document_title: Black Death in England

question_text: when did the black death end in england

question_tokens: when did the black death end in england

text: Black Death in England

text: Background[edit]

text: England in mid 14th Century[edit]

text: It is impossible to establish with any certainty the exact number of inhabitants in England at the eve of the Black Death, and estimates range from 3 to 7 million.[2] The number is probably in the higher end, and an estimate of around 6 million inhabitants seems likely.[3] Earlier demographic crises − in particular the Great Famine of 1315–1317 − had resulted in great numbers of deaths, but there is no evidence of any significant decrease in the population prior to 1348.[4] England was still a predominantly rural and agrarian society; close to 90% of the population lived on the countryside.[5] Of the major cities, London was in a class of its own, with perhaps as many as 70,000 inhabitants.[6] Further down the scale were Norwich, with around 12,000 people, and York with around 10,000.[5] The main export, and the source of the nation's wealth, was wool. Until the middle of the century the export had consisted primarily of raw wool to cloth makers in Flanders. Gradually though, the technology for cloth making used on the Continent was appropriated by English manufacturers, who started an export of cloths around mid-century that would boom over the following decades.[7]

text: Politically, the kingdom was evolving into a major European power, through the youthful and energetic kingship of Edward III.[8] In 1346, the English had won a decisive battle over the Scots at the Battle of Neville's Cross,[9] and it seemed that Edward III would realise his grandfather Edward I's ambition of bringing the Scots under the suzerainty of the English crown.[10] The English were also experiencing military success on the continent. Less than two months before the Battle of Neville's Cross, a numerically inferior English army led by the king himself won a spectacular victory over the French royal forces at the Battle of Crécy.[11] The victory was immediately followed by Edward laying siege to the port city of Calais. When the city fell the next year, this provided the English with a strategically important enclave that would remain in their possession for over two centuries.[12]

text: The Black Death[edit]

text: The term "Black Death" –  which refers to the first and most serious outbreak of the Second Pandemic –  was not used by contemporaries, who preferred such names as the "Great Pestilence" or the "Great Mortality".[13] It was not until the seventeenth century that the term under which we know the outbreak today became common , probably derived from Scandinavian languages.[14] It is generally agreed today that the disease in question was plague, caused by Yersinia pestis bacteria.[15] These bacteria are carried by fleas, which can be transferred to humans through contact with rats. Flea bites carry the disease into the lymphatic system, through which it makes its way to the lymph nodes. Here the bacteria multiply and form swellings called buboes, from which the term bubonic plague is derived.[16] After three or four days the bacteria enter the bloodstream, and infect organs such as the spleen and the lungs. The patient will then normally die after a few days.[17] A different strain of the disease is pneumonic plague, where the bacteria become airborne and enter directly into the patient's lungs. This strain is far more virulent, as it spreads directly from person to person. These types of infection probably both played a significant part in the Black Death, while a third strain was more rare. This is the septicaemic plague, where the flea bite carries the bacteria directly into the blood stream, and death occurs very rapidly.[18]

text: A study reported in 2011 of skeletons exhumed from the "Black Death" cemetery in East Smithfield London found Yersina Pestis DNA. An archeological dig in the vicinity of Thornton Abbey in Lincolnshire was reported in the science section of The Guardian for Nov.30 2016 not only confirming evidence of Yersina Pestis in the DNA of the human remains exhumed there but dating it to mid-1349.

text: Genotyping showed that it was [at that time] a newly evolved strain, ancestor of all modern strains and proved the "Black Death" was caused by bubonic plague. Modern medical knowledge would suggest that because it was a new mutation meant immune systems would have had little or no defence against it, which helps to explain its virulence.[19]

text: The "Black Death" seems to have originated in Central Asia, where Yersina Pestis bacterium is endemic in the rodent population. It is unknown exactly what caused the outbreak, but a series of natural occurrences likely brought humans into contact with the infected rodents.[20] The epidemic reached Constantinople in the late spring of 1347, through Genoese merchants trading in the Black Sea.[21] From here it reached Sicily in October that same year, and by early 1348 it had spread all over the Italian mainland.[22] It spread rapidly through France, and had reached as far north as Paris in June 1348. Moving simultaneously westward, it arrived in the English province of Gascony around the same time.[23]

text: Progress of the plague[edit]

text:
In this year, in Melcombe, in the county of Dorset, a little before the Feast of St. John the Baptist, two ships, one of them from Bristol, came alongside. One of the sailors had brought with him from Gascony the seeds of the terrible pestilence and through him the men of the town of Melcombe were the first in England to be infected.

Grey Friars' Chronicle[24]

text: According to the chronicle of the grey friars at King's Lynn, the plague arrived by ship from Gascony to Melcombe in Dorset –  today normally referred to as Weymouth –  shortly before "the Feast of St. John The Baptist" on 24 June 1348.[25] Other sources mention different points of arrival, including Bristol and Southampton.[26] Though the plague might have arrived independently at Bristol at a later point, the Grey Friars' Chronicle is considered the most authoritative account.[27] If it is assumed that the chronicle reports the first outbreak of the plague, rather than its actual arrival, then the arrival most likely happened around 8 May.[28]

text: From Weymouth the disease spread rapidly across the south-west. The first major city to be struck was Bristol.[29] London was reached in the autumn of 1348, before most of the surrounding countryside. This had certainly happened by November, though according to some accounts as early as 29 September.[30] Arrival in London happened by three principal roads: overland from Weymouth –  through Salisbury and Winchester –  overland from Gloucester, and along the coast by ship.[31] The full effect of the plague was felt in the capital early the next year.[32] Conditions in London were ideal for the plague: the streets were narrow and flowing with sewage, and houses were overcrowded and poorly ventilated.[33] By March 1349 the disease was spreading in a haphazard way across all of southern England.[34]

text: During the first half of 1349 the Black Death spread northwards. A second front opened up when the plague arrived by ship at the Humber, wherefrom it spread both south and north.[35] In May it reached York, and during the summer months of June, July and August, it ravaged the north.[36] Certain northern counties, like Durham and Cumberland, had been the victim of violent incursions from the Scots, and were therefore left particularly vulnerable to the devastations of the plague.[37] Pestilence is less virulent during the winter months, and spreads less rapidly.[38] The Black Death in England had survived the winter of 1348–49, but during the following winter it gave in, and by December 1349 conditions were returning to relative normalcy.[39] It had taken the disease approximately 500 days to traverse the entire country.[40]

text: Medical practice[edit]

text: In order to treat patients infected with the plague, various methods were used including sweating, bloodletting, forced vomiting, and urinating.[41] Several symptoms of the illness included blotches, hardening of the glands under the groin and underarms, and dementia.[42] Within the initial phase of the disease, bloodletting was performed on the same side of where the physical manifestations of the buboes or risings appeared. For instance, if a rising appeared on the right side of the groin the physician would bleed a vein in the ankle on the same side.[43] In the case of sweating, it was achieved with such medicines as Mithridate, Venice-Treacle, Matthiolus, Bezoar-Water, Serpentary Roots and Electuarium de Ovo.[44] Sweating was used when measures were desperate; if a patient had tokens, a severe version of risings, the physician would wrap the naked patient in a blanket drenched in cold water. This measure was only performed while the patient still had natural heat in his system. The desired effect was to make the patient sweat violently and thus purge all corruption from the blood which was caused by the disease.[45]

text: Another practice was the use of pigeons when treating swellings. Swellings which were white in appearance and deep were unlikely to break and must be anointed with Oil of Lillies or Camomil.[46] Once the swelling rises to a head and is red in appearance and not deep in the flesh, it can be broken with the use of a feather from a young pigeon's tail. The feather's fundament was held to the swelling and would draw out the venom. However, if the swelling dropped and became black in appearance since it had taken in coldness, the physician had to be cautious when drawing the cold from the swelling. If it was too late to prevent, the physician would take the young pigeon, cut her open from breast to back, break her open and apply the pigeon (while still alive) over the cold swelling. The cupping therapy was an alternative method which was heated and then placed over the swellings. Once the sore was broken, the physician would apply Mellilot Plaister with Linimentum Arcei and heal the sore with digence.[47]

text: Victims[edit]

text: Death toll[edit]

text: Although historical records for England were more extensive than those of any other European country,[48] it is still extremely difficult to establish the death toll with any degree of certainty. Difficulties involve uncertainty about the size of the total population, as described above, but also issues regarding the proportion of the population that died from the plague. Contemporary accounts are often grossly inflated, stating numbers as high as 90%.[49] Modern historians give estimates of death rates ranging from around 25% to over 60% of the total population.

