document_title: Cash flow statement

question_text: where does dividends go on cash flow statement

text: Cash flow statement

text: Purpose[edit]

text:
Statement of Cash Flow - Simple Example
for the period 1 Jan 2006 to 31 Dec 2006

Cash flow from operations
$4,000

Cash flow from investing
($1,000)

Cash flow from financing
($2,000)

Net cash flow
$1,000

Parentheses indicate negative values

text: The cash flow statement was previously known as the flow of funds statement.[2] The cash flow statement reflects a firm's liquidity.

text: The statement of financial position is a snapshot of a firm's financial resources and obligations at a single point in time, and the income statement summarizes a firm's financial transactions over an interval of time. These two financial statements reflect the accrual basis accounting used by firms to match revenues with the expenses associated with generating those revenues. The cash flow statement includes only inflows and outflows of cash and cash equivalents; it excludes transactions that do not directly affect cash receipts and payments. These non-cash transactions include depreciation or write-offs on bad debts or credit losses to name a few.[3] The cash flow statement is a cash basis report on three types of financial activities: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Non-cash activities are usually reported in footnotes.

text: The cash flow statement is intended to[4]

text:
provide information on a firm's liquidity and solvency and its ability to change cash flows in future circumstances
provide additional information for evaluating changes in assets, liabilities and equity
improve the comparability of different firms' operating performance by eliminating the effects of different accounting methods
indicate the amount, timing and probability of future cash flows

text: The cash flow statement has been adopted as a standard financial statement because it eliminates allocations, which might be derived from different accounting methods, such as various timeframes for depreciating fixed assets.[5]

text: History and variations[edit]

text: Cash basis financial statements were very common before accrual basis financial statements. The "flow of funds" statements of the past were cash flow statements.

text: In 1863, the Dowlais Iron Company had recovered from a business slump, but had no cash to invest for a new blast furnace, despite having made a profit. To explain why there were no funds to invest, the manager made a new financial statement that was called a comparison balance sheet, which showed that the company was holding too much inventory. This new financial statement was the genesis of cash flow statement that is used today.[6]

text: In the United States in 1973, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) defined rules that made it mandatory under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) to report sources and uses of funds, but the definition of "funds" was not clear. Net working capital might be cash or might be the difference between current assets and current liabilities. From the late 1970 to the mid-1980s, the FASB discussed the usefulness of predicting future cash flows.[7] In 1987, FASB Statement No. 95 (FAS 95) mandated that firms provide cash flow statements.[8] In 1992, the International Accounting Standards Board issued International Accounting Standard 7 (IAS 7), Cash Flow Statement, which became effective in 1994, mandating that firms provide cash flow statements.[9]

text: US GAAP and IAS 7 rules for cash flow statements are similar, but some of the differences are:

text:
IAS 7 requires that the cash flow statement include changes in both cash and cash equivalents. US GAAP permits using cash alone or cash and cash equivalents.[5]
IAS 7 permits bank borrowings (overdraft) in certain countries to be included in cash equivalents rather than being considered a part of financing activities.[10]
IAS 7 allows interest paid to be included in operating activities or financing activities. US GAAP requires that interest paid be included in operating activities.[11]
US GAAP (FAS 95) requires that when the direct method is used to present the operating activities of the cash flow statement, a supplemental schedule must also present a cash flow statement using the indirect method. The IASC strongly recommends the direct method but allows either method. The IASC considers the indirect method less clear to users of financial statements. Cash flow statements are most commonly prepared using the indirect method, which is not especially useful in projecting future cash flows.

text: Cash flow activities[edit]

text: The cash flow statement is partitioned into three segments, namely:

text:
cash flow resulting from operating activities;
cash flow resulting from investing activities;
cash flow resulting from financing activities.

text: The money coming into the business is called cash inflow, and money going out from the business is called cash outflow.

text: Operating activities[edit]

text: Operating activities include the production, sales and delivery of the company's product as well as collecting payment from its customers. This could include purchasing raw materials, building inventory, advertising, and shipping the product.

text: Under IAS 7, operating cash flows include:[11]

text:
Receipts for the sale of loans, debt or equity instruments in a trading portfolio
Interest received on loans
Payments to suppliers for goods and services
Payments to employees or on behalf of employees
Interest payments (alternatively, this can be reported under financing activities in IAS 7)
buying Merchandise

text: Items which are added back to [or subtracted from, as appropriate] the net income figure (which is found on the Income Statement) to arrive at cash flows from operations generally include:

text:
Depreciation (loss of tangible asset value over time)
Deferred tax
Amortization (loss of intangible asset value over time)
Any gains or losses associated with the sale of a non-current asset, because associated cash flows do not belong in the operating section (unrealized gains/losses are also added back from the income statement).
Dividends received

text: Investing activities[edit]

text: Examples of Investing activities are

text:
Purchase or Sale of an asset (assets can be land, building, equipment, marketable securities, etc.)
Loans made to suppliers or received from customers
Payments related to mergers and acquisition.

text: Financing activities[edit]

text: Financing activities include the inflow of cash from investors such as banks and shareholders, as well as the outflow of cash to shareholders as dividends as the company generates income. Other activities which impact the long-term liabilities and equity of the company are also listed in the financing activities section of the cash flow statement.

text: Under IAS 7,

text:
Payments of dividends
Payments for repurchase of company shares
For non-profit organizations, receipts of donor-restricted cash that is limited to long-term purposes

text: Items under the financing activities section include:

text:
Dividends paid
Sale or repurchase of the company's stock
Net borrowings
Repayment of debt principal, including capital leases

text: Disclosure of non-cash activities[edit]

text: Under IAS 7, non-cash investing and financing activities are disclosed in footnotes to the financial statements. Under US General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), non-cash activities may be disclosed in a footnote or within the cash flow statement itself. Non-cash financing activities may include[11]

text:
Leasing to purchase an asset
Converting debt to equity
Exchanging non-cash assets or liabilities for other non-cash assets or liabilities
Issuing share
Payment of dividend taxes in exchange for assets

text: Preparation methods[edit]

text: The direct method of preparing a cash flow statement results in a more easily understood report.[12] The indirect method is almost universally used, because FAS 95 requires a supplementary report similar to the indirect method if a company chooses to use the direct method.

text: Direct method[edit]

text: The direct method for creating a cash flow statement reports major classes of gross cash receipts and payments. Under IAS 7, dividends received may be reported under operating activities or under investing activities. If taxes paid are directly linked to operating activities, they are reported under operating activities; if the taxes are directly linked to investing activities or financing activities, they are reported under investing or financing activities. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) vary from International Financial Reporting Standards in that under GAAP rules, dividends received from a company's investing activities is reported as an "operating activity," not an "investing activity."[13]

text: Sample cash flow statement using the direct method[14]

text:
Cash flows from (used in) operating activities

  Cash receipts from customers
9,500

  Cash paid to suppliers and employees
(2,000)

  Cash generated from operations (sum)
7,500

  Interest paid
(2,000)

  Income taxes paid
(3,000)

  Net cash flows from operating activities

2,500

Cash flows from (used in) investing activities

  Proceeds from the sale of equipment
7,500

  Dividends received
3,000

  Net cash flows from investing activities

10,500

Cash flows from (used in) financing activities

  Dividends paid
(2,500)

  Net cash flows used in financing activities

(2,500)

.

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents

10,500

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year

1,000

Cash and cash equivalents, end of year

$11,500

text: Indirect method[edit]

text: The indirect method uses net-income as a starting point, makes adjustments for all transactions for non-cash items, then adjusts from all cash-based transactions. An increase in an asset account is subtracted from net income, and an increase in a liability account is added back to net income. This method converts accrual-basis net income (or loss) into cash flow by using a series of additions and deductions.[15]

text: Rules (operating activities)[edit]

text:
*Non-cash expenses must be added back to NI. Such expenses may be represented on the balance sheet as decreases in long term asset accounts. Thus decreases in fixed assets increase NI.

To Find Cash Flows
from Operating Activities
using the Balance Sheet and Net Income

For Increases in
Net Inc Adj

Current Assets (Non-Cash)
Decrease

Current Liabilities
Increase

For All Non-Cash...

*Expenses (Decreases in Fixed Assets)
Increase

text: The following rules can be followed to calculate Cash Flows from Operating Activities when given only a two-year comparative balance sheet and the Net Income figure. Cash Flows from Operating Activities can be found by adjusting Net Income relative to the change in beginning and ending balances of Current Assets, Current Liabilities, and sometimes Long Term Assets. When comparing the change in long term assets over a year, the accountant must be certain that these changes were caused entirely by their devaluation rather than purchases or sales (i.e. they must be operating items not providing or using cash) or if they are nonoperating items.[16]

text:
Decrease in non-cash current assets are added to net income
Increase in non-cash current asset are subtracted from net income
Increase in current liabilities are added to net income
Decrease in current liabilities are subtracted from net income
Expenses with no cash outflows are added back to net income (depreciation and/or amortization expense are the only operating items that have no effect on cash flows in the period)
Revenues with no cash inflows are subtracted from net income
Non operating losses are added back to net income
Non operating gains are subtracted from net income

text: The intricacies of this procedure might be seen as,

text:
Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities

=

Net Income

+

Rule Items

{\displaystyle {\text{Net Cash Flows from Operating Activities}}={\text{Net Income}}+{\text{Rule Items}}}

text: For example, consider a company that has a net income of $100 this year, and its A/R increased by $25 since the beginning of the year. If the balances of all other current assets, long term assets and current liabilities did not change over the year, the cash flows could be determined by the rules above as $100 – $25 = Cash Flows from Operating Activities = $75. The logic is that, if the company made $100 that year (net income), and they are using the accrual accounting system (not cash based) then any income they generated that year which has not yet been paid for in cash should be subtracted from the net income figure in order to find cash flows from operating activities. And the increase in A/R meant that $25 of sales occurred on credit and have not yet been paid for in cash.

text: In the case of finding Cash Flows when there is a change in a fixed asset account, say the Buildings and Equipment account decreases, the change is added back to Net Income. The reasoning behind this is that because Net Income is calculated by, Net Income = Rev - Cogs - Depreciation Exp - Other Exp then the Net Income figure will be decreased by the building's depreciation that year. This depreciation is not associated with an exchange of cash, therefore the depreciation is added back into net income to remove the non-cash activity.

text: Rules (financing activities)[edit]

text: Finding the Cash Flows from Financing Activities is much more intuitive and needs little explanation. Generally, the things to account for are financing activities:

text:
Include as outflows, reductions of long term notes payable (as would represent the cash repayment of debt on the balance sheet)
Or as inflows, the issuance of new notes payable
Include as outflows, all dividends paid by the entity to outside parties
Or as inflows, dividend payments received from outside parties
Include as outflows, the purchase of notes stocks or bonds
Or as inflows, the receipt of payments on such financing vehicles.[citation needed]

text: In the case of more advanced accounting situations, such as when dealing with subsidiaries, the accountant must

text:
Exclude intra-company dividend payments.
Exclude intra-company bond interest.[citation needed]

text: A traditional equation for this might look something like,

text: Example: cash flow of XYZ:[17][18][19]

text:
XYZ co. Ltd. Cash Flow Statement
(all numbers in millions of Rs.)

