document_title: Bridge scoring

question_text: when do you declare honors in contract bridge

question_tokens: when do you declare honors in contract bridge

text: Bridge scoring

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The following terms and concepts, defined in the glossary of contract bridge terms, are essential to understanding bridge scoring:

text:
Contract
Denomination
Down
Honors

Make or Made
Odd tricks
Overtrick
Slam and grand slam

Undertricks
Undoubled, doubled and redoubled
vulnerable, not vulnerable and none vulnerable

text: Scoring elements[edit]

text: Bridge scoring consists of nine elements. Not all elements are included in all game variants and the method of accumulation of the elements over several deals varies.

text: If the contract is made, the score for each such deal consists of:

text:
Contract points, assigned to each odd trick bid and made
Overtrick points, assigned for each trick taken over the contracted number of odd tricks
A slam bonus for a small slam or grand slam contract bid and made
A bonus, colloquially known as 'for insult', is received at the end of any deal in which a doubled or redoubled contract is bid and made

text: If the contract is defeated, the defenders receive

text: Penalty points, assigned for every undertrick

text: In rubber bridge only,

text:
A rubber bonus is received at the end of a completed rubber by the side that is first to win two games. A rubber bonus is also awarded for some game and part-game scores at the end of an unfinished rubber
An honor bonus is received by any player at the end of any deal in which he held particular honor cards.

text: In duplicate bridge only,

text:
A partial-game bonus is received at the end of each deal for any partial game contract bid and made
A game bonus is received at the end of each deal for any game contract bid and made

text: Contract points[edit]

text: Contract points are awarded for each odd trick bid and made. Their values depend on the suit (or notrump) and whether the contract is doubled or redoubled; they are not affected by vulnerability. Tricks won beyond that necessary to fulfill the contract are referred to as overtricks and their scoring points are accounted for separately because their values are dependent upon declarer's vulnerability.

text:
Denomination
Contract Points Per Trick

Undoubled
Doubled
Redoubled

Notrump

First trick
Subsequent tricks

40
30

80
60

160
120

Major suits
30
60
120

Minor suits
20
40
80

text: Overtrick points[edit]

text: When declarer makes overtricks, their score value depends upon the contract denomination, declarer's vulnerability and whether or not the contract is undoubled, doubled or redoubled. In an undoubled contract each overtrick earns the same as in contract points (30 for notrump and major suit contracts, 20 for minor suit contracts); values increase significantly when the contract has been doubled or redoubled, especially when vulnerable.

text:
Contract
Overtrick Points Per Trick

Vulnerable
Not Vulnerable

Undoubled in:
- Notrump
- Major suit
- Minor suit

30
30
20

30
30
20

Any doubled
200
100

Any redoubled
400
200

text: Slam bonus[edit]

text: Bonuses are awarded for all slam contracts bid and made:

text:
a small slam, or successful contract to win 12 of 13 tricks, earns a bonus of 500 points if not vulnerable and 750 points if vulnerable;
a grand slam, or successful contract to win all 13 tricks, earns a bonus of 1000 points if not vulnerable and 1500 points if vulnerable.

text: Doubled or redoubled bonus[edit]

text: When a doubled or redoubled contract is made, a bonus is awarded to the declaring side. It is colloquially referred to as a bonus for "insult", meaning that the opponents have insulted the pair by suggesting that the declarer will not make the contract.

text:
50 points are awarded for a doubled contract made, and
100 points are awarded for a redoubled contract made.

text: In scoring notation, a doubled contract is indicated by an 'X" after the contract (e.g. a contract of four hearts doubled is indicated by 4♥ X); a redoubled contract is indicated by "XX" (e.g. 4♥ XX).

text: Penalty points[edit]

text: When a contract is defeated, penalty points are awarded to the defending side. The value of the penalty depends on the number of undertricks, whether the declaring side is vulnerable or not vulnerable and whether the contract was undoubled, doubled or redoubled.

text:
Number of
Undertricks
Points Per Undertrick

Vulnerable
Not Vulnerable

Undoubled
Doubled
Redoubled
Undoubled
Doubled
Redoubled

1st undertrick
100
200
400
50
100
200

2nd and 3rd, each
300
600
200
400

4th and each subsequent
300
600
300
600

text: Without a double or redouble, every undertrick has a fixed cost of 100 or 50 points. The scores for (re)doubled undertricks are such that after the first vulnerable undertrick, n vulnerable undertricks cost the same as n+1 undertricks when not vulnerable; for example, four undertricks when doubled and not vulnerable cost 800 points (100+200+200+300), the same as three undertricks when doubled and vulnerable (200+300+300).

text: Rubber bonus[edit]

text: In rubber bridge only, a bonus is awarded at the conclusion of the rubber as follows:

text:
for a completed rubber, the side which wins the rubber, i.e. is first to win two games, receives a rubber bonus:

if the opponents have won no games, i.e. they are not vulnerable, the rubber bonus is 700 points; colloquially known as a 'fast rubber'
if the opponents have won one game, i.e. they are vulnerable, the rubber bonus is 500 points; colloquially known as a 'slow rubber'

for unfinished rubbers:

if but one side has won a game, it scores 300 points, and
if but one side has a part-score, it scores 100 points.

text: Honor bonus or honors[edit]

text: In rubber bridge only, a bonus is awarded for any one hand holding four or five of the honors, i.e. an ace, king, queen, jack or ten.

text:
100 points are awarded for any one hand holding any four of the five trump suit honors, and
150 points are awarded for any one hand holding all five trump suit honors, or all four aces in a notrump contract.

text: Honors may be declared and scored at any time after the auction but for strategic reasons it is best to do so at the conclusion of play so as not to give the opponents information about the lay of the cards. Honors may be held by any of the four players, including dummy.

text: Game or part-game bonus[edit]

text: In duplicate bridge only, game and partial-game bonuses are awarded at the conclusion of each deal as follows:

text:
any partial contract, i.e. one scoring less than 100 contract points, scores a bonus of 50 points, and
any game contract, i.e. one scoring 100 or more points, scores a game bonus of 300 if not vulnerable and 500 if vulnerable.

text: Rubber bridge[edit]

text: The score sheet[edit]

text: Rubber scoring is tallied on a score sheet divided into four parts where each partnership accumulates points either above the line or below the line.

text: The objective is to win by scoring the most total points in the rubber; the rubber is completed when one side has twice accumulated 100 or more contract points below the line.

text: Only contract points are recorded below the line; all other points are recorded above the line. Any of the four players may be the recorder, his side being represented in the "We" column and the opponents in the "They" column. In the ensuing examples, South is the recorder (the 'We' on the score sheet).

text: An example rubber[edit]

text: The following table summarizes the results of a rubber consisting of six deals.

text:
Deal
Declarer
Contract
Made
Down
Contract
Points
Overtrick
Points
Slam
Bonus
(Re)doubled
Bonus
Penalty
Points
Honor
Bonus
Deal
Total NS
Deal
Total EW

1
N
2NT
3

(1×40)+(1×30)=70
1×30=30

100

2
W
4♥
4

4×30=120

120

3
W
5♣

2

2×100=200

200

4
S
4♠ X
5

2×(4×30)=240
1×100=100

50

390

5
N
3♣
4

3×20=60
1×20=20

80

6
E
6♦
6

6×20=120

750

150

1020

Rubber Bonus

500

Total
770
1640

text: The following panels illustrate the progression of the scoring on the score sheet.

text:
Deal 1
Deal 2
Deal 3
Deal 4
Deal 5
Deal 6
Rubber Bonus
Total

text: Deal 1: South bids 2NT making 3. Only the contract points (70) are scored below the line; the overtrick points (30) are scored above the line.

text: Deal 2: West bids and makes 4♥. This scores 120 contract points below the line; since there are no overtricks, no points are scored above the line. The accumulation of 100 or more points below the line constitutes the end of the first game and is signified by the drawing of a horizontal line. Since no part-game or game bonus is awarded in rubber bridge, East-West do not receive an additional game bonus and North-South do not receive any part-game bonus. Furthermore, the part score of 70 by North-South is no longer available for accumulation towards a game by them; the 70 points are said to be "cut off" as signified by the drawing of the horizontal line. Having won a game, East-West are vulnerable for all subsequent deals of the rubber meaning that they are now eligible for a larger rubber bonus if they win a second game before their opponents win one and they are susceptible to increased penalties if they are defeated in a contract.

text: Deal 3: West bids 5♣ and goes down 2, vulnerable, undoubled. This scores 200 penalty points for North-South above the line.

text: Deal 4: South bids 4♠ doubled, not vulnerable and makes 5. North-South score 240 contract tricks below the line, 100 overtrick points above the line and 50 points for 'insult' above the line. Accumulating 100 or more points below the line constitutes the end of the second game, signified by the drawing of a horizontal line. Having won a game, North-South are now also vulnerable for all subsequent deals of the rubber.

text: Deal 5: North bids 3♣ and makes 4 scoring 60 contract points below the line and 20 overtrick points above the line.

text: Deal 6: East bids and makes 6♦ - a small slam holding all five top honors. This scores a game of 120 contract points and earns a slam bonus of 750 points above the line (East-West being vulnerable). 150 honor points are scored above the line for holding all five honors. Having again accumulated 100 or more points below the line, East-West win a second game; a horizontal line is drawn to end the rubber.

text: Rubber Bonus: At the conclusion of the rubber, a rubber bonus is awarded. In this case, East-West have won a slow rubber and receive a 500-point rubber bonus above the line.

text: Total: The scores for each side are totalled and East-West (the 'They' on the score sheet) win the rubber.

text: Duplicate bridge[edit]

text: Scoring in duplicate bridge is done in two stages:

text:
Each deal is scored as in rubber bridge but with some variations in methodology.
The result of each deal by each partnership is compared to all other results for the same deal by all other partnerships.

text: Scoring deals[edit]

text: In duplicate scoring, the score for each deal is independent from all others and is a single number resulting from the addition of points awarded in accordance with either of two cases:

text:
when the contract is successful, the declaring side receives a positive score which is the sum of the following elements, if applicable: (i) contract points, (ii) overtrick points, (iii) a part-game or game bonus, (iv) a bonus for making any doubled or redoubled contract, i.e. for 'insult', and (v) a slam or grand slam bonus; the defending side receives a negative score of the same absolute value.
when the contract is defeated, the defending side receives a positive score based upon the number of tricks defeated, declarer's vulnerability, and whether undoubled, doubled or redoubled; the declaring side receives a negative score of the same absolute value.

text: Example results for a sixteen board match[edit]

text: In duplicate bridge, the dealer and the status of vulnerability for each side is predetermined by the board, there being sixteen possible combinations.

text:
Board
Dealer
Vulnerability
Declarer
Contract
Made
Down
Contract
Points
Overtrick
Points
Slam
Bonus
(Re)doubled
Bonus
Penalty
Points
Game
Points
Total
N-S
Total
E-W

