document_title: John Obi Mikel

question_text: how many goals did mikel score for chelsea

text: John Obi Mikel

text: Club career

text: Mikel was born in Jos, Nigeria, as John Michael Nchekwube Obinna, the son of Michael Obi, who runs an inter-state transport company in Jos, the capital of Plateau State.[5] As his father was a member of the Igbo ethnic group,[6] "Nchekwube" means "hope" and "Obi" is a nickname for the Igbo name "Obinna" (meaning "Father's heart").[7]

text: Mikel started his official football career at the age of 12 when picked as a talented footballer from over 3,000 young talents to play in Pepsi Football Academy, a team that at the time was well known for travelling across Nigeria scouting young footballers with the potential to play professionally. Obi stood out to scouts and was later picked to play for top-flight club Plateau United, a side that had previously developed stars Celestine Babayaro, Victor Obinna and Chris Obodo, among others, that went on to success in European leagues. Later known as John Obi Mikel, he made headlines for his country at the FIFA Under-17 World Championships held in Finland. Following the tournament, he went on to a trial at South Africa club Ajax Cape Town, ultimately joining Oslo-based club Lyn Fotball in Norway.[8]

text: During preparations for the 2003 FIFA Under-17 World Championships, the Nigerian Football Association (NFA) mistakenly submitted "Michael" as "Mikel" for the tournament in Finland. He decided to keep the new name, saying that it had a "special ring to it." On 31 July 2006, he stated that he prefers to be called Mikel John Obi instead of John Obi Mikel, as he had most commonly been called.[9]

text: In the summer of 2005, Mikel played for Nigeria at the FIFA World Youth Championships held in the Netherlands. He had an excellent tournament until Nigeria reached the final, where they lost 2–1 to Argentina. Obi won the Silver Ball after being voted the tournament's second-best player.

text: Controversial transfer to England

text: On 29 April 2005, a few days after Mikel turned 18, Premier League club Manchester United announced that it had struck a deal with Lyn to sign the player.[10] United's website also claimed that they had done a deal directly with the teenager and that he had signed a contract to join them. Mikel's agents were bypassed as the club persuaded the youngster to sign a four-year contract without representation. Lyn allegedly sent a fax to his agents abroad, claiming their services were no longer required by Mikel. Reports said the deal was initially worth £4 million,[11] and would see the player arrive at Old Trafford in January 2006.

text: Manchester United's rival Premier League club, Chelsea, later issued a counter-claim suggesting that they already had an agreement with Mikel and his agents, but Lyn denied this claim. However, subsequent reports indicated that Chelsea claimed to have been involved in arranging the player's original move to Europe with a view to signing him at a later date. Further substance was added to this claim after it was revealed that the player had impressed Chelsea manager José Mourinho while training with the club's first-team squad during the summer of 2004.

text: Mikel expressed his delight at joining United in a hastily arranged press conference, where he was pictured holding up a Manchester United shirt bearing the squad number 21.[12] Following his signing of the contract to join United, there were claims from Norway that he had received a number of threatening phone calls from unknown sources. Mikel was assigned a security guard and moved to a safe hotel. On 11 May 2005, however, the midfielder went missing during a Norwegian Cup game against Klemetsrud; he had not been selected for the match but had been watching from the stands. Whilst the player was believed to have left with one of his agents, John Shittu, who had by now flown in to meet Mikel, his disappearance sparked massive media coverage in Norway and also provoked a police enquiry after Lyn Director Morgan Andersen made claims in the Norwegian media that Mikel had been "kidnapped." These claims were later repeated by Manchester United's assistant manager Carlos Queiroz, who accused Chelsea of being involved in the alleged "kidnapping."[13]

text: It subsequently emerged that Mikel had travelled to London with his agent John Shittu, who was working for Jerome Anderson's SEM group.[14] Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson considered travelling to Oslo to visit Mikel, but decided against this after Mikel was reported to have left the country.[15] Staying in a London hotel and some nine days after disappearing, Mikel stated on Sky Sports News that he had been pressured into signing the contract with United without his agent present, claims furiously rebuffed by both Manchester United and Lyn.[16] Mikel told the British media that Chelsea were the club he genuinely wanted to sign for. In response to these events, United made an official complaint to FIFA about the behaviour of both Chelsea and the player's agents, Shittu and Rune Hauge, already infamous for his role in the George Graham bungs scandal.[17] FIFA dismissed these claims in August 2005, stating there was insufficient evidence to bring a case against Chelsea.

text: Following the tournament, Mikel failed to return to Lyn, whereupon the club subsequently lodged a complaint with FIFA. On 12 August 2005, FIFA ruled that Mikel should return to Lyn to fulfill the remainder of his contract with the club, whilst they would decide at a later date whether the contract he signed with United should be upheld or cancelled.[18][19] After a delay of over a month, Mikel complied with the FIFA decision and returned to Lyn in early September 2005 after a three-month absence.

text: Transfer resolved

text: Rather than leaving FIFA to determine the validity of the contract signed with Manchester United, Chelsea intervened by volunteering to settle the transfer saga through negotiation with Lyn and Manchester United.[20]

text: On 2 June 2006, Chelsea, Manchester United and Lyn reached a settlement to resolve the future of the player. Mikel's registration was to be transferred from Lyn to Chelsea; Manchester United agreed to terminate their option agreement with Mikel. Under the terms of this agreement, Chelsea agreed to pay United £12 million, half paid upon the finalization of the contract and the other half in June 2007, and Lyn £4 million, half payable immediately and half in June 2007. As a result of this settlement, all claims in this matter were withdrawn.[21] On 19 July 2006, Chelsea were granted a work permit for the midfielder after they completed the £16 million signing in June 2006.[22]

text: In the aftermath of the transfer, Lyn Director Morgan Andersen, who had a previous conviction for forging official documents,[23] was convicted of fraud and making false accusations; he was given a one-year suspended jail sentence by an Oslo court. The court also ordered him to pay 20,000 kroner (£1,944) in costs.[24] Chelsea made a High Court claim for £16 million against Lyn and Andersen following the conviction, claiming that the previously agreed settlement was not binding as "the transfer was based on a fraudulent misrepresentation, now proven by a court of law."[25] This claim was subsequently resolved out of court.[26]

text: Chelsea

text: 2006–07 season

text: On 12 September 2006, Mikel made his first start for Chelsea in the UEFA Champions League against Bulgarian club Levski Sofia and took a powerful shot which the goalkeeper failed to save and Didier Drogba pounced on the rebound. Mikel received many positive comments for his performance in the match. However, since being sent off in a match against Reading on 14 October 2006, Mikel was fined on three separate occasions by Chelsea for turning up late to training.

text: At the time, Chelsea manager José Mourinho was believed to have strong reservations about his lifestyle outside of Stamford Bridge, and the club were reportedly considering offloading the player. Mikel was dropped for over a month, during which his father Michael voiced his concerns over his son's behaviour.[27] After improved punctuality and showings at training sessions, Mikel earned a recall for Chelsea's Champions League group stage away game against Werder Bremen on 23 November 2006. He scored his first goal for Chelsea in their 6–1 FA Cup victory over Macclesfield Town on 6 January 2007. He also scored against Nottingham Forest in the following round of the competition. During Chelsea's triumph in the League Cup final in 2007, Mikel was sent off in injury time (having come on as a substitute) after clashing with Kolo Touré. The incident was followed by a huge fracas, in which Touré and Emmanuel Adebayor of Arsenal were sent off, Cesc Fàbregas and Frank Lampard were booked and Mourinho and Arsène Wenger were involved in a kerfuffle on the pitch.

text: In subsequent games, Mourinho deployed Mikel as a starter in a holding role in key games where he impressed greatly, notably in the Chelsea–Tottenham Hotspur FA Cup sixth round replay, the Champions League quarter-final games against Valencia, the Champions League semi-final games against Liverpool and also the victorious 2007 FA Cup Final against Manchester United. Mikel's height and great strength, allied to good ball control and an unusually wide range of passing, allows him not only to disrupt opposing attacks, but also to spread the play effectively. Mikel supplanted the French midfielder Claude Makélélé in the lineup following his departure to Paris Saint-Germain.[28]

text: 2007–08 season

text: Mikel was sent-off for the third time in his career in September 2007, when referee Mike Dean dismissed him for a tackle on Manchester United defender Patrice Evra. Chelsea appealed against the red card, but the three-match suspension was upheld.

text: Mikel was also sent off in the semi-final of the League Cup against Everton for a challenge on Phil Neville. Despite this, he came back strongly to round off what has been a good first two seasons for him at Chelsea.