Period ending
31 Mar 2010
31 Mar 2009
31 Mar 2008

Net income
21,538
24,589
17,046

Operating activities, cash flows provided by or used in:

Depreciation and amortization
2,790
2,592
2,747

Adjustments to net income
4,617
621
2,910

Decrease (increase) in accounts receivable
12,503
17,236
--

Increase (decrease) in liabilities (A/P, taxes payable)
131,622
19,822
37,856

Decrease (increase) in inventories
--
--
--

Increase (decrease) in other operating activities
(173,057)
(33,061)
(62,963)

    Net cash flow from operating activities
13
31,799
(2,404)

Investing activities, cash flows provided by or used in:

Capital expenditures
(4,035)
(3,724)
(3,011)

Investments
(201,777)
(71,710)
(75,649)

Other cash flows from investing activities
1,606
17,009
(571)

    Net cash flows from investing activities
(204,206)
(58,425)
(79,231)

Financing activities, cash flows provided by or used in:

Dividends paid
(9,826)
(9,188)
(8,375)

Sale (repurchase) of stock
(5,327)
(12,090)
133

Increase (decrease) in debt
101,122
26,651
21,204

Other cash flows from financing activities
120,461
27,910
70,349

    Net cash flows from financing activities
206,430
33,283
83,311

Effect of exchange rate changes
645
(1,840)
731

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
2,882
4,817
2,407


document_title: 180th meridian

question_text: what is the 180 degree line of longitude called

root

text: 180th meridian

text:
[show]Map all coordinates using OSM
Map all coordinates using Google

Export all coordinates as KML

Export all coordinates as GPX

Map all microformatted coordinates

Place data as RDF

tag: table

text: The 180th meridian or antimeridian[1] is the meridian 180° east or west of the Prime Meridian, with which it forms a great circle dividing the earth into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. It is common to both east longitude and west longitude. It is used as the basis for the International Date Line because it mostly passes through the open waters of the Pacific Ocean. However, the meridian passes through Russia and Fiji as well as Antarctica.

tag: p

text: Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 180th meridian passes through:

text:
Co-ordinates
(approximate)
Country, territory or sea
Notes

90°0′N 180°0′E / 90.000°N 180.000°E / 90.000; 180.000 (Arctic Ocean)
Arctic Ocean

71°32′N 180°0′E / 71.533°N 180.000°E / 71.533; 180.000 (Russia)
 Russia
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug — Wrangel Island

70°58′N 180°0′E / 70.967°N 180.000°E / 70.967; 180.000 (Chukchi Sea)
Chukchi Sea

68°59′N 180°0′E / 68.983°N 180.000°E / 68.983; 180.000 (Russia)
 Russia
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

65°02′N 180°0′E / 65.033°N 180.000°E / 65.033; 180.000 (Bering Sea)
Bering Sea

52°0′N 180°0′E / 52.000°N 180.000°E / 52.000; 180.000 (Amchitka Pass)
Amchitka Pass
Passing just east of Semisopochnoi Island, Alaska,  United States (at 51°57′N 179°47′E / 51.950°N 179.783°E / 51.950; 179.783 (Semisopochnoi Island))

51°0′N 180°0′E / 51.000°N 180.000°E / 51.000; 180.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
Passing just east of Nukulaelae atoll,  Tuvalu (at 9°25′S 179°52′E / 9.417°S 179.867°E / -9.417; 179.867 (Nukulaelae atoll))
Passing just west of the island of Cikobia,  Fiji (at 15°43′S 179°59′W / 15.717°S 179.983°W / -15.717; -179.983 (Cikobia))

16°9′S 180°0′E / 16.150°S 180.000°E / -16.150; 180.000 (Fiji)
 Fiji
Islands of Vanua Levu, Rabi, and Taveuni

16°59′S 180°0′E / 16.983°S 180.000°E / -16.983; 180.000 (Pacific Ocean)
Pacific Ocean
Passing just east of the island of Moala,  Fiji (at 18°33′S 179°57′E / 18.550°S 179.950°E / -18.550; 179.950 (Moala))
Passing just west of the island of Totoya,  Fiji (at 19°0′S 179°52′W / 19.000°S 179.867°W / -19.000; -179.867 (Totoya))
Passing just east of the island of Matuku,  Fiji (at 19°10′S 179°47′E / 19.167°S 179.783°E / -19.167; 179.783 (Matuku))

60°0′S 180°0′E / 60.000°S 180.000°E / -60.000; 180.000 (Southern Ocean)
Southern Ocean

78°13′S 180°0′E / 78.217°S 180.000°E / -78.217; 180.000 (Antarctica)
Antarctica
Ross Dependency, claimed by  New Zealand

text: The meridian also passes between (but not particularly close to):

text:
the Gilbert Islands and the Phoenix Islands of  Kiribati;
between North Island and the Kermadec Islands of  New Zealand;
between the Bounty Islands and the Chatham Islands, also of  New Zealand.

tag: ul

text: The only place where roads cross this meridian, and where there are buildings very close to it, is in Fiji.

text: Software representation problems[edit]

text: Many geographic software libraries or data formats project the world to a rectangle; very often this rectangle is split exactly at the 180th meridian. This often makes it non-trivial to do simple tasks (like representing an area, or a line) over the 180th meridian. Some examples:

text:
The GeoJSON specification strongly suggests splitting geometries so that neither of their parts cross the antimeridian.[2]
In OpenStreetMap, areas (like the boundary of Russia) are split at the 180th meridian.


document_title: List of delegates to the Continental Congress

question_text: north carolina delegate to the second continental congress

text: Delegates who attended[edit]

text: The following table shows the names of the delegates who at some point attended the Continental Congress. Because a delegate did not necessarily take his seat in Congress in the same year that he was elected, nor did he necessarily stay for the duration of his term, there are slight discrepancies in the sources regarding the years of service for some delegates. Only those years that the delegate actually attended Congress are shown on the table. All data is from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, except where entries been corrected using more detailed sources, particularly the American National Biography.

text: The table also indicates (with an X) which delegates signed the Continental Association (1774), the United States Declaration of Independence (1776), the Articles of Confederation (1778–1781), and the United States Constitution (1787). The first three documents were created by Congress, and so all signers were necessarily delegates; the United States Constitution was signed at a special convention outside of Congress, and its signatories were not all current or former members of Congress.

text: John Dickinson has two entries on the table because he served as a delegate from both Pennsylvania and Delaware. The person who most frequently attended Congress was not a delegate: he was Charles Thomson, who served as secretary throughout Congress' existence.