1
N
None
E
1♥
3

30
2×30=60

50
−140
140

2
E
N-S
N
4♠ X

2

(1×200)+(1×300)=500

−500
500

3
S
E-W
N
2♦
4

2×20=40
2×20=40

50
130
−130

4
W
Both
W
1NT
3

40
2×30=60

50
−150
150

5
N
N-S
S
3NT

1

100

−100
100

6
E
E-W
S
3♥
4

3×30=90
30

50
170
−170

7
S
Both
W
3♣
3

3×20=60

50
−110
110

8
W
None
E
7♥
7

7×30=210

1000

300
−1510
1510

9
N
E-W
N
4♠ X
4

2×(4×30)=240

50

300
590
−590

10
E
Both
E
2NT
2

40+30=70

50
−120
120

11
S
None
N
6♣
6

6×20=120

500

300
920
−920

12
W
N-S
E
2♦
3

2×20=40
20

50
−110
110

13
N
Both
W
4♥ X X
4

2×2×(4×30)=480

100

500
−1080
1080

14
E
None
S
5♠

1

50

−50
50

15
S
N-S
E
4♥
5

4×30=120
30

300
−450
450

16
W
E-W
N
3NT
3

40+(2×30)=100

300
400
−400

text: Comparing deals[edit]

text: Matchpoint scoring[edit]

text: The most common form of pairs scoring is by matchpoints. On each board, a partnership scores two matchpoints for each other partnership that scored fewer points with the same cards, and one point for each other partnership that scored the same number of points. Thus, every board is weighted equally, with the best result earning 100 percent of the matchpoints available, and the worst earning no matchpoints; the opponents receive the complement score, e.g. an 80% score for a N-S pair implies a 20% score for their E-W opponents. Colloquially, a maximum matchpoints score on a board is known as a "top", and a zero score is a "bottom". The terms "high board" and "low board" are also used.

text: These matchpoints are added across all the hands that a pair plays to determine the winner. Scores are usually given as percentages of a theoretical maximum: 100% would mean that the partnership achieved the best score on every single hand. In practice, a result of 60% or 65% is likely to win the tournament or come close. In a Mitchell movement (see above) the overall scores are usually compared separately for North-South pairs and for East-West pairs, so that there is one winner in each group (unless arrow-switching has been applied - see above).

text: Historical Note: At some time in the past, both North-South and East-West might be awarded the same matchpoint score. Using this arrangement, the lowest East-West Score would be the winner.

text: In Board-a-match team game, the matchpoints are calculated using a similar principle. Since there are only two teams involved, the only possible results are 2 (won), 1 (tied) and 0 (lost) points per board.

text: International Match Point scoring[edit]

text: In International Match Point (IMP) scoring, every individual score is subtracted from another score, and the difference (or "swing") is converted to IMPs, using the standard IMP table below.[1] The purpose of the IMP table, which has sublinear dependency on differences, is to reduce results occurring from large swings.

text: The score that is being compared against can be obtained in the following ways:

text:
In team events, it is the score from the other table;
In pair events, it can be:

The datum score, most often calculated as the average score on board, excluding a number of top and bottom results. Sometimes, the median score is used instead.
In "cross-imps" or "Calcutta" scoring, every score on board is compared against every other score (sometimes excluding top and bottom results) and IMPs summed up (and possibly averaged, to reduce "inflation").
Example of averaged cross-imp scoring: Assume that you are one of five pairs who play Board 2 as N/S (you are vulnerable). On this board you bid and make 4 Spades, scoring +620, while the other four N/S pairs score −100, −100, −300, and +650. To figure out your averaged cross-imp score, you would create a table like the Cross-IMP example table below: after writing in the scores of you and your opponents in the bolded areas, you would then fill in the Score Delta row by subtracting each of the opponent's scores from yours. Then, you would fill in the IMPS Gained row by converting each of the score deltas into IMPS via the standard IMP table (e.g. 720 equates to 12 IMPs, because it falls in the range of 600 to 740 in the IMP table). You then add up those numbers and get 36 IMPS. To turn the 36 IMPS into a averaged cross-IMP score, you simply divide that number by the number of competitors (36 IMPs divided by 4 competitors) to arrive at 9 as your averaged cross-IMP score.

text:
Example of cross-IMP table

Our score on Board 2 is 620
Scores of the four other North/South pairs

−100
−100
−300
650

Score Deltas
720
720
920
−30

IMPS Gained
12
12
14
−1

text:
IMP table

Point difference
IMPs

Point difference
IMPs

Point difference
IMPs

from
to
from
to
from
to

0
10
0
370
420
9
1750
1990
18

20
40
1
430
490
10
2000
2240
19

50
80
2
500
590
11
2250
2490
20

90
120
3
600
740
12
2500
2990
21

130
160
4
750
890
13
3000
3490
22

170
210
5
900
1090
14
3500
3990
23

220
260
6
1100
1290
15
4000 or more
24

270
310
7
1300
1490
16

320
360
8
1500
1740
17

text: History of Contract bridge scoring[edit]

text: Scoring of tricks in no trump contracts[edit]

text: In the 1932 Laws of Contract Bridge, no trump tricks bid and made, and undoubled no trump tricks made but not bid, score 30, 40, 30, 40, 30, 40, 30.[2]:law 30

text: In 1935 this became 40, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30, 30.[3]:law 39

text: Scoring of undertricks[edit]

text:
before 1935[2]:law 32
1935-1987[3]:law 39[4]:law 81
after 1987, for duplicate bridge,[5]:law 77 and after 1993 for rubber bridge

not vulnerable, not doubled
50 each
50 each
50 each

not vulnerable, doubled
100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 etc.
100, 200, 200, 200, 200, 200 etc.
100, 200, 200, 300, 300, 300 etc.

vulnerable, not doubled
100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 etc.
100 each
100 each

vulnerable, doubled
200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 etc.
200, 300, 300, 300, 300, 300 etc.
200, 300, 300, 300, 300, 300 etc.

text: Redoubled undertricks have always scored twice as much as the same doubled undertricks.

text: The 1987 change, to the scoring of the fourth and subsequent non-vulnerable undertricks, was made after a hand in the finals of the 1981 Bermuda Bowl. Munir and Fazli, playing for Pakistan, bid skilfully to reach a vulnerable 7 hearts, which would have scored them 2310. But their non-vulnerable Meckstroth then sacrificed in 7 spades on a weak hand with fives spades to the jack. This went nine off doubled for a score of -1700, a profitable sacrifice. The change of scoring increased the penalty from -1700 to -2300.[6]

text: Also, the "insult bonus" for making a redoubled contract used to be only 50. This was changed to 100, so that playing 5 of a minor, redoubled, making an overtrick, is always worth more than an undoubled small slam.

text: 8-Level bids[edit]

text: It has always been the intention of every official set of Laws of Contract Bridge to forbid contracts for more than seven tricks. Some versions have stated this more clearly than others, but this intention of the Laws has never changed.

text: International Match Points[edit]

text: When International Match Points were first introduced in Europe, they were as in this table.[7]

text:
IMP table, 1949

Point difference
IMPs

Point difference
IMPs

from
to
from
to

0
10
0
1000
1240
8

20
40
1
1250
1490
9

70
130
2
1500
1990
10

140
210
3
2000
2490
11

220
340
4
2500
2990
12

350
490
5
3000
3490
13

500
740
6
3500
3990
14

750
990
7
4000 or more
15

text: On September 1st 1962 they were changed to the table above.[8]:law 87


question_text: which country is the last member of saarc

root

text: Historical background[edit]

text: The idea of co-operation in South Asia was discussed in at least three conferences: the Asian Relations Conference held in New Delhi on April 1947; the Baguio Conference in the Philippines on May 1950; and the Colombo Powers Conference held in Sri Lanka in April 1954.[7]

tag: p

text: In the ending years of the 1970s, the seven inner South Asian nations that included Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka agreed upon the creation of a trade bloc and to provide a platform for the people of South Asia to work together in a spirit of friendship, trust, and understanding. President Ziaur Rahman later addressed official letters to the leaders of the countries of the South Asia, presenting his vision for the future of the region and the compelling arguments for region.[8] During his visit to India in December 1977, Rahman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister, Morarji Desai. In the inaugural speech to the Colombo Plan Consultative Committee which met in Kathmandu also in 1977, King Birendra of Nepal gave a call for close regional cooperation among South Asian countries in sharing river waters.[9] After the USSR's intervention in Afghanistan, the efforts to establish the union was accelerated in 1979 and the resulting rapid deterioration of South Asian security situation.[9] Responding to Rahman and Birendra's convention, the officials of the foreign ministries of the seven countries met for the first time in Colombo in April 1981.[9] The Bangladeshi proposal was promptly endorsed by Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, and the Maldives but India and Pakistan were sceptical initially.[9] The Indian concern was the proposal’s reference to the security matters in South Asia and feared that Rahman's proposal for a regional organisation might provide an opportunity for new smaller neighbours to renationalise all bilateral issues and to join with each other to form an opposition against India. Pakistan assumed that it might be an Indian strategy to organise the other South Asian countries against Pakistan and ensure a regional market for Indian products, thereby consolidating and further strengthening India’s economic dominance in the region.[9]

text: However, after a series of diplomatic consultations headed by Bangladesh between South Asian U.N. representatives at the UN headquarters in New York, from September 1979 to 1980, it was agreed that Bangladesh would prepare the draft of a working paper for discussion among the foreign secretaries of South Asian countries.[9] The foreign secretaries of the inner seven countries again delegated a Committee of the Whole in Colombo on September 1981, which identified five broad areas for regional cooperation. New areas of co-operation were added in the following years.[10]

text: In 1983, the international conference held in Dhaka by its Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the foreign ministers of the inner seven countries adopted the Declaration on South Asian Association Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and formally launched the Integrated Programme of Action (IPA) initially in five agreed areas of cooperation namely, Agriculture; Rural Development; Telecommunications; Meteorology; and Health and Population Activities.[11]

text: Officially, the union was established in Dhaka with Kathmandu being union's secretariat-general.[12] The first SAARC summit was held in Dhaka on 7–8 December 1985 and hosted by the President of Bangladesh Hussain Ershad.[13] The declaration signed by King of Bhutan Jigme Singye Wangchuk, President of Pakistan Zia-ul-Haq, Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi, King of Nepal Birendra Shah, President of Sri Lanka JR Jayewardene, and President of Maldives Maumoon Gayoom.[13]

text: Members and observers[edit]

text: Economic data is sourced from the International Monetary Fund, current as of April 2015, and is given in US dollars.[14]

text: Members[edit]

text:
Country
Population[15] (2016)
GDP
(Nominal)
GDP
(PPP)
GDP per Capita
(PPP)
GDP Growth Rate
(2014)
Exports
(2014)
Foreign Direct Investment
(2013)
Foreign Exchange Reserves(million)
Defense Budget(% of GDP)
(2014)[16]
Literacy Rate(Given Age & above)
Life Expectancy
Population below Poverty Line
Primary School Enrollment [17]
Secondary School enrollment [18]
Population undernourished(%)
(2015)[19]
Human
Development
Index