text: The pioneering work in the field was made by Josiah William Russell in his 1948 British Medieval Population. Russell looked at inquisitions post mortem (IPMs) –  taken by the crown to assess the wealth of the greatest landowners after their death –  to assess the mortality caused by the Black Death, and from this arrived at an estimate of 23.6% of the entire population.[50] He also looked at episcopal registers for the death toll among the clergy, where the result was between 30–40%.[51] Russell believed the clergy was at particular risk of contagion, and eventually concluded with a low mortality level of only 20%.[52]

text: Several of Russell's assumptions have been challenged, and the tendency since has been to adjust the assessment upwards.[53] Philip Ziegler, in 1969, estimated the death rate to be at around one third of the population.[54] Jeremy Goldberg, in 1996, believed a number closer to 45% would be more realistic.[55] A 2004 study by Ole Jørgen Benedictow suggests the exceptionally high mortality level of 62.5%.[56] Assuming a population of 6 million, this estimate would correspond to 3,750,000 deaths. Such a high percentage would place England above the average that Benedictow estimates for Western Europe as a whole, of 60%.[56] A death rate at such a high level has not been universally accepted in the historical community.[57]

text: In 2016, Carenza Lewis reported the results of a new method of assessing the death toll. She argues that pottery before and after the Black Death is datable because there was a change at that time from the high medieval to the late medieval style, and that counts of pottery of each type therefore provide a useful proxy for long term changes in population. She and her colleagues analysed pottery sherds from test pits in over fifty continuously occupied rural settlements in eastern England, and found a decline in the number of pottery producing pits of 45%. Norfolk had the greatest drop of 65%, while there was no drop in 10% of settlements, mostly commercial centres.[58]

text: Impact of the Black Death: 1349[edit]

text: Archbishop Zouche of York issued a warning throughout the diocese in July 1348 (when the epidemic was raging further south) of ‘great mortalities, pestilences and infections of the air’.

text: The ‘Great Mortality’, as it was then known, entered Yorkshire around February 1349 and quickly spread through the diocese. The clergy were on the front line of the disease, bringing comfort to the dying, hearing final confessions and organising burials. This, almost by necessity, put them at a greater risk of infection.

text: Estimates suggest that the death rate of clergy in some parts of the archdiocese could have been as high as 48%. This is reflected in the Ordination Register, which shows a massive rise in ordained clergy over the period – some being recruited before the arrival of plague in a clerical recruitment drive, but many once plague had arrived, replacing those who had been killed. The nation's population decreased by a third causing a labor shortage and giving the lower class negotiating power against their overlords.[59] In 1346, 111 priests and 337 acolytes were recruited. In 1349, 299 priests and 683 acolytes are named, with 166 priests being ordained in one session alone in February 1350.”[60]

text: Social distribution[edit]

text: Russell trusted the IPMs to give a true picture of the national average, because he assumed death rates to be relatively equal across the social spectrum.[61] This assumption has later been proven wrong, and studies of peasant plague mortality from manor rolls have returned much higher rates. This could be a consequence of the elite's ability to avoid infection by escaping plague-infected areas. It could also result from lower post-infection mortality among those more affluent, due to better access to care and nursing.[62] If so, this would also mean that the mortality rates for the clergy –  who were normally better off than the general population –  were no higher than the average.[63]

text:
...destructive Death (who seizes young and old alike, sparing no one and reducing rich and poor to the same level) has lamentably snatched from both of us our dearest daughter, (whom we loved best of all, as her virtues demanded).

Edward III in a letter to King Alfonso of Castile[64]

text: The manorial records offer a good opportunity to study the geographical distribution of the plague. Its effect seems to have been about the same all over England,[65] though a place like East Anglia, which had frequent contact with the Continent, was severely affected.[66] On a local level, however, there were great variations. A study of the Bishop of Worcester's estates reveal that, while his manors of Hartlebury and Hambury had a mortality of only 19%, the manor of Aston lost as much as 80% of its population.[67] The manor rolls are less useful for studying the demographic distribution of the mortality, since the rolls only record the heads of households, normally an adult male.[68] Here the IPMs show us that the most vulnerable to the disease were infants and the elderly.[69]

text: There seem to have been very few victims of the Black Death at higher levels of society.[70] The only member of the royal family who can be said with any certainty to have died from the Black Death was in France at the time of her infection. Edward III's daughter Joan was residing in Bordeaux on her way to marry Pedro of Castile in the summer of 1348. When the plague broke out in her household she was moved to a small village nearby, but she could not avoid infection, and died there on 2 September.[71] It is possible that the popular religious author Richard Rolle, who died on 30 September 1349, was another victim of the Black Death.[72] The English philosopher William of Ockham has been mentioned as a plague victim.[73] This, however, is an impossibility. Ockham was living in Munich at the time of his death, on 10 April 1347, two years before the Black Death reached that city.[74]

text: Consequences[edit]

text: Economic, social and political effects[edit]

text: Among the most immediate consequences of the Black Death in England was a shortage of farm labour, and a corresponding rise in wages. The medieval world-view was unable to interpret these changes in terms of socio-economic development, and it became common to blame degrading morals instead.[75] The landowning classes saw the rise in wage levels as a sign of social upheaval and insubordination, and reacted with coercion. In 1349, King Edward III passed the Ordinance of Labourers, fixing wages at pre-plague levels. The ordinance was reinforced by Parliament's passing of the Statute of Labourers in 1351.[76] The labour laws were enforced with ruthless determination over the following decades.[77]

text: These legislative measures proved largely inefficient at regulating the market, but the government's repressive measures to enforce them caused public resentment.[78] These conditions were contributing factors to the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The revolt started in Kent and Essex in late May, and once the rebels reached London they burnt down John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace, and killed both the Chancellor and the Treasurer. They then demanded the complete abolition of serfdom, and were not pacified until the young King Richard II personally intervened.[79] The rebellion was eventually suppressed, but the social changes it promoted were already irreversible. By around 1400 serfdom was virtually extinct in England, replaced by the form of tenure called copyhold.[80]

text: It is conspicuous how well the English government handled the crisis of the mid-fourteenth century, without descending into chaos and total collapse in the manner of the Valois government of France.[81] To a large extent this was the accomplishment of administrators such as Treasurer William de Shareshull and Chief Justice William Edington, whose highly competent leadership guided the governance of the nation through the crisis.[81] The plague's greatest effect on the government was probably in the field of war, where no major campaigns were launched in France until 1355.[82]

text: Another notable consequence of the Black Death was the raising of the real wage of England (due to the shortage of labour as a result of the reduction in population), a trait shared across Western Europe, which in general led to a real wage in 1450 that was unmatched in most countries until the 19th or 20th century.[83] The higher wages for workers combined with sinking prices on grain products led to a problematic economic situation for the gentry. As a result, they started to show an increased interest for offices like justice of the peace, sheriff and member of parliament. The gentry took advantage of their new positions and a more systematic corruption than before spread. A result of this was that the gentry as a group became highly disliked by commoners.[84]

text: Religious and cultural consequences[edit]

text: The omnipresence of death also inspired greater piety in the upper classes, which can be seen in the fact that three Cambridge colleges were founded during or shortly after the Black Death.[85] England did not experience the same trend of roving bands of flagellants, common on the continent.[86] Neither were there any pogroms against the Jews, since the Jews had been expelled by Edward I in 1290.[86] In the long run, however, the increase in public participation may have served to challenge the absolute authority of the church hierarchy, and thus possibly helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.[citation needed]

text: The high rate of mortality among the clergy naturally led to a shortage of priests in many parts of the country.[72] The clergy were seen to have an elevated status among ordinary people and this was partly due to their closeness with God, being his envoys on earth. However, as the church itself had given the cause of the Black Death to be the impropriety of the behaviour of men, the higher death rate among the clergy led the people to lose faith in the Church as an institution − it had proved as ineffectual against the horror of Y. Pestis as every other medieval institution. The corruption within the Catholic priesthood also angered the English people. Many priests abandoned the terrified people. Others sought benefits from the rich families who needed burials. The dissatisfaction led to anti-clericalism and the rise of John Wycliffe, an English priest. His ideas paved a path for the Christian reformation in England. Some people didn't lose their Christian faith, if anything it was renewed; they began to long for a more personal relationship with God − around the time after the Black Death many chantries (private chapels) began to spread in use from not just the nobility, but to among the well to do.[87] This change in the power of the papacy in England is demonstrated by the statutes of Praemunire.