text:
Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

1
Adams, AndrewAndrew Adams
Connecticut
1778
—
—
X
—

2
Adams, JohnJohn Adams
Massachusetts
1774–1777
X
X
—
—

3
Adams, SamuelSamuel Adams
Massachusetts
1774–1781
X
X
X
—

4
Adams, ThomasThomas Adams
Virginia
1778–1779
—
—
X
—

5
Alexander, RobertRobert Alexander
Maryland
1776
—
—
—
—

6
Allen, AndrewAndrew Allen
Pennsylvania
1775–1776
—
—
—
—

7
Alsop, JohnJohn Alsop
New York
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

8
Armstrong Sr., JohnJohn Armstrong Sr.
Pennsylvania
1779–1780
—
—
—
—

9
Armstrong Jr., JohnJohn Armstrong Jr.
Pennsylvania
1787–1788
—
—
—
—

10
Arnold, JonathanJonathan Arnold
Rhode Island
1782–1784[3]
—
—
—
—

11
Arnold, PelegPeleg Arnold
Rhode Island
1787–1788
—
—
—
—

12
Ashe, John B.John B. Ashe
North Carolina
1787
—
—
—
—

13
Atlee, Samuel JohnSamuel John Atlee
Pennsylvania
1778–1782
—
—
—
—

14
Baldwin, AbrahamAbraham Baldwin
Georgia
1785, 1787–1788
—
—
—
X

15
Banister, JohnJohn Banister
Virginia
1778
—
—
X
—

16
Barnwell, RobertRobert Barnwell
South Carolina
1789
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

17
Bartlett, JosiahJosiah Bartlett
New Hampshire
1775–1776, 1778 [4]
—
X
X
—

18
Bayard, John BubenheimJohn Bubenheim Bayard
Pennsylvania
1785–1786
—
—
—
—

19
Beatty, JohnJohn Beatty
New Jersey
1784–1785
—
—
—
—

20
Bedford Jr., GunningGunning Bedford Jr.
Delaware
1783–1785
—
—
—
X

21
Bee, ThomasThomas Bee
South Carolina
1780–1782
—
—
—
—

22
Benson, EgbertEgbert Benson
New York
1784, 1787–1788
—
—
—
—

23
Beresford, RichardRichard Beresford
South Carolina
1783–1784
—
—
—
—

24
Biddle, EdwardEdward Biddle
Pennsylvania
1774–1775
X
—
—
—

25
Bingham, WilliamWilliam Bingham
Pennsylvania
1786–1788
—
—
—
—

26
Blanchard, JonathanJonathan Blanchard
New Hampshire
1783–1784, 1787[5]
—
—
—
—

27
Bland, RichardRichard Bland
Virginia
1774–1775
X
—
—
—

28
Bland, TheodorickTheodorick Bland
Virginia
1780–1783
—
—
—
—

29
Bloodworth, TimothyTimothy Bloodworth
North Carolina
1786
—
—
—
—

30
Blount, WilliamWilliam Blount
North Carolina
1782–1783, 1786–1787
—
—
—
X

31
Boerum, SimonSimon Boerum
New York
1774–1775
X
—
—
—

32
Boudinot, EliasElias Boudinot
New Jersey
1778, 1781–1783
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

33
Braxton, CarterCarter Braxton
Virginia
1776
—
X
—
—

34
Brown, JohnJohn Brown
Virginia
1787–1788
—
—
—
—

35
Brownson, NathanNathan Brownson
Georgia
1777
—
—
—
—

36
Bull, JohnJohn Bull
South Carolina
1784–1787
—
—
—
—

37
Bulloch, ArchibaldArchibald Bulloch
Georgia
1775
—
—
—
—

38
Burke, ThomasThomas Burke
North Carolina
1777–1781
—
—
—
—

39
Burnet, WilliamWilliam Burnet
New Jersey
1780–1781
—
—
—
—

40
Burton, RobertRobert Burton
North Carolina
1787
—
—
—
—

41
Butler, PiercePierce Butler
South Carolina
1787
—
—
—
X

42
Cadwalader, LambertLambert Cadwalader
New Jersey
1785–1787
—
—
—
—

43
Carmichael, WilliamWilliam Carmichael
Maryland
1778–1779
—
—
—
—

44
Carrington, EdwardEdward Carrington
Virginia
1786–1788
—
—
—
—

45
Carroll ("Barrister"), CharlesCharles Carroll ("Barrister")
Maryland
1776–1777
—
—
—
—

46
Carroll ("of Carrollton"), CharlesCharles Carroll ("of Carrollton")
Maryland
1776–1778 [6]
—
X
—
—

47
Carroll, DanielDaniel Carroll
Maryland
1781–1783
—
—
X
X

48
Caswell, RichardRichard Caswell
North Carolina
1774–1775
X
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

49
Chase, JeremiahJeremiah Chase
Maryland
1783–1784
—
—
—
—

50
Chase, SamuelSamuel Chase
Maryland
1774–1778
X
X
—
—

51
Clark, AbrahamAbraham Clark
New Jersey
1776–1778, 1780–1783, 1786–1788
—
X
—
—

52
Clingan, WilliamWilliam Clingan
Pennsylvania
1777–1779
—
—
X
—

53
Clinton, GeorgeGeorge Clinton
New York
1775–1776
—
—
—
—

54
Clymer, GeorgeGeorge Clymer
Pennsylvania
1776–1777, 1780–1782
—
X
—
X

55
Collins, JohnJohn Collins
Rhode Island
1778–1780, 1782–1783
—
—
X
—

56
Condict, SilasSilas Condict
New Jersey
1781–1783
—
—
—
—

57
Contee, BenjaminBenjamin Contee
Maryland
1788
—
—
—
—

58
Cooke, Joseph PlattJoseph Platt Cooke
Connecticut
1784–1785, 1787–1788
—
—
—
—

59
Cornell, EzekielEzekiel Cornell
Rhode Island
1780–1782
—
—
—
—

60
Coxe, TenchTench Coxe
Pennsylvania
1788–1789[7]
—
—
—
—

61
Crane, StephenStephen Crane
New Jersey
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

62
Cumming, WilliamWilliam Cumming
North Carolina
1785
—
—
—
—

63
Cushing, ThomasThomas Cushing
Massachusetts
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

64
Dana, FrancisFrancis Dana
Massachusetts
1777–1778, 1784
—
—
X
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

65
Dane, NathanNathan Dane
Massachusetts
1785–1789[3]
—
—
—
—

66
Dawson, JohnJohn Dawson
Virginia
1788
—
—
—
—

67
Dayton, JonathanJonathan Dayton
New Jersey
1788–1789[3]
—
—
—
X

68
Deane, SilasSilas Deane
Connecticut
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

69
DehartJohn De Hart
New Jersey
1774–1775 [8]
X
—
—
—

70
DeWitt, CharlesCharles DeWitt
New York
1784
—
—
—
—

71
Dick, SamuelSamuel Dick
New Jersey
1784–1785
—
—
—
—

72
Dickinson, JohnJohn Dickinson
Delaware
1779
X (Pennsylvania)
—
X
X

72
Dickinson, JohnJohn Dickinson
Pennsylvania
1774–1776
X
—
X (Delaware)
X (Delaware)

73
Dickinson, PhilemonPhilemon Dickinson
Delaware
1782–1783
—
—
—
—

74
Drayton, William HenryWilliam Henry Drayton
South Carolina
1778–1779
—
—
X
—

75
Duane, JamesJames Duane
New York
1774–1783
X
—
X
—

76
Duer, WilliamWilliam Duer
New York
1777–1779[3]
—
—
X
—

77
Dyer, EliphaletEliphalet Dyer
Connecticut
1774–1779, 1782–1783
X
—
—
—

78
Edwards, PierpontPierpont Edwards
Connecticut
1788
—
—
—
—

79
Ellery, WilliamWilliam Ellery
Rhode Island
1776–1785
—
X
X
—

80
Ellsworth, OliverOliver Ellsworth
Connecticut
1778–1783
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

81
Elmer, JonathanJonathan Elmer
New Jersey
1777–1778, 1781–1783, 1787–1788
—
—
—
—

82
Eveleigh, NicholasNicholas Eveleigh
South Carolina
1781–1782
—
—
—
—

83
Fell, JohnJohn Fell
New Jersey
1778–1780
—
—
—
—

84
Few, WilliamWilliam Few
Georgia
1780–1782, 1786–1788
—
—
—
X

85
Fitzhugh, WilliamWilliam Fitzhugh
Virginia
1779
—
—
—
—

86
Fitzsimons, ThomasThomas Fitzsimons
Pennsylvania
1782–1783
—
—
—
X

87
Fleming, WilliamWilliam Fleming
Virginia
1779
—
—
—
—

88
Floyd, WilliamWilliam Floyd
New York
1774–1776, 1779–1783
X
X
—
—

89
Folsom, NathanielNathaniel Folsom
New Hampshire
1774, 1777–1780
X
—
—
—

90
Forbes, JamesJames Forbes
Maryland
1778–1780
—
—
—
—

91
Forrest, UriahUriah Forrest
Maryland
1787
—
—
—
—

92
Foster, AbielAbiel Foster
New Hampshire
1783–1785
—
—
—
—

93
Franklin, BenjaminBenjamin Franklin
Pennsylvania
1775–1776
—
X
—
X

94
Frelinghuysen, FrederickFrederick Frelinghuysen
New Jersey
1779, 1783[9]
—
—
—
—

95
Frost, GeorgeGeorge Frost
New Hampshire
1777–1779
—
—
—
—

96
Gadsden, ChristopherChristopher Gadsden
South Carolina
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

97
Galloway, JosephJoseph Galloway
Pennsylvania
1774
X
—
—
—

98
Gansevoort, LeonardLeonard Gansevoort
New York
1788
—
—
—
—

99
Gardner, JohnJohn Gardner
Rhode Island
1789
—
—
—
—

100
Gardner, JosephJoseph Gardner
Pennsylvania
1784–1785
—
—
—
—

101
Gelston, DavidDavid Gelston
New York
1789
—
—
—
—

102
Gerry, ElbridgeElbridge Gerry
Massachusetts
1776–1781, 1783–1785[3]
—
X
X
—

103
Gervais, John LewisJohn Lewis Gervais
South Carolina
1782–1783
—
—
—
—

104
Gibbons, WilliamWilliam Gibbons
Georgia
1784
—
—
—
—

105
Gilman, John TaylorJohn Taylor Gilman
New Hampshire
1782–1783
—
—
—
—

106
Gilman, NicholasNicholas Gilman
New Hampshire
1787–1789
—
—
—
X

107
Goldsborough, RobertRobert Goldsborough
Maryland
1774–1776
—
—
—
—

108
Gorham, NathanielNathaniel Gorham
Massachusetts
1782–1783, 1785–1787[3]
—
—
—
X

109
Grayson, WilliamWilliam Grayson
Virginia
1785–1787
—
—
—
—

110
Griffin, CyrusCyrus Griffin
Virginia
1778–1780, 1787–1788
—
—
—
—

111
Gwinnett, ButtonButton Gwinnett
Georgia
1776
—
X
—
—

112
Habersham, JohnJohn Habersham
Georgia
1785
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

113
Hall, JohnJohn Hall
Maryland
1775
—
—
—
—

114
Hall, LymanLyman Hall
Georgia
1775–1777
—
X
—
—

115
Hamilton, AlexanderAlexander Hamilton
New York
1782–1783, 1788
—
—
—
X

116
Hancock, JohnJohn Hancock
Massachusetts
1775–1778
—
X
X
—

117
Hand, EdwardEdward Hand
Pennsylvania
1784–1785[3]
—
—
—
—

118
Hanson, JohnJohn Hanson
Maryland
1780–1782
—
—
X
—

119
Hardy, SamuelSamuel Hardy
Virginia
1783–1785
—
—
—
—

120
Haring, JohnJohn Haring
New York
1774, 1785–1787
—
—
—
—

121
Harnett, CorneliusCornelius Harnett
North Carolina
1777–1779
—
—
X
—

122
Harrison, BenjaminBenjamin Harrison
Virginia
1774–1777
X
X
—
—

123
Harrison, WilliamWilliam Harrison Jr.
Maryland
1786
—
—
—
—

124
Hart, JohnJohn Hart
New Jersey
1776
—
X
—
—

125
Harvie, JohnJohn Harvie
Virginia
1777–1778
—
—
X
—

126
Hawkins, BenjaminBenjamin Hawkins
North Carolina
1781–1783, 1787
—
—
—
—

127
Hazard, JonathanJonathan Hazard
Rhode Island
1788
—
—
—
—

128
Hemsley, WilliamWilliam Hemsley
Maryland
1782–1783
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

129
Henry, JamesJames Henry
Virginia
1780
—
—
—
—

130
Henry, JohnJohn Henry
Maryland
1778–1780, 1785–1786
—
—
—
—

131
Henry, PatrickPatrick Henry
Virginia
1774–1775
X
—
—
—

132
Henry, WilliamWilliam Henry
Pennsylvania
1784–1785
—
—
—
—

133
Hewes, JosephJoseph Hewes
North Carolina
1774–1776, 1779
X
X
—
—

134
Heyward Jr., ThomasThomas Heyward Jr.
South Carolina
1776–1778
—
X
X
—

135
Higginson, StephenStephen Higginson
Massachusetts
1783
—
—
—
—

136
Hill, WhitmellWhitmell Hill
North Carolina
1778–1780
—
—
—
—

137
Hindman, WilliamWilliam Hindman
Maryland
1785–1786
—
—
—
—

138
Holten, SamuelSamuel Holten
Massachusetts
1778–1780, 1783–1785, 1787
—
—
X
—

139
Hooper, WilliamWilliam Hooper
North Carolina
1774–1777
X
X
—
—

140
Hopkins, StephenStephen Hopkins
Rhode Island
1774–1776
X
X
—
—

141
Hopkinson, FrancisFrancis Hopkinson
New Jersey
1776
—
X
—
—

142
Hornblower, JosiahJosiah Hornblower
New Jersey
1785–1786
—
—
—
—

143
Hosmer, TitusTitus Hosmer
Connecticut
1778
—
—
X
—

144
Houston, WilliamWilliam Houston
New Jersey
1779–1781, 1784–1785
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