text: 2008–09 season

text: The summer of 2008 saw veteran defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé transferred to French club Paris Saint-Germain, leaving the defensive midfield position vacant. Throughout the 2008–09 season, Mikel saw a great deal of playing time due to an injury to Michael Essien. During this period of increased action, Mikel performed admirably in the role. His ever-improving game was praised by Chelsea manager Luiz Felipe Scolari, and his importance to the team was underlined when he provided the free kick that Salomon Kalou scored to equalise against Manchester United. He played so well in 2008–09 that he was nominated for the club player and young player of the season. On 24 January 2009, Mikel was charged with drunk driving, just hours before an FA Cup game against Ipswich Town[29] – Mikel was not due to play in the game as he was serving a suspension. Although he had all that trouble on 22 July, Mikel signed a new five-year contract with Chelsea.[30]

text: 2009–10 season

text: On 13 February 2010, Mikel provided a long ball for Didier Drogba to latch onto and fire past goalkeeper David Marshall as Chelsea beat Cardiff City 4–1 in the FA Cup Round of 16.[31] Mikel provided another assist for a Drogba goal in a 5–0 win over FA Cup finalists and relegated side Portsmouth on 24 March, as Chelsea cut United's lead at the top of the table to one point.[32] Mikel played the full ninety minutes in Chelsea's 7–1 smashing of Aston Villa three days later as Chelsea kept pace in the title race with Manchester United.[33] In their next Premier League game against United, Mikel played excellent as a marshall in midfield as Chelsea climbed above United in the table with a 2–1 win at Old Trafford, thanks to goals from Joe Cole and Drogba.[34]

text: Under new manager Carlo Ancelotti, Mikel continued to perform with efficiency in his defensive midfield role, notching 32 appearances for the Blues. In May 2010, he received Premier League[35] and FA Cup[36] winner's medals as part of Chelsea's first ever league-cup double winning team.[37]

text: 2010–11 season

text: Mikel and Chelsea started the new 2010–11 Premier League campaign where they left off from the 2009–10 season, playing strong defense and adding deadly finishing. Mikel played the full 90 and helped keep three clean-sheets in the first three games as Chelsea eased past West Bromwich Albion 6–0 on 14 August,[38] crushed Wigan Athletic 6–0 at the DW Stadium seven days later[39] and edged past Stoke City 2–0 on 28 August.[40]

text: Mikel was the preferred option in defensive midfield as teammate Michael Essien spent most of the season on the sideline with knee injuries.[41] The injury to the versatile Essien forced the club to play new signing Ramires more often in the second half of the season. Mikel featured in 28 Premier League campaigns for Chelsea as the London side finished in second place, nine points behind champions Manchester United.[42] Following the disappointment of not winning a title, Chelsea manager Carlo Ancelotti was sacked by the club.[43][44]

text: 2011–12 season

text: Before the start of their league campaign, Mikel's father was abducted in his native Nigeria on 10 August; despite this, Mikel started in the club's opening fixture against Stoke City at Britannia Stadium.[45] Mikel came close to claiming his first Premier League goal for Chelsea in an inspired game as the sides played out a 0–0 draw in new coach André Villas-Boas' first game in charge.[46]

text: Due to Essien's long-term knee injury, Mikel found more playing time, but around Christmas time lost his place to new signing Oriol Romeu.[47] Following a run of disappointing fixtures, including a catastrophic 3–1 loss to Napoli in the Champions League Round of 16 first leg[48] and a 1–0 defeat to West Brom,[49] Villas-Boas was sacked by Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich.[50] In both of these matches, Mikel was an unused substitute for the Blues.[51] Following the appointment of former Chelsea midfielder Roberto Di Matteo as interim head coach, Mikel appeared in 16 of the club's last 20 games and started in 14 of them, and began to play some of his best football for the club.[52]

text: Mikel played the full 90 minutes in Chelsea's 2–1 victory over Liverpool in the 2012 FA Cup Final on 5 May 2012, picking up a yellow card in the 36th minute.[47] The 2011–12 Premier League campaign saw Mikel appear in 22 league fixtures, starting 15 of them, as well as playing in eight fixtures leading up to the team's appearance in the 2012 Champions League Final against Bayern Munich.[51]

text: In the final in Munich on 19 May, Mikel played the full 120 minutes as the sides played out a 1–1 draw.[53] Chelsea played a tough defensive battle and Mikel was hailed by Sky Sports pundit Jamie Redknapp as playing an excellent game, putting in "a performance that I didn't think he had in him; he was putting out fires everywhere," as Chelsea claimed a 4–3 victory in the penalty shootout.[53] Following his performance, Mikel told reporters that it was "best night of our lives."[54] Mikel's strong performances in the final stages of the season and his impressive display in Munich helped Chelsea secure Champions League football next season despite finishing in sixth place, knocking London rivals Tottenham into the UEFA Europa League.[55]

text: 2012–13 season

text: Mikel started all of Chelsea's first five games of the new 2012–13 Premier League season, and also played in the Community Shield against Manchester City[56] and Super Cup against Atlético Madrid. In November, Mikel was named on the shortlist for the African Footballer of the Year along with former Chelsea teammate Didier Drogba.[57]

text: Mikel was charged with misconduct by the Football Association (FA) on 22 November 2012.[58] He was given a three-match ban and fined £60,000 for threatening referee Mark Clattenburg during a 3–2 defeat to Manchester United.[59][60]

text: On 5 December 2012, Mikel signed a contract extension with Chelsea, keeping him at the club until 2017.[61]

text: 2013–14 season

text: On 21 September 2013, Mikel scored his first-ever Premier League goal in a 2–0 win against Fulham.[62] He scored his second goal of the season in Chelsea's third round tie with Derby County on 5 January 2014, heading in the opening goal in an eventual 2–0 victory.[63] He made his 200th Premier League appearance for Chelsea on 3 February, coming on as a late substitute in a 1–0 away victory at Manchester City.

text: 2014–15 season

text: On 30 August 2014, Mikel, who substituted Willian on the 75-minute mark, set up Diego Costa's second goal after intercepting up Muhamed Bešić's backheel pass. Chelsea went on to win 6–3 against Everton at Goodison Park.[64] Mikel scored a rare goal against Sporting CP on 10 December in a 3–1 victory at Stamford Bridge in the 2014–15 Champions League.

text: 2015–16 season

text: Against Watford on Boxing Day 2015, in the first game of Guus Hiddink's second spell in charge, Mikel came on to become the 21st player to make 350 appearances for Chelsea. Chelsea then faced Paris Saint-Germain in the first leg of the UEFA Champions League round of 16. Mikel conceded a foul just outside the 18-yard box. PSG forward Zlatan Ibrahimović's free kick deflected off Mikel, who was part of the wall, and past goalkeeper Thibaut Courtois. Just a few minutes later, however, Mikel equalised from a stoppage time corner kick. Due to the injuries of John Terry and Gary Cahill, Mikel had to play as a centre-back in multiple games.

text: 2016–17 season

text: On 4 November 2016, it was announced that the club would not be renewing his contract when it expired at the end of the season.[65]

text: Tianjin TEDA

text: On 6 January 2017, Chinese club Tianjin TEDA signed Mikel by free transfer.[66] On April 14, 2018, he scored his second league goal for Tianjin, and first goal of the season against Guangzhou R&F F.C..[67]

text: International career

text: Mikel represented the Nigeria under-20 team at the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship and won the Silver Ball for the second-best player at the tournament (behind Lionel Messi) as the Africans finished runner-up to Argentina.[68]

text: He made his debut for the Nigeria senior team on 17 August 2005, when he came on as a second-half substitute in a 1–0 friendly win over Libya. He did not play for the national team again prior to being named in the squad for the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations. In Nigeria's first group game, against Ghana, Mikel was an unused substitute. However, he was introduced into the second game against Zimbabwe early in the second half. Within ten minutes of coming on, he had supplied both the corner that resulted in Christian Obodo heading the game's opening goal, and scored Nigeria's second goal. He made his first international start in Nigeria's final group game, a 2–1 victory over Senegal.[69]

text: In 2007, Mikel was suspended from all Nigerian national teams after manager Berti Vogts dropped Mikel from the team's squad for the Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Niger for failing to attend their previous match against Uganda.[70] Mikel cited an injury, but because he did not attend an independent check by Nigerian officials, he was dropped. This, and his refusal to play for the Nigerian under-23 side, resulted in his suspension by the Nigerian Football Association. After apologising, he was called up to the national squad for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations in Ghana.[71] At the tournament, he scored one goal and registered one assist in a match against Benin to help Nigeria qualify for the quarter-finals against hosts Ghana, where they lost 2–1 to their West African rivals.[72]

text: Mikel had been called up for the under-23 side in preparation of the team's last Olympic qualifier on 26 March 2008, needing a win to qualify.[73] His failure to show up for any of the qualifiers again setting off some controversy with the U23 team coach Samson Siasia, who dropped him from the Olympic squad amidst significant furor from the media.

