document_title: Evil eye

question_text: how do you say evil eye in greek

question_tokens: how do you say evil eye in greek

text: Evil eye

text: History[edit]

text: Belief in the evil eye dates back to Classical antiquity. It is referenced by Hesiod, Callimachus, Plato, Diodorus Siculus, Theocritus, Plutarch, Heliodorus, Pliny the Elder, and Aulus Gellius. Peter Walcot's Envy and the Greeks (1978) listed more than one hundred works by these and other authors mentioning the evil eye.

text: Classical antiquity[edit]

text: Classical authors attempted to offer explanations for the evil eye. Plutarch's scientific explanation stated that the eyes were the chief, if not sole, source of the deadly rays that were supposed to spring up like poisoned darts from the inner recesses of a person possessing the evil eye. Plutarch treated the phenomenon of the evil eye as something seemingly inexplicable that is a source of wonder and cause of incredulity.

text: The belief in the evil eye during antiquity varied across different regions and periods. The evil eye was not feared with equal intensity in every corner of the Roman Empire. There were places in which people felt more conscious of the danger of the evil eye. In Roman times, not only were individuals considered to possess the power of the evil eye but whole tribes, especially those of Pontus and Scythia, were believed to be transmitters of the evil eye. The phallic charm called fascinum in Latin, from the verb fascinare, "to cast a spell" (the origin of the English word "fascinate"), was used against the evil eye.

text: The spreading in the belief of the evil eye across the Near East is believed by some to have been propagated by the Empire of Alexander the Great, which spread this and other Greek ideas across his empire.[citation needed]

text: Around the world[edit]

text: Belief in the evil eye is strongest in West Asia, Latin America, East and West Africa, Central America, Central Asia, and Europe, especially the Mediterranean region; it has also spread to areas, including northern Europe, particularly in the Celtic regions, and the Americas, where it was brought by European colonists and West Asian immigrants.[citation needed]

text: Belief in the evil eye is found in the Islamic doctrine, based upon the statement of Prophet Muhammad, "The influence of an evil eye is a fact..." [Sahih Muslim, Book 26, Number 5427].[5] Authentic practices of warding off the evil eye are also commonly practiced by Muslims: rather than directly expressing appreciation of, for example, a child's beauty, it is customary to say Masha'Allah, that is, "God has willed it", or invoking God's blessings upon the object or person that is being admired.[6] A number of beliefs about the evil eye are also found in folk religion, typically revolving around the use of amulets or talismans as a means of protection.

text: In the Aegean Region and other areas where light-colored eyes are relatively rare, people with green eyes, and especially blue eyes, are thought to bestow the curse, intentionally or unintentionally.[7] Thus, in Greece and Turkey amulets against the evil eye take the form of blue eyes, and in the painting by John Phillip, below, we witness the culture-clash experienced by a woman who suspects that the artist's gaze implies that he is looking at her with the evil eye.

text: Among those who do not take the evil eye literally, either by reason of the culture in which they were raised or because they simply do not believe it, the phrase, "to give someone the evil eye" usually means simply to glare at the person in anger or disgust. The term has entered into common usage within the English language. Within the broadcasting industry it refers to when a presenter signals to the interviewee or co-presenter to stop talking due to a shortage of time.[8]

text: Protective talismans and cures[edit]

text: Attempts to ward off the curse of the evil eye has resulted in a number of talismans in many cultures. As a class, they are called "apotropaic" (Greek for "prophylactic" / προφυλακτικός or "protective", literally: "turns away") talismans, meaning that they turn away or turn back harm.

text: Disks or balls, consisting of concentric blue and white circles (usually, from inside to outside, dark blue, light blue, white, and dark blue) representing an evil eye are common apotropaic talismans in West Asia, found on the prows of Mediterranean boats and elsewhere; in some forms of the folklore, the staring eyes are supposed to bend the malicious gaze back to the sorcerer.

text: Known as nazar (Turkish: nazar boncuğu or nazarlık), this talisman is most frequently seen in Turkey, found in or on houses and vehicles or worn as beads.