145
Houstoun, JohnJohn Houstoun
Georgia
1775
—
—
—
—

146
Houstoun, WilliamWilliam Houstoun
Georgia
1784–1786
—
—
—
—

147
Howard, John EagerJohn Eager Howard
Maryland
1788
—
—
—
—

148
Howell, DavidDavid Howell
Rhode Island
1782–1785
—
—
—
—

149
Howly, RichardRichard Howly
Georgia
1780–1781
—
—
—
—

150
Huger, DanielDaniel Huger
South Carolina
1786–1788
—
—
—
—

151
Humphreys, CharlesCharles Humphreys
Pennsylvania
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

152
Huntington, BenjaminBenjamin Huntington
Connecticut
1780, 1782–1783, 1788
—
—
—
—

153
Huntington, SamuelSamuel Huntington
Connecticut
1776, 1778–1781, 1783
—
X
X
—

154
Hutson, RichardRichard Hutson
South Carolina
1778–1779
—
—
X
—

155
Ingersoll, JaredJared Ingersoll
Pennsylvania
1780
—
—
—
X

156
Irvine, WilliamWilliam Irvine
Pennsylvania
1787–1788
—
—
—
—

157
Izard, RalphRalph Izard
South Carolina
1782–1783
—
—
—
—

158
Jackson, DavidDavid Jackson
Pennsylvania
1785
—
—
—
—

159
Jackson, JonathanJonathan Jackson
Massachusetts
1782
—
—
—
—

160
Jay, JohnJohn Jay
New York
1774–1776, 1778–1779
X
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

161
Jefferson, ThomasThomas Jefferson
Virginia
1775–1776, 1783–1784
—
X
—
—

162
Jenifer, Daniel of St. ThomasDaniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Maryland
1779–1781
—
—
—
X

163
Johnson, ThomasThomas Johnson
Maryland
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

164
Johnson, William SamuelWilliam Samuel Johnson
Connecticut
1785–1787
—
—
—
X

165
Johnston, SamuelSamuel Johnston
North Carolina
1780–1781
—
—
—
—

166
Jones, AllenAllen Jones
North Carolina
1779–1780
—
—
—
—

167
Jones, JosephJoseph Jones
Virginia
1777, 1780–1783
—
—
—
—

168
Jones, Noble WimberlyNoble Wimberly Jones
Georgia
1781–1782 [10]
—
—
—
—

169
Jones, WillieWillie Jones
North Carolina
1780–1781[3]
—
—
—
—

170
Kean, JohnJohn Kean
South Carolina
1785–1787
—
—
—
—

171
Kearney, DyreDyre Kearney
Delaware
1787–1788
—
—
—
—

172
King, RufusRufus King
Massachusetts
1784–1787
—
—
—
X

173
Kinloch, FrancisFrancis Kinloch
South Carolina
1780
—
—
—
—

174
Kinsey, JamesJames Kinsey
New Jersey
1774–1775
X
—
—
—

175
Langdon, JohnJohn Langdon
New Hampshire
1775–1776, 1783–1784 [3]
—
—
—
X

176
Langdon, WoodburyWoodbury Langdon
New Hampshire
1779
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

177
Langworthy, EdwardEdward Langworthy
Georgia
1777–1779
—
—
X
—

178
Lansing Jr., JohnJohn Lansing Jr.
New York
1785
—
—
—
—

179
Laurance, JohnJohn Laurance
New York
1785–1787
—
—
—
—

180
Laurens, HenryHenry Laurens
South Carolina
1777–1780
—
—
X
—

181
Law, RichardRichard Law
Connecticut
1777, 1781–1782 [11]
—
—
—
—

182
Lee, ArthurArthur Lee
Virginia
1782–1784
—
—
—
—

183
Lee, Francis LightfootFrancis Lightfoot Lee
Virginia
1775–1779
—
X
X
—

184
Lee, HenryHenry Lee
Virginia
1786–1788
—
—
—
—

185
Lee, Richard HenryRichard Henry Lee
Virginia
1774–1779, 1784–1785, 1787
X
X
X
—

186
Lee, Thomas SimThomas Sim Lee
Maryland
1783
—
—
—
—

187
Lewis, FrancisFrancis Lewis
New York
1775–1779
—
X
X
—

188
LhommedieuEzra L'Hommedieu
New York
1779–1783, 1788
—
—
—
—

189
Livermore, SamuelSamuel Livermore
New Hampshire
1780–1782, 1785–1786
—
—
—
—

190
Livingston, PhilipPhilip Livingston
New York
1774–1778[3]
X
X
—
—

191
Livingston, Robert R.Robert R. Livingston
New York
1775–1776, 1779–1780, 1784
—
—
—
—

192
Livingston, WalterWalter Livingston
New York
1784–1785
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

193
Livingston, WilliamWilliam Livingston
New Jersey
1774–1776
X
—
—
X

194
Lloyd, EdwardEdward Lloyd
Maryland
1783–1784
—
—
—
—

195
Long, PiersePierse Long
New Hampshire
1785–1786
—
—
—
—

196
Lovell, JamesJames Lovell
Massachusetts
1777–1782
—
—
X
—

197
Low, IsaacIsaac Low
New York
1774
X
—
—
—

198
Lowell, JohnJohn Lowell
Massachusetts
1782
—
—
—
—

199
LynchaThomas Lynch
South Carolina
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

200
LynchbThomas Lynch Jr.
South Carolina
1775-1776
—
X
—
—

201
Madison, JamesJames Madison
Virginia
1780–1783, 1787–1788
—
—
X
X

202
Manning, JamesJames Manning
Rhode Island
1786
—
—
—
—

203
Marchant, HenryHenry Marchant
Rhode Island
1777–1779
—
—
X
—

204
Mathews, JohnJohn Mathews
South Carolina
1778–1781
—
—
X
—

205
Matlack, TimothyTimothy Matlack
Pennsylvania
1780
—
—
—
—

206
McComb, EleazerEleazer McComb
Delaware
1783–1784
—
—
—
—

207
McDougall, AlexanderAlexander McDougall
New York
1781
—
—
—
—

208
McHenry, JamesJames McHenry
Maryland
1783–1785
—
—
—
X

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

209
McKean, ThomasThomas McKean
Delaware
1774–1776, 1778–1782
X
X
X
—

210
McLene, JamesJames McLene
Pennsylvania
1779–1780
—
—
—
—

211
Mercer, JamesJames Mercer
Virginia
1779
—
—
—
—

212
Mercer, John FrancisJohn Francis Mercer
Virginia
1783–1784
—
—
—
—

213
Meredith, SamuelSamuel Meredith
Pennsylvania
1786–1788
—
—
—
—

214
Middleton, ArthurArthur Middleton
South Carolina
1776–1777, 1781–1782
—
X
—
—

215
Middleton, HenryHenry Middleton
South Carolina
1774–1775
X
—
—
—

216
Mifflin, ThomasThomas Mifflin
Pennsylvania
1774–1775, 1782–1784
X
—
—
X

217
Miller, NathanNathan Miller
Rhode Island
1786
—
—
—
—

218
Mitchell, NathanielNathaniel Mitchell
Delaware
1787–1788
—
—
—
—

219
Mitchell, Stephen MixStephen Mix Mitchell
Connecticut
1785–1788
—
—
—
—

220
Monroe, JamesJames Monroe
Virginia
1783–1786
—
—
—
—

221
Montgomery, JohnJohn Montgomery
Pennsylvania
1782–1784
—
—
—
—

222
Montgomery, JosephJoseph Montgomery
Pennsylvania
1780–1782
—
—
—
—

223
Morris, CadwaladerCadwalader Morris
Pennsylvania
1783–1784
—
—
—
—

224
Morris, GouverneurGouverneur Morris
New York
1778–1779
—
—
X
X

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

225
Morris, LewisLewis Morris
New York
1775–1777
—
X
—
—

226
Morris, RobertRobert Morris
Pennsylvania
1775–1778
—
X
X
X

227
Morton, JohnJohn Morton
Pennsylvania
1774–1776
X
X
—
—

228
Motte, IsaacIsaac Motte
South Carolina
1780–1782
—
—
—
—

229
Mowry Jr., DanielDaniel Mowry Jr.
Rhode Island
1780–1782
—
—
—
—

230
Muhlenberg, FrederickFrederick Muhlenberg
Pennsylvania
1779–1780
—
—
—
—

231
Nash, AbnerAbner Nash
North Carolina
1782–1783
—
—
—
—

232
Nelson Jr., ThomasThomas Nelson Jr.
Virginia
1775–1777, 1779
—
X
—
—

233
Osgood, SamuelSamuel Osgood
Massachusetts
1781–1784
—
—
—
—

234
Otis, Samuel AllyneSamuel Allyne Otis
Massachusetts
1787–1788
—
—
—
—

235
Paca, WilliamWilliam Paca
Maryland
1774–1779
X
X
—
—

236
Page, MannMann Page
Virginia
1777
—
—
—
—

237
Paine, EphraimEphraim Paine
New York
1784
—
—
—
—

238
Paine, Robert TreatRobert Treat Paine
Massachusetts
1774–1776
X
X
—
—

239
Parker, JohnJohn Parker
South Carolina
1786–1788
—
—
—
—

240
Partridge, GeorgeGeorge Partridge
Massachusetts
1779–1785
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

241
Patten, JohnJohn Patten
Delaware
1786
—
—
—
—

242
Peabody, NathanielNathaniel Peabody
New Hampshire
1779–1780 [12]
—
—
—
—

243
Peery, WilliamWilliam Peery
Delaware
1786
—
—
—
—

244
Pell, PhilipPhilip Pell
New York
1789
—
—
—
—

245
Pendleton, EdmundEdmund Pendleton