text: On 5 June 2010, Mikel was ruled out of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa due to injury. He had been struggling to recover from a knee problem after undergoing surgery in May, though there were also reports that an ankle injury was to blame for Mikel's withdrawal.[74]

text: At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, Mikel was a key player for Nigeria as they went on to win their fifth continental title. He was named by the Confederation of African Football (CAF) in the team of the tournament alongside teammates Vincent Enyeama, Efe Ambrose, Victor Moses and Emmanuel Emenike.[75]

text: Mikel made his FIFA World Cup debut during the 2014 tournament in Brazil, earning a man of the match award in the Super Eagles' opening game against Iran[76] and helping the team to reach the knockout stage for the first time since 1998.[77]

text: In a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Algeria, Mikel scored a goal and assisted his Chelsea teammate Victor Moses in a 3-1 victory.[78][79]

text: 2016 Summer Olympics

text: He was selected by Nigeria for their 35-man provisional squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics[80] and was later named captain of the Olympics squad.[81] On 13 August 2016, Mikel scored his first ever Olympic goal in a 2–0 win against Denmark to advance to the semi-final.[82] After the 2–0 defeat to Germany, Nigeria went on to the bronze medal match against Honduras. On 20 August, Mikel helped Nigeria to the bronze medal in a 3–2 victory over Honduras. Nigeria became the first ever country to win all three medals at the Olympics Games with the 1996 squad winning the gold and 2008 squad winning the silver.[83]

text: Career statistics

text: Club

text:
Club
Season
League
National Cup
League Cup
Europe[86]
Other[nb 1]
Total

Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

Lyn
2004
Tippeligaen
4
0
0
0
–
–
–
4
0

2005
2
1
0
0
–
–
–
2
1

Total
6
1
0
0
–
–
–
6
1

Chelsea
2006–07
Premier League
22
0
6
2
4
0
9
0
1
0
42
2

2007–08
29
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
1
0
39
0

2008–09
34
0
5
0
1
0
9
0
–
49
0

2009–10
25
0
3
0
2
0
4
0
1
0
35
0

2010–11
28
0
2
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
37
0

2011–12
22
0
5
0
1
0
9
0
–
37
0

2012–13
22
0
3
0
1
0
9
0
3
0
38
0

2013–14
24
1
2
1
2
0
7
0
1
0
36
2

2014–15
18
0
2
0
4
0
2
1
–
26
1

2015–16
25
0
1
0
2
0
3
1
–
31
1

2016–17
0
0
0
0
0
0
–
–
0
0

Total
249
1
31
3
20
0
62
2
8
0
374
6

Tianjin Teda
2017
Chinese Super League
13
1
0
0
–
–
–
13
1

Total
13
1
0
0
–
–
–
13
1

Career total
268
3
31
3
20
0
62
2
8
0
396
8

text: International

text:
Nigeria national team

Year
Apps
Goals

2006
5
1

2007
4
0

2008
8
1

2009
5
0

2010
8
0

2011
8
0

2012
2
1

2013
17
1

2014
13
0

2015
3
0

2016
5
1

2017
4
1

Total
82
6

text: International goals

text:
No
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition

1.
27 January 2006
Port Said Stadium, Port Said, Egypt
 Zimbabwe
2–0
2–0
2006 Africa Cup of Nations

2.
29 January 2008
Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium, Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana
 Benin
1–0
2–0
2008 Africa Cup of Nations

3.
13 October 2012
U.J. Esuene Stadium, Calabar, Nigeria
 Liberia
4–1
6–1
2013 Africa Cup of Nations qualification

4.
20 June 2013
Itaipava Arena Fonte Nova, Salvador, Brazil
 Uruguay
1–1
1–2
2013 FIFA Confederations Cup

5.
12 November 2016
Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, Uyo, Nigeria
 Algeria
2–0
3–1
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

6.
1 September 2017
Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, Uyo, Nigeria
 Cameroon
2–0
4–0
2018 FIFA World Cup qualification

text: Honours

text:
Premier League: 2009–10, 2014–15[89]
FA Cup: 2006–07, 2008–09, 2011–12
Football League Cup: 2006–07
FA Community Shield: 2009
UEFA Champions League: 2011–12
UEFA Europa League: 2012–13

text:
Africa Cup of Nations: 2013
2016 Summer Olympics : Bronze Medal

text: Individual

text:
FIFA World Youth Championship Silver Ball: 2005
African Young Player of the Year: 2005, 2006
Chelsea Young Player of the Year: 2007,[90] 2008

text: Personal life

text: On 12 August 2011, Mikel's father, Michael Obi, was the victim of a suspected kidnapping in Nigeria. Mikel was informed before Chelsea's match against Stoke City two days later but opted to play despite his concerns for his father's well-being. On 15 August 2011, Mikel made an impassioned plea for his father's safe return. He told Sky Sports News, "I've always tried to help the country, this is the time for the country to help me, whoever knows where my dad is should please contact me."[5][91] Michael Obi was found alive on 22 August 2011, in the Nigerian city of Kano. His abductors were reported to be in police custody.[92][93]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ Includes other competitive competitions, including the FA Community Shield, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup.

tag: ol


document_title: Eligible receiver

question_text: how many players on the line of scrimmage in american football

root

text: Eligible receiver

text: College football[edit]

text: The NCAA rulebook defines eligible receivers for college football in Rule 7, Section 3, Article 3.[1] The determining factors are the player's position on the field at the snap and their jersey number. Specifically, any players on offense wearing numbers between 50 and 79 are always ineligible. All defensive players are eligible receivers and offensive players who are not wearing an ineligible number are eligible receivers if they meet one of the following three criteria:

tag: p

text:
Player is at either end of the group of players on the line of scrimmage (usually the wide receivers and tight end)
Player is lined up at least one yard behind the line of scrimmage (running backs, fullbacks, etc.)
Player is positioned to receive a hand-to-hand snap from the center (almost always the quarterback)

tag: ul

text: Players may only wear eligible numbers at an ineligible position when it is obvious that a punt or field goal is to be attempted.

text: If a player is to change between eligible and ineligible positions, they must physically change jersey numbers to reflect the position.[2]

text: A receiver loses his eligibility by leaving the field of play unless he was forced out by a defensive player and immediately attempts to get back inbounds (Rule 7-3-4). All players on the field become eligible as soon as the ball is touched by a defensive player or an official during play (Rule 7-3-5).

text: Professional football[edit]

text: In both American and Canadian professional football, every player on the defensive team is considered eligible. The offensive team must have at least seven players lined up on the line of scrimmage. Of the players on the line of scrimmage, only the two players on the ends of the line of scrimmage are eligible receivers. The remaining players are in the backfield (four in American football, five in Canadian football), including the quarterback. These backfield players are also eligible receivers. In the National Football League, a quarterback who takes his stance behind center as a T-formation quarterback is not eligible unless, before the ball is snapped, he legally moves to a position at least one yard behind the line of scrimmage or on the end of the line, and is stationary in that position for at least one second before the snap, but is nonetheless not counted toward the seven men required on the line of scrimmage.[3]

text: If, for example, eight men line up on the line of scrimmage, the team loses an eligible receiver. This can often happen when a flanker or slot receiver, who is supposed to line up behind the line of scrimmage, instead lines up on the line of scrimmage between the offensive line and a split end. In most cases where a pass is caught by an ineligible receiver, it is usually because the quarterback was under pressure and threw it to an offensive lineman out of desperation.

text: In many leagues eligible receivers must wear certain uniform numbers, so that the officials can more easily distinguish between eligible and ineligible receivers. In the NFL running backs must wear numbers 20 to 49, tight ends must wear numbers 80 to 89 (or 40 to 49 if the numbers 80 to 89 have been exhausted), and wide receivers must wear numbers 10 to 19 or 80 to 89. In the CFL ineligible receivers must wear numbers 50 to 69; all other numbers (including 0 and 00) may be worn by eligible receivers. A player who is not wearing a number that corresponds to an eligible receiver is ineligible even if he lines up in an eligible position. However, a player who reports to the referee that he intends to be eligible in the following play is allowed to line up and act as an eligible receiver. An example of this was a 1985 NFL game in which William Perry, wearing number 72 and normally a defensive lineman, was made an eligible receiver on an offensive play, and successfully caught a touchdown pass attempt. A more recent example, and more commonly used, has been former New England Patriots linebacker Mike Vrabel lining up as a tight end in goal line situations.

text: Before the snap of the ball, in the American game, backfield players may only move parallel to the line of scrimmage, only one back may be in motion at any given time, and if forward motion has occurred, the back must be still for a full second before the snap. The receiver may be in motion laterally or away from the line of scrimmage at the snap. A breach of this rule results in a penalty for illegal procedure (five yards). However, in the Canadian game, eligible receivers may move in any direction before the snap, any number may be in motion at any one time, and there is no need to be motionless before the snap.

text: The rules on eligible receivers only apply to forward passes. Any player may legally catch a backwards or lateral pass.

