document_title: 70th Academy Awards

question_text: who won the oscar for best actor when titanic was nominated

text: 70th Academy Awards

text: Winners and nominees[edit]

text: The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and actress Geena Davis.[10] Titanic received the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950's All About Eve, and later 2016's La La Land, also achieved this distinction); Good Will Hunting and L.A. Confidential came in second with nine apiece.[11][12]

text: The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 23, 1998. With eleven awards, Titanic tied with Ben-Hur for the most academy awards in Oscar history.[13] It also became the first film to win Best Picture without a screenplay nomination since 1965's The Sound of Music.[14] Best Actress winner Helen Hunt was the first performer to win an Oscar while concurrently starring in a television series;[15] Jack Nicholson became the fourth performer to win at least three acting Oscars.[16] Both won for their roles in As Good as it Gets, making it the seventh film to win both lead acting awards.[17] Nominated for their performances as Rose DeWitt Bukater in Titanic, Best Actress nominee Kate Winslet and Best Supporting Actress nominee Gloria Stuart became the first pair of actress nominated for portraying the same character in the same film.[18][19] At age 87, Stuart also became the oldest performer nominated for a competitive Oscar.[20]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().[21]

text:
Best Picture

Titanic – James Cameron and Jon Landau, producers

As Good as It Gets – James L. Brooks, Bridgit Johnson and Kristi Zea, producers
The Full Monty – Uberto Pasolini, producer
Good Will Hunting – Lawrence Bender, producer
L.A. Confidential – Arnon Milchan, Curtis Hanson and Michael Nathanson, producers

Best Director

James Cameron – Titanic

Peter Cattaneo – The Full Monty
Gus Van Sant – Good Will Hunting
Curtis Hanson – L.A. Confidential
Atom Egoyan – The Sweet Hereafter

Best Actor

Jack Nicholson – As Good as It Gets as Melvin Udall

Matt Damon – Good Will Hunting as Will Hunting
Robert Duvall – The Apostle as Euliss "Sonny" Dewey, a.k.a. "The Apostle E.F."
Peter Fonda – Ulee's Gold as Ulysses "Ulee" Jackson
Dustin Hoffman – Wag the Dog as Stanley Motss

Best Actress

Helen Hunt – As Good as It Gets as Carol Connelly

Helena Bonham Carter – The Wings of the Dove as Kate Croy
Julie Christie – Afterglow as Phyllis Mann
Judi Dench – Mrs Brown as Queen Victoria
Kate Winslet – Titanic as Rose DeWitt Bukater

Best Supporting Actor

Robin Williams – Good Will Hunting as Dr. Sean Maguire

Robert Forster – Jackie Brown as Max Cherry
Anthony Hopkins – Amistad as John Quincy Adams
Greg Kinnear – As Good as It Gets as Simon Bishop
Burt Reynolds – Boogie Nights as Jack Horner

Best Supporting Actress

Kim Basinger – L.A. Confidential as Lynn Bracken

Joan Cusack – In & Out as Emily Montgomery
Minnie Driver – Good Will Hunting as Skylar
Julianne Moore – Boogie Nights as Amber Waves/Maggie
Gloria Stuart – Titanic as Rose Dawson Calvert

Best Original Screenplay/Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen

Good Will Hunting – Matt Damon and Ben Affleck

As Good as It Gets – Mark Andrus and James L. Brooks
Boogie Nights – Paul Thomas Anderson
Deconstructing Harry – Woody Allen
The Full Monty – Simon Beaufoy

Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published

L.A. Confidential – Brian Helgeland and Curtis Hanson from the novel by James Ellroy

Donnie Brasco – Paul Attanasio based on the book Donnie Brasco: My Undercover Life in the Mafia by Joseph D. Pistone with Richard Woodley
The Sweet Hereafter – Atom Egoyan adapted from the novel by Russell Banks
Wag the Dog – David Mamet and Hilary Henkin from the novel American Hero by Larry Beinhart
The Wings of the Dove – Hossein Amini adapted from the novel by Henry James

Best Foreign Language Film

Karakter (Netherlands) in Dutch – Mike van Diem

Beyond Silence (Germany) in German – Caroline Link
Four Days in September (Brazil) in Portuguese – Bruno Barreto
Secrets of the Heart (Spain) in Spanish  – Montxo Armendáriz
The Thief (Russia) in Russian  – Pavel Chukhray

Best Documentary Feature

The Long Way Home – Rabbi Marvin Hier and Richard Trank

4 Little Girls – Spike Lee and Sam Pollard
Ayn Rand: A Sense of Life – Michael Paxton
Colors Straight Up – Michèle Ohayon and Julia Schachter
Waco: The Rules of Engagement – Dan Gifford and William Gazecki

Best Documentary Short Subject

A Story of Healing – Donna Dewey and Carol Pasternak

Alaska: Spirit of the Wild – George Casey and Paul Novros
Amazon – Kieth Merrill and Jonathan Stern
Family Video Diaries: Daughter of the Bride – Terri Randall
Still Kicking: The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies – Mel Damski and Andrea Blaugrund

Best Live Action Short Film

Visas and Virtue – Chris Tashima and Chris Donahue

Dance Lexie Dance – Tim Loane
It's Good to Talk – Roger Goldby and Barney Reisz.
Sweethearts? – Birger Larsen and Thomas Lydholm
Wolfgang – Anders Thomas Jensen and Kim Magnusson

Best Animated Short Film

Geri's Game – Jan Pinkava

Famous Fred – Joanna Quinn
The Old Lady and the Pigeons – Sylvain Chomet
Redux Riding Hood – Steve Moore and Dan O'Shannon
Rusalka – Alexander Petrov

Best Original Dramatic Score

Titanic – James Horner

Amistad – John Williams
Good Will Hunting – Danny Elfman
Kundun – Philip Glass
L.A. Confidential – Jerry Goldsmith

Best Original Musical or Comedy Score

The Full Monty – Anne Dudley

Anastasia – Music by Stephen Flaherty; Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens; Orchestral score by David Newman
As Good as It Gets – Hans Zimmer
Men in Black – Danny Elfman
My Best Friend's Wedding – James Newton Howard

Best Original Song

"My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic – Music by James Horner; Lyrics by Will Jennings

"Go the Distance" from Hercules – Music by Alan Menken; Lyrics by David Zippel
"Journey to the Past" from Anastasia – Music by Stephen Flaherty; Lyrics by Lynn Ahrens
"How Do I Live" from Con Air – Music and Lyrics by Diane Warren
"Miss Misery" from Good Will Hunting – Music and Lyrics by Elliott Smith

Best Sound

Titanic – Gary Rydstrom, Tom Johnson, Gary Summers and Mark Ulano

Air Force One – Paul Massey, Rick Kline, Doug Hemphill and Keith A. Wester
Con Air – Kevin O'Connell, Greg P. Russell and Art Rochester
Contact – Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan
L.A. Confidential – Andy Nelson, Anna Behlmer and Kirk Francis

Best Sound Effects Editing

Titanic – Tom Bellfort and Christopher Boyes

Face/Off – Mark Stoeckinger and Per Hallberg
The Fifth Element – Mark Mangini

Best Art Direction

Titanic – Art Direction: Peter Lamont; Set Decoration: Michael D. Ford

Gattaca – Art Direction: Jan Roelfs; Set Decoration: Nancy Nye
Kundun – Art Direction: Dante Ferretti; Set Decoration: Francesca Lo Schiavo
L.A. Confidential – Art Direction: Jeannine Oppewall; Set Decoration: Jay Hart
Men in Black – Art Direction: Bo Welch; Set Decoration: Cheryl Carasik

Best Makeup

Men in Black – Rick Baker and David LeRoy Anderson

Mrs Brown – Lisa Westcott, Veronica Brebner and Beverley Binda
Titanic – Tina Earnshaw, Greg Cannom and Simon Thompson

Best Costume Design

Titanic – Deborah Lynn Scott

Amistad – Ruth E. Carter
Kundun – Dante Ferretti
Oscar and Lucinda – Janet Patterson
The Wings of the Dove – Sandy Powell

Best Cinematography

Titanic – Russell Carpenter

Amistad – Janusz Kamiński
Kundun – Roger Deakins
L.A. Confidential – Dante Spinotti
The Wings of the Dove – Eduardo Serra

Best Film Editing

Titanic – Conrad Buff, James Cameron and Richard A. Harris

Air Force One – Richard Francis-Bruce
As Good as It Gets – Richard Marks
Good Will Hunting – Pietro Scalia
L.A. Confidential – Peter Honess

Best Visual Effects

Titanic – Robert Legato, Mark A. Lasoff, Thomas L. Fisher and Michael Kanfer

The Lost World: Jurassic Park – Dennis Muren, Stan Winston, Randal M. Dutra and Michael Lantieri
Starship Troopers – Phil Tippett, Scott E. Anderson, Alec Gillis and John Richardson

text: Academy Honorary Award[edit]

text: Stanley Donen[22]

text: Multiple nominations and awards[edit]

text:
The following 16 films received multiple nominations:

