the screen.

tag: div

text: In the book, Selby refers to the "American Dream" as amorphous and unattainable, a compilation of the various desires of the story's characters.

text: Style[edit]

text:
Rapid cuts in Requiem for a Dream

Play media

One of the filmmaking techniques in Requiem for a Dream is the use of rapid cuts or a hip hop montage. Whenever the characters use street drugs, a rapid succession of images illustrates their transition from sobriety to intoxication. In this scene, Harry and Tyrone deal drugs and Marion uses cocaine while she designs clothes. The speed of the footage and the cuts alternates as the characters become intoxicated and sober.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: As in his previous film, π, Aronofsky uses montages of extremely short shots throughout the film (sometimes termed a hip hop montage).[6] While an average 100-minute film has 600 to 700 cuts, Requiem features more than 2,000. Split-screen is used extensively, along with extremely tight closeups.[6][9] Long tracking shots (including those shot with an apparatus strapping a camera to an actor, called the Snorricam) and time-lapse photography are also prominent stylistic devices.[10]

text: To portray the shift from the objective, community-based narrative to the subjective, isolated state of the characters' perspectives, Aronofsky alternates between extreme closeups and extreme distance from the action and intercuts reality with a character's fantasy.[9] Aronofsky aims to subjectivize emotion, and the effect of his stylistic choices is personalization rather than alienation.[10] The camera serves as a vehicle for exploring the characters' states of mind, hallucinations, visual distortions, and corrupted sense of time.[4]

text: The film's distancing itself from empathy is structurally advanced by the use of intertitles (Summer, Fall, Winter), marking the temporal progress of addiction.[10] The average scene length shortens as the film progresses (beginning around 90 seconds to two minutes) until the movie's climactic scenes, which are cut together very rapidly (many changes per second) and are accompanied by a score which increases in intensity accordingly. After the climax, there is a short period of serenity, during which idyllic dreams of what may have been are juxtaposed with portraits of the four shattered lives.[9]

text: Release[edit]

text: Requiem for a Dream premiered at the 2000 Cannes Film Festival on May 14, 2000 and the 2000 Toronto International Film Festival on September 13 before a wide release on October 27.

text: Rating[edit]

text: In the United States, the film was originally rated NC-17 by the MPAA, but Aronofsky appealed the rating, claiming that cutting any portion of the film would dilute its message. The appeal was denied and Artisan decided to release the film unrated.[11] An R-rated version was released on video, with the sex scene edited, but the rest of the film identical to the unrated version.

text: In the United Kingdom, the film was given an 18 certificate by the BBFC for "drug depiction, coarse language and sex".[1] In Australia the film was rated R18+ by the ACB for "drug use and adult themes".

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Requiem for a Dream received positive reviews from critics and has a "Certified Fresh" score of 78% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 133 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4 out of 10. The critical consensus states, "Though the movie may be too intense for some to stomach, the wonderful performances and the bleak imagery are hard to forget."[12] The film also has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 32 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[13] Film critic James Berardinelli considered Requiem for a Dream the second best film of the decade, behind The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.[14] Roger Ebert gave the film 3½ stars out of four, stating that "What is fascinating about Requiem for a Dream,...is how well [Aronofsky] portrays the mental states of his addicts. When they use, a window opens briefly into a world where everything is right. Then it slides shut, and life reduces itself to a search for the money and drugs to open it again."[15] Elvis Mitchell, writing for The New York Times, gave the film a positive review, stating that "After the young director's phenomenal debut with the barely budgeted Pi, which was like watching a middleweight boxer win a fight purely on reflexes, he comes back with a picture that shows maturation."[16]

text: Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian, lauded the film. "His agonising and unflinchingly grim portrait of drug abuse, taken from a novel by Hubert Selby Jr (with whom Aronofsky co-wrote the screenplay), is a formally pleasing piece of work - if pleasing can possibly be the right word."[17] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that "no one interested in the power and magic of movies should miss it."[18] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly, who gave the work an "A" grade, argued that it "may be the first movie to fully capture the way drugs dislocate us from ourselves" and said, "The movie, a full-throttle mind-bender, is hypnotically harrowing and intense, a visual and spiritual plunge into the seduction and terror of drug addiction."[19] Scott Brake of IGN gave the film a 9.0 out of 10 and argued, "The reason it works so well as a film about addiction is that, in every frame, the film itself is addictive. It's absolutely relentless, from Aronofsky's bravura cinematic techniques (split screens, complex cross-cutting schemes, hallucinatory visuals) to Clint Mansell's driving, hypnotic score (performed by the Kronos Quartet), the movie compels you to watch it."[20]

text: Some critics were less positive, however. On Mr. Showbiz, Kevin Maynard stated that the film is "never the heart-wrenching emotional experience it seems intended to be." J. Rentilly billed the work as "chilling and technically proficient and, also, fairly hollow." Desson Thompson of The Washington Post argued that its characters are "mostly relegated to human mannequins in Aronofsky's visual schemes". David Sterritt of the Christian Science Monitor wrote that "Aronofsky's filmmaking gets addicted to its own flashy cynicism".[21]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Ellen Burstyn was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as Sara Goldfarb,[22] but lost to Julia Roberts in the title role of Erin Brockovich. She was nominated for several other awards including the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role.[23]

text: In 2007, Requiem for a Dream was picked as one of the 400 nominated films for the American Film Institute list AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition).[24] In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed Requiem for a Dream as the 29th best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its members.[25] In a 2016 international critics' poll conducted by BBC, the film, Toni Erdmann and Carlos were tied together and were three voted together as the 100 greatest motion pictures since 2000.[26]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack was composed by Clint Mansell with the string ensemble performed by Kronos Quartet. The string quartet arrangements were written by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer David Lang.

text: The soundtrack was re-released with the album Requiem for a Dream: Remixed, which contains remixes of the music by Paul Oakenfold, Josh Wink, Jagz Kooner, and Delerium, among others.


document_title: World Open (snooker)

question_text: where is the snooker world open currently held

text: World Open (snooker)

text: History[edit]

text: The tournament was created in 1982 as the Professional Players Tournament by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association, in order to provide another ranking event. Ray Reardon beat Jimmy White by 10 frames to 5 in the final to win the first prize of £5,000.

text: In 1984 Rothmans started sponsoring the tournament, changing its name to the Grand Prix, and moved its venue to the Hexagon Theatre in Reading. The tournament has had various sponsors and venues since. Previous sponsors include LG Electronics, who took over in 2001 and changed the tournament's name to the LG Cup. After LG withdrew their sponsorship, the Grand Prix name was revived for 2004 and was sponsored by totesport. Between 2006 and 2008 the event was sponsored by Royal London Watches.

text: The tournament was played at the Guild hall in 1998, at the start of the snooker season, until 2005 (moving once to Telford in 2000). Prize money for 2005 totalled £400,000, with the winner receiving £60,000.

text: In its original form, the tournament had a flatter structure than most tournaments, with the top 32 players all coming in at the last 64 stage (in other tournaments there are only 16 players left when the players ranked 17–32 come in, and then the 16 winners of those matches face the top 16).

text: These facts made it more common to see surprise results than in most other tournaments, with players such as Dominic Dale, Marco Fu, Euan Henderson and Dave Harold all surprise finalists at the time. A player from outside the top 16 has reached the final roughly half the times the contest has been played. Few of those have become consistent stars, although Stephen Hendry and John Higgins took their first ranking titles in the event. In addition, over the years, many top 16 players were eliminated in the early stages of the contest. Taking the 1996 event as an extreme case, thirteen of the top sixteen seeds failed to reach the quarter final stages, and the semi-finals featured one match between two top 16 players (Mark Williams and John Parrott) and another between two unseeded players (Euan Henderson and Mark Bennett); with Bennett and Henderson respectively winning the first two quarter final matches, a surprise finalist was guaranteed before the quarter finals had been completed.

text: The event moved to Scotland at the A.E.C.C. in Aberdeen for 2006, and introduced a brand new format. Players were split into groups (8 groups of 8 in qualifying, 8 groups of 6 in the final stages) and played every other player in their group once. The top 2 players progressed; the last 16 and onwards were played as a straight knock-out.

text: This resulted in several surprise results. Little-known players such as Ben Woollaston, Jamie Jones and Issara Kachaiwong made it through qualifying, while stars such as Graeme Dott, Stephen Hendry and Shaun Murphy failed to clear their groups.