text: In the American game, once the play has started, eligible receivers can become ineligible depending on how the play develops. Any eligible receiver that goes out of bounds is no longer an eligible receiver and cannot receive a forward pass, unless that player re-establishes by taking three steps in bounds. Also, if a pass is touched by any defensive player or eligible offensive receiver (tipped by a defensive lineman, slips through a receiver's hands, etc.), every offensive player immediately becomes eligible. In the CFL all players become eligible receivers if a pass is touched by a member of the defensive team.

text: High school[edit]

text: In high school football, the rules of eligibility are roughly the same as in the college game. However, as of February 1999, at least five players must wear numbers between 50 and 79 on first, second, or third down, which by rule would make them ineligible receivers. This was because of a change in the definition of a scrimmage-kick formation made by the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS).[4] The change was intended to close a loophole in the rules which allowed teams to run an A-11 offense, in which a team could legally be exempted from eligibility numbering restrictions if the player receiving the snap was at least seven yards behind the line of scrimmage.[5]


document_title: Cintrón

question_text: where does the last name cintron come from

text: Cintrón

text: Cintrón or Cintron is a surname of Portuguese and Spanish-French origins. The name migrated as a consequence of the conquest and settlement of the New World, particularly in Puerto Rico. Famous people with the surname Cintron:

text:
Alex Cintrón (born 1978), Major League Baseball infielder
Carlos Juan Cintrón, mayor of Ponce, Puerto Rico from 1957 to 1961
Conchita Cintrón (1922–2009), Chilean torera (female bullfighter)
José Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintrón (born 1912), Puerto Rican actor, theater and film director
Juan H. Cintrón García, Puerto Rican politician, Mayor of Ponce 1968–1972
Kermit Cintrón (born 1979), Puerto Rican boxer who is from Carolina, Puerto Rico
Manolo Cintron (born 1963), former Puerto Rican professional basketball player
Manuel Egozcue Cintrón (born 1855), born in Bilbao, Spain
Marty Cintron, American singer, member of the American pop band No Mercy
Nemir Matos-Cintrón, Puerto Rican author who currently resides in Florida
Nitza Margarita Cintron (born 1950), Chief of Space Medicine & Health Care Systems Office at NASA's Johnson Space Center
Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón (1855–1913), lawyer and political leader
Sharon Cintron (born 1945), American model and actress

text:
Surname list
This page lists people with the surname Cintrón. If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name(s) to the link.

tag: table

text: Surnames

text: Disambiguation pages with short descriptionAll set index articles


document_title: Merderet

question_text: where was the bridge in saving private ryan

text: Merderet

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Merderet

Country
France

Physical characteristics

Main source
Normandy

River mouth
Douve
49°21′48″N 1°21′16″W / 49.36333°N 1.35444°W / 49.36333; -1.35444 (Douve-Merderet)Coordinates: 49°21′48″N 1°21′16″W / 49.36333°N 1.35444°W / 49.36333; -1.35444 (Douve-Merderet)

Length
36 km (22 mi)

text: The Merderet is a 36 km long river in Normandy, France which is tributary to the Douve River.[1] It runs roughly north-south down the middle of the Cotentin peninsula from Valognes to the junction with the Douve at Beuzeville la Bastille.

text: Hydrology[edit]

text: The river has relatively high turbidity and its brownish water is somewhat low in velocity due to the slight gradient of the watercourse; pH levels have been measured at 8.31[2] near the Chateau d'Isle Marie and electrical conductivity of the waters have tested at 61 micro-siemens per centimetre. At this reference location, summer flows are typically in the range of 250 cubic feet per second (7.1 m3/s).

text: Airborne landings on D-Day[edit]

text: Running parallel to the shoreline about 5 miles (8.0 km) from Utah Beach, the marshes of the Merderet and Douve formed a natural defensive line protecting the western end of the Allied landing zone and at the same time limiting the Allies' potential to break out of the beachhead. Thus control of the bridges at Manoir de la Fière and Chef-du-Pont was seen as vital. The Merderet was assigned to the U.S. 82nd Airborne Division as Mission Boston, scheduled for 5 hours before the amphibious landings on D-Day. Cloud cover and German fire caused the landings to be dispersed; the paratroopers took the strategic town of Sainte-Mère-Église but failed in their original mission to clear the west bank of the Merderet on D-Day and blow the bridge over the Douze at Pont l'Abbé (now Étienville). The extent of their control of the bridges over the Merderet is disputed, but it was sufficient to hold off German counterattacks. These included an attack over the causeway at La Fiere by the 1057th Grenadier Regiment and light tanks of the 100th Panzer Replacement Battalion. This appears to have been the inspiration for the climactic battle in the film Saving Private Ryan, which is set around a bridge over the Merderet in the fictional town of Ramelle.

text: After the Battle of Carentan on 9 June, Allied forces moved up the Cotentin Peninsula on either side of the Merderet. This advance culminated in the Battle of Cherbourg which saw the port captured by the end of the month.


document_title: Transtheoretical model

question_text: who invented the transtheoretical model of behavior change

text: Transtheoretical model

text: History and core constructs[edit]

text: James O. Prochaska of the University of Rhode Island, and Carlo Di Clemente and colleagues developed the transtheoretical model beginning in 1977.[1] It is based on analysis and use of different theories of psychotherapy, hence the name "transtheoretical".

text: Prochaska and colleagues refined the model on the basis of research that they published in peer-reviewed journals and books.[15]

text: Stages of change[edit]

text: This construct refers to the temporal dimension of behavioural change. In the transtheoretical model, change is a "process involving progress through a series of stages":[16][17]

text:
Precontemplation ("not ready") – "People are not intending to take action in the foreseeable future, and can be unaware that their behaviour is problematic"
Contemplation ("getting ready") – "People are beginning to recognize that their behaviour is problematic, and start to look at the pros and cons of their continued actions"
Preparation ("ready") – "People are intending to take action in the immediate future, and may begin taking small steps toward behaviour change"[nb 1]
Action – "People have made specific overt modifications in modifying their problem behaviour or in acquiring new healthy behaviours"
Maintenance – "People have been able to sustain action for at least six months and are working to prevent relapse"
Termination – "Individuals have zero temptation and they are sure they will not return to their old unhealthy habit as a way of coping"[nb 2]

text: In addition, the researchers conceptualized "Relapse" (recycling) which is not a stage in itself but rather the "return from Action or Maintenance to an earlier stage".[16][nb 3]

text: The quantitative definition of the stages of change (see below) is perhaps the most notorious feature of the model. However it is also one of the most critiqued, even in the field of smoking cessation, where it was originally formulated. It has been said that such quantitative definition (i.e. a person is in preparation if it intends to change within a month) does not reflect the nature of behaviour change, that it does not have better predictive power than simpler questions (i.e. "do you have plans to change..."), and that it has problems regarding its classification reliability.[18]

text: Communication theorist and sociologist Everett Rogers suggested that the stages of change are analogues of the stages of the innovation adoption process in Rogers' theory of diffusion of innovations.[19]

text: Details of each stage[edit]

text:
Stage
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Relapse

Standard time
more than 6 months
in the next 6 months
in the next month
now
at least 6 months
any time

text: Stage 1: Precontemplation (not ready)[6][16][20][21][22][23]

text: People at this stage do not intend to start the healthy behavior in the near future (within 6 months), and may be unaware of the need to change. People here learn more about healthy behavior: they are encouraged to think about the pros of changing their behavior and to feel emotions about the effects of their negative behavior on others.

text: Precontemplators typically underestimate the pros of changing, overestimate the cons, and often are not aware of making such mistakes.

text: One of the most effective steps that others can help with at this stage is to encourage them to become more mindful of their decision making and more conscious of the multiple benefits of changing an unhealthy behavior.

text: Stage 2: Contemplation (getting ready)

text: At this stage, participants are intending to start the healthy behavior within the next 6 months. While they are usually now more aware of the pros of changing, their cons are about equal to their Pros. This ambivalence about changing can cause them to keep putting off taking action.

text: People here learn about the kind of person they could be if they changed their behavior and learn more from people who behave in healthy ways.

text: Others can influence and help effectively at this stage by encouraging them to work at reducing the cons of changing their behavior.

text: Stage 3: Preparation (ready)

text: People at this stage are ready to start taking action within the next 30 days. They take small steps that they believe can help them make the healthy behavior a part of their lives. For example, they tell their friends and family that they want to change their behavior.

text: People in this stage should be encouraged to seek support from friends they trust, tell people about their plan to change the way they act, and think about how they would feel if they behaved in a healthier way. Their number one concern is: when they act, will they fail? They learn that the better prepared they are, the more likely they are to keep progressing.

text: Stage 4: Action (current action)

text: People at this stage have changed their behavior within the last 6 months and need to work hard to keep moving ahead. These participants need to learn how to strengthen their commitments to change and to fight urges to slip back.