text: A blue or green eye can also be found on some forms of the hamsa hand, an apotropaic hand-shaped talisman against the evil eye found in West Asia. The word hamsa, also spelled khamsa and hamesh, means "five" referring to the fingers of the hand. In Jewish culture, the hamsa is called the Hand of Miriam; in some Muslim cultures, the Hand of Fatima. Though condemned as superstition by doctrinaire Muslims, it is almost exclusively among Muslims in the Near East and Mediterranean that the belief in envious looks containing destructive power or the talismanic power of a nazar to defend against them. To adherents of other faiths in the region, the nazar is an attractive decoration.

text: A variety of motifs to ward off the evil eye are commonly woven into tribal kilim rugs. Such motifs include a cross (Turkish: Haç) to divide the evil eye into four, a hook (Turkish: Çengel) to destroy the evil eye, or a human eye (Turkish: Göz) to avert the evil gaze. The shape of a lucky amulet (Turkish: Muska; often, a triangular package containing a sacred verse) is often woven into kilims for the same reason.[9]

text: In Islam[edit]

text: Evil eye, Isabat al-’ayn, is a common belief that individuals have the power to look at people, animals or objects to cause them harm. It is tradition among many Muslims that if a compliment is to be made one should say "Masha'Allah" (ما شاء الله) ("God has willed it.") and also "TabarakAllah" (تبارك الله) ("Blessings of God") to ward off the evil eye. Reciting Sura Ikhlas, Sura Al-Falaq and Sura Al-Nas from the Qur'an, three times after Fajr and after Maghrib is also used as a means of personal protection against the evil eye.[10] Still in Islam, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Founder of Muridism in Senegal, wrote a Qassida (prayers and duah) called "As Sindidi" ("The Generous Chief"), on which He praises God with these words against evil eye:[11] "Be He, who will protect me against the evil of the Jealous, the mischief of the evil whisperer, from the mischief of the envier when he envies. O Allah! Be my refuge against the evil of the magic, against the evil of the Jinn, and other venomous creatures. O Allah!" (in Arabic transcript):[12]

text: Assyrians[edit]

text: Assyrians are also strong believers in the evil eye. They will usually wear a blue/turquoise bead around a necklace to be protected from the evil eye. Also, they might pinch the buttocks, comparable to Armenians. It is said that people with green or blue eyes are more prone to the evil eye effect.[citation needed][clarification needed] A simple and instant way of protection in European Christian countries is to make the sign of the cross with your hand and point two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger, towards the supposed source of influence or supposed victim as described in the first chapter of Bram Stoker's novel Dracula published in 1897:

text: When we started, the crowd round the inn door, which had by this time swelled to a considerable size, all made the sign of the cross and pointed two fingers towards me. With some difficulty, I got a fellow passenger to tell me what they meant. He would not answer at first, but on learning that I was English, he explained that it was a charm or guard against the evil eye.[13]

text: In Judaism[edit]

text: The evil eye is mentioned several times in the classic Pirkei Avot (Ethics of Our Fathers). In Chapter II, five disciples of Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai give advice on how to follow the good path in life and avoid the bad. Rabbi Eliezer says an evil eye is worse than a bad friend, a bad neighbor, or an evil heart. Judaism believes that a "good eye" designates an attitude of good will and kindness towards others. Someone who has this attitude in life will rejoice when his fellow man prospers; he will wish everyone well.[14] An "evil eye" denotes the opposite attitude. A man with "an evil eye" will not only feel no joy but experience actual distress when others prosper, and will rejoice when others suffer. A person of this character represents a great danger to our moral purity.[15] Many Observant Jews avoid talking about valuable items they own, good luck that has come to them and, in particular, their children. If any of these are mentioned, the speaker and/or listener will say "b'li ayin hara" (Hebrew), meaning "without an evil eye", or "kein eina hara" (Yiddish; often shortened to "kennahara"), "no evil eye". Another way to ward off the evil eye is to spit three times (or pretend to). Romans call this custom "despuere malum," to spit at evil. [16]It has also been suggested[by whom?] the 10th commandment: "do not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor" is a law against bestowing the evil eye on another person.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: A typical nazar is made of handmade glass featuring concentric circles or teardrop shapes in dark blue, white, light blue and black, occasionally with a yellow/gold edge.[17]