text: The format was slightly tweaked for 2007, after complaints (notably from Dennis Taylor) that the system was too random. Matches increased in length from best-of-5 to best-of-7, to give the better player more chance to win. The main tie-breaker for players level on wins was changed, with frame difference now taking precedence over results between the players who are level on points. Notably, under the 2007 format, 2006 runner-up Jamie Cope would have been eliminated in the groups, as he defeated third-placed Michael Holt but had an inferior frame-difference.

text: The 2007 event saw fewer surprises, although 2006 World Champion Graeme Dott, 1997 World Champion Ken Doherty, defending champion Neil Robertson, seven-time World Champion Stephen Hendry, six-time World Champion Steve Davis, twice World Champion Mark Williams and 2007 World Championship finalist Mark Selby were all eliminated in the groups. The format was not continued for 2008, due to dwindling ticket sales in the early rounds.

text: For 2008, the event moved to the Scottish Exhibition and Conference Centre (SECC) in Glasgow. It went back to a knock-out format with no round-robin. The last 16 and beyond however was played using a FA Cup-style draw, rather than automatically pitching higher ranked players (or their conquerors) against lower-ranked players. In 2009, the event was held in Glasgow, but at another venue, the Kelvin Hall.

text: Following Barry Hearn's takeover of the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association, the Grand Prix was reformatted and renamed to World Open.[1] The event gave a chance for amateurs to play alongside professionals.[2] The amateurs had to win 3 matches to qualify for the main draw.[3] On 9 January 2012 it was announced, that the World Open would be held in the next five years in Haikou on the Hainan Island.[4] In November 2014, it was announced that the tournament would not be held in the 2014/2015 season after the contract with the promoter was not renewed and a new venue was not found in time.[5] The event returned in the 2016/2017 season.[6]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Runner-up
Final score
Venue
Season

Professional Players Tournament

1982
 Ray Reardon
 Jimmy White
10–5
 Birmingham
1982/1983

1983
 Tony Knowles
 Joe Johnson
9–8
 Bristol
1983/1984

Grand Prix

1984
 Dennis Taylor
 Cliff Thorburn
10–2
 Reading
1984/1985

1985
 Steve Davis
 Dennis Taylor
10–9
 Reading
1985/1986

1986
 Jimmy White
 Rex Williams
10–6
 Reading
1986/1987

1987
 Stephen Hendry
 Dennis Taylor
10–7
 Reading
1987/1988

1988
 Steve Davis
 Alex Higgins
10–6
 Reading
1988/1989

1989
 Steve Davis
 Dean Reynolds
10–0
 Reading
1989/1990

1990
 Stephen Hendry
 Nigel Bond
10–5
 Reading
1990/1991

1991
 Stephen Hendry
 Steve Davis
10–6
 Reading
1991/1992

1992
 Jimmy White
 Ken Doherty
10–9
 Reading
1992/1993

1993
 Peter Ebdon
 Ken Doherty
9–6
 Reading
1993/1994

1994
 John Higgins
 Dave Harold
9–6
 Derby
1994/1995

1995
 Stephen Hendry
 John Higgins
9–5
 Sunderland
1995/1996

1996
 Mark Williams
 Euan Henderson
9–5
 Bournemouth
1996/1997

1997
 Dominic Dale
 John Higgins
9–6
 Bournemouth
1997/1998

1998
 Stephen Lee
 Marco Fu
9–2
 Preston
1998/1999

1999
 John Higgins
 Mark Williams
9–8
 Preston
1999/2000

2000
 Mark Williams
 Ronnie O'Sullivan
9–5
 Telford
2000/2001

LG Cup

2001
 Stephen Lee
 Peter Ebdon
9–4
 Preston
2001/2002

2002
 Chris Small
 Alan McManus
9–5
 Preston
2002/2003

2003
 Mark Williams
 John Higgins
9–5
 Preston
2003/2004

Grand Prix

2004
 Ronnie O'Sullivan
 Ian McCulloch
9–5
 Preston
2004/2005

2005
 John Higgins
 Ronnie O'Sullivan
9–2
 Preston
2005/2006

2006
 Neil Robertson
 Jamie Cope
9–5
 Aberdeen
2006/2007

2007
 Marco Fu
 Ronnie O'Sullivan
9–6
 Aberdeen
2007/2008

2008
 John Higgins
 Ryan Day
9–7
 Glasgow
2008/2009

2009
 Neil Robertson
 Ding Junhui
9–4
 Glasgow
2009/2010

World Open

2010
 Neil Robertson
 Ronnie O'Sullivan
5–1
 Glasgow
2010/2011

Haikou World Open

2012[7]
 Mark Allen
 Stephen Lee
10–1
 Haikou
2011/2012

2013[8]
 Mark Allen
 Matthew Stevens
10–4
 Haikou
2012/2013

2014[9]
 Shaun Murphy
 Mark Selby
10–6
 Haikou
2013/2014

World Open

2016[10]
 Ali Carter
 Joe Perry
10–8
 Yushan
2016/2017

2017
 Ding Junhui
 Kyren Wilson
10–3
 Yushan
2017/2018

text: Records[edit]

text: The 1985 final between Steve Davis and Dennis Taylor is the longest one-day final in snooker history. It lasted 10 hours and 21 minutes.[11]

text: In the 2005 final, John Higgins set two records:

text:
His century breaks in the seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth frames marked the first time a player had ever recorded centuries in four consecutive frames in a match during a ranking tournament.[12]
He scored 494 points without reply,[13] the greatest number in any professional snooker tournament at that time.[14] Currently Ronnie O'Sullivan holds the record with 556 points without reply against Ricky Walden in the 2014 Masters.[15] Higgins's tally remains the record for a ranking tournament.[16]

text: John Higgins and Stephen Hendry are the only players to have won this tournament four times each.

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: The World Open was shown live on Eurosport and Eurosport 2. It was shown on BBC One, BBC Two and BBC Red Button, but the BBC confirmed that they would not be showing the 2012 edition. ITV4 televised the event in 2013.[17]


document_title: History of mobile phones

question_text: when was the first commercial cell phone released

question_tokens: when was the first commercial cell phone released

text: History of mobile phones

text: Predecessors[edit]

text: Before the devices existed that are now referred to as mobile phones or cell phones, there were some precursors. In 1908, a Professor Albert Jahnke and the Oakland Transcontinental Aerial Telephone and Power Company claimed to have developed a wireless telephone. They were accused of fraud and the charge was then dropped, but they do not seem to have proceeded with production.[2] Beginning in 1918, the German railroad system tested wireless telephony on military trains between Berlin and Zossen.[3] In 1924, public trials started with telephone connection on trains between Berlin and Hamburg. In 1925, the company Zugtelephonie A. G. was founded to supply train telephony equipment and, in 1926, telephone service in trains of the Deutsche Reichsbahn and the German mail service on the route between Hamburg and Berlin was approved and offered to first-class travelers.[4]

text: Fiction anticipated the development of real world mobile telephones. In 1906, the English caricaturist Lewis Baumer published a cartoon in Punch magazine entitled "Forecasts for 1907" in which he showed a man and a woman in London's Hyde Park each separately engaged in gambling and dating on wireless telephony equipment.[5] Then, in 1926, the artist Karl Arnold created a visionary cartoon about the use of mobile phones in the street, in the picture "wireless telephony", published in the German satirical magazine Simplicissimus.[6]

text: The Second World War made military use of radio telephony links. Hand-held radio transceivers have been available since the 1940s. Mobile telephones for automobiles became available from some telephone companies in the 1940s. Early devices were bulky, consumed high power, and the network supported only a few simultaneous conversations. Modern cellular networks allow automatic and pervasive use of mobile phones for voice and data communications.

text: In the United States, engineers from Bell Labs began work on a system to allow mobile users to place and receive telephone calls from automobiles, leading to the inauguration of mobile service on 17 June 1946 in St. Louis, Missouri. Shortly after, AT&T offered Mobile Telephone Service. A wide range of mostly incompatible mobile telephone services offered limited coverage area and only a few available channels in urban areas. The introduction of cellular technology, which allowed re-use of frequencies many times in small adjacent areas covered by relatively low powered transmitters, made widespread adoption of mobile telephones economically feasible.