Democracy
Index

Global
Terrorism
Index

G20
BRICS
BIMSTEC
IORA
APTA
BBIN
SASEC
AIIB
ACU
ACD
ADB
World Bank
Nuclear Weapons

 Afghanistan
34,656,032
$21.3 bn
$63.5 bn
$1,976
3.2%
$0.3 bn
N/A
$6,442
N/A
28.1%(Age 15)
60
15.8%
N/A
54%
26.8%
0.465
(171)

2.77
(147)

9.233
(2)

✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✔
✔
✔
✖

 Bangladesh
162,951,560
$285.815 bn
$751.949 bn
$4,560
7.65%
$37 bn
$2.65 bn
$32,000
$3.2 bn(1.2%)
57.7%(Age 15)
70
16%
92%
54%
12.4%
0.570
(142)

5.73
(86)

0
(124)

✖
✖
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✖

 Bhutan
797,765
$2.2 bn
$6.3 bn
$8,158
6.4%
$0.7 bn
$63 mln
N/A
N/A
52.8%(age 15)
68
23.7%
91%
78%
N/A
0.605
(132)

4.93
(101)

0.305
(107)

✖
✖
✔
✖
✖
✔
✔
✖
✔
✔
✔
✔
✖

 India
1,324,171,354
$2,439.0 bn
$9,446.8 bn
$7,174
7.3%
$464.0 bn
$31.0 bn
$422,532.5
$45 bn(1.9%)
74.4%(age 15)
67
21.9%
94%
69%
15.2%
0.609
(130)

7.74
(35)

4.222
(39)

✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔

 Maldives
427,756
$3.0 bn
$5.2 bn
$14,980
4.5%
$0.28 bn
N/A
$356
N/A
99%(age 15)
77
16%
N/A
N/A
5.2%
0.706
(104)

__
__
✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✔
✔
✔
✖
✔
✔
✖

   Nepal
28,982,771
$21.6 bn
$70.7 bn
$2,488
5.5%
$1.0 bn
$10 mln
$5,439
N/A
66%(age 15)
68
25.2%
98%
67%
7.8%
0.548
(145)

4.77
(105)

4.791
(32)

✖
✖
✔
✖
✖
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✖

 Pakistan
193,203,476
$250 bn
$928.0bn
$4,886
4.2%
$25.1 bn
$0.709 bn(2014)
$16,305
$7.4 bn(3.5%)
55%(age 15)
66
22.6%
72%
34%
22%
0.538
(147)

4.40
(112)

10
(1)

✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✖
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔

 Sri Lanka
20,798,492
$80.4 bn
$233.7 bn
$11,068
7%
$11.8 bn
$0.9 bn
$8,314
$1.4 bn(2.3%)
98.1%(age 15)
75
8.9%
94%
99%
22%
0.756
(73)

6.42
(69)

4.077
(42)

✖
✖
✔
✔
✔
✖
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✖

tag: table

text: The member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.[20]

text: SAARC was founded by seven states in 1985. In 2005, Afghanistan began negotiating their accession to SAARC and formally applied for membership on the same year.[21][22] The issue of Afghanistan joining SAARC generated a great deal of debate in each member state, including concerns about the definition of South Asian identity because Afghanistan is a Central Asian country.[23]

text: The SAARC member states imposed a stipulation for Afghanistan to hold a general election; the non-partisan elections were held in late 2005.[23] Despite initial reluctance and internal debates, Afghanistan joined SAARC as its eighth member state in April 2007.[23][24]

text: Observers[edit]

text: States with observer status include[25] Australia,[26] China, the European Union,[27] Iran, Japan,[27] Mauritius,[28] Myanmar, South Korea and the United States.[29]

text: On 2 August 2006, the foreign ministers of the SAARC countries agreed in principle to grant observer status to three applicants;[30] the US and South Korea (both made requests in April 2006),[30] as well as the European Union (requested in July 2006).[31] On 4 March 2007, Iran requested observer status,[32] followed shortly by Mauritius.

text: Potential future members[edit]

text: Myanmar has expressed interest in upgrading its status from an observer to a full member of SAARC.[33] Russia has applied for observer status membership of SAARC.[34][35][36] Turkey applied for observer status membership of SAARC in 2012.[34][35][36] South Africa has participated in meetings.[37]

text: Secretariat[edit]

text: The SAARC Secretariat was established in Kathmandu on 16 January 1987 and was inaugurated by Late King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah of Nepal.[38]

text: Regional Centres[edit]

text: The SAARC Secretariat is supported by following Regional Centres established in the Member States to promote regional co-operation. These Centres are managed by Governing Boards comprising representatives from all the Member States, SAARC Secretary-General and the Ministry of Foreign/External Affairs of the Host Government. The Director of the Centre acts as Member Secretary to the Governing Board which reports to the Programming Committee. After 31 December 2015, there 6 regional centers were stopped by unanimous decision. These are SMRC, SFC, SDC, SCZMC, SIC, SHRDC.[39]

text:
Regional Centre
Location
Country
Website

SAARC Agricultural Centre (SAC)
Dhaka
Bangladesh
Official website

SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC)
Dhaka
Bangladesh

SAARC Forestry Centre (SFC)
Thimphu
Bhutan

SAARC Development Fund (SDF)
Thimphu
Bhutan
Official website

SAARC Documentation Centre (SDC)
New Delhi
India

SAARC Disaster Management Centre (SDMC)
Gandhinagar
India
Official website

SAARC Coastal Zone Management Centre (SCZMC)
Malé
Maldives

SAARC Information Centre (SIC)
Kathmandu
Nepal

SAARC Tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS Centre (STAC)
Kathmandu
Nepal
Official website

SAARC Human Resources Development Centre (SHRDC)
Islamabad
Pakistan

SAARC Energy Centre (SEC)
Islamabad
Pakistan
Official website

SAARC Cultural Centre (SCC)
Colombo
Sri Lanka
Official website

text: Apex and Recognised Bodies[edit]

text: SAARC has six Apex Bodies,[40] they are-

text:
SAARC Chamber of Commerce & Industry (SCCI),
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARCLAW),[41]
South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA),
South Asia Foundation (SAF),
South Asia Initiative to End Violence Against Children (SAIEVAC),
Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL)

tag: ul

text: Amjad Hussain B Sial is the current Secretary General of SAARC.

text: SAARC also has about 17 recognised bodies.[40]

text: Political issues[edit]

text: Lasting peace and prosperity in the Indian subcontinent has been elusive because of the various ongoing conflicts in the region. Political dialogue is often conducted on the margins of SAARC meetings which have refrained from interfering in the internal matters of its member states.[42] During the 12th and 13th SAARC summits, extreme emphasis was laid upon greater cooperation between the SAARC members to fight terrorism.[43][44]

text: The 19th SAARC summit scheduled to be held in Pakistan was called off as India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Afghanistan decided to boycott it.[45][46] It was for the first time that four countries boycotted a SAARC summit, leading to its cancellation.[47][48]

text: South Asian Free Trade Area[edit]

text: SAFTA was envisaged primarily as the first step towards the transition to a South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) leading subsequently towards a Customs Union, Common Market and the Economic Union. In 1995, Sixteenth session of the Council of Ministers (New Delhi, 18–19 December 1995) agreed on the need to strive for the realisation of SAFTA and to this end an Inter-Governmental Expert Group (IGEG) was set up in 1996 to identify the necessary steps for progressing to a free trade area. The Tenth SAARC Summit (Colombo, 29–31 July 1998) decided to set up a Committee of Experts (COE) to draft a comprehensive treaty framework for creating a free trade area within the region, taking into consideration the asymmetries in development within the region and bearing in mind the need to fix realistic and achievable targets.

text: The SAFTA Agreement was signed on 6 January 2004 during Twelfth SAARC Summit held in Islamabad, Pakistan. The Agreement entered into force on 1 January 2006, and the Trade Liberalisation Programme commenced from 1 July 2006. Under this agreement, SAARC members will bring their duties down to 20 percent by 2009. Following the Agreement coming into force the SAFTA Ministerial Council (SMC) has been established comprising the Commerce Ministers of the Member States.[49] In 2012 the SAARC exports increased substantially to US$354.6 billion from US$206.7 billion in 2009. Imports too increased from US$330 billion to US$602 billion over the same period. But the intra-SAARC trade amounts to just a little over 1% of SAARC's GDP. In contrast, in ASEAN (which is actually smaller than SAARC in terms of the size of the economy) the intra-bloc trade stands at 10% of its GDP.

text: SAFTA was envisaged to gradually move towards South Asian Economic Union, but the current intra-regional trade and investment relation are not encouraging and it may be difficult to achieve this target. The SAARC intra-regional trade stands at just five per cent on the share of intra-regional trade in overall trade in South Asia. Similarly, foreign direct investment is also dismal. The intra-regional FDI flow stands at around four per cent of the total foreign investment.[50]

text: The Asian Development Bank has estimated that inter-regional trade in SAARC region possessed potential of shooting up agricultural exports by $14 billion per year from existing level of $8 billion to $22 billion.The study by Asian Development Bank states that against the potential average SAARC intra-regional trade of $22 billion per year, the actual trade in South Asia has been only around $8 billion. The uncaptured potential for intra-regional trade is therefore $14 billion per year, i.e. 68%.[51][52]

text: SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme[edit]

text: The SAARC Visa Exemption Scheme was launched in 1992. The leaders at the Fourth Summit (Islamabad, 29–31 December 1988), realizing the importance of people-to-people contact among SAARC countries, decided that certain categories of dignitaries should be entitled to a Special Travel document. The document would exempt them from visas within the region. As directed by the Summit, the Council of Ministers regularly kept under review the list of entitled categories.

text: Currently, the list included 24 categories of entitled persons, which include dignitaries, judges of higher courts, parliamentarians, senior officials, entrepreneurs, journalists, and athletes.

text: The Visa Stickers are issued by the respective Member States to the entitled categories of that particular country. The validity of the Visa Sticker is generally for one year. The implementation is reviewed regularly by the Immigration Authorities of SAARC Member States.[53]

text: Awards[edit]

text: SAARC Award[edit]

text: The Twelfth Summit approved the SAARC Award to support individuals and organisations within the region. The main aims of the SAARC Award are:

text:
To encourage individuals and organisations based in South Asia to undertake programmes and activities that complement the efforts of SAARC
To encourage individuals and organisations in South Asia contributing to bettering the conditions of women and children
To honour outstanding contributions and achievements of individuals and organisations within the region in the fields of peace, development, poverty alleviation, environment protection and regional cooperation
To honour any other contributions and achievement not covered above of individuals and organisations in the region.

