document_title: Prince Edward Island

question_text: what's the population of prince edward island

question_tokens: what 's the population of prince edward island

text: Prince Edward Island

text: Etymology[edit]

text: In 1798, the British named the island colony for Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn (1767–1820), the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria. Prince Edward has been called "Father of the Canadian Crown".[7] The following island landmarks are also named after the Duke of Kent:

text:
Prince Edward Battery, Victoria Park, Charlottetown
Kent College (Established in 1804 by Lieutenant Governor Edmund Fanning and his Legislative Council, the college would eventually become the University of Prince Edward Island), Charlottetown
Kent Street, Charlottetown
West Kent Elementary School
Kent Street, Georgetown

text: In French, the island is called today Île-du-Prince-Édouard, but its former French name, as part of Acadia, was Île Saint-Jean (St. John's Island). The island is known in Scottish Gaelic as Eilean a' Phrionnsa (lit. "the Island of the Prince", the local form of the longer 'Eilean a' Phrionnsa Iomhair/Eideard') or Eilean Eòin for some Gaelic speakers in Nova Scotia though not on PEI (lit. "John's Island" in reference to the island's former name). The island is known in the Mi'kmaq language as Abegweit or Epekwitk roughly translated as "land cradled in the waves".

text: Geography[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Prince Edward Island is located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, west of Cape Breton Island, north of the Nova Scotia peninsula, and east of New Brunswick. Its southern shore bounds the Northumberland Strait. The island has two urban areas. The largest surrounds Charlottetown Harbour, situated centrally on the island's southern shore, and consists of the capital city Charlottetown, and suburban towns Cornwall and Stratford and a developing urban fringe. A much smaller urban area surrounds Summerside Harbour, situated on the southern shore 40 km (25 mi) west of Charlottetown Harbour, and consists primarily of the city of Summerside. As with all natural harbours on the island, Charlottetown and Summerside harbours are created by rias.

text: The island's landscape is pastoral. Rolling hills, woods, reddish white sand beaches, ocean coves and the famous red soil have given Prince Edward Island a reputation as a province of outstanding natural beauty. The provincial government has enacted laws to preserve the landscape through regulation, although there is a lack of consistent enforcement, and an absence of province-wide zoning and land-use planning.[citation needed] Under the Planning Act of the province, municipalities have the option to assume responsibility for land-use planning through the development and adoption of official plans and land use bylaws. Thirty-one municipalities have taken responsibility for planning. In areas where municipalities have not assumed responsibility for planning, the Province remains responsible for development control.

text: The island's lush landscape has a strong bearing on its economy and culture. The author Lucy Maud Montgomery drew inspiration from the land during the late Victorian Era for the setting of her classic novel Anne of Green Gables (1908). Today, many of the same qualities that Montgomery and others found in the island are enjoyed by tourists who visit year-round. They enjoy a variety of leisure activities, including beaches, various golf courses, eco-tourism adventures, touring the countryside, and enjoying cultural events in local communities around the island.

text: The smaller, rural communities as well as the towns and villages throughout the province, retain a slower-paced, old-world flavour. Prince Edward Island has become popular as a tourist destination for relaxation. The economy of most rural communities on the island is based on small-scale agriculture. Industrial farming has increased as businesses buy and consolidate older farm properties.

text: The coastline has a combination of long beaches, dunes, red sandstone cliffs, salt water marshes, and numerous bays and harbours. The beaches, dunes and sandstone cliffs consist of sedimentary rock and other material with a high iron concentration, which oxidises upon exposure to the air. The geological properties of a white silica sand found at Basin Head are unique in the province; the sand grains cause a scrubbing noise as they rub against each other when walked on, and have been called the "singing sands".

text: Large dune fields on the north shore can be found on barrier islands at the entrances to various bays and harbours. The magnificent sand dunes at Greenwich are of particular significance. The shifting, parabolic dune system is home to a variety of birds and rare plants; it is also a site of significant archeological interest.

text: Despite Prince Edward Island's small size and reputation as a largely rural province, it is the most densely populated province in Canada.

text: Climate[edit]

text: The climate of the island is considered to be moderate and strongly influenced by the surrounding seas.[8][9] As such, it is milder than inland locations owing to the warm waters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[10] The climate is characterized by changeable weather throughout the year; it has some of the most variable day-to-day weather in Canada, in which specific weather conditions seldom last for long.[9]

text: During July and August, the average daytime high in PEI is 23 °C (73 °F); however, the temperature can sometimes exceed 30 °C (86 °F) during these months. In the winter months of January and February, the average daytime high is −3.3 °C (26 °F). The Island receives an average yearly rainfall of 855 millimetres (33.7 in) and an average yearly snowfall of 285 centimetres (112 in).

text: Winters are moderately cold and long but are milder than inland locations, with clashes of cold Arctic air and milder Atlantic air causing frequent temperature swings.[9] The climate is considered to be more continental than oceanic since the Gulf of St. Lawrence freezes over, thus eliminating any moderation.[9] The mean temperature is −7 °C (19 °F) in January.[10] During the winter months, the island usually has many storms (which may produce rain as well as snow) and blizzards since during this time, storms originating from the North Atlantic or the Gulf of Mexico frequently pass through.[9] Springtime temperatures typically remain cool until the sea ice has melted, usually in late April or early May. Summers are moderately warm, but rarely uncomfortable, with the daily maximum temperature only occasionally reaching as high as 30 °C (86 °F). Autumn is a pleasant season, as the moderating Gulf waters delay the onset of frost, although storm activity increases compared to the summer. There is ample precipitation throughout the year, although it is heaviest in the late autumn, early winter and mid spring.

text: Geology[edit]

text: Between 250 and 300 million years ago, freshwater streams flowing from ancient mountains brought silt, sand and gravel into what is now the Gulf of St. Lawrence. These sediments accumulated to form a sedimentary basin, and make up the island's bedrock. When the Pleistocene glaciers receded about 15,000 years ago, glacial debris such as till were left behind to cover most of the area that would become the island. This area was connected to the mainland by a strip of land, but when ocean levels rose as the glaciers melted this land strip was flooded, forming the island. As the land rebounded from the weight of the ice, the island rose up to elevate it further from the surrounding water.[8][11][12]

text: Most of the bedrock in Prince Edward Island is composed of red sandstone, part of the Permian aged Pictou Group.[13]

text: Although commercial deposits of minerals have not been found, exploration in the 1940s for natural gas beneath the northeastern end of the province resulted in the discovery of an undisclosed quantity of gas.[14] The Island was reported by government to have only 0.08 tcf of "technically recoverable" natural gas. Twenty exploration wells for hydrocarbon resources have been drilled on Prince Edward Island and offshore. The first reported well was Hillsborough No.#1, drilled in Charlottetown Harbour in 1944 (the world’s first offshore well), and the most recent was New Harmony No.#1 in 2007. Since the resurgence of exploration in the mid-1990s, all wells that have shown promising gas deposits have been stimulated through hydraulic fracture or “fracking”. All oil and natural gas exploration and exploitation activities on the Island are governed by the Oil and Natural Gas Act R.S.P.E.I. 1988, Cap. 0-5 and its associated regulations and orders.[15]

text: Water supply[edit]

text: The Province of Prince Edward Island is completely dependent on groundwater for its source of drinking water. As groundwater flows through an aquifer it is naturally filtered. The water for City of Charlottetown is extracted from thirteen wells in three wellfields and distributed to customers. The water removed is replenished by precipitation.[16]

text: Infrastructure in Charlottetown that was installed in 1888 is still in existence. With the age of the system in the older part of Charlottetown, concern has been raised regarding lead pipes. The Utility has been working with its residents on a lead replacement program. A plebiscite in 1967 was held in Charlottetown over fluoridation, and residents voted in favour. Under provincial legislation, the Utility is required to report to its residents on an annual basis. It is also required to do regular sampling of the water and an overview is included in each annual report.[16] The Winter River watershed provides about 92 per cent of the 18 million litre water supply for the city of Charlottetown,[17] which had difficulty in each of 2011, 2012 and 2013 with its supply,[17][18][19] until water meters were installed.[18]

text: Minister of Communities, Land and Environment Robert Mitchell tabled a discussion paper on the proposed Water Act for the province on July 8, 2015. The use of groundwater came under scrutiny as the potato industry, which accounts for $1 billion every year and 50% of farm receipts,[20] has pressed the government to lift a moratorium on high-capacity water wells for irrigation. The release of the discussion paper was to set off a consultation process in the autumn of 2015.[21]

text: Detailed information about the quality of drinking water in PEI communities and watersheds can be found at the Department of Environment, Labour and Justice. It provides a summary of the ongoing testing of drinking water done by the Prince Edward Island Analytical Laboratories. Average drinking water quality results are available, and information on the following parameters are provided: alkalinity, cadmium, calcium, chloride, chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, nickel, nitrate, pH, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfate, as well as the presence of pesticides.[22] Water testing services are provided for a variety of clients through the PEI Analytical Laboratories, which assesses according to the recommendations of the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality published by Health Canada.[23]