text: The Black Death also affected arts and culture significantly. It was inevitable that a catastrophe of such proportions would affect some of the greater building projects, as the amount of available labour fell sharply. The building of the cathedrals of Ely and Exeter was temporarily halted in the years immediately following the first outbreak of the plague.[88] The shortage of labour also helped advance the transition from the Decorated style of building to the less elaborate Perpendicular style.[89] The Black Death may also have promoted the use of vernacular English, as the number of teachers proficient in French dwindled. This, in turn, would have contributed to the late-fourteenth century flowering of English literature, represented by writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Gower.[90]

text: Recurrences[edit]

text: The Black Death was the first occurrence of the Second Pandemic,[91] which would continue to strike England and the rest of Europe more or less regularly until the eighteenth century. The first serious recurrence in England came in the years 1361−62. We know less about the death rates caused by these later outbreaks,[92] but this so-called pestis secunda may have had a mortality of around 20%.[93] This epidemic was also particularly devastating for the population's ability to recover, since it disproportionately affected infants and young men.[94] This was also the case with the next occurrence, in 1369, where the death rate was around 10−15%.[93]

text: Over the following decades the plague would return –  on a national or a regional level –  at intervals of five to twelve years, with gradually dwindling death tolls. Then, in the decades from 1430 to 1480, the disease returned in force. An outbreak in 1471 took as much as 10–15% of the population, while the death rate of the plague of 1479–80 could have been as high as 20%.[93] From this point on outbreaks became fewer and more manageable. This was to a large extent the result of conscious efforts by central and local governments –  from the late fifteenth century onwards –  to curtail the disease.[95] By the seventeenth century the Second Pandemic was over. One of its last occurrences in England was the famous Great Plague of London in 1665–66.[96]


document_title: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

question_text: who wants to be millionaire phone a friend

root

text: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Original rules[edit]

text: The contestants must first play a preliminary round, called "Fastest Finger First" (or, in the U.S. version, simply "Fastest Finger"), where they are all given a question and four answers from the host and are asked to put those four answers into a particular order; in the first series of the British version and in pre-2003 episodes of the Australian version, the round instead required the contestants to answer one multiple-choice question correctly as quickly as possible. The contestant who does so correctly and in the fastest time goes on to play the main game for the maximum possible prize (often a million units of the local currency). In the event that two or more contestants are tied for the fastest time, those contestants play another question to break the tie. If no one gets the question right, that question is discarded and another question is played in the same manner. If any contestants are visually impaired, the host reads the question and four choices all at once, then repeats the choices after the music begins.

tag: p

text: Main game contestants are asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host. Questions are multiple choice: four possible answers are given (labelled A, B, C and D), and the contestant must choose the correct one. The 'D' answer on the first question (except in the Shuffle format like in the US version) is always incorrect and humorous. Upon answering a question correctly, the contestant wins a certain amount of money. In most versions, there is no time limit to answer a question; a contestant may (and often does) take as long as they need to ponder an answer. After the first few questions, the host will ask the contestant if that is their "final answer". When a contestant says "final" in conjunction with one of the answers, it is official, and cannot be changed. The first five questions usually omit this rule, because the questions are generally so easy that requiring a final answer would significantly slow the game down; thus, there are five chances for the contestant to leave with no money if they were to provide a wrong answer before obtaining the first guaranteed amount; going for 1,000 units of currency after winning 500 units is the last point in the game at which a contestant can still leave empty-handed.

text: Subsequent questions are played for increasingly large sums, roughly doubling at each turn. The first few questions often have some joke answers. On episodes of the UK version aired between 1998 and 2007, the payout structure was as follows: first going from £100 to £300 in increments of £100, then from £500 to £64,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question, and finally from £125,000 to £1,000,000 with the pound value doubling for each new question.[1]

text: After viewing a question, the contestant can leave the game with the money already won rather than attempting an answer. If the contestant answers a question incorrectly, then all of their winnings are lost, except that the £1,000 and £32,000 prizes are guaranteed: if a player gets a question wrong above these levels, then the prize drops to the previous guaranteed prize. Answering the £2,000 and £64,000 questions wrong does not reduce the prize money. The prizes are generally non-cumulative; that is, answering a question correctly does not result in the amount being played for being added to the amount already won, rather the amount already won is written off and replaced by a larger sum, usually twice as large. The game ends when the contestant answers a question incorrectly, decides not to answer a question, or answers all questions correctly.

text: New formats and variations[edit]

text: When the U.S. Millionaire's syndicated version debuted in 2002, Fastest Finger was eliminated for the reduced episode length (30 minutes as opposed to the previous network version's length of 60 minutes). Thus, contestants immediately take the Hot Seat, each of them called in after their predecessors' games end. Contestants are required to pass a more conventional game show qualification test at auditions; however, when the U.S. Millionaire revived its primetime version for specials, it also restored the Fastest Finger round; this was done in 2004 for the Super Millionaire series which raised the top prize to $10,000,000[2] and in August 2009 for an eleven-night special that celebrated the U.S. version's tenth anniversary. Long after the U.S. version eliminated its Fastest Finger round, numerous other versions (including the Australian, Italian, Turkish, British, Russian, Dutch and French versions) followed suit by eliminating their respective Fastest Finger First rounds; additionally, some versions (such as the British, Dutch, French and Russian versions) have eliminated their respective Fastest Finger First rounds for special events wherein celebrities play for charity.

text: In 2007, it was announced that the UK version was changing its format, reducing the number of questions in the game from fifteen to twelve. The new payout structure was as follows: first going from £500 to £2,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question, then from £5,000 to £20,000 with the prize values doubling for each new question, then to £50,000, £75,000 and £150,000, and finally from £250,000 to £1,000,000 with the prize value doubling for each new question. Whereas the first safe haven remained at £1,000, the second safe haven was moved to £50,000. The new rules debuted in an episode that aired on 18 August 2007.[3] Within a period of four years following its introduction to the British Millionaire, the 12-question format was subsequently carried over to a number of international versions, including the Arab, Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Polish, Spanish, and Turkish versions.

text: In 2007, the German version modified its format, so that contestants would be allowed to choose the option of playing in a new variant called "Risk Mode". If the contestant chooses to play this variant, they are given access to a fourth lifeline that allows them to discuss a question with a volunteer from the audience, but the tenth-question safe haven is forfeited. This means that if the contestant answers any of questions 11–15 incorrectly, they drop all the way to the guaranteed winnings gained by answering question 5 correctly. If the contestant chooses to the play the classic format, they keep the second safe haven. The risk format was subsequently adopted by such markets as Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, the Philippines, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and Venezuela.

text: In 2008, the U.S. version changed its format so that contestants were required to answer questions within a set time limit.[4] The time limits were 15 seconds for questions 1–5, 30 seconds for questions 6-10, and 45 seconds for questions 11-14. After each of the 14 questions were answered correctly, the remaining time after giving an answer was banked for the million-dollar question. The clock for each question began counting down immediately after all of the question was revealed, and was temporarily paused when a lifeline was used. Contestants who exceeded the time limit were forced to walk away with any prize money they had won up to that point. The clock was later adopted by other international versions; for example, the British version adopted it on 3 August 2010,[5] and the Indian version adopted it on 11 October the same year.[6]

text: In November 2008, the Norway version introduced a new format, called the "Hot Seat format", wherein 6 contestants play at once, with each taking turns to climb the money tree. Contestants are allowed to "pass" the onus of answering the question to the next contestant in line, who is unable to re-pass to the next contestant for that question. Also added were time limits on every question, with 15 seconds allocated for the first five questions, 30 for the middle five, and 45 for the last five. In addition, the option of walking away is eliminated, rendering several questions' values pointless, as they cannot be won. Also, if a player fails to give an answer within the time limit, it is considered an automatic pass. If a contestant cannot pass on or correctly answer a question, he or she is eliminated and the highest value on the money tree is removed. The game ends either when all contestants are eliminated, or when the question for the highest value in the money tree is answered. If the final question is answered correctly, the answering player receives the amount of money; if it is answered incorrectly or all contestants are eliminated before the final question is reached, the last contestant to be eliminated receives either nothing, or a smaller prize if the fifth question milestone is reached. This format was later introduced to various markets (including Italy, Hungary, Vietnam,[7] Indonesia, Australia, Chile[8] and Spain) over the course of a four-year period from 2009 to 2012. In 2017, Australia's Hot Seat brought back the Fastest Finger First round, while the winner may select one of the lifelines - "50:50", "Ask a Friend" or "Switch the Question".

text: On 13 September 2010, the U.S. version adopted its "shuffle format". Ten questions are asked in round one, each assigned one of ten different money amounts. The dollar values are randomised at the beginning of the game. The contestant is then shown the original order of difficulty for the ten questions as well as their categories, and those are then randomised as well. This means that the difficulty of the question is not tied to its value. The dollar values for each question remain hidden until a contestant either provides a correct answer or chooses to "jump" their question. In this format, the value of each question answered correctly is added to the contestant's bank, for a maximum total of $68,600. A contestant who completes the round successfully can walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank, or can walk before the round is completed with half that amount (e.g., a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000). Contestants who give an incorrect answer at any point in the round leave with $1,000.[9] After completing round one, the contestant moves on to a second round of gameplay (the "Classic Millionaire" round), in which four non-categorised questions are played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augments the contestant's winnings to that point, as in the older formats.[9] The contestant is now allowed to walk away with all the money in their bank; an incorrect answer drops their winnings to $25,000. The shuffle format was replaced with a modified version of the original format (with only 14 questions) for the fourteenth syndicated season; the values of the last four questions remain unchanged.