text: In the USSR, Leonid Kupriyanovich, an engineer from Moscow, in 1957-1961 developed and presented a number of experimental models of handheld mobile phones. The weight of one model, presented in 19kdn61, was only 70 g and could fit on a palm.[7][8] However, in the USSR the decision at first to develop the system of the automobile "Altai" phone was made.[9]

text: In 1965, Bulgarian company "Radioelektronika" presented on the Inforga-65 international exhibition in Moscow the mobile automatic phone combined with a base station. Solutions of this phone were based on a system developed by Leonid Kupriyanovich. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to 15 customers.[10]

text: The advances in mobile telephony can be traced in successive generations from the early "0G" services like MTS and its successor Improved Mobile Telephone Service, to first-generation (1G) analog cellular network, second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks, third-generation (3G) broadband data services to the state-of-the-art, fourth-generation (4G) native-IP networks.

text: Early services[edit]

text: MTS[edit]

text: In 1949, AT&T commercialized Mobile Telephone Service. From its start in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1946, AT&T introduced Mobile Telephone Service to one hundred towns and highway corridors by 1948. Mobile Telephone Service was a rarity with only 5,000 customers placing about 30,000 calls each week. Calls were set up manually by an operator and the user had to depress a button on the handset to talk and release the button to listen. The call subscriber equipment weighed about 80 lb.[11]

text: Subscriber growth and revenue generation were hampered by the constraints of the technology. Because only three radio channels were available, only three customers in any given city could make mobile telephone calls at one time.[12] Mobile Telephone Service was expensive, costing 15 USD per month, plus 0.30 to 0.40 USD per local call, equivalent to about 176 USD per month and 3.50 to 4.75 per call in 2012 USD.[11]

text: In the UK, there was also a vehicle-based system called "Post Office Radiophone Service,"[13] which was launched around the city of Manchester in 1959, and although it required callers to speak to an operator, it was possible to be put through to any subscriber in Great Britain. The service was extended to London in 1965 and other major cities in 1972.

text: IMTS[edit]

text: AT&T introduced the first major improvement to mobile telephony in 1965, giving the improved service the obvious name of Improved Mobile Telephone Service. IMTS used additional radio channels, allowing more simultaneous calls in a given geographic area, introduced customer dialing, eliminating manual call setup by an operator, and reduced the size and weight of the subscriber equipment.[11]

text: Despite the capacity improvement offered by IMTS, demand outstripped capacity. In agreement with state regulatory agencies, AT&T limited the service to just 40,000 customers system wide. In New York City, for example, 2,000 customers shared just 12 radio channels and typically had to wait 30 minutes to place a call.[11]

text: Radio Common Carrier[edit]

text: Radio Common Carrier[14] or RCC was a service introduced in the 1960s by independent telephone companies to compete against AT&T's IMTS. RCC systems used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. RCC based services were provided until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete.

text: Some RCC systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent carriers to use their facilities, but equipment used by RCCs did not allow the equivalent of modern "roaming" because technical standards were not uniform. For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska–based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. Roaming was not encouraged, in part, because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used two-tone sequential paging to alert a mobile of an incoming call. Other systems used DTMF. Some used Secode 2805, which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk LOMO equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets and rotary dials or pushbutton pads, and operated full duplex like a conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (radically advanced for their day)

text: At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of the common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers.

text: Other services[edit]

text: In 1969 Penn Central Railroad equipped commuter trains along the 360 km New York-Washington route with special pay phones that allowed passengers to place telephone calls while the train was moving. The system re-used six frequencies in the 450 MHz band in nine sites.[12]

text: In the UK, Channel Islands and elsewhere the "Rabbit" phone system was briefly used, being a hybrid of "cell" base stations and handsets. One major limitation was that you had to be less than 300 feet (closer with buildings) from a base due to power limitations on a portable device. [15][better source needed] With modern technology a similar variant is being considered for Apple's new 4G "smart watch" so they can be used in large events in a broadly similar way to a femtocell.

text: European mobile radio networks[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In Europe, several mutually incompatible mobile radio services were developed.

text: In 1966 Norway had a system called OLT which was manually controlled. Finland's ARP, launched in 1971, was also manual as was the Swedish MTD. All were replaced by the automatic NMT, (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system in the early 1980s.

text: In July 1971 Readycall was introduced in London by Burndept after obtaining a special concession to break the Post Office monopoly to allow selective calling to mobiles of calls from the public telephone system. This system was available to the public for a subscription of £16 month. A year later the service was extended to two other UK towns.[16]

text: West Germany had a network called A-Netz launched in 1952 as the country's first public commercial mobile phone network. In 1972 this was displaced by B-Netz which connected calls automatically.

text: The cellular concept[edit]

text: In December 1947, Douglas H. Ring and W. Rae Young, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for mobile phones in vehicles.[17] At this stage, the technology to implement these ideas did not exist, nor had the frequencies been allocated. Two decades would pass before Richard H. Frenkiel, Joel S. Engel and Philip T. Porter of Bell Labs expanded the early proposals into a much more detailed system plan. It was Porter who first proposed that the cell towers use the now-familiar directional antennas to reduce interference and increase channel reuse (see picture at right)[18] Porter also invented the dial-then-send method used by all cell phones to reduce wasted channel time.

text: In all these early examples, a mobile phone had to stay within the coverage area serviced by one base station throughout the phone call, i.e. there was no continuity of service as the phones moved through several cell areas. The concepts of frequency reuse and handoff, as well as a number of other concepts that formed the basis of modern cell phone technology, were described in the late 1960s, in papers by Frenkiel and Porter. In 1970 Amos E. Joel, Jr., a Bell Labs engineer,[19] invented a "three-sided trunk circuit" to aid in the "call handoff" process from one cell to another. His patent contained an early description of the Bell Labs cellular concept, but as switching systems became faster, such a circuit became unnecessary and was never implemented in a system.

text: A cellular telephone switching plan was described by Fluhr and Nussbaum in 1973,[20] and a cellular telephone data signaling system was described in hipatitas by Hachenburg et al.[21]

text: Emergence of automated services[edit]

text: The first fully automated mobile phone system for vehicles was launched in Sweden in 1956. Named MTA (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allowed calls to be made and received in the car using a rotary dial. The car phone could also be paged. Calls from the car were direct dial, whereas incoming calls required an operator to locate the nearest base station to the car. It was developed by Sture Laurén and other engineers at Televerket network operator. Ericsson provided the switchboard while Svenska Radioaktiebolaget (SRA) and Marconi provided the telephones and base station equipment. MTA phones consisted of vacuum tubes and relays, and weighed 40 kg. In 1962, an upgraded version called Mobile System B (MTB) was introduced. This was a push-button telephone, and used transistors and DTMF signaling to improve its operational reliability. In 1971 the MTD version was launched, opening for several different brands of equipment and gaining commercial success.[22][23] The network remained open until 1983 and still had 600 customers when it closed.

text: In 1958 development began on a similar system for motorists in the USSR.[24] The "Altay" national civil mobile phone service was based on Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The main developers of the Altay system were the Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications (VNIIS) and the State Specialized Project Institute (GSPI). In 1963 the service started in Moscow, and by 1970 was deployed in 30 cities across the USSR. Versions of the Altay system are still in use today as a trunking system in some parts of Russia.

text: In 1959 a private telephone company in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone Company, (still in business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment and a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks, and automobiles. For some as yet unknown reason, the system, after being placed online and operated for a very brief time period, was shut down. The management of the company was immediately changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was immediately dismantled in early 1960, not to be seen again.[citation needed]

text: In 1966, Bulgaria presented the pocket mobile automatic phone RAT-0,5 combined with a base station RATZ-10 (RATC-10) on Interorgtechnika-66 international exhibition. One base station, connected to one telephone wire line, could serve up to six customers ("Radio" magazine, 2, 1967; "Novosti dnya" newsreel, 37, 1966).

text: One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network in Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation (0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage networks.[citation needed]

text: Handheld mobile phone[edit]

text: Prior to 1973, mobile telephony was limited to phones installed in cars and other vehicles.[19] Motorola was the first company to produce a handheld mobile phone. On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a Motorola researcher and executive, made the first mobile telephone call from handheld subscriber equipment, placing a call to Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs, his rival.[25][26] The prototype handheld phone used by Dr. Cooper weighed 1.1 kg (2.42 lb) and measured 23 cm long, 13 cm deep and 4.45 cm wide. The prototype offered a talk time of just 30 minutes and took 10 hours to re-charge.[27]

text: John F. Mitchell,[28][29][30] Motorola's chief of portable communication products and Cooper's boss in 1973, played a key role in advancing the development of handheld mobile telephone equipment. Mitchell successfully pushed Motorola to develop wireless communication products that would be small enough to use anywhere and participated in the design of the cellular phone.[31][32]

text: The early generations[edit]

text: Newer technology has been developed and rolled out in a series of waves or generations. The "generation" terminology only became widely used when 3G was launched, but is now used retroactively when referring to the earlier systems.