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: Prince Edward Island used to have native moose, bear, caribou, wolf, and other larger species. Due to hunting and habitat disruption these species are no longer found on the island. Some species common to P.E.I. are red foxes, coyote,[24] blue jays, and robins. Skunks and raccoons are common non-native species. Species at risk in P.E.I. include piping plovers, american eel, bobolinks, little brown bat, and beach pinweed.[25]

text: Some species are unique to the province. In 2008, a new ascomycete species, Jahnula apiospora (Jahnulales, Dothideomycetes), was collected from submerged wood in a freshwater creek on Prince Edward Island, Canada.[26] North Atlantic right whales, one of the rarest whale species, were once thought to be rare visitors into St. Lawrence regions until 1994, have been showing dramatic increases (annual concentrations were discovered off Percé in 1995 and gradual increases across the regions since in 1998),[27] and since in 2014, notable numbers of whales have been recorded around Cape Breton to Prince Edward Island as 35 to 40 whales were seen in these areas in 2015.[28]

text: History[edit]

text: Since before the influx of Europeans, the Mi'kmaq First Nations have inhabited Prince Edward Island as part of the region of Mi'kma'ki. They named the Island Epekwitk, meaning "cradled on the waves"; Europeans represented the pronunciation as Abegweit.[29] Another name is Minegoo.[30] The Mi'kmaq's legend is that the island was formed by the Great Spirit placing on the Blue Waters some dark red crescent-shaped clay.[30] There are two Mi'kmaq First Nation communities on Epekwitk today.[31]

text: French colony[edit]

text: In 1534, Jacques Cartier was the first European to see the island.[29] In 1604, France claimed the lands of the Maritimes, including Prince Edward Island, establishing the French colony of Acadia. The island was named Île Saint-Jean by the French. The Mi'kmaq never recognized the claim but welcomed the French as trading partners and allies.

text: Battle at Port-la-Joye (1745)[edit]

text: After the Siege of Louisbourg (1745) during the War of the Austrian Succession, the New Englanders also captured Île Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island). An English detachment landed at Port-la-Joye. Under the command of Joseph du Pont Duvivier, the French had a garrison of 20 French troops at Port-la-Joye.[32] The troops fled and New Englanders burned the capital to the ground. Duvivier and the twenty men retreated up the Northeast River (Hillsborough River), pursued by the New Englanders until the French troops received reinforcements from the Acadian militia and the Mi'kmaq.[33] The French troops and their allies were able to drive the New Englanders to their boats, nine New Englanders killed, wounded or made prisoner. The New Englanders took six Acadian hostages, who would be executed if the Acadians or Mi'kmaq rebelled against New England control.[33] The New England troops left for Louisbourg. Duvivier and his 20 troops left for Quebec. After the fall of Louisbourg, the resident French population of Île Royal were deported to France. The Acadians of Île Saint-Jean lived under the threat of deportation for the remainder of the war.[34]

text: Battle at Port-la-Joye (1746)[edit]

text: The New Englanders had a force of two war ships and 200 soldiers stationed at Port-La-Joye. To regain Acadia, Ramezay was sent from Quebec to the region to join forces with the Duc d'Anville expedition. Upon arriving at Chignecto, he sent Boishebert to Île Saint-Jean on a reconnaissance to assess the size of the New England force.[35] After Boishebert returned, Ramezay sent Joseph-Michel Legardeur de Croisille et de Montesson along with over 500 men, 200 of whom were Mi'kmaq, to Port-La-Joye.[36] In July 1746, the battle happened near York River.[37] Montesson and his troops killed forty New Englanders and captured the rest. Montesson was commended for having distinguished himself in his first independent command.[38]

text: Expulsion of the Acadians[edit]

text: Roughly one thousand Acadians lived on the island, many of whom had fled to the island from mainland Nova Scotia during the first wave of the British-ordered expulsion in 1755, reaching a population of 5,000.[39] However, many more were forcibly deported during the second wave of the expulsion after the Siege of Louisbourg (1758).[40] In the Île Saint-Jean Campaign (1758) General Jeffery Amherst ordered Colonel Andrew Rollo to capture the island. Many Acadians died in the expulsion en route to France; on December 13, 1758, the transport ship Duke William sank and 364 died. A day earlier the Violet sank and 280 died; several days later Ruby sank with 213 on board.[41]

text: British colony[edit]

text: Great Britain claimed the island as part of Nova Scotia in 1763, when France gave up its claim to the island. This was under the terms of the Treaty of Paris which settled the Seven Years' War. The island was split into a separate colony in 1769, which the British called St. John's Island (also the Island of St. John's). The high influx of Scottish Highlanders in the late 1700s resulted in P.E.I. having the highest provincial percentage of Scottish immigrants in Canada. (Not to underestimate the highest percentage of Scottish on nearby Cape Breton Island, however only being a part thereof the province of Nova Scotia.) This, in turn, led to a higher proportion of Scottish Gaelic speakers and thriving culture surviving on P.E.I. than Scotland itself, as the settlers avoided English influence overseas. Hence the formally existing Prince Edward Island Highland Regiment founded in 1875.

text: The first British governor of St. John's Island, Walter Patterson, was appointed in 1769. Assuming office in 1770, he had a controversial career during which land title disputes and factional conflict slowed the initial attempts to populate and develop the island under a feudal system. In an attempt to attract settlers from Ireland, in one of his first acts (1770) Patterson led the island's colonial assembly to rename the island "New Ireland", but the British Government promptly vetoed this as exceeding the authority vested in the colonial government; only the Privy Council in London could change the name of a colony.[42]

text: Land distribution[edit]

text: In the mid-1760s, a survey team divided the Island into 67 lots. On July 1, 1767, these properties were allocated to supporters of King George III by means of a lottery. Ownership of the land remained in the hands of landlords in England, angering Island settlers who were unable to gain title to land on which they worked and lived. Significant rent charges (to absentee landlords) created further anger. The land had been given to the absentee landlords with a number of conditions attached regarding upkeep and settlement terms; many of these conditions were not satisfied. Islanders spent decades trying to convince the Crown to confiscate the lots, however the descendants of the original owners were generally well connected to the British government and refused to give up the land.

text: In 1853, the Island government passed the Land Purchase Act which empowered them to purchase lands from those owners who were willing to sell, and then resell the land to settlers for low prices. This scheme collapsed when the Island ran short of money to continue with the purchases. Many of these lands also were fertile, and were some of the key factors to sustaining Prince Edward Island's economy.

text: Raid on Charlottetown (1775)[edit]

text: During the American Revolutionary War Charlottetown was raided in 1775 by a pair of American-employed privateers.[43] Two armed schooners, Franklin and Hancock, from Beverly, Massachusetts, made prisoner of the attorney-general at Charlottetown, on advice given them by some Pictou residents after they had taken eight fishing vessels in the Gut of Canso.[44]

text: During and after the American Revolutionary War, from 1776 to 1783, the colony's efforts to attract exiled Loyalist refugees from the rebellious American colonies met with some success. Walter Patterson's brother, John Patterson, one of the original grantees of land on the island, was a temporarily exiled Loyalist and led efforts to persuade others to come.

text: The 1787 dismissal of Governor Patterson and his recall to London in 1789 dampened his brother's efforts, leading John to focus on his interests in the United States (one of John's sons, Commodore Daniel Patterson, became a noted United States Navy hero, and John's grandsons, Rear Admiral Thomas H. Patterson and Lt. Carlile Pioou). Edmund Fanning, also a Loyalist exiled by the Revolution, took over as the second governor, serving until 1804. His tenure was more successful than Patterson's.[citation needed]

text: On November 29, 1798, during Fanning's administration, Great Britain granted approval to change the colony's name from St. John's Island to Prince Edward Island to distinguish it from similar names in the Atlantic, such as the cities of Saint John, New Brunswick and St. John's in Newfoundland. The colony's new name honoured the fourth son of King George III, Prince Edward Augustus, the Duke of Kent (1767–1820), who subsequently led the British military forces on the continent as Commander-in-Chief, North America (1799–1800), with his headquarters in Halifax. (Prince Edward later became the father of the future Queen Victoria.)

text: Confederation[edit]

text: In September 1864, Prince Edward Island hosted the Charlottetown Conference, which was the first meeting in the process leading to the Quebec Resolutions and the creation of Canada in 1867. Prince Edward Island did not find the terms of union favourable and balked at joining in 1867, choosing to remain a colony of the United Kingdom. In the late 1860s, the colony examined various options, including the possibility of becoming a discrete dominion unto itself, as well as entertaining delegations from the United States, who were interested in Prince Edward Island joining the United States.[citation needed]

text: In 1871, the colony began construction of a railway and, frustrated by Great Britain's Colonial Office, began negotiations with the United States.[citation needed] In 1873, Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald, anxious to thwart American expansionism and facing the distraction of the Pacific Scandal, negotiated for Prince Edward Island to join Canada. The Dominion Government of Canada assumed the colony's extensive railway debts and agreed to finance a buy-out of the last of the colony's absentee landlords to free the island of leasehold tenure and from any new immigrants entering the island (accomplished through the passage of the Land Purchase Act, 1875).[45] Prince Edward Island entered Confederation on July 1, 1873.[46]

text: As a result of having hosted the inaugural meeting of Confederation, the Charlottetown Conference, Prince Edward Island presents itself as the "Birthplace of Confederation" and this is commemorated through several buildings, a ferry vessel, and the Confederation Bridge (constructed 1993 to 1997). The most prominent building in the province honouring this event is the Confederation Centre of the Arts, presented as a gift to Prince Edward Islanders by the 10 provincial governments and the Federal Government upon the centenary of the Charlottetown Conference, where it stands in Charlottetown as a national monument to the "Fathers of Confederation". The Centre is one of the 22 National Historic Sites of Canada located in Prince Edward Island.[47][48]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical populations

Year
Pop.
±%

1851
62,678
—

1861
80,857
+29.0%

1871
94,021
+16.3%

1881
108,891
+15.8%

1891
109,078
+0.2%

1901
103,259
−5.3%

1911
93,728
−9.2%

1921
88,615
−5.5%

1931
88,038
−0.7%

1941
95,047
+8.0%

1951
98,429
+3.6%

1956
99,285
+0.9%

1961
104,629
+5.4%

1966
108,535
+3.7%

1971
111,635
+2.9%

1976
118,225
+5.9%

1981
122,506
+3.6%

1986
126,640
+3.4%

1991
129,765
+2.5%

1996
134,557
+3.7%

2001
135,294
+0.5%

2006
135,851
+0.4%

2011
140,204
+3.2%

2016
142,907
+1.9%

Source: Statistics Canada[49][50]

text: According to the 2011 National Household Survey,[51][52] the largest ethnic group consists of people of Scottish descent (39.2%), followed by English (31.1%), Irish (30.4%), French (21.1%), German (5.2%), and Dutch (3.1%) descent. Prince Edward Island's population is largely white; there are few visible minorities. Chinese Canadians are the largest visible minority group of Prince Edward Island, comprising 1.3% of the province's population.[51] Almost half of respondents identified their ethnicity as "Canadian".