Nominations
Film

14

Titanic

9
Good Will Hunting

L.A. Confidential

7

As Good as It Gets

4
Amistad

The Full Monty

Kundun

The Wings of the Dove

3
Boogie Nights

Men in Black

2
Air Force One

Anastasia

Con Air

Mrs Brown

The Sweet Hereafter

Wag the Dog

The following four films received multiple awards:

Awards
Film

11

Titanic

2
As Good as It Gets

Good Will Hunting

L.A. Confidential

text: Presenters and performers[edit]

text: The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.[23][24]

text: Presenters[edit]

text:
Name(s)
Role

Rose, NormanNorman Rose
Announcer for the 70th annual Academy Awards

Rehme, RobertRobert Rehme (AMPAS President)
Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony

Gooding, Jr., CubaCuba Gooding, Jr.
Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actress

Shue, ElisabethElisabeth Shue
Presenter of the award for Best Costume Design

Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman
Presenter of the 70 years of Best Picture winners montage

Campbell, NeveNeve Campbell
Presenter of the performances of Best Song nominees "Journey to the Past" and "Go the Distance"

Schwarzenegger, ArnoldArnold Schwarzenegger
Presenter of the film Titanic on the Best Picture segment

Sorvino, MiraMira Sorvino
Presenter of the award for Best Supporting Actor

Diaz, CameronCameron Diaz
Presenter of the award for Best Sound

Myers, MikeMike Myers
Presenter of the award for Sound Effects Editing

Weaver, SigourneySigourney Weaver
Presenter of the film As Good as It Gets on the Best Picture segment

Hunt, HelenHelen Hunt
Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects

Wray, FayFay Wray
Introducer of presenters Ben Affleck and Matt Damon

Affleck, BenBen Affleck and
Matt Damon
Presenters of the awards for Best Live Action Short Film and Best Animated Short Film

Rush, GeoffreyGeoffrey Rush
Presenter of the award for Best Actress

Banderas, AntonioAntonio Banderas
Presenter of the award for Best Original Dramatic Score

Lopez, JenniferJennifer Lopez
Introducer of the special dance number to the tune of the nominees for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score and presenter of the award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score

Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore
Presenter of the award for Best Makeup

Baldwin, AlecAlec Baldwin
Presenter of the film L.A. Confidential on the Best Picture segment

Jackson, Samuel L.Samuel L. Jackson
Presenter of the award for Best Film Editing

Judd, AshleyAshley Judd
Presenter of the segment of the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement and the Gordon E. Sawyer Award

Scorsese, MartinMartin Scorsese
Presenter of the Honorary Academy Award to Stanley Donen

Dillon, MattMatt Dillon
Presenter of the film Good Will Hunting on the Best Picture segment

Madonna Madonna
Introducer of the performances of Best Song nominees "How Do I Live", "Miss Misery" and "My Heart Will Go On" and presenter of the award for Best Original Song

Hounsou, DjimonDjimon Hounsou
Presenter of the Best Documentary Short

De Niro, RobertRobert De Niro
Presenter of the Best Documentary Feature

Goldberg, WhoopiWhoopi Goldberg
Presenter of the In Memoriam tribute

Ryan, MegMeg Ryan
Presenter of the award for Best Art Direction

Williams, RobinRobin Williams
Presenter of the 70 Years of Oscars montage

McDormand, FrancesFrances McDormand
Presenter of the award for Best Actor

Stone, SharonSharon Stone
Presenter of the award for Best Foreign Language Film

Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon and
Walter Matthau
Presenters of the awards for Best Screenplay Based on Material Previously Produced or Published and Best Original Screenplay/Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen

Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington
Presenter of the award for Best Cinematography

Sarandon, SusanSusan Sarandon
Presenter of the Oscar Family Album segment

Davis, GeenaGeena Davis
Presenter of the film The Full Monty on the Best Picture segment

Beatty, WarrenWarren Beatty
Presenter of the award for Best Director

Connery, SeanSean Connery
Presenter of the award for Best Picture

text: Performers[edit]

text:
Name(s)
Role
Performed

Jerry Goldsmith
Composer
"Fanfare for Oscar"

Bill Conti
Musical Arranger
Orchestral

Billy Crystal
Host
Opening number:
Titanic (to the tune of "The Ballad of Gilligan's Isle" from Gilligan's Island),
As Good As It Gets (to the tune of "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" from Shall We Dance),
Good Will Hunting (to the tune of "Night and Day" from The Gay Divorcee),
L.A. Confidential (to the tune of "Fascinating Rhythm" by George Gershwin) and
The Full Monty (to the tune "Hello, Dolly!" from Hello, Dolly!)[25]

Michael Bolton
Performer
"Go the Distance" from Hercules

Aaliyah
Performer
"Journey to the Past" from Anastasia

Trisha Yearwood
Performer
"How Do I Live" from Con Air

Elliott Smith
Performer
"Miss Misery" from Good Will Hunting

Celine Dion
Performer
"My Heart Will Go On" from Titanic

text: Ceremony information[edit]

text: In December 1997, the Academy hired veteran Oscar telecast producer Gil Cates to oversee the 1998 ceremony.[26] “Gil has become the consummate Oscar show producer, consistently garnering top television ratings for the telecast,” said AMPAS president Robert Rehme in a press release announcing the selection. “His shows are full of wit, charm and surprise.”[26] A few days later, actor and comedian Billy Crystal was chosen to emcee the upcoming telecast. Cates explained his reason to bring back the veteran comedian saying, "Billy's performance last year was spectacular. There is nobody like him."[27] In an article published in USA Today he initially requested to Cates and AMPAS five months after the previous year's ceremony that he would like to take a break from hosting duties. However, pressure from the Academy, Cates, and several friends and family members made him reconsider his decision.[28] His sixth stint would make him second only to Bob Hope in number of ceremonies hosted.[29]

text: To commemorate the seventieth anniversary of the Academy Awards, 70 actors who have received both competitive and honorary awards appeared seated onstage together during a segment called Oscar's Family Album.[30] Each former winner was acknowledged by announcer Norman Rose with the films he or she won for. At the end of the segment newly minted winners Kim Bassinger, Helen Hunt, and Robin Williams joined them. This marked the largest gathering of former winners since the 50th ceremony held in 1978.[31]

text: Several others participated in the production of the ceremony. Bill Conti served as musical director for the telecast.[32] Dancer Daniel Ezralow choreographed a dance number showcasing the nominees for Best Original Comedy or Musical Score.[33] Bart the Bear made a surprise appearance during the presentation of the Best Sound Effects Editing award with Mike Myers.[34]

text: Box office performance of nominees[edit]

text: At the time of the nominations announcement on February 10, the combined gross of the five Best Picture nominees was $579 million with an average of $116 million per film.[35] Titanic was the highest earner among the Best Picture nominees with $338.7 million in domestic box office receipts.[35] The film was followed by As Good as It Gets ($92.6 million), Good Will Hunting ($68.9 million), L.A. Confidential ($39.7 million), and finally The Full Monty ($38.7 million).[35]

text: Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 40 nominations went to 15 films on the list. Only Titanic (1st), As Good as It Gets (16th), Good Will Hunting (20th), and In & Out (24th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.[36] The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Men in Black (2nd), The Lost World: Jurassic Park (3rd), Air Force One (5th), My Best Friends Wedding (7th), Face/Off (9th), Con Air (12th), Contact (13th), Hercules (14th), The Fifth Element (25th), Anastasia (30th), and Starship Troopers (34th).[36]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The show received a positive reception from most media publications. Television critic Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times lauded Crystal's performance writing that he "would earn top billing as that unusual comedian as artful at doing musical comedy as jokes."[37] San Francisco Chronicle columnist John Carman raved,"It was the best Oscar show in two decades." He also gave high marks for the host, commenting, "But last night, Crystal was back in razor form."[38] The Seattle Times television editor Kay McFadden praised Crystal commenting that "he possesses nearly impeccable timing and judgment." In addition, she noted that while the ceremony dragged on, "Last night was one of television's smartest live ceremonies in recent memory."[39]

text: Some media outlets were more critical of the show. Ray Richmond of Variety complained that the ceremony proved to be a "Yawner of an Oscarcast." He added that Crystal's "off-the-cuff one-liners sank faster than the great ship herself."[40] Boston Globe television critic Matthew Gilbert bemoaned,"There was hardly a spontaneous moment during last night's Oscarcast."[41] Film critic Carrie Rickey from The Philadelphia Inquirer lamented that the inevitable Titanic sweep "sank a telecast loaded with montages of previous years' Oscar highlights."[42]