text: As a legacy of the Turkish Ottoman Empire, it is a common sight in Turkey, Romania, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Egypt, Armenia, Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq and Azerbaijan,[18] where the nazar is often hung in homes, offices, cars, children's clothing, or incorporated in jewellery and ornaments.[17] They are a popular choice of souvenir with tourists.

text: Ethiopia[edit]

text: Belief in the evil eye, or buda (var. bouda), is widespread in Ethiopia.[19] Buda is generally believed to be a power held and wielded by those in a different social group, for example among the Beta Israel or metalworkers. Some Ethiopian Christians carry an amulet or talisman, known as a kitab, or will invoke God's name, to ward off the ill effects of buda.[20] A debtera, who is either an unordained priest or educated layperson, will create these protective amulets or talismans.[21][22]

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: In Pakistan, the evil eye is called Nazar (نظر). People usually may resort to reading the last three chapters of the Quran, namely Sura Ikhlas, Sura Al-Falaq and Sura Al-Nas. "Masha'Allah" (ما شاء الله) ("God has willed it.") is commonly said to ward off the evil eye. Understanding of evil eye varies by the level of education. Some perceive the use of black color to be useful in protecting from evil eye. Others use "taawiz" to ward off evil eye. Truck owners and other public transport vehicles may commonly be seen using a small black cloth on the bumpers to prevent evil eye.[23]

text: Greece[edit]

text: The evil eye, known as μάτι (mati), "eye", as an apotropaic visual device, is known to have been a fixture in Greece dating back to at least the 6th century BC, when it commonly appeared on drinking vessels.[24] In Greece, the evil eye is cast away through the process of xematiasma (ξεμάτιασμα), whereby the "healer" silently recites a secret prayer passed over from an older relative of the opposite sex, usually a grandparent. Such prayers are revealed only under specific circumstances, according to their customs those who reveal them indiscriminately lose their ability to cast off the evil eye. There are several regional versions of the prayer in question, a common one being: "Holy Virgin, Our Lady, if [insert name of the victim] is suffering of the evil eye, release him/her of it." Evil repeated three times. According to custom, if one is indeed afflicted with the evil eye, both victim and "healer" then start yawning profusely. The "healer" then performs the sign of the cross three times, and emits spitting-like sounds in the air three times. A very similar ritual can be found in neighboring Bulgaria.

text: Another "test" used to check if the evil eye was cast is that of the oil: under normal conditions, olive oil floats in water, as it is less dense than water. The test of the oil is performed by placing one drop of olive oil in a glass of water, typically holy water.[citation needed] If the drop floats, the test concludes there is no evil eye involved. If the drop sinks, then it is asserted that the evil eye is cast indeed. Another form of the test is to place two drops of olive oil into a glass of water. If the drops remain separated, the test concludes there is no evil eye, but if they merge, there is. There is also a third form where in a plate full of water the "healer" places three or nine drops of oil. If the oil drops become larger and eventually dissolve in the water there is evil eye. If the drops remain separated from water in a form of a small circle there isn't. The first drops are the most important and the number of drops that dissolve in water indicate the strength of the evil eye.