text: 1G – Analogue cellular[edit]

text: First automatic analogue cellular systems deployed were NTT's system first used in Tokyo in 1979, later spreading to the whole of Japan, and NMT in the Nordic countries in 1981.

text: The first analogue cellular system widely deployed in North America was the Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).[33] It was commercially introduced in the Americas in 13 October 1983, Israel in 1986, and Australia in 1987. AMPS was a pioneering technology that helped drive mass market usage of cellular technology, but it had several serious issues by modern standards. It was unencrypted and easily vulnerable to eavesdropping via a scanner; it was susceptible to cell phone "cloning" and it used a Frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) scheme and required significant amounts of wireless spectrum to support.

text: On 6 March 1983, the DynaTAC 8000X mobile phone launched on the first US 1G network by Ameritech. It cost $100m to develop, and took over a decade to reach the market.[34] The phone had a talk time of just thirty-five minutes and took ten hours to charge. Consumer demand was strong despite the battery life, weight, and low talk time, and waiting lists were in the thousands.[35][36]

text: Many of the iconic early commercial cell phones such as the Motorola DynaTAC Analog AMPS were eventually superseded by Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in 1990, and AMPS service was shut down by most North American carriers by 2008.

text: In February 1986 Australia launched its Cellular Telephone System by Telecom Australia. Peter Reedman was the first Telecom Customer to be connected on 6 January 1986 along with five other subscribers as test customers prior to the official launch date of 28 February.

text: 2G – Digital cellular[edit]

text: In the 1990s, the 'second generation' mobile phone systems emerged. Two systems competed for supremacy in the global market: the European developed GSM standard and the U.S. developed CDMA standard. These differed from the previous generation by using digital instead of analog transmission, and also fast out-of-band phone-to-network signaling. The rise in mobile phone usage as a result of 2G was explosive and this era also saw the advent of prepaid mobile phones.

text: In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) launched in Finland. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher than those in America, though with some overlap. For example, the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe, so the 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for the 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels.

text: In 1993, IBM Simon was introduced. This was possibly the world's first smartphone. It was a mobile phone, pager, fax machine, and PDA all rolled into one. It included a calendar, address book, clock, calculator, notepad, email, and a touchscreen with a QWERTY keyboard.[37] The IBM Simon had a stylus you used to tap the touch screen with. It featured predictive typing that would guess the next characters as you tapped. It had applications, or at least a way to deliver more features by plugging a PCMCIA 1.8 MB memory card into the phone.[38] Coinciding with the introduction of 2G systems was a trend away from the larger "brick" phones toward tiny 100 – 200 gram hand-held devices. This change was possible not only through technological improvements such as more advanced batteries and more energy-efficient electronics, but also because of the higher density of cell sites to accommodate increasing usage. The latter meant that the average distance transmission from phone to the base station shortened, leading to increased battery life while on the move.

text: The second generation introduced a new variant of communication called SMS or text messaging. It was initially available only on GSM networks but spread eventually on all digital networks. The first machine-generated SMS message was sent in the UK on 3 December 1992 followed in 1993 by the first person-to-person SMS sent in Finland. The advent of prepaid services in the late 1990s soon made SMS the communication method of choice among the young, a trend which spread across all ages.

text: 2G also introduced the ability to access media content on mobile phones. In 1998 the first downloadable content sold to mobile phones was the ring tone, launched by Finland's Radiolinja (now Elisa). Advertising on the mobile phone first appeared in Finland when a free daily SMS news headline service was launched in 2000, sponsored by advertising.

text: Mobile payments were trialed in 1998 in Finland and Sweden where a mobile phone was used to pay for a Coca-Cola vending machine and car parking. Commercial launches followed in 1999 in Norway. The first commercial payment system to mimic banks and credit cards was launched in the Philippines in 1999 simultaneously by mobile operators Globe and Smart.

text: The first full internet service on mobile phones was introduced by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in 1999.

text: 3G – Mobile broadband[edit]

text: As the use of 2G phones became more widespread and people began to use mobile phones in their daily lives, it became clear that demand for data (such as access to browse the internet) was growing. Further, experience from fixed broadband services showed there would also be an ever-increasing demand for greater data speeds. The 2G technology was nowhere near up to the job, so the industry began to work on the next generation of technology known as 3G. The main technological difference that distinguishes 3G technology from 2G technology is the use of packet switching rather than circuit switching for data transmission.[39] In addition, the standardization process focused on requirements more than technology (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example).

text: Inevitably this led to many competing standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies, and the vision of a single unified worldwide standard looked far from reality. The standard 2G CDMA networks became 3G compliant with the adoption of Revision A to EV-DO, which made several additions to the protocol while retaining backwards compatibility:

text:
Introduction of several new forward link data rates that increase the maximum burst rate from 2.45 Mbit/s to 3.1 Mbit/s
Protocols that would decrease connection establishment time
Ability for more than one mobile to share the same time slot
Introduction of QoS flags

text: All these were put in place to allow for low latency, low bit rate communications such as VoIP.[40]

text: The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on 1 October 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the US. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further eight commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.

text: During the development of 3G systems, 2.5G systems such as CDMA2000 1x and GPRS were developed as extensions to existing 2G networks. These provide some of the features of 3G without fulfilling the promised high data rates or full range of multimedia services. CDMA2000-1X delivers theoretical maximum data speeds of up to 307 kbit/s. Just beyond these is the EDGE system which in theory covers the requirements for 3G system, but is so narrowly above these that any practical system would be sure to fall short.

text: The high connection speeds of 3G technology enabled a transformation in the industry: for the first time, media streaming of radio (and even television) content to 3G handsets became possible,[41] with companies such as RealNetworks[42] and Disney[43] among the early pioneers in this type of offering.

text: In the mid-2000s (decade), an evolution of 3G technology began to be implemented, namely High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). It is an enhanced 3G (third generation) mobile telephony communications protocol in the High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) family, also coined 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G, which allows networks based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity. Current HSDPA deployments support down-link speeds of 1.8, 3.6, 7.2 and 14.0 Mbit/s.

text: By the end of 2007, there were 295 million subscribers on 3G networks worldwide, which reflected 9% of the total worldwide subscriber base. About two thirds of these were on the WCDMA standard and one third on the EV-DO standard. The 3G telecoms services generated over $120 billion of revenues during 2007 and at many markets the majority of new phones activated were 3G phones. In Japan and South Korea the market no longer supplies phones of the second generation.

text: Although mobile phones had long had the ability to access data networks such as the Internet, it was not until the widespread availability of good quality 3G coverage in the mid-2000s (decade) that specialized devices appeared to access the mobile web. The first such devices, known as "dongles", plugged directly into a computer through the USB port. Another new class of device appeared subsequently, the so-called "compact wireless router" such as the Novatel MiFi, which makes 3G Internet connectivity available to multiple computers simultaneously over Wi-Fi, rather than just to a single computer via a USB plug-in.

text: Such devices became especially popular for use with laptop computers due to the added portability they bestow. Consequently, some computer manufacturers started to embed the mobile data function directly into the laptop so a dongle or MiFi wasn't needed. Instead, the SIM card could be inserted directly into the device itself to access the mobile data services. Such 3G-capable laptops became commonly known as "netbooks". Other types of data-aware devices followed in the netbook's footsteps. By the beginning of 2010, E-readers, such as the Amazon Kindle and the Nook from Barnes & Noble, had already become available with embedded wireless Internet, and Apple had announced plans for embedded wireless Internet on its iPad tablet devices later that year.

text: 4G – Native IP networks[edit]

text: By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications like streaming media.[44] Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized 4th-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to 10-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard (offered in the U.S. by Sprint) and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.

text: One of the main ways in which 4G differed technologically from 3G was in its elimination of circuit switching, instead employing an all-IP network. Thus, 4G ushered in a treatment of voice calls just like any other type of streaming audio media, utilizing packet switching over Internet, LAN or WAN networks via VoIP.[45]

text: Mobile device charger standards[edit]

text:
USB power standards for mobile charger

Port
Current
Voltage
Power (max)