text: People in this stage progress by being taught techniques for keeping up their commitments such as substituting activities related to the unhealthy behavior with positive ones, rewarding themselves for taking steps toward changing, and avoiding people and situations that tempt them to behave in unhealthy ways.

text: Stage 5: Maintenance (monitoring)

text: People at this stage changed their behavior more than 6 months ago. It is important for people in this stage to be aware of situations that may tempt them to slip back into doing the unhealthy behavior—particularly stressful situations.

text: It is recommended that people in this stage seek support from and talk with people whom they trust, spend time with people who behave in healthy ways, and remember to engage in healthy activities to cope with stress instead of relying on unhealthy behavior.

text: Relapse (recycling)[24][25][26][27]

text: Relapse in the TTM specifically applies to individuals who successfully quit smoking or using drugs or alcohol, only to resume these unhealthy behaviors. Individuals who attempt to quit highly addictive behaviors such as drug, alcohol, and tobacco use are at particularly high risk of a relapse. Achieving a long-term behavior change often requires ongoing support from family members, a health coach, a physician, or another motivational source. Supportive literature and other resources can also be helpful to avoid a relapse from happening.

text: Processes of change[edit]

text: The 10 processes of change are "covert and overt activities that people use to progress through the stages".[16]

text: To progress through the early stages, people apply cognitive, affective, and evaluative processes. As people move toward Action and Maintenance, they rely more on commitments, conditioning, contingencies, environmental controls, and support.[28]

text: Prochaska and colleagues state that their research related to the transtheoretical model shows that interventions to change behavior are more effective if they are "stage-matched", that is, "matched to each individual's stage of change".[16][nb 4]

text: In general, for people to progress they need:

text:
A growing awareness that the advantages (the "pros") of changing outweigh the disadvantages (the "cons")—the TTM calls this decisional balance.
Confidence that they can make and maintain changes in situations that tempt them to return to their old, unhealthy behavior—the TTM calls this self-efficacy.
Strategies that can help them make and maintain change—the TTM calls these processes of change.

text: The ten processes of change include:

text:
Consciousness-raising (Get the facts) — increasing awareness via information, education, and personal feedback about the healthy behavior.
Dramatic relief (Pay attention to feelings) — feeling fear, anxiety, or worry because of the unhealthy behavior, or feeling inspiration and hope when they hear about how people are able to change to healthy behaviors.
Self-reevaluation (Create a new self-image) — realizing that the healthy behavior is an important part of who they are and want to be.
Environmental reevaluation (Notice your effect on others) — realizing how their unhealthy behavior affects others and how they could have more positive effects by changing.
Social liberation (Notice public support) — realizing that society is more supportive of the healthy behavior.
Self-liberation (Make a commitment) — believing in one's ability to change and making commitments and re-commitments to act on that belief.
Helping relationships (Get support) — finding people who are supportive of their change.
Counter-conditioning (Use substitutes) — substituting healthy ways of acting and thinking for unhealthy ways.
Reinforcement management (Use rewards) — increasing the rewards that come from positive behavior and reducing those that come from negative behavior.
Stimulus control (Manage your environment) — using reminders and cues that encourage healthy behavior as substitutes for those that encourage the unhealthy behavior.

text: Health researchers have extended Prochaska's and DiClemente's 10 original processes of change by an additional 21 processes. In the first edition of Planning Health Promotion Programs,[29] Bartholomew et al. (2006) summarised the processes that they identified in a number of studies;[29] however, their extended list of processes was removed from later editions of the text. The additional processes of Bartholomew et al. were:[29]

text:
Risk comparison (Understand the risks) – comparing risks with similar dimensional profiles: dread, control, catastrophic potential and novelty
Cumulative risk (Get the overall picture) – processing cumulative probabilities instead of singe incident probabilities
Qualitative and quantitative risks (Consider different factors) – processing different expressions of risk
Positive framing (Think positively) – focusing on success instead of failure framing
Self-examination relate to risk (Be aware of your risks) – conducting an assessment of risk perception, e.g. personalisation, impact on others
Reevaluation of outcomes (Know the outcomes) – emphasising positive outcomes of alternative behaviours and reevaluating outcome expectancies
Perception of benefits (Focus on benefits) – perceiving advantages of the healthy behaviour and disadvantages of the risk behaviour
Self-efficacy and social support (Get help) – mobilising social support; skills training on coping with emotional disadvantages of change
Decision making perspective (Decide) – focusing on making the decision
Tailoring on time horizons (Set the time frame) – incorporating personal time horizons
Focus on important factors (Prioritise) – incorporating personal factors of highest importance
Trying out new behaviour (Try it) – changing something about oneself and gaining experience with that behaviour
Persuasion of positive outcomes (Persuade yourself) – promoting new positive outcome expectations and reinforcing existing ones
Modelling (Build scenarios) – showing models to overcome barriers effectively
Skill improvement (Build a supportive environment) – restructuring environments to contain important, obvious and socially supported cues for the new behaviour
Coping with barriers (Plan to tackle barriers) – identifying barriers and planning solutions when facing these obstacles
Goal setting (Set goals) – setting specific and incremental goals
Skills enhancement (Adapt your strategies) – restructuring cues and social support; anticipating and circumventing obstacles; modifying goals
Dealing with barriers (Accept setbacks) – understanding that setbacks are normal and can be overcome
Self-rewards for success (Reward yourself) – feeling good about progress; reiterating positive consequences
Coping skills (Identify difficult situations) – identifying high risk situations; selecting solutions; practicing solutions; coping with relapse

text: While most of these processes are associated with health interventions such as smoking cessation and other addictive behaviour,[29] some of them are also used in travel interventions.[30] Depending on the target behaviour the effectiveness of the process should differ. Also some processes are recommended in a specific stage, while others can be used in one or more stages. Recently, these processes have been identified in travel interventions, broadening the scope of TTM in other research domains.[30]

text: Decisional balance[edit]

text: This core construct "reflects the individual's relative weighing of the pros and cons of changing".[16][nb 5] Decision making was conceptualized by Janis and Mann as a "decisional balance sheet" of comparative potential gains and losses.[31] Decisional balance measures, the pros and the cons, have become critical constructs in the transtheoretical model. The pros and cons combine to form a decisional "balance sheet" of comparative potential gains and losses. The balance between the pros and cons varies depending on which stage of change the individual is in.

text: Sound decision making requires the consideration of the potential benefits (pros) and costs (cons) associated with a behavior's consequences. TTM research has found the following relationships between the pros, cons, and the stage of change across 48 behaviors and over 100 populations studied.

text:
The cons of changing outweigh the pros in the Precontemplation stage.
The pros surpass the cons in the middle stages.
The pros outweigh the cons in the Action stage.[32]

text: The evaluation of pros and cons is part of the formation of attitudes. Attitude is defined as a "psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour".[33] This means that by evaluating pros and cons we form a positive or negative attitude about something or someone. During the change process individuals gradually shift from cons to pros, forming a more positive attitude towards the target behaviour. Attitudes are one of the core constructs explaining behaviour and behaviour change in various research domains.[34] Other behaviour models, such as the theory of planned behavior (TPB)[35] and the stage model of self-regulated change,[36] also emphasise attitude as an important determinant of behaviour. The progression through the different stages of change is reflected in a gradual change in attitude before the individual acts. Most of the processes of change aim at evaluating and reevaluating as well as reinforcing specific elements of the current and target behaviour. The processes of change contribute to a great degree on attitude formation.

text: Due to the synonymous use of decisional balance and attitude, travel behaviour researchers have begun to combine the TTM with the TPB. Forward[37] uses the TPB variables to better differentiate the different stages. Especially all TPB variables (attitude, perceived behaviour control, descriptive and subjective norm) are positively show a gradually increasing relationship to stage of change for bike commuting. As expected, intention or willingness to perform the behaviour increases by stage.[37] Similarly, Bamberg[36] uses various behavior models, including the transtheoretical model, theory of planned behavior and norm-activation model, to build the stage model of self-regulated behavior change (SSBC). Bamberg claims that his model is a solution to criticism raised towards the TTM.[36] Some researchers in travel, dietary, and environmental research have conducted empirical studies, showing that the SSBC might be a future path for TTM-based research.[36][38][39]

text: Self-efficacy[edit]

text: This core construct is "the situation-specific confidence people have that they can cope with high-risk situations without relapsing to their unhealthy or high risk-habit".[16][nb 6] The construct is based on Bandura's self-efficacy theory and conceptualizes a person's perceived ability to perform on a task as a mediator of performance on future tasks.[40][41] In his research Bandura already established that greater levels of perceived self-efficacy leads to greater changes in behavior.[41] Similarly, Ajzen mentions the similarity between the concepts of self-efficacy and perceived behavioral control.[42] This underlines the integrative nature of the transtheoretical model which combines various behavior theories. A change in the level of self-efficacy can predict a lasting change in behavior if there are adequate incentives and skills. The transtheoretical model employs an overall confidence score to assess an individual's self-efficacy. Situational temptations assess how tempted people are to engage in a problem behavior in a certain situation.

