document_title: Wipro

question_text: who become ceo of wipro company in 2016

question_tokens: who become ceo of wipro company in 2016

text: Wipro

text: History[edit]

text: Early formative years[edit]

text: The company was incorporated on 29 December 1945 in Amalner, Maharashtra by Mohamed Premji as 'Western India Vegetable Products Limited', later abbreviated to 'Wipro'. It was initially set up as a manufacturer of vegetable and refined oils in Amalner, Maharashtra, India under the trade names of Kisan, Sunflower, and Camel.[1][7][8]

text: In 1966, after Mohamed Premji’s death, his son Azim Premji returned home from Stanford University and took over Wipro as its chairman at the age of 21.[9][10]

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, the company shifted its focus to new business opportunities in the IT and computing industry, which was at a nascent stage in India at the time. On 7 June 1977, the name of the company changed from Western India Vegetable Products Limited, to Wipro Products Limited.[7]

text: The year 1980 marked the arrival of Wipro in the IT domain. In 1982, the name was changed from Wipro Products Limited to Wipro Limited.[11] Meanwhile, Wipro continued to expand in the consumer products domain with the launch of "Ralak" a Tulsi based family soap and "Wipro Jasmine", a toilet soap. In 1988 Premji took a loan of 1 million dollar from Sonkar and Sons to set up the project. Later the entire loan amount was waived.[7]

text: In 1988, Wipro diversified its product line into heavy-duty industrial cylinders and mobile hydraulic cylinders.[7] A joint venture company with the United States' General Electric in the name of Wipro GE Medical Systems Pvt. Ltd. was set up in 1989 for the manufacture, sales, and service of diagnostic and imaging products.[12] Later, in 1991, tipping systems and Eaton hydraulic products were launched. The Wipro Fluid Power division, in 1992, developed expertise to offer standard hydraulic cylinders for construction equipment and truck tipping systems. The market saw the launch of the "Santoor" talcum powder and "Wipro Baby Soft" range of baby toiletries in 1990.[12]

text: In 1995, Wipro set up an overseas design centre, Odyssey 21, for undertaking projects and product developments in advanced technologies for overseas clients. Wipro Infotech and Wipro Systems were amalgamated with Wipro in April that year.[12] Five of Wipro's manufacturing and development facilities secured the ISO 9001 certification during 1994–95. In 1999, Wipro acquired Wipro Acer.[13] Wipro became a more profitable, diversified corporation with new products such as the Wipro SuperGenius personal computers (PCs). In 1999, the product was the one Indian PC range to obtain US-based National Software Testing Laboratory (NSTL) certification for the Year 2000 (Y2K) compliance in hardware for all models.[14]

text: Wipro Limited joined hands with a global telecom major KPN (Royal Dutch telecom) to form a joint venture company "Wipro Net Limited" to provide internet services in India.[10] The year 2000 was the year Wipro launched solutions for convergent networks targeted at Internet and telecom solution providers in the names of Wipro OSS Smart and Wipro WAP Smart.[15] In the same year, Wipro got listed on New York Stock Exchange.[16] In early 2000 Wipro Vice Chairman Vivek Paul and Azim Premji approached KPMG Consulting Vice Chairman Keyur Patel and CEO Rand Blazer to form a mega-outsourcing joint venture between the two organizations.

text: In February 2002, Wipro became the first software technology and services company in India to be certified for ISO 14001 certification.[17] Wipro also achieved ISO 9000 certification to become the first software company to get SEI People Capability Maturity Model (PCMM) Level 5 in 2002.[18][19] Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting Group entered the market of compact fluorescent lamps, with the launch of a range of CFL, under the brand name of Wipro Smartlite.[20] As the company grew, a study revealed that Wipro was the fastest wealth creator for 5 years (1997–2002).[21][22] The same year witnessed the launch of Wipro’s own laptops with Intel's Centrino mobile processor.[23] Wipro also entered into an exclusive agreement with the owners of Chandrika for marketing of their soap in select states in India.[24][25] It set up a wholly owned subsidiary company viz. Wipro Consumer Care Limited to manufacture consumer care and lighting products.[26] In 2004 Wipro joined the billion dollar club.[27] It also partnered with Intel for i-shiksha.[28][29] The year 2006 saw Wipro acquire cMango Inc., a US-based technology infrastructure Consulting firm[30][31] Enabler, and a Europe-based retail solutions provider.[32] In 2007, Wipro signed a large deal with Lockheed Martin.[33][34] It also entered into a definitive agreement to acquire Oki Techno Centre Singapore Pte Ltd (OTCS)[34][35] and signed an R&D partnership contract with Nokia Siemens Networks in Germany.[36][37]

text: In 2008 Wipro’s entered the clean energy business with Wipro Eco Energy.[38][39] In April 2011, Wipro signed an agreement with Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) for the acquisition of their global oil and gas information technology practice of the commercial business services business unit.[40][41] In 2012 Wipro acquired Australian Trade Promotions Management firm Promax Applications Group (PAG) for $35 million.[42][43] In 2012 Wipro employed more than 70,000 H-1B visa professional temporary workers in the United States.[44]

text: In 2012 Wipro Ltd. announced the demerger of its consumer care, lighting, furniture, infrastructure Engineering (hydraulics and water and medical diagnostic business into a separate company to be named Wipro Enterprises Ltd.[45] The merger became effective from 31 March 2013.[46][47] The demerged companies together contributed about 10% of the revenues of Wipro Limited in previous financial year.[48][49]

text: In 2014, Wipro signed a 10-year $1.2 billion contract with ATCO, a Canadian Energy & Utilities corporation based out of Calgary, Alberta. This was the largest deal in Wipro's history.[50]

text: In October 2016, Wipro announced that it was buying Appirio, an Indianapolis-based cloud services company for $500 million.[51][52][53]

text: Wipro Group of Companies[edit]

text: Western India Products Limited[edit]

text: Wipro Limited is a global provider of comprehensive IT solutions and services, including Systems Integration, Consulting, Information Systems outsourcing, IT-enabled services, R&D services.[54]

text: Wipro entered into the technology business in 1981 and has over 140,000 employees and clients across 54 countries.[55] IT revenues were at $7.1 billion for the year ended 31 March 2015, with a repeat business ratio of over 95%.[56][57]

text: Wipro Consumer Care & Lighting[edit]

text: Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting (WCCLG), a business unit of Wipro Limited operates in the FMCG segment dealing in consumable commodities. Established in 1945, its first product was vegetable oil, later sold under the brand name "Sunflower Vanaspati". It sells personal care products, such as Wipro Baby Soft and Wipro Safewash, toilet soaps Santoor and Chandrika as well as Yardley.[58] It sells lighting products, including Smartlite CFL,[59] LED, and emergency lights.[60]

text: Through product sales and acquisitions, Wipro Consumer Care and Lighting has grown steadily in the FMCG segment.[61][62][63]

text: Wipro Infrastructure Engineering[edit]

text: Wipro Infrastructure Engineering is the hydraulics business division of Wipro Limited and has been in the business of manufacturing hydraulic cylinders, truck cylinders, and their components and solutions since 1976. This division delivers hydraulic cylinders to international OEMs and represents the Kawasaki, Sun Hydraulics[64] and Teijin Seiki range of hydraulic products in India.[65] It has entered into partnerships Kawasaki[66][67] and aerospace giant EADS.[68] In 2010 Wipro Infrastructure Engineering was the second largest independent manufacturer of hydraulic cylinders in the world.[69]

text: Wipro GE Medical Systems[edit]

text: Wipro GE Medical Systems Limited is Wipro’s joint venture with GE Healthcare South Asia. It is engaged in the research and development of advanced solutions to cater to patient and customer needs in healthcare. This partnership, which began in 1990,[70] today includes gadgets and equipment for diagnostics, healthcare IT solutions and services to help healthcare professionals combat cancer, heart disease, and other ailments. There is complete adherence to Six Sigma quality standards in all products.[71][72][73]

text: Sustainability at Wipro[edit]

text: Wipro has been ranked 1st in the 2010 Asian Sustainability Rating (ASR) of Indian companies[74] and is a member of the NASDAQ Global Sustainability Index[75] as well as the Dow Jones Sustainability Index.[76]

text: In November 2012 Guide to Greener Electronics, Greenpeace ranked Wipro first with a score of 7.1/10.[77]

text: Listing and shareholding[edit]

text: This section appears to contradict itself. Please see the talk page for more information. (July 2017)

text: Listing: Wipro's equity shares are listed on Bombay Stock Exchange where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index,[78] and the National Stock Exchange of India where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty.[79] The American Depositary Shares of the company are listed at the NYSE since October 2000.[80]

text: Shareholding: On 30 September 2013, 73.51% of the equity shares of the company were owned by the promoters: Azim Premji, his family members, partnership firms in which he is a partner and Trusts formed by him/his family. The remaining 26.49% shares are owned by others.

text:
Shareholders (as on 20-January-2016)
Shareholding

Promoter group led by Azim Premji
73.36%

Foreign Institutional Investors (FII)
10.68%

Indian Public
4.99%

Bodies Corporate
2.50%

Mutual Funds/UTI
1.90%

NRI
1.11%

Trusts/Others
0.77%

American Depositary Shares
2.30%

Total
100%

text: Employees[edit]

text: At the end of December 31, 2015, its employee strength was 170,664.[81] Abid Ali Neemuchwala was appointed as Wipro's CEO after T. K. stepped down in early 2016.[82]

text: Awards and recognitions[edit]

text:
In March 2017, Wipro was recognized as one of the world’s most ethical companies by US-based Ethisphere Institute for the sixth consecutive year.[83][84][85][86]
In May 2016, it was ranked 755th on the Forbes Global 2000 list.[87]
Wipro won Gold Award for ‘Integrated Security Assurance Service (iSAS)’ under the ‘Vulnerability Assessment, Remediation and Management’ category of the 11th Annual 2015 Info Security PG’s Global Excellence Awards.[88]
Wipro won 7 awards, including Best Managed IT Services and Best System Integrator in the CIO Choice Awards 2015, India[89]
In 2014, Wipro was ranked 52nd among India's most trusted brands according to the Brand Trust Report, a study conducted by Trust Research Advisory.[90]
Wipro was ranked 2nd in the Newsweek 2012 Global 500 Green companies.[91]
Wipro received the 'NASSCOM Corporate Award for Excellence in Diversity and Inclusion, 2012', in the category 'Most Effective Implementation of Practices & Technology for Persons with Disabilities'.[92]
In 2012, it was awarded the highest rating of Stakeholder Value and Corporate Rating 1 (SVG 1) by ICRA Limited.[93]
It received National award for excellence in Corporate Governance from the Institute of Company Secretaries of India during the year 2004.[94]


document_title: ATP hydrolysis

question_text: what is the breakdown product formed when one phosphate group is removed from atp

root

text: ATP hydrolysis

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Grammar and word choice seem confused in places, may need a careful look by someone who knows the subject. Please help improve this article if you can. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: ATP hydrolysis is the reaction by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released, for example in muscles, by producing work in the form of mechanical energy. The product is adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate, orthophosphate (Pi). ADP can be further hydrolyzed to give energy, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), and another orthophosphate (Pi).[1] ATP hydrolysis is the final link between the energy derived from food or sunlight and useful work such as muscle contraction, the establishment of electrochemical gradients across membranes, and biosynthetic processes necessary to maintain life.