Micro-USB
500 mA
5 V
2.5 W

1 A
5 V
5 W

2 A
5 V
10 W

Type-C[46]
100 mA to 3 A
5 V
15 W

1.7 A to 3 A
9 V
27 W

1.8 A to 3 A
15 V
45 W

2.25 A to 5 A
20 V
100 W

text: Before a universal charger standard was agreed upon in the late 2000s users needed an adaptor which was often the same brand as their phone to recharge the battery.

text: In China[edit]

text: As of 14 June 2007[update], all new mobile phones applying for a license in China are required to use a USB port as a power port for battery charging.[47][48] This was the first standard to use the convention of shorting D+ and D−.[49]

text: OMTP/GSMA Universal Charging Solution[edit]

text: In September 2007, the Open Mobile Terminal Platform group (a forum of mobile network operators and manufacturers such as Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and LG) announced that its members had agreed on Micro-USB as the future common connector for mobile devices.[50][51]

text: The GSM Association (GSMA) followed suit on 17 February 2009,[52][52][53][54][55] and on 22 April 2009, this was further endorsed by the CTIA – The Wireless Association,[56] with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announcing on 22 October 2009 that it had also embraced the Universal Charging Solution as its "energy-efficient one-charger-fits-all new mobile phone solution," and added: "Based on the Micro-USB interface, UCS chargers will also include a 4-star or higher efficiency rating—up to three times more energy-efficient than an unrated charger."[57]

text: EU smartphone power supply standard[edit]

text: In June 2009, many of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed an EC-sponsored Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), agreeing to make most data-enabled mobile phones marketed in the European Union compatible with a common External Power Supply (common EPS). The EU's common EPS specification (EN 62684:2010) references the USB Battery Charging Specification and is similar to the GSMA/OMTP and Chinese charging solutions.[58][59] In January 2011, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) released its version of the (EU's) common EPS standard as IEC 62684:2011.[60]

text: Satellite mobile[edit]

text: As well as the now-common cellular phone, there is also the very different approach of connecting directly from the handset to an Earth-orbiting satellite. Such mobile phones can be used in remote areas out of reach of wired networks or where construction of a cellular network is uneconomic.

text: The Inmarsat system is the oldest, originally developed in 1979 for safety of life at sea, and uses a series of satellites in geostationary orbits to cover the majority of the globe. Several smaller operators use the same approach with just one or two satellites to provide a regional service. An alternative approach is to use a series of low Earth orbit satellites much closer to Earth. This is the basis of the Iridium and Globalstar satellite phone services.


document_title: List of Degrassi soundtracks

question_text: who sings the theme song for degrassi the next generation

text: List of Degrassi soundtracks

text: This is a list of Degrassi soundtracks.

text:
Season
Album
Release date

Season 4
Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation
1 November 2005

Season 5
The N Soundtrack
1 August 2006

Season 7
Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation
2 December 2008

Season 8
Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie
4 August 2009

Season 9
Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is On
13 July 2010

Season 10
Degrassi: The Boiling Point
1 February 2011

text: Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation[edit]

text:
Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
1 November 2005 (2005-11-01)

Genre
Pop/Punk/Alternative Rock

Length
51:38

Label
Orange Record Label

Degrassi chronology

Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation
The N SoundtrackString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found

text: Songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi: The Next Generation. It was released as a digital download on 1 November 2005, following the fourth season, and as a CD on 8 January 2007.[1][2]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Degrassi: The Next Generation Theme"
Jakalope
0:55

2.
"Heartbreaker"
Tuuli
3:20

3.
"Beautifully Undone"
Lindy
3:24

4.
"Midnite Rider"
Supergarage
3:31

5.
"Secret Splendor"
Buck 65
5:02

6.
"Hard Road"
Sam Roberts
4:07

7.
"Rooftop"
Melissa McClelland
5:13

8.
"Suburbs"
Junior Achiever
3:30

9.
"Feel It"
Jakalope
3:56

10.
"I Don't Want to Be Me"
Amanda Clemens
3:52

11.
"White Lightning"
The Premiums
3:22

12.
"Down and Out"
Evren
3:44

13.
"Just Jane"
Christopher Rouse
4:30

14.
"Degrassi: The Next Generation Theme (extended version)"
The Degrassi Junior Strings
3:12

Total length:
51:38

text: The N Soundtrack[edit]

text: Released following the fifth season, in 2006, The N Soundtrack contains songs from Degrassi: The Next Generation, including the first recording by Degrassi actor turned rapper Drake, and other shows airing on The N and CTV.

text: Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation[edit]

text:
Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
2 December 2008 (2008-12-02)

Genre
Pop/Punk/Alternative Rock

Length
41:33 (Canada)
47:24 (US iTunes)

Label
Sall Entertainment Group / Fontana North

Degrassi chronology

The N SoundtrackString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found
Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation
Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original MovieString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found

text: Music from Degrassi: The Next Generation is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi: The Next Generation. It was released as a digital download on 2 December 2008, following the seventh season, and as a CD on 9 December 2008.[3][4][5]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Misery Business"
Paramore
3:30

2.
"Face Down"
The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus
3:09

3.
"Neighbors"
The Academy Is...
3:09

4.
"All Time Lows"
Hellogoodbye
2:44

5.
"Pocketful of Sunshine"
Natasha Bedingfield
3:43

6.
"My Window"
Jake Epstein
2:36

7.
"(Let's Get Movin') Into Action"
Skye Sweetnam
3:41

8.
"More Than a Friend"
All Too Much
4:20

9.
"How Long"
Army of Me
3:34

10.
"Come One, Come All"
All Time Low
3:32

11.
"Rock My Body"
The Higher
3:31

12.
"Bodies and Words"
Silverstein
3:13

13.
"Degrassi Theme Song"
Jakalope
0:51

text:
[show]US iTunes Store bonus tracks

No.
Title
Artist
Length

14.
"Tell Me Lies"
Soundtrack & Melissa McIntyre
1:11

15.
"Degrassi Theme (remix)"
Soundtrack & Jakalope
4:40

text: Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie[edit]

text: During the eighth season, in 2009, Degrassi Goes Hollywood: Music from the Original Movie was released to coincide with the Degrassi Goes Hollywood film.

text: Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is On[edit]

text: During the ninth season, in 2010, Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is On (Music from the Original Movie) was released to coincide with the Degrassi Takes Manhattan film.

text: Degrassi: The Boiling Point[edit]

text:
Degrassi: The Boiling Point (Music from the Series)

Soundtrack album by various artists

Released
1 February 2011 (2011-02-01)

Genre
Pop/Alternative

Length
34:44

Label
Sall Entertainment Group

Degrassi chronology

Degrassi Takes Manhattan: The Heat Is OnString Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found
Degrassi: The Boiling Point

text: Degrassi: The Boiling Point (Music from the Series) (simply Degrassi: The Boiling Point in Canada) is a soundtrack album from the television series Degrassi. It was released as a digital download on 1 February 2011, following the first half of the tenth season, and as a CD on 22 February 2011.[6][7][8]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Balls"
Stefan Brogren, Melinda Shankar, & Spencer Van Wyck
0:15

2.
"Believe"
Moneen
3:30

3.
"One of Those Pregnant Teenagers"
Melinda Shankar & Jessica Tyler
0:19

4.
"Mr. Perfect"
Jessica Tyler
2:27

5.
"Concert of the Century"
Munro Chambers, Raymond Ablack, & Jordan Todosey
0:17

6.
"Don't Say Love (Ralph Sall edit)"
All Too Much
2:23

7.
"Stranger to Me"
Hannah Georgas
3:06

8.
"I'm a Young Adult"
Raymond Ablack
0:43

9.
"The Good Times"
Royalchord
4:07

10.
"The Girlfriend Label"
Luke Bilyk & Melinda Shankar
0:20

11.
"Hand to Hold"
Adaline
2:53

12.
"That is Pandemic!"
Raymond Ablack & Charlotte Arnold
0:12

13.
"Whitehorse"
Raymond Ablack & Jessica Tyler
1:35

14.
"Scream at the Top of Your Lungs"
Munro Chambers & Aislinn Paul
0:36

15.
"Carjack My Heart"
Dance Movie
2:30

16.
"Just A Girl"
Jessica Tyler
2:25

17.
"Last Night Was Epic!"
Munro Chambers, Jordan Todosey, & Raymond Ablack
0:28

18.
"Paisley Jacket"
The Dead Hand
3:01

19.
"Sammy Decter"
Eve and the Ocean
3:27

20.
"Big Changes"
Stefan Brogren
0:10

Total length:
34:44


document_title: Ice Age (franchise)

question_text: when did the first ice age come out

question_tokens: when did the first ice age come out

text: Ice Age (franchise)

text: Films

text: Ice Age (2002)

text: Sid, a talkative sloth, is left behind by his family and the herds of mammals journeying to the south. He meets Manny, a mammoth who travels to the north, and decides to follow him. When a humans' camp is attacked by tigers, a woman takes her baby and jumps into a river and falls over a waterfall. Before she disappears, the baby is rescued by Manny and Sid. The two animals decide to search for the father and return the baby to him. Diego, one of the tigers that attacked the humans, comes also claiming the baby, and the trio form an uneasy alliance during their journey to the humans.