text: Lifelines[edit]

text: Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions. After using a lifeline, the contestant can either answer the question, use another lifeline, or walk away and keep the money (although using the "Double Dip" lifeline requires the contestant to immediately answer and using the "Jump the Question" lifeline naturally prevents them from continuing with that question). Except for the first three seasons of the "Jump the Question" lifeline's use, each lifeline can only be used once. In the Hot Seat format, the concept of lifelines is discarded in favor of the option to pass.

text: The show's original three lifelines are "50/50", in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers; "Phone a Friend", in which the contestant makes a thirty-second call to one of a number of friends (who provide their phone numbers in advance) and reads them the question and answer choices, after which the friend provides input; and "Ask the Audience", in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be, after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant. In countries where the show is broadcast live, friends selected for Phone-a-Friend are alerted when their contestant begins to play the main game, and are told to keep the phone free and to wait for three rings before answering.[10] Phone-a-Friend was removed from the U.S. version beginning with the episode that aired on 11 January 2010, after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants' friends using web search engines and other Internet resources to assist them, which unfairly privileged individuals who had computer access over those who did not, and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline, by which friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew.[11] From 2004 to 2008, the U.S. version had a fourth lifeline called "Switch the Question",[4] earned upon answering question ten, in which the computer replaced, at the contestant's request, one question with another of the same monetary value; however, any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question. Switch the Question returned as Cut the Question for a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 (in the latter case, it could only be used on the first ten questions).

text: During the U.S. Millionaire's Super Millionaire spin-off, two new lifelines were introduced: "Double Dip", which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question, but required them to play out the question, forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines; and "Three Wise Men", in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers (one of which was usually a former Millionaire winner and at least one being female), appearing via face-to-face audio and video feeds, which answer they believed was correct, within a time limit of thirty seconds. When the clock format was implemented, Double Dip replaced the 50:50 lifeline,[4] and the show also introduced a new lifeline called "Ask the Expert", similar to Three Wise Men but only had one person (usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people, lacked the time limit of its predecessor, and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question. Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question,[12] but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone-a-Friend was removed. In fact, the Hong Kong version introduced the "Ask the Expert" lifeline in an extra-length celebrity special in a one-off basis in 2001 (once again in 2018 celebrity special over two episodes), while the celebrity contestants may ask a panel of the experts instead of the original Phone-a-Friend lifeline; however, unlike the American version's Ask the Expert, the experts were present in the audience, and the questions are visible to them.

text: The U.S. version sometimes used corporate sponsorship for its lifelines. Phone-a-Friend was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version, then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes. From 2004 to 2006, Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL, which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their contact list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers, to which the users replied with their choices.[13] In addition, the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds.[12]

text: The German Millionaire's risk format features an extra lifeline called "Ask One of the Audience", in which the host will reread the question and ask the audience who think they would be able to answer that question to stand up. The contestant may choose one of these (judging by looks only) and discuss the question at length with said audience member. He may or may not choose an answer after that. If he chooses the suggested answer and it proves to be correct, the audience member will also receive a prize of €500. This lifeline is also implemented in the Costa Rican version, after the first milestone is reached. Starting in its thirteenth season, the U.S. syndicated version uses a variant of this lifeline, called "Plus One", which allows the contestant to bring a companion with them for help, rather than having them select their companion from the audience.

text: The U.S. Millionaire's shuffle format introduced a new lifeline, "Jump the Question", which was able to be used twice in a single game for seasons nine through twelve of the syndicated version. At any point prior to selecting a final answer, a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one, thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer. However, if the contestant uses Jump the Question, they do not gain any money from the question they choose to skip[9] (for example, a contestant with a bank of $68,100 may jump the $100,000 question, but will still have only $68,100 instead of the typical $100,000 when they face the $250,000 question). Unlike other lifelines throughout the show's history, this lifeline cannot be used on the $1 million question, since it is the final question in the game. The introduction of Plus One reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one. On occasional specially designated weeks, starting with a Halloween-themed week that aired from 29 October to 2 November 2012, the shuffle format uses a special lifeline called "Crystal Ball", which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer.[14] Jump the Question was removed from the show at the end of the thirteenth syndicated season.

text: Top prize winners[edit]

text: Out of all contestants that have played the game, few have been able to win the top prize on any international version of the show. The first was John Carpenter, who won the top prize on the U.S. version on 19 November 1999. Carpenter did not use a lifeline until the final question, using his Phone-a-Friend not for help but to call his father to tell him he had won the million.[15]

text: Other notable top prize winners include Judith Keppel, the first winner of the UK version;[16] Kevin Olmstead from the U.S. version, who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million;[17] Martin Flood from the Australian version, who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated, much like Charles Ingram, but was later cleared;[18] and Sushil Kumar from the Indian version, who is often referred to in Western media as the "real-life Slumdog Millionaire".[19][20][21][22][23]

text: Of all the international versions, the Japanese version has produced the most number (38) of top prize winners, including juniors. The most recent Millionaire winner is Yevgeny Malischuk from the Kazakh version, winning 10,000,000 tenge in the episode broadcast on 24 March 2018.

text: International versions[edit]

text: The original British version of Millionaire, hosted by Chris Tarrant, debuted on the ITV network on 4 September 1998. At its peak in 1999, one edition of the show was watched by over 19 million viewers (one out of every three Britons).[24] Originally the contestants were predominantly members of the general public, but in the show's later years, only celebrities appeared on the show, in special live editions that coincided with holidays and the like. On 22 October 2013, Tarrant decided to quit the show after 15 years, and ITV decided to cancel the show after his contract finished, stating that there would not be any further specials beyond the ones that had already been planned.[25][26] Tarrant's final live celebrity edition aired on 19 December 2013, and the final episode, a clip show entitled "Chris' Final Answer", aired on 11 February 2014.[27] Four years later, ITV announced that there will be a special 7-episode revived series being broadcast in 2018 with Jeremy Clarkson presenting, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme.

text: Australia[edit]

text: The Australian version of the show debuted on the Nine Network on 18 April 1999, and was hosted by Eddie McGuire until he became the CEO of the Nine Network, a position that required him to sacrifice his on-air commitments.[28] The final episode of the original Australian series aired on 3 April 2006;[29] however, after his resignation as Nine Network CEO,[30] McGuire resumed his duties as Millionaire host for subsequent versions. Millionaire returned to Australia in 2007,[31] as six episodes with a new format aired during October and November of that year. This was followed by an abbreviated version called Millionaire Hot Seat which debuted on 20 April 2009.[32][33]

text: United States[edit]

text: The U.S. version of Millionaire premiered in primetime on ABC on 16 August 1999, and was originally hosted by Regis Philbin.[34] The original network version was the highest-rated of all television shows in the 1999–2000 season, reaching an average audience of approximately 29 million viewers,[35] but before long, ABC overexposed the primetime series and the audience tired of the show,[36] which ultimately grilled it to cancellation, with its final episode airing on 27 June 2002.[37] A daily syndicated version of the programme debuted on 16 September 2002, and was launched by Meredith Vieira,[38] who remained host for 11 seasons, with her final first-run episodes airing in May 2013.[39] Later hosts after Vieira's departure included Cedric the Entertainer and Terry Crews, who each held one-season tenures as host in 2013 and 2014 respectively;[40][41] and Chris Harrison, who became host in the autumn of 2015.