tag: p

text: The description and typical textbook labeling anhydridic bonds as "high energy . . bonds" can be very misleading to students. These bonds are in fact relatively weak. They do involve high energy electrons but the bonds themselves are quite easy to break. As noted below, energy is released by the hydrolysis of ATP when these weak bonds are broken – requiring a small input of energy, followed by the formation of new bonds and the release of a larger amount of energy as the total energy of the system is lowered and becomes more stable.[1]

text: Hydrolysis of the phosphate groups in ATP is especially exergonic, because the resulting orthophosphate group is greatly stabilized by multiple resonance structures, making the products (ADP and Pi) much lower in energy than the reactant (ATP). The high negative charge density associated with the three adjacent phosphate units of ATP also destabilizes the molecule, making it higher in energy. Hydrolysis relieves some of these electrostatic repulsions, liberating useful energy in the process by causing conformational changes in enzyme structure.

text: In humans, approximately 60 percent of the energy released from the hydrolysis of one mole of ATP produces metabolic heat rather than fuel the actual reactions taking place.[2] Due to the acid-base properties of ATP, ADP, and inorganic phosphate, the hydrolysis of ATP has the effect of lowering the pH of the reaction medium. Under certain conditions, high levels of ATP hydrolysis can contribute to lactic acidosis.

text: How much energy ATP hydrolysis produces[edit]

text: Hydrolysis of the terminal phosphoanhydridic bond is a highly exergonic process. The amount of released energy depends on the conditions in a particular cell. Specifically, the energy released is dependent on concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi. The further the concentrations are from equilibrium the greater the absolute value of Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) will be. In standard conditions ( ATP, ADP and Pi concentrations are equal to 1M, water concentration is equal to 55M) the value of ΔG is between -28 to -34 kJ/mol.[3][4]

text: The variability of the ΔG value exists, because this reaction is also dependent on the concentration of Mg2+ cations. The cation Mg2+ plays a role in stabilizing the ATP molecule. But the conditions in a cell are far from the standard state. In fact the ΔG in standard conditions would mean that the concentrations are close to equilibrium. And if cells were actually at equilibrium the change in Gibbs free energy would be zero. That would mean, that no energy is acquired by ATP hydrolysis, and that would have fatal consequences for the organism.[4] Because this reaction is often coupled with thermodynamically unfavorable reactions, to give an overall negative (spontaneous) change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for the reaction sequence.[1]

text: The outcome of ATP hydrolysis is dependent not only on the studied organism, but also on the tissue or even the compartment within the cell. The current demand for energy must be taken into account as well. Variability in the ΔG are therefore to be expected. It is important to realize how far away are the actual concentrations from the standard condition concentrations. They are lower by three orders of magnitude (standard condition values are in M and in reality they are in mM). Because these concentrations are so low, the reaction will be energetically more favorable.[4]

text: To find out the ΔG in vivo in humans, the concentration of ATP, ADP and Pi are measured by using nuclear magnetic resonance.[4] In a human body, in muscle, while in resting state the concentration of ATP is around 4 mM and the concentration of ADP is around 9 μmol/l. And thus the ATP hydrolysis yields the ΔG value of -64 kJ/mol. After ischemia, when the muscle is recovering from exercise, the concentration of ATP is as low as 1 mM and the concentration of ADP is around 7 μmol/l. Therefore the absolute ΔG would be as high as -69 kJ/mol.[5]

text: By comparing the standard value of ΔG and the real life value of ΔG, we can see that the worth of ATP, as measured in humans, is almost twice as much as the worth of ATP in standard conditions.[4]


document_title: Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara

question_text: ahana from dil sambhal ja zara real name

text: Dil Sambhal Jaa Zara

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: It’s a story about a married couple with an age gap of 20 years. Ahana was always loved by her father. Her mother Laila Raichand is a sly, ambitious, greedy woman who cheated on her husband. Ahana’s father dies of shock taking his wife's betrayal too hard. Ahana witnesses their argument hereby developing an intense hatred for her mother. Ahana, frustrated at her life at home after her father's death, finds solace in Anant Mathur, a friend of her dad. Saloni, Ahana's elder sister is about to be married to her sweetheart Tarun. Tarun's father, Mr Gupta is not keen on letting them get married since he is aware of Laila's gold-digging tendencies. He wants Saloni to sign a prenup. When Laila finds out she is infuriated and wants to cancel the wedding. The plot twist comes in the form of Saloni's pregnancy. Laila agrees to the wedding on the condition that Tarun provides 3 crore rupees to her. Tarun and Saloni get married. Meanwhile, Laila sets her eyes on marrying Anant Mathur as he is a rich businessman in order to pay off her debts and increase her social status. But Anant proposes to Ahana and they decide to get married. Rehaan convinces Roshni, Anant's daughter to give her blessings. Anant goes to Laila to ask for Ahana's hand in marriage to him. Laila is furious. She agrees to the marriage and puts forward a condition to Anant. As the story continues Ahana and Anant face many obstacles in their marriage due to the age difference, society, rivalry and family. Rehaan begins to fall for Ahana, while simultaneously learning that she married Anant just to defy and insult her mother for revenge. As he loves Anant who is like a father-figure to him, he doesn't want to see him cheated and tells Anant that Ahana didn't actually love him, not realizing that Ahana truly loves Anant and revenge against her mother was a bonus. On revealing her supposed intentions, it is not taken up well by Anant at first, which leads Rehaan to leave the house. Later being asked for answers, Ahana reveals the initial reason behind the marriage before Anant that shatters him. Misunderstandings brew up. Soon after, Ahana gets pregnant. Elated, she tries to reveal this to Anant. In a series of misunderstandings and the growing distance between them, she is forced to take up the decision of aborting her unborn child. Laila is left broke by Gupta, she has an accident. Rehaan realizes his mistakes. After knowing the abortion bit, Anand again hates Ahana. Rehaan asks for ahana's forgiveness. She forgives him soon after and is taken care of by him. He supports her through the hard times and they go for a Goa trip. Rehaan and Ahana grow closer during the trip. Meanwhile, Anant realizes his mistake and wants to give a second chance to their marriage. Laila gets discharged and is brought home by Anant. She notices Ahana behave weirdly and asks her about her closeness with Rehaan. Ahana struggles to get Rehaan off her mind. She realizes that she actually loves Rehaan and not Anant after getting taunted by Laila that she's turning up to be just like her mother. A frustrated Ahana tries to keep a distance from Rehaan but ends up having more troubles. Rehaan breaks up with Vyoma, his girlfriend. A scorned Vyoma writes a letter to let Anant know about the supposed brewing closeness of Rehaan and Ahana. But Laila rewrites the letter describing Rehaan's relationship with Vyoma. But Roshni misplaces the original letter in order to create trouble between the two. The show ends abruptly with Anant reading the letter and screaming at Rehaan and Ahana asking if what's written is true.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Role
Description

Sanjay Kapoor[5]
Anant Mathur [6]
Ahana's husband and her father's friend. He loves Ahana but misunderstandings ruin their relationship.

Smriti Kalra
Ahana Mathur
Laila Raichand's daughter and Anant Mathur’s wife.

Aashim Gulati
Rehan Khanna
Anant's friend’s son and Saloni's ex-boyfriend. He loves Ahaana.

Niki Aneja Walia
Laila Raichand
Saloni and Ahana's mother. A greedy woman who cheats her husband and earlier wanted to marry Anant for money.

Cheshtha Bhagat
Saloni Gupta (Raichand)
Laila Raichand's daughter and Tarun's wife. She loved Rehaan earlier.

Puneet Sharma
Tarun Gupta
Saloni’s husband.

Indraneel Bhattacharya
Mahendra Gupta
Tarun's father and Laila Raichand's business rival.

Beena Banerjee
Reema
Anant's elder sister

Anandita Pagnis
Roshni Mathur
Anant’s daughter. She hates Ahana and creates trouble between Anant and Ahana.

Kriish Wawa
Aarav Mathur
Anant's son

Bidisha Ghosh Sharma
Yamini
Roshni and Aarav's nanny and Massi. She loves Anant secretly.

Naveen Pandita
Karan
Driver at Anant’s house. He was orphaned at the age of six so when Anant found him, he brought him home and raised him along with Roshni. He is in love with Roshni and would go to any length to keep her happy.