text: Ratings and reception[edit]

text: The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 57.25 million people over its length, which was a 29% increase from the previous year's ceremony.[43] An estimated 87.50 million total viewers watched all or part of the awards.[44] The show also earned higher Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 35.32% of households watching over a 55.77 share.[45] In addition, it garnered a higher 18–49 demo rating with a 24.90 rating over a 44.30 share among viewers in that demographic.[45] It was, and remains to date, the highest viewership for an Academy Award telecast since figures were compiled beginning with the 46th ceremony in 1974.[46]

text: In July 1998, the ceremony presentation received eight nominations at the 50th Primetime Emmys.[47] Two months later, the ceremony won five of those nominations for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program (Billy Crystal), Outstanding Directing for a Variety or Music Program (Louis J Horvitz), Outstanding Lighting Direction (Electronic) for a Drama Series, Variety Series, Miniseries, or Movie (Bob Barnhart, Robert Dickinson, Matt Ford, Andy O'Reilly), Outstanding Music Direction (Bill Conti), and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Variety Series or Special (Patrick Baltzell, Robert Douglass, Edward J. Greene, Tommy Vicari).[48][49]

text: In Memoriam[edit]

text: The annual In Memoriam tribute was presented by actress Whoopi Goldberg. The montage featured an excerpt of "Appassionata" from The Passage composed by Michael J. Lewis.[50]

text:
Lloyd Bridges
Richard Jaeckel
Saul Chaplin
Stanley Cortez
William Hickey
Paul Jarrico
Dorothy Kingsley
Sydney Guilaroff
William H. Reynolds
Billie Dove
Jacques Cousteau
Stubby Kaye

Red Skelton
Dawn Steel
Toshiro Mifune
Brian Keith
Chris Farley
Leo Jaffe
Samuel Fuller
Burgess Meredith
J. T. Walsh
Robert Mitchum
James Stewart


document_title: Five-spice powder

question_text: what are the spices in chinese 5 spice powder

root

text: Five-spice powder

text: Recipe[edit]

text: While there are many variants, a common mix is:[2]

tag: p

text:
Star anise (bajiao 八角)
Cloves (dingxiang 丁香)
Chinese cinnamon (rougui 肉桂)
Sichuan pepper (huajiao 花椒)
Fennel seeds (xiao huixiang 小茴香)

tag: ul

text: Other recipes may contain anise seed, ginger root, nutmeg, turmeric, Amomum villosum pods (砂仁), Amomum cardamomum pods (白豆蔻), licorice, Mandarin orange peel or galangal. In Southern China, Cinnamomum loureiroi and Mandarin orange peel are commonly used as substitutes for Cinnamomum cassia and cloves respectively, producing a slightly different flavour profile for southern five-spice powders.

text: Use[edit]

text: Five spice may be used with fatty meats such as pork, duck or goose. It is used as a spice rub for chicken, duck, pork and seafood, in red cooking recipes, or added to the breading for fried foods.[2] Five spice is used in recipes for Cantonese roasted duck, as well as beef stew. It is used as a marinade for Vietnamese broiled chicken. The five-spice powder mixture has followed the Chinese diaspora and has been incorporated into other national cuisines throughout Asia.

text: Although this mixture is used in restaurant cooking, few Chinese households use it in day-to-day cooking. In Hawaii, some restaurants place a shaker of the spice on each patron's table. A seasoned salt can be easily made by dry-roasting common salt with five-spice powder under low heat in a dry pan until the spice and salt are well mixed.


document_title: Birth certificate

question_text: when were birth certificates first issued in the united states

text: Birth certificate

text: History and contemporary times[edit]

text: The documentation of births is a practice widely held throughout human civilization, especially in China, Egypt, Greece, Rome, and Persia. The original purpose of vital statistics was for tax purposes and for the determination of available military manpower. In England, births were initially registered with churches, who maintained registers of births. This practice continued into the 19th century.[1] The compulsory registration of births with the United Kingdom government is a practice that originated at least as far back as 1853.[2] The entire United States did not get a standardized system until 1902.[3]

text: Most countries have statutes and laws that regulate the registration of births. In all countries, it is the responsibility of the mother's physician, midwife, hospital administrator, or the parents of the child to see that the birth is properly registered with the appropriate government agency.

text: The actual record of birth is stored with a government agency. That agency will issue certified copies or representations of the original birth record upon request, which can be used to apply for government benefits, such as passports. The certification is signed and/or sealed by the registrar or other custodian of birth records, who is commissioned by the government.

text: The right of every child to a name and nationality, and the responsibility of national governments to achieve this are contained in Articles 7 and 8 in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child: "The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality..." (CRC Article 7) and "States Parties undertake to respect the right of the child to preserve his or her identity, including nationality, name and family relations..." (CRC Article 8).[4]

text: ...it's a small paper but it actually establishes who you are and gives access to the rights and the privileges, and the obligations, of citizenship.

text: Despite 191 countries ratifying the Convention, the births of millions of children worldwide go unregistered. By their very nature, data concerning unregistered children are approximate. About 29% of countries don't have available or sufficient data to assess global progress towards the SDG goal of universal coverage. [6] However, from the data that is available, UNICEF estimates that more than a quarter of children under 5 worldwide are unregistered.[7] The lowest levels of birth registration are found in sub-Saharan Africa (43 per cent). This phenomenon disproportionately impacts poor households and indigenous populations. Even in many developed countries, it contributes to difficulties in fully accessing civic rights.[8]

text: Birth registration opens the door to rights to children and adults which many other human beings take for granted: to prove their age; to prove their nationality; to receive healthcare; to go to school; to take exams; to be adopted; to protection from under-age military service or conscription; to marry; to open a bank account; to hold a driving licence; to obtain a passport; to inherit money or property; and to vote or stand for elected office.[9]

text: There are many reasons why births go unregistered, including social and cultural beliefs and attitudes; alternative documents and naming ceremonies; remote areas, poor infrastructure; economic barriers; lack of office staff, equipment and training; legal and political restrictions; fear of discrimination and persecution; war, conflict and unrest or simply the fact that there is no system in place.[9][10][11][12][13][14]

text: Retrospective registration may be necessary where there is a backlog of children whose births have gone unregistered. In Senegal, the government is facilitating retrospective registration through free local court hearings and the number of unregistered children has fallen considerably as a result. In Sierra Leone, the government gave the National Office of Births and Deaths special permission to issue birth certificates to children over seven. In Bolivia, there was a successful three-year amnesty for the free registration of young people aged between 12 and 18.[15]

text: Statelessness, or the lack of effective nationality, impacts the daily lives of some 11-12 million people around the world. Perhaps those who suffer most are stateless infants, children, and youth. Though born and raised in their parents’ country of habitual residence, they lack formal recognition of their existence.[16]

text: Australia[edit]

text: States and territories of Australia are responsible for the issuance of birth certificates, through agencies generally titled "Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages" or similar.[17]

text: Initially registering a birth is done by a hospital through a "Birth Registration Statement" or similar, signed by appropriately licensed and authorised health professionals, and provided to the state or territory registry. Home births are permitted, but a statement is required from a registered midwife, doctor or 2 other witnesses other than the parents. Unplanned births require in some states that the baby be taken to a hospital within 24 hours.[18] Once registered, a separate application (sometimes it can be done along with the Birth Registration Statement) can be made for a birth certificate, generally at a cost. The person named or a parent can apply for a certificate at any time.[19] Generally, there is no restriction on re-applying for a certificate at a later date, so it could be possible to legally hold multiple original copies.

text: The Federal government requires that births be also registered through a "Proof of Birth Declaration" similarly signed as above by a doctor or midwife. This ensures the appropriate benefits can be paid, and the child is enrolled for Medicare.[20]

text: The state or territory issued birth certificate is a secure A4 paper document, generally listing: Full name at birth, sex at birth, parents and occupation, older siblings, addresses, date and place of birth, name of the registrar, date of registration, date of issue of certificate, a registration number, with the signature of the registrar and seal of the registry printed and or embossed. Most states allow for still births to be issued a birth certificate. Some states issue early pregnancy loss certificates (without legal significance if before 20 weeks).[21] Depending on the state, amendments are allowed to correct the certificate, add parents, recognising same sex relationships,[22] changing the sex of the holder is also permitted in some states.[23]

text: The full birth certificate in Australia is an officially recognised identity document generally in the highest category.[24] The birth certificate assists in establishing citizenship. Shorter and/or commemorative birth certificates are available, however are not generally acceptable for identification purposes.[25]

text: Birth certificates in Australia can be verified online by approved agencies through the Attorney-General's Department Document Verification Service[26] and can be used to validate identity digitally, e.g. online.

text:
[show]

v
t
e

Australian Identity Documents

Federal Government

Passport
Citizenship certificate
Certificate of Identity
Document of Identity
Convention Travel Document
Medicare card