text: There is another form of the "test" where the "healer" prepares a few cloves by piercing each one with a pin. Then she lights a candle and grabs a pinned clove with a pair of scissors. She then uses it to do the sign of the cross over the afflicted whilst the afflicted is asked to think of a person who may have given him the evil eye. Then the healer holds the clove over the flame. If the clove burns silently, there is no evil eye present; however, if the clove explodes or burns noisily, that means the person in the thoughts of the afflicted is the one who has cast the evil eye.[citation needed] As the clove explodes, the evil eye is released from the afflicted. Cloves that burn with some noise are considered to be λόγια - words - someone foul-mouthing you that you ought to be wary of. The burned cloves are extinguished into a glass of water and are later buried in the garden along with the pins as they are considered to be contaminated. Greek people will also ward off the evil eye by saying φτου να μη σε ματιάξω! which translates to "I spit so that I won't give you the evil eye." Contrary to popular belief, the evil eye is not necessarily given by someone wishing you ill, but it stems from admiration. Since it is technically possible to give yourself the evil eye, it is advised to be humble.

text: The Greek Fathers accepted the traditional belief in the evil eye, but attributed it to the Devil and envy. In Greek theology, the evil eye or vaskania (βασκανία) is considered harmful for the one whose envy inflicts it on others as well as for the sufferer. The Greek Church has an ancient prayer against vaskania from the Megan Hieron Synekdemon (Μέγαν Ιερόν Συνέκδημον) book of prayers.[citation needed]

text: Italy[edit]

text: The cornicello, "little horn", also called the cornetto ("little horn", plural cornetti), is a long, gently twisted horn-shaped amulet. Cornicelli are usually carved out of red coral or made from gold or silver. The type of horn they are intended to copy is not a curled-over sheep horn or goat horn but rather like the twisted horn of an African eland or a chili pepper.[25]

text: One idea that the ribald suggestions made by sexual symbols distract the witch from the mental effort needed to successfully bestow the curse. Another is that since the effect of the eye was to dry up liquids, the drying of the phallus (resulting in male impotence) would be averted by seeking refuge in the moist female genitals. Among the ancient Romans and their cultural descendants in the Mediterranean nations, those who were not fortified with phallic charms had to make use of sexual gestures to avoid the eye. Such gestures include the mano cornuta gesture and the fig sign; a fist with the thumb pressed between the index and middle fingers, representing the phallus within the vagina. In addition to the phallic talismans, statues of hands in these gestures, or covered with magical symbols, were carried by the Romans as talismans. In Latin America, carvings of the fist with the thumb pressed between the index and middle fingers continue to be carried as good luck charms.

text: The wielder of the evil eye, the jettatore, is described as having a striking facial appearance, high arching brows with a stark stare that leaps from his black eyes. He often has a reputation for clandestine involvement with dark powers and is the object of gossip about dealings in magic and other forbidden practices. Successful men having tremendous personal magnetism quickly gain notoriety as jettatori. Pope Pius IX was dreaded for his evil eye, and a whole cycle of stories about the disasters that happened in his wake were current in Rome during the latter decades of the 19th century. Public figures of every type, from poets to gangsters, have had their specialized abilities attributed to the power of their eyes.[26]

text: Spain and Latin America[edit]

text: The evil eye or 'Mal de Ojo' has been deeply embedded in Spanish popular culture throughout its history and Spain is the origin of this superstition in Latin America.

text: In Mexico and Central America, infants are considered at special risk for the evil eye (see mal de ojo, above) and are often given an amulet bracelet as protection, typically with an eye-like spot painted on the amulet. Another preventive measure is allowing admirers to touch the infant or child; in a similar manner, a person wearing an item of clothing that might induce envy may suggest to others that they touch it or some other way dispel envy.

text: One traditional cure in rural Mexico involves a curandero (folk healer) sweeping a raw chicken egg over the body of a victim to absorb the power of the person with the evil eye. The egg is later broken into a glass with water and placed under the bed of the patient near the head. Sometimes it is checked immediately because the egg appears as if it has been cooked. When this happens it means that the patient did have Mal De Ojo. Somehow the Mal De Ojo has transferred to the egg and the patient immediately gets well. (Fever, pain and diarrhea, nausea/vomiting goes away instantly) In the traditional Hispanic culture of the Southwestern United States and some parts of Mexico, the egg may be passed over the patient in a cross-shaped pattern all over the body, while reciting The Lord's Prayer. The egg is also placed in a glass with water, under the bed and near the head, sometimes it is examined right away or in the morning and if the egg looks like it has been cooked then it means that they did have Mal de Ojo and the patient will start feeling better. Sometimes if the patient starts getting ill and someone knows that they had stared at patient, usually a child, if the person who stared goes to the child and touches them, the child's illness goes away immediately so the Mal De Ojo energy is released.[27]