text: The SAARC Award consists of a gold medal, a letter of citation, and cash prize of US $25,000 (₹15 lakhs). Since the institution of the SAARC Award in 2004, it has been awarded only once and the Award was posthumously conferred upon the late President Ziaur Rahman of Bangladesh.[54]

text: SAARC Literary Award[edit]

text: The SAARC Literary Award is an annual award conferred by the Foundation of SAARC Writers and Literature (FOSWAL) since 2001[55][56] which is an apex SAARC body.[57] Shamshur Rahman, Mahasweta Devi, Jayanta Mahapatra, Abhi Subedi, Mark Tully, Sitakant Mahapatra, Uday Prakash, Suman Pokhrel and Abhay K are some of the prominent recipients of this award.[58]

text: Nepali poet, lyricist and translator Suman Pokhrel is the only poet/writer to get this award twice.[59]

text: SAARC Youth Award[edit]

text: The SAARC Youth Award is awarded to outstanding individuals from the SAARC region. The award is notable because of the recognition it gives to the Award winner in the SAARC region. The award is based on specific themes which apply to each year. The award recognises and promotes the commitment and talent of the youth who give back to the world at large through various initiatives such as Inventions, Protection of the Environment and Disaster relief. The recipients who receive this award are ones who have dedicated their lives to their individual causes to improve situations in their own countries as well as paving a path for the SAARC region to follow. The Committee for the SAARC Youth Award selects the best candidate based on his/her merits and their decision is final.[60]

text: Previous Winners:

text:
1997: Outstanding Social Service in Community Welfare – Mohammed Sukur Salek (Bangladesh)
1998: New Inventions and Shanu — Najmul Hasnain Shah (Pakistan)
2001: Creative Photography: South Asian Diversity – Mushfiqul Alam (Bangladesh)
2002: Outstanding contribution to protect the Environment – Masil Khan (Pakistan)
2003: Invention in the Field of Traditional Medicine – Hassan Sher (Pakistan)
2004: Outstanding contribution to raising awareness of TB and/or HIV/AIDS – Ajij Prasad Poudyal (Nepal)
2006: Promotion of Tourism in South Asia – Syed Zafar Abbas Naqvi (Pakistan)
2008: Protecting the Environment in South Asia – Uswatta Liyanage Deepani Jayantha (Sri Lanka)
2009: Outstanding contribution to humanitarian works in the aftermath of Natural Disasters – Ravikant Singh (India)
2010: Outstanding contribution for the Protection of Environment and mitigation of Climate Change – Anoka Primrose Abeyrathne (Sri Lanka)

text: Anthem[edit]

text: SAARC does not have an official anthem like some other regional organisations (e.g. ASEAN).[61] A poem by poet-diplomat Abhay Kumar spurred a search for a better SAARC anthem.[62] Nepal's foreign minister has expressed the need for an SAARC anthem to connect SAARC nations.[63] Nepal at the 18th summit in Kathmandu in November 2014 planned to introduce proposal for an SAARC Anthem in the agenda of summit when heads of all member states meet here.[61]

text: Secretaries-General of SAARC[edit]

text:
#
Name
Country
Took office
Left office

1
Abul Ahsan
 Bangladesh
16 January 1985
15 October 1989

2
Kant Kishore Bhargava
 India
17 October 1989
31 December 1991

3
Ibrahim Hussein Zaki
 Maldives
1 January 1992
31 December 1993

4
Yadav Kant Silwal
   Nepal
1 January 1994
31 December 1995

5
Naeem U. Hasan
 Pakistan
1 January 1996
31 December 1998

6
Nihal Rodrigo
 Sri Lanka
1 January 1999
10 January 2002

7
Q. A. M. A. Rahim
 Bangladesh
11 January 2002
28 February 2005

8
Chenkyab Dorji
 Bhutan
1 March 2005
29 February 2008

9
Sheel Kant Sharma
 India
1 March 2008
28 February 2011

10
Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed
 Maldives
1 March 2011
11 March 2012

11
Ahmed Saleem
 Maldives
12 March 2012
28 February 2014

12
Arjun Bahadur Thapa
   Nepal
1 March 2014
28 February 2017

13
Amjad Hussain B Sial
 Pakistan
1 March 2017
Incumbent

text: SAARC summits[edit]

text:
No
Date
Country
Host
Host leader

1st
7–8 December 1985
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Ataur Rahman Khan

2nd
16–17 November 1986
India
Bengaluru
Rajiv Gandhi

3rd
2–4 November 1987
Nepal
Kathmandu
Marich Man Singh Shrestha

4th
29–31 December 1988
Pakistan
Islamabad
Benazir Bhutto

5th
21–23 November 1990
Maldives
Malé
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

6th
21 December 1991
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Ranasinghe Premadasa

7th
10–11 April 1993
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Khaleda Zia

8th
2–4 May 1995
India
New Delhi
P V Narasimha Rao

9th
12–14 May 1997
Maldives
Malé
Maumoon Abdul Gayoom

10th
29–31 July 1998
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Chandrika Kumaratunga

11th
4–6 January 2002
Nepal
Kathmandu
Sher Bahadur Deuba

12th
2–6 January 2004
Pakistan
Islamabad
Zafarullah Khan Jamali

13th
12–13 November 2005
Bangladesh
Dhaka
Khaleda Zia

14th
3–4 April 2007
India
New Delhi
Manmohan Singh

15th
1–3 August 2008
Sri Lanka
Colombo
Mahinda Rajapaksa

16th
28–29 April 2010
Bhutan
Thimphu
Jigme Thinley

17th
10–11 November 2011[64]
Maldives
Addu
Mohammed Nasheed

18th
26–27 November 2014[65]
Nepal
Kathmandu
Sushil Koirala

19th
9–10 November 2016
Pakistan
Islamabad
Cancelled

20th
TBA

text: Current leaders of SAARC[edit]

text:
Afghanistan
President Ashraf Ghani

 Bangladesh
Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina

 Bhutan
Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay

 India
Prime Minister Narendra Modi

 Maldives
President Abdulla Yameen

 Nepal
Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Oli

 Sri Lanka
President Maithripala Sirisena

 Pakistan
Prime Minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi


document_title: A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series)

question_text: who played sonny in lemony snicket's a series of unfortunate events

question_tokens: who played sonny in lemony snicket 's a series of unfortunate events

text: Premise

text: When a mysterious fire kills their parents, the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf, an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself. Following Olaf's failed attempt and his plot being exposed, the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents' past.

text: Cast and characters

text: Main

text:
Neil Patrick Harris as Count Olaf,[4] an actor determined to claim the Baudelaire fortune for himself. He has one eyebrow and a tattoo resembling an eye on his left ankle, which is frequently used to identify him when he is disguised.
Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket,[5] the narrator tasked with explaining the events during the lives of the Baudelaires.
Malina Weissman as Violet Baudelaire,[6] the eldest Baudelaire sibling and an inventor talented in mechanics.
Louis Hynes as Klaus Baudelaire,[6] the middle Baudelaire child, interested in literature and books.
K. Todd Freeman as Arthur Poe,[7] the family banker and executor of the Baudelaire parents who is in charge of placing the Baudelaires in the care of a suitable guardian.
Presley Smith as Sunny Baudelaire,[8] the infant child of the Baudelaires with unnaturally strong teeth. Tara Strong voices Sunny's babbling, the meaning of which is often translated in subtitles.[9]
Lucy Punch as Esmé Squalor, a wealthy financial advisor, who becomes an ally and love interest for Count Olaf.[10]
Avi Lake as Isadora Quagmire,[11] Duncan and Quigley's sister who loves writing poetry.
Dylan Kingwell as Duncan Quagmire, Isadora's brother. Duncan is a keen journalist.[11]

text: Recurring

text:
Will Arnett as Father,[12][13] a man who is trying to return home to his three children.
Cobie Smulders as Mother,[13] a woman who is trying to return home to her three children.
Usman Ally as the Hook-Handed Man,[14] a member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe with hooks instead of hands.
Matty Cardarople as the Henchperson of Indeterminate Gender,[14] another member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Cleo King as Eleanora Poe, Arthur Poe's wife and the editor-in-chief of The Daily Punctilio, who loves pursuing sensationalist headlines.
John DeSantis as the Bald Man,[15] a large bald-headed man who is another member of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins as the White-Faced Women,[14] two elderly twins who are members of Count Olaf's theatre troupe.
Sara Canning as Jacquelyn, Mr. Poe's standoffish assistant and a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society. She possesses a spyglass.
Patrick Breen as Larry Your-Waiter, a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society who is seen working as a waiter at various establishments the Baudelaires visit, including the Anxious Clown and Café Salmonella.
Sara Rue as Olivia Caliban, a librarian at Prufrock Preparatory School who later enlists as a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society when she becomes invested in the Baudelaires' plight.[10][16][17]
Nathan Fillion as Jacques Snicket, the dashing adventurer brother of Lemony Snicket who enlists Olivia Caliban to help the Baudelaires.[10]

text: Guest

text: Introduced in season 1

text:
Joan Cusack as Justice Strauss,[18] a judge and Count Olaf's neighbor who helps the Baudelaires and is hopeful to adopt them.
Luke Camilleri as Gustav Sebald,[14] a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society and Monty's former assistant.
Aasif Mandvi as Montgomery "Uncle Monty" Montgomery,[19] a distant relative of the Baudelaires and enthusiastic herpetologist who claims to have spent his childhood with their late parents. He is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society and possesses a spyglass.
Alfre Woodard as Aunt Josephine Anwhistle,[20] a distant relative of the Baudelaires at Lake Lachrymose who has many rational and irrational fears and a love of grammar. She is a member of the Baudelaire family's secret society.
Don Johnson as Sir,[21] the cigar-smoking owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Catherine O'Hara as Georgina Orwell,[22] an optometrist and Count Olaf's ex-girlfriend who hypnotizes the Lucky Smells Lumbermill workers so they never leave, also causing them to believe the Baudelaire parents set fire to Paltryville. O'Hara previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation.
Rhys Darby as Charles,[12] Sir's partner.
Timothy Webber as Jimmy, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Chris Gauthier as Phil, an optimistic worker who befriends the Baudelaires during their stay at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Loretta Walsh as Norma Rae, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill.
Trent Redekop as Cesar, a worker at Lucky Smells Lumbermill.