text: Ice Age: The Meltdown (2006)

text: Manny, Sid, and Diego are currently living in a large valley surrounded by an enormously high ice wall on all sides. However, the trio discovers that the ice wall is actually a wall that is barely holding a massive body of water that could flood the valley to nearly a mile underwater. A vulture tells them that there is a boat at the other end of the valley that may save them all, but they only have three days to reach it or die. Manny is also having trouble fearing the fact that he may be the last mammoth left. Along the way, they meet Ellie, a mammoth who thinks she is a possum, and her possum brothers Crash and Eddie. As they begin to travel together, Manny learns, with help from Diego and Sid, that he must move on from his past. During their journey, Scrat the sabre-toothed squirrel has his own adventure.

text: Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs (2009)

text: Manny and Ellie are expecting their first child, meanwhile Scrat falls in love with fellow squirrel Scratte. Meanwhile, Diego is anxious about settling down for a domestic life with Manny's new family. Sid begins to wish for a family of his own, and steals some dinosaur eggs which leads to Sid ending up in a strange underground world where his herd must rescue him. The herd also meets an insane one-eyed weasel known as Buck who aids them on their quest.

text: Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012)

text: Taking place several years after the events of the third film, with Peaches now a teenager, Scrat's pursuit of acorns has world-changing consequences, separating Manny, Sid and Diego from the rest of their group. As they try to return home, they come into conflict with a pirate gang led by Captain Gutt.

text: Ice Age: Collision Course (2016)

text: Set after the events of Continental Drift, Scrat's pursuit of his elusive acorn catapults him outside of Earth aboard a UFO, where he accidentally sets off a series of cosmic events that transform and threaten the planet. To save themselves from peril, Manny, Sid, Diego, and the rest of the herd leave their home and reunite with Buck, who leads them on a journey to find a way to save the planet.

text: Future

text: On the possibility of a potential sequel to Ice Age: Collision Course, in June 2016, Galen T. Chu, co-director of the film, stated that there were some ideas for the next installment.[6] In July 2016, Bustle noted that the potential of Ice Age 6 actually being produced was relatively high even though it could largely depend on the box office performance of the fifth film.[7] PopWrapped later commented in February 2017, on the fifth film's poor reception and how the franchise was moving further into absurdity and further away from leaving any lasting emotional impact on the audience, and stated that the sixth film could have potential to redeem the franchise by going back to its roots and reintroducing the humans from the original film, particularly the little baby named Roshan, and thereby bring the audience to remember why they loved Ice Age so much in the first place, and perhaps end the series on a high note.[8]

text: Short films

text: Gone Nutty

text: Gone Nutty is a 2002 animated short film, directed by Carlos Saldanha, and originally released on the Ice Age DVD.[9] The short features the character Scrat, who is yet again having troubles with collecting his beloved acorns. The film was nominated for the 2003 Academy Award for Animated Short Film.[10]

text: No Time for Nuts

text: No Time for Nuts is a 2006 animated short film, directed by Chris Renaud and Mike Thurmeier, and it was originally released on the Ice Age: The Meltdown DVD.[11] The short follows Scrat on a chase after his nut, which has been accidentally sent back in time by a frozen time machine. No Time for Nuts was nominated for the 2007 Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.[12]

text: Surviving Sid

text: Surviving Sid is a 2008 animated short film, directed by Galen Tan Chu and Karen Disher. It was originally released on the Horton Hears a Who! DVD and Blu-ray.[13] Unlike the first two Ice Age short films, Surviving Sid focuses on Sid, who incompetently "leads" a small group of camping children.

text: Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe

text: Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe is a 2015 animated short film. The short once again follows Scrat, who discovers a flying saucer frozen in a block of ice and accidentally powers it on and ends up creating the Solar System through a series of mishaps.

text: Scrat: Spaced Out

text: Scrat: Spaced Out is a 2016 animated short film. The short once again follows Scrat, trying to get back to Earth after the events in Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe.

text: Television specials

text: Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas

text: In the middle of decorating for the holiday season, Sid accidentally destroys Manny's favourite decorations. Sid, convinced by Manny that he is now on Santa's naughty list, takes off with Crash, Eddie and Peaches for the North Pole to get back on the Santa's good side. When on the North Pole, Sid and his crew accidentally destroy Santa's Workshop. When Manny, Ellie and Diego, worried over Peaches's safety, arrive at the North Pole, they must come together and save Christmas.[14]

text: Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade

text: The special centers on a harried prehistoric bird mom who entrusts her precious, soon-to-hatch egg to Sid. When she recommends him to her neighbors—a condor mother, Cholly Bear and Gladys Glypto—business booms at his new egg-sitting service.

text: However, dastardly pirate bunny Squint, who is seeking revenge on the herd, steals, camouflages and hides all the eggs. Once again, with Squint’s twin brother, Clint, assisting, Manny, Diego and the rest of the gang come to the rescue and take off on a daring mission that turns into the world’s first Easter egg hunt.

text: Cast

text: Feature films

text:
Characters
Ice Age
Ice Age:
The Meltdown
Ice Age:
Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Ice Age:
Continental Drift
Ice Age:
Collision Course

2002
2006
2009
2012
2016

Principal characters

Manny
Ray Romano

Sid
John Leguizamo

Diego
Denis Leary

Scrat
Chris Wedge

Ellie

Queen Latifah

Crash

Seann William Scott

Eddie

Josh Peck

Buck

Simon Pegg
Simon Pegg
(archive recording)
Simon Pegg

Peaches

Character is mute
Keke Palmer

Granny

Wanda Sykes

Shira

Jennifer Lopez

Julian

Adam DeVine

Supporting characters

Roshan
Tara Strong

Soto
Goran Višnjić

Zeke
Jack Black

Oscar
Diedrich Bader

Lenny
Alan Tudyk

Carl
Cedric the Entertainer

Frank
Stephen Root

Fast Tony

Jay Leno

The Lone Gunslinger

Will Arnett

Cretaceous

Character is mute

Maelstrom

Character is mute

Scratte

Karen Disher

Rudy

Character is mute

Momma

Character is mute

Egbert, Yoko and Shelly

Carlos Saldanha

Louis

Josh Gad
Silent cameo

Captain Gutt

Peter Dinklage

Squint

Aziz Ansari

Flynn

Nick Frost

Raz

Rebel Wilson

Gupta

Kunal Nayyar

Silas

Alain Chabat

Ariscratle

Patrick Stewart

Milton

Alan Tudyk

Eunice

Joy Behar

Marshall

Ben Gleib

Uncle Fungus

Eddie "Piolín" Sotelo

Ethan

Drake

Steffie

Nicki Minaj

Katie

Heather Morris

Meghan

Alexandra Romano

Roger

Max Greenfield

Gavin

Nick Offerman

Gertie

Stephanie Beatriz

Shangri Llama

Jesse Tyler Ferguson

Brooke

Jessie J

Teddy

Michael Strahan

Francine

Melissa Rauch

text: Short films

text:
Characters
Gone Nutty
No Time for Nuts
Surviving Sid
Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe
Scrat: Spaced Out

2002
2006
2008
2015
2016

Scrat
Chris Wedge

Sid

Silent cameo
John Leguizamo

Claire

Emily Osment

Cindy

Maria Lark

Manny

Silent cameo

Ray Romano

Diego

Denis Leary

Scratazons

Karen Disher

text: Television specials

text:
Characters
Ice Age:
A Mammoth Christmas
Ice Age:
The Great Egg-Scapade

2011
2016

Manny
Ray Romano

Sid
John Leguizamo

Diego
Denis Leary

Scrat
Chris Wedge

Ellie
Queen Latifah

Crash
Seann William Scott

Eddie
Josh Peck

Peaches
Ciara Bravo
Keke Palmer

Santa Claus
Billy Gardell

Prancer
T.J. Miller

Ethel

Taraji P. Henson

Squint

Seth Green

Clint

Blake Anderson

text: Crew

text:
Film
Director(s)
Producer(s)
Executive producer(s)
Writer(s)
Composer
Editor(s)