text:
* among provinces.
† Preliminary 2006 census estimate.
Source: Statistics Canada[53][54]

text: Language[edit]

text: The Canada 2016 Census showed a population of 142,910. Of the 140,020 singular responses to the census question concerning mother tongue, the most commonly reported languages were as follows:

text:
Rank
Language
Number
Percent

1.
English
128,005
94.9%

2.
French
4,865
3.5%

3.
Mandarin
2,165
1.6%

4.
Arabic
575
0.4%

5.
Dutch
465
0.3%

6.
Tagalog
365
0.3%

7.
German
320
0.2%

8.
Spanish
305
0.2%

9.
Chinese languages, not otherwise specified
295
0.2%

10.
Cantonese
210
0.2%

11.
Nepali
200
0.1%

12.
Farsi
175
0.1%

13.
Russian
140
0.1%

14.
Korean
120
<0.1%

text: In addition, there were 460 responses of both English and a "non-official language"; 30 of both French and a "non-official language"; 485 of both English and French; and 20 of English, French, and a "non-official language". (Figures shown are for the number of single language responses and the percentage of total single-language responses.)[55]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Traditionally the population has been evenly divided between Catholic and Protestant affiliations. The 2001 census indicated number of adherents for the Roman Catholic Church with 63,240 (47%) and various Protestant churches with 57,805 (43%). This included the United Church of Canada with 26,570 (20%); the Presbyterian Church with 7,885 (6%) and the Anglican Church of Canada with 6,525 (5%); those with no religion were among the lowest of the provinces with 8,705 (6.5%).[56] If one considers that the founders of the United Church of Canada were largely Presbyterians in Prince Edward Island, the Island has one of the highest percentages of Presbyterians in the country. The Island also has one of the largest number of Free Church of Scotland buildings in Canada, though attendance at many of these churches is very low today.

text: Economy[edit]

text: The provincial economy is dominated by the seasonal industries of agriculture, tourism, and the fishery. The province is limited in terms of heavy industry and manufacturing, though Cavendish Farms runs extensive food manufacturing operations on PEI.

text: Agriculture remains the dominant industry in the provincial economy, as it has since colonial times. The Island has a total land area of 1.4 million acres (570,000 hectares) with approximately 594,000 acres (240,383 hectares) cleared for agricultural use.[57] In 2006, the Census of Agriculture counted 1700 farms on the Island.[58] During the 20th century, potatoes replaced mixed farming as the leading cash crop, accounting for one-third of provincial farm income.[citation needed] The number of acres under potato production in 2010 was 88,000,[20] while soy accounted for 55,000.[59] There are approximately 330 potato growers on PEI, with the grand majority of these being family farms, often with multiple generations working together.[20] The province currently accounts for a third of Canada's total potato production, producing approximately 1.3 billion kilograms (1,400,000 short tons) annually.[20] Comparatively, the state of Idaho produces approximately 6.2 billion kilograms (6,800,000 short tons) annually, with a population approximately 9.5 times greater.[60] The province is a major producer of seed potatoes, exporting to more than twenty countries around the world.[20] An estimated total of 70% of the land is cultivated and 25% of all potatoes grown in Canada originate from P.E.I.[61] The processing of frozen fried potatoes, green vegetables, and berries is a leading business activity.[62]

text: As a legacy of the island's colonial history, the provincial government enforces extremely strict rules for non-resident land ownership, especially since the PEI Lands Protection Act of 1982.[63] Residents and corporations are limited to maximum holdings of 400 and 1,200 hectares respectively. There are also restrictions on non-resident ownership of shorelines.[63]

text: The island's economy has grown significantly over the last decade in key areas of innovation. Aerospace, Bioscience, ICT and Renewable energy have been a focus for growth and diversification. Aerospace alone now accounts for over 25% of the province's international exports and is the island's fourth largest industry at $355 million in annual sales. The Bioscience industry employs over 1300 people and generates over $150 million in sales.[64]

text: Many of the province's coastal communities rely upon shellfish harvesting, particularly lobster fishing[65] as well as oyster fishing and mussel farming.

text: The sale of carbonated beverages such as beer and soft drinks in non-refillable containers, such as aluminum cans or plastic bottles, was banned in 1976 as an environmental measure in response to public concerns over litter. Beer and soft drink companies opted to use refillable glass bottles for their products which were redeemable at stores and bottle depots.

text: Though often environmental and economic agendas may be at odds, the ‘ban the can’ legislation along with being environmentally driven, was also economically motivated as it protected jobs. Seaman's Beverages, a bottling company and carbonated beverage manufacturer, was established in 1939 and a major employer in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.[66] Making it illegal to retail cans led to a bigger share of the carbonated beverage market for Seamans. Seamans Beverages was eventually acquired by Pepsi Bottling Group Inc in 2002 prior to the lifting of the legislation.[67]

text: The introduction of recycling programs for cans and plastic bottles in neighbouring provinces in recent years (also using a redemption system) has seen the provincial government introduce legislation to reverse this ban with the restriction lifted on May 3, 2008.[68][69][70]

text: Prince Edward Island has one of Canada's highest provincial retail sales tax rate at 9%. The tax is applied to almost all goods and services except some clothing, food and home heating fuel. The tax, along with the Federal Goods and Services Tax, is incorporated into the Harmonized Sales Tax in the province.

text: The provincial government provides consumer protection in the form of regulation for certain items, ranging from apartment rent increases to petroleum products including gas, diesel, propane and heating oil. These are regulated through the Prince Edward Island Regulatory and Appeals Commission (IRAC).[71] IRAC is authorized to limit the number of companies who are permitted to sell petroleum products.

text: The average family income on Prince Edward Island is $62,110/year,[72] and the minimum wage of $10.50/hour as of July 1, 2015.[73]

text: Energy[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2018)

text: At present, approximately fifteen percent of electricity consumed on the island is generated from renewable energy (largely wind turbines); the provincial government has set renewable energy targets as high as 30-50% for electricity consumed by 2015. Until wind generation, the province relied entirely on electricity imports on a submarine cable from New Brunswick. A thermal oil-fired generating station in Charlottetown is also available. Electricity rates in the province were in 2011 the highest in Canada, at a domestic rate of 0.161 $/kWh. The province imports about 85 per cent of its power through New Brunswick. The maintenance shutdown of Point Lepreau nuclear plant forced the province to acquire most of its electrons on the expensive open market. The result was a steep price hikes of about 25 per cent in the three years to 2011 but the province later subsidised rates.[74] Residents were to pay 11.2 per cent more for electricity when the harmonized sales tax was adopted in April 2013, according to the P.E.I. Energy Accord that was tabled in the legislature on December 7, 2012.[75] and passed as the Electric Power (Energy Accord Continuation) Amendment Act, which establishes electric pricing from April 1, 2013, to March 1, 2016. Regulatory powers are derived for IRAC from the Electric Power Act.[76] Since 1918 Maritime Electric has delivered electricity to customers on the Island. The utility is currently owned and operated by Fortis Inc.[77]

text: Government and politics[edit]

text: The provincial government is responsible for such areas as health and social services, education, economic development, labour legislation and civil law. These matters of government are carried out in the provincial capital, Charlottetown.

text: Prince Edward Island is governed by a parliamentary government within the construct of constitutional monarchy; the monarchy in Prince Edward Island is the foundation of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.[78] The sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II, who also serves as head of state of 15 other Commonwealth countries, each of Canada's nine other provinces, and the Canadian federal realm, and resides predominantly in the United Kingdom. As such, the Queen's representative, the Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island (presently Antoinette Perry), carries out most of the royal duties in Prince Edward Island.[79]

text: The direct participation of the royal and viceroyal figures in any of these areas of governance is limited; in practice, their use of the executive powers is directed by the Executive Council, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the unicameral, elected Legislative Assembly and chosen and headed by the Premier of Prince Edward Island (presently Wade MacLauchlan), the head of government. To ensure the stability of government, the lieutenant governor will usually appoint as premier the person who is the current leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a plurality in the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the party with the second-most seats usually becomes the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition (presently Jamie Fox) and is part of an adversarial parliamentary system intended to keep the government in check.[80]

text: Each of the 27 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is elected by simple plurality in an electoral district. General elections are called by the lieutenant governor on the first Monday in October four years after the previous election, or may be called, on the advice of the premier, should the government lose a confidence vote in the legislature.[81] Traditionally, politics in the province have been dominated by both the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party. But however, since 2015 election, Green Party of Prince Edward Island has to begin rising in couple districts as of late 2017 with then-recent was Charlottetown-Parkdale district has elected one of Party's member Hannah Bell from formerly seated Liberal MLA Doug Currie.

text: The Mi'kmaq Confederacy of PEI is the tribal council and provincial-territorial organization in the province that represents both the Lennox Island and Abegweit First Nations.