text: Daniel Handler cameos as a fish head salesperson at Lake Lachrymose. Barry Sonnenfeld does a picture cameo as the late Ike Anwhistle in "The Wide Window" and appears as him in a flashback scene in "The Carnivorous Carnival" Pt. 1.[citation needed]

text: Introduced in season 2

text:
Barry Sonnenfeld as the voice of Mr. Tammerlane, a person that Arthur Poe talks to on the phone.
Roger Bart as Nero Feint, the violin-playing vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School and struggling musician with an egotistic personality and a love for excessive punishments.[10]
Kitana Turnbull as Carmelita Spats, an obnoxious, tutu-wearing student at Prufrock Preparatory School.[23]
Bronwen Smith as Miss Tench, Prufrock Preparatory School's gym teacher who is replaced in the post by a disguised Count Olaf while on her way back to Prufrock Preparatory School with the pep squad and the sports team.[17]
Malcolm Stewart as Mr. Remora, a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in teaching his personal anecdotes and is always seen eating a banana.[17]
BJ Harrison as Mrs. Bass, a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School who specializes in measuring objects. She later becomes a bank robber.[17]
Tony Hale as Jerome Squalor, the timid husband of Esmé Squalor.[10]
Ithamar Enriquez as Hector, a skittish handyman and citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees who befriends the Baudelaires.[16]
Mindy Sterling as Elder Anabelle, a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees' group of Elders.[17]
Carol Mansell as Elder Jemma, a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees' group of Elders.[17]
Ken Jenkins as Elder Sam, a member of the Village of Fowl Devotees' group of Elders.[17]
Lossen Chambers as Mrs. Morrow, an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears a pink robe.
Kevin Chamberlin as Mr. Lesko, an inhabitant of the Village of Fowl Devotees that wears plaid pants.
John Bobek as the bearded leader of the Volunteers Fighting Disease.[17]
Kerri Kenney-Silver as Babs, the Head of Human Resources and Hospital Administration at Heimlich Hospital.[17]
David Alan Grier as Hal, a visually-disabled file clerk who is employed in the Library of Records at Heimlich Hospital.[24]
Robbie Amell as Kevin, an ambidextrous "freak" who works at the Caligari Carnival.[25]
Kevin Cahoon as Hugo, a hunchbacked "freak" who works at the Caligari Carnival.[17]
Bonnie Morgan as Colette, a contortionist "freak" who works at the Caligari Carnival.[17]
Allison Williams as a yet-unidentified woman who arrives to see the Caligari Carnival engulfed in flames.[26]

text: Neil Patrick Harris' husband David Burtka and their children Harper and Gideon cameo as the heckler Mr. Willums and his children, respectively, within the "Carnivorous Carnival" episodes.[27][28]

text: Episodes

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
8
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

2
10
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

text: Season 1 (2017)

text: The first season adapts the first four books of the novel series: The Bad Beginning, The Reptile Room, The Wide Window and The Miserable Mill.[29]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"The Bad Beginning: Part One"[a]
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire receive the news that their parents have perished in a house fire from well-meaning but inept banker Arthur Poe. While exploring the ruins, Klaus finds a broken spyglass with an insignia of an eye embedded on the front. Shortly afterwards, they are sent to live with their distant relative Count Olaf, a cruel and vain amateur actor, who forces them into servitude. One night, the siblings prepare puttanesca for Olaf's theatre troupe only for him to demand roast beef upon arriving home. The children state that they were never asked to prepare roast beef, angering Olaf and prompting him to slap Klaus across the face when he protests about the sleeping arrangements. Meanwhile, a mother and father are held against their will by a mysterious captor.

2
2
"The Bad Beginning: Part Two"[a]
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

The Baudelaires attempt to convince Mr. Poe of Olaf's actions, only to be sent away when Poe dismisses their claims. When Olaf gives Violet the starring role in his latest theatrical production, which ends with the two main characters being married, the siblings realize that Olaf intends to acquire their fortune by marrying Violet for real. Klaus confronts Olaf, who threatens to kill Sunny if Violet doesn't follow through with his plans. At the very last minute, however, Violet signs the marriage certificate with her left hand, invalidating the proceedings due to the fact that she is right-handed. Mr. Poe's mysterious secretary Jacquelyn reveals they were intended to be put in the care of their distant relative Montgomery Montgomery. Meanwhile, Jacquelyn's ally Gustav is mysteriously drowned, after being hit by a poisoned dart.

3
3
"The Reptile Room: Part One"
Mark Palansky
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

The Baudelaires are sent to live with their herpetologist uncle Montgomery Montgomery, who has recently come across a reptile he calls the Incredibly Deadly Viper. While attempting to learn more about Montgomery, Klaus discovers that the hedge maze in Montgomery's garden is exactly the same shape as the tattoo on Olaf's ankle. Olaf poses as Montgomery's new assistant Stephano and attempts to kidnap the Baudelaires, but Monty assures the Baudelaires that he recognizes Stephano as a threat. The four arrive at a movie theatre, where Monty deciphers a code sent for him through the subtitles of the film, using a spyglass identical to Klaus'. The message instructs him to bring the children to Peru. He fires Stephano shortly afterwards, believing him to be a spy sent to steal his research.

4
4
"The Reptile Room: Part Two"
Mark Palansky
Emily Fox
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Immediately after dismissing "Stephano," Montgomery notices that the door to his Reptile Room is ajar and investigates, only to be attacked by an unseen figure. The next day, the Baudelaires discover Olaf standing next to Montgomery's corpse. Olaf threatens to kill Sunny unless the siblings accompany him to Peru, but is prevented from carrying out his plan when Mr. Poe accidentally crashes into their car when they are trying to leave. Olaf's theatre troupe then arrives disguised as police and nurses, and claim Monty was killed by the Incredibly Deadly Viper, despite Monty's claim of it being completely harmless. While searching for proof of the snake's innocence, Klaus discovers a statue in Monty's hedge maze, and a photograph of Monty, both of them carrying spyglasses identical to Klaus'. Violet proves Olaf to be the murderer; however, he escapes via the hedge maze with Klaus' spyglass. While pursuing him, the Baudelaires meet Jacquelyn, who is posing as a statue. She tells them to seek answers on the spyglasses from their Aunt Josephine while she hunts down Olaf via underground passageways.

5
5
"The Wide Window: Part One"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to live with their Aunt Josephine, an irrationally frightened woman who lives in a dilapidated house overlooking Lake Lachrymose. She refuses to answer questions about their parents, so the siblings pursue answers themselves around her house, and discover their parents were members of a secret organization, with spyglasses being used as useful devices. They are also shocked to find out that Josephine was once fierce and formidable, and developed her phobias after the death of her husband. Olaf, who has followed the Baudelaires, disguises himself as a sailor named Captain Sham before pretending to fall in love with Josephine. Despite the siblings' warnings, Josephine accepts his invitation to take her out for a fried egg sandwich. Later that night, the siblings discover that Josephine has jumped out the library's bay window and left a note informing them that "Captain Sham" is their new guardian.

6
6
"The Wide Window: Part Two"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

As Mr. Poe prepares to hand the Baudelaires over to "Captain Sham," the siblings discover the note has several grammatical errors, something Josephine would never do since she was obsessed with proper grammar. Mr. Poe takes the children to a restaurant and prepares to complete the transfer, but allows the siblings to leave after Larry, a waiter secretly a member of their parents' organization, triggers their allergy to peppermint. After returning to the house, the siblings decipher Josephine's suicide note and discover she is still alive moments before a hurricane sends the house teetering over the cliff. Escaping with a photograph of their parents standing in front of a lumber mill, the siblings find Josephine at a nearby cave, only to be confronted by Olaf, who abandons Josephine to be eaten alive by the leeches that inhabit Lake Lachrymose. Upon returning to shore, Olaf escapes after being unmasked in front of Mr. Poe while the Baudelaires sneak away and set out to find the lumber mill in the photograph.

7
7
"The Miserable Mill: Part One"
Bo Welch
Joe Tracz
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

Upon arriving at the Lucky Smells Lumber Mill, the Baudelaires are forced to work by the owner Sir, who blames their parents for starting a fire that destroyed the entire town. While investigating the workers' unnaturally happy behavior, Klaus' glasses are broken by the Hook-Handed Man posing as Foreman Flacutono, and he visits local optometrist Georgina Orwell, who puts him into a hypnotic trance. Later that day, the siblings learn that two visitors are waiting to see them. Believing that their parents are still alive, the three are shocked to instead find Orwell and her receptionist "Shirley St. Ives," who is a poorly-disguised Olaf. Meanwhile, the mother and father who were previously held captive are revealed to be the parents of the Quagmire triplets, with whom they are reunited.

8
8
"The Miserable Mill: Part Two"
Bo Welch
Tatiana Suarez-Pico
January 13, 2017 (2017-01-13)

The Baudelaires discover the entire mill is under a hypnotic trance, ensuring they do not leave their jobs. Orwell and Olaf use a still-hypnotized Klaus to murder Sir's aide Charles, but Violet figures out how to break everyone's trance in the nick of time. The workers then storm the mill, causing Orwell to fall into the furnace and die. Sir, Olaf, and the Hook-Handed Man all escape in the chaos. Charles reveals the truth about the Baudelaires' role in the town, where they actually helped to fight the fire. The three siblings are reunited with Mr. Poe, and Jacquelyn sends Klaus the broken spyglass that Olaf stole from him. Poe then sends the three siblings to a dreary boarding school, which two of the three Quagmire siblings are also sent to, due to their house being burnt down by an unknown woman. The Quagmires' parents are revealed to be members of the organization. In the final scene, Lemony Snicket, Count Olaf, the Baudelaires and Mr. Poe sing the song "That's Not How the Story Goes."

text: Season 2 (2018)

text: The second season adapts books five through nine of the novel series: The Austere Academy, The Ersatz Elevator, The Vile Village, The Hostile Hospital, and The Carnivorous Carnival.[32]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title [b]
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

9
1
"The Austere Academy: Part 1"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Daniel Handler
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

The Baudelaires are introduced to life at Prufrock Preparatory School, an unpleasant institution run by an unpleasant vice-principal named Nero and terrorized by an equally unpleasant student named Carmelita Spats. The school's only redeeming qualities are its friendly librarian, Olivia Caliban, and the surviving Quagmire triplets, Duncan and Isadora. During a lunch break, Klaus and Isadora discover that they are holding two halves of the same spyglass. The newfound friends quickly realize that they must track down a book on secret organizations to find the answers they seek—a book Jacquelyn sent Larry to give them, but which he carelessly misplaced. Meanwhile, Count Olaf and his troupe lurk around the grounds of the school, unable to enter the front doors due to an advanced computer system programmed by Nero to detect Olaf's presence. However, with Carmelita's help, Olaf finally gains entry and locks Larry in the cafeteria's walk-in refrigerator. He then dons his latest disguise: the school's new turban-wearing gym teacher.

10
2
"The Austere Academy: Part 2"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Joe Tracz
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

Olaf is able to convince Nero to put the Baudelaires under a grueling exercise program, making the siblings run endless laps at night to prevent them from scheming against him, while also causing them to perform poorly in class from lack of sleep. Due to their slumping grades, Nero threatens to expel the Baudelaires if they fail a comprehensive exam to be given in front of the entire school, but because they must still exercise under Olaf's program, they know they will likely fail. The Quagmires offer to help, and that night take their place during exercises; however, their identity is discovered, and while hiding in the library, they find the copy of the book on secret organizations and read up on the purpose of the spyglass before they are caught by the Hook-Handed Man. The next day, with Mr. Poe in attendance, the Baudelaires readily pass the exam, and through it reveal Olaf's identity. Olaf and his gang then escape with the Quagmires, who try to shout the initials "V.F.D." from the backseat of Olaf's car. Meanwhile, Larry is rescued from the refrigerator with the help of Lemony's brother, Jacques, while Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations that the Quagmires left behind.