text: In some parts of South America the act of ojear, which could be translated as to give someone the evil eye, is an involuntary act. Someone may ojear babies, animals and inanimate objects just by staring and admiring them. This may produce illness, discomfort or possibly death on babies or animals and failures on inanimate objects like cars or houses. It's a common belief that since this is an involuntary act made by people with the heavy look, the proper way of protection is by attaching a red ribbon to the animal, baby or object, in order to attract the gaze to the ribbon rather than to the object intended to be protected.[28]

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazilians generally will associate mal-olhado, mau-olhado ("act of giving a bad look") or olho gordo ("fat eye" i.e. "gluttonous eye") with envy or jealousy on domestic and garden plants (that, after months or years of health and beauty, will suddenly weaken, wither and die, with no apparent signs of pest, after the visitation of a certain friend or relative), attractive hair and less often economic or romantic success and family harmony.

text: Unlike in most cultures mal-olhado is not seen to be something that risks young babies. "Pagans" or non-baptized children are instead assumed to be at risk from bruxas (witches), that have malignant intention themselves rather than just mal-olhado. It probably reflects the Galician folktales about the meigas or Portuguese magas, (witches), as Colonial Brazil was primarily settled by Portuguese people, in numbers greater than all Europeans to settle pre-independence United States. Those bruxas are interpreted to have taken the form of moths, often very dark, that disturb children at night and take away their energy. For that reason, Christian Brazilians often have amulets in the form of crucifixes around, beside or inside beds where children sleep.

text: Nevertheless, older children, especially boys, that fulfill the cultural ideals of behaving extremely well (for example, having no problems whatsoever in eating well a great variety of foods, being obedient and respectful toward adults, kind, polite, studious, and demonstrating no bad blood with other children or their siblings) who unexpectedly turn into problematic adolescents or adults (for example lacking good health habits, extreme laziness or lacking motivation towards their life goals, having eating disorders, or being prone to delinquency), are said to have been victims of mal-olhado coming from parents of children whose behavior was not as admirable.

text: Amulets that protect against mal-olhado tend to be generally resistant, mildly to strongly toxic and dark plants in specific and strategic places of a garden or the entry to a house. Those include comigo-ninguém-pode ("against-me-nobody-cans"), Dieffenbachia (the dumbcane), espada-de-são-jorge ("St. George's sword"), Sansevieria trifasciata (the snake plant or mother-in-law's tongue) and guiné ("Guinea"), among various other names, Petiveria alliacea (the guinea henweed). For those lacking in space or wanting to "sanitize" specific places, they may all be planted together in a single sete ervas ("seven [lucky] herbs") pot, that will also include arruda (common rue), pimenteira (Capsicum annuum), manjericão (basil) and alecrim (rosemary).[29] (Though the last four ones should not be used for their common culinary purposes by humans.) Other popular amulets against evil eye include: the use of mirrors, on the outside of your home's front door, or also inside your home facing your front door; an elephant figurine with its back to the front door; and coarse salt, placed in specific places at home.[30]

text: Mexico[edit]