text: Russia, Netherlands, Japan[edit]

text: A Russian version of Millionaire debuted as О, счастливчик! ("Oh, lucky man!!!") on NTV from 1 October 1999 to 28 January 2001.[42] On 19 February 2001, the show was relaunched as Кто хочет стать миллионером? ("Who wants to become a millionaire?"), which aired on Channel One and was hosted by Maxim Galkin before 2008, and Dmitry Dibrov after that.[43] A Dutch version of the show, titled Lotto Weekend Miljonairs, first aired on SBS 6 from 1999 to 2006 with Robert ten Brink as its host, then was moved to RTL 4, where it aired until 2008 (later to be revived in 2011) with Jeroen van der Boom hosting. A Japanese version called Quiz $ Millionaire, hosted by Monta Mino, was launched by Fuji Television on 20 April 2000;[44] it was a regular weekly programme for its first seven years, after which it only aired in occasional specials.[45]

text: India[edit]

text: An Indian version of the program in Hindi, titled Kaun Banega Crorepati ("Who will become a millionaire"), debuted on 3 July 2000, with Amitabh Bachchan hosting in his first appearance on Indian television.[46] Subsequent seasons of the show aired in 2005–06,[47] 2007, and every year since 2010.[48] The Indian version was immortalised by director Danny Boyle in his 2008 drama film Slumdog Millionaire,[49] adapted from the 2005 Indian novel Q & A by Vikas Swarup,[50] which won eight U.S. Academy Awards (including Best Picture and Best Director)[51] and seven BAFTA Awards. Another Indian version in Malayalam titled Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran debuted on 9 April 2012 with Suresh Gopi as the anchor.[52] Other Indian remakes include Neengalum Vellalam Oru Kodi in Tamil, Kannadada Kotyadhipati in Kannada, and Meelo Evaru Koteeswarudu in Telugu.

text: Nepal[edit]

text: A Nepalese version of the program in Nepali language, titled Ko Banchha Crorepati ("Who will become a millionaire"), debuted on 2018 . The host of the show is Rajesh Hamal, the famous Nepalese actor who worked in many movies and he have hosted many television shows in Nepal. The highest prize of the show is NPR 5 crores (USD 5 Million).

text: Phillipines[edit]

text: A Filipino version of Millionaire was broadcast from 2000 to 2002 by the government-sequestered Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation, produced by Viva Television,[53][54] and was hosted by Christopher de Leon. On 23 May 2009, the show returned with a new home on TV5,[55] with Vic Sotto as the new host.[56][57] The show aired its season finale on 7 October 2012 to give way to another game show hosted by Sotto, The Million Peso Money Drop (the Philippine version of The Million Pound Drop Live created by Endemol). However, the show returned to the air on 15 September 2013 for a new season together with Pinoy Explorer and Wow Mali! Pa Rin after the cancellation of the talent show Talentadong Pinoy (which would be revived just one year later).

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Millionaire has also existed in many other countries, including a Chinese version aired in 2007 and 2008 with Lǐ Fán as its host; a French version on TF1, which debuted on 3 July 2000 and is hosted by Jean-Pierre Foucault; a German version launched by RTL Television on 3 September 1999, hosted by Günther Jauch; a Hong Kong version called Baak Maan Fu Yung, which was broadcast by Asia Television from 2001 to 2005, with actor Kenneth Chan as its host; and a Sri Lankan version called Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi, which premiered in 2010 on Sirasa TV of Maharaja Network. In total, over 100 different international variations of Millionaire have been produced since the original UK version made its 1998 debut.[58]

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2006, original producer Celador announced that it was seeking to sell the worldwide rights to Millionaire, together with the rest of its British programme library, as the first phase of a sell-off of the company's format and production divisions. Millionaire and all of Celador's other programmes were ultimately acquired by Dutch company 2waytraffic. Two years later, Sony Pictures Entertainment purchased 2waytraffic for £137.5 million.[59] The format of the show is currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television; however, the U.S. version is distributed not by Sony but by the Walt Disney Company's in-home sales and content distribution firm, Disney–ABC Domestic Television.

text: The idea to transform the UK programme into a global franchise was conceived by British television producer Paul Smith. He laid out a series of rules that the international variants in the franchise were to follow: for example, all hosts were required to appear on-screen wearing Armani suits, as Tarrant did in the UK; producers were forbidden from hiring local composers to create original music, instead using the same music cues used by the British version; and the lighting system and set design were required to adhere faithfully to the way they were presented on the British version.[60] However, some of Smith's rules have been slightly relaxed over the years as the franchise's history has progressed.

text: Creation[edit]

text: The format of the show was created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight, who had earlier created a number of the promotional games for Tarrant's morning show on Capital FM radio, such as the bong game. Tentatively known as Cash Mountain,[61] the show takes its finalised title from a song written by Cole Porter for the 1956 film High Society, in which it was sung by Frank Sinatra and Celeste Holm.

text: Since the original version launched, several individuals have claimed that they originated the format and that Celador had breached their copyright. Sponsored by the Daily Mail, Mike Bull, a Southampton-based journalist, took Celador to the High Court in March 2002, claiming authorship of the lifelines, but Celador settled out of court with a confidentiality clause. In 2003, Sydney resident John J. Leonard claimed to have originated a format substantially similar to that of Millionaire, but without the concept of lifelines.[62][63] In 2004, Alan Melville sued ITV for using the opening phrase "Who wants to be a millionaire?" from his ideas for a game show based on the lottery, called Millionaires' Row, for which he had sent his documents to Granada Television; ITV counter-claimed, and the parties reached an out-of-court agreement/settlement.

text: In 2002, John Bachini started a claim against Celador, ITV, and five individuals who claimed that they had created Millionaire. Bachini claimed they had used ideas from his 1982 board game format, a two-page TV format concept known as Millionaire dating from 1990, and the telephone mechanics from another of his concepts, BT Lottery, also dating from 1990. Bachini submitted his documents to Paul Smith, from a sister company of Celador's, in March 1995 and again in January 1996, and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV in January 1996. Bachini claimed that they used 90% of his Millionaire format, which contained all of the same procedures as the actual British Millionaire's pilot: twenty questions, three lifelines, two safe havens (£1,000 and £32,000), and even starting from £1.00. Bachini's lifelines were known by different names; he never claimed he coined the phrase phone-a-friend, but Bull and Tim Boone claimed they did. Celador claimed the franchise originated from a format known as The Cash Mountain, a five-page document created by either Briggs or his wife Jo Sandilands in October 1995. The defendants brought Bachini to a summary hearing, and lost. Bachini won the right to go to trial, but could not continue at trial due to serious illness, so Celador reached an out-of-court settlement with Bachini.[64]

text: Hallmarks[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score most commonly associated with the franchise was composed by father-and-son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan. The Strachans' score provides drama and tension, and unlike older game show musical scores, Millionaire's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show. The Strachans' main Millionaire theme song takes inspiration from the "Mars" movement of Gustav Holst's The Planets, and their question cues from the £2,000 to the £32,000/£50,000 level, and then from the £64,000/£75,000 level onwards, take the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question, in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game.[65] On Game Show Network (GSN)'s Gameshow Hall of Fame special, the narrator described the Strachan tracks as "mimicking the sound of a beating heart", and stated that as the contestant works their way up the money ladder, the music is "perfectly in tune with their ever-increasing pulse".[61]

text: The Strachans' Millionaire soundtrack was honoured by the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers with numerous awards, the earliest of them awarded in 2000.[65] The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the U.S. version's clock format in 2008; for example, the question cues were synced to the "ticking" sounds of the game clock. Even later, the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010, in favour of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams, co-founders of the Los Angeles-based company Ah2 Music.[66]

text: Set[edit]

text: The basic set design used in the Millionaire franchise was conceived by British production designer Andy Walmsley, and is the most reproduced scenic design in television history.[60] Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant(s) feel at ease, Millionaire's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable, so that the programme feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show.[61] The floor is made of Plexiglas[60] beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper.[61] The main game typically has the contestant and host sit in "Hot Seats",[61] which are slightly-modified, 3 foot (0.91 m)-high Pietranera Arco All chairs situated in the center of the stage; an LG computer monitor directly facing each seat displays questions and other pertinent information.

text: The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game. There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights, oil is vaporised, creating a haze effect. Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson, a professor at Syracuse University, stated that the show's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside a prison while an escape was in progress.[61]

text: When the U.S. Millionaire introduced its shuffle format, the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium and as a result, the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage. According to Vieira, the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat, which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous, actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer.[67] Also, two video screens were installed–one that displays the current question in play, and another that displays the contestant's cumulative total and progress during the game. In September 2012, the redesigned set was improved with a modernised look and feel, in order to take into account the show's transition to high-definition broadcasting, which had just come about the previous year. The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones, having twice as many projectors as the previous screens; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one; and light-emitting diode (LED) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colours and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel.[68]

text: Catchphrase[edit]

text: Millionaire has made catchphrases out of several lines used on the show. The most well-known of these catchphrases is the host's question "Is that your final answer?", asked whenever a contestant's answer needs to be verified.[69] The question is asked because the rules require that the contestants must clearly indicate their choices before they are made official, the nature of the game allowing them to ponder the options before committing to an answer. Regularly on tier-three questions, a dramatic pause occurs between the contestant's statement of their answer and the host's acknowledgement of whether or not it is correct.