11
3
"The Ersatz Elevator: Part 1"
Bo Welch
Daniel Handler
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

While a citywide manhunt for Count Olaf is underway, Mr. Poe takes the Baudelaires to the penthouse of Jerome Squalor and his trendy financial advisor wife Esmé. While being introduced to the Squalors, they find Olaf has already arrived, posing as a foreign auctioneer named Gunther. The Baudelaires theorize that Olaf is trying to kill Jerome so that he can marry Esmé and become their legal guardian again. They search the penthouse for the Quagmires to no avail, but Klaus becomes suspicious of an extra elevator that only seems to serve the penthouse. Meanwhile, Olivia tries to convince Mr. Poe about Olaf's scheme, which leads Jacquelyn to contact Jacques, who enlists her into their society. Esmé suggests they go out for lunch at a fashionable salmon-themed restaurant Cafe Salmonella, where Larry works to prolong their visit, giving Jacques and Olivia time to search the Squalor's building for the Quagmires. When the Baudelaires manage to sneak away and examine the second elevator, they learn that it is merely an empty shaft. With a makeshift parachute, they descend it to find the Quagmires locked in a cage at its bottom.

12
4
"The Ersatz Elevator: Part 2"
Bo Welch
Daniel Handler
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

The Baudelaires do not have the tools to free the Quagmires, so they ascend the shaft by turning the parachute into a hot-air balloon. They try to warn Esmé of Olaf's scheme, but learn too late that she is in cahoots with him and that they are planning to smuggle the Quagmires out of the city. Esmé pushes them down the elevator shaft, where they are caught in a net midway down. Sunny helps them to escape safely, and afterwards they find a secret passage that leads to the ashen ruins of their home. At the auction in Veblen Hall, the Baudelaires start a bidding war on a box labeled "V.F.D.", which they believe contains the Quagmires. Though they win the item, they find the box contains only doilies. In the aftermath, Olaf and his troupe escape with the Quagmires, who are hidden inside a red herring statue. The Baudelaires ask Jerome to help track down Olaf, but he is far too timid to do so, and gives up his guardianship of them. Mr. Poe tells the children that a village with the initials "V.F.D." is willing to raise them.

13
5
"The Vile Village: Part 1"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Sigrid Gilmer
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

Mr. Poe drops the Baudelaires off at the Village of Fowl Devotees, where the whole community will care for them collectively. The Baudelaires take up residence with Hector, a kindly handyman prone to fainting spells who is secretly building a self-sustaining hot-air mobile home, and soon begin finding clues written by the Quagmires themselves. Olaf, Esmé, and the troupe also arrive at the village, with Esmé disguising herself as the town's new chief of police. Jacques and Olivia also arrive and detain Olaf at the local jailhouse; the next day, the villagers learn of Olaf's capture and hold a town hall meeting, where Olaf appears in the disguise of Detective Dupin, tricking everyone into believing Jacques is Olaf. Jacques is sentenced to death, but Olivia convinces Esmé to free her and Jacques in exchange for the location of the Sugar Bowl, an object with ties to Esmé's past. Jacques stays behind to confront Olaf; however, the villain is unfazed by Jacques' offer of a truce, and he and Esmé incapacitate and kill him. The next morning, as the Baudelaires try to break into the jail to rescue Jacques, they are informed that "Olaf" has been murdered.

14
6
"The Vile Village: Part 2"
Barry Sonnenfeld
Sigrid Gilmer
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

The disguised Olaf and Esmé quickly convince Mr. Poe and the town that the Baudelaires murdered Jacques/"Olaf," and they are promptly condemned to be burned at the stake. While in jail, the children instruct Hector to prepare his hot-air mobile home to help them escape. While Violet creates a battering ram to weaken the jail wall, Klaus deduces from their clues that the Quagmires are hidden inside a crow fountain in the village square. Larry and Jacquelyn arrive on the scene to distract the villagers long enough for the children to escape via a fire truck and follow Hector. The Baudelaires cover for the Quagmires as they use the truck's ladder to climb aboard the mobile home. As they do so, Olaf, Esmé, and the villagers arrive, and Esmé begins damaging Hector's home with a harpoon gun. Realizing their danger, the Baudelaires tell Hector to escape with the Quagmires. In thanks, the Quagmires try to throw their friends their notes about the secrets of V.F.D., but Esmé shoots them with a harpoon, scattering the pages and harming a crow. While the villagers accost the disguised villains over the injured bird, the Baudelaires collect as many of the ruined pages as they can and make their escape.

15
7
"The Hostile Hospital: Part 1"
Alan Arkush
Joshua Conkel
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

The Baudelaires hitch a ride with volunteer singing candy stripers heading to Heimlich Hospital. They learn that there is a Library of Records that collects and stores esoterica. After sneaking past the hospital's administrator Babs, they meet Hal, the man who runs the library. He welcomes their help, but forbids them to read material in storage. While Hal shows them the ropes, a film reel labeled "Snicket" arrives and catches the children's attention. Meanwhile, believing the Sugar Bowl to be in the hospital, Olaf and his troupe infiltrate the building. Desperate for answers, the children are forced to steal Hal's keys to access the library, where they find the film. It contains a debriefing of Jacques by a V.F.D. volunteer, with Jacques informing the interviewer that someone has survived a fire, which may or may not be the one that killed the Baudelaire's parents. However, before they can watch any further, they are interrupted by Esmé; as they try to escape, the library is ruined. Violet is captured by Olaf while Klaus and Sunny hide in a chute, in possession of the film.

16
8
"The Hostile Hospital: Part 2"
Alan Arkush
Joshua Conkel
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

Olaf and Esmé hide Violet under a false name; to find her, Klaus disguises himself as "Dr. Faustus," with Sunny hidden in a sling underneath his coat. They eventually deduce which room Violet is in, but this is a trap laid by Olaf, who forces Klaus to operate on Violet inside an operating theater. Esmé promises to call off the scheme if Klaus can give her what he stole from the Library of Records, and he does so—only, it's not the Sugar Bowl that she has been searching for. Olaf, however, is interested in the Snicket film, and dashes off to watch it to learn its secret. Furious at its revelations, he burns the film, which also starts a fire in the hospital. The Baudelaires successfully evacuate the hospital, and realize that their only chance to escape safely is in the trunk of Olaf's car. Elsewhere, an unknown person recovers the Sugar Bowl from the hospital.

17
9
"Carnivorous Carnival: Part 1"[c]
Loni Peristere
Joe Tracz
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

A flashback to a masked ball at the V.F.D. headquarters shows Lemony trying to warn Beatrice about Olaf. In the present, Olaf and his troupe arrive at the Caligari Carnival to speak with its fortune-teller, Madame Lulu, about the fire's survivor. Lulu, who is really Olivia in disguise, tells them to wait for the answer in the morning. The Baudelaires overhear this, and hoping to speak to Lulu as well, assume the identities of circus freaks, with Violet and Klaus as a two-headed person and Sunny as a wolf child. After calling V.F.D., Olivia is able to tell Olaf the next day that one of the Baudelaire parents did indeed survive the fire. Olaf then presents a freak show that proves disastrous, so he sets off to find a pack of roaming lions to help attract a larger crowd. This gives an opportunity for the children to sneak into Lulu's tent, where they discover films, books, and disguises belonging to the Volunteer Fire Department—the secret organization their parents and guardians belonged to. Olivia then appears and reveals her true identity to them.

18
10
"Carnivorous Carnival: Part 2"[c]
Loni Peristere
Joe Tracz
March 30, 2018 (2018-03-30)

Olivia explains to the Baudelaires that "Madame Lulu" is an alias used by V.F.D. agents to gather information. While Olivia admits she had to lie to Olaf about one of the children's parents surviving the fire, Jacques had asserted that there was a survivor, and they should head to the V.F.D. headquarters in the Mortmain Mountains to find them. Meanwhile, Olaf plans to throw one of the freaks into a pit filled with the hungry lions he has corralled, while Esmé connives to have Lulu killed. The next day, Olaf selects Violet and Klaus for the pit. When Olivia is told to push the children to the lions, she instead pushes them to safety, and is sent tumbling into the pit by Olaf for her troubles. As the children try to collect the V.F.D. materials from Lulu's tent, Olaf arrives and forces them to burn the tent down. Then, after placing Violet and Klaus in a towed caravan and taking Sunny in his car, Olaf has the other freaks cut the towing rope on a steep mountain path. At the same time, the last operative to pose as Madame Lulu arrives at the burning carnival.

text: Season 3

text: The third season will adapt the final four books of the novel series[32] in seven episodes: The Slippery Slope, The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril will be adapted into two episodes each, and The End will conclude the series with a longer single episode.[35] Barry Sonnenfeld will direct the episodes for The Penultimate Peril.[35] Liza Johnson and Jonathan Teplitzky will also direct episodes in the season.[36][37][38]

text: Production

text: Development

text: The thirteen A Series of Unfortunate Events novels, written by Daniel Handler under the pen name Lemony Snicket from 1999 to 2006, achieved success in young adult fiction around the same time as the Harry Potter novels. As such, the Snicket books had been optioned to be filmed before they were published.[39] This led to the development of a 2004 feature film, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events, which covered the narratives of the first three novels in the series. Barry Sonnenfeld, who has expressed his love for the series, was originally slated to direct the feature film, and had hired Handler to write the screenplay.[40] About 10 months into production, shortly after the casting of Jim Carrey as Olaf, there was a "big crisis", according to Handler, which caused producer Scott Rudin to walk away and Sonnenfeld left the production under unclear terms.[39] With the film's completion in flux, its producing studios Paramount Pictures and DreamWorks fired Handler. While the film was eventually completed and released, sequels which would adapt the other novels in the series became unlikely due to "corporate shakeups" within DreamWorks, according to Handler, and the child actors that portrayed the Baudelaire children grew too old to star in a sequel.[40]

text: In November 2014, Netflix, in association with Paramount Television, announced its plans to adapt the novels into an original television series, with the author of the series, Daniel Handler, serving as executive producer.[41]

text: In September 2015, it was announced that Barry Sonnenfeld and Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series. Hudis would serve as showrunner, Sonnenfeld as director, and both as executive producers,[42] with Handler writing some of the scripts along with working with the series' writing team.[32] However, in January 2016, Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project, with a replacement showrunner not named at the time.[4]

text: The first season consists of eight episodes,[5] with two episodes adapting each of the first four books of the series.[29] Handler considered this more in line with how he had written the books in the manner of a serialized melodrama, citing The Perils of Pauline as one of his influences in writing the book series.[43] In January 2017, Handler revealed that he was writing the series' second season, to consist of ten episodes adapting the fifth through ninth books of the series. A third season would adapt the remaining novels of the series, which Handler hoped "to get the go-ahead to do" since "given how quickly young actors age and change, we're trying to film everything as quickly as possible."[32] In March 2017, Netflix revealed the series had been renewed for a second season by releasing a video on their social media pointing to a viral marketing website, where a letter written by Snicket revealed the decision.[44] A month later, the series was "quietly" renewed for a third season,[45] which Harris confirmed would be the final one for the series.[46]