Virginia
1774–1775
X
—
—
—

246
Penn, JohnJohn Penn
North Carolina
1775–1780
—
X
X
—

247
Peters Jr., RichardRichard Peters Jr.
Pennsylvania
1782–1783
—
—
—
—

248
Pettit, CharlesCharles Pettit
Pennsylvania
1785–1787
—
—
—
—

249
Pierce, WilliamWilliam Pierce
Georgia
1787
—
—
—
—

250
Pinckney, CharlesCharles Pinckney
South Carolina
1784–1787[3]
—
—
—
X

251
Plater, GeorgeGeorge Plater
Maryland
1778–1780
—
—
—
—

252
Platt, ZephaniahZephaniah Platt
New York
1785–1786
—
—
—
—

253
Potts, RichardRichard Potts
Maryland
1781
—
—
—
—

254
Ramsay, DavidDavid Ramsay
South Carolina
1782–1783, 1785–1786
—
—
—
—

255
Ramsey, NathanielNathaniel Ramsey
Maryland
1786–1787
—
—
—
—

256
Randolph, EdmundEdmund Randolph
Virginia
1779, 1781–1782
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

257
Randolph, PeytonPeyton Randolph
Virginia
1774–1775
X
—
—
—

258
Read, GeorgeGeorge Read
Delaware
1774–1777
X
X
—
X

259
Read, JacobJacob Read
South Carolina
1783–1785
—
—
—
—

260
Reed, JosephJoseph Reed
Pennsylvania
1778
—
—
X
—

261
Reid, James RandolphJames Randolph Reid
Pennsylvania
1787–1789
—
—
—
—

262
Rhoads, SamuelSamuel Rhoads
Pennsylvania
1774
—
—
—
—

263
Roberdeau, DanielDaniel Roberdeau
Pennsylvania
1777–1779
—
—
X
—

264
Rodney, CaesarCaesar Rodney
Delaware
1774–1776
X
X
—
—

265
Rodney, ThomasThomas Rodney
Delaware
1781–1782, 1786
—
—
—
—

266
Rogers, JohnJohn Rogers
Maryland
1775–1776
—
—
—
—

267
Root, JesseJesse Root
Connecticut
1778–1782
—
—
—
—

268
Ross, DavidDavid Ross
Maryland
1787–1789
—
—
—
—

269
Ross, GeorgeGeorge Ross
Pennsylvania
1774–1777
X
X
—
—

270
Rumsey, BenjaminBenjamin Rumsey
Maryland
1776–1777
—
—
—
—

271
Rush, BenjaminBenjamin Rush
Pennsylvania
1776–1777
—
X
—
—

272
Rutledge, EdwardEdward Rutledge
South Carolina
1774–1776
X
X
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

273
Rutledge, JohnJohn Rutledge
South Carolina
1774–1775, 1782–1783
X
—
—
X

274
Schureman, JamesJames Schureman
New Jersey
1786–1787
—
—
—
—

275
Schuyler, PhilipPhilip Schuyler
New York
1775, 1777, 1779–1780
—
—
—
—

276
Scott, John MorinJohn Morin Scott
New York
1780–1783[3]
—
—
—
—

277
Scudder, NathanielNathaniel Scudder
New Jersey
1778–1779
—
—
X
—

278
Searle, JamesJames Searle
Pennsylvania
1778–1780
—
—
—
—

279
Sedgwick, TheodoreTheodore Sedgwick
Massachusetts
1785–1786, 1788
—
—
—
—

280
Seney, JoshuaJoshua Seney
Maryland
1788
—
—
—
—

281
Sergeant, JonathanJonathan Sergeant
New Jersey
1776–1777
—
—
—
—

282
Sharpe, WilliamWilliam Sharpe
North Carolina
1779–1781
—
—
—
—

283
Sherman, RogerRoger Sherman
Connecticut
1774–1781, 1784
X
X
X
X

284
Shippen, WilliamWilliam Shippen
Pennsylvania
1779–1780
—
—
—
—

285
Sitgreaves, JohnJohn Sitgreaves
North Carolina
1785
—
—
—
—

286
Smith, JamesJames Smith
Pennsylvania
1776–1778
—
X
—
—

287
Smith, Jonathan BayardJonathan Bayard Smith
Pennsylvania
1777–1778
—
—
X
—

288
Smith, MelanctonMelancton Smith
New York
1785–1787
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

289
Smith, MeriwetherMeriwether Smith
Virginia
1778, 1780–1781[13]
—
—
—
—

290
Smith, RichardRichard Smith
New Jersey
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

291
Smith, ThomasThomas Smith
Pennsylvania
1781–1782
—
—
—
—

292
Smith, WilliamWilliam Smith
Maryland
1777
—
—
—
—

293
Spaight, Richard DobbsRichard Dobbs Spaight
North Carolina
1783–1785
—
—
—
X

294
Spencer, JosephJoseph Spencer
Connecticut
1779
—
—
—
—

295
St. Clair, ArthurArthur St. Clair
Pennsylvania
1786–1787
—
—
—
—

296
Stevens, JohnJohn Stevens
New Jersey
1784
—
—
—
—

297
Stewart, CharlesCharles Stewart
New Jersey
1784–1785
—
—
—
—

298
Stockton, RichardRichard Stockton
New Jersey
1776
—
X
—
—

299
Stone, ThomasThomas Stone
Maryland
1775–1776, 1778, 1784
—
X
—
—

300
Sturges, JonathanJonathan Sturges
Connecticut
1786
—
—
—
—

301
Sullivan, JohnJohn Sullivan
New Hampshire
1774–1775, 1780–1781
X
—
—
—

302
Swann, JohnJohn Swann
North Carolina
1788
—
—
—
—

303
Sykes, JamesJames Sykes
Delaware
1777
—
—
—
—

304
Symmes, John ClevesJohn Cleves Symmes
New Jersey
1785–1786
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

305
Taylor, GeorgeGeorge Taylor
Pennsylvania
1776
—
X
—
—

306
Telfair, EdwardEdward Telfair
Georgia
1778, 1780–1782
—
—
X
—

307
Thatcher, GeorgeGeorge Thatcher
Massachusetts
1787–1789
—
—
—
—

308
Thornton, MatthewMatthew Thornton
New Hampshire
1776–1777
—
X
—
—

309
Tilghman, MatthewMatthew Tilghman
Maryland
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

310
Tilton, JamesJames Tilton
Delaware
1783–1784
—
—
—
—

311
Tucker, Thomas TudorThomas Tudor Tucker
South Carolina
1787–1788
—
—
—
—

312
Van Dyke, NicholasNicholas Van Dyke
Delaware
1777–1781
—
—
X
—

313
Varnum, James MitchellJames Mitchell Varnum
Rhode Island
1780–1781, 1787
—
—
—
—

314
Vining, John M.John M. Vining
Delaware
1784–1785
—
—
—
—

315
Wadsworth, JamesJames Wadsworth
Connecticut
1784
—
—
—
—

316
Wadsworth, JeremiahJeremiah Wadsworth
Connecticut
1788
—
—
—
—

317
Walker, JohnJohn Walker
Virginia
1780
—
—
—
—

318
Walton, GeorgeGeorge Walton
Georgia
1776–1777, 1780–1781
—
X
X
—

319
Walton, JohnJohn Walton
Georgia
1778
—
—
—
—

320
Ward, ArtemasArtemas Ward
Massachusetts
1780–1781
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

321
Ward, SamuelSamuel Ward
Rhode Island
1774–1776
X
—
—
—

322
Washington, GeorgeGeorge Washington
Virginia
1774–1775
X
—
—
X

323
Wentworth Jr., JohnJohn Wentworth Jr.
New Hampshire
1778
—
—
X
—

324
Wharton, SamuelSamuel Wharton
Delaware
1782–1783
—
—
—
—

325
Whipple, WilliamWilliam Whipple
New Hampshire
1776–1779
—
X
—
—

326
White, JamesJames White
North Carolina
1786–1788
—
—
—
—

327
White, PhillipsPhillips White
New Hampshire
1782–1783
—
—
—
—

328
Williams, JohnJohn Williams
North Carolina
1778–1779
—
—
X
—

329
Williams, WilliamWilliam Williams
Connecticut
1776–1777
—
X
—
—

330
Williamson, HughHugh Williamson
North Carolina
1782–1785, 1787–1789[3]
—
—
—
X

331
Willing, ThomasThomas Willing
Pennsylvania
1775–1776
—
—
—
—

332
Wilson, JamesJames Wilson
Pennsylvania
1775–1777, 1783, 1785–1786
—
X
—
X

333
Wingate, PainePaine Wingate
New Hampshire
1788
—
—
—
—

334
Wisner, HenryHenry Wisner
New York
1774–1776[3]
X
—
—
—

335
Witherspoon, JohnJohn Witherspoon
New Jersey
1776–1782
—
X
X
—

336
Wolcott, OliverOliver Wolcott
Connecticut
1776–1778, 1780–1783
—
X
X
—

337
Wood, JosephJoseph Wood
Georgia
1777–1778
—
—
—
—

338
Wright, TurbuttTurbutt Wright
Maryland
1782
—
—
—
—

339
Wynkoop, HenryHenry Wynkoop
Pennsylvania
1779–1782
—
—
—
—

340
Wythe, GeorgeGeorge Wythe
Virginia
1775–1776
—
X
—
—

341
Yates, AbrahamAbraham Yates
New York
1787–1788
—
—
—
—

342
Yates, Peter W.Peter W. Yates
New York
1786
—
—
—
—

343
Zubly, John JoachimJohn Joachim Zubly
Georgia
1775
—
—
—
—

Name
State
Years attended
Association
Declaration
Confederation
Constitution

text: Elected but did not attend[edit]

text: This table shows those who were elected as delegates to the Continental Congress but never attended a session. All data is from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.