text: Many parodies of Millionaire have capitalised on the "final answer" catchphrase. In the United States, the phrase was popularised by Philbin during his tenure as the host of that country's version,[37] to the extent that TV Land listed it in its special 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases, which aired in 2006.[70]

text: On the Australian versions, McGuire replaces the phrase with "Lock it in?"; likewise, the Indian version's hosts have used varying "lock" catchphrases. There are also a number of other non-English versions of Millionaire where the host does not ask "[Is that your] final answer?" or a literal translation thereof.[71] Besides the "final answer" question, other catchphrases used on the show include the contestants' requests to use lifelines, such as "I'd like to phone a friend"; and a line that Tarrant spoke whenever a contestant was struggling with a particular question, "Some questions are only easy if you know the answer."[69]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? has been credited with single-handedly reviving interest in, and breaking new ground for, the television game show.[61] It revolutionised the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system, dramatic music cues, and futuristic set. The show also became one of the most popular game shows in television history, and is credited by some with paving the way for the phenomenon of reality programming.[61]

text: Awards, accolades and honours[edit]

text: In 2000, the British Film Institute honoured the UK version of Millionaire by ranking it number 23 on its "BFI TV 100" list, which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country.[72] The UK Millionaire also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme, and four National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 2002 to 2005.

text: The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001. Philbin was honoured with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001, while Vieira received one in 2005 and another in 2009, making her the second woman to win an Emmy Award for hosting a game show, and the first to win multiple times.[73] TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire No. 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time,[74] and later ranked it No. 6 on its 2013 "60 Greatest Game Shows" list.[75] GSN ranked Millionaire No. 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time,[76] and later honoured the show in January 2007 on its first, and so far only, Gameshow Hall of Fame special.[61]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: In April 2003, British Army Major Charles Ingram, his wife Diana, and college lecturer Tecwen Whittock were convicted of using fraudulent means to win £1 million on the UK version of the show when Ingram was a contestant on the show in September 2001. The allegation was that when Tarrant asked a question, Whittock, one of that episode's nine other Fastest Finger First contestants, would cough to guide Ingram to the correct answer. Ingram won the £1 million top prize, but members of the production staff raised suspicions over Whittock's coughing along with the Ingrams' behaviour after the recording, and the police were called in to investigate. The defence claimed that Whittock simply suffered from allergies; however, all three were found guilty and given suspended sentences.[77] After the trial, ITV aired a documentary about the scandal, along with Ingram's entire game, complete with Whittock's coughing sounds. As a joke, Benylin cough syrup paid to have the first commercial shown during the programme's commercial break.[78]

text: In 2006, a screenshot from the UKGameshows.com site[79] was digitally altered and used in a piece on the satire site BS News. The image was also widely circulated as an email[80] in which it was purported to show contestant Fiona Wheeler from the UK version, failing to answer her £100 question correctly after using all three lifelines because she was too sceptical of the assistance that was given; the image was actually a digitally altered screenshot of Wheeler's answering a different question from a higher tier; in the actual screenshot, Wheeler is shown about to win her eventual prize of £32,000.[79] The hoax, an exaggeration of real-life incidents of contestants losing horribly, might have been inspired by an infamous moment from the French version of the show, in which a contestant requested help from the audience on a €3,000 question which asked which celestial body orbits the Earth: the Moon, the Sun, Mars, or Venus. The majority of the audience provided the answer of "the Sun",[80] although the correct answer is the Moon, and the contestant ended up leaving with only €1,500 as a result. The hoax also borrows elements from a number of infamous moments on the U.S. version, where numerous unlucky contestants won nothing after submitting a wrong answer to one of the first five questions.

text: Other media[edit]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Three board game adaptations of the UK Millionaire were released by Upstarts in 1998, and a junior edition recommended for younger players was introduced in 2001. The U.S. version also saw two board games of its own, released by Pressman Toy Corporation in 2000.[81][82] Other Millionaire board games have included a game based on the Australian version's Hot Seat format, which was released by UGames;[83] a game based on the Italian version released by Hasbro;[84] and a game based on the French version which was released by TF1's games division.[85]

text: An electronic tabletop version of the game was released by Tiger Electronics in 2000.[86] Six different DVD games based on the UK Millionaire, featuring Tarrant's likeness and voice, were released by Zoo Digital Publishing[87] and Universal Studios Home Entertainment between 2002 and 2008. In 2008, Imagination Games released a DVD game based on the U.S. version, based on the 2004–08 format and coming complete with Vieira's likeness and voice,[88] as well as a quiz book[89] and a 2009 desktop calendar.[90]

text: The UK Millionaire saw five video game adaptations for personal computers and Sony's PlayStation consoles, produced by Hothouse Creations and Eidos Interactive. Between 1999 and 2001, Jellyvision produced five games based on the U.S. network version for PCs and the PlayStation, all of them featuring Philbin's likeness and voice. The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive, while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio. Of the five games, three featured general trivia questions,[91][92][93] one was sports-themed,[94] and another was a "Kids Edition" featuring easier questions.[95] Two additional U.S. Millionaire games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011; the first of these was a game for Nintendo's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the 2008–10 clock format,[96] with the Wii version offered on the show as a consolation prize to audience contestants during the 2010–11 season. The second, for Microsoft's Xbox 360, was based on the shuffle format[97] and was offered as a consolation prize during the next season (2011–12).

text: Ludia also made a Facebook game based on Millionaire available to players in North America from 2011 to 2016. This game featured an altered version of the shuffle format, condensing the number of questions to twelve—eight in round one and four in round two. Contestants competed against eight other Millionaire fans in round one, with the top three playing round two alone. There was no "final answer" rule; the contestant's responses were automatically locked in. Answering a question correctly earned a contestant the value of that question, multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly. Contestants were allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one, and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question.[98]

text: Disney Parks attraction[edit]

text: A theme park attraction based on the show, known as Who Wants to Be a Millionaire – Play It!, appeared at Disney's Hollywood Studios (when it was known as Disney-MGM Studios) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim, California. Both the Florida and California Play It! attractions opened in 2001; the California version closed in 2004,[99] and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania!

text: The format in the Play It! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it. When a show started, a "Fastest Finger" question was given, and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show. However, the main game had some differences: for example, contestants competed for points rather than dollars, the questions were set to time limits, and the Phone-a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction's theatre who would find a guest to help. After the contestant's game was over, they were awarded anything from a collectible pin, to clothing, to a Millionaire CD game, to a 3-night Disney Cruise.[100]


question_text: cat in the hat knows a lot about space movie

text: Overview[edit]

text: Each episode features The Cat in the Hat (voiced by Martin Short),[1] who leads six-year-old neighbours Nick and Sally, the Fish, and Thing One and Thing Two on a variety of adventures in his "Thinga-ma-jigger", a Seussian contraption that can sprout wings, pontoons, booster rockets, change size, and do just about anything else necessary to further the adventure. The adventures are prompted by a question posed by either Nick or Sally at the beginning of each episode,[3] which will inevitably lead them around the globe to "make natural science discoveries."[4] Similar to other PBS Kids series such as Curious George and Sid the Science Kid, The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That! focuses on introducing preschoolers to various science and learning concepts.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
40
September 6, 2010 (2010-09-06)
September 17, 2012 (2012-09-17)

2
20
September 10, 2012 (2012-09-10)
June 23, 2015 (2015-06-23)

3
20
March 2, 2018 (2018-03-02)
TBA (TBA)

Specials
6
November 21, 2012 (2012-11-21)
December 26, 2016 (2016-12-26)

tag: table

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
The Cat in the Hat – Voiced by Martin Short and Keith Wickham in the U.K. A knowledgeable, adventurous, anthropomorphic cat. He loves to explore the world and act as Nick and Sally's guide, and he frequently speaks in rhyming patterns reminiscent of the Dr. Seuss character on which he is based.
Nick – Voiced by Jacob Ewaniuk (seasons 1-2) and Deandray Hamilton (season 3) and Bob Lloyd in the U.K. A seven-year-old boy. He is Sally's next door neighbour and best friend. He wears an orange sweater, white short-sleeves-undershirt, blue pants, and gray shoes with black soles.
Sally – Voiced by Alexa Torrington (seasons 1-2) and Halle Nunes (season 3) and Joanna Ruiz in the U.K. A six-year-old girl. She is Nick's next door neighbour and best friend. She wears a dark pink headband, short-sleeved white undershirt, a dark pink jumper with 2 matching buttons, and dark pink Mary-Jane shoes with brown soles.
Fish – Voiced by Rob Tinkler and Simon Greenall in the U.K. A moderately pessimistic fish who is loosely based on the fish in the original story. Unlike the fish in the book, however, he is red and appears to belong to the Cat instead of Sally or Nick. He is also much more cooperative in the Cat's adventures.
Thing One and Thing Two – Also voiced by Rob Tinkler. The Cat's two zany, energetic helpers of indeterminate species.
Sally's mom – Voiced by Tracey Hoyt. Whenever Sally asks permission to go on an adventure with the Cat, her voice is heard responding. In some of the episodes, she appears.
Nick's mom – Also voiced by Tracey Hoyt. Whenever Nick asks permission to go on an adventure with the Cat, her voice is heard responding. In some of the episodes, she appears. She talks with a Jamaican accent.