Geet Sharma
Kavita
Servant at Anant's house Hiralal and Uma's daughter. Loves Karan. A greedy girl who hates Roshni

Nakuul Mehta
Shivaay Singh Oberoi
Ahana's Friend. (Cameo)

Surbhi Chandna
Anika Shivaay Singh Oberoi
Ahana's Friend. (Cameo)

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Harish Sagane had composed the original songs and background score for the show. The tracks become an instant hit among viewers.

text:
Track list

No.
Title
Vocalist
Length

1.
"Jeene Bhi De"
Yasser Desai
6:31

2.
"Ae Dil Na Kar Tu Chahate"
Soham Naik
3:33


document_title: Shark tooth

question_text: what does a bull shark tooth look like

question_tokens: what does a bull shark tooth look like

text: Shark tooth

text: Types and Functions[edit]

text: Though sharks often are highly specialized, as a category they have ranged widely in their adaptations. Their teeth reflect this, ranging widely in form and function.

text: There are a number of common types of shark teeth, that vary according to the diet of the shark. Examples include dense flattened teeth for crushing; long needle-like teeth for gripping; pointed lower teeth for gripping combined with serrated, triangular upper teeth cutting, and teeth that are tiny, greatly reduced, and non-functional.[3]

text: Dense Flattened Teeth[edit]

text: Dense flattened teeth are used to crush prey like bivalves and crustaceans. These Sharks include nurse sharks and angel sharks. They are typically found at the bottom of the ocean floor because this is the habitat in which their prey live. Their teeth are flat in order to easily crack open the shells their prey uses for protection.[4]

text: Needle-like Teeth[edit]

text: This was the first common style of shark tooth, present in the plentiful cladodont teeth of the devonian, four hundred million years ago. Sharks with needle-like teeth commonly feed on small to medium-sized fish, sometimes including small sharks. These teeth are especially effective for such prey because they can easily grip their slippery and narrow bodies. Modern examples include the blue shark and bull sharks. These sharks specifically use their teeth to feed on small prey like squid, flounder, stingrays, and even hammerhead sharks.[4]

text: Pointed Lower Teeth and Triangular Upper Teeth[edit]

text: This combination of pointed lower teeth with triangular upper teeth are especially useful for cutting prey that consist of large mammals and fish. The combination of teeth entails serrated edges to cut the larger prey into smaller portions in order to easily swallow the pieces. The most famously known shark with these teeth is the Great White shark, which feeds on animals such as sea lions, dolphins, other sharks, and even small whales.[4]

text: Non-Functional Teeth[edit]

text: The teeth of plankton-feeders, such as the basking shark and whale shark, are greatly reduced and non-functional.[1] These sharks filter feed on prey by opening their mouths to let tiny organisms get sucked into their mouths to feed without using their teeth at all, instead filtering the food when passing water through their gills.[4]

text: Transitional teeth[edit]

text: As one species evolves into another, its teeth may become difficult to classify, exhibiting characteristics of both species. For example, teeth from Carcharocles auriculatus as it evolved into C. angustidens, are difficult to definitively identify as coming from either species.

text: A commonly referred to transition is the evolution of Isurus hastalis, the Extinct Giant Mako, into the Great White shark, Carcharodon carcharias. There exist teeth that are believed to represent the transition between the two species. These teeth, from Carcharodon sp. are characterised by the wider, flatter crowns of the Extinct Giant Mako. However, they also exhibit partial, fading serrations, which are more pronounced near the root, and disappear towards the tip of the tooth - serrations being found in Great Whites but not Extinct Giant Makos.

text: Special mention: Megalodon teeth[edit]

text: C. megalodon teeth are the largest of any shark, extinct or living, and are among the most sought after types of shark teeth in the world. This shark lived during the late Oligocene epoch and Neogene period, about 28 to 1.5 million years ago, and ranged to a maximum length of 60 ft.[5] The smallest teeth are only 1.2 cm (0.5 in) in height, while the largest teeth are in excess of 17.7 cm (7.0 in). The smaller teeth ranging from 3½” and 4½” are more common finds, while teeth over 5”, 6”, and 7” are more rare.[5] These teeth are in extremely high demand by collectors and private investors, and they can fetch steep prices according to their size and deterioration.[5] The larger teeth can cost as much as 3,000 dollars.[6]

text: Deposits[edit]

text: Shark teeth cannot be collected from just any type of rock. Any fossils, including fossil shark teeth, are preserved in sedimentary rocks after falling from their mouth.[5] The sediment that the teeth were found in is used to help determine the age of the shark tooth due to the fossilization process.[7] Shark teeth are most commonly found between the Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary periods.[8] Only after about 10,000 years will a shark tooth fossilize.[9] The teeth commonly found are not white because they are covered with sediment from fossilization. The sediment prevents oxygen and bacteria from attacking and decaying the tooth.[8][9]

text: Fossilized shark teeth can often be found in or near river bed banks, sand pits, and beaches. These teeth are typically worn, because they were frequently moved and redeposited in different areas repeatedly before settling down. Other locations, however, yield perfect teeth that were hardly moved during the ages. These teeth are typically fragile, and great care should be taken while excavating them.[8] Phosphate pits, containing mostly fossil bones and teeth, or kaolin pits, are ideal places to look for fossil shark teeth. One of the most notable phosphate mines is in Central Florida, Polk County, and is known as Bone Valley. Most of the teeth found here range from 3 to 10 million years old.[5] Near New Caledonia, up until the practice was banned, fishermen and commercial vessels used to dredge the sea floor for megalodon teeth. In the state of Georgia, shark teeth are found so often that they decided to make shark teeth the official state fossil in 1976.[10]

text: Counting[edit]

text: In taxonomy, shark teeth are counted as follows: rows of teeth are counted along the line of the jaw, while series of teeth are counted from the front of the jaw inward.[11] A single tooth row includes one or more functional teeth at the front of the jaw, and multiple replacement teeth behind this.[12] For example, the jaws of a bull shark can have 50 rows of teeth in 7 series, with the outermost series functional, but most sharks have five series with the average shark having about 15 rows of teeth in each jaw.[9] The small teeth at the symphysis, where the two halves of the jaw meet, are usually counted separately from the main teeth on either side. Sharks are also known to lose at least one tooth per week. Due to their specific arrangement of rows and series however, lost teeth can be replaced within a day.[9]

text: Shark Teeth Research and Identification[edit]

text: Identification of most sharks are found through a combination of tooth counts and tooth shapes. Teeth can even lead to the identification of shark species like the requiem shark. The fossilized records of teeth helps illustrate evolutionary history, and isolated teeth are used to study and analyze specific linear measurements of the species.[13] In order to identify teeth and specific information about the teeth, research can be done on a shark tooth. This research may uncover many different aspects about the tooth itself, and the shark species. This proves complicated, however, due to the fact that most fossilized teeth are found mixed and scattered.[7] To collect information on basic-life history and get dispersal estimates of a shark tooth, molecular-based technology is very efficient. To further shark population studies, collection of mtDNA can be extracted from shark jaws and teeth.[14] To study the caries-reducing effect in sharks, studies are done on the fluorine atoms that are bound covalently to calcium atoms in the teeth. Each tooth has a complex fluorapatite structure enameloid.[15] In order to reduce effects of deterioration in the teeth, it is useful to sample only the surface of the enameloid of the tooth for this specific research.[16] Studying and researching shark teeth betters our understandings of shark feeding behaviors, evolutionary changes, and mechanisms.[17] This helps us to identify the teeth, and even the species.

text: History of discovery[edit]

text: The oldest known records of fossilized shark teeth are by Pliny the Elder,[18] who believed that these triangular objects fell from the sky during lunar eclipses.

text: According to Renaissance accounts, large, triangular fossil teeth often found embedded in rocky formations were believed to be petrified tongues of dragons and snakes and so were referred to as "tongue stones" or "glossopetrae". Glossopetrae were commonly thought to be a remedy or cure for various poisons and toxins; they were used in the treatment of snake bites. Due to this ingrained belief, many noblemen and royalty wore these "tongue stones" as pendants or kept them in their pockets as good-luck charms.

text: This interpretation was corrected in 1611 by the Italian naturalist Fabio Colonna, who recognized them as ancient shark teeth, and, in 1667, by the Danish naturalist Nicolaus Steno, who discussed their composition and famously produced a depiction of a shark's head bearing such teeth.[19] He mentioned his findings in a book, The Head of a Shark Dissected, which also contained an illustration of a C. megalodon tooth, previously considered to be a tongue stone.[20]

text: Tool use by humans[edit]

text: In Oceania and America, shark teeth were commonly used for tools, especially on weapons such as clubs and daggers, but also as blades to carve wood and as tools for food preparation. For example, various weapons edged with shark teeth were used by the Native Hawaiians (see example here[21]), who called them leiomano.[22] Some types were reserved for royalty.[23] The Guaitaca (Weittaka) of coastal Brazil tipped their arrows with shark teeth.[24] The remains of shark tooth-edged weapons, as well as chert replicas of shark teeth, have been found in the Cahokia mounds of the upper Mississippi River valley, more than 1,000 km (620 mi) from the ocean.[25] It is reported that the rongorongo tablets of Easter Island were first shaped and then inscribed using a hafted shark tooth.[26]


document_title: Love & Hip Hop: New York

question_text: when do love and hip hop new york come back on

text: Love & Hip Hop: New York

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Cast member
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Chrissy Lampkin
Main

Emily Bustamante
Main

Olivia Longott
Main
Supporting

Somaya Reece
Main

Guest1

Kimbella Vanderhee

Main
Guest

Guest

Main
Guest1

Yandy Smith-Harris

Main

Erica Mena

Supporting
Main

Guest1

Jen the Pen

Main

Raqi Thunda

Main

Winter Ramos

Guest
Main

Rashidah Ali

Main
Guest
Supporting

Tahiry Jose

Main

Guest1

Tara Wallace

Main
Supporting

Erica Jean

Main

Amina Buddafly

Main
Supporting

K. Michelle

Main
Guest2

Cyn Santana

Supporting
Main

Chrissy Monroe

Main

Cardi B

Main

Moe Money & Sexxy Lexxy

Main

Mariahlynn

Main

Remy Ma

Main

Bianca Bonnie

Supporting
Main

Felicia "Snoop" Pearson

Main

Juju C.

Guest3
Supporting
Main

Anaís

Main

Lil' Mo

Main

text: Note:

text:
^ Appears in the Dirty Little Secrets special only.
^ Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Live: The Wedding special only.
^ Appears in an uncredited cameo only.

tag: ol

text: Current[edit]

text: Yandy Smith-Harris (Season 2–present)

tag: ul

text: Mariahlynn (Season 6–present)

text: Remy Ma (Season 6–present)

text: Bianca Bonnie (Season 7–present) (supporting cast member in season 6)

text: Felicia "Snoop" Pearson (Season 7–present)

text: Juju C. (Season 8–present) (supporting cast member in season 7) (cameo appearance in season 6)

text: Anaís (Season 8–present)

text: Lil' Mo (Season 8–present)

text: Former[edit]

text: Chrissy Lampkin (Seasons 1–2)

text: Emily Bustamante (Seasons 1–2)

text: Olivia Longott (Seasons 1–2) (supporting cast member in season 3)

text: Somaya "Boss" Reece (Seasons 1–2) (guest star in season 8)

text: Kimbella Vanderhee (Seasons 2, 7) (guest star in seasons 3, 5, 8)

text: Erica Mena (Seasons 3–5) (supporting cast member in season 2) (guest star in season 8)

text: Jen "The Pen" Bayer (Season 3)

text: Raqi Thunda (Season 3)

text: Winter Ramos (Season 3) (guest star in season 2)

text: Rashidah "Rah" Ali (Season 3) (guest star in season 4) (supporting cast member in seasons 5–6)

text: Tahiry Jose (Seasons 3–4) (guest star in season 8)

text: Tara Wallace (Seasons 4–6) (supporting cast member in season 7)

text: Erica Jean (Season 4)

text: Amina Buddafly (Seasons 4–6) (supporting cast member in season 7)

text: K. Michelle (Season 4) (guest star in season 5)

text: Cyn Santana (Season 5) (supporting cast member in season 4)

text: Chrissy Monroe (Season 5)

text: Cardi B (Seasons 6–7)

text: Miss Moe Money & Sexxy Lexxy (Season 6)

text: Supporting[edit]

text: The series has a large ensemble cast. The lead cast members appear in the opening credits, while other cast members are credited as "additional cast" or "featured" in the show's credits. These cast members appear in green screen confessional segments and (for the most part) have the same amount of screen time and storyline focus as the show's main cast members. Several major supporting cast members have been eventually upgraded to main cast members.