State and Territory Governments

Birth certificate
AusPost Keypass ID
Seniors card
Photo card
Drivers licence
Marriage certificate
Change of name certificate

International

Passport

Indigenous (not recognized)

Aboriginal passport

Non physical/digital

Digital identity in Australia
Tax File Number

tag: table

text: Canada[edit]

text: In Canada, the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the provinces or territories.[27]

text: Agencies or various ministers are in charge of issuing birth certificates:[28]

text:
Alberta - Department of Vital Statistics (Service Alberta)
British Columbia - Vital Statistics Agency (Ministry of Health)
Manitoba - Vital Statistics Agency (Ministry of Healthy Living, Seniors and Consumer Affairs/Consumer and Corporate Affairs)
New Brunswick - Vital Statistics (Service New Brunswick)
Newfoundland and Labrador - Vital Statistics Government Services (Service NL)
Northwest Territories - Vital Statistics (Department of Health and Social Services - Health Services Administration Division)
Nova Scotia - Registrar General Division of Vital Statistics (Service Nova Scotia and Municipal Relations)
Nunavut - Registrar General of Vital Statistics (Nunavut Health and Social Services)
Ontario - Office of Registrar General-Service Ontario (Ministry of Government Services)
Prince Edward Island - Vital Statistics (Health and Social Services)
Quebec - Director of Civil State (Minister of Justice)
Saskatchewan - Vital Statistics-Information Service Corporation (Department of Health)
Yukon - Vital Statistics (Ministry of Health and Social Services - Health Services)

text: Types of certified copies issued[edit]

text: There are three types of birth certificates issued:

text:
Copy of an act - Contains all information available on the birth of a person.
Long form - legal size or two page form with details of the person, their parents', place of birth, certification by the parents, signature and stamp of the issuing agency or department. Recent forms are in English and French.
Short form or card - provides name, birth date, place of birth, date of registration, date of issue, registration number, certificate number, and signature of registrar general

text:
[show]

v
t
e

 Canadian Identity Documents

Federal Government

Passport
Citizenship certificate
Social Insurance Card
Permanent resident Card
Certificate of Indian Status
Refugee travel document
Canadian Certificate of Identity
Firearms Possession and Acquisition Licence
Old Age Security Identification Card
Seafarer’s Identity Document
Parolee Identification Card
Armed Forces Identification Card

Provincial and Territorial

Birth certificate
Driver's licence
Health card
Provincial Photo ID Card
Provincial Liquor Card

International

Nexus Card
British emergency passport
International Driving Permit

text: China[edit]

text: The People’s Republic of China issued its first birth certificate on January 1, 1996. Birth certificate used currently is the fifth edition, which was adopted since January 1, 2014.[29] Still, China, the world’s most populous country, is among those with no globally comparable data, presenting challenges to researchers who wish to assess global and regional progress towards universal birth registration. [30]

text: England and Wales[edit]

text: In England and Wales, the description "birth certificate" is used to describe a certified copy of an entry in the birth register.[31]

text: Civil registration of births, marriages and deaths in England and Wales started on 1 July 1837.[32] Registration was not compulsory until 1875, following the Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1874, which made registration of a birth the responsibility of those present at the birth.[33]

text: When a birth is registered, the details are entered into the register book at the local register office for the district in which the birth took place and is retained permanently in the local register office. A copy of each entry in the birth register is sent to the General Register Office (GRO).[34]

text: Pre-1837 birth and baptism records[edit]

text: Before the government's registration system was created, evidence of births and/or baptisms (and also marriages and death or burials) was dependent on the events being recorded in the records of the Church of England or in those of other various churches – not all of which maintained such records or all types of those records. Copies of such records are not issued by the General Register Office; but can be obtained from these churches, or from the local or national archive, which usually now keeps the records in original or copy form.

text: Types of certified copies issued in England and Wales[edit]

text: There are two types of birth certificates:

text: A full certificate, titled 'CERTIFIED COPY OF AN ENTRY' is a copy of the original entry in the birth register, giving all the recorded details.[35] Information includes; name, sex, date and place of birth of the child, father's name, place of birth and occupation, mother's name, place of birth, maiden name and occupation. Certificates for births before 1911 do not show the mothers maiden name, before 1969 do not show the details of the parents' place of birth and registration and before 1984 do not show mothers occupation.[36]

text: The short certificate, titled 'CERTIFICATE OF BIRTH', shows the child’s full name, sex, date and place of birth. It does not give any particulars of the parents; therefore it is not proof of parentage. A short birth certificate is issued, free of charge, at the time of registration.[35]

text: Both versions of certificate can be used in the verification of identity by acting as a support to other information or documentation provided. Where proof of parentage is required only a full certificate will be accepted.[37]

text: The original registrations are required by law[38] to be issued in the form of certified copies to any person who identifies an index entry and pays the prescribed fee. They can be ordered by registered users from the General Register Office Certificate Ordering Service or by postal or telephone ordering from the General Register Office or by post or in person from local registrars. If the birth was registered within the past 50 years detailed information is required before a certificate will be issued.[39]

text: India[edit]

text: Traditionally Births were poorly recorded in India.[40]

text: For official purposes, other proofs are accepted in India in lieu of the Birth certificate, such as Matriculation certificates.[41] Facilities are available to produce a Birth certificate from a passport.[42]

text: By law since 1969, Registration of Births is compulsory as per provisions of Registration of Births & Deaths Act.[43] Birth certificates are issued by the Government of India or the municipality concerned. Specific rules vary by state, region and municipality.

text: In Delhi, for example, births must be registered within 21 days by the hospital or institution, or by a family member if the birth has taken place at home. After registration, a birth certificate can be obtained by applying to the relevant authority. Certificates can also be issued under special provisions to adopted children, and undocumented orphans. Overseas births can also be registered.[43]

text: Some municipalities, such as Greater Chennai Corporation allow for fully digital Birth certificates to be applied for printed, and verified online.[44]

text: Russia[edit]

text: Earlier testimony was a small book format-bound, now it's just a page format B5, provided with watermarks. The certificate has a series and number.

text: Blank insert is made in Russian. In the case of being issued in one of the country's republics, its national language form liner can be made in Russian and in the official language of the republic on the model, approved by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.

text: Filling[edit]

text: A birth certificate can be filled with a handwritten way and with the use of technical equipment (typewriters, computers). When filling in the form is carried handwritten way, all records are made legibly in ink or paste blue or black. If you are using a computer or typewriter dye must be black. The quality of paste, ink, dye, used in completing the documents should ensure the preservation of text documents for a set retention period. When filling out the birth certificate is not allowed to have it in patches, blots and erasures, cuts.

text: Birth certificate is signed by the head of the registrar or other public authority issuing the certificate (e.g., the consulate). Signature of the registrar should have a transcript (initials and surname) and sealed with the official seal.

text: Currently, information about the nationality of the parents is mentioned in the certificate on request. By default, this column is empty

text: When making a citizenship, a special insert is issued to the birth certificate. In testimony Stamp.

text: February 6, 2007 ear of citizenship were canceled, on the reverse side of the Certificate began to put a stamp on the child's citizenship. This rule applies to newborns or those who change or restores documents.

text: Old shells are valid for achieving a child 14 years old and to change them is not necessary.

text: The procedure for obtaining[edit]

text: The birth certificate of the child's parents can get (not deprived of parental rights), itself a child of full age, guardian or caregiver. Issuance of the document is made in the offices of the registrar, ZAGS (Russian: ЗАГС).

text: With the loss of the certificate, a new document is issued by the registry office (ZAGS) in the place of the original receipt on the basis of a written application.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the U.S., the issuance of birth certificates is a function of the Vital Records Office of the states, capital district, territories[45] and former territories.[46] Birth in the U.S. establishes automatic eligibility for American citizenship, so a birth certificate from a local authority is commonly provided to the federal government to obtain a U.S. passport.[47][48] However, the U.S. State Department does issue a Consular Report of Birth Abroad for children born to U.S. citizens (who are also eligible for citizenship), including births on military bases in foreign territory.[49]

text: The federal and state governments have traditionally cooperated to some extent to improve vital statistics. From 1900 to 1946 the U.S. Census Bureau designed standard birth certificates, collected vital statistics on a national basis, and generally sought to improve the accuracy of vital statistics. In 1946 that responsibility was passed to the U.S. Public Health Service. Unlike the British system of recording all births in "registers", the states file an individual document for each and every birth.[50]

text: The U.S. National Center for Health Statistics creates standard forms that are recommended for use by the individual states to document births. However, states are free to create their own forms.[51] As a result, neither the appearance nor the information content of birth certificate forms is uniform across states. These forms are completed by the attendant at birth or a hospital administrator, which are then forwarded to a local or state registrar, who stores the record and issues certified copies upon request.[1]

text: In 2017, the state of Illinois began an effort to digitize birth certificates using blockchain technology.[52]

text: Types of certified copies issued[edit]

text: According to the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, as of 2000 there were more than 6,000 entities issuing birth certificates. The Inspector General report states that according to staff at the Immigration and Naturalization Service’s Forensics Document Laboratory the number of legitimate birth certificate versions in use exceeded 14,000.[53]

text: Acceptance of short forms[edit]

text: In the case of applying for a U.S. passport, not all legitimate government-issued birth certificates are acceptable:

text: A certified birth certificate has a registrar's raised, embossed, impressed or multicolored seal, registrar's signature, and the date the certificate was filed with the registrar's office, which must be within 1 year of your birth. Please note, some short (abstract) versions of birth certificates may not be acceptable for passport purposes.