tag: ul

text: Animals[edit]

text:
Zhu Zhu – Voiced by Heather Bambrick. Zhu Zhu is a giant panda enlisted by the Cat, Sally, and Nick to find a present for their panda. She appears in "Bamboozled" where she lives in the forest of Bamwamabooboo.
Daphne – A dolphin.
Fifi – A red mouse.
Ralph – Sometimes called a reindeer and sometimes called a caribou who has grey fur. In the Christmas episode, he wins the candy cane hunt and also has been stowed away in the Thingamajigger.
Buster and Brenda – booby birds
Betty the Beaver – Voiced by Angela Lewis. A beaver who has large teeth, just like a real beaver. The Things destroyed her dam.
Betty's Friend – Voiced by Jeffrey Tambor. Betty's friend helped fix her dam. He appeared later in "The Cat In The Hat Knows A Lot About Christmas!".

text: Voice Cast[edit]

text:
Martin Short as the Cat in the Hat
Jacob Ewaniuk as Nick
Alexa Torrington as Sally
Robert Tinkler as Fish, Thing One and Thing Two
Tracey Hoyt as Sally's mom and Nick's mom

text: DVDs[edit]

text: Various DVDs were released by NCircle Entertainment beginning in late October 2010 where every DVD is in region 1, subtitled in English and Spanish, approximately 60 minutes except for a few, in Dolby Digital, in 5.1 surround and Dolby surround stereo in Spanish. Every DVD has the bonus segments from the show.

text:
Wings and Things

Show Me the Honey
Migration Vacation
I Love the Nightlife
Oh Give Me a Home
Many Ants Make Light Work

Up and Away

A Plan for Sand
Whale Music
Flower Power
Dress Up Day
Bathtime

Tales About Tails

A Sticky Situation
Trees Company
Rain Game
You Should Be Dancing
A Tale About Tails

Told from the Cold

Snowman's Land
Flight of the Penguin
A Long Winter's Nap
Reindeer Games

Surprise, Little Guys

Super Secret Digger
Night Lights
Along Came a Spider
Teeny Weeny Adventure
Hold On Tight

Trick and Treats

Batty for Bats
Aye Aye
Trick or Treat

Breeze from the Trees

Nest Best Thing
The Lost Egg
The Tree Doctor

Miles and Miles of Reptiles

Now You See Me
Be Cool
Itty Bitty Water

Ocean Commotion

Reef Magic
Digging The Deep
King Cecil the Seahorse
Ice Is Nice
Help with Kelp

Safari, So Good!

Treetop Tom
Stripy Safari
The King of Swing
Elephant Walk
Follow the Prints

Let's Go on an Adventure

Maps
Incredible Journey
I See Seeds
Sniff and Seek
Go Snails Go

Space is the Place

Jumping on the Moon
No Night Today
Planet Name Game
Top of the Sky
Tough Enough

The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About Halloween!

text: Awards[edit]

text:
2012 Parents' Choice Award – Winner in Television
2012 Cynopsis: Kids !magination Awards – Winner, TV Series based on books
2012 Cynopsis: Kids !magination Awards – Winner, Song for a TV Series
2012 Kidscreen Awards – Recognized, Best Integrated Promotion
2012 Teachers' Choice Awards – For the Classroom: "Wings and Things" (DVD NCircle Entertainment)
2012 Young Artist Awards – Nominated, Best Performance in a Voice-Over, TV or Feature Film Young Actor
2012 Parents' Choice Award – Best Website
2012 Kidscreen Awards – Finalist, Best Companion Website
2012 Cynopsis: Kids !magination Awards – Honorable Mention, Website for a TV Series or TV Special
2012 Webby Awards – Website, Official Honoree
2011 – Nomination, Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program (Martin Short)
2011 Daytime Emmy Awards – Nomination, Outstanding Original Song in Children's & Animation
2011 NAPPA Awards – "Told from the Cold" (DVD NCircle Entertainment)
2011 WGC Screenwriting Awards – Winner, Animation
2011 Young Artist Awards – Nominated, Best Performance in a Voice-Over, TV or Feature Film Young Actor
2011 Young Artist Awards – Nominated, Best Performance in a Voice-Over, TV or Feature Film Young Actress
2011 Youth Media Alliance – Nomination, Award of Excellence, Animation Three to Five Years
2010 Parents' Choice Awards – Recommended Seal[6]


document_title: NCIS: Los Angeles (season 9)

question_text: when do new episodes of ncis los angeles return

text: NCIS: Los Angeles (season 9)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Chris O'Donnell as Grisha "G." Callen, NCIS Special Agent in Charge (SAC)
Daniela Ruah as Kensi Blye, NCIS Special Agent
Eric Christian Olsen as Marty Deeks, L.A.P.D. Liaison Detective
Barrett Foa as Eric Beale, NCIS Technical Operator
Renée Felice Smith as Nell Jones, NCIS Special Agent and Intelligence Analyst
Nia Long as Shay Mosley, NCIS Executive Assistant Director for Pacific Operations (EADPAC)
Linda Hunt as Henrietta Lange, NCIS Supervisory Special Agent (SSA) and Operations Manager
LL Cool J as Sam Hanna, NCIS Senior Special Agent, second in command

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Vyto Ruginis as Arkady Kolcheck
Peter Cambor as Nate Getz, NCIS Special Agent
Bar Paly as Anastasia "Anna" Kolcheck, NCIS consultant and Callen's girlfriend.
John M. Jackson as Retired Rear Admiral A. J. Chegwidden, USN, JAG
Andrea Bordeaux as Harley Hidoko, NCIS Special Agent and Executive Assistant to the EADPAC.
Jeff Kober as Harris Keane
Pamela Reed as Roberta Deeks, Deeks' mother.
Daniel J. Travanti as Nikita Aleksandr Reznikov / Garrison, Callen's father
Ravil Isyanov as Anatoli Kirkin

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

193
1
"Party Crashers"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
901
8.95[3]

Hetty turns in retirement papers and disappears, Shay Mosley comes to Los Angeles to oversee the team and makes staffing changes; Sam insists that Callen find a new partner.

194
2
"Se Murio El Payaso"
Rick Tunell
Kyle Harimoto
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
825
8.46[4]

When the daughter of a notorious counterfeiter arrives in Los Angeles, Sam is sent undercover as a financier, while Callen partners with Anna (Bar Paly) to track the family's latest scheme.

195
3
"Assets"
Tawnia McKiernan
Kyle Harimoto
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
902
8.65[5]

During the murder investigation of a Navy Lieutenant on leave in Los Angeles, the NCIS team uncovers classified surveillance briefs she smuggled into the city that may have been sold to a foreign buyer. Meanwhile, Sam decides to sell his house.

196
4
"Plain Sight"
Dennis Smith
Joseph C. Wilson
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
903
8.18[6]

After weapons with a $1 million street value are stolen, the team tracks the evidence to a wealthy charity event, prompting Mosley to be added to the guest list with Callen and Sam as her security detail.

197
5
"Mountebank"
Terrence O'Hara
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
904
7.50[7]

Sam goes undercover as a day trader after a prominent investment banker with ties to a Russian oligarch is murdered. Also, one of Callen's aliases is the victim of credit card theft, and Mosley is concerned it signals something bigger.

198
6
"Can I Get a Witness?"
James Hanlon
Chad Mazero
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
826
8.03[8]

LAPD Detective Whiting calls in a favor from Deeks after his former partner, LAPD Lieutenant Bates, goes rogue and only Deeks can bring him in.

199
7
"The Silo"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Frank Military
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
905
7.86[9]

After an Air Force captain Kensi dated a decade ago breaches a missile launch facility, she is transported to the location to help thwart the use of nuclear weapons.

200
8
"This Is What We Do"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
906
6.95[10]

When a group of migrants and Border Patrol officers are slaughtered near Camp Pendleton, the team discovers that the killers are there for one of their old enemies; Nell must work with her bossy older sister Sydney, a Homeland Security analyst.

201
9
"Fool Me Twice"
Benny Boom
Andrew Bartels
November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)
907
7.64[11]

Callen and the team question Joelle's backstory after she escapes from a kidnapping and turns to Callen for help.

202
10
"Forasteira"
Eric Pot
Erin Broadhurst
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
908
7.53[12]

The team tracks a highly-skilled assailant determined to avenge her father's death by killing a Brazilian diplomat. Meanwhile, Deeks helps Guy, his mother's boyfriend, with a theft.