text:
Cast member
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Jim Jones
Supporting

Mashonda Tifrere
Supporting

Maurice Aguilar
Supporting

Nancy "Mama" Jones
Supporting

Guest4

Rich Dollaz
Supporting

Teairra Marí

Supporting

Joe Budden

Supporting

Mendeecees Harris

Supporting
Guest5
Supporting
Guest5

Consequence

Supporting

Lore'l

Supporting

Kaylin Garcia

Supporting

Peter Gunz

Guest
Supporting
Guest6

Nya Lee

Supporting

Saigon

Supporting

Diamond Strawberry

Supporting

Cisco Rosado

Guest

Supporting
Guest6

Chink Santana

Supporting

Precious Paris

Supporting

Jhonni Blaze

Supporting

Guest6

Papoose

Supporting

DJ Self

Guest7

Supporting

Yorma Hernandez

Supporting

Rose

Supporting

Hennessy Carolina

Guest
Supporting

Samantha Wallace

Guest
Supporting

Juelz Santana
Guest

Guest4

Supporting

J. Adrienne

Supporting

Swift Star

Supporting

DJ Drewski

Supporting

Sofi Green

Supporting

Sky Landish

Supporting

Kim Wallace

Guest
Supporting

Erika DeShazo

Guest
Supporting

Judy Harris

Guest
Supporting

Asia Cole

Supporting

Ashley Trowers

Guest
Supporting

Jade Wifey

Supporting

Moniece Slaughter

Guest4

Supporting

Major Galore

Supporting

Safaree Samuels

Supporting

DreamDoll

Supporting

Karl Dargan

Supporting

Navarro Gray

Supporting

Ashley Diaz

Supporting

Jaquáe

Supporting

Sophia Body

Supporting

Brittney Taylor

Supporting

James R.

Supporting

Jonathan Fernandez

Guest7

Supporting

Trent Crews

Supporting

Ayisha Diaz

Supporting

text: Note:

text:
^ Appears in the Love & Hip Hop Live: The Wedding special only.
^ As Mendeecees was incarcerated during filming of these seasons, he only makes voice appearances during phone call conversations.
^ Appears in the Dirty Little Secrets special only.
^ Appears in an uncredited cameo only.

text: Current[edit]

text: Rich Dollaz

text: Papoose (Season 6–present)

text: DJ Self (Season 6–present) (guest star in season 2)

text: Judy Harris (Season 7–present) (guest star in seasons 5–6)

text: Safaree Samuels (Season 8–present)

text: DreamDoll (Season 8–present)

text: Karl Dargan (Season 8–present)

text: Navarro Gray (Season 8–present)

text: Ashley Diaz (Season 8–present)

text: Jaquáe (Season 8–present)

text: Sophia Body (Season 8–present)

text: Brittney Taylor (Season 8–present)

text: James R. (Season 8–present)

text: Jonathan Fernandez (Season 8–present)

text: Trent Crews (Season 8–present)

text: Ayisha Diaz (Season 8–present)

text: Former[edit]

text: Jim Jones (Seasons 1–2)

text: Mashonda Tifrere (Season 1)

text: Maurice Aguilar (Seasons 1–2)

text: Nancy "Mama" Jones (Seasons 1–2) (guest star in season 5)

text: Teairra Marí (Season 2)

text: Joe Budden (Seasons 3–4)

text: Mendeecees Harris (Seasons 3, 5–6) (voice appearances in seasons 4, 7)

text: Consequence (Season 3)

text: Lore'l (Season 3)

text: Kaylin Garcia (Season 3)

text: Peter Gunz (Seasons 4–7) (guest star in seasons 3, 8)

text: Nya Lee (Season 4)

text: Saigon (Season 4)

text: Diamond Strawberry (Season 5)

text: Cisco Rosado (Seasons 5–7) (guest star in seasons 3, 8)

text: Chink Santana (Season 5)

text: Precious Paris (Season 5)

text: Jhonni Blaze (Season 5)

text: Yorma Hernandez (Season 6)

text: Rose (Season 6)

text: Hennessy Carolina (Season 7) (guest star in season 6)

text: Samantha Wallace (Season 7) (guest star in seasons 5–6)

text: Juelz Santana (Season 7) (guest star in seasons 1–2, 5)

text: J. Adrienne (Season 7)

text: Swift Star (Season 7)

text: DJ Drewski (Season 7)

text: Sofi Green (Season 7)

text: Sky Landish (Season 7)

text: Kim Wallace (Season 7) (guest star in seasons 5–6)

text: Erika DeShazo (Season 7) (guest star in season 6)

text: Asia Cole (Season 7)

text: Ashley Trowers (Season 7) (guest star in season 6)

text: Jade Wifey (Season 7)

text: Moniece Slaughter (Season 7) (guest star in season 5)

text: Major Galore (Season 7)

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Extra episodes

First aired
Last aired
Reunion
Specials

1
9
March 6, 2011 (2011-03-06)
May 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)
May 16, 2011
N/A

2
11
November 14, 2011 (2011-11-14)
January 23, 2012 (2012-01-23)
February 6, 2012
N/A

3
14
January 7, 2013 (2013-01-07)
April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01)
April 8, 2013
April 15, 2013
N/A

4
14
October 28, 2013 (2013-10-28)
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)
February 3, 2014
February 10, 2014
October 24, 2013

5
17
December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)
March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
April 6, 2015
April 13, 2015
May 25, 2015

6
14
December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
March 21, 2016
March 28, 2016
N/A

7
16
November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)
February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)
February 20, 2017
February 27, 2017
N/A

8
N/A
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
N/A
N/A
October 18, 2017

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2011)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Love & Hip Hop"
March 6, 2011 (2011-03-06)
1.93[15]

2
2
"Birthday"
March 21, 2011 (2011-03-21)
0.81[16]

3
3
"The Yacht"
March 28, 2011 (2011-03-28)
0.68[17]

4
4
"Aftermath"
April 4, 2011 (2011-04-04)
0.73[18]

5
5
"A Voice"
April 11, 2011 (2011-04-11)
0.89[19]

6
6
"Proposal"
April 18, 2011 (2011-04-18)
0.69[20]

7
7
"Hold You Down"
April 25, 2011 (2011-04-25)
1.18[21]

8
8
"Me Against the Joneses"
May 2, 2011 (2011-05-02)
0.80[22]

9
9
"Reunion"
May 16, 2011 (2011-05-16)
1.26[23]

text: Season 2 (2011–12)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

10
1
"Still Look Pretty"
November 14, 2011 (2011-11-14)
2.56[24]

11
2
"Bitch, I'm Fuego"
November 21, 2011 (2011-11-21)
2.78[25]

12
3
"A Toast To Kimbella"
November 28, 2011 (2011-11-28)
2.92[26]

13
4
"Fizzy-chotic"
December 5, 2011 (2011-12-05)
2.38[27]

14
5
"Emily's 'Fabolous' Life"
December 12, 2011 (2011-12-12)
2.28[28]

15
6
"Bottle Service"
December 26, 2011 (2011-12-26)
2.70[29]

16
7
"These Are The Breaks"
January 2, 2012 (2012-01-02)
2.81[30]

17
8
"Miami Vice"
January 9, 2012 (2012-01-09)
3.41[31]

18
9
"Back To Reality"
January 16, 2012 (2012-01-16)
3.03[32]

19
10
"At The End of the Day"
January 23, 2012 (2012-01-23)
3.14[33]

20
11
"Reality Check"
February 6, 2012 (2012-02-06)
2.30[34]

text: Season 3 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

21
1
"The Whole Truth and Nothing But The Truth..."
January 7, 2013 (2013-01-07)
2.59[35]

22
2
"Raq and a Hard Place"
January 14, 2013 (2013-01-14)
2.20[36]

23
3
"Family Matters"
January 21, 2013 (2013-01-21)
1.93[37]

24
4
"Life Support"
January 28, 2013 (2013-01-28)
2.19[38]

25
5
"Can't Take the Heat"
February 4, 2013 (2013-02-04)
1.92[39]

26
6
"Ain't Always About the Dollaz"
February 18, 2013 (2013-02-18)
1.88[40]

27
7
"Burn After Reading"
February 25, 2013 (2013-02-25)
1.81[41]

28
8
"Closing the Book"
March 4, 2013 (2013-03-04)
1.81[42]

29
9
"Redemption Song"
March 11, 2013 (2013-03-11)
1.62[43]

30
10
"Do the Right Thing"
March 18, 2013 (2013-03-18)
1.51[44]

31
11
"With or Without You?"
March 25, 2013 (2013-03-25)
1.75[45]

32
12
"One Day at a Time"
April 1, 2013 (2013-04-01)
1.78[46]

33
13
"Reunion – Part 1"
April 8, 2013 (2013-04-08)
1.80[47]

34
14
"Reunion – Part 2"
April 15, 2013 (2013-04-15)
2.35[48]

text: Season 4 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

35
1
"Everybody Plays The Fool"
October 28, 2013 (2013-10-28)
2.99[49]

36
2
"Stray Bullet"
November 4, 2013 (2013-11-04)
2.94[50]

37
3
"Lez B Honest"
November 11, 2013 (2013-11-11)
3.36[51]

38
4
"Picture This"
November 18, 2013 (2013-11-18)
3.05[52]

39
5
"Off the Record"
November 25, 2013 (2013-11-25)
3.18[53]

40
6
"Wife Swap"
December 2, 2013 (2013-12-02)
2.95[54]

41
7
"Messy All Over the World"
December 9, 2013 (2013-12-09)
2.95[55]

42
8
"Girls With Gunz"
December 30, 2013 (2013-12-30)
2.38[56]