text:
#
Name
State
Years elected

1
Andrew, BenjaminBenjamin Andrew
Georgia
1780

2
Ashley, SamuelSamuel Ashley
New Hampshire
1779

3
Atkinson, GeorgeGeorge Atkinson
New Hampshire
1780, 1785

4
Barnwell, JohnJohn Barnwell
South Carolina
1784

5
Bedford Sr., GunningGunning Bedford Sr.
Delaware
1786

6
Bellows, BenjaminBenjamin Bellows
New Hampshire
1781

7
Blair, Jr., JohnJohn Blair, Jr.
Virginia
1781

8
Bowdoin, JamesJames Bowdoin
Massachusetts
1774

9
Bradford, WilliamWilliam Bradford
Rhode Island
1776

10
Brevard, EphraimEphraim Brevard
North Carolina
1781

11
Brown, JohnJohn Brown
Rhode Island
1784, 1785

12
Canfield, JohnJohn Canfield
Connecticut
1786

13
Champlin, GeorgeGeorge Champlin
Rhode Island
1785, 1786

14
Chandler, Charles C.Charles C. Chandler
Connecticut
1784

15
Chester, JohnJohn Chester
Connecticut
1787, 1788

16
Clarkson, MatthewMatthew Clarkson
Pennsylvania
1785

17
Clay, JosephJoseph Clay
Georgia
1778

18
Cooper, JohnJohn Cooper
New Jersey
1776

19
Dalton, TristramTristram Dalton
Massachusetts
1783, 1784

20
Danielson, TimothyTimothy Danielson
Massachusetts
1780, 1782, 1783

21
Dayton, EliasElias Dayton
New Jersey
1778

22
Dow, MosesMoses Dow
New Hampshire
1784

23
Duffield, SamuelSamuel Duffield
Pennsylvania
1777

24
Edwards, TimothyTimothy Edwards
Massachusetts
1778

25
Elbert, SamuelSamuel Elbert
Georgia
1784

26
Evans, JohnJohn Evans
Delaware
1776

27
Gardner, SylvesterSylvester Gardner
Rhode Island
1787

28
Giles, EdwardEdward Giles
Maryland
1782

29
Gillon, AlexanderAlexander Gillon
South Carolina
1784

30
Grantham, IsaacIsaac Grantham
Delaware
1787

31
Gunn, JamesJames Gunn
Georgia
1787

32
Habersham, JosephJoseph Habersham
Georgia
1784

33
Hathorn, JohnJohn Hathorn
New York
1788[14]

34
Henderson, ThomasThomas Henderson
New Jersey
1779

35
Hillhouse, JamesJames Hillhouse
Connecticut
1786, 1788

36
Hillhouse, WilliamWilliam Hillhouse
Connecticut
1783, 1785

37
Holden, ThomasThomas Holden
Rhode Island
1788, 1789

38
Johnson, CharlesCharles Johnson
North Carolina
1781, 1784, 1785

39
Jones, GabrielGabriel Jones
Virginia
1779

40
Jones, SamuelSamuel Jones
New York
1788

41
Latimer, HenryHenry Latimer
Delaware
1784

42
Lincoln, LeviLevi Lincoln
Massachusetts
1781

43
Lowndes, RawlinsRawlins Lowndes
South Carolina
1779

44
Macon, NathanielNathaniel Macon
North Carolina
1785

45
Manton, DanielDaniel Manton
Rhode Island
1787

46
Martin, AlexanderAlexander Martin
North Carolina
1786

47
Martin, LutherLuther Martin
Virginia
1784

48
Mason, GeorgeGeorge Mason
Virginia
1777

49
McDowell, JosephJoseph McDowell
North Carolina
1787

50
McIntosh, LachlanLachlan McIntosh
Georgia
1784

51
McKinly, JohnJohn McKinly
Delaware
1784

52
Montgomery, WilliamWilliam Montgomery
Pennsylvania
1784

53
Moore, WilliamWilliam Moore
Pennsylvania
1777

54
Moultrie, WilliamWilliam Moultrie
South Carolina
1784

55
Mumford, PaulPaul Mumford
Rhode Island
1785

56
Neilson, JohnJohn Neilson
New Jersey
1778[15]

57
Nicholson, JosephJoseph Nicholson
Maryland
1777

58
O'Bryen, WilliamWilliam O'Bryen
Georgia
1789

59
Osborne, AdlaiAdlai Osborne
North Carolina
1784

60
Osborne, HenryHenry Osborne
Georgia
1786

61
Paterson, WilliamWilliam Paterson
New Jersey
1780, 1787

62
Patterson, SamuelSamuel Patterson
Delaware
1784

63
Payne, ElishaElisha Payne
New Hampshire
1784

64
Pendleton, NathanielNathaniel Pendleton
Georgia
1789

65
Person, ThomasThomas Person
North Carolina
1784

66
Philips, PeterPeter Philips
Rhode Island
1785

67
Pickering, JohnJohn Pickering
New Hampshire
1787

68
Pitkin, WilliamWilliam Pitkin
Connecticut
1784

69
Polk, ThomasThomas Polk
North Carolina
1786

70
Ridgely, RichardRichard Ridgely
Maryland
1784, 1785

71
Scott, GustavusGustavus Scott
Maryland
1784

72
Smallwood, WilliamWilliam Smallwood
Maryland
1784

73
Smith, BenjaminBenjamin Smith
North Carolina
1784

74
Sparhawk, JohnJohn Sparhawk
New Hampshire
1786

75
Stirk, SamuelSamuel Stirk
Georgia
1781

76
Stokes, JohnJohn Stokes
North Carolina
1787

77
Strong, CalebCaleb Strong
Massachusetts
1780

78
Strong, JedediahJedediah Strong
Connecticut
1782, 1784, 1784

79
Sullivan, JamesJames Sullivan
Massachusetts
1782, 1783

80
Sumter, ThomasThomas Sumter
South Carolina
1783

81
Thompson, EbenezerEbenezer Thompson
New Hampshire
1778, 1783

82
Treadwell, JohnJohn Treadwell
Connecticut
1784, 1785, 1787

83
Trapier, PaulPaul Trapier
South Carolina
1777

84
Trumbull, JosephJoseph Trumbull
Connecticut
1774

85
Walker Jr., TimothyTimothy Walker Jr.
New Hampshire
1777, 1778, 1782, 1785

86
Warren, JamesJames Warren
Massachusetts
1782

87
Wentworth, JoshuaJoshua Wentworth
New York
1779

88
West, BenjaminBenjamin West
New Hampshire
1787

89
West, StephenStephen West
Virginia
1780

90
Wolcott, ErastusErastus Wolcott
North Carolina
1774, 1787, 1788

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 40–44.
Jump up ^ Burnett, Continental Congress, 32.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Dates as given in this subject's entry in the American National Biography.
Jump up ^ Selected to the first Congress but did not serve; Purcell 38
Jump up ^ The Biographical Directory just lists 1784, but according to Purcell, Blanchard also served in 1787.
Jump up ^ Turned down appointment to First Congress; Purcell
Jump up ^ Dates as given in this subject's entry in the Dictionary of American Biography.
Jump up ^ The Biographical Directory says that he served until 1776, but according to the Journal, he resigned in November 1775.
Jump up ^ The Biographical Directory lists only the 1779 term, but the Dictionary of American Biography states that Frelinghuysen was elected to another term in 1783.
Jump up ^ Was first elected as a delegate in 1775, but did not attend; ANB.
Jump up ^ Also appointed in 1774, but unable to attend due to ill health; ANB
Jump up ^ Reappointed in 1785 but did not attend; Purcell.
Jump up ^ Also elected in 1779 but declined to serve; ANB.
Jump up ^ Elected in 1788, but new government went into effect before he took his seat. Was elected to 1st US Congress. (Purcell)
Jump up ^ Did not attend because he was in the field with the militia.

tag: ol


question_text: who said what we got here is failure to communicate

text:
"What we've got here is failure to communicate"

The Captain (Strother Martin) delivers the quote.

Character
The Captain
Luke

Actor
Strother Martin
Paul Newman

First used in
Cool Hand Luke

Voted No. 11 in AFI's 100 Movie Quotes poll

text: The phrase "What we've got here is failure to communicate"[1] is a quotation from the 1967 film Cool Hand Luke, spoken in the movie first by Strother Martin (as the Captain, a prison warden) and later, abridged, by Paul Newman (as Luke, a stubborn prisoner).

text: The context of the first delivery of the line is:

text: The Captain's line is often misquoted as "What we have here is a failure to communicate".[2]

text: Towards the end of the movie, Luke takes a final stab at freedom – stealing a dump truck and taking flight. After his dramatic escape from the Florida chain gang prison, Luke abandons the truck and enters a church, only to be surrounded by police moments later. Feeling that his life is no longer worth living, walks to a window facing the police and mocks the Captain by repeating the first part of his speech ("What we've got here is a failure to communicate.").[2] He is immediately shot in the neck by Boss Godfrey.

text: The phrase ranks at number 11 on the American Film Institute list, AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes.[1]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Guns N' Roses included the quotation, sampled from Martin's speech in the film, in the opening of their song "Civil War" (1990), and later remixed it in "Madagascar" (2008).[3][4][5]
The quote has been used in many movies, TV shows and other mediums due to its lasting popularity.


document_title: Poverty threshold

question_text: when are you considered under the poverty line

text: Poverty threshold

text: History[edit]

text: Charles Booth, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the turn of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line, a concept originally conceived by the London School Board.[10] Booth set the line at 10 (50p) to 20 shillings (£1) per week, which he considered to be the minimum amount necessary for a family of four or five people to subsist on.[11] Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree (1871–1954), a British sociological researcher, social reformer and industrialist, surveyed rich families in York, and drew a poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money "necessary to enable families … to secure the necessaries of a healthy life", which included fuel and light, rent, food, clothing, and household and personal items. Based on data from leading nutritionists of the period, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary, before people got ill or lost weight. He considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27.84% of the total population of York lived below this poverty line.[12] This result corresponded with that from Charles Booth's study of poverty in London and so challenged the view, commonly held at the time, that abject poverty was a problem particular to London and was not widespread in the rest of Britain. Rowntree distinguished between primary poverty, those lacking in income and secondary poverty, those who had enough income, but spent it elsewhere (1901:295–96).[12]

text: Absolute poverty[edit]

text: The term "absolute poverty" is also sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. Absolute poverty is the absence of enough resources to secure basic life necessities.

text: According to a UN declaration that resulted from the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995, absolute poverty is "a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, and information. It depends not only on income, but also on access to services."[13]

text: David Gordon's paper, "Indicators of Poverty and Hunger", for the United Nations, further defines absolute poverty as the absence of any two of the following eight basic needs:[13]

text:
Food: Body mass index must be above 16.
Safe drinking water: Water must not come solely from rivers and ponds, and must be available nearby (fewer than 15 minutes' walk each way).
Sanitation facilities: Toilets or latrines must be accessible in or near the home.
Health: Treatment must be received for serious illnesses and pregnancy.
Shelter: Homes must have fewer than four people living in each room. Floors must not be made of soil, mud, or clay.
Education: Everyone must attend school or otherwise learn to read.
Information: Everyone must have access to newspapers, radios, televisions, computers, or telephones at home.
Access to services: This item is undefined by Gordon, but normally is used to indicate the complete panoply of education, health, legal, social, and financial (credit) services.

text: Basic needs[edit]

text: The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being, usually in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. The 'basic needs' approach was introduced by the International Labour Organization's World Employment Conference in 1976.[14][15] "Perhaps the high point of the WEP was the World Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the overiding objective of national and international development policy. The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over the world. It influenced the programmes and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the precursor to the human development approach."[14][15]

text: A traditional list of immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter, and clothing.[16] Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, water, and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and health care. Different agencies use different lists.

text: In 1978, Ghai investigated the literature that criticized the basic needs approach. Critics argued that the basic needs approach lacked scientific rigour; it was consumption-oriented and antigrowth. Some considered it to be "a recipe for perpetuating economic backwardness" and for giving the impression "that poverty elimination is all too easy".[17] Amartya Sen focused on 'capabilities' rather than consumption.

text: In the development discourse, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to be an eradicable level of poverty.

text: Relative poverty[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Relative poverty means low income relative to others in a country; for example, below 60% of the median income of people in that country.
It is the "most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations".[18][19][20][21][22] Relative poverty measure is used by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers.[18][19][20][21][22] In the European Union, the "relative poverty measure is the most prominent and most–quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators."[23]

text: "Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific time and space."[24]

text: "Once economic development has progressed beyond a certain minimum level, the rub of the poverty problem – from the point of view of both the poor individual and of the societies in which they live – is not so much the effects of poverty in any absolute form but the effects of the contrast, daily perceived, between the lives of the poor and the lives of those around them. For practical purposes, the problem of poverty in the industrialized nations today is a problem of relative poverty (page 9)."[24][25]

text: However, some have argued that as relative poverty is merely a measure of inequality, using the term 'poverty' for it is misleading. For example, if everyone in a country's income doubled, it would not reduce the amount of 'relative poverty' at all.

text: History of the concept of relative poverty[edit]

text: In 1776, Adam Smith argued that poverty is the inability to afford "not only the commodities which are indispensably necessary for the support of life, but whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the lowest order, to be without."[26][27]

text: In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith argued, "People are poverty stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of their community."[27][28]

text: In 1964, in a joint committee economic President's report in the United States, Republicans endorsed the concept of relative poverty: "No objective definition of poverty exists. ... The definition varies from place to place and time to time. In America as our standard of living rises, so does our idea of what is substandard."[27][29]

text: In 1965, Rose Friedman argued for the use of relative poverty claiming that the definition of poverty changes with general living standards. Those labelled as poor in 1995, would have had "a higher standard of living than many labelled not poor" in 1965.[27][30]

text: In 1979, British sociologist, Peter Townsend published his famous definition: "individuals... can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong (page 31)."[31]

text: Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan of the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) in Ireland explained that "poverty has to be seen in terms of the standard of living of the society in question."[32]

text: Relative poverty measures are used as official poverty rates by the European Union, UNICEF and the OEDC. The main poverty line used in the OECD and the European Union is based on "economic distance", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income.[33]

text: Relative poverty compared with other standards[edit]

text: A measure of relative poverty defines "poverty" as being below some relative poverty threshold. For example, the statement that "those individuals who are employed and whose household equivalised disposable income is below 60% of national median equivalised income are poor" uses a relative measure to define poverty.[34]

text: The term relative poverty can also be used in a different sense to mean "moderate poverty" – for example, a standard of living or level of income that is high enough to satisfy basic needs (like water, food, clothing, housing, and basic health care), but still significantly lower than that of the majority of the population under consideration.[35]

text: National poverty lines[edit]

text: National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Definitions of the poverty line do vary considerably among nations. For example, rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations. Even among rich nations, the standards differ greatly. Thus, the numbers are not comparable among countries. Even when nations do use the same method, some issues may remain.[36]

text: In United States, the poverty thresholds are updated every year by Census Bureau. The threshold in United States are updated and used for statistical purposes. In 2015, in the United States, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was an annual income of US$11,770; the threshold for a family group of four, including two children, was US$24,250.[37][38] According to the U.S. Census Bureau data released on 13 September 2011, the nation's poverty rate rose to 15.1 percent in 2010.