text: Beginning April 1, 2011, all birth certificates must also include the full names of the applicant's parent(s).[54]

text: The U.S. State Department has paid close attention to abstract certificates from both Texas and California. There have been reports of a high incidence of midwife registration fraud along the border region between Texas and Mexico,[55][56] and the Texas abstract certificate form does not list the name or occupation of the attendant. The California Abstract of Birth did not include an embossed seal, was no longer considered a secure document, and have not been issued in California since 2001.[57]

text: Other forms[edit]

text: Most hospitals in the U.S. issue a souvenir birth certificate which may include the footprints of the newborn. However, these birth certificates are not legally accepted as proof of age or citizenship, and are frequently rejected by the Bureau of Consular Affairs during passport applications. Many Americans believe[citation needed] the souvenir records to be their official birth certificates, when in reality they hold little legal value.[58]

text: Birth certificates in cases of adoptions[edit]

text: In the United States, when an adoption is finalized, the government seals the original birth certificate and will issue a replacement birth certificate substituting the individual's birth name with the name selected by the adoptive parents, and replacing the birth parents' names with the adoptive parents. In those cases, adopted individuals are not granted access to their own original birth certificates upon request. Laws vary depending on the state where the birth was originally registered and the adoption was finalized. Some states allow adopted people unrestricted access to their own original birth certificates, while in others the certificate is available only if the biological parents have given their permission or a petition has been granted by the court of jurisdiction. Other jurisdictions do not allow adopted people access to their own original birth certificates under any circumstances.[citation needed]


document_title: Jacob Marley

question_text: when did marley die in a christmas carol

text: Jacob Marley

text: Role in the story[edit]

text: In A Christmas Carol, Marley is the first character mentioned in the first line of the story. Jacob Marley is said to have died seven years earlier on Christmas Eve (as the setting is Christmas Eve 1843, this would have made the date of his passing December 24, 1836).

text: In life, Jacob Marley was the business partner of Ebenezer Scrooge. They co-owned the firm of Scrooge and Marley, and he refers to their offices as 'our money-changing hole'. They became successful yet hard-hearted bankers, with seats on the London Stock Exchange. Scrooge is described as Marley's "sole friend" and "sole mourner", and praises Marley as having been a good friend to him.

text: Seven years after his death, on Christmas Eve, Marley's ghost visits Scrooge. Marley preys upon Scrooge's mind in many different ways, notably his face manifesting on the knocker on Scrooge's front door and causing the bells in his house to ring. The ghost maintains the same voice, hairstyle and sense of dress that he had in life, but is translucent. He wears a handkerchief tied about his jaws, and "captive, bound and double-ironed" with chains which are described as "long, and wound about him like a tail; it was made... of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds, and heavy purses wrought in steel." He often, in moments of great despair or impatience at Scrooge's scepticism, flings these upon the ground before him and almost induces his former partner "into a swoon". He explains that it is the chain he unknowingly forged himself in life, as a result of his greed and selfishness. As he spent his life on this earth obsessing over money and mistreating the poor and wretched to fill his pocket, Marley is condemned to walk the earth for eternity, never to find rest or peace, experiencing an "incessant torture of remorse". He laments that Christmas is the time he suffers most of all.

text: When the spectre asks, "Why do you doubt your senses?" Scrooge scoffs that "...a little thing affects them. A slight disorder of the stomach makes them cheat. You may be an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato. There's more gravy than grave about you, whatever you are!" Marley's only reply is a spine-chilling howl that brings Scrooge to his knees, begging for mercy.

text: Marley tells Scrooge that he will be visited by three spirits. and admonishes his former partner to listen to what they have to say, or Scrooge will suffer Marley's fate; he says that Scrooge's chain was as heavy as his seven years earlier, and remarks that "you have laboured on it since — it is a ponderous chain!".

text: Marley then departs into the night sky, surrounded by a countless horde of other tormented spirits, some of whom were known to Scrooge when they were alive, all of them chained in a similar manner to Marley and suffering the same unbearable torment, as they struggle in vain to make up for their wasted lives by attempting to help a homeless mother and baby.

text: Appearances in various film adaptations[edit]

text:
In the 1935 film Scrooge he is played by an uncredited Claude Rains. In this adaptation, he is invisible, and the viewers only hear his voice.
In the 1938 film A Christmas Carol, he is played by Leo G. Carroll.
Michael Hordern played Marley twice, once in the 1951 film Scrooge and then as the voice of Marley in Richard Williams' 1971 animated film. Hordern also played the role of Scrooge in a 1977 television adaptation for the BBC, with the role of Marley played by John Le Mesurier.
In the 1962 animated television special Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol, he is voiced by Royal Dano.
In the 1969 animated TV film by Famous Classic Tales, Marley is voiced by Bruce Montague. This incarnation of Marley has a skull-like head with hair dancing up like a flame, a floor-length nightgown, and chais wrapped around his waist.
In the 1970 film Scrooge, Marley is played by Alec Guinness.
In the 1983 special Mickey's Christmas Carol, the character is played by Goofy (Hal Smith). This version of the character was mentioned to be like a twisted version of Robin Hood, "robbing widows and swindling the poor," which ultimately led to his punishment of carrying his chains “for eternity... or even longer”. He was also mentioned to have left very little in the way of a fortune, leaving only enough for Scrooge to pay for Marley's tombstone, so the former had him buried at sea instead. After bidding Scrooge farewell, he trips on Scrooge’s cane and falls down the stairs, letting out Goofy’s signature howl as he tumbles.
In the 1984 made-for-television film of A Christmas Carol, the film opens with Marley's funeral procession. While Scrooge walks home, he hears Marley's voice calling him from an apparitional hearse, and then again before Scrooge sees Marley's face on the door knocker. Frank Finlay's performance as Marley is considered one of the best portrayals of the character.[1]
In the film Scrooged (1988), a modern interpretation of Dickens' novella, Lew Heyward, a version of Jacob Marley, is portrayed by John Forsythe. In a particularly memorable scene, he is depicted as a walking mummified corpse all covered in dust and cobwebs as he appears to Frank Cross, the film's Scrooge, played by Bill Murray.
In the 1991 Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Devil's Due", Data reenacts Jacob Marley's scene, playing the role of Scrooge. A holodeck version of Marley is portrayed by William Glover.
In the 1992 movie The Muppet Christmas Carol, the character is bifurcated into two brothers named Jacob and Robert (a reference to Bob Marley) so that they can be played respectively by Statler and Waldorf (Jerry Nelson and Dave Goelz).
In the 1994 special A Flintstones Christmas Carol, the character is called 'Jacob Marbley' and is played by Mr. Slate (John Stephenson). A stone tablet portrait shows of Marbley cheating Scrooge by tipping his side of the scale with his finger.
In the 1995 made-for-TV film Ebbie, Jeffrey DeMunn plays Marley's modern version, Jake Marley, Elizabeth "Ebbie" Scrooge's mentor and later partner who dies of a heart attack right in front of her.
In the 1997 made-for-television film, Ms. Scrooge, Katherine Helmond portrays a female version of the character, Maude Marley. She explains that her only chance for salvation is for Ebenita to changer her ways.
In the 1998 Canadian made-for-television Western version, Ebenezer (portrayed by Jack Palance), the character's last name has been changed to "Marlowe" and is portrayed by Richard Halliday.
In the 1999 made-for-television film version, he is portrayed by Bernard Lloyd. This film version opens with his funeral in 1836, then jumps ahead to 1843.
In the 2000 VH1 made-for-television film A Diva's Christmas Carol, Rozonda Thomas plays a female version of the character Marli Jacob, the former singing partner of Ebony Scrooge who died in a car crash years earlier. Unlike other adaptations, she is freed from her chains when Ebony changes her ways.
In the 2001 film Christmas Carol: The Movie, Marley is voiced by Nicolas Cage.
In the 2004 parody An Easter Carol, Marley is voiced by Tim Hodge. (as Grandma Nezzer)
In the 2004 film A Christmas Carol: The Musical, Marley is played by Jason Alexander.
Marley's Ghost is a 2003 play by Jeff Goode which is a prequel to A Christmas Carol.
In the 2006 movie A Christmas Carol, the character is portrayed as an anthropomorphic cricket (just like Jiminy Cricket, who played the Ghost of Christmas Past in Mickey's Christmas Carol). In this adaptation, he is given an extra scene where Scrooge's redemption frees him from his punishment.
In the 2008 comedy film An American Carol, the role of Marley is taken by the spirit of John F. Kennedy, portrayed by Chriss Anglin.
In the 2009 animated film adaptation, he is voiced by Gary Oldman. This version is shown to be in a state of decay, with his cheeks splitting at one point, rendering him unable to talk properly.
In the 2015 BBC television series Dickensian he is played by Peter Firth.
Early in planning for the My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic episode "A Hearth's Warming Tail", Discord was cast as a Jacob Marley like character; however, the concept was cut for time.
In the Thomas and Friends episode, Diesel's Ghostly Christmas, the role of Marley's Ghost is portrayed by Emily (played by UK: Teresa Gallagher/US: Jules de Jongh.
In the 2017 film The Man Who Invented Christmas, he was played by Donald Sumpter.