43
9
"Love Is a Battlefield"
January 6, 2014 (2014-01-06)
2.88[57]

44
10
"Red Alert"
January 13, 2014 (2014-01-13)
3.11[58]

45
11
"Put a Ring on It"
January 20, 2014 (2014-01-20)
3.44[59]

46
12
"All Good Things..."
January 27, 2014 (2014-01-27)
3.05[60]

47
13
"Reunion – Part 1"
February 3, 2014 (2014-02-03)
3.15[61]

48
14
"Reunion – Part 2"
February 10, 2014 (2014-02-10)
3.51[62]

text: Season 5 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"Bride and Prejudice"
December 15, 2014 (2014-12-15)
2.48[63]

50
2
"You're Cancelled"
December 22, 2014 (2014-12-22)
2.17[64]

51
3
"A Lie for a Lie"
January 5, 2015 (2015-01-05)
2.66[65]

52
4
"A Woman Scorned"
January 12, 2015 (2015-01-12)
2.49[66]

53
5
"Oh Baby!"
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
2.38[67]

54
6
"Exes and Ohs"
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
2.82[68]

55
7
"Mama Drama"
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
2.58[69]

56
8
"Worlds Collide"
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
2.54[70]

57
9
"Call Your Bluff"
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
2.63[71]

58
10
"Regrets Only"
February 23, 2015 (2015-02-23)
2.56[72]

59
11
"You Again?"
March 2, 2015 (2015-03-02)
2.48[73]

60
12
"Mind Your Manners"
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
2.49[74]

61
13
"All Heart"
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
2.20[75]

62
14
"The Final Countdown"
March 23, 2015 (2015-03-23)
2.53[76]

63
15
"Surprise, Surprise"
March 30, 2015 (2015-03-30)
2.13[77]

64
16
"Reunion – Part 1"
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
2.37[78]

65
17
"Reunion – Part 2"
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
2.28[79]

text: Season 6 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

66
1
"The Crown"
December 14, 2015 (2015-12-14)
2.67[80]

67
2
"Secrets and Lies"
December 21, 2015 (2015-12-21)
2.28[81]

68
3
"What's Poppin"
December 28, 2015 (2015-12-28)
2.68[82]

69
4
"The Bald and the Beautiful"
January 4, 2016 (2016-01-04)
2.72[83]

70
5
"Endings & Beginnings"
January 11, 2016 (2016-01-11)
2.60[84]

71
6
"Fallout"
January 18, 2016 (2016-01-18)
2.76[85]

72
7
"Ups & Downs"
January 25, 2016 (2016-01-25)
2.77[86]

73
8
"The Long Game"
February 1, 2016 (2016-02-01)
2.63[87]

74
9
"Love & War"
February 8, 2016 (2016-02-08)
2.59[88]

75
10
"Showcase Showdown"
February 22, 2016 (2016-02-22)
2.49[89]

76
11
"The Wait Is Over"
February 29, 2016 (2016-02-29)
2.48[90]

77
12
"Love Conquers All"
March 7, 2016 (2016-03-07)
2.26[91]

78
13
"Reunion – Part 1"
March 21, 2016 (2016-03-21)
2.41[92]

79
14
"Reunion – Part 2"
March 28, 2016 (2016-03-28)
2.58[93]

text: Season 7 (2016–17)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

80
1
"All The Way Up"
November 21, 2016 (2016-11-21)
2.35[94]

81
2
"Strawberries"
November 28, 2016 (2016-11-28)
2.48[95]

82
3
"Chest Pains"
December 5, 2016 (2016-12-05)
2.17[96]

83
4
"Get It Poppin"
December 12, 2016 (2016-12-12)
2.28[97]

84
5
"Past and Present"
December 12, 2016 (2016-12-12)
2.54[97]

85
6
"Lock and Key"
December 19, 2016 (2016-12-19)
2.29[98]

86
7
"Secret's Out"
December 26, 2016 (2016-12-26)
2.28[99]

87
8
"Firing Squad"
January 2, 2017 (2017-01-02)
2.61[100]

88
9
"Coo Coo for Koko"
January 9, 2017 (2017-01-09)
2.18[101]

89
10
"Don't Mess with the Exes"
January 16, 2017 (2017-01-16)
2.49[102]

90
11
"Creepin' Back"
January 23, 2017 (2017-01-23)
2.71[103]

91
12
"Cancun – Part 1"
January 30, 2017 (2017-01-30)
2.38[104]

92
13
"Cancun – Part 2"
February 6, 2017 (2017-02-06)
2.33[105]

93
14
"The Sit-Down"
February 13, 2017 (2017-02-13)
2.27[106]

94
15
"Reunion – Part 1"
February 20, 2017 (2017-02-20)
2.51[107]

95
16
"Reunion – Part 2"
February 27, 2017 (2017-02-27)
2.63[108]

text: Season 8 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

96
1
"Unity"
October 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)
TBD

97
2
TBA
November 6, 2017 (2017-11-06)
TBD

98
3
TBA
November 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)
TBD

99
4
TBA
November 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)
TBD

100
5
TBA
November 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)
TBD

101
6
TBA
December 4, 2017 (2017-12-04)
TBD

102
7
TBA
December 11, 2017 (2017-12-11)
TBD

103
8
TBA
December 18, 2017 (2017-12-18)
TBD


document_title: Vasoepididymostomy

question_text: anastomosis between the epididymis and the vas deferens

text: Vasoepididymostomy

text:
Vasoepididymostomy

ICD-9-CM
63.83

[edit on Wikidata]

text: Vasoepididymostomy or epididymovasostomy is a surgery by which vasectomies are reversed. It involves connection of the severed vas deferens to the epididymis and is more technically demanding than the vasovasostomy.

text: For a vasectomy reversal that involves a vasoepididymostomy, there are two microsurgical approaches. The procedure involves a similar surgical incision as vasovasostomy; however, unlike with a vasovasostomy, the testis is usually delivered into the field for this more complex microsurgery. After the findings from the vasal fluid are reviewed showing epididymal obstruction, the epididymis is exposed by opening the outer testis covering (tunica vaginalis). The epididymis is inspected and an individual tubule is selected to enter and connect to the vas deferens. From this point on, one of two epididymovasostomy techniques is taken. In the mucosa-to-mucosa, end to side method,[1] an opened epididymal tubule is connected to the cut end of the vas deferens with 4 to 6 small (10-0) simple sutures placed around the circumference of each. This “inner” layer is supported with an “outer” layer of radially placed 9-0 sutures to strengthen the connection. Recently, an “invagination” vasoepididymostomy was described as an alternative to the mucosa-to-mucosa method.[2] With this technique, one, two or three “vest” sutures of 10-0 suture should be placed near the opening of the epididymal tubule to allow the epididymal tubule to “invaginate” into the vas deferens, theoretically creating a connection, that, based on studies in animal models, has an improved watertight seal and possibly a higher chance for success. Once the vas-deferens-epididymis connection is completed, the covering around the testis is replaced.

text: Vasoepididymostomy is often considered one of the most technically challenging operations in the field of urology. The procedure requires anastomosis of a single epididymal tubule (luminal diameter .15-.25 mm) to the lumen of the vas deferens (diameter .3-.4 mm), and is reserved for patients with congenital or acquired epididymal obstruction, or patients who have failed previous attempts at surgical reconstruction of the vas deferens. This surgery attaches the vas deferens directly to the epididymis, the coiled tube on the back of each testicle where sperm matures. A vasectomy can cause blockages or a break in the vas deferens or the epididymis. This surgery is used when a vasovasostomy won't work because sperm flow is blocked. The vas deferens is connected to the epididymis above the point of blockage.


document_title: Bell UH-1 Iroquois

question_text: where did the name huey helicopter come from

text: Bell UH-1 Iroquois

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1952, the U.S. Army identified a requirement for a new helicopter to serve as medical evacuation (MEDEVAC), instrument trainer, and general utility aircraft. The Army determined that current helicopters were too large, underpowered, or too complex to maintain easily. In November 1953, revised military requirements were submitted to the Department of the Army.[3] Twenty companies submitted designs in their bid for the contract, including Bell Helicopter with the Model 204 and Kaman Aircraft with a turbine-powered version of the H-43. On 23 February 1955, the Army announced its decision, selecting Bell to build three copies of the Model 204 for evaluation with the designation XH-40.[4]

text: Model 204[edit]

text: Powered by a prototype Lycoming YT53-L-1 (LTC1B-1) engine producing 700 shp (520 kW), the XH-40 first flew on 20 October 1956[5] at Fort Worth, Texas, with Bell's chief test pilot, Floyd Carlson, at the controls. Two more prototypes were built in 1957, and the Army had previously ordered six YH-40 service test aircraft, even before the first prototype had flown.[3][6] In March 1960, the Army awarded Bell a production contract for 100 aircraft, which was designated as the HU-1A and officially named Iroquois after the Native American nations.[7]

text: The helicopter quickly developed a nickname derived from its designation of HU-1, which came to be pronounced as "Huey". The reference became so popular that Bell began casting the name on the helicopter's anti-torque pedals.[2] The official U.S. Army name was almost never used in practice.[8] After September 1962, the designation for all models was changed to UH-1 under a unified Department of Defense (DOD) designation system, but the nickname remained.

text: While glowing in praise for the helicopter's advances over piston-engined helicopters, the Army reports from the service tests of the YH-40 found it to be underpowered with the production T53-L-1A powerplant producing a maximum continuous 770 shaft horsepower (570 kilowatts).[N 1] The Army indicated the need for improved follow-on models even as the first UH-1As were being delivered. In response, Bell proposed the UH-1B, equipped with the Lycoming T53-L-5 engine producing 960 shp (720 kW) and a longer cabin that could accommodate either seven passengers or four stretchers and a medical attendant. Army testing of the UH-1B started in November 1960, with the first production aircraft delivered in March 1961.[3]

text: Bell commenced development of the UH-1C in 1960 in order to correct aerodynamic deficiencies of the armed UH-1B. Bell fitted the UH-1C with a 1,100 shp (820 kW) T53-L-11 engine to provide the power needed to lift all weapons systems in use or under development. The Army would eventually refit all UH-1B aircraft with the same engine. A new rotor system was developed for the UH-1C to allow higher air speeds and reduce the incidence of retreating blade stall during diving engagements. The improved rotor resulted in better maneuverability and a slight speed increase.[6] The increased power and a larger diameter rotor required Bell's engineers to design a new tail boom for the UH-1C. The longer tail boom incorporated a wider chord vertical fin on the tail rotor pylon and larger synchronized elevators.