text: Casting

text: On December 3, 2015, an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire.[47] In January 2016, Netflix announced that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes were cast as Violet and Klaus.[4][6] Handler had first considered Harris for the role of Olaf after seeing him perform the opening number "It's Not Just for Gays Anymore", at the 65th Tony Awards in 2011, noting "I just immediately saw someone who could pull off a million things at once" as was necessary for the character of Olaf, who utilizes various disguises and accents in his quest to steal the Baudelaire fortune.[48]

text: In March 2016, K. Todd Freeman was cast as Mr. Poe,[7] followed shortly after by the casting of Patrick Warburton as Lemony Snicket,[5] and Aasif Mandvi as Uncle Monty.[19] In September 2016, it was revealed that Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake were cast as the Quagmire siblings, Duncan and Isadora, respectively.[11] In November 2016, Handler revealed Catherine O'Hara, Don Johnson, and Alfre Woodard had been cast as Dr. Georgina Orwell,[22] Sir,[21] and Aunt Josephine, respectively;[20] O'Hara had previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the 2004 film adaptation of A Series of Unfortunate Events.[22] It was also revealed that Presley Smith would play Sunny Baudelaire,[8] whose quasi-nonsensical lines are voiced by Tara Strong,[9] and Rhys Darby would play Charles, Sir's partner.[12]

text: Filming

text: Production began in May 2016 in Vancouver, British Columbia,[49][50] and in August 2016 several cast members expressed through social media that filming had finished.[51] Filming for the second season began in April 2017.[52] The third season began filming on January 5, 2018.[53]

text: One aspect of the series of books that the production team wanted to be captured in the series was the notion of a lack of specific time period or geography for the settings; Handler stated that he wrote enough for establishing set pieces, but purposely left more specific details vague "in order for young readers to fill in the blanks themselves." Sonnenfeld wanted to capture that same sense of ambiguous time and place, and he and his team worked to try to define a set of subjective rules of what elements could be included. Sonnenfeld brought on Bo Welch, production designer for Edward Scissorhands, which Handler considered to capture the same sense of a "familiar but completely imaginary" suburban setting he had in mind for his books. While the production team used computer-generated imagery where needed, they attempted to avoid this use where possible, such as by using large painted backdrops, by key scenic artist John E. Wilcox, rather than employing green screen filming.[43]

text: Music

text: In April 2016, Nick Urata was initially reported to be composing music for the series.[54] Once the first season was released, it was revealed that Urata collaborated with Daniel Handler to compose the main title theme, "Look Away", as well as various original songs that appear throughout the series, with Handler contributing the lyrics. The first season's original score was composed by James Newton Howard, with his frequent collaborators Sven Faulconer and Chris Bacon filling in to score certain episodes.[55] In the second season, Jim Dooley joined the production as composer and subsequently wrote the music for all ten episodes.[56]

text: "Look Away", the theme song for the opening titles of the series, is performed by Neil Patrick Harris.[55] In keeping with the tone of the book series, the song warns the viewer against continuing to watch the unpleasant story any further.[57] The lyrics of one verse of the song change for each pair of episodes, comprising a brief synopsis of those episodes' premise. [58]

text: Visual effects

text: Zoic Studios created visual effects for the series, including the effects for many of Sunny Baudelaire's actions.[59] Tippett Studio also did work on the series, including the effects for the destruction of Josephine's house, landscape shots of Lake Lachrymose and some of the more movement heavy Sunny Baudelaire shots.[60]

text: Release

text: All eight episodes of the first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events were released worldwide on Netflix on January 13, 2017,[18] in Ultra HD 4K.[61] The second season was released on March 30, 2018.[62]

text: Marketing

text: On July 5, 2015 a video titled "An Unfortunate Teaser" was uploaded to YouTube by a user named "Eleanora Poe". Netflix quickly released a statement saying "This was not released from Netflix." Media outlets were almost unanimous in agreement that the trailer was fan-made.[63][64][65][66] However, Caitlin Petrakovitz of CNET argued that the trailer may be real and that Netflix's carefully worded denial was a marketing campaign, noting the user name "Eleanora Poe" being the same as a character from the series, and that a vinyl record seen in the trailer was of The Gothic Archies, a band who provided the theme music for the audio books of A Series of Unfortunate Events.[67] The trailer was later revealed to be a spec promo, similar to a spec script, by an independent commercial director, whom Netflix contracted to make a title sequence for the series after the video's popularity, though they did not go ahead with the concept.[68]

text: In October 2016, Netflix released the first teaser trailer for A Series of Unfortunate Events, where Warburton narrates the events of the series as Lemony Snicket.[18] A trailer, featuring footage from the series and Neil Patrick Harris's character, Count Olaf, was released by Netflix in November 2016,[69] followed shortly by the first full trailer.[8] The second trailer was released in December 2016,[70] followed by a "holiday-themed" trailer from Count Olaf leading fans to a viral marketing website for the fictional Valorous Farms Dairy, which featured four holiday e-cards for download.[71]

text: Reception

text: Audience viewership

text: As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series, Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the first season based on people using software on their devices that measure television viewing by detecting a program's sound. According to Symphony, 3.755 million viewers age 18-49 were watching an episode of A Series of Unfortunate Events over the average minute in its first weekend of release.[72]

text: Critical response

text: Season 1

text: The first season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the season an approval rating of 94% based on 62 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Enjoyably dark, A Series of Unfortunate Events matches the source material's narrative as well as its tone, leaving viewers with a wonderfully weird, dry, gothic comedy."[73] On Metacritic the season has a score of 81 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[74]

text: Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the season a B and praised it for treating "mature themes like grief, loss, and disappointment with sardonic honesty." Adams compared the program positively to the Adam West Batman series, calling it "kids stuff with adult sophistication, driven by two-part stories, outrageous visuals, and the scenery-chewing of big-name guest stars".[75] Ben Travers of Indiewire gave the series an A-, saying that it "proves as inspirational and endearing as it claims to be forlorn and heartbreaking". Brian Lowry of CNN praised the showrunners for "infusing the show with a lemony-fresh feel, conjuring a series similar to the fantastical tone of Pushing Daisies". Lowry wrote that "the show proves a good deal of fun" and that "Harris dives into his over-the-top character with considerable gusto." He also argued that the series improved upon the 2004 film.[76]

text: Several critics praised the television series as a better adaptation of the books than the 2004 feature film, which starred Jim Carrey as Count Olaf. Kelly Lawler of USA Today felt the television format gave the stories more room to develop, the addition of Warburton as the fourth wall-breaking Snicket helped to convey some of the wordplay humor used in the books, and Harris's portrayal of Olaf was "much more dynamic, and creepier" than Carrey's version.[77] The Verge's Chaim Gartenburg said that the show follows the books much more faithfully than the film, and "nails down the tone that made the stories so special".[78] Los Angeles Times writer Robert Lloyd felt that the backgrounds of Sonnenfeld and Welch made them "the right people for this job, set in a milieu that is hard to fix in time, except to say it is not now", in capturing the tones of the book compared to the feature film.[79]

text: Nick Allen of RogerEbert.com, on the other hand, gave the series a negative review, calling it "an unfunny parody of sadness" that is "never as clever as it wants to be" and would only appeal to fans of the books.[80] Caroline Framke of Vox Media praised the series for its unique and weird visuals, but found the show's tone, pacing and performances to be haphazard and considered the show to be "literally, a series of unfortunate events".[81]

text: Season 2

text: As with the first season, the second season of A Series of Unfortunate Events received critical acclaim. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 100% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10.[82] Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent praised the show as one that "essentially deals with thoughtful, intelligent young people battling to speak up against an illogical world." While observing that the "show may revel in the miserable", she opined "that the purpose of its own morbidity is to offer the assurance that hope lives in even the darkest of places." Loughrey also credited the show's expanded storyline for the Baudelaires' adult allies for "plumping up" the episodes' narrative arcs and deepening the show's emotional impact.[83]

text: Tristram Fane Saunders of The Telegraph awarded the second season four out of five stars. He described the show as a "gothic treat [that] also offers a wicked line in absurdist humour, and the most gorgeously toybox-like set designs you’ll find anywhere outside a Wes Anderson film."[84] Radio Times reviewer Huw Fullerton praised the series for its faithfulness to the original novels. While praising the improved CGI used to make Presley Smith's character Sunny Baudelaire react better to situations, he criticized the addition of supporting "good" characters such as Nathan Fillion's Jacques Snicket and Sara Canning's Jacquelyn for "undercutting the bleakness and loneliness that characterized the novels."[85]

text: Rohan Naahar of the Hindustan Times described A Series of Unfortunate Events as "one of the most lavish originals in Netflix's bottomless catalogue, created by fans, for fans." He also praised Neil Patrick Harris' performance as Count Olaf.[86] The Den of Geek reviewer Michael Ahr praised tortoise-shell 'amphibiophones' and stone marimbas score for giving the television series its primal sound.[87] IGN reviewer Jonathon Dornbush criticized the second season's formulaic plot structure and lack of the insightful observations compared to the first season. He also praised several of the second season's episodes particularly "The Ersatz Elevator", "The Hostile Hospital", and "The Carnivorous Carnival" for smartly twisting the story formula and deepening the novel series' mythology. Dornbush also praised the performance of guest stars such as Lucy Punch and Patrick Warburton and awarded the second season 7.2 stars.[88]

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result
Ref

2017
Leo Awards
Best Visual Effects in a Dramatic Series
Luis Alejandro Guevara, Bob Habros, Cale Jacox, Ron Simonson, Jeffrey De Guzman
Nominated
[89]

Best Make-Up in a Dramatic Series
Rita Ciccozzi, Krista Seller, Tanya Hudson, Gitte Axen
Won

Best Hairstyling in a Dramatic Series
Julie Mchaffie, Dianne Holme, Jenine Lehfeldt
Won

Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series
Sara Canning
Nominated

Saturn Awards
Best New Media Television Series
A Series of Unfortunate Events
Nominated
[90]

Creative Arts Emmy Awards
Outstanding Music Composition for a Series
James Newton Howard
Nominated
[91]

Gold Derby TV Awards
Comedy Actor
Neil Patrick Harris
Nominated
[92]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
Main Title Theme – TV Show/Limited Series
Nick Urata and Daniel Handler
Won
[93]

2018
Satellite Awards
Best Actor in a Series - Comedy or Musical
Neil Patrick Harris
Nominated
[94]

text: Notes

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Netflix and critics name the first two episodes as "The Bad Beginning", following the title of the book, while the episode itself displays the name of "A Bad Beginning" after the opening credits.[30][31]
Jump up ^ Netflix names the episodes of the second season as Part 1 and Part 2, while the episodes themselves display the names as Part One and Part Two after the opening credits, following the format of the first season.
^ Jump up to: a b Netflix names the ninth and tenth episodes as "Carnivorous Carnival", while the episodes themselves display the name of "The Carnivorous Carnival" after the opening credits, following the title of the book.[33][34]

tag: ol


document_title: History of the world's tallest buildings

question_text: tallest building in the world of all time

text: Definition of terms[edit]

text: Meaning of "building"[edit]

text: The earliest structures now known to be the tallest in the world were the Egyptian pyramids, with the Great Pyramid of Giza, at an original height of 146.5 metres (481 ft), being the tallest man–made structure in the world for over 3,800 years, until the construction of Lincoln Cathedral in 1300. From then until the completion of the Washington Monument (capped in 1884) the world's tallest buildings were churches or cathedrals. Later, the Eiffel Tower and, still later, some radio masts and television towers were the world's tallest structures.