text: Municipalities[edit]

text:
Ten largest communities by population

Community
2011
2001

Charlottetown
32,545a
32,455

Summerside
15,654b
14,433

Stratford
8,043
6,314

Cornwall
5,375
4,412

Montague
2,034c
1,095

Kensington
1,445
1,379

Souris
1,162
1,238

Alberton
1,081
975

Tignish
998
846

Georgetown
678
680

aCensus agglomeration population: 58,358.
bCensus agglomeration population: 16,200.
cCensus agglomeration population: 6,011.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Prince Edward Island's transportation network has traditionally revolved around its seaports of Charlottetown, Summerside, Borden, Georgetown, and Souris —linked to its railway system, and the two main airports in Charlottetown and Summerside, for communication with mainland North America. The railway system was abandoned by CN in 1989 in favour of an agreement with the federal government to improve major highways.

text: Until 1997, the province was linked by two passenger-vehicle ferry services to the mainland: one, provided by Marine Atlantic, operated year-round between Borden and Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick; the other, provided by Northumberland Ferries Limited, operates seasonally between Wood Islands and Caribou, Nova Scotia. A third ferry service provided by CTMA operates all year round with seasonal times between Souris and Cap-aux-Meules, Quebec, in the Magdalen Islands.

text: On June 1, 1997, the Confederation Bridge opened, connecting Borden-Carleton to Cape Jourimain, New Brunswick. The world's longest bridge over ice-covered waters,[82] it replaced the Marine Atlantic ferry service. Since then, the Confederation Bridge's assured transportation link to the mainland has altered the province's tourism and agricultural and fisheries export economies.

text: Several airlines service the Charlottetown Airport (CYYG); the Summerside Airport (CYSU) is an additional option for general aviation.

text: The Island has the highest concentration of roadways in Canada. The provincially managed portion of the network consists of 3,824 kilometres (2,376 mi) of paved roadways and 1,558 kilometres (968 mi) of non-paved or clay roads.

text: The province has very strict laws regarding use of road-side signs. Billboards and the use of portable signs are banned. There are standard direction information signs on roads in the province for various businesses and attractions in the immediate area. Some municipalities' by-laws also restrict the types of permanent signs that may be installed on private property.

text: There is an extensive bicycling / hiking trail that spans the island. The Confederation Trail is a 470 kilometres (290 mi) recreational trail system. The land was once owned and used by Canadian National Railway (CN) as a rail line on the island.

text: Education[edit]

text: Prince Edward Island is home to one university, the University of Prince Edward Island (UPEI), located in the city of Charlottetown.

text: The university was created by the Island legislature to replace Prince of Wales College and St. Dunstan's University. UPEI is also home to the Atlantic Veterinary College, which offers the region's only veterinary medicine program.

text: Holland College is the provincial community college, with campuses across the province, including specialised facilities such as the Atlantic Police Academy, Marine Training Centre, and the Culinary Institute of Canada.

text: Prince Edward Island is also home to Maritime Christian College. It is also home to Immanuel Christian School, a private Christian School in Charlottetown.

text: Prince Edward Island's public school system has an English school district named the English Language School Board,[83] as well as a Francophone district, the Commission scolaire de langue française. The English language districts have a total of 10 secondary schools and 54 intermediate and elementary schools while the Francophone district has 6 schools covering all grades. 22 per cent of the student population is enrolled in French immersion. This is one of the highest levels in the country.

text: Today 23.5 per cent of residents aged 15 to 19 have bilingual skills, an increase of 100 per cent in a decade. Prince Edward Island, along with most rural regions in North America, is experiencing an accelerated rate of youth emigration. The provincial government has projected that public school enrollment will decline by 40% during the 2010s.

text: Health care[edit]

text: The province has a single health administrative region (or district health authority) called Health PEI. Health PEI receives funding for its operations and is regulated by the Department of Health and Wellness.

text: Many PEI homes and businesses are serviced by central sewage collection and/or treatment systems. These are operated either by a municipality or a private utility. Many industrial operations have their own wastewater treatment facilities. Staff members with the Department of Environment, Labour and Justice provide advice to operators, as needed, on proper system maintenance.[84] The IRAC regulates municipal water and sewer in the province,[85] now under the Environmental Protection Act.[86] Since around 1900, the residents of the City of Charlottetown have benefited from a central sanitary sewer service. Early disposal practices, while advanced for their time, eventually were found to compromise the ecological integrity of the nearby Hillsborough River and the Charlottetown Harbour. By 1974, the Commission had spearheaded the development of a primary wastewater treatment plant, known as the Charlottetown Pollution Control Plant, together with the construction of several pumping stations along the City’s waterfront, and outfall piping deep into the Hillsborough River.[87]

text: There are eight hospitals in the province.

text:
Queen Elizabeth Hospital (Charlottetown)
Prince County Hospital (Summerside)
Kings County Memorial Hospital (Montague)
Community Hospital (O'Leary)
Souris Hospital (Souris)
Western Hospital (Alberton)
Hillsborough Hospital (Charlottetown) - the province's only psychiatric hospital

text: Prince Edward Island offers programs and services in areas such as acute care, primary care, home care, palliative care, public health, chronic disease prevention, and mental health and addictions, to name a few. The provincial government has opened several family health centres in recent years in various rural and urban communities. A provincial cancer treatment centre at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital provides support to those dealing with various types of cancer-related illnesses. A family medicine residency program was established in 2009 with the Dalhousie University Faculty of Medicine as a means to encourage new physicians to work in Prince Edward Island.

text: Long-term-care services are also available with several programs in place to support seniors wishing to remain independent in their communities. Many medications for seniors are subsidized through a provincial pharmaceutical plan, however, Prince Edward Island remains one of the only provinces lacking a catastrophic drug coverage program for its residents.

text: The provincial government has several programs for early illness detection, including mammography and pap screening clinics. There are also asthma education and diabetes education programs, as well as prenatal programs, immunization programs and dental health risk prevention programs for children. The government is also attempting to implement a comprehensive integrated Electronic Health Record system.

text: The provincial government has recently committed to enhancing primary care and home care services and has invested in health care facilities in recent capital budgets; mostly replacements and upgrades to provincial government operated nursing homes and hospitals.

text: Some specialist services require patients to be referred to clinics and specialists in neighbouring provinces. Specialist operations and treatments are also provided at larger tertiary referral hospitals in neighbouring provinces such as the IWK Health Centre and Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre in Nova Scotia or the Saint John Regional Hospital, Moncton Hospital, and Dr. Georges-L.-Dumont University Hospital Centre in New Brunswick.

text: Ground ambulance service in Prince Edward Island is provided under contract by Island EMS. Air ambulance service is provided under contract by LifeFlight.

text: In recent decades, Prince Edward Island's population has shown statistically significant and abnormally high rates of diagnosed rare cancers, particularly in rural areas. Health officials, ecologists and environmental activists point to the use of pesticides for industrial potato farming as a primary contaminant.[88]

text: Prince Edward Island is the only province in Canada that does not provide abortion services through its hospitals. The last abortion was performed in the province in 1982 prior to the opening of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital which saw the closure of the Roman Catholic-affiliated Charlottetown Hospital and the non-denominational Prince Edward Island Hospital; a condition of the "merger" being that abortions not be performed in the province. In 1988, following the court decision R. v. Morgentaler, the then-opposition Progressive Conservative Party of Prince Edward Island tabled a motion demanding that the ban on abortions be upheld at the province's hospitals; the then-governing Prince Edward Island Liberal Party under Premier Joe Ghiz acquiesced and the ban was upheld.[89] The Government of Prince Edward Island will fund abortions for women who travel to another province. Women from Prince Edward Island may also travel to the nearest private user-pay clinic, where they must pay for the procedure using their own funds. Formerly this was the Morgentaler Clinic in Fredericton, New Brunswick[90][91][92][93][94] until this clinic closed due to lack of funds in July 2014.[95] The clinic was reopened under new ownership in 2016 as Clinic 554 with expanded services.[96] During that gap, women had to travel to Halifax or further. In 2016, the Liberal government led by Premier Wade MacLauchlan announced they would open a women's reproductive health clinic to provide abortions within the province.[97]

text: Culture[edit]

text: Arts[edit]

text: The island's cultural traditions of art, music and creative writing are supported through the public education system. There is an annual arts festival, the Charlottetown Festival, hosted at the Confederation Centre of the Arts.

text: Lucy Maud Montgomery, who was born in Clifton (now New London) in 1874, wrote some 20 novels and numerous short stories that have been collected into anthologies. Her first Anne book Anne of Green Gables was published in 1908. The musical play Anne of Green Gables has run every year at the Charlottetown festival for more than four decades. The sequel, Anne & Gilbert, premiered in the Playhouse in Victoria in 2005. The actual location of Green Gables, the house featured in Montgomery's Anne books, is in Cavendish, on the north shore of PEI.

text: Elmer Blaney Harris founded an artists colony at Fortune Bridge and set his famous play Johnny Belinda on the island. Robert Harris was a well-known artist.

text: Prince Edward Island's documented music history begins in the 19th century with religious music, some written by the local pump and block maker and organ-importer, Watson Duchemin. Several big bands including the Sons of Temperance Band and the Charlottetown Brass Band were active. Today, Acadian, Celtic, folk, and rock music prevail, with exponents including Gene MacLellan, his daughter Catherine MacLellan, Al Tuck, Lennie Gallant, Two Hours Traffic and Paper Lions. The celebrated singer-songwriter Stompin' Tom Connors spent his formative years in Skinners Pond. Celtic music is certainly the most common traditional music on the island, with fiddling and step dancing being very common. This tradition, largely Scottish, Irish and Acadian in origin is very similar to the music of Cape Breton and to a lesser extent, Newfoundland and is unique to the region. Due to the Islands influence as a former Highlander Clans Scottish colony, a March 4/4 for bagpipes was composed in honour of Prince Edward Island.[98] There is also an annual jazz festival, the P.E.I. Jazz and Blues Festival.[99]

text: Festivals[edit]

text: There is an annual arts festival, the Charlottetown Festival, hosted at the Confederation Centre of the Arts as well as the Island Fringe Festival that takes place around Charlottetown.[100] An annual jazz festival, the P.E.I. Jazz and Blues Festival.[99] is a one-week-long series of concerts taking place at several venues including Murphy's Community Center, outdoor stages, and churches in Charlottetown. The moving of its date to mid-August caused in 2011 a serious loss in funding from Ottawa's regional development agency ACOA.[101] The musician's line up in 2011 included Oliver Jones, Sophie Milman, Matt Dusk, Jack de Keyzer, Jack Semple, Meaghan Smith, Meaghan Blanchard, Hupman Brothers, Alex Dean, Charlie A'Court, Sean Ferris, Jimmy Bowskill, West End Blues Band, Bad Habits, Brian McConnell and Mellotones.[citation needed] There is also Canada Rocks, and the Cavendish Beach Music Festival. With agriculture and fishery playing a large role in the economy, P.E.I. has been marketed as a food tourism destination.[102] Several food festivals have become popular such as the Fall Flavours festival and the Shellfish Festival.