text: Bell also introduced a dual hydraulic control system for redundancy as well as an improved inlet filter system for the dusty conditions found in southeast Asia. The UH-1C fuel capacity was increased to 242 US gallons (920 liters), and gross weight was raised to 9,500 lb (4,309 kg), giving a nominal useful load of 4,673 lb (2,120 kg). UH-1C production started in June 1966 with a total of 766 aircraft produced, including five for the Royal Australian Navy and five for Norway.

text: Model 205[edit]

text: While earlier "short-body" Hueys were a success, the Army wanted a version that could carry more troops. Bell's solution was to stretch the HU-1B fuselage by 41 in (104 cm) and use the extra space to fit four seats next to the transmission, facing out. Seating capacity increased to 15, including crew.[9] The enlarged cabin could also accommodate six stretchers and a medic, two more than the earlier models.[9] In place of the earlier model's sliding side doors with a single window, larger doors were fitted which had two windows, plus a small hinged panel with an optional window, providing enhanced access to the cabin. The doors and hinged panels were quickly removable, allowing the Huey to be flown in a "doors off" configuration.

text: The Model 205 prototype flew on 16 August 1961.[10][11] Seven pre-production/prototype aircraft had been delivered for testing at Edwards AFB starting in March 1961. The 205 was initially equipped with a 44-foot (13.4 m) main rotor and a Lycoming T53-L-9 engine with 1,100 shp (820 kW). The rotor was lengthened to 48 feet (14.6 m) with a chord of 21 in (53 cm). The tailboom was also lengthened, in order to accommodate the longer rotor blades. Altogether, the modifications resulted in a gross weight capacity of 9,500 lb (4,309 kg). The Army ordered production of the 205 in 1963, produced with a T53-L-11 engine for its multi-fuel capability.[N 2][12] The prototypes were designated as YUH-1D and the production aircraft was designated as the UH-1D.

text: In 1966, Bell installed the 1,400 shp (1,000 kW) Lycoming T53-L-13 engine to provide more power for the aircraft. The pitot tube was relocated from the nose to the roof of the cockpit, to prevent damage during landing. Production models in this configuration were designated as the UH-1H.[8][13]

text: Marine Corps[edit]

text: In 1962, the United States Marine Corps held a competition to choose an assault support helicopter to replace the Cessna O-1 fixed-wing aircraft and the Kaman OH-43D helicopter. The winner was the UH-1B, which was already in service with the Army. The helicopter was designated the UH-1E and modified to meet Marine requirements. The major changes included the use of all-aluminum construction for corrosion resistance,[N 3] radios compatible with Marine Corps ground frequencies, a rotor brake for shipboard use to stop the rotor quickly on shutdown and a roof-mounted rescue hoist.

text: The UH-1E was first flown on 7 October 1963, and deliveries commenced 21 February 1964, with 192 aircraft completed. Due to production line realities at Bell, the UH-1E was produced in two different versions, both with the same UH-1E designation. The first 34 built were essentially UH-1B airframes with the Lycoming T53-L-11 engine producing 1,100 shp (820 kW). When Bell switched production to the UH-1C, the UH-1E production benefited from the same changes. The Marine Corps later upgraded UH-1E engines to the Lycoming T53-L-13, which produced 1,400 shp (1,000 kW), after the Army introduced the UH-1M and upgraded their UH-1C helicopters to the same engine.

text: Air Force[edit]

text: The United States Air Force's (USAF) competition for a helicopter to be used for support on missile bases included a specific requirement to mandate the use of the General Electric T58 turboshaft as a powerplant. The Air Force had a large inventory of these engines on hand for its fleet of HH-3 Jolly Green Giant rescue helicopters and using the same engine for both helicopters would save costs. In response, Bell proposed an upgraded version of the 204B with the T58 engine. Because the T58 output shaft is at the rear, and was thus mounted in front of the transmission on the HH-3, it had to have a separate offset gearbox (SDG or speed decreaser gearbox) at the rear, and shafting to couple to the UH-1 transmission.

text: Twin–engine variants[edit]

text: The single–engine UH-1 variants were followed by the twin-engine UH-1N Twin Huey and years later the UH-1Y Venom. Bell began development of the UH-1N for Canada in 1968. It changed to the more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T twin-engine set. The U.S. also ordered the helicopter with the U.S. Air Force receiving it in 1970. Canada's military, the U.S. Marine Corps, and the U.S. Navy first received the model in 1971.[14]

text: In 1996, the USMC began the H-1 upgrade program by awarding a contract to Bell Helicopter for developing the improved UH-1Y and AH-1Zs variants.[15] The UH-1Y includes a lengthened cabin, four-blade rotor, and two more powerful GE T700 engines.[1] The UH-1Y entered service with the USMC in 2008.[16]

text: Design[edit]

text: The UH-1 has a metal fuselage of semi-monocoque construction with tubular landing skids and two rotor blades on the main rotor.[17] Early UH-1 models featured a single Lycoming T53 turboshaft engine in versions with power ratings from 700 shp (522 kW) to 1,400 shp (1,040 kW).[6] Later UH-1 and related models would feature twin engines and four-blade rotors.

text: All aircraft in the UH-1 family have similar construction. The UH-1H is the most-produced version, and is representative of all types. The main structure consists of two longitudinal main beams that run under the passenger cabin to the nose and back to the tail boom attachment point. The main beams are separated by transverse bulkheads and provide the supporting structure for the cabin, landing gear, under-floor fuel tanks, transmission, engine and tail boom. The main beams are joined at the lift beam, a short aluminum girder structure that is attached to the transmission via a lift link on the top and the cargo hook on the bottom and is located at the aircraft's center of gravity. The lift beams were changed to steel later in the UH-1H's life, due to cracking on high-time airframes. The semi-monocoque tail boom attaches to the fuselage with four bolts.[18]

text: The UH-1H's dynamic components include the engine, transmission, rotor mast, main rotor blades, tail rotor driveshaft, and the 42-degree and 90-degree gearboxes. The transmission is of a planetary type and reduces the engine's output to 324 rpm at the main rotor. The two-bladed, semi-rigid rotor design, with pre-coned and underslung blades, is a development of early Bell model designs, such as the Bell 47 with which it shares common design features, including a dampened stabilizer bar. The two-bladed system reduces storage space required for the aircraft, but at a cost of higher vibration levels. The two-bladed design is also responsible for the characteristic 'Huey thump' when the aircraft is in flight, which is particularly evident during descent and in turning flight. The tail rotor is driven from the main transmission, via the two directional gearboxes which provide a tail rotor speed approximately six times that of the main rotor to increase tail rotor effectiveness.[18]

text: The UH-1H also features a synchronized elevator on the tail boom, which is linked to the cyclic control and allows a wider center of gravity range. The standard fuel system consists of five interconnected fuel tanks, three of which are mounted behind the transmission and two of which are under the cabin floor. The landing gear consists of two arched cross tubes joining the skid tubes. The skids have replaceable sacrificial skid shoes to prevent wear of the skid tubes themselves. Skis and inflatable floats may be fitted.[18]

text: Internal seating is made up of two pilot seats and additional seating for up to 13 passengers or crew in the cabin. The maximum seating arrangement consists of a four-man bench seat facing rearwards behind the pilot seats, facing a five-man bench seat in front of the transmission structure, with two, two-man bench seats facing outwards from the transmission structure on either side of the aircraft. All passenger seats are constructed of aluminum tube frames with canvas material seats, and are quickly removable and reconfigurable. The cabin may also be configured with up to six stretchers, an internal rescue hoist, auxiliary fuel tanks, spotlights, or many other mission kits. Access to the cabin is via two aft-sliding doors and two small, forward-hinged panels. The doors and hinged panels may be removed for flight or the doors may be pinned open. Pilot access is via individual hinged doors.[18]

text: While the five main fuel tanks are self-sealing, the UH-1H was not equipped with factory armor, although armored pilot seats were available.[18]

text: The UH-1H's dual controls are conventional for a helicopter and consist of a single hydraulic system boosting the cyclic stick, collective lever and anti-torque pedals. The collective levers have integral throttles, although these are not used to control rotor rpm, which is automatically governed, but are used for starting and shutting down the engine. The cyclic and collective control the main rotor pitch through torque tube linkages to the swash plate, while the anti-torque pedals change the pitch of the tail rotor via a tensioned cable arrangement. Some UH-1Hs have been modified to replace the tail rotor control cables with torque tubes similar to the UH-1N Twin Huey.[18]

text: Operational history[edit]

text: U.S. Army[edit]

text: The HU-1A (later redesignated UH-1A) first entered service with the 101st Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, the 82nd Airborne Division, and the 57th Medical Detachment. Although intended for evaluation only, the Army quickly pressed the new helicopter into operational service, and Hueys with the 57th Medical Detachment arrived in Vietnam in March 1962.[13] The UH-1 has long been a symbol of US involvement in Southeast Asia in general and Vietnam in particular, and as a result of that conflict, has become one of the world's most recognized helicopters. In Vietnam primary missions included general support, air assault, cargo transport, aeromedical evacuation, search and rescue, electronic warfare, and later, ground attack. During the conflict, the craft was upgraded, notably to a larger version based on the Model 205. This version was initially designated the UH-1D and flew operationally from 1963.

text: During service in the Vietnam War, the UH-1 was used for various purposes and various terms for each task abounded. UH-1s tasked with ground attack or armed escort were outfitted with rocket launchers, grenade launchers, and machine guns. As early as 1962, UH-1s were modified locally by the companies themselves, who fabricated their own mounting systems.[19] These gunship UH-1s were commonly referred to as "Frogs" or "Hogs" if they carried rockets, and "Cobras" or simply "Guns" if they had guns.[20][21][N 4][22] UH-1s tasked and configured for troop transport were often called "Slicks" due to an absence of weapons pods. Slicks did have door gunners, but were generally employed in the troop transport and medevac roles.[8][13]

text: UH-1s also flew "hunter-killer" teams with observation helicopters, namely the Bell OH-58A Kiowa and the Hughes OH-6 Cayuse (Loach).[8][13] Towards the end of the conflict, the UH-1 was tested with TOW missiles, and two UH-1B helicopters equipped with the XM26 Armament Subsystem were deployed to help counter the 1972 Easter Invasion.[23] USAF Lieutenant James P. Fleming piloted a UH-1F on a 26 November 1968 mission that earned him the Medal of Honor.[24]

text: During the course of the war, the UH-1 went through several upgrades. The UH-1A, B, and C models (short fuselage, Bell 204) and the UH-1D and H models (stretched-fuselage, Bell 205) each had improved performance and load-carrying capabilities. The UH-1B and C performed the gunship, and some of the transport, duties in the early years of the Vietnam War. UH-1B/C gunships were replaced by the new AH-1 Cobra attack helicopter from 1967 to late 1968. The increasing intensity and sophistication of NVA anti-aircraft defenses made continued use of UH-1 gunships impractical, and after Vietnam the Cobra was adopted as the Army's main attack helicopter. Devotees of the UH-1 in the gunship role cite its ability to act as an impromptu Dustoff if the need arose, as well as the superior observational capabilities of the larger Huey cockpit, which allowed return fire from door gunners to the rear and sides of the aircraft.[8][13] In air cavalry troops (i.e., companies) UH-1s were combined with infantry scouts, OH-6 and OH-58 aero-scout helicopters, and AH-1 attack helicopters to form several color-coded teams (viz., blue, white, red, purple, and pink) to perform various reconnaissance, security, and "economy of force" missions in fulfilling the traditional cavalry battlefield role.