203
11
"All Is Bright"
Ruba Nadda
Chad Mazero
December 17, 2017 (2017-12-17)
909
7.21[13]

The team investigates a ransomware attack that disrupts the entire power grid and paralyzes the city; Sam struggles to find a way for his family to celebrate the holidays after his wife's death.

204
12
"Under Pressure"
Diana C. Valentine
Joe Sachs
January 7, 2018 (2018-01-07)
911
7.87[14]

After napalm is detected at a crime scene, the team investigates the sole casualty for possible links to terrorism.

205
13
"Các Tù Nhân"
James Hanlon
R. Scott Gemmill
January 14, 2018 (2018-01-14)
910
9.12[15]

Eric and Nell find a cryptic clue Hetty left behind in a book that points to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. At first, they clash with Mosley as they try to find out what Hetty is doing there, but Mosley comes around and gets them tickets to Vietnam. Meanwhile, Hetty tries to look insane while being interrogated by her "buyer", who's after the secret information she has.

The title of the episode, "Các Tù Nhân" is Vietnamese for "Prisoners."

206
14
"Goodbye, Vietnam"
John Peter Kousakis
R. Scott Gemmill
March 11, 2018 (2018-03-11)
912
8.03[16]

The OSP team must work with Hetty's old unit to locate her before she is sold off, while Nell and Eric must work with Sydney to uncover information that would help the team.

207
15
"Liabilities"
Lily Mariye
Kyle Harimoto
March 18, 2018 (2018-03-18)
913
8.02[17]

The team's follow up on an old case leads them to Jennifer Kim (Malese Jow), Granger's estranged daughter, who may be the only one able to help them prevent a rogue North Korean agent from causing a terrorist attack in Los Angeles. Hetty readjusts to the OSP office following her return, especially to Mosley. In the end of the episode, Callen and Sam learn that Granger is dead.

208
16
"Warrior of Peace"
Terence Nightingall
Andrew Bartels
March 25, 2018 (2018-03-25)
914
8.58[18]

Callen's father is apprehended as part of an exchange for two American photographers being held hostage in Iran.

209
17
"The Monster"
Dennis Smith
Adam George Key & Frank Military
April 1, 2018 (2018-04-01)
915
7.12[19]

While Investigating a missing person's case, the team uncovers a killer who puts on a show for high paying voyeurs.

210
18
"Vendetta"
James Whitmore, Jr.
Jordana Lewis Jaffe
April 8, 2018 (2018-04-08)
916
8.14[20]

NCIS partners with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) on a case when a notorious international weapons Dealer returns to the states.

211
19
"Outside the Lines"
Suzanne Saltz
Joseph C. Wilson
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)
917
7.57[21]

Sam and Hidoko are sent undercover after a cryptocurrency farm is robbed of over $10 million in Bitcoin codes.

212
20
"Reentry"[22]
Eric Pot
Lee A. Carlisle & Andrew Bartels
April 29, 2018 (2018-04-29)
918
TBD

213
21
"Where Everybody Knows Your Name"[23]
Rick Tunell
Chad Mazero & Jordana Lewis Jaffe
May 6, 2018 (2018-05-06)
919
TBD

214
22
"Venganza"[24]
Yangzom Brauen
Erin Broadhurst & Kyle Harimoto
May 13, 2018 (2018-05-13)
920
TBD

215
23
"A Line In The Sand"
Frank Military
Frank Military
May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)
TBA
TBD

216
24
"Ninguna Salida"
John Peter Kousakis
Joe Sachs & R. Scott Gemmill
May 20, 2018 (2018-05-20)
TBA
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Episode
Air date
18–49
rating
Viewers
(millions)

1
"Party Crashers"
October 1, 2017
1.3/4[3]
8.95[3]

2
"Se Murio El Payaso"
October 8, 2017
1.0/4[4]
8.46[4]

3
"Assets"
October 15, 2017
1.1/4[5]
8.65[5]

4
"Plain Sight"
October 22, 2017
1.1/3[6]
8.18[6]

5
"Mountebank"
October 29, 2017
0.8/3[7]
7.50[7]

6
"Can I Get a Witness?"
November 5, 2017
0.9/3[8]
8.03[8]

7
"The Silo"
November 12, 2017
0.9/3[9]
7.86[9]

8
"This Is What We Do"
November 19, 2017
0.7/2[10]
6.95[10]

9
"Fool Me Twice"
November 26, 2017
0.9/3[11]
7.64[11]

10
"Forasteira"
December 10, 2017
0.8/3[12]
7.53[12]

11
"All is Bright"
December 17, 2017
0.9/3[13]
7.21[13]

12
"Under Pressure"
January 7, 2018
0.9/3[14]
7.87[14]

13
"Cac Tu Nhan"
January 14, 2018
1.1/4[15]
9.12[15]

14
"Goodbye, Vietnam"
March 11, 2018
0.9/3[16]
8.03[16]

15
"Liabilities"
March 18, 2018
0.9/3[17]
8.02[17]

16
"Warrior of Peace"
March 25, 2018
1.1/4[18]
8.58[18]

17
"The Monster"
April 1, 2018
0.8/3[19]
7.12[19]

18
"Vendetta"
April 8, 2018
0.9/3[20]
8.14[20]

19
"Outside the Lines"
April 22, 2018
0.8/3[21]
7.57[21]


document_title: The Glass Castle (film)

question_text: where was the movie the glass castle filmed

text: The Glass Castle (film)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Brie Larson as Jeannette Walls, the second daughter of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Lori, Maureen and Brian's second sister

Ella Anderson as Young Jeannette Walls
Chandler Head as Youngest Jeannette Walls

Woody Harrelson as Rex Walls, Jeannette, Lori, Brian and Maureen's alcoholic father and Rose Mary's husband
Sarah Snook as Lori Walls, the oldest daughter of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Jeanette, Maureen and Brian's older sister

Olivia Kate Rice as Youngest Lori Walls
Sadie Sink as Young Lori Walls

Naomi Watts as Rose Mary Walls, Jeannette, Lori, Brian and Maureen's eccentric mother and Rex's wife
Josh Caras as Brian Walls, the son of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Jeanette, Lori and Maureen's brother

Iain Armitage as Youngest Brian Walls
Charlie Shotwell as Young Brian Walls

Brigette Lundy-Paine as Maureen Walls, the youngest daughter of Rex and Rose Mary Walls and Jeanette, Lori and Brian's younger sister

Charlie and Noemie Guyon as Baby Maureen Walls
Eden Grace Redfield as three-year-old Maureen Walls
Shree Crooks as Young Maureen Walls

Max Greenfield as David, Jeanette's fiancé.
Dominic Bogart as Robbie
Joe Pingue as Uncle Stanley

text: Production[edit]

text: In April 2012, it was revealed that Lionsgate acquired the rights to the book and Jennifer Lawrence was in talks to star in the film.[4] In October 2013, it was revealed that Destin Daniel Cretton was in talks to direct the film and re-write the screenplay with Andrew Lanham from a previous draft by Marti Noxon.[5] In October 2015, Brie Larson joined the cast of the film, replacing Lawrence who exited the film after a male lead couldn't be found.[6] In November 2015, Woody Harrelson joined the cast of the film.[7] In March 2016, Naomi Watts joined the cast.[8] In April 2016, Max Greenfield and Sarah Snook joined the cast.[9][10] In May 2016, Ella Anderson joined the cast.[11]

text: Principal photography began on May 20, 2016, in Welch, West Virginia.[12][13]

text: Release[edit]

text: The Glass Castle was released on August 11, 2017, by Lionsgate.[14]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Glass Castle grossed $17.3 million in the United States and Canada and $3.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $21.2 million.[2]

text: In North America, The Glass Castle was released alongside The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature and Annabelle: Creation, and was projected to gross around $5 million from 1,461 theaters in its opening weekend.[15] The film made $1.7 million on its first day and $4.7 million over the weekend, finishing 9th at the box office.[16] The film made $2.6 million in its second weekend (a drop of 45.5%), finishing 12th.[17]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 50% based on 104 reviews, and an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Glass Castle has an affecting real-life story and a hard-working cast in its corner, but they aren't enough to outweigh a fundamentally misguided approach to the material."[18] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score 56 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[19] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[16]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers said the film "peddles easy uplift instead of cold, hard truths" and gave it two stars out of four, saying, "Hollywood has a knack for sanitizing books that deserve better. In the case of The Glass Castle, it's a damn shame."[20] Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times also gave the film two out of four stars and was equally as critical for how the material was presented, writing: "...a film that presents overwhelming evidence of Rex and Rose Mary as appalling human beings for 90 percent of the journey, and then asks us to give them a break? No sale."[21]