text: Sports[edit]

text:
Water sports are very popular on Prince Edward Island during the summer, perhaps because the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Northumberland Strait are warmer than the Atlantic Ocean off the shores of nearby New England.
In 1991, Prince Edward Island hosted the Canada Winter Games.
In 2009, Prince Edward Island hosted the Canada Summer Games.
The Charlottetown Islanders play in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.
The Island Storm play in the National Basketball League of Canada.
The Summerside Western Capitals play in the Maritime Junior A Hockey League.
In 2008 and 2009, Prince Edward Island hosted the Tour de PEI, a province-wide cycling race consisting of women from around the world.
The most common sports played on the Island are hockey, curling, golf, horse racing, baseball, soccer, rugby, football and basketball.

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Milton James Rhode Acorn – poet/playwright
Francis Bain – author, scientist, farmer
Catherine Callbeck – former premier, first woman to be elected as premier in a general election
Dave Cameron – Calgary Flames assistant coach
Alex Campbell – former premier
George Coles – former premier, Father of Confederation
Jared Connaughton – former Olympic sprinter
Lloyd Duffy – thoroughbred jockey, harness racing driver
Mike Duffy – television journalist, senator
Gerard Gallant – Vegas Golden Knights head coach
Millie Gamble – early amateur photographer
Joe Ghiz – former premier
George Godfrey – boxer
Francis Longworth Haszard – politician, jurist
Haywire – rock band
Hangman Hughes (aka Kowboy Mike Hughes) – professional wrestler
Lorie Kane – professional golfer
Forbes Kennedy – retired NHL player
Joey Kitson – singer
David Laird – framer of the Indian Act and first resident Lieutenant Governor of the Northwest Territories
Amber MacArthur – broadcasting personality and author
Alexander Wallace Matheson – politician
John Alexander Mathieson – educator, politician, jurist
David (Eli) MacEachern – Olympic gold medalist and world champion in bobsledding
Martha MacIsaac – actress
Adam McQuaid – Boston Bruins defenceman
Lucy Maud Montgomery – author
Heather Moyse - two-time Olympic gold medalist in bobsledding
Steve Ott - retired– tired NHL player
Claire Rankin – actress
Brad Richards – retired NHL Player
James Jeffrey Roche – poet and diplomat
Jacob Gould Schurman – educator and diplomat
Michael Smith – chef and television host
Mark Strand – poet
Joe O'Brien – harness racing driver, trainer
Lemuel Cambridge Owen – shipbuilder, banker
Edward Palmer – lawyer, politician
Paper Lions – pop band
James Colledge Pope – businessman, former premier
William Henry Pope – land agent, lawyer, jurist
Whitney Rose – country musician
Jonathan Torrens – actor and television host
Two Hours Traffic – pop band
Weston Thomas "Bucko" Trainor – hockey player
Alexander Bannerman Warburton – former premier
George Wood – professional baseball player

text: Sister province[edit]

text: Hainan Province, China, has been the sister province of Prince Edward Island since 2001. This came about after Vice-Governor Lin Fanglue stayed for two days to hold discussions about partnership opportunities and trade.[103]


document_title: Kangla Palace

question_text: who was the first coronated king of manipur at kangla

root

text: Kangla Palace

text: Introduction[edit]

text: 'Kangla' was the ancient capital of Manipur from the ancient times down to the year 1891 AD. It is located at the heart of the Imphal city almost intersected by 24°N Latitude, 94°E Longitude and it is 2,619 feet (798 m) above mean sea level. It is situated on the western bank of the Imphal River.

tag: p

text: In ancient times, 'Kangla' was the royal palace since the reign of Pakhangba who ascended the throne in 33 AD, according to "Cheitharol Kummaba", the royal Chronicle of Manipur.

text: In pre-Pakhangba period, a ruling clan named Khaba ruled from 'Kangla'. 'Kangla' is not only the seat of political power but also a holy place for religious worship and ceremonies. There are a number of ancient treaties/manuscripts especially "Sakoklamlen" "Chinglon Laihui", "Nunglon" etc., which lay down the rules for the construction, worship, ceremonies relating to 'Kangla'.these palace was surrounded by a huge channel called"kangla pat"

text: Historical and archeological significance[edit]

text: Kangla is the most important historical and archeological site of Manipur. The kingdom of Manipur was established and developed at Kangla. Being a site of political and religious centre, Kangla has grown into a formidable fortress city through the centuries. It is from this capital that the Ningthouja clan gradually wielded enough political and military power and grew up to be the most dominant clan in Manipur. The royal chronicle gives many references to the construction of Kangla by successive reigning kings in Manipur.

text: The major landmarks in the growth of Kangla Fort were constructed by King Khagemba (1597–1652 AD), the conqueror of the Chinese. The royal chronicle records that in 1632 AD, Khagemba constructed a brick wall at the western gate of Kangla Fort. It appears that the art of brick making was acquired from the Chinese prisoners who were captured during the Chinese invasion of the eastern frontier of Manipur. Khagemba's son Khunjaoba (1632–1666 AD) improved on the fortification and beautification work of Kangla Fort. It is said that the king excavated a moat (Thangapat) on the western side of the Fort. During his period, the power and prestige of Manipur was at its peak. Burmese kings/chiefs approached him to settle their disputes and beg the hands of Manipuri princesses. The Fort was further improved and enlarged by King Garibaniwaz and after him by successive kings of Manipur.

text: Since the reign of Maharaja Bhagyachandra (1762–1798 AD), due to repeated invasion by the Burmese, Kangla was deserted several times. Maharaj Gambhir Singh, with the help of the Manipur Levy, liberated Manipur from the hands of the Burmese invading forces which occupied Manipur for seven years. This period of Burmese Rule is known as "Chahi Taret Khuntakpa" (Seven Years Devastation) in the annals of Manipur. Gambhir Singh, however, established his capital at Langthabal which is now known as Canchipur. During the reign of Nara Singh, the capital was shifted to Kangla in 1844.

text: Anglo-Manipur War of 1891[edit]

text: King Chandrakriti was succeeded by his eldest son Surchandra. However, he could not control his step brothers. As a result, Senapati Tikendrajit revolted against him and put his own brother Yubaraj Kulachandra to the Throne of Manipur. By this time, the Britishers took advantage to intervene in the internal affairs of Manipur. They sent Mr. J.W. Quinton, the Chief Commissioner of Assam to negotiate the palace revolt and to exile Senapati Tikendrajit. Thus, the first battle of the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891 broke out when the British forces, under orders from Mr. J.W. Quinton, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, attacked on 'Kangla', the Manipur Fort, in the early hours of 24 March 1891.

text: Manipur was an independent Asiatic power in alliance with the British Sovereign. This undeclared aggression left the Manipuris infuriated. However, they agreed to negotiate with the British officials when approached. The negotiation failed and the Manipuri commander ordered to execute the British Officers, though the King asked to keep them as prisoners. Thereafter, the British Empire declared war against Manipur and attacked it from three sides i.e., Silchar, Kohima and Tamu (in Myanmar). They conquered 'Kangla Fort' on 27 April 1891. Yubaraj Tikendrajit and Thangal General etc., were publicly executed by the British. Since then, 'Kangla' has been under occupation by the Security forces/Assam Rifles till 2004.

text: Holy/Sacred places of Kangla[edit]

text: 'Kangla' is regarded as the holiest place for the Manipuris. It is a centre of pilgrimage for all the Manipuris who are residing in Manipur, Assam, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bangladesh and Myanmar etc. It is believed that Lord Pakhangba resides under 'Kangla' and ruled the Kingdom of Manipur and the Universe. It is also believed that there are 360 important holy/sacred places in 'Kangla'. Some of the important holy places in 'Kangla' are:

text: Nungjeng Pukhri and other ponds[edit]

text: This is a sacred pond believed to be the abode of Lord Pakhangba. It is located to the north-west of the "Uttra". Religious rituals are performed here. Besides this, there are other holy ponds like "Chingkhei Nungjeng", "Manung Nungjeng" and "Lai Pukhri" etc.

text: Nunggoibi[edit]

text: The site is a sacred place of worship of the Goddess of War. The "Huyein Lalu Chanba" ritual was performed here, whenever a King of Manipur emerged victorious in battle.

text: Manglen[edit]

text: It is the cremation site of the Kings of Manipur. The "Manglen" is believed to have been developed by Maharaj Garibaniwaz in 1738. According to the royal chronicle, the Cheitharol Kumbaba, Nara Singh Maharaj (1844–50) was cremated here at the "Manglen".

text: Kangla Men Surung[edit]

text: This is a sacred place where the kings of Manipur performed their coronation ceremony/erat-thouni. It is believed that the king will be able to rule the state or not according to the results of the ceremony/erat-thouni.

text: Site of Lord Wangbaren[edit]

text: This is located to the southeastern corner of 'Kangla' where ceremony/erat-thouni were performed in connection with flood and natural calamities.