text: The Army tested a great variety of experimental weapons on the UH-1; nearly anything that could be carried. The Army desired weapons with large calibers and high rates of fire, which led to the testing of a 20 mm cannon on a large mount bolted to the cabin floor. The size of the weapon allowed very little room for movement. The Army further tested a full-size Vulcan cannon firing out the door of a UH-1. It was capable of firing 2400 rounds per minute, or about 40 rounds per second. Despite this being a significant reduction from the nearly 100 rounds per second fired by a standard Vulcan cannon, the installation proved "too kinetic" for the UH-1. Podded versions of the M24 20 mm cannon were tested in combat over Vietnam. There was a wide variety of 7.62 mm automatic weapons tested, including different installations of the M60 machine gun. AS-10 and SS-11 missiles were tested in several different configurations. High-capacity rocket launchers were also tested, such as the XM3 launcher, which had 24 launching tubes. Press photos were taken with the XM5 and XM3 installed on the same aircraft, but this arrangement could not be used because it was more than the gross take-off weight of the aircraft.[25]

text: During the 1972 Easter offensive by North Vietnam, experimental models of the TOW-firing XM26 were taken out of storage and sent to South Vietnam to help stop the onslaught. The pilots had never fired a TOW missile before, and were given just crash courses. Despite having little training with the units, the pilots managed to hit targets with 151 of the 162 missiles fired in combat, including a pair of tanks. The airborne TOW launchers were known as "Hawks Claws" and were based at Camp Holloway.[25] During the war 7,013 UH-1s served in Vietnam and of these 3,305 were destroyed. In total 1,074 Huey pilots were killed, along with 1,103 other crew members.[26]

text: The US Army phased out the UH-1 with the introduction of the UH-60 Black Hawk, although the Army UH-1 Residual Fleet had around 700 UH-1s that were to be retained until 2015, primarily in support of Army Aviation training at Fort Rucker and in selected Army National Guard units. Army support for the craft was intended to end in 2004. The UH-1 was retired from active Army service in 2005.[27] In 2009, Army National Guard retirements of the UH-1 accelerated with the introduction of the UH-72 Lakota.[28][29][30] The final UH-1 was retired in 2016.[31]

text: U.S. Air Force[edit]

text: In October 1965, the USAF 20th Helicopter Squadron was formed at Tan Son Nhut Air Base in South Vietnam, equipped initially with CH-3C helicopters. By June 1967 the UH-1F and UH-1P were also added to the unit's inventory, and by the end of the year the entire unit had shifted from Tan Son Nhut to Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base, with the CH-3s transferring to the 21st Helicopter Squadron. On 1 August 1968, the unit was redesignated the 20th Special Operations Squadron. The 20th SOS's UH-1s were known as the Green Hornets, stemming from their color, a primarily green two-tone camouflage (green and tan) was carried, and radio call-sign "Hornet". The main role of these helicopters were to insert and extract reconnaissance teams, provide cover for such operations, conduct psychological warfare, and other support roles for covert operations especially in Laos and Cambodia during the so-called Secret War.[32]

text: US Air Force UH-1s were often equipped with automatic grenade launchers in place of the door guns. The XM-94 grenade launcher had been tested on Army aircraft before being used by the Air Force. The unit was capable of firing 400 grenades per minute, up to 1,500 yards effective range.[33]

text: Today, the US Air Force uses the UH-1N for support of intercontinental ballistic missile sites, including transport of security personnel and distinguished visitors.[34][35]

text: U.S. Navy[edit]

text: The US Navy began acquiring UH-1B helicopters from the Army and these aircraft were modified into gunships with special gun mounts and radar altimeters and were known as Seawolves in service with Navy Helicopter Attack (Light) (HA(L)-3). UH-1C helicopters were also acquired in the 1970s.[36][37] The Seawolves worked as a team with Navy river patrol operations.[38]

text: Four years after the disestablishment of HA(L)-3, the Navy determined that it still had a need for gunships, establishing two new Naval Reserve Helicopter Attack (Light) Squadrons as part of the newly formed Commander, Helicopter Wing Reserve (COMHELWINGRES) in 1976. Helicopter Attack Squadron (Light) Five (HA(L)-5), nicknamed the "Blue Hawks", was established at Naval Air Station Point Mugu, California on the 11 June 1977 and its sister squadron, Helicopter Attack Squadron (Light) Four (HA(L)-4), known as the Red Wolves, was formed at Naval Air Station Norfolk, Virginia on 1 July 1976.[39]

text: Operation Enduring Freedom (2001–present)[edit]

text: UH-1Hs have been used by the American Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in counter-narcotics raids in the ongoing conflict in Afghanistan. Operated by contractors, these Hueys provide transportation, surveillance, and air support for DEA FAST teams. Four UH-1Hs and two Mi-17s were used in a raid in July 2009 which led to the arrest of an Afghan Border Police commander.[40]

text: Argentina[edit]

text: Nine Argentine Army Aviation UH-1Hs and two Argentine Air Force Bell 212 were included with the aircraft deployed during the Falklands War. They performed general transport and SAR missions and were based at Port Stanley (BAM Puerto Argentino). Two of the Hueys were destroyed and, after the hostilities had ended, the balance were captured by the British.[41]

text: Australia[edit]

text: The Royal Australian Air Force employed the UH-1H until 1989. Iroquois helicopters of No. 9 Squadron RAAF were deployed to South Vietnam in mid 1966 in support of the 1st Australian Task Force. In this role they were armed with single M60 doorguns. In 1969 four of No. 9 Squadron's helicopters were converted to gunships (known as 'Bushrangers'), armed with two fixed forward firing M134 7.62 mm minigun (one each side) and a 7-round rocket pod on each side. Aircrew were armed with twin M60 flexible mounts in each door. UH-1 helicopters were used in many roles including troop transport, medevac and Bushranger gunships for armed support.[42] No. 35 Squadron and No. 5 Squadron also operated the Iroquois in various roles through the 1970s and 1980s. Between 1982 and 1986, the squadron contributed aircraft and aircrew to the Australian helicopter detachment which formed part of the Multinational Force and Observers peacekeeping force in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt.[42] In 1988 the RAAF began to re-equip with S-70A Blackhawks.[42]

text: In 1989 and 1990 the RAAF's UH-1H Iroquois were subsequently transferred to the 171st Aviation Squadron in Darwin, Northern Territory and the 5th Aviation Regiment based in Townsville, Queensland following the decision that all battlefield helicopters would be operated by the Australian Army.[43] On 21 September 2007, the Australian Army retired the last of their Bell UH-1s. The last flight occurred in Brisbane on that day with the aircraft replaced by MRH-90 medium helicopters and Tiger armed reconnaissance helicopters.[44]

text: The Royal Australian Navy's 723 Squadron also operated seven UH-1B from 1964 to 1989, with three of these aircraft lost in accidents during that time.[45] 723 Squadron deployed Iroquois aircraft and personnel as part of the Experimental Military Unit during the Vietnam War.[46]

text: El Salvador[edit]

text: UH-1s were operated by El Salvador Air Force, being at its time the biggest and most experienced combat helicopter force in Central and South America, fighting during 10 years and being trained by US Army in tactics developed during the Vietnam War. UH-1M and UH-1H helicopters used by El Salvador were modified to carry bombs instead of rocket pods.[47]

text: Germany[edit]

text: Dornier built 352 UH-1Ds under license from 1967 to 1981 for the German military (Bundeswehr). These saw service with the German Army and German Air Force as light utility helicopters and as search and rescue (SAR) helicopters.[8]

text: Israel[edit]

text: Israel withdrew its UH-1s from service in 2002, after thirty three years of service. They were replaced by Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters beginning with an initial batch of 10 delivered in 1994. While some were passed on to pro-Israeli militias in Lebanon, eleven other UH-1Ds were reportedly sold to a Singapore-based logging company but were, instead, delivered in October 1978 to the Rhodesian Air Force to skirt the UN endorsed embargo imposed during the Rhodesian Bush War.[48][49]

text: Japan[edit]

text: Two UH-1s were deployed to Pakistan for earthquake disaster relief in 2005.[50] In 2010 after floods in Pakistan UH-1s were again deployed to the country to aid in disaster relief.[51][52]

text: UH-1s of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force were deployed for disaster relief after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, and also conducted reconnaissance over the stricken Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant.[53]

text: The aircraft are also used to conduct water bombing against fires.[54][55]

text: Lebanon[edit]

text: During the Battle of Nahr el-Bared camp in North Lebanon, the Lebanese army, lacking fixed-wing aircraft, modified the UH-1H to carry 500 lb (227 kg) Mark 82 bombs to strike militant positions, i.e. helicopter bombing. Special mounts engineered by the Lebanese army were added to the sides of each Huey to carry the high explosive bombs.[56]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The Royal New Zealand Air Force had an active fleet of 13 Iroquois serving with No. 3 Squadron RNZAF.[57] The first delivery was five UH-1D in 1966 followed in 1970 by nine UH-1H and one more UH-1H in 1976. All of the UH-1D aircraft were upgraded to 1H specification during the 1970s. Two ex-U.S. Army UH-1H attrition airframes were purchased in 1996, one of which is currently in service. Three aircraft have been lost in accidents.[58]