text: Levels of change[edit]

text: This core construct identifies the depth or complexity of presenting problems according to five levels of increasing complexity.[1][5] Different therapeutic approaches are recommended for each level as well as for each stage of change.[1][15] The levels are:

text:
Symptom/situational problems: e.g., motivational interviewing, behavior therapy, exposure therapy
Current maladaptive cognitions: e.g., Adlerian therapy, cognitive therapy, rational emotive therapy
Current interpersonal conflicts: e.g., Sullivanian therapy, interpersonal therapy
Family/systems conflicts: e.g., strategic therapy, Bowenian therapy, structural family therapy
Long-term intrapersonal conflicts: e.g., psychoanalytic therapies, existential therapy, Gestalt therapy

text: Outcomes of programs[edit]

text: The outcomes of the TTM computerized tailored interventions administered to participants in pre-Action stages are outlined below.

text: Stress management[edit]

text: A national sample of pre-Action adults was provided a stress management intervention. At the 18-month follow-up, a significantly larger proportion of the treatment group (62%) was effectively managing their stress when compared to the control group. The intervention also produced statistically significant reductions in stress and depression and an increase in the use of stress management techniques when compared to the control group.[43] Two additional clinical trials of TTM programs by Prochaska et al. and Jordan et al. also found significantly larger proportions of treatment groups effectively managing stress when compared to control groups.[2][44]

text: Adherence to antihypertensive medication[edit]

text: Over 1,000 members of a New England group practice who were prescribed antihypertensive medication participated in an adherence to antihypertensive medication intervention. The vast majority (73%) of the intervention group who were previously pre-Action were adhering to their prescribed medication regimen at the 12-month follow-up when compared to the control group.[45]

text: Adherence to lipid-lowering drugs[edit]

text: Members of a large New England health plan and various employer groups who were prescribed a cholesterol lowering medication participated in an adherence to lipid-lowering drugs intervention. More than half of the intervention group (56%) who were previously pre-Action were adhering to their prescribed medication regimen at the 18-month follow-up. Additionally, only 15% of those in the intervention group who were already in Action or Maintenance relapsed into poor medication adherence compared to 45% of the controls. Further, participants who were at risk for physical activity and unhealthy diet were given only stage-based guidance. The treatment group doubled the control group in the percentage in Action or Maintenance at 18 months for physical activity (43%) and diet (25%).[46]

text: Depression prevention[edit]

text: Participants were 350 primary care patients experiencing at least mild depression but not involved in treatment or planning to seek treatment for depression in the next 30 days. Patients receiving the TTM intervention experienced significantly greater symptom reduction during the 9-month follow-up period. The intervention's largest effects were observed among patients with moderate or severe depression, and who were in the Precontemplation or Contemplation stage of change at baseline. For example, among patients in the Precontemplation or Contemplation stage, rates of reliable and clinically significant improvement in depression were 40% for treatment and 9% for control. Among patients with mild depression, or who were in the Action or Maintenance stage at baseline, the intervention helped prevent disease progression to Major Depression during the follow-up period.[47]

text: Weight management[edit]

text: Fifty-hundred-and-seventy-seven overweight or moderately obese adults (BMI 25-39.9) were recruited nationally, primarily from large employers. Those randomly assigned to the treatment group received a stage-matched multiple behavior change guide and a series of tailored, individualized interventions for three health behaviors that are crucial to effective weight management: healthy eating (i.e., reducing calorie and dietary fat intake), moderate exercise, and managing emotional distress without eating. Up to three tailored reports (one per behavior) were delivered based on assessments conducted at four time points: baseline, 3, 6, and 9 months. All participants were followed up at 6, 12, and 24 months. Multiple Imputation was used to estimate missing data. Generalized Labor Estimating Equations (GLEE) were then used to examine differences between the treatment and comparison groups. At 24 months, those who were in a pre-Action stage for healthy eating at baseline and received treatment were significantly more likely to have reached Protons or Maintenance than the comparison group (47.5% vs. 34.3%). The intervention also impacted a related, but untreated behavior: fruit and vegetable consumption. Over 48% of those in the treatment group in a pre-Action stage at baseline progressed to Action or Maintenance for eating at least 5 servings a day of fruit and vegetables as opposed to 39% of the comparison group. Individuals in the treatment group who were in a pre-Action stage for exercise at baseline were also significantly more likely to reach Action or Maintenance (44.9% vs. 38.1%). The treatment also had a significant effect on managing emotional distress without eating, with 49.7% of those in a pre-Action stage at baseline moving to Action or Maintenance versus 30.3% of the comparison group. The groups differed on weight lost at 24 months among those in a pre-action stage for healthy eating and exercise at baseline. Among those in a pre-Action stage for both healthy eating and exercise at baseline, 30% of those randomized to the treatment group lost 5% or more of their body weight vs.18.6% in the comparison group. Coaction of behavior change occurred and was much more pronounced in the treatment group with the treatment group losing significantly more than the comparison group. This study demonstrates the ability of TTM-based tailored feedback to improve healthy eating, exercise, managing emotional distress, and weight on a population basis. The treatment produced the highest population impact to date on multiple health risk behaviors.[48]

text: Smoking cessation[edit]

text: Multiple studies have found individualized interventions tailored on the 14 TTM variables for smoking cessation to effectively recruit and retain pre-Action participants and produce long-term abstinence rates within the range of 22% – 26%. These interventions have also consistently outperformed alternative interventions including best-in-class action-oriented self-help programs,[49] non-interactive manual-based programs, and other common interventions.[50][51] Furthermore, these interventions continued to move pre-Action participants to abstinence even after the program ended.[50][51][52] For a summary of smoking cessation clinical outcomes, see Velicer, Redding, Sun, & Prochaska, 2007 and Jordan, Evers, Spira, King & Lid, 2013.[44][53]

text: Example for TTM application on smoke control[edit]

text: In the treatment of smoke control, TTM focuses on each stage to monitor and to achieve a progression to the next stage.[24][25][26][54]

text:
Stage
Precontemplation
Contemplation
Preparation
Action
Maintenance
Can Relapse to an
earlier stage

Standard time
more than 6 months
in the next 6 months
in the next month
now
at least 6 months
any time

Action and intervention
not ready to quit or demoralized
ambivalent
intend to quit
take action and quit
sustained
back to smoke

Related source
Book, newspaper, friend
Book, newspaper, friend
doctor, nurse, friend...
doctor, nurse, friend...
friend, family
temptation, stress, distress

text: In each stage, a patient may have multiple sources that could influence their behavior. These may include: friends, books, and interactions with their healthcare providers. These factors could potentially influence how successful a patient may be in moving through the different stages. This stresses the importance to have continuous monitoring and efforts to maintain progress at each stage. TTM helps guide the treatment process at each stage, and may assist the healthcare provider in making an optimal therapeutic decision.

text: Travel research[edit]

text: The use of TTM in travel behaviour interventions is rather novel. A number of cross-sectional studies investigated the individual constructs of TTM, e.g. stage of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy, with regards to transport mode choice. The cross-sectional studies identified both motivators and barriers at the different stages regarding biking, walking and public transport.[55][56][57][58] The motivators identified were e.g. liking to bike/walk, avoiding congestion and improved fitness. Perceived barriers were e.g. personal fitness, time and the weather. This knowledge was used to design interventions that would address attitudes and misconceptions to encourage an increased use of bikes and walking. These interventions aim at changing people's travel behaviour towards more sustainable and more active transport modes. In health-related studies, TTM is used to help people walk or bike more instead of using the car.[55][59][60][61][62][63] Most intervention studies aim to reduce car trips for commute to achieve the minimum recommended physical activity levels of 30 minutes per day.[55] Other intervention studies using TTM aim to encourage sustainable behaviour.[64][65][66] By reducing single occupied motor vehicle and replacing them with so called sustainable transport (public transport, car pooling, biking or walking), green house gas emissions can be reduced considerably. A reduction in the number of cars on our roads solves other problems such as congestion, traffic noise and traffic accidents. By combining health and environment related purposes, the message becomes stronger. Additionally, by emphasising personal health, physical activity or even direct economic impact, people see a direct result from their changed behaviour, while saving the environment is a more general and effects are not directly noticeable.[67][58][68]

text: Different outcome measures were used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Health-centred intervention studies measured BMI, weight, waist circumference as well as general health. However, only one of three found a significant change in general health, while BMI and other measures had no effect.[55] Measures that are associated with both health and sustainability were more common. Effects were reported as number of car trips, distance travelled, main mode share etc. Results varied due to greatly differing approaches. In general, car use could be reduced between 6% and 55%, while use of the alternative mode (walking, biking and/or public transport) increased between 11% and 150%.[30] These results indicate a shift to action or maintenance stage, some researchers investigated attitude shifts such as the willingness to change. Attitudes towards using alternative modes improved with approximately 20% to 70%.[30] Many of the intervention studies did not clearly differentiate between the five stages, but categorised participants in pre-action and action stage. This approach makes it difficult to assess the effects per stage. Also, interventions included different processes of change; in many cases these processes are not matched to the recommended stage.[30] It highlights the need to develop a standardised approach for travel intervention design. Identifying and assessing which processes are most effective in the context of travel behaviour change should be a priority in the future in order to secure the role of TTM in travel behaviour research.