text: Site for Lord Koubru[edit]

text: It is located to the northwestern corner of 'Kangla' and is worshipped mainly for good rainfall etc.

text: Besides these holy/sacred places, there are "Paotak Pung", "Pakhangba Pung", "Pakhangba Khuda", "Nata Pung", "Yaorei Khukal Tetnou Yotli Chingba Ching", "Yaoreibi" "Yaichampat", "Lukhrapat", the site of "Mangang Guru", "Shumshang", "Yumjaolairenbi", "Lai-Nongshaba", etc.

text: Monuments and archaeological sites in Kangla Fort[edit]

text: Ruins of the Citadel[edit]

text: Cheitharol Kumbaba, the royal chronicle, records the construction of the Citadel in 1611, that is, during the reign of King Khagemba (1597–1652). Twenty feet high, the Citadel is built of well-burnt bricks. A number of sacred places, including the coronation site of Pakhangba, were located within the enclosure of the citadel. The citadel enclosure had three entrances, two on the western side and one on the southern side. The entrance on the left end of the western face was opposite to the coronation hall and the entrance to the right end of the same wall faced the Darbar Hall. The southern entrance was connected with the passage leading to the Shree - Shree Govindajee Temple.

text: Ruins of the Uttra[edit]

text: The "Uttra" is the ancestral coronation hall of the Manipur kings. The installation ceremonies took place here. The building housing the coronation hall was destroyed in air raids during the Second World War The flight of the steps and the ruins of the foundation are the only remains of the "Uttra".

text: Site of the two 'Kangla Sha'[edit]

text: Two huge 'Kangla Sha' made of brick used to stand in front of the "Uttra" but just beyond the flight of steps leading to the "Uttra" - on either side of the path leading to the "Uttra". Mr. T.C. Hudson wrote in his book/The Meitheis', this was the National Emblem of the Meiteis. According to Sir James Johnstone, Kangla sha were originally erected by the Chinese war captives. But it is wrong. It is said that it existed even before the reign of Nongda lairen Pakhangba (33 AD). According to archaic belief the Kangla Sha is the Protector of the King and repelled the Omen. Whenever the King is in distress, the King used to worship /perform a sacred ritual, eating or drinking nothing, then if the kangla-Sha bless him HE shall protect the King.'Kangla Sha' were blown to pieces by the British after their occupation of 'Kangla' Fort in 1891. The site is remembered historically as the place where four British officers were beheaded by the Manipuri soldiers.

text: Temple of Shree - Shree Govindajee[edit]

text: The temple of Shree - Shree Govindajee was originally built in 1846, that is, during the reign of Maharaja Nara Singh (1844–50). It was severely damaged in the great earthquake of 1868. The deities(murtis) of Radha Govinda was damaged when parts of the temple collapsed in the earthquake (Cheitharol Kumbaba, p. 375). Maharaj Chandrakriti (1859–86), the then ruler of Manipur, reconstructed the temple in its original form. The temple is dedicated to Lord Govinda and His consort Radha.

text: Stone inscription[edit]

text: There is a stone inscription belonging to the period of Maharaja Marjit.

text: Important structures of the British/Post Independence period[edit]

text: There are many important historical and Architectural buildings/structures which belong to the British and post-independence period viz.:

text:
Field Marshal General Slim's Cottage - the famous General of Second World War
Unit Hospital of the Assam Rifles.
Sir Akbar Hydri's tomb - the Governor of Assam.
Residence/Bungalows of the British Officers/Assam Rifle Officers,
Samadhi of Maharaj Bodhachandra of Manipur etc.
Memorial Stone at Kekrupat, which was erected in memory of those who sacrificed their life during the historic event of June 18, 2002.
The 1st I.R.B. Memorial.
17 Assam Rifle Commandants Office.

tag: ol

text: Concept Development Plan (CDP) of 'Kangla' Fort Archaeological Park (KFAP)[edit]

text: The Government of Manipur, to translate into action the general desire and aspirations of the people, had allocated a place for the Assam Rifles at Mahakoireng and had also requested the Union Government frequently to shift the Assam Rifles from 'Kangla'.

text: The State Government also engaged Prof. Nalini Thakur of School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi to prepare a Concept Development Plan (CDP) of 'Kangla Fort'. The 'CDP' to develop 'Kangla Fort' as a unique Archaeological Park in the region has been approved by the State Government. The development of 'Kangla' has started recently. After completion of the development works, 'Kangla Fort' will become a unique Archaeological Park (Heritage Park), in the entire North-Eastern region.

text: The essence of 'Kangla Development Project' is the preservation of the state heritage and to restore 'Kangla' to its pristine glory. The salient features of the 'Project' are the development and beautification of the ancient historical ruins and sacred and holy places inside 'Kangla', including the Citadel and temples in ruins, the "Nungjeng Pukhri" and reconstruction of 'Kangla Sha' (the State emblem), which were razed to the ground by the British Colonial forces at the end of the Anglo-Manipuri War of 1891.

text: Documentation of the ancient structures, holy and sacred places, publication of book on 'Kangla' with rare photographs are also one of the major target of the 'Project'. Plantation of indigenous trees, medicinal plants etc., are other distinct features of the 'Project'. Excavation of the inner moat, which is now lying as a dry ditch, conservation of the historical structures are parts of the 'Project' to restore 'Kangla' to its glorious past. Lastly, a majestic temple of Lord Pakhangba is also proposed for construction at a suitable place to fulfill the general wish and aspirations of the people of Manipur.

text: As per the Concept Development Plan, about Rs 15.00 crore is required for development of 'Kangla Fort' into 'Kangla Fort Archaeological Park'. Further, about Rs 1.50 crore would be required annually for maintenance of 'KFAP' after its proper development. Currently, development of 'KFAP' is taking place from Rs 5.00 crore sanctioned under the 11th Finance Commission Award. The remaining amount of Rs 10.00 crore for development of 'KFAP' had to be provided by State Government besides making provisions for Rs 1.50 crore annually for its maintenance.

text: Assurances from the Government of India[edit]

text: Shri M.M. Jacob, the then Union Minister of State (Home) visited Manipur in 1992 and a section of the Assam Rifles, then stationed at 'Kangla' Fort was shifted to Mahakoireng in a symbolic ceremony indicating the sincere gesture of the Union Government to vacate 'Kangla' to fulfill the common wish of the people of Manipur. The vacation of 'Kangla Fort' by the Assam Rifles and its subsequent handing over to the State Government has also been assured by the then Union Home Ministers like Shri S.B. Chavan, Shri Indrajit Gupta and the present Union Home Minister Shri Sivaraj Patil.

text: 'Kangla Fort Ordinance. 2004'[edit]

text: Since the Government of India is considering to hand over the historical 'Kangla Fort' measuring about 237.62 acres (0.9616 km2), after its vacation by the Assam Rifles, on 20 November 2004 in presence of the Prime Minister of India, the State Cabinet has recently approved the draft 'Kangla Fort Ordinance, 2004'. It is proposed to promulgate this 'Ordinance' soon after the possession of the 'Kangla Fort' is handed over to the State Government by the Assam Rifles. Once the proposed law comes into force, the administration and management of the 'Kangla Fort' would vest in the 'Kangla Fort Board' under the Chairmanship of the Hon'ble Chief Minister, Manipur. In the proposed law, specific provision has been made to prohibit sale, lease, letting-out, transfer or alienation of entire land under 'Kangla Fort' in any form whatsoever.

text: The Kingdom of Manipur developed at Kangla. Being a political and religious centre, Kangla grew into a formidable fortress city over the centuries. It is from this capital that the Ningthouja clan gradually wielded enough political and military power to become the most dominant clan in Manipur. The royal chronicle of Manipur, Cheitharol Kumbaba, contains many references to the development of Kangla by successive reigning kings in Manipur.

text: The royal chronicle records that King Khagemba (1597–1652), the conqueror of the Chinese, constructed a brick wall at the western gate of 'Kangla Fort' in 1632. It appears that the art of brick making was acquired from the Chinese prisoners who were captured during the Chinese invasion of the eastern frontier of Manipur. His son, King Khunjaoba (1632–1666), carried out fortification and beautification work of Kangla Fort. It is believed that the king excavated a moat (Thangapat) on the western side of the Fort. The Fort was further enlarged by King Gharib Nawaz and other successive kings of Manipur.

text: It is famous in the history of Manipur. In the evening of March 24, 1891 British Gorkha troops attacked Juvraj Tikendrajit's residence in the Palace Compound, killing many innocent civilians including women and children who were watching a Ras Lila dance. The Manipuris struck back and the British was put on the defensive. In the ensuing chaos, five British officers including Frank St. Clair Grimwood, the Political Agent, and James Wallace Quinton, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, were lynched by a mob. This resulted in the Anglo-Manipur War in 1891. The British forces finally defeated the Manipuri forces and hoisted the Union Flag in Kangla on 27 April 1892. It was occupied by the British, declaring it as the cantonment area or the 'British Reserve' till they left Manipur in 1947.

text: Its occupation by the Assam Rifles, an Indian paramilitary force was a major source of discontent of the local people. M. M. Jacob, the then Minister of State for Home in 1992 had announced in a speech that the Assam Rifles would hand over the historic fort to the state government. This finally came true on November 20, 2004, when Prime Minister Manmohan Singh handed over the historic Kangla Fort to Manipur state government.


document_title: The Curse of Oak Island

question_text: how many episodes curse of oak island season 5

text: The Curse of Oak Island

text: Overview[edit]

text: The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina, originally from Kingsford, Michigan, through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island. The series discusses the history of the island, recent discoveries, theories, and prior attempts to investigate the site.[6] Areas of interest include the "Money Pit", Borehole 10-x, Smith's Cove, "Nolan's Cross", the "Hatch", the "Watchtower" and the "Swamp".

text: Background[edit]

text: The Lagina brothers became fascinated with the island after reading the January 1965 issue of Reader's Digest magazine that features an article on the Restall family's work to investigate the so-called "Money Pit".[7] Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours, which reportedly owns most of the island. The brothers were later approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show. Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father-and-son Dan and Dave Blankenship, permanent residents of the island who have likewise been searching for treasure since the 1960s.[8]

text: Theories[edit]

text: The series explores various Oak Island theories and conjectures through conversations with independent researchers. Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347; J. Hutton Pulitzer discussing his theory of ancient mariner visitations; Petter Amundsen discussing his theory about codes hidden in Shakespearen literature and a secret project involving Sir Francis Bacon and the Rosicrucians; Daniel Ronnstam discussing his theory about the 90 foot stone being a dual cypher containing instructions as how to defeat the money pit flood tunnels with corn; authors Kathleen McGowen and Alen Butler discussing their theory involving the fabled Knights Templar treasure and an alleged relocation of historical religious artifacts to the island; and John O'Brien discussing his theory that the island contains treasures of the Aztec Empire. It has also been suggested by Zena Halpern, without evidence, that the Templars worshipped the Phoenician goddess Tanit.