Ice Age
Chris Wedge
co-directed by: Carlos Saldanha
Lori Forte
Chris Meledandri
screenplay: Michael Berg, Michael J. Wilson and Peter Ackerman
story: Michael J. Wilson
David Newman
John Carnochan

Ice Age: The Meltdown
Carlos Saldanha
Chris Meledandri & Chris Wedge
screenplay: Peter Gaulke, Gerry Swallow and Jim Hecht
story: Peter Gaulke & Gerry Swallow
John Powell
Harry Hitner

Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
Carlos Saldanha
co-directed by: Mike Thurmeier
Lori Forte & John C. Donkin
Chris Wedge
screenplay: Michael Berg, Peter Ackerman, Mike Reiss and Yoni Brenner
story: Jason Carter Eaton

Ice Age: Continental Drift
Steve Martino & Mike Thurmeier
Chris Wedge[15] & Carlos Saldanha
screenplay: Michael Berg & Jason Fuchs
story: Michael Berg & Lori Forte
James M. Palumbo & David Ian Salter

Ice Age: Collision Course
Mike Thurmeier
co-directed by: Galen T. Chu
Lori Forte
screenplay: Michael J. Wilson, Michael Berg and Yoni Brenner
story: Aubrey Solomon
John Debney
James M. Palumbo

text: Reception

text: Box office performance

text: All five films, produced on a total budget of $429 million, have grossed over $3.2 billion worldwide, making Ice Age the 15th highest-grossing franchise of all time, and the second highest-grossing animated franchise worldwide behind Shrek.[16] The first four films were the highest-grossing animated films in each year they were released, and among the eight highest-grossing films in their respective release years.[17][18][19][20]

text:
Film
Release date
Box office gross
Box office ranking
Budget
Ref(s)

North America
Other territories
Worldwide
All time
North America
All time
worldwide

Ice Age
March 15, 2002
$176,387,405
$206,869,731
$383,257,136
#189
#193
$59 million
[21]

Ice Age: The Meltdown
March 31, 2006
$195,330,621
$465,610,159
$660,940,780
#148
#70
$80 million
[22]

Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
July 1, 2009
$196,573,705
$690,113,112
$886,686,817
#147
#30
$90 million
[23]

Ice Age: Continental Drift
July 13, 2012
$161,321,843
$715,922,939
$877,244,782
#225
#32
$95 million
[24]

Ice Age: Collision Course
July 22, 2016
$64,063,008
$342,989,731
$407,052,739
#1,161
#228
$105 million
[25]

Total
$793,676,582
$2,421,505,672
$3,215,182,254
#22
#17
$429 million
[26][27]

text: Critical and public response

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore

Ice Age
77% (165 reviews)[28]
60 (31 reviews)[29]
A[30]

Ice Age: The Meltdown
57% (143 reviews)[31]
58 (29 reviews)[32]
A[30]

Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
45% (159 reviews)[33]
50 (25 reviews)[34]
A-[30]

Ice Age: Continental Drift
37% (131 reviews)[35]
49 (29 reviews)[36]
A-[30]

Ice Age: Collision Course
15% (106 reviews)[37]
34 (27 reviews)[38]
B+[30]

text: Video games

text:
Ice Age was released in 2002 by Ubisoft for Game Boy Advance.
Ice Age 2: The Meltdown was released in 2006 by Sierra Entertainment for Wii, PlayStation 2, GameCube, Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS, Xbox, and PC.
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs was released by Activision on June 30, 2009, for PC, Wii, DS, PS2, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360.
Ice Age 3 - Boulder Drop is an online game released in 2009.
Ice Age 3 - Dino Dinner is an online game released in 2009.
Ice Age 3 - Slippery Slope is an online game released in 2009.
Ice Age Village, a mobile video game, was released by Gameloft on April 5, 2012, to iPhone, iPad, and various Android devices,[39] and on April 24, 2013, to Windows Phone.[40] The game allows players to build a village while characters from the films set them goals. Player's can also visit their friend's villages, play mini games and watch videos.
Ice Age: Continental Drift – Arctic Games was released by Activision on July 10, 2012, to Wii, Nintendo 3DS, Nintendo DS, and Xbox 360.[41]
Ice Age Online was a free-to-play browser-based adventure platform game produced by Bigpoint Games for its gaming portal.[42] Beta version of the game was launched on July 10, 2012, which put players in the role of Sid, who has to rescue lost members of his herd, separated by a volcanic eruption.[42]
Ice Age - Clueless Ice Sloth is an online game released in 2012.
Ice Age Adventures, a free-to-play game was released by Gameloft on August 7, 2014 for iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, Android, Windows Phone and Windows 8.[43]
Ice Age: Arctic Blast, a mobile match-3 puzzle game, developed by Zynga and Eat Sleep Play, and featuring content from all five films, was released in June 2016 for iOS and Android devices.[44]
Ice Age Avalanche is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age Hailstorm is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age Mission Control is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age - Manic Meteor Run! is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age - Geode Jam! is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age - Coloring Book is an online game released in 2016.
Ice Age - Matching Cards is an online game released in 2016.

text: Live show

text: Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure is a live arena ice show that combines ice skating, aerial arts, puppetry and film, and tells a new story based on the first three Ice Age films.[45] The plot begins with baby mammoth Peaches being kidnapped by an evil hawk-like creature called Shadow. Her father Manny sets off to rescue Peaches, accompanied by Sid and Diego. Their mission is successful, but on the way home they encounter avalanches and rockfalls, diverting them into a fantasy underground kingdom.[46]

text: It is being produced by Stage Entertainment Touring Productions, and directed by Guy Caron and Michael Curry.[47] The music and lyrics were written by Ella Louise Allaire and Martin Lord Ferguson.[47] With the preview shows from October 19 to 21, 2012, in Cardiff, and from October 25 to 28, 2012, in Nottingham, A Mammoth Adventure officially premiered on November 2, 2012,[47] during its three-day tour from November 1 to 3 at Wembley Arena in London.[48] It continued in Germany in November 2012,[49] with a plan to visit more than 30 countries in its five-year worldwide tour.[45] In August 2016, Ice Age Live! A Mammoth Adventure concluded its world tour and was replaced in North America by Ice Age On Ice.[50]

text: Themed land

text: Ice Age inspired rides and attractions will be featured at the first 20th Century Fox theme park, called 20th Century Fox World,[51] to open in 2017 as part of Malaysia-based Resorts World Genting.[52]


document_title: United States Marine Corps rank insignia

question_text: what is a e8 in the marine corps

question_tokens: what is a e8 in the marine corps

text: Commissioned officers[edit]

text: Commissioned officers are distinguished from other officers by their commission, which is the formal written authority, issued in the name of the President of the United States, that confers the rank and authority of a Marine Officer. Commissioned officers carry the "special trust and confidence" of the President of the United States.[1] Commissioned officer ranks are further subdivided into general officers, field-grade officers, and company-grade officers. The highest billets in the Marine Corps, the Commandant of the Marine Corps and the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps are, by statute, four-star ranks, as the Marine Corps is a separate naval service under the Department of the Navy.[2]

text:
Officer
Company-grade officers
Field-grade officers
General officers

Title
(Abbreviation)
Second lieutenant
(2ndLt)
First lieutenant
(1stLt)
Captain
(Capt)
Major
(Maj)
Lieutenant colonel
(LtCol)
Colonel
(Col)
Brigadier general
(BGen)
Major general
(MajGen)
Lieutenant general
(LtGen)
General
(Gen)

US DoD Pay Grade
O-1
O-2
O-3
O-4
O-5
O-6
O-7
O-8
O-9
O-10

NATO Code
OF-1
OF-2
OF-3
OF-4
OF-5
OF-6
OF-7
OF-8
OF-9

Insignia

Marine Service Uniform Insignia

text: "Tombstone promotions" [edit]

text: The Act of Congress of March 4, 1925, allowed officers in the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard to be promoted one grade upon retirement if they had been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat. Combat citation promotions were colloquially known as "tombstone promotions" because they conferred all the perks and prestige of the higher rank including the loftier title on their tombstones but no additional retirement pay. The Act of Congress of February 23, 1942, enabled tombstone promotions to three- and four-star grades. Tombstone promotions were subsequently restricted to citations issued before January 1, 1947, and finally eliminated altogether effective November 1, 1959. The practice was terminated in an effort to encourage senior officer retirements prior to the effective date of the change to relieve an overstrength in the senior ranks.