document_title: State of the Union

question_text: time of the state of the nation address

question_tokens: time of the state of the nation address

text: State of the Union

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States:

text: He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.

text: Although the language of this State of the Union Clause[5] of the Constitution is not specific, since the 1930s, the President makes this report annually in late January or early February. Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3,[6] and as late as February 12.[7]

text: While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]

text: Since Franklin Roosevelt, the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol. Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term, but this speech is not officially considered to be a "State of the Union".[6]

text: What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States. Since the advent of radio, and then television, the speech has been broadcast live on most networks, preempting scheduled programming. To reach the largest audience, the speech, once given during the day, is now typically given in the evening, after 9pm ET (UTC-5).

text: History[edit]

text: George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]

text: For many years, the speech was referred to as "the President's Annual Message to Congress".[10] The actual term "State of the Union" first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase, becoming its generally accepted name since 1947.[10]

text:
Franklin Delano Roosevelt

State of the Union (Four Freedoms) (January 6, 1941)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt's January 6, 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms (starting at 32:02)

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: Prior to 1934, the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year, in December. The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23, 1933, changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January, affecting the delivery of the annual message. Since 1934, the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February.

text: The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term. In years when a new president is inaugurated, the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message, but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981. In 1953 and 1961, Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president. Since 1989, in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year, newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a "State of the Union" message.

text: In 1936, President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night. Only once before—when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I—had a sitting president addressed Congress at night.[11]

text: Warren Harding's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio, albeit to a limited audience,[12] while Calvin Coolidge's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation.[2] Harry S. Truman's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television. Lyndon B. Johnson's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening.[12] Three years later, in 1968, television networks in the United States, for the first time, imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address. Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson, this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by, among others, Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman.[13] Ronald Reagan's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed. He had planned to deliver it on January 28, 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day's events.[14][15] Bill Clinton's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web.[16]

text: Delivery of the speech[edit]

text: A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address.[17][18]

text: Invitations[edit]

text: Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address. The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box. The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker’s box. Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first-in, first-served basis with no reservations. The Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, members of the Diplomatic Corps, and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating.

text: Protocol of entry into House chamber[edit]

text: By approximately 8:30 pm on the night of the address, the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session.[19] Then, the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate, who enter and take the seats assigned for them.[19]

text: The Speaker, and then the Vice President, specify the members of the House and Senate, respectively, who will escort the President into the House chamber.[19] The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces, in order, the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps, the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices, and the Cabinet, each of whom enters and takes their seats when called.[19] The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[20]

text: Just after 9 pm, as the President reaches the door to the chamber,[21] the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors, faces the Speaker, and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber.[20] When the President is ready, the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance, loudly stating the phrase: "Mister Speaker, the President of the United States!"[21]

text: As applause and cheering begins, the President slowly walks toward the Speaker's rostrum, followed by members of his Congressional escort committee.[21] The President's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands, hug, kiss, and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress.[20] After he takes his place at the House Clerk's desk,[21] he hands two manila envelopes, previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech, to the Speaker and Vice President.

text: After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished, the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators, stating: "Members of Congress, I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States."[20][21] This leads to a further round of applause and, eventually, the beginning of the address by the President.[21]

text: At close of the ceremony, attendees leave on their own accord. The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber. Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out.

text: Designated survivor and other logistics[edit]

text: Customarily, one cabinet member (the designated survivor) does not attend the speech, in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President, the Vice President, and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber. Additionally, since the September 11 attacks in 2001, a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster.[22] Since 2003, each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor.[23][24]

text: Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker's desk, behind the President for the duration of the speech. If either is unavailable, the next highest-ranking member of the respective house substitutes. Once the chamber settles down from the President's arrival, the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress. The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber.

text: In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration's accomplishments over the previous year, as well as the agenda for the coming year, often in upbeat and optimistic terms.[25] Since the 1982 address, it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery, such as American citizens or visiting heads of state. During that 1982 address, President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90.[26] Since then, the term "Lenny Skutniks" has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery, and then cited by the President, during the State of the Union.[27][28]

text: State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour, partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout. The applause is often political in tone, with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President's own party. As non-political officeholders, members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality. In recent years, the presiding officers of the House and the Senate, the Speaker and the Vice President, respectively, have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies, as they, too, stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree.

text: For the 2011 address, Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party, as well as the avoiding of standing;[29] this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt. This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after.[30]

text: Opposition response[edit]

text: Since 1966,[31] the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President's party. The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience. In 1970, the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon, as well as a televised response to Nixon's written speech in 1973.[32] The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan's speeches in 1982 and 1985. The response is not always produced in a studio; in 1997, the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students.[33] In 2004, the Democratic Party's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time, by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson.[34] In 2011, Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express, a first for a political movement.[35]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law, in modern times, the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar. It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof: members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature, the President's Cabinet constituting the executive, and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary. In addition, the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps. The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans, who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady.[28]

text: Local versions[edit]

text: Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor. For most of them, it is called the State of the State address. In Iowa, it is called the Condition of the State Address; in Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address. The mayor of Washington, D.C. gives a State of the District address. American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor. Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor.

text: Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor, county commissioner or board chair, including Sonoma County, California; Orlando, Florida; Cincinnati, Ohio; New Haven, Connecticut; Parma, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Seattle, Washington; Birmingham, Alabama; Boston, Massachusetts; Los Angeles, California; Buffalo, New York; Rochester, New York; San Antonio, Texas; McAllen, Texas; and San Diego, California. The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville, Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address. Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term.[36][37] Private companies usually have a "State of the Corporation" or "State of the Company" address given by the respective CEO.[38]

text: The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union,[39] and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron.

text: Historic speeches[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2, 1823. It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets, and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan.
The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6, 1941. In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech, he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people "everywhere in the world" ought to enjoy: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.
During his State of the Union Address on January 11, 1944, FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights. Roosevelt's argument was that the "political rights" guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had "proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness".
During his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964, Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the "War on Poverty". This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act, which established the Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty.
During his State of the Union address on January 15, 1975, Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that "the state of the Union is not good: Millions of Americans are out of work... We depend on others for essential energy. Some people question their Government's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them; they expect Washington politics as usual." Ford said he didn't "expect much, if any, applause. The American people want action, and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want. Progress and solutions can be achieved, and they will be achieved."

text: In his 2002 State of the Union Address, President George W. Bush identified North Korea, Iran, and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States. He said, "States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world". In this speech, he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror.

text: TV ratings[edit]

text: Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were:[40][41][42]

text:
Date
President
Viewers,
millions

Households,
millions

Rating
Networks

1/30/2018
Donald Trump
45.551
32.168
26.9
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, ESTRELLA, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, PBS

2/28/2017
Donald Trump
47.741
33.857
28.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, UNIVISION, PBS, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, NBC UNIVERSO

1/12/2016
Barack Obama
31.334
23.040
19.6
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, NBC, NBC UNIVERSO, UNIVISION**

1/20/2015
Barack Obama
31.710
23.137
19.9
ABC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, AZTECA, CBS, CNN, FOX, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUNDOFOX, NBC, UNIVISION**

1/28/2014
Barack Obama
33.299
23.949
20.7
CBS, ABC, NBC, FOX, AZTECA, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, CNN, MSNBC, CNBC, AL JAZEERA AMERICA, GALAVISION, MUN2, UNIVISION**

2/12/2013
Barack Obama
33.497
24.767
21.8
FOX, ABC, CBS, NBC, PBS, AZTECA, UNIVISION, MFX, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, MSNBC, CURRENT, CENTRIC, GALAVISION