text: In the UK, "more than five million people – over a fifth (23 percent) of all employees – were paid less than £6.67 an hour in April 2006. This value is based on a low pay rate of 60 percent of full-time median earnings, equivalent to a little over £12,000 a year for a 35-hour working week. In April 2006, a 35-hour week would have earned someone £9,191 a year – before tax or National Insurance".[39][40]

text: India's official poverty level, on the other hand, is split according to rural versus urban thresholds. For urban dwellers, the poverty line is defined as living on less than 538.60 rupees (approximately US$12) per month, whereas for rural dwellers, it is defined as living on less than 356.35 rupees per month (approximately US$7.50).[41]

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: This section appears to contradict itself on How welfare benefits are treated, including specific benefits like SNAP. Please see the talk page for more information. (October 2017)

text: Using a poverty threshold is problematic because having an income slightly above or below is not substantially different; the negative effects of poverty tend to be continuous rather than discrete, and the same low income affects different people in different ways. To overcome this problem, a poverty index or indices can be used instead; see income inequality metrics.

text: A poverty threshold relies on a quantitative, or purely numbers-based, measure of income. If other human development-indicators like health and education are used, they must be quantified, which is not a simple (if even achievable) task.

text: Using a single monetary poverty threshold is problematic when applied worldwide, due to the difficulty of comparing prices between countries. Prices of the same goods vary dramatically from country to country; while this is typically corrected for by using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates, the basket of goods used to determine such rates is usually unrepresentative of the poor, most of whose expenditure is on basic foodstuffs rather than the relatively luxurious items (washing machines, air travel, healthcare) often included in PPP baskets. The economist Robert C. Allen has attempted to solve this by using standardized baskets of goods typical of those bought by the poor across countries and historical time, for example including a fixed calorific quantity of the cheapest local grain (such as corn, rice, or oats).

text: Understating poverty[edit]

text: In addition to wage and salary income, investment income and government transfers such as SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, also known as food stamps) and housing subsidies are included in a household's income. Studies measuring the differences between income before and after taxes and government transfers, have found that without social support programs, poverty would be roughly 30% to 40% higher than the official poverty line indicates.[42][43]

text: Further, the U.S. Census Bureau calculates the poverty line the same throughout the U.S. regardless of the cost-of-living in a state or urban area. For instance, the cost-of-living in California, the most populous state, was 42% greater than the U.S. average in 2010, while the cost-of-living in Texas, the second-most populous state, was 10% less than the U.S. average.[citation needed] In 2017, California had the highest poverty rate in the country when housing costs are factored in, a measure calculated by the Census Bureau known as "the supplemental poverty measure".[44]


document_title: Hot cross bun

question_text: what is the white stuff on hot cross buns

text: Hot cross bun

text: History[edit]

text: In many historically Christian countries, plain buns made without dairy products (forbidden in Lent until Palm Sunday) are traditionally eaten hot or toasted during Lent, beginning with the evening of Shrove Tuesday (the evening before Ash Wednesday) to midday Good Friday.

text: The ancient Greeks may have marked cakes with a cross.[6]

text: One theory is that the Hot Cross Bun originates from St Albans, where Brother Thomas Rocliffe, a 14th Century monk at St Albans Abbey, developed a similar recipe called an 'Alban Bun' and distributed the bun to the local poor on Good Friday, starting in 1361.[7]

text: In the time of Elizabeth I of England (1592), the London Clerk of Markets issued a decree forbidding the sale of hot cross buns and other spiced breads, except at burials, on Good Friday, or at Christmas. The punishment for transgressing the decree was forfeiture of all the forbidden product to the poor. As a result of this decree, hot cross buns at the time were primarily made in home kitchens. Further attempts to suppress the sale of these items took place during the reign of James I of England/James VI of Scotland (1603–1625).[8] The first definite record of hot cross buns comes from a London street cry: "Good Friday comes this month, the old woman runs. With one or two a penny hot cross buns", which appeared in Poor Robin's Almanack for 1733.[9] Food historian Ivan Day states, "The buns were made in London during the 18th century. But when you start looking for records or recipes earlier than that, you hit nothing."[3]

text: Traditions[edit]

text: English folklore includes many superstitions surrounding hot cross buns. One of them says that buns baked and served on Good Friday will not spoil or grow mouldy during the subsequent year. Another encourages keeping such a bun for medicinal purposes. A piece of it given to someone ill is said to help them recover.[10] If taken on a sea voyage, hot cross buns are said to protect against shipwreck. If hung in the kitchen, they are said to protect against fires and ensure that all breads turn out perfectly. The hanging bun is replaced each year.[10]

text: Other versions[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, the major supermarkets produce variations on the traditional recipe such as toffee, orange-cranberry, and apple-cinnamon.[3]

text: In Australia and New Zealand, a chocolate version of the bun has become popular; coffee-flavoured buns are also sold in some Australian bakeries.[11] They generally contain the same mixture of spices, but chocolate chips are used instead of currants. There are also sticky date and caramel versions, as well as mini versions of the chocolate and traditional bun.[12]

text: The not cross bun is a variation on the hot cross bun. It uses the same ingredients but instead of having a "cross" on top, it has a smiley face in reference to it being "not cross" in the sense of not angry. The not cross bun was first sold commercially in 2014 by an Australian bakery, Ferguson Plarre Bakehouses, in response to supermarkets selling hot cross buns as early as Boxing Day (26 December).[13]

text: In the Czech Republic, mazanec is a similar cake or sweet bread eaten at Easter. It often has a cross marked on top.[14]

text: In the Bremen area in northern Germany, a "Hedwig" (lower Saxon: heet week) was an ancient Shrove Tuesday meal. On Shrove Tuesday, the top of a Hedwig was cut off and the Hedwig was filled with a tablespoon of hot butter and cinnamon-powder. The top was put back again and the Hedwig was served in a soup plate filled with hot milk or cream. Lastly, a tablespoon of cinnamon-sugar was mulled over the Hedwig, then eaten with a tablespoon. Today, a Hedwig is the sweet part of a Sunday breakfast in northern Germany.

text: In Frisia, the northern part of the Netherlands, there are "Hite wigge". They are very close to the original hot cross bun and Bremen's Hedwig. The Netherlands also has "krentenbollen", which are similar but do not have the cross on top.

text: The cross[edit]

text: The traditional method for making the cross on top of the bun is to use shortcrust pastry;[15][16] however, more recently recipes have recommended a paste consisting of flour and water.[17]


document_title: List of Mount Everest records

question_text: who has climbed mount everest the number of times

text: List of Mount Everest records

text: Records[edit]

text: Highest number of times to reach the summit[edit]

text: † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Highest number of times to reach the summit
21
Apa Sherpa
   Nepal
2012-05-11 !May 11, 2011
[1]

Phurba Tashi Sherpa
   Nepal
2013-05-19 !May 19, 2013
[2]

Kami Rita Sherpa
   Nepal
2013-05-19 !May 19, 2013
[2]

text: Other number of times records[edit]

text: † - Non-Nepali or Tibetan

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Most ascents by a woman
8
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[3][4][5]

Most summits without supplemental oxygen
10
Ang Rita
   Nepal
1996-05-23 !May 23, 1996
[6]

Most summits by a foreigner †
15
Dave Hahn
 United States

[7][8][9]

Most ascents by a foreign woman †
6
Melissa Arnot
 United States

[10][11]

text: First to summit a certain number of times[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit
Summited
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
 New Zealand,    Nepal
1953-05-29 !May 29, 1953

First woman to summit once
Summited
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12]

First to summit twice
2
Nawang Gombu
   Nepal
1963, 1965
[13][14][15]

First woman to summit twice
2
Santosh Yadav
 India
1992, 1993
[16]

First to summit three times
3 by 1982
Sungdare Sherpa
   Nepal

[17]

First woman to summit three times
3 by 2003
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[18]

First to summit 4 times
4 by 1985
Sungdare Sherpa
   Nepal

[19]

First woman to summit 4 times
4 by 2004
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[20]

First to summit 5 times
5 by 1988
Sungdare Sherpa
   Nepal

[19]

First woman to summit 5 times
5 by 2005
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[21]

First person to summit 6 times
6 by 1990
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[19]

First woman to summit 6 times
6 by 2006
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

First person to summit 7 times
7 by 1992
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[22]

First woman to summit 7 times
7 by 2016
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal

[3]

First person to summit 8 times
8 by 1993
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[22]

First person to summit 9 times
9 by 1995
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[23]

First person to summit 10 times
10 by 1996
Ang Rita
   Nepal

[23]

First person to summit 11 times
11 by 2000
Apa Sherpa
   Nepal

[24]

text: Apa continued to increase in summits until 2011, achieving 21 times.[25]

text: Double summiting records[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

First dual ascent made by a woman on Mount Everest summit within five days
Summited
Anshu Jamsenpa
 India
21 May 2017
[26]

text: Fastest ascents[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp
with supplemental oxygen
8 hours and 10 minutes
Pemba Dorje
   Nepal
2004-05-21 !May 21, 2004
[27]

Fastest ascent from Everest South Base Camp
without supplemental oxygena
20 hours and 24 minutes
Aman Kumar Sinha
 India
1998-10-17 !October 17, 2008
[28]

Fastest ascent without supplemental oxygen
and fastest ascent from Everest North Base Camp
16 hours and 45 minutes
Hans Kammerlander
 Italy
1996-5-24 !May 24, 1996
[29]

Longest stay on the summit
21 hours
Babu Chiri Sherpa
   Nepal
1999-05-06 !May 6, 1999
[30]

text: Deadliest accident[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Nation
Date
Ref

Most deaths in one day at Everest
22
   Nepal, China
2015-04-25 !April 25, 2015
[31]

text: Oldest summiters[edit]

text: This table shows the progression of the record for oldest male summiter, as well as some additional examples of aged summiters for comparison

text:
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

80 years 224 days
Yuichiro Miura (b 1932)
 Japan
2013-05-23 !May 23, 2013
[32]

76 years 340 days
Min Bahadur Sherchan (b 1931)
   Nepal
2008
[32][33][34]

75 years 227 days
Yuichiro Miura
 Japan
2008
[32][33][34]

72 years
Bill Burke
 United States
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[35][36]

71 years 61 days
Katsusuke Yanagisawa
 Japan
2007-05-22 !May 22, 2007
[37][38]

70 years 225 days
Takao Arayama
 Japan
May 2006
[38][39]

70 years 222 days
Yuichiro Miura
 Japan
May 2003
[32][33][38][39]

65 years 176 days
Tomiyasu Ishikawa
 Japan
2002-05-17 !17 May 2002
[40]

65 years
Sir Ranulph Fiennes (b 1944)
 United Kingdom
2009-05-21 !21 May 2009
[41]

64 years
Sherman Bull
 United States
2001-05-25 !May 25, 2001
[42][43]

63 years 311 days
Toshio Yamamoto
 Japan
2000
[44][45]

60 years 161 days
Lev Sarkisov
 Georgia
1999-05-12 !May 12, 1999
[44][46]