text: However, though all of these are structures, some are not buildings in the sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied. It is in this sense of being regularly inhabited or occupied that the term "building" is generally understood to mean when determining what is the world's tallest building. The non-profit international organization Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), which maintains a set of criteria for determining the height of tall buildings, defines a "building" as "(A) structure that is designed for residential, business or manufacturing purposes" and "has floors".[1]

text: Tall churches and cathedrals occupy a middle ground: their lower areas are regularly occupied, but much of their height is in bell towers and spires which are not. Whether a church or cathedral is a "building" or merely a "structure" for the purposes of determining the title of "world's tallest building" is a subjective matter of definition (this article treats churches and cathedrals as buildings).

text: Determination of height[edit]

text: The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat based in Chicago uses three different criteria for determining the height of a tall building, each of which may give a different result. "Height of the highest floor" is one criterion, and "height to the top of any part of the building" is another, but the default criterion used by the CTBUH is "height of the architectural top of the building", which includes spires but not antennae, masts or flag poles.[1]

text: Tallest buildings (13th century–1901)[edit]

text: Churches and cathedrals[edit]

text: From the 13th century until 1901, the world's tallest building was always a church or cathedral. In the 13th century Old St Paul's Cathedral with its spire was completed. Completed in the early 14th century, the central spire of Lincoln Cathedral surpassed it. In 1549 this spire collapsed, beginning a long sequence where the status of world's tallest building was borne by shorter and shorter buildings. On the collapse of Lincoln Cathedral's spire, then St. Mary's Church in Stralsund became the world's tallest building. In 1647, the bell tower of St. Mary's burned down, thus making the shorter Strasbourg Cathedral the world's tallest building.

text: It was not until the completion of the Ulm Minster in 1890 that the world's tallest building was again also the tallest building ever, surpassing the original configuration of Lincoln Cathedral.

text: Note: all percentages are calculated on the difference in metres, not feet.

text:
Years tallest
Name
Location
Height
Increase

13th century–1300
Old St Paul's Cathedral*
 London
149 metres (489 ft)
0

1300–1549
Lincoln Cathedral*
 Lincoln
159.7 metres (524 ft)
7.2%

1549–1569
St. Mary's Church
 Stralsund
151 metres (495 ft)
-5.4%

1569–1573
St. Pierre's Cathedral
Beauvais
153 metres (502 ft)
-5.4%

1573–1647
St. Mary's Church
 Stralsund
151 metres (495 ft)
-5.4%

1647–1874
Strasbourg Cathedral
 Strasbourg
142 metres (466 ft)
-6%

1874–1876
Church of St. Nicholas
 Hamburg
147 metres (482 ft)
3.5%

1876–1880
Rouen Cathedral
 Rouen
151 metres (495 ft)
2.7%

1880–1890
Cologne Cathedral
 Cologne
157.38 metres (516.3 ft)
4.2%

1890–1901
Ulm Minster*
 Ulm
161.53 metres (530.0 ft)
2.6%

text: * – Also set record at time of completion as tallest building ever built.

text: The 524 feet (160 m) height of Lincoln Cathedral is disputed by some,[2] but accepted by most sources.[3][4][5][6][7][8] The completion date for the spire is given as 1311 rather than 1300 by some sources.[9] Also the 489 feet (149 m) height of the spire of Old St Paul's Cathedral, destroyed by lightning in 1561, is disputed, for example Christopher Wren (1632–1723) judged that an overestimate and gave a height of 460 feet (140 m).[10]

text: The spire of Mole Antonelliana in Turin, completed in 1889, is claimed to have been 167.5 metres (550 ft) tall;[11] however, the upper part of the structure was destroyed by a 1953 tornado and rebuilt. If the original spire was 167.5 metres tall, then the Mole Antonelliana was the world's tallest building from 1889 to 1908, surpassing Philadelphia City Hall by just 0.5 metres (2 ft).

text: Skyscrapers[edit]

text: The buildings that were the tallest secular skyscrapers, which excludes religious buildings, were:

text:
Years tallest
Name
Location
Height
Increase

1797–1885
Ditherington Flax Mill
 Shrewsbury
16 metres (52 ft)
0

1885–1890
Home Insurance Building
 Chicago
42 metres (138 ft)
162.5%

1890–1894
New York World Building
 New York
94 metres (308 ft)
123.8%

1894–1908
Philadelphia City Hall
 Philadelphia
167 metres (548 ft)
77.7%

text: Tallest buildings (from 1908)[edit]

text:
Years tallest
Name
Location
Height
Increase

1908–1909
Singer Building
 New York City
186.57 metres (612.1 ft)
11.7%

1909–1913
Metropolitan Life Tower
 New York City
213.36 metres (700.0 ft)
14.4%

1913–1930
Woolworth Building
 New York City
241.4 metres (792 ft)
13.1%

1930
Bank of Manhattan Trust Building
 New York City
283 metres (928 ft)
17.2%

1930–1931
Chrysler Building
 New York City
318.8 metres (1,046 ft)
12.65%

1931–1972
Empire State Building
 New York City
381 metres (1,250 ft)
19.5%

1972–1974
World Trade Center
 New York City
417 metres (1,368 ft)
9.45%

1974–1998
Sears Tower
 Chicago
442 metres (1,450 ft)
6%

1998–2004
Petronas Towers
 Kuala Lumpur
451.9 metres (1,483 ft)
2.24%

2004–2010
Taipei 101
 Taipei
509.2 metres (1,671 ft)
12.68%

2010–present
Burj Khalifa
 United Arab Emirates
828 metres (2,717 ft)
62.61%

text: The list of tallest buildings is based on the default metric of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH), that of measuring to the highest architectural element. Other criteria would generate a different list. Shanghai World Financial Center is not on the above list, but it surpassed Taipei 101 in 2008 to become the building with the highest occupied floor. Using the criteria of highest tip (including antennae), the World Trade Center in New York City was the world's tallest building from 1972 to 2000, until the Sears Tower in Chicago (which already had a higher occupied floor than the World Trade Center) had its antenna extended to give that building the world's tallest tip; a title it held until the 2010 completion of Burj Khalifa. Petronas Towers and Taipei 101 were never the world's tallest buildings by the highest–tip criteria.

text: Since 2010, Burj Khalifa has been the tallest building by any criteria. It has the highest architectural element, tip and occupied floor, and is indeed the tallest structure of any kind ever built, surpassing the (now destroyed) 646.38 metres (2,120.7 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast.

text: Since the completion of the Washington Monument in 1884, the world's tallest building has not usually also been the world's tallest structure. The exceptions are 1930–1954, when the Chrysler Building and then the Empire State building surpassed the Eiffel Tower (to be surpassed in turn by a succession of broadcast masts, starting with the Griffin Television Tower in Oklahoma), and from 2010 with the completion of Burj Khalifa.

text: Charts[edit]

text: In this chart, time progresses from right to left. Note the early buildings that lost the title as their spires collapsed.

text: History of increment in height of skyscrapers[edit]

text: After the construction of the Home Insurance Building in Chicago in the 19th century, the incrementation in the height of skyscrapers began with the construction of the Chrysler Building, followed by the Empire State Building, in New York City. The Chrysler Building was the first building in the world to break the 300 metres (984 ft) barrier, and the Empire State Building was the first building to have more than 100 floors. It stands at 381 metres (1,250 ft) and has 102 floors. The next tallest skyscraper was the World Trade Center, which was completed in 1971. The north tower was 417 m (1,368 ft) and the south 415 m (1,362 ft) tall. It surpassed the height of the Empire State Building by 36 m (118 ft). Two years later the Sears Tower was built in Chicago, standing at 442 m (1,450 ft) with 110 floors, surpassing the height of the World Trade Center by 25 metres (82 ft). The Petronas Towers rose 10 meters above the Sears Tower, standing at a height of 452 m (1,483 ft) and each having 88 floors.

text: In 2004, the construction of Taipei 101 brought the height of skyscrapers to a new level, standing at 509 m (1,670 ft) with 101 floors. It is 59 metres (194 ft) taller than the previous record holders, the Petronas Towers. Burj Khalifa surpassed the height of Taipei 101 by 319 metres (1,047 ft) in 2009, making it 60% taller.[12] It has broken several skyscraper records, and it is almost twice as tall as the Empire State Building. Burj Khalifa has also broken the record of the world's tallest structure.

text: NOTE: The CTBUH defines a building as a supertall if it is 300 metres (984 ft) or taller.[13]

text: History of supertall skyscrapers by location[edit]

text: Since the early skyscraper boom that took place in North America, the significant number of skyscrapers in North America have dominated the 100 tallest buildings in the world. In 1930, 99 of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were located in North America. In the future, this percentage is expected to decline to only 22 percent.[12] The predominance of skyscrapers in North America is decreasing due to the building of skyscraper construction in other parts of the world, especially in Asia, that are finally catching up to progress that began in North America in the 19th century.[citation needed]

text: In Asia, there has been an increase in the number of supertall skyscrapers beginning with the construction of Petronas Twin Towers. There are currently sixty buildings in the world's 100 tallest that are located in Asia (including the Middle East). However, skyscraper construction is still prevalent in the United States.[citation needed]

text: Increment in usage of skyscrapers[edit]

text: Since the skyscraper boom, the great majority of skyscrapers in the world were used predominantly as office space. From 1930 to 2000 the percentage of office towers never fell below 86 percent, but in the future it is expected to be as low as 46 percent.[12] In 2010 less than half of the 100 tallest buildings in the world were office towers with the majority utilized as residential and mixed use.[12] Today, only four out of the ten tallest buildings in the world, and twenty eight out of the fifty tallest in the world, are used primarily as offices.[14]

text: A mixed-use tall building contains two or more functions (uses), where each of the functions occupies a significant proportion of the tower's total space[A]. Support areas such as car parks and mechanical plant space do not contribute towards mixed-use status.[13]

text: Skyscrapers used as hotels and as residential space are generally smaller. There are only a few super tall skyscrapers of that type among the 100 tallest skyscrapers in the world. The tallest residential building in the world is 432 Park Avenue.[citation needed] There are few supertall hotel skyscrapers in the world.[citation needed] The Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa, Rose Tower and Burj Al Arab are the only three supertall hotels standing, while the topped-out Emirates Park Towers Hotel & Spa is currently the tallest hotel in the world at 377 m (1,237 ft).[citation needed]