text: Any officer who actually served in a grade while on active duty receives precedence on the retirement list over any tombstone officer holding the same retired grade. Tombstone officers rank among each other according to the dates of their highest active duty grade.[3]

text: Warrant officers[edit]

text: Warrant Officers provide leadership and training in specialized fields and skills. Unlike other nations' militaries (which rank warrant officers as Staff NCO equivalents), the United States military confers warrants and commissions on its Warrant Officers and classifies them into a separate category senior to all enlisted grades of rank (including officer candidates), cadets, and midshipmen. As Warrant Officers are officer-level technical specialists they generally do not exercise command outside of their specialty. Warrant officers come primarily from the Staff Non-Commissioned Officer (SNCO) ranks.

text: A Chief Warrant Officer, CWO2–CWO5, serving in the MOS 0306 "Infantry Weapons Officer" carries a special title, "Marine Gunner," which does not replace his rank. A Marine Gunner replaces the Chief Warrant Officer insignia on the left collar with a bursting bomb insignia. Other warrant officers are sometimes informally referred to as "Gunner."

text:
Warrant Officers

Infantry Weapons Officer
"Marine Gunner"
Warrant Officer
(WO)
Chief Warrant Officer-2
(CWO2)
Chief Warrant Officer-3
(CWO3)
Chief Warrant Officer-4
(CWO4)
Chief Warrant Officer-5
(CWO5)

US DoD Pay Grade
W-1
W-2
W-3
W-4
W-5

NATO Code
WO-1
WO-2
WO-3
WO-4
WO-5

text: Enlisted[edit]

text: Enlisted Marines with paygrades of E-4 and E-5 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs) while those at E-6 and higher are Staff Noncommissioned Officers (SNCOs).[4] The E-8 and E-9 levels each have two ranks per pay grade, each with different responsibilities. Gunnery Sergeants (E-7) indicate on their annual evaluations (called "fitness reports") their preferred promotional track: Master Sergeant or First Sergeant. The First Sergeant and Sergeant Major ranks are command-oriented Senior Enlisted Advisors, with Marines of these ranks serving as the senior enlisted Marines in a unit, charged to assist the commanding officer in matters of discipline, administration, and the morale and welfare of the unit. Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants provide technical leadership as occupational specialists in their specific MOS. First Sergeants typically serve as the senior enlisted Marine in a company, battery, or other unit at similar echelon, while Sergeants Major serve the same role in battalions, squadrons, or larger units.[5]

text: The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a billet and with it carries a special rank insignia, conferred on the senior enlisted Marine of the entire Marine Corps, personally selected by the Commandant of the Marine Corps.[6] It and the Marine Gunner are the only billets which rate modified rank insignia in place of the traditional rank insignia.[citation needed]

text:
Enlisted
Junior enlisted
Non-commissioned officers (NCOs)
Staff non-commissioned officers (SNCOs)

Title
(Abbreviation)
Private
(Pvt)
Private first class
(PFC)
Lance corporal
(LCpl)
Corporal
(Cpl)
Sergeant
(Sgt)
Staff sergeant
(SSgt)
Gunnery sergeant
(GySgt)
Master sergeant
(MSgt)
First sergeant
(1stSgt)
Master gunnery sergeant
(MGySgt)
Sergeant major
(SgtMaj)
Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps
(SMMC)

US DoD Pay Grade
E-1
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
E-8
E-9

NATO Code
OR-1
OR-2
OR-3
OR-4
OR-5
OR-6
OR-7
OR-8
OR-9

Insignia
no insignia

text: Different styles of rank insignia are worn on different Marine uniforms:

text: The gold stripes on red flash are worn on the Dress Blue uniform coat, green stripes on red flash are worn on the Service uniform coat; the rank insignia are worn on the upper sleeve of both blouses. The khaki uniforms use green stripes on khaki flash, and again are worn on the upper sleeves of both long and short-sleeved service blouses. Utility uniform rank insignia are black metal pins and are worn on the collars, or black embroidered insignia sewn into patches of material when wearing a flak. Musicians in the United States Marine Band wear insignia with lyre in the center as opposed to the crossed rifles, to denote their lack of a combat mission; full-service Marines who are attached to the 10 field bands of the Operating Forces and Supporting Establishment continue to wear their normal rank insignia.[7]

text: Forms of address[edit]

text: Marines address all enlisted personnel by rank, and all commissioned officers with "sir" or "ma'am". Warrant officers, regardless of rank, are addressed just as commissioned officers are, but may also be addressed as "Warrant Officer" or "Gunner", although the latter is sometimes considered improper unless the officer is an Infantry Weapons Officer (MOS 0306). During recruit training, recruits are indoctrinated to address all superiors as "sir" or "ma'am". Addressing a commissioned officer (or any rank) as "Mister" has long been considered a grievous insult towards the individual. The most junior ranks between pay grades E-1 and E-3 (privates, privates first class, and lance corporals) are commonly referred to by their last name only, using their rank only in a formal situation. "Marine" is also a common form of address for junior Marines.

text: During recruit training, recruits are not Marines until they graduate, and must address all Marines who have completed recruit training, including instructors, as "sir" or "ma'am". Incoming recruits must also refer to themselves in the third person (i.e., "this recruit"), and their rank is replaced with the word "Recruit". This continues until the last week of bootcamp, when recruits must pass the final, grueling test of the "Crucible" in order to earn both their Eagle, Globe, and Anchor and the title of "Marine." Likewise, during officer training, officer candidates are not yet commissioned Marine officers, and must refer to themselves as "this candidate" or "the candidate", even though some officer candidates may hold an enlisted rank. During Officer Candidate School, each candidate is referred to as "candidate" and not "Marine." Unlike their enlisted counterparts, officer candidates refer to enlisted Marines, including their instructors, by their full and proper rank; only commissioned officers are addressed as "sir" or "ma'am".

text: To reinforce the leadership responsibility of the rank or to show an extra measure of respect, it is common to add the words "of Marines" after the rank itself; i.e. "Corporal of Marines" and "Sergeant of Marines." This verbiage comes straight from the USMC noncommissioned officer promotion warrants.

text: Informally, some enlisted ranks have commonly used nicknames, though they are not official and may be improper for use in formal situations. The acceptability of nickname use by juniors is at the discretion of the individual rank holder. A gunnery sergeant is typically called "Gunny" and occasionally "Guns", or very rarely, “Gunther”. A master sergeant is commonly called "Top", and a master gunnery sergeant is "Master Gunny" or "Master Guns", or, very rarely, “Master Gunther”. Differing from the Army and Air Force, all ranks containing "sergeant" are always addressed by their full rank and never shortened to simply "Sergeant" or "Sarge". A private first class is usually referred to as a PFC, instead of simply "private"; similarly, Lance Corporal is not shortened to "Corporal". Senior officers may informally address junior officers by their first name. Marines of the same rank may also address each other by their first names when among peers only and never in the presence of junior or senior Marines.

text: Finally, Marines consider it a grievous insult to be called a "soldier", as soldier is an army-specific appellation, except in the Marine Corps nom de guerre "Soldier(s) of the Sea" or its variation "Sea Soldier(s)" and in the highly generic sense of referring to any member of the military, especially those members performing ground combat missions such as Navy SEALs and Air Force special operations and Security Forces personnel. Additionally, while Marines often are collectively called "troops", it is never appropriate to address Marines individually or collectively as either a "troop" or "trooper(s)", as these terms are only properly used by the Army (originally in cavalry units but in modern use extended to armor and airborne or air assault units) and US state police forces; the proper term is always Marine. When writing journalistic or scholarly references to the Marine Corps, its elements, and individual Marines, the correct attribution is Marine(s).

text: Traditions[edit]

text: Marines have multiple traditions surrounding their rank insignia. When Marines are promoted, the promoting officer at the ceremony may give the promotee the opportunity to select one or two individuals present (such as a mentor or family member) to pin the new rank on the collar of the utility uniform. It is customary for the newly promoted Marine to hand down the old insignia from his or her former rank to a junior who shows leadership potential. It is considered an honor to be promoted with chevrons previously worn by a mentor. At annual rifle or pistol qualification, shooters who achieve expert scores sometimes remove their rank insignia from their shooting shoulder and give it to their Combat Marksmanship Coach to show appreciation for their assistance during the practice days. The coach may then pin the rank to his or her assault pack. A coach's assault pack may display many insignia of a variety of ranks.