text: Criticisms[edit]

text: The TTM has been called "arguably the dominant model of health behaviour change, having received unprecedented research attention, yet it has simultaneously attracted criticism".[14] Depending on the field of application (e.g. smoking cessation, substance abuse, condom use, diabetes treatment, obesity and travel) somewhat different criticisms have been raised.

text: In a systematic review, published in 2003, of 23 randomized controlled trials, the authors found that "stage based interventions are no more effective than non-stage based interventions or no intervention in changing smoking behaviour.[69] However, it was also mentioned that stage based interventions are often used and implemented inadequately in practice. Thus, criticism is directed towards the use rather the effectiveness of the model itself. Looking at interventions targeting smoking cessation in pregnancy found that stage-matched interventions were more effective than non-matched interventions. One reason for this was the greater intensity of stage-matched interventions.[70] Also, the use of stage-based interventions for smoking cessation in mental illness proved to be effective.[71] Further studies, e.g. a randomized controlled trail published in 2009, found no evidence that a TTM based smoking cessation intervention was more effective than a control intervention not tailored to stage of change. The study claims that those not wanting to change (i.e. precontemplators) tend not to be responsive to neither stage nor non-stage based interventions. Since stage-based interventions tend to be more intensive they appear to be most effective at targeting contemplators and above rather than pre-contemplators.[72] A 2010 systematic review of smoking cessation studies under the auspices of the Cochrane Collaboration found that "stage-based self-help interventions (expert systems and/or tailored materials) and individual counselling were neither more nor less effective than their non-stage-based equivalents.[73]

text: Main criticism is raised regarding the "arbitrary dividing lines" that are drawn between the stages. West claimed that a more coherent and distinguishable definition for the stages is needed.[18] Especially the fact that the stages are bound to a specific time interval is perceived to be misleading. Additionally, the effectiveness of stage-based interventions differs depending on the behavior. A continuous version of the model has been proposed, where each process is first increasingly used, and then decreases in importance, as smokers make progress along some latent dimension.[74] This proposal suggests the use of processes without reference to stages of change.

text: The model "assumes that individuals typically make coherent and stable plans", when in fact they often do not.[18]

text: Within research on prevention of pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases a systematic review from 2003 comes to the conclusion that "no strong conclusions" can be drawn about the effectiveness of interventions based on the transtheoretical model.[75] Again this conclusion is reached due to the inconsistency of use and implementation of the model.[75] This study also confirms that the better stage-matched the intervention the more effect it has to encourage condom use.[75]

text: Within the health research domain, a 2005 systematic review of 37 randomized controlled trials claims that "there was limited evidence for the effectiveness of stage-based interventions as a basis for behavior change.[76] Studies with which focused on increasing physical activity levels through active commute however showed that stage-matched interventions tended to have slightly more effect than non-stage matched interventions.[60] Since many studies do not use all constructs of TTM, additional research suggested that the effectiveness of interventions increases the better it is tailored on all all core constructs of the TTM in addition to stage of change.[77] In diabetes research the "existing data are insufficient for drawing conclusions on the benefits of the transtheoretical model" as related to dietary interventions. Again, studies with slightly different design, e.g. using different processes, proved to be effective in predicting the stage transition of intention to exercise in relation to treating patients with diabetes.[78]

text: TTM has generally found a greater popularity regarding research on physical activity, due to the increasing problems associated with unhealthy diets and sedentary living, e.g. obesity, cardiovascular problems.[79] A 2011 Cochrane Systematic Review found that there is little evidence to suggest that using the Transtheoretical Model Stages of Change (TTM SOC) method is effective in helping obese and overweight people lose weight. Earlier in a 2009 paper, the TTM was considered to be useful in promoting physical activity. In this study, the algorithms and questionnaires that researchers used to assign people to stages of change lacked standardisation to be compared empirically, or validated.[80][18]

text: Similar criticism regarding the standardisation as well as consistency in the use of TTM is also raised in a recent review on travel interventions.[30] With regard to travel interventions only stages of change and sometimes decisional balance constructs are included. The processes used to build the intervention are rarely stage-matched and short cuts are taken by classifying participants in a pre-action stage, which summarises the precontemplation, contemplation and preparation stage, and an action/maintenance stage.[30] More generally, TTM has been criticised within various domains due to the limitations in the research designs. For example, many studies supporting the model have been cross-sectional, but longitudinal study data would allow for stronger causal inferences. Another point of criticism is raised in a 2002 review, where the model's stages were characterized as "not mutually exclusive".[81] Furthermore, there was "scant evidence of sequential movement through discrete stages".[81] While research suggests that movement through the stages of change is not always linear, a study conducted in 1996 demonstrated that the probability of forward stage movement is greater than the probability of backward stage movement.[82] Due to the variations in use, implementation and type of research designs, data confirming TTM are ambiguous. More care has to be taken in using a sufficient amount of constructs, trustworthy measures, and longitudinal data.[30]


document_title: The Princess Diaries soundtracks

question_text: who sings love me tender in princess diaries 2

text: The Princess Diaries soundtracks

text: The Princess Diaries soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Princess Diaries: Original Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
July 24, 2001

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
54:28

Label
Walt Disney Records

Producer

Timmy Allen
BabyBoy
Andy Goldmark
Jimmy Harry
Sidney James
Tim James
Mark Jolley
Patrick Leonard
Bob Marlette
Milton McDonald
Paul Poli
Veit Renn

[1]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
[1]

text:
"Supergirl – Krystal Harris
"Little Bitty Pretty One" – Aaron Carter
"Miss You More" – BBMak
"Crush" – 3G's
"What Makes You Different (Makes You Beautiful)" – Backstreet Boys
"Miracles Happen" – Myra
"Always Tomorrow" – Nobody's Angel
"Away with the Summer Days" – Youngstown
"Stupid Cupid" – Mandy Moore
"Wake Up" – Hanson
"Happy Go Lucky" – Steps
"I Love Life" – Melissa Lefton
"Ain't Nuthin' But a She Thing" – Lil' J & Nobody's Angel
"Hold On" – B*Witched
"The Journey" – Mpulz

text: "Heartbreak Lullaby (Ray Hedges Recall 7 Mix)" – A*Teens[2]

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2001)
Peak
position
Certification

U.S. Billboard 200[3]
41
Gold[4]

U.S. Top Soundtracks[3]
5

text: Score[edit]

text: The movie's score, composed and conducted by John Debney, was also released by Walt Disney Records. This was the first film he scored for director Garry Marshall; Debney has written the scores for all of Marshall's subsequent films to date.

text:
Main Titles (:56)
Queen Clarisse (:53)
Mia Invites Lilly to the Ball (1:08)
The Princess Diaries Waltz (2:09)
Mia's Makeover (1:08)
Princess Lessons (:55)
A New Mia (1:05)
Mia Flees (:53)
Sorry, Dad (:32)
Lana, the Traitor (1:01)
Mia Visits the Consulate (1:18)
Scooter Talk (:58)
I Don't Want to Be a Princess (:37)
Father Talk (1:00)
The Ball (:37)
Meeting the Prime Minister (1:03)
A Letter from the King (1:16)
It's a Real Job (1:02)
Mia's Decision (2:18)
Learning to Walk (1:42)
Mia Apologizes (:44)
Can I Call You Joe? (:58)
The Kiss (1:18)
Harp Interlude (1:24)
Princess Diaries Medley (3:25)

text: The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement: Original Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
August 3, 2004

Genre
Pop

Length
46:12

Label
Walt Disney

Producer

Marty Blasick
Andreas Carlsson
Desmond Child
Matthew Gerrard
John Shanks
Peter Stengaard

[5]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Allmusic
[6]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Breakaway"

Avril Lavigne
Bridget Benenate
Matthew Gerrard

Kelly Clarkson
3:39

2.
"I Decide"
Diane Warren
Lindsay Lohan
3:17

3.
"This Is My Time"

Raven-Symoné
Gerrard
Robbie Nevil

Raven-Symoné
4:24

4.
"I Always Get What I Want"

Lavigne
Clif Magness

Avril Lavigne
2:31

5.
"Trouble"