1/24/2012
Barack Obama
37.752
27.569
24.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, TF, UNIVISION, CNBC, CNN, FOX BUSINESS, FOXNC, GALAVISION, MSNBC, MUN2

1/25/2011
Barack Obama
42.789
30.871
26.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, CENTRIC, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2010
Barack Obama
48.009
34.182
29.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION, CNN, BET, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/24/2009
Barack Obama
52.373
37.185
32.5
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

1/28/2008
George W. Bush
37.515
27.702
24.7
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO**, UNIVISION

1/24/2007
George W. Bush
45.486
32.968
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, UNIVISION

2/01/2006
George W. Bush
43.179
30.528
31.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, AZTECA AMERICA, TELFUTURA

2/02/2005
George W. Bush
39.432
28.359
35.3
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, TELEMUNDO, TELEFUTURA

1/20/2004
George W. Bush
43.411
30.286
28.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/28/2003
George W. Bush
62.061
41.447
38.8
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/29/2002
George W. Bush
51.773
35.547
33.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, CNBC, FOXNC, MSNBC

2/27/2001
George W. Bush
39.793
28.201
27.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/2000
Bill Clinton
31.478
22.536
22.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/19/1999
Bill Clinton
43.500
30.700
31.0
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC

1/27/1998
Bill Clinton
53.077
36.513
37.2
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN, FOXNC, MSNBC, CNBC

2/04/1997
Bill Clinton
41.100
27.600
28.4
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/23/1996
Bill Clinton
40.900
28.400
29.6
ABC, CBS, FOX, NBC, CNN

1/24/1995
Bill Clinton
42.200
28.100
29.5
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

1/25/1994
Bill Clinton
45.800
31.000
32.9
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN

2/17/1993
Bill Clinton
66.900
41.200
44.3
ABC, CBS, NBC, CNN


document_title: When Calls the Heart

question_text: who played charles on when calls the heart

text: When Calls the Heart

text: Plot[edit]

text: When Calls the Heart tells the story of Elizabeth Thatcher (Erin Krakow), a young teacher accustomed to her high-society life. She receives her first classroom assignment in Coal Valley, a small coal-mining town in Western Canada which is located just south of Robb, Alberta. There, life is simple—but often fraught with challenges. Elizabeth charms most everyone in Coal Valley, except Royal North West Mounted Police Constable Jack Thornton (Daniel Lissing). He believes Thatcher’s wealthy father has doomed the lawman's career by insisting he be assigned in town to protect the shipping magnate’s daughter. The town of Coal Valley was renamed Hope Valley in Episode 2, Season 2 after the coal mine was closed.

text: Living in this 1910 coal town, Elizabeth must learn the ways of the Canadian frontier movement if she wishes to thrive in the rural west on her own. Lori Loughlin portrays Abigail Stanton, whose husband, the foreman of the mine, and her only son—along with 45 other miners—have recently been killed in an explosion, which turns out to have been a tragic accident waiting to happen—a result of the mining-company site manager's irresponsible management and lack of due care in his management of the mine. The newly widowed women find their faith tested when they must go to work in the mine to keep a roof over their heads, food on the table, and compile a wage for the town's teacher.[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
January 11, 2014 (2014-01-11)
March 29, 2014 (2014-03-29)

2
7
April 25, 2015 (2015-04-25)
June 13, 2015 (2015-06-13)

New Year's Wish
December 26, 2015 (2015-12-26)

3
8
February 21, 2016 (2016-02-21)
April 10, 2016 (2016-04-10)

Christmas
December 25, 2016 (2016-12-25)

4
10
February 19, 2017 (2017-02-19)
April 23, 2017 (2017-04-23)

The Christmas Wishing Tree
December 25, 2017 (2017-12-25)

5
10
February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)
April 22, 2018 (2018-04-22)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Erin Krakow as Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton
Daniel Lissing as Jack Thornton (Seasons 1-5)
Lori Loughlin as Abigail Stanton
Jack Wagner as Bill Avery
Martin Cummins as Henry Gowen
Pascale Hutton as Rosemary LeVeaux Coulter
Kavan Smith as Leland Coulter

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Paul Greene as Carson Shepherd
Gracyn Shinyei as Emily Montgomery
Loretta Walsh as Florence Blakeley
Erica Carroll as Dottie Ramsey
Mark Humphrey as Frank Hogan
Johannah Newmarch as Molly Sullivan
Mitchell Kummen as Gabe Montgomery
Logan Williams as Miles Montgomery
Ben Rosenbaum as Hickam
Carter Ryan Evancic as Cody Hastings
Chelah Horsdal as Cat Montgomery
Steve Bacic as Charles Spurlock
Kristina Wagner as Nora Avery
Aren Buchholz as Jesse Flynn
Charlotte Hegele as Julie Thatcher
Andrea Brooks as Faith Carter
Eva Bourne as Clara Stanton
Ava Grace Cooper as Opal
Max Lloyd-Jones as Tom Thornton
Brooke Shields as Charlotte Thornton
Devon Weigel as Viola Thatcher
Marcus Rosner as Charles Kensington
Mamie Laverock as Rosaleen Sullivan
Adrian Hough as Reverend Anderson
Lynda Boyd as Grace Thatcher
Will Verchere-Gopaulsingh as Caleb Dunbar
Ali Skovbye as Becky Hastings
Garwin Sanford as William Thatcher
Laura Bertram as Mary Dunbar
Derek Hamilton as Dewitt Graves
Niall Matter as Shane Cantrell (season 4)
Spencer Drever as Cyrus Rivera (season 4)
Josie Bissett as AJ Foster

text: Characters[edit]