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
5
January 5, 2014 (2014-01-05)
February 9, 2014 (2014-02-09)

2
10
November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04)
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)

3
13
November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)

4
16
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)

5
18
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Having started in 2014, The Curse of Oak Island is currently in its fifth season. On August 2, 2016, it was announced that Nova Scotia Business Inc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the 4th season.[9] In October 2017, a fifth season was announced, which began airing on November 7, 2017.[10]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

1
1
"What Lies Below"
January 5, 2014 (2014-01-05)
2.53[11]

Brothers Rick and Marty Lagina now own most of Oak Island. Determined to resume the search for treasure on the island, they explore an abandoned shaft called Borehole 10-X and use water pressure to pump material to the surface. They find a tiny piece of metal.

2
2
"The Mystery of Smith's Cove"
January 12, 2014 (2014-01-12)
2.35[12]

A scuba team that includes Marty's son Alex Lagina dives Smith's Cove and finds what are claimed to be non-indigenous coconut fibres and anomalous stones. Meanwhile, more metal fragments and cat bones are found in the slurry from 10-X.

3
3
"Voices from the Grave"
January 19, 2014 (2014-01-19)
2.33[13]

As Rick and Marty Lagina begin working to drain a swamp, they are visited by a woman who lost her father and brother to a tragic accident on Oak Island.

4
4
"The Secret of Solomon's Temple"
January 26, 2014 (2014-01-26)
2.72[14]

A visitor to the island presents Rick and Marty Lagina with his theory about where the treasure on Oak Island is located and the idea that the Menorah might be among the treasures for which they are searching.

5
5
"The Find"
February 9, 2014 (2014-02-09)
2.97[15]

The team digs in a shallow muddy swamp and finds what appears to be an antique Spanish copper coin. A diver is later sent into the swamp and finds no additional objects.

text: Season 2 (2014–2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

6
1
"Once In, Forever In"
November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04)
2.60[16]

After dating the Spanish coin they found last summer to 1652, brothers Rick and Marty Lagina return to Oak Island and begin searching the swamp again. Two men perform a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance test in which they present a map of ground voids and metals under the ground.

7
2
"Return To The Money Pit"
November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11)
2.15[17]

The team drills in the area of the money pit but is unable to drill through the underground material. A visitor shows them alleged evidence that the treasures from King Solomon's Temple could be buried on Oak Island.

8
3
"The Eight-Pointed Star"
November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18)
2.23[18]

A treasure hunter presents a theory that Phoenicians visited the island 2500 years ago and left behind the ark of the covenant. Rick and Marty Lagina unsuccessfully look for evidence to prove it while also trying to locate the original Money Pit.

9
4
"The Breakthrough"
November 25, 2014 (2014-11-25)
2.15[19]

A tree stump in the swamp is examined. Core samples extracted by drilling are discovered to contain rocks and wood.

10
5
"The 90-Foot Stone"
December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)
2.46[20]

A visitor comes to the island suggesting that he has discovered a secret method of getting to the treasure. He claims that Francis Bacon has left behind instructions to the effect that the "flood tunnels" can be disabled by pouring corn into the money pit. The team declines to test the theory and instead visits a masonic lodge. The team searches the swamp again and finds nothing.

11
6
"Seven Must Dye"
December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)
2.90[21]

Rick searches for man-made flood tunnels without success; Marty and John visit Europe to track down a lead.

12
7
"The Trail of the Templars"
December 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)
2.47[22]

While work begins in the swamp, Rick and Marty travel to Scotland to investigate more corn-related theories about the money pit. They are also presented with a theory that Oak Island is a copy of King Solomon's Temple and that the entrance to the Money Pit is in the swamp.

13
8
"X Marks the Spot"
December 23, 2014 (2014-12-23)
2.72[23]

Rick and Marty search the swamp for an alternate entrance into the Money Pit, without success.

14
9
"A Dangerous Dive"
January 6, 2015 (2015-01-06)
2.59[24]

Rick and Marty take a team of divers to Oak Island.

15
10
"The Big Reveal"
January 13, 2015 (2015-01-13)
3.06[25]

Rick and Marty use sonar to map out the bottom chamber of the 10-X borehole.

text: Season 3 (2015–2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

16
1
"The Hole Truth"
November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)
2.26[27]

Rick and Marty search for underground tunnels on Oak Island and prep borehole 10-X for a dive.[26]

17
2
"Pipe Down"
November 17, 2015 (2015-11-17)
2.56[29]

Prep work for a dive in borehole 10X continues while the team simultaneously searches the area near the Money Pit for shallow treasure.[28]

18
3
"Time to Dig"
November 24, 2015 (2015-11-24)
2.60[31]

Rick, Marty and the team go shopping for excavation equipment, investigate the location of a possible Knight's Templar treasure and search for the original location of the Money Pit.[30]

19
4
"The Overton Stone"
December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)
3.05[33]

Work continues to locate the Money Pit while the team investigates a stone with purported Portuguese carvings.[32]

20
5
"Disappearing Act"
December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)
3.22[35]

The team completes preparations for a dive expedition down borehole 10X by investigating the shaft with a camera.[34]

21
6
"Carved in Stone"
December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)[37]
2.47[38]

Rick, Marty and the team investigate rocks on Oak Island. A researcher visits the island and claims that the Aztecs may have visited the island in the past.[36]

22
7
"The Missing Peace"
December 22, 2015 (2015-12-22)[37]
3.40[40]

Rick and Marty welcome long-time rival Fred Nolan into the team.[39]

23
8
"Phantoms of the Deep"
December 29, 2015 (2015-12-29)[37]
3.30[42]

The team conducts a sonar sweep of the waters surrounding Oak Island and begin digging on Fred Nolan's property.[41]

24
9
"Columbus Day"
January 5, 2016 (2016-01-05)[37]
2.79[44]

The team preps for a dive of borehole 10X. They also listen to a theory about Christopher Columbus visiting the Island.[43]

25
10
"Silence in the Dark"
January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12)[37]
3.11[46]

Difficulties are encountered during the dive to the bottom of borehole 10X, the team further investigates Fred Nolan's property and an alleged Roman sword found in the waters off Oak Island is presented to the team.[45]

26
11
"Sword Play"
January 19, 2016 (2016-01-19)[37]
2.82[48]

The team has the Roman sword investigated and find that it is a modern reproduction. There is an unproductive search for treasure north of the Money Pit.[47]

27
12
"Voices from Below"
January 26, 2016 (2016-01-26)[37]
3.17[50]

The team dives to the bottom of borehole 10X. In a separate investigation, a cavity is found far underground near the Money Pit.[49]

28
13
"Secrets and Revelations"
February 2, 2016 (2016-02-02)[37]
3.41[51]

The diving investigation of borehole 10X concludes with nothing found. Relatives of the original Oak Island treasure hunters present a gold cross which is said to have come from the treasure.

text: Season 4 (2016–2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

29
1
"Going for Broke"
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15)
2.62[53]

The team agrees to turn focus over to the Money Pit and review what they have collected. Researcher Zena Halpern presents a handmade copy of what she claims is a French map from 1347 of Oak Island. The map shows locations for a "hatch", a "valve" and an "anchor" on the Island. A theory is presented based on a purported decoding of a cipher that Joab at the time of King David transported the Ark of the Covenant to North Africa from which it was later transported onward by the Knights Templar from the then-Portuguese town of Safi in Morocco to Oak Island.[52]

30
2
"Always Forward"
November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)
2.66[54]

While preparing to excavate the Money Pit, the team investigates an 18th century well on mainland Nova Scotia. The team brings in an archaeologist to inspect a hole on Dave Blankenship's property which they think is a potential "hatch".

31
3
"Swamp Things"
November 29, 2016 (2016-11-29)
2.97[55]

A piece of rock with scratches is found, before the team revisits the swamp for another look and finds very little.

32
4
"No Stone Unturned"
December 6, 2016 (2016-12-06)
2.95[56]

Part of the team unsuccessfully attempts to track down the '90-foot stone' in nearby Halifax; while the first excavation in over 50 years begins in the Money Pit.

33
5
"Bullseye"
December 11, 2016 (2016-12-11)
2.82[57]

A new theory that Inca gold is buried on Oak Island is offered, albeit without evidence to support it. Meanwhile the team supposedly inches their way to the alleged target in the Money Pit.

34
6
"Circles in Wood"
December 20, 2016 (2016-12-20)
3.44[58]

A few coins are found on the island, a long way from the money pit. The money pit search for the 'Chappel Vault' ends in failure so a new target is set for 170ft C-1 shaft in the Money Pit area.