P!nk
Tim Armstrong

P!nk
3:12

6.
"Because You Live"

Chris Braide
Andreas Carlsson
Desmond Child

Jesse McCartney
3:18

7.
"Love Me Tender"

Elvis Presley
Vera Matson

Norah Jones and Adam Levy
2:41

8.
"Fun in the Sun"
Harwell
Steve Harwell
3:27

9.
"Let's Bounce"

Gerrard
Nevil

Christy Carlson Romano
3:18

10.
"Dance, Dance, Dance"

Brian Wilson
Carl Wilson
Mike Love

Wilson Phillips
2:00

11.
"Fools"

Anders Bagge
Amthor Birgisson
Henrik Janson
Karen Poole

Rachel Stevens
3:13

12.
"A Love That Will Last"

David Foster
Linda S. Thompson

Renee Olstead
3:32

13.
"Your Crowning Glory"

Lorraine Feather
Lawrence Grossman

[7]
Julie Andrews, Raven-Symoné & Anne Hathaway
2:35

14.
"Miracles Happen"

Pamela Eileen Sheyne
Eliot John Kennedy

Jonny Blu
4:18

15.
"The Meaning"

Lillix
3:11

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2004)
Peak
position
Certification

U.S. Billboard 200[5]
15
Gold[4]

U.S. Top Soundtracks[5]
1


document_title: List of Chicago Bears starting quarterbacks

question_text: who was the chicago bears quarterback last year

text: Regular season[edit]

text:
Season(s)
Quarterback (Games)
References

2017
Mike Glennon (4) / Mitchell Trubisky (2)

2016
Jay Cutler (5) / Brian Hoyer (5) / Matt Barkley (6)

2015
Jay Cutler (15) / Jimmy Clausen (1)

2014
Jay Cutler (15) / Jimmy Clausen (1)

2013
Jay Cutler (11) / Josh McCown (5)

2012
Jay Cutler (15) / Jason Campbell (1)
[1]

2011
Jay Cutler (10) / Caleb Hanie (4) / Josh McCown (2)
[2]

2010
Jay Cutler (15) / Todd Collins (1)
[3]

2009
Jay Cutler (16)
[4]

2008
Kyle Orton (15) / Rex Grossman (1)
[5]

2007
Rex Grossman (7) / Brian Griese (6) / Kyle Orton (3)
[6]

2006
Rex Grossman (16)
[7]

2005
Kyle Orton (15) / Rex Grossman (1)
[8]

2004
Craig Krenzel (5) / Chad Hutchinson (5)/ Jonathan Quinn (3) / Rex Grossman (3)
[9]

2003
Kordell Stewart (7) / Chris Chandler (6)/ Rex Grossman (3)
[10]

2002
Jim Miller (8) / Chris Chandler (7) / Henry Burris (1)
[11]

2001
Jim Miller (13) / Shane Matthews (3)
[12]

2000
Cade McNown (9) / Shane Matthews (5) / Jim Miller (2)
[13]

1999
Shane Matthews (7) / Cade McNown (6) / Jim Miller (3)
[14]

1998
Erik Kramer (8) / Steve Stenstrom (7) / Moses Moreno (1)
[15]

1997
Erik Kramer (13) / Rick Mirer (3)
[16]

1996
Dave Krieg (12) / Erik Kramer (4)
[17]

1995
Erik Kramer (16)
[18]

1994
Steve Walsh (11) / Erik Kramer (5)
[19]

1993
Jim Harbaugh (15) / Peter Tom Willis (1)
[20]

1992
Jim Harbaugh (13) / Peter Tom Willis (2) / Will Furrer (1)
[21]

1991
Jim Harbaugh (16)
[22]

1990
Jim Harbaugh (14) / Mike Tomczak (2)
[23]

1989
Mike Tomczak (11) / Jim Harbaugh (5)
[24]

1988
Jim McMahon (9) / Mike Tomczak (5) / Jim Harbaugh (2)
[25]

1987
Jim McMahon (6) / Mike Tomczak (6) / Mike Hohensee (2) / Steve Bradley (1)
[26]

1986
Mike Tomczak (7) / Jim McMahon (6) / Steve Fuller (2) / Doug Flutie (1)
[27]

1985
Jim McMahon (11) / Steve Fuller (5)
[28]

1984
Jim McMahon (9) / Steve Fuller (4) / Rusty Lisch (1) / Bob Avellini (1) / Greg Landry (1)
[29]

1983
Jim McMahon (13) / Vince Evans (3)
[30]

1982
Jim McMahon (7) / Bob Avellini (2)
[31]

1981
Vince Evans (16)
[32]

1980
Vince Evans (10) / Mike Phipps (6)
[33]

1979
Mike Phipps (10) / Vince Evans (3) / Bob Avellini (3)
[34]

1978
Bob Avellini (12) / Mike Phipps (4)
[35]

1977
Bob Avellini (14)
[36]

1976
Bob Avellini (14)
[37]

1975
Gary Huff (9) / Bob Avellini (4) / Bobby Douglass (1)
[38]

1974
Gary Huff (11) / Bobby Douglass (3)
[39]

1973
Bobby Douglass (12) / Gary Huff (2)
[40]

1972
Bobby Douglass (14)
[41]

1971
Bobby Douglass (7) / Kent Nix (4) / Jack Concannon (3)
[42]

1970
Jack Concannon (13) / Bobby Douglass (1)
[43]

1969
Jack Concannon (5) / Bobby Douglass (7) / Virgil Carter (2)
[44]

1968
Bobby Douglass (7) / Virgil Carter (5) / Larry Rakestraw (2)
[45]

1967
Jack Concannon (12) / Larry Rakestraw (2)
[46]

1966
Rudy Bukich (14)
[47]

1965
Rudy Bukich (12) / Billy Wade (2)
[48]

1964
Billy Wade (10) / Rudy Bukich (4)
[49]

1963
Billy Wade (14)
[50]

1962
Billy Wade (14)
[51]

1961
Billy Wade (9) / Ed Brown (5)
[52]

1960
Ed Brown (11) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)
[53]

1959
Ed Brown (10) / Zeke Bratkowski (2)
[54]

1958
Ed Brown (11) / Zeke Bratkowski (1)
[55]

1957
Ed Brown (8) / Zeke Bratkowski (4)
[56]

1956
Ed Brown (12)
[57]

1955
Ed Brown (12)
[58]

1954
George Blanda (7) / Zeke Bratkowski (5)
[59]

1953
George Blanda (12)
[60]

1952
Bob Williams (7) / Steve Romanik (3) / George Blanda (2)
[61]

1951
Johnny Lujack (6) / Steve Romanik (6)
[62]

1950
Johnny Lujack (12)
[63]

1949
Johnny Lujack (8) / Sid Luckman (2) / George Blanda (2)
[64]

1948
Sid Luckman (8) / Johnny Lujack (3) / Bobby Layne (1)
[65]

1947
Sid Luckman (7) / Mike Jarmoluk (3) / Mike Holovak (2)
[66]

1946
Sid Luckman (5) / Tom Farris (3) / Noah Mullins (3)
[67]

1945 *
Sid Luckman / Gene Ronzani / Al Grygo
[68]

1944 *
Sid Luckman / Gene Ronzani / Johnny Long
[69]

1943 *
Sid Luckman / Bob Snyder
[70]

1942 *
Sid Luckman / Charlie O'Rourke
[71]

1941
Sid Luckman (11)
[72]

1940 *
Sid Luckman / Bernie Masterson
[73]

1939 *
Sid Luckman / Bernie Masterson
[74]

1938 *
Bernie Masterson / Ray Buivid
[75]

1937 *
Bernie Masterson / Ray Buivid / Gene Ronzani
[76]

1936 *
Bernie Masterson / Keith Molesworth / Carl Brumbaugh
[77]

1935 *
Bernie Masterson / Carl Brumbaugh
[78]

1934 *
Carl Brumbaugh / Keith Molesworth
[79]

1933 *
Carl Brumbaugh / Keith Molesworth
[80]

1932 *
Carl Brumbaugh / Keith Molesworth
[81]

1931 *
Carl Brumbaugh
[82]

1930 *
Carl Brumbaugh
[83]

1929 *
Joey Sternaman / Paddy Driscoll
[84]

1928 *
Joey Sternaman / Paddy Driscoll
[85]

1927 *
Edward Sternaman / Paddy Driscoll
[86]

1926 *
Milton Romney / Paddy Driscoll
[87]

1925 *
Joey Sternaman
[88]

1924 *
Joey Sternaman
[89]

1923 *
Johnny Bryan
[90]

1922 *
Joey Sternaman
[91]

1921 *
Pard Pearce
[92]

1920 *
Pard Pearce / Chuck Dressen / Jimmy Conzelman
[93]

text: * – Indicates that the number of starts is not known for that year for each quarterback