text: This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Elizabeth Thatcher Thornton is an independent, strong-minded, passionate and dedicated young teacher from the city. The middle daughter of William and Grace Thatcher, Elizabeth has two sisters, older sister Viola and younger sister Julie. Elizabeth finds herself in Coal Valley, a small community on the Canadian frontier in need of a teacher, and quickly discovers it is not an easy place to live, lacking the creature comforts and luxuries of her privileged life with her family. She soon meets the newly appointed and charismatic Mountie Jack Thornton and develops an immediate dislike for him. However, over time they become good friends, and develop an obvious attraction to one another. In the final episode of season 1, "Prelude to a Kiss," (also titled as "Final Adieu"), after overcoming many obstacles throughout the season, Jack tells Elizabeth, "You're the one, you're the only one" and they share a kiss. Throughout season 2, Elizabeth's feelings for Jack are high at times as well as low. Finally, in the season 2 finale, she admits that his job as a Mountie scares her. After being comforted both admitting that they love each other, Jack and Elizabeth kiss.
Jack Thornton is a laid back country boy. Jack is the son of Mountie Thomas Thornton and his wife Charlotte Thornton. Jack has a younger brother, Tom (named after his father). As a Mountie and a man of stout character and integrity, he often finds himself protecting and saving people. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Jack finds a basset hound whom he names Rip (after Rip Van Winkle) and takes home with him. A source of comfort and companion in the small town, Jack often goes to Rip when times in his life are difficult. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Rip, who's afraid of thunder, hides in the mine shafts during a storm. Jack and Elizabeth search for him; in their search, their relationship grows stronger. Upon his first meeting of Elizabeth, he developed an instant dislike and it appeared she irritated him. However, he grew to like and then fall madly and completely in love with her over time. In "Rules of Engagement" (S.1), it is revealed that Jack was briefly engaged to Rosemary LeVeaux when she comes looking for him. However, they have both changed and realize that they cannot have a relationship as they once did ever again. In "Prelude to a Kiss" (S.1), Jack found out that Elizabeth may be leaving Coal Valley. Taking her on a walk and giving her a framed picture of them that he had sketched, he asks her not to leave Coal Valley and tells her, "You're the one, you're the only one." She replied that she was "not going anywhere", Coal Valley was where she belonged before they share a kiss. In season 2, Elizabeth and Jack share a hot-and-cold relationship until the finale, "With All My Heart." They both admit that they love each other and share another kiss. Jack's brother, Tom, is introduced season 2's "Trials of the Heart," and their rocky relationship continues until "Coming Together, Coming Apart." Jack gently reminds his younger brother how their father was so proud of him, but he wouldn't be proud of the way he was currently living. Both in tears, Jack tells his younger brother that he believes in him and that he can turn his life around. More recently, Jack has become good friends with the sawmill operator, Lee Coulter. In season 3, Jack begins the new year knowing that Elizabeth only has eyes for him and that her relationship with Charles is over for good. In "Hearts In Question," Jack's mother Charlotte shows up unexpectedly. She meets Elizabeth and is suspicious of her, but through staying her sees Elizabeth for who she really is: a trustworthy, dedicated teacher. In the season finale, "Prayers From The Heart," Jack is injured in a flood. But he miraculously recovers in time to serve as Lee's best man at his wedding.
Abigail Stanton is a Coal Valley woman who tragically lost her husband and son in the mining accident. Abigail is a very kind woman, and she stands strongly for the things she believes in. She is one of the first women to welcome Elizabeth and the two women quickly become friends. When Elizabeth accidentally burns down the little teacherage, Abigail gladly welcomes her into her home to live. After being complimented on her cooking, Abigail decides to open a cafe in Coal Valley. Together, Abigail and Elizabeth move into the rooms above the cafe. At the end of season 1, Abigail enjoys the company of Bill Avery, a Mountie, serving as a Forensic Investigator and friend of Jack Thornton's. In season 2, Abigail takes in her daughter-in-law, Clara, the wife of her late son Peter whom Abigail sees as the daughter she never had. With Bill's past being revealed, Abigail ends their friendship and spends more time with the new pastor, Frank Hogan. Also, she is a strong independent woman that is set on doing the things that are right and tries to help Elizabeth.
Bill Avery is a mysterious, quiet man. He first appears in season 1's "Rules of Engagement," in order to help Jack expose Mr. Gowen's wrongdoings. Bill is immediately attracted to widow Abigail Stanton. Things are going well until Abigail discovers a picture of Bill's family and his wedding ring. He later tells her that his son died, as well as his wife. However, his wife, Nora, comes to confront him in season 2's "Heart's Desire."
Henry Gowen is a cold, cynical man who formerly owned the coal mine. After the mine was shut down, Henry became the mayor of Hope Valley and still creates a cold, cynical presence whenever people are around him. Henry is highly disliked and feared in the town. He frequently uses bribery to get what he wants, which is never for the good of the town.
Rosemary "Rosie" LeVeaux Coulter is a flamboyant, enthusiastic actress from New York. She was briefly engaged to Jack Thornton, but they both realized that it wouldn't work out. Rosie immediately disliked Elizabeth and viewed her as "the competition," but eventually came to really care about Elizabeth, even if she has a hard time showing it. At the beginning of season 2, Rosemary began working at the cafe with Abigail and the two quickly became friends. Spending time with Abigail helped tone down some of Rosemary's enthusiasm and made her a more likable person. Rosemary even came to like Elizabeth, even if only on an acquaintance level. Truthfully, she cares about everyone in Hope Valley, especially Lee, with whom she shares an mutual attraction. When Rosie is not spending time with Lee, talking to Abigail, or dreaming about the glamorous life of an actress, she can often be found somewhere writing her weekly advice column for Hope Valley's newspaper! In season 3, Rosemary's friendship with Elizabeth deepened. Instead of viewing her as an adversary, she finds a friend in Elizabeth. Throughout season 3, Rosemary's relationship with Lee becomes more romantic. In "Heart Of A Hero," seeing that Lee needs to spend more time at the sawmill to help the new settlers find jobs, Rosemary tells Lee that the theatre doesn't have to be built. He insists, but she says how important his job is. He smiles and tells her he will one day build her theatre, telling her that she is "the best part of his life." The couple shares in their first kiss. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking he is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to him, telling how much she loves him. In "Heartbreak," Rosemary is offered a job in Hollywood filming. This has always been Rosemary's dream, to be an actress. Lee unselfishly tells her to do whatever she feels best, but it is obvious that the thought of her leaving Hope Valley hurts him. Rosemary considers her options and realizes that her place is in Hope Valley, with Lee. Lee then tells her that he has another "role" that he thinks would be perfect for her and proposes marriage. She happily accepts. In "Hearts In Question," Rosemary enthusiastically plans for their wedding. The couple weds in the season 3 finale "Prayers From The Heart," with Elizabeth and Abigail as her maids of honor.
Leland "Lee" Coulter is a kind, laidback, patient man who opens a sawmill in Hope Valley. When timber becomes Coal Valley's major source of natural resources, the town is renamed Hope Valley. He shares a mutual attraction to Rosemary and proves to be one of the few people who can outwit her. When she declines his romantic intentions, Lee recruits his friend, Molly Sullivan, to make Rosemary jealous; the ploy succeeds and Rosemary accepts his suit, appreciating Lee's good qualities. Despite her dramatic and occasionally prickly personality, Lee's compassion and patience never fails with her. With Rosemary's help, Lee beat Mr. Gowen at his own game in "Heart and Home." When not at work, Lee enjoys being with friends, including Jack Thornton, who shares Lee's simple and laidback outlook, allowing the men to discuss their lives and exchange romantic advice. In season 3, Lee's mill is unfortunately sabotaged by a man inside. Through Bill and Jack's investigation, they find the culprit. In season 3's "Heart Of A Hero," Rosemary unselfishly gives up the theatre that Lee promised to build her. Lee promises that one day, he will build her the theatre at a time when he isn't so involved with the sawmill and finding people jobs. In "A Gentle Heart," Lee is injured. Thinking Lee is asleep, Rosemary pours out her heart to Lee, telling him how afraid she was when she heard he had been injured. He however hears each and every word. She told him how much she loves him and to never leave her. In the episode "Heartbreak," Lee thinks Rosemary may leave Hope Valley when she is offered a movie job in Hollywood. When she gives up the movie, seeing her future in Hope Valley with him, he asks her to marry him. The couple weds in the season 3 finale, "Prayers From The Heart." Jack serves the role of Lee's best man.
Julie Thatcher is Elizabeth's hopeless romantic younger sister. She often gets herself into sticky situations by falling head over heels for men who aren't quite what they seem. In season 2 she gets involved with Jack's brother Tom, which causes trouble with her family and for Jack and Elizabeth's relationship.
Cat Montgomery is a kind, encouraging woman in Coal Valley. She is a widow and mother of three: Gabe, Miles, and Emily. Cat was one of the first mothers to show kindness to Elizabeth when she first came. She desperately wants her children to remember the good memories of their father as seen by her self-sacrificing acts in "Secrets and Lies." Possessing a great sense of teamwork and encouragement, Cat supports the women of Coal Valley while working in the mines in "Cease and Desist." She is good friends with Elizabeth and Abigail. In "These Games," she also helps Jack catch a thief.
Florence Blakeley is a feisty gossip in Hope Valley. She often has a pessimistic perspective and always seems to find the negative, even in a very positive situation. In "Heart and Home," Abigail told Florence what she really thought about her, which causes Florence to rein in her negativity somewhat, though she remains fairly outspoken. While not always likable, Florence adds spice to life in Hope Valley.
Molly Sullivan is a friend of Lee Coulter and Elizabeth Thatcher. Molly's husband was killed in the mine disaster. She has a daughter Rosaleen. In season 1's "A Telling Silence," Rosaleen has trouble in school because she misses her father so much. When she runs away, Elizabeth finds her in the mine, feeling guilty that she didn't bring her father his lunch the day of the disaster because she wanted to play with a friend instead. She fears her mother will blame her, but Elizabeth convinces her that Molly will "say that she loves her more than life itself." Molly is reunited with her daughter, to the joy of the town's people. In season 2's "With All My Heart," Lee feels it's time to "play hard to get" with Rosemary, so he enlists help from Molly. She pretends to be interested in him romantically. This ploy works and Rosemary admits that she does in fact like him. Molly is a kind woman and was among the first to welcome Elizabeth to town.
Clara Stanton is the wife of Abigail's late son Peter, and is a sweet, quiet, and sensitive young woman. Abigail never knew she had a daughter-in-law until season 2's "Trials of the Heart;" with Peter having married Clara only three days before he was killed. In "Heart's Desire," Abigail invites Clara to come live with her in Hope Valley, an offer that Clara accepts.
Charles Kensington III is an old friend of Elizabeth with whom she reconnects while in Hamilton. He is interested in her, though her feelings for Jack get in the way of their relationship.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series, originally planned to be filmed in Colorado, is filmed south of Vancouver, British Columbia, on a farm surrounded by vineyards. The fictional frontier town of Coal Valley was erected in late 2013. Some of the set trimmings and a stage coach came from the Hell on Wheels set.[10] The Thatcher home is the University Women's Club of Vancouver.[11]

text: The series was renewed for a second season,[12] which aired from April 25 to June 13, 2015. Hallmark Channel announced in July 2015 that the series had been renewed for a third season, which aired from February 21 to April 10, 2016,[13] with a sneak peek airing during the 2015 Christmas season.[14]

text: In mid-2016, it was announced that Season 4 would premiere on the Hallmark Channel Christmas Day with a two-hour special. On April 11, 2016, Lissing and Krakow announced via the series' Facebook page that Hallmark Channel had renewed the series for a fourth season, which aired from February 19 to April 23, 2017.[15][16]

text: Filming for season five began in Vancouver on August 22, 2017, and ended on December 21, 2017.[17][18]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The first season of the series was subsequently picked up by CBC Television for rebroadcast as a summer series in 2015.[19] The network has since aired all five seasons.[20][21] The series became available internationally on Netflix in August 2017.