35
7
"All That Glitters"
December 27, 2016 (2016-12-27)
3.68[59]

The swamp is drained and searched with a metal detector revealing an old spike. Object not dated. C-1 Dig Site is drilled to target depth of 170 ft. where previously inserted camera may have seen something shiny and gold colored.

36
8
"The Mystery of Samuel Ball"
January 3, 2017 (2017-01-03)
3.43[60]

A tiny amount of evidence is offered supposedly linking an 18th-century slave to the mystery.

37
9
"Echoes from the Deep"
January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)
3.35[61]

A camera sent down 10X confirms the divers impression that there is nothing there of note, undermining the camera's operators previous assertion that they were 90% certain there was a chest there. Some of the team are in denial about this and insist there is still some point in exploring 10-X further on the basis that Dan Blankenship has spent so much time on it, it must be the key to the alleged puzzle.

38
10
"About Face"
January 17, 2017 (2017-01-17)
3.04[62]

Divers are sent to the bottom of borehole C-1. Nothing is found. A rock fifty miles from Oak Island is examined. The team decides to do a new examination of borehole 10X.

39
11
"Presidential Secrets"
January 24, 2017 (2017-01-24)
3.20[63]

The new examination of borehole 10X concludes. Equipment failure delays excavation of a new hole. Rick heads to the Franklin D. Roosevelt library to learn why the late President was interested in Oak Island.

40
12
"Hyde Park & Seek"
January 31, 2017 (2017-01-31)
3.15[64]

A cofferdam is built at Smith's Cove and the beach is excavated. The team debates where the "money pit" might have been.

41
13
"One Of Seven"
February 7, 2017 (2017-02-07)
3.24[65]

The team attempts to decode a cipher and concludes that they only possess 1/7th of the cipher. Rocks are found at Smith's Cove. The investigation of the cove is halted for the year. A man from Arizona claims, without any evidence, that several hundred tons of gold are hidden in tunnels near Oak Island.

42
14
"Sticks and Stones"
February 14, 2017 (2017-02-14)
3.20[66]

Rocks are examined on Oak Island. Pieces of wood are carbon dated. The third excavation on the island this season reaches bedrock with nothing found. The team decides to dig another hole.

43
15
"Blood is Thicker"
February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)
3.79[67]

The final excavation of the season leads to the discovery of scrap metal pieces, a washer, several hex nuts and a button. Season finale featured McGinnis gold cross, iron spike, and other artifacts evaluated by antiques appraiser Dr. Lori Verderame (Ph.D. - History of Art and Architecture).

Note: This episode aired as a 2-hour special.

44
16
"Drilling Down"
February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)
1.72[68]

The team is interviewed at the end of season. The wood from borehole 10-X is carbon dated as being from 1670-1780. A new cipher is decoded leading the team to once again believe that there is a "hatch" somewhere on the island. The team wants to continue searching the swamp. The team proposes pumping borehole 10-X dry to enable yet another round of searches. The team wants to search more of the Island with metal detectors in the future.

Note: This episode is a special.

text: Season 5 (2017–2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Original air date
Viewers
(millions)

45
1
"Forever Family"
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
2.95[69]

A diver is sent to the bottom of borehole C-1. Mud is recovered. A nail is found in an old spoils pile from GAL-1. A copper coin is found in the woods near Issac's Point.

46
2
"Dead Man's Chest"
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
2.98[70]

The sea chest of a captain who lived in Nova Scotia in the 1780s is examined. Salt water starts coming out the top of borehole C-1. Another copper coin is found on the island.

47
3
"Obstruction"
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
2.85[71]

Two old British copper coins are found in the woods. The Province of Nova Scotia requests that an archaeologist be on site on Oak Island as an adviser to the treasure hunters. Part of a metal spoon and round rocks are discovered under tree stumps. Based on the rocks and the spoon pieces, Marty Lagina concludes that "something must have happened here". A small piece of scrap metal is found in the mud brought up from one of the new boreholes being drilled in the "money pit" area.

48
4
"Close Call"
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
3.36[72]

Drilling below bedrock, the team discovers a void in the rock. A hose on the drill detaches resulting in a worker falling backward and suffering a minor injury to his wrist. Drilling is halted for over a week. A toy gun is found in the woods and the team launches an investigation of it. Lee Lamb and Richard Restall visit the island. Richard Restall is identified conclusively as the owner of the toy gun.

49
5
"Bone Dry"
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
3.16[73]

An iron spike is found on the beach. Some small pottery fragments are brought up from one of the boreholes. Two human bone fragments were recovered and sent in for testing.

50
6
"Remains of the Day"
December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)
3.01[74]

A piece of leather is found. Rick Lagina has headaches and a rash. He is later diagnosed as having lyme disease. The team intends to have the previously discovered human bone fragments carbon dated.

51
7
"The Lot Thickens"
December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)
3.13[75]

A theory is presented that Sir Francis Drake is buried on Oak Island in a vault with gold treasure. It is suggested that the lack of any records documenting Drake travelling to Canada is proof that he must have travelled to Canada. A theory is presented that the scrap leather piece found is from a book binding. A patch of ground is excavated and nothing is found.

52
8
"Dan's Breakthrough"
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
3.31[76]

The team discovers a horseshoe, a piece of shot and another coin. It is discovered that one of the words on the Zena Halpern map is the name of a French family (Rochefoucauld) who participated in the Crusades. The team presents an unsupported theory that Samuel de Champlain was ordered to incorrectly map Nova Scotia to hide Oak Island by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons at the direction of Rochefoucauld family. The team decides to send several members to France for further investigation of the theory. The testing on the human bone fragments (found in episode 5) indicated that they dated in a range from 1682 AD to 1764 AD.

53
9
"The French Connection"
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
3.02[77]

A small pottery fragment is found on Lot 24. It is determined that the rocks found in Season Five Episode 3 are not consistent with the foundation of a house. The team theorizes, without evidence, that there must have been a "watchtower" on Lot 24. In France, the team establishes that there is no connection between the Rochefoucauld family and the Knights Templar. A Zena Halpern map is examined again and it is determined that the English translations of the map done to present have been incorrect. The team looks at cave carvings in France and consults an expert in the Knights Templar. The team observes a pattern in part of a cave carving that they claim is roughly similar to an upside-down image of the Rochefoucauld family coat of arms and conclude that the family must be linked to the Knights Templar. They find a carving of a multi-armed cross and offer an unsupported theory that it is a representation of the "Tree of Life" and that it is the same as Nolan's Cross on the island. A theory is presented that the cave carving may represent an "earlier version" of the "Tree of Life". Based on the information discovered in France, the team concludes that the Oak Island swamp should be excavated again.

54
10
"The Signs Of A Cross"
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
3.34[78]

Eight pages of what is alleged to be a transcript of an incomplete log of an unnamed ship are presented. It is claimed, without any evidence, that the log is from a French ship which participated in the Duc d'Anville Nova Scotia expedition of 1746. More wood, a bone and a metal spike are brought up from a borehole in the money pit area. The shaft excavation reaches an obstruction at 170 feet. A small lead cross is found at Smith's Cove. It is theorized, with no supporting evidence, that crosses with an attaching loop at the top were used by members of the Knights Templar and that this lead cross dates from the years 1200 to 1600.

55
11
"Moving Targets"
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
3.32[79]

A spoon handle and a piece of brass are found at Smith's Cove. More pottery fragments, another bone and small bits of leather are found in the material brought up from borehole H8. The team debates the location of the "Chappel Vault".

56
12
"A Key to the Mystery"
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
3.25[80]

The team gains access to Fred Nolan's survey maps of the island but have difficulty interpreting them. A folding metal key is examined. Searching for a local dumpsite, the team digs a trench on Lot 12 near the former house of Fred Nolan. Pottery fragments are found in the trench.

57
13
"Unhinged"
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
3.32[81]

More pottery fragments and a metal hinge are found at the Nolan dumpsite. A part of the swamp is drained and a wooden stake is found. Zena Halpern is shown a picture of the lead cross and claims it is not a cross, but the symbol of the Phoenician goddess Tanit. She further makes unsupported claims that the cross is around 3200 years old (dating to 1200 BC) and that the Knights Templar worshiped Tanit. The drilling of the latest borehole encounters an obstruction at 75 feet.

58
14
"The Templar Connection"
February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)
2.34[82]

A history of the Knights Templar is presented along with speculative theories about how they might have been involved with Oak Island.

Note: This episode is a special.

59
15
"Steel Trapped"
February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)
2.99[83]

Independent researcher Kathleen McGowan Coppens offers an unsupported theory that the lead cross was part of a necklace used by Templars to smuggle gold. She also claims that the country of Canada was named by the Templars after the town of Sarlat-la-Canéda in France. A rusty keyhole plate is found in the woods. On examination, the exposed surface of the drilling obstruction at the money pit appears to be rocks and clay soil. The borehole later fills with water. The team arranges for a diver to go down the borehole.

60
16
"Seeing Red"
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
3.02[84]

An excavation is done at Smith's cove and wood is found. The team plans for further excavations at Smith's cove next year. A button claimed to be from the 1700s and an old jewelry fragment are located by metal detector.

61
17
"A Family Album"
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
1.98[84]

The episode includes accounts of activities on the Oak Island by the McGinnis family, descendants of Samuel Ball, William Chappell's family, the Restall Family and the family of Robert Dunfield. The Blankenship/Nolan disputes on Oak Island are discussed. The episode ends with a short history of the Lagina brothers' interest in Oak Island.

Note: This episode is a special.

62
18
"Amazing Discoveries"
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
2.89[85]

The gem in the Jewelry fragment found on the island is a Rhodolite Garnet stone of small value. The drilling obstruction in the "money pit" borehole is determined by divers to be a granite boulder.