60 years 160 days
Ramon Balanca (Blanco) Suarez
 Venezuela
1993 (b. 1933)
[47]

55 years
Richard Bass (b. 1929)
 United States
April 1985
[47][48]

50 years
Chris Bonington (b. 1934)
 United Kingdom
April 1985
[47]

50 years
Jozef Psotka (b. 1934, died on descent)
 Czechoslovakia
October 1984
[47]

50 years 118 days
Gerhard Schmatz (b 1929)
 West Germany
October 1979
[40][49]

49 years 52 days
Pierre Mazeaud (b 1929)
 France
15 Oct 1978
[40]

42 years 6 months
Sonam Gyatso (b 1922)
 India
22 May 1965
[40]

39 years
Tenzing Norgay (b 1914)
   Nepal
29 May 1953
[40]

text: Norgay was older than Hillary, so they became the modern day starting point for oldest and youngest climbers respectively.

text: This table shows the progression of the record for oldest female summiter.

text:
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

73 years 180 days
Tamae Watanabe
 Japan
2012-05-19 !May 19, 2012
[50][51]

63 years 177 days
Tamae Watanabe
 Japan
2002-05-16 !May 16, 2002
[50][51]

50 years
Anna Czerwińska
 Poland
2000-05-22 !May 22, 2000
[52]

47 years 98 days (died in the 1996 Mount Everest disaster)
Yasuko Namba
 Japan
1996-05-10 !May 10, 1996
[51]

47 years 21 days
Mary Lefever
 United States
1993-05-19 !May 19, 1993
[40]

39 years 228 days (died on descent)
Hannelore Schmatz
 Germany
1979-10-02 !October 10, 1979
[40]

35 years, 236 days
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12][40]

text: Junko Tabei was the first woman to reach the summit, and thus set the initial records for both oldest and youngest female summiter.

text: Youngest summiters[edit]

text: Due to some variations in record keeping, there may be some variation in the examples

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest
13 years 10 months 10 days old
Jordan Romero
 United States
2010-05-22 !May 22, 2010
[53]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2003-2010)
15 years old
Ming Kipa (female)
   Nepal
2003-05-24 !May 24, 2003
[54][55][56]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2001-2003)
16-year 14 days old
Temba Tsheri
   Nepal
2001-5-24 !May 24, 2001
[42]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (1990–2001)
17 years old
Bertrand Roche
 France
1990-5-24 !1990
[42]

text: Purna was about a month older than Romero at the time of her summiting in 2014:

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Next youngest person and youngest female
13 years 11 months old
Malavath Purna
 India
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[57][58]

text: Youngest female[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Youngest girl to climb Mount Everest
13 years and 11 months old
Malavath Purna
 India
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[57][58]

Youngest person to climb Mount Everest (2003-2010)
15 years old
Ming Kipa
   Nepal
2003-05-24 !May 24, 2003
[54][55][56]

Youngest woman up to Summit Everest up to that time
19 years 35 days
Dicky Dolma
 India
May 10, 1993
[59]

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
22 years, 273 days
Kim Soon-Jo
 South Korea
May 10, 1993

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
24 years, 215 days
Santosh Yadav
 India
May 12, 1992

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
27 years 5 days
Lydia Bradey
 New Zealand
October 14, 1988
[40][60]

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
29-year 2 days
Sharon Wood
 Canada
May 20, 1986
[40]

Youngest woman to summit up to that time
30 years 28 days
Bachendri Pal
 India
May 23, 1984
[40]

First (so both the youngest and oldest) woman to summit
35 years 236 days
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12][40]

text: See also

text:
Nimdoma Sherpa
Samantha Larson
Nima Chhamzi Sherpa, summited May 19, 2012 at the age of 16.[61]

text: Firsts[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

First climbers confirmed as having reached the summit
Summited
Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
 New Zealand,    Nepal
1953-05-29 !May 29, 1953

Youngest female person to climb from Tibetan Side of Everest
Summited
Malavath Purna
 India
2014-05-25 !May 25, 2014
[57][58]

First woman to reach the summit
Summited
Junko Tabei
 Japan
May 16, 1975
[12]

First ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler
 Italy,  Austria
May 8, 1978

First winter ascent
Summited
Krzysztof Wielicki and Leszek Cichy
 POL
February 17, 1980

First solo ascent, simultaneously first solo ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Reinhold Messner
 Italy
August 20, 1980

First paraglider descent from summit
Summited, descended by paraglider
Jean-Marc Boivin
 France
September 26, 1988
[62]

First female ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Lydia Bradey
 New Zealand
October 14, 1988
[60]

First Nepalese woman to successfully summit and descend
Summited, descended
Lhakpa Sherpa
   Nepal
May 18, 2000
[63]

First to descend on a snowboard
Summited, descended by snowboard
Marco Siffredi
 France
May, 2001

First person to reach the summit from three different routes (South Col., North Face and Khangshung Face)
Summited by 3 routes
Kushang Sherpa
 India
1993- 2003
[64]
[65]

First two people to marry on top of Mount Everest
Summited, married
Pem Dorjee and Moni Mulepati
   Nepal
May 30, 2005
[66]

First twins to climb Mount Everest together
Summited
Tashi and Nungshi Malik
 India
May 19, 2013
[67]

First to climb the Everest Triple Crown
Summited
Kenton Cool and Dorje Gylgen
 United Kingdom,   Nepal
May 21, 2013
[68]

First to recite national anthem at everest
Summited
Ratnesh Pandey
 India
May 21, 2016

text: Disabled or diseased summiters[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Amputated foot
Summited Everest
Tom Whittaker
 United States
May 27, 1998
[69]

Blind
Summited Everest via South Col
Erik Weihenmayer
 United States
May 25, 2001

Cystic fibrosis
Summited Everest
Nick Talbot
 United Kingdom
May 2016
[70]

Left arm amputated
Summited Everest
Gary Guller
 United States
May 23, 2003
[71]

Double leg amputee
Summited Everest
Mark Inglis
 New Zealand
May 15, 2006

Right leg amputee
Summited Everest
Nelson Cardona
 Colombia
May 17, 2010
[72]

With no fingers
Summited Everest
Kim Hong-Bin
 South Korea
May 16, 2007
[73][74]

Double arm amputee
Summited Everest
Sudarshan Gautam
   Nepal  Canada
May 20, 2013
[75][76]

Female amputee (1 leg)
Summited Everest
Arunima Sinha
 India
May 21, 2013
[77]

Hemophiliac
Summited Everest
Chris Bombardier
 United States
May 22, 2017
[78]

Insulin dependent Diabetic
Summited Everest
Geri Winkler
 Austria
May 20, 2006
[79][80]

Type I Diabetes
Summited Everest
Will Cross
 United States
May 23, 2006
[81][82][83]

Multiple sclerosis first woman
Summited Everest
Lori Schneider
 United States
May 23, 2009
[84][85]

Multiple sclerosis first man
Summited Everest
Niels van Buren
 The Netherlands
May 2016
[86]

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis and partially blind
Summited Everest
Cindy Abbott
 United States
May 23, 2010
[87][88]

Crohn's disease and ostomy
Summited South Summit of Everest
Rob Hill
 Canada
May 25, 2010
[89][90]

Cancer survivor (Hodgkins disease and Askin's sarcoma); 1 lung
Summit
Sean Swarner
 United States
May 16, 2002
[91][92]

Blind
Summited Everest via North Col
Andy Holzer
 Austria
May 21, 2017
[93]

First Cancer patient
Summited Everest
Ian Toothill
 United Kingdom
May 27, 2017
[94]

text: Other[edit]

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Overflight of summit
8848m
David McIntyre and Sir Douglas Douglas-Hamilton
 United Kingdom
1933-04-03 !April 3, 1933
[95]

Highest of rotorcraft landing and take-off
8848m
Didier Delsalle
 France
2005-05-00 !May, 2005
[96]

text:
Elizabeth Hawley, has kept records for Everest from 1960s to at least 2015.[97]
Marc Kopp was the first disabled person to skydive over Mount Everest, in 2013; he suffers from multiple sclerosis.[98]

text: Nepali records[edit]

text: Many Mount Everest records are held by Nepali, especially those from the Sherpa region who are synonymous with hospitality, hard-work, and brave alpinism.

text:
On 11 May 2011, Apa Sherpa successfully reached the summit of Everest for the twenty-first time, breaking his own record for the most successful ascents.[99] He first climbed Mount Everest in 1989 at the age of 29.[100]

Phurba Tashi Sherpa (also 21 times)
Kami Rita Sherpa (21 times by 2017)

One famous Nepalese female mountaineers was Pasang Lhamu Sherpa, the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest, but who died during the descent. Another well-known woman Sherpa was the two-time Everest summiter Pemba Doma Sherpa, who died after falling from Lhotse on 22 May 2007.[101]
Nepali mountaineer Lhakpa Sherpa, the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest and descend from it, has stood atop of Everest 7 times by 2016 and 8 times by 2017, the most times for woman.[102][103]

text: Another examples of noted Nepali Everest mountaineers:

text:
Temba Tsheri
Nima Chhamzi Sherpa
Nimdoma Sherpa
Ming Kipa
Chhurim

text: About names: Many Nepalese are only given one name, and are often named for a day of the week

text: One source of confusion was in record keeping was that the South side was essentially closed in 2014 due to an avalanche disrupting the Khumbu Icefall. So most of the summiters summited from the North side, except for a small a group that flew a helicopter over the Khumbu Icefall, even though it was not open. This is why in 2016 Adrian Ballinger said on Instagram "9 Sherpa using supplemental oxygen became the first to summit on the South Side of Everest in the past 3 years" in 2016.[104] The full Nepal route to the summit was not open in 2014 or in 2015, but there was a group that summited from the south side in 2014 as part of a Chinese team that used a helicopter to reach that area.[104]

text: Most summits in one day[edit]

text: For the Mountain overall, the most in one day is May 19, 2012 when 179-234 reached the top.[105][106][107]

text: Everest base camp records[edit]

text: Records for non-summits such about the main Nepal-side Base camp:

text:
Record name
Record
Owner
Nation
Date
Ref

Fastest run from Everest Base Camp to Kathmandu
63 hours 8 minutes
Sam Finch (Ashleworth)
 United Kingdom
2013-21-04  !Apr 21, 2013
[citation needed]

Youngest person to trek to Everest Base Camp
Age: 4
Virat Sheokand
 India
April 2017

Youngest children to trek to Everest Base Camp
Ages: 6 and 8
James and Tobin Aidan O'Donnell
 United Kingdom
August 2016
[108]

Youngest siblings to trek to Everest Base Camp
Ages: 6, 8 and 11
James, Tobin and Aidan O'Donnell
 United Kingdom
August 2016
[108]

First person with Down's Syndrome to Everest Base Camp
15 years old
Eli Reimer
 United States
2013
[109]

Youngest Australian to trek to Everest Base Camp
9 years old
Oscar Squirrell
 Australia
April 2017

text: Some Everest-related marathons that start at Base camp or near Everest include the Everest Marathon, Tenzing Hillary Everest Marathon, and the Mount Everest Challenge Marathon.[110]

text: Death statistics[edit]