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tag: table

text: Mal ojo often occurs without the dimension of envy, but insofar as envy is a part of ono, it is a variant of this underlying sense of insecurity and relative vulnerability to powerful, hostile forces in the environment. In her study of medical attitudes in the Santa Clara Valley of California, Margaret Clark arrives at essentially the same conclusion: "Among the Spanish-speaking folk of Sal si Puedes, the patient is regarded as a passive and innocent victim of malevolent forces in his environment. These forces may be witches, evil spirits, the consequences of poverty, or virulent bacteria that invade his body. The scapegoat may be a visiting social worker who unwittingly 'cast the evil eye' ... Mexican folk concepts of disease are based in part on the notion that people can be victimized by the careless or malicious behavior of others".[citation needed]

text: Another aspect of the mal ojo syndrome in Ixtepeji is a disturbance of the hot-cold equilibrium in the victim. According to folk belief, the bad effects of an attack result from the "hot" force of the aggressor entering the child's body and throwing it out of balance. Currier has shown how the Mexican hot-cold system is an unconscious folk model of social relations upon which social anxieties are projected. According to Currier, "the nature of Mexican peasant society is such that each individual must continuously attempt to achieve a balance between two opposing social forces: the tendency toward intimacy and that toward withdrawal. [It is therefore proposed] that the individual's continuous preoccupation with achieving a balance between 'heat' and 'cold' is a way of reenacting, in symbolic terms, a fundamental activity in social relations."[31]

text: India[edit]

text: In North India, the evil eye is called "Drishti" (meaning gaze or vision) or more commonly as Buri Nazar. A charm bracelet, tattoo or other object (Nazar battu), or a slogan (Chashme Baddoor (slogan)), may be used to ward-off the evil eye. Some truck owners write the slogan to ward off the evil eye: "buri nazar wale tera muh kala" ("O evil-eyed one, may your face turn black").

text: In general in India, if gone through time up to historical myths, babies and newborn infants will have their eye adorned with kajal, or eyeliner. This would be black, as it is believed in India that black wards off the evil eye or any evil auras. In South India (Andhra Pradesh), people call it as 'Disti' or 'Drusti'. To remove Disti people follow several methods based on their culture/area. Items used to remove Disti either Rock salt or Red chilies or Oiled cloth. Taking one of this item, people remove Disti by rotating their hand with one of the item above around the person who affected by Disti and they will burn the item.[32]

text: United States[edit]

text: In 1946, the American magician Henri Gamache published a text called Terrors of the Evil Eye Exposed! (later reprinted as Protection against Evil), which offers directions to defend oneself against the evil eye.[33]

text: Media and press coverage[edit]

text: In some cultures over-complimenting is said to cast a curse. So does envy. Since ancient times such maledictions have been collectively called the evil eye. According to the book The Evil Eye by folklorist Alan Dundes,[34] the belief's premise is that an individual can cause harm simply by looking at another's person or property. However, protection is easy to come by with talismans that can be worn, carried, or hung in homes, most often incorporating the contours of a human eye. In Aegean countries, people with light-colored eyes are thought to be particularly powerful, and amulets in Greece and Turkey are usually blue orbs. Indians, Muslims, and Jews use charms with palm-forward hands with an eye in the center; Italians employ horns, phallic shapes meant to distract spell casters.[35]

text: Names in various languages[edit]

text: In most languages, the name translates literally into English as "bad eye", "evil eye", "evil look", or just "the eye". Some variants on this general pattern from around the world are:

text:
In Albanian it is known as "syri i keq" (Standart and Tosk), or as "syni keq" (Gheg) meaning "bad eye". Also "mësysh" is used commonly, meaning "cast an evil eye".
In Arabic, ʿayn al-ḥasūd, عين الحسود, "the eye of envy". ʿAyn ḥārrah (عين حارّة) is also used, literally translating to "hot eye".
In Armenian, char atchk (չար աչքն) "evil eye" or "bad eye". Regarding the act of giving an evil gaze, it is said (directly translated), "to give with the eye" or in Armenian, "atchkov tal".
In Azerbaijani, "Göz dəyməsi" – translating as being struck by an eye
In Chinese it is called 邪惡之眼 (Hant) / 邪恶之眼 (Hans) (xié è zhī yǎn, literally "evil eye")
In Dutch it is called "het boze oog", literally "the malicious eye" or "the angry eye"
In Galician, it is called "meigallo", from meiga, "witch" (and maybe -allo, diminutive or aumentative suffix; or contracted with either ollo, "eye"; or allo, "garlic").
In German, it is called "böser Blick", literally "evil gaze".
In Greek, to matiasma (μάτιασμα) or mati (μάτι) someone refers to the act of casting the evil eye (mati being the Greek word for eye); also: vaskania (βασκανία, the Greek word for jinx)[36]
In Hebrew, ʿáyin hā-ráʿ (עַיִן הָרַע, "eye of evil")
In Hindustani and other languages of South Asia, (Hindi: nazar (नज़र); nazar lagna (नज़र लगना)) means to be afflicted by the evil eye. (However, it generally has no evil connotations because a doting mother's eye can supposedly also cause harm.) In Urdu, another variant of Hindustani, nazar" (نظر)"Chashm-é bad"( چشمِ بد) ; nazar lagna means to be afflicted by the evil eye.
In Hungarian, gonosz szem means "evil eye", but more widespread is the expression szemmelverés (lit. "beating with eye"), which refers to the supposed/alleged act of harming one by an evil look
In Irish, the term drochshúil is used for the 'evil eye', being a compound of 'droch' (bad, poor, evil, ill) and 'súil (eye). This can also be used to refer to someone with weak eyesight.
In Italian, the word malocchio refers to the evil eye.
In Japanese it is known as "邪視" ("jashi").
In Kannada, it is called "drishti". (But cf. "Drishti (yoga)".)
In Ke/Tz Luo, it is called "Sihoho/Juog wang'".
In Macedonian it is known as урокливо око.
In Malayalam it is known as kannu veykkuka – to cast an evil eye while "kannu peduka" means to be on the receiving end of the malefic influence. "kannu dosham" refers to a bad effect caused by an evil eye.
In Neapolitan it is known as "'o mma'uocchje" which translates literally into "the evil/bad/maleficent eye", which afflicts people, especially women and children who are supposedly the most vulnerable, with multiple issues and problems, stemming from pre-natal issues, miscarriages, early childhood death or sickness or death of a mother during birth, as well as afflicting women with infertility, sexual problems, early widowhood, etc., while afflicted men suffer from cancer, laziness, greed, gluttony, and other diseases, disabilities and ailments.
In Persian it is known as "چشم زخم" (injurious look/eyes causing injury) or "چشم شور" (omen eye)[37] "Cheshmeh Hasood", meaning Jealous eye, or "Cheshme Nazar" meaning evil eye.
In Polish it is known as "złe oko" or "złe spojrzenie".
In Pashto it is known as"بدو سترګو وهل"(bado stargo wahal)and also "نظر وهل"(Nazar wahal)
In Portuguese, it is called "mau olhado", ou "olho gordo" (literally "fat eye"). The first expression is used in Portugal and second one is more common in Brazil.
In Romanian, it is known as "deochi", meaning literally "un-eye".
In Russian, "дурной глаз" (durnoy glaz) means "bad/evil eye"; "сглаз" (sglaz) literally means "from eye".
In Sanskrit, an ancient Indo-Aryan language, it is called "drishti dosha" (दृष्टि दोष) meaning malice caused by evil eye. (But cf. "drishti (yoga)".)
In Serbo-Croatian (Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin), it is called Urokljivo oko (Cyr. Урокљиво око).[38] First word is adjective of the word urok/урок, which means spell or curse, and the second one means eye.
In Somali, it is called "il", or "Ilaaco" or "Qumayo" ( first word literally meaning "eye" and the other two words meaning envy eye)
In Spanish, mal de ojo literally means "evil from the eye" as the name does not refer to the actual eye but to the evil that supposedly comes from it. Casting the evil eye is then echar mal de ojo, i.e. "to cast evil from the eye".[39]
In Tamil, "கண் படுதல்" (kan padudhal) literally means "casting an eye" (with an intention to cause harm). "கண்ணூறு" (kannooru) "harm from the eye"
In Turkish kem göz means evil eye and the cure is having a "nazar boncuğu", the nazar amulet.