text: The RNZAF is currently in the process of retiring the Iroquois. The NHIndustries NH90 has been chosen as its replacement, eight active NH90 helicopters plus one spare are being procured. This process was initially expected to be completed by the end of 2013, but was delayed until 2016. Individual aircraft were retired as they reach their next major 'group' servicing intervals; the UH-1H is to be retired as the NH90 fleet is stood up.[59] On 21 May 2015, the remaining UH-1H fleet of six helicopters conducted a final tour of the country ahead of its planned retirement on 1 July. During 49 years of service the type had seen service in areas including the U.K., Southeast Asia, Timor, the Solomon Islands, various South Pacific nations, and the Antarctic.[60]

text: Philippines[edit]

text: The Philippine Air Force has a long history of acquiring United States Air Force assets, including Bell UH-1 aircraft. Francis Ford Coppola filmed Apocalypse Now in the Philippines primarily because Ferdinand Marcos agreed to let Coppola use Philippine Hueys to film the iconic scene with Robert Duvall as Lt. Colonel Kilgore.[61]

text: The PAF is pursuing the acquisition of 21 additional UH-1H helicopters as of 2013.[62][63]

text: Rhodesia[edit]

text: Very late in the Rhodesian Bush War the Rhodesian Air Force obtained 11 former Israeli Agusta-Bell 205As,[64] known in service as Cheetahs. After much work these then formed No. 8 Sqn Rhodesian Air Force and took part as troop transports in the counter-insurgency fight. One was lost in combat in September 1979, when hit in Mozambique by a RPG. At least another three were lost. The survivors were put up for sale in 1990.[65]

text: Variant overview[edit]

text: U.S. Military variants[edit]

text:
XH-40: The initial Bell 204 prototype. Three prototypes were built, equipped with the Lycoming XT-53-L-1 engine of 700 shp (520 kW).[13]
YH-40: Six aircraft for evaluation, as XH-40 with 12-inch (300 mm) cabin stretch and other modifications.

Bell Model 533: One YH-40BF rebuilt as a flight test bed with turbojet engines and wings.

HU-1A: Initial Bell 204 production model, redesignated as the UH-1A in 1962.[13] 182 built.[66]

TH-1A: UH-1A with dual controls and blind-flying instruments, 14 conversions.[66]
XH-1A: A single UH-1A was redesignated for grenade launcher testing in 1960.[13]

HU-1B: Upgraded HU-1A, various external and rotor improvements. Redesignated UH-1B in 1962.[13] 1014 built plus four prototypes designated YUH-1B.[66]

NUH-1B: a single test aircraft, serial number 64-18261.[13]

UH-1C: The UH-1B gunship lacked the power necessary to carry weapons and ammunition and keep up with transport Hueys, and so Bell designed yet another Huey variant, the "UH-1C", intended strictly for the gunship role. It is an UH-1B with improved engine, modified blades and rotor-head for better performance in the gunship role.[13] 767 built.[66]
YUH-1D: Seven pre-production prototypes of the UH-1D.
UH-1D: Initial Bell 205 production model (long fuselage version of the 204). Designed as a troop carrier to replace the CH-34 then in US Army service.[13] 2008 built many later converted to UH-1H standard.[66]

HH-1D: Army crash rescue variant of UH-1D.[13]

UH-1E: UH-1B/C for USMC with different avionics and equipment.[13] 192 built.[66]

NUH-1E: UH-1E configured for testing.
TH-1E: UH-1C configured for Marine Corps training. Twenty were built in 1965.[13]

UH-1F: UH-1B/C for USAF with General Electric T58-GE-3 engine of 1,325 shp (988 kW).[13] 120 built.[66]

TH-1F: Instrument and Rescue Trainer based on the UH-1F for the USAF.[13] 26 built.[66]

text:
UH-1H: Improved UH-1D with a Lycoming T53-L-13 engine of 1,400 shp (1,000 kW).[13] 5435 built.[66]

CUH-1H: Canadian Forces designation for the UH-1H utility transport helicopter. Redesignated CH-118.[13][67] A total of 10 built.[66]
EH-1H: Twenty-two aircraft converted by installation of AN/ARQ-33 radio intercept and jamming equipment for Project Quick Fix.
HH-1H: SAR variant for the USAF with rescue hoist.[13] A total of 30 built.[66]
JUH-1: Five UH-1Hs converted to SOTAS battlefield surveillance configuration with belly-mounted airborne radar.[13]
TH-1H: Recently modified UH-1Hs for use as basic helicopter flight trainers by the USAF.

HH-1K: Purpose built SAR variant of the Model 204 for the US Navy with USN avionics and equipment.[13] 27 built.[66]
TH-1L: Helicopter flight trainer based on the HH-1K for the USN. A total of 45 were built.[13]

UH-1L: Utility variant of the TH-1L. Eight were built.[13]

UH-1M: Gunship specific UH-1C upgrade with Lycoming T53-L-13 engine of 1,400 shp (1,000 kW).[13]
UH-1N: Initial Bell 212 production model, the Bell "Twin Pac" twin-engined Huey powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada T400-CP-400.[13]
UH-1P: UH-1F variant for USAF for special operations use and attack operations used solely by the USAF 20th Special Operations Squadron, "the Green Hornets".[13]
EH-1U: No more than 2 UH-1H aircraft modified for Multiple Target Electronic Warfare System (MULTEWS).[68]
UH-1V: Aeromedical evacuation, rescue version for the US Army.[13]
EH-1X: Ten Electronic warfare UH-1Hs converted under "Quick Fix IIA".[13]
UH-1Y: Upgraded variant developed from existing upgraded late model UH-1Ns, with additional emphasis on commonality with the AH-1Z.

text: Note: In U.S. service the G, J, Q, R, S, T, W and Z model designations are used by the AH-1. The UH-1 and AH-1 are considered members of the same H-1 series. The military does not use I (India) or O (Oscar) for aircraft designations to avoid confusion with "one" and "zero" respectively.

text: Other military variants[edit]

text:
Bell 204: Bell Helicopters company designation, covering aircraft from the XH-40, YH-40 prototypes to the UH-1A, UH-1B, UH-1C, UH-1E, UH-1F, HH-1K, UH-1L, UH-1P and UH-1M production aircraft.

Agusta-Bell AB 204: Military utility transport helicopter. Built under license in Italy by Agusta.
Agusta-Bell AB 204AS: Anti-submarine warfare, anti-shipping version of the AB 204 helicopter.
Fuji-Bell 204B-2: Military utility transport helicopter. Built under license in Japan by Fuji Heavy Industries. Used by the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force under the name Hiyodori.

Bell 205: Bell Helicopters company designation of the UH-1D and UH-1H helicopters.

Bell 205A-1: Military utility transport helicopter version, initial version based on the UH-1H.
Bell 205A-1A: As 205A-1, but with armament hardpoints and military avionics. Produced specifically for Israeli contract.
Agusta-Bell 205: Military utility transport helicopter. Built under license in Italy by Agusta.

AIDC UH-1H: Military utility transport helicopter. Built under license in Taiwan by Aerospace Industrial Development Corporation.[69]
Dornier UH-1D: Military utility transport helicopter. Built under license in Germany by Dornier Flugzeugwerke.[69]
UH-1G: Unofficial name applied locally to at least one armed UH-1H by the Khmer Air Force in Cambodia.[70]

Fuji-Bell 205A-1: Military utility transport helicopter. Built under licence in Japan by Fuji. Used by the Japanese Ground Self Defense Force under the designation HU-1H.[71]

text:
UH-1J: An improved Japanese version of the UH-1H built under license in Japan by Fuji Heavy Industries was locally given the designation UH-1J.[72] Among improvements were an Allison T53-L-703 turboshaft engine providing 1,343 kW (1,800 shp), a vibration-reduction system, infrared countermeasures, and a night-vision-goggle (NVG) compatible cockpit.[73]
Bell 211 Huey Tug With up-rated dynamic system and larger wide chord blades, the Bell 211 was offered for use as the US Army's prime artillery mover, but not taken up.[8]
Bell Huey II: A modified and re-engined UH-1H, improvements were an Allison T53-L-703 turboshaft engine providing 1,343 kW (1,800 shp), a vibration-reduction system, infrared countermeasures, and a night-vision-goggle (NVG) compatible cockpit.significantly upgrading its performance, and its cost-effectiveness. Currently offered by Bell in cooperation with the Philippine Air Force to all current military users of the type.
UH-1/T700 Ultra Huey: Upgraded commercial version, fitted with a 1,400-kW (1900-shp) General Electric T700-GE-701C turboshaft engine.[74]

text: Operators[edit]

text: Aircraft on display[edit]

text: Accidents[edit]

text: 17 January 2018 (2018-01-17): a Sapphire Aviation UH-1H crashed near Raton, New Mexico, United States. Five of the six people on board were killed, including Zimbabwean politician Roy Bennett.

text: Specifications (UH-1D)[edit]

text: General characteristics

text:
Crew: 1–4
Capacity: 3,880 lb (1,760 kg) including 14 troops, or 6 stretchers, or equivalent cargo
Length: 57 ft 1 in (17.40 m) with rotors
Width: 8 ft 7 in (2.62 m) (Fuselage)
Height: 14 ft 5 in (4.39 m)
Empty weight: 5,215 lb (2,365 kg)
Gross weight: 9,040 lb (4,100 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 9,500 lb (4,309 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming T53-L-11 turboshaft, 1,100 shp (820 kW)
Main rotor diameter: 48 ft 0 in (14.63 m)

text: Performance

text:
Maximum speed: 135 mph (217 km/h; 117 kn)
Cruise speed: 125 mph (201 km/h; 109 kn)
Range: 315 mi (274 nmi; 507 km)
Service ceiling: 19,390 ft (5,910 m) dependent on factors such as weight, air temperature, etc
Rate of climb: 1,755 ft/min (8.92 m/s)
Power/mass: 0.15 hp/lb (0.25 kW/kg)

text:
Armament
various including:

text:
7.62 mm machine guns
2.75 in (70 mm) rocket pods

text: Notable appearances in media[edit]

text: The image of American troops disembarking from a Huey has become an iconic image of the Vietnam War, and can be seen in many films, video games and television shows on the subject, as well as more modern settings. The UH-1 is seen in many films about the Vietnam War, including The Green Berets, Platoon, Hamburger Hill, Apocalypse Now,[61] Casualties of War, and Born on the Fourth of July. It is prominently featured in We Were Soldiers as the main helicopter used by the Air Cavalry in the Battle of Ia Drang. Author Robert Mason recounts his career as a UH-1 "Slick" pilot in his memoir, Chickenhawk.

text: The 2002 journey of "Huey 091", displayed in the Smithsonian American History Museum, is outlined in the documentary In the Shadow of the Blade.[75]