tag: ul


document_title: Pulmonary artery

question_text: where does the pulmonary trunk receive blood from

root

text: Pulmonary artery

text: Pulmonary arterial tree[edit]

text: In order of blood flow, the pulmonary arteries start as the pulmonary trunk or main pulmonary artery. The main pulmonary artery begins at the base of the right ventricle. It is short and wide—approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length and 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter.

tag: p

text: The main pulmonary artery splits into the right and the left main pulmonary artery.[1] The left main pulmonary artery is shorter and somewhat smaller than the right, passes horizontally in front of the descending aorta and left bronchus to the root of the left lung. Above, the left main pulmonary artery is connected to the concavity of the proximal descending aorta by the ligamentum arteriosum.[2] It then divides into two lobar arteries, one for each lobe of the left lung. The right main pulmonary artery follows a longer and more horizontal course as it crosses the mediastinum. It passes underneath the aortic arch, behind the ascending aorta, and in front of the descending aorta. It courses posterior to the superior vena cava and in front of the right bronchus. Upon reaching the hilum of the right lung the right main pulmonary artery divides into two branches:

text:
truncus anterior — supplies blood to the right upper lobe.
interlobar artery — inferior and larger branch, supplies blood to the middle and inferior lobes of the lung.

text: The right and left main pulmonary arteries give off branches that roughly correspond to the lung lobes, and can in such cases be termed lobar arteries. The lobar arteries branch into segmental arteries (roughly 1 for each lobe segment), which in turn branch into subsegmental pulmonary arteries.[3] These eventually form intralobular arteries.[4]

text: Development[edit]

text: The pulmonary arteries originate from the truncus arteriosus and the sixth pharyngeal arch. The truncus arteriosis is a structure that forms during the development of the heart as a successor to the conus arteriosus. [5]

text: By the third week of development, the endocardial tubes have developed a swelling in the part closest to the heart. The swelling is known as the bulbus cordis and the upper part of this swelling develops into the truncus arteriosus [6] The structure is ultimately mesodermal in origin.[5] During development of the heart, the heart tissues undergo folding, and the truncus arteriosus is exposed to what will eventually be both the left and right ventricles. As a septum develops between the two ventricles of the heart, two bulges form on either side of the truncus arteriosus. These progressively enlarge until the trunk splits into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. [7]

text: During early development, the ductus arteriosis connects the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch, allowing blood to bypass the lungs.[8]

text: Function[edit]

text: The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs. The blood here passes through capillaries adjacent to alveoli and becomes oxygenated as part of the process of respiration.[citation needed]

text: In contrast to the pulmonary arteries, the bronchial arteries supply nutrition to the lungs themselves.[9]

text: The pulmonary artery pressure (PA pressure) is a measure of the blood pressure found in the main pulmonary artery. This is measured by inserting a catheter into the main pulmonary artery.[10] :190–191 The mean pressure is typically 9 - 18 mmHg,[11] and the wedge pressure measured in the left atrium may be 6-12mmHg. The wedge pressure may be elevated in left heart failure,[10]:190–191 mitral valve stenosis, and other conditions, such as sickle cell disease.[12]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The pulmonary artery is relevant in a number of clinical states. Pulmonary hypertension is used to describe an increase in the pressure of the pulmonary artery, and may be defined as a mean pulmonary artery pressure of greater than 25mmHg.[10]:720 As can be measured on a CT scan, a diameter of more than 29 mm diameter is often used as a cut-off to indicate pulmonary hypertension.[13] This may occur as a result of heart problems such as heart failure, lung or airway disease such as COPD or scleroderma, or thromboembolic disease such as pulmonary embolism or emboli seen in sickle cell anaemia.[10]:720–721

text: Pulmonary embolism refers to an embolus that lodges in the pulmonary circulation. This may arise from a deep venous thrombosis, especially after a period of immobility. A pulmonary embolus is a common cause of death in patients with cancer and stroke.[10]:720–721 A large pulmonary embolus which becomes lodged in the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk with extensions into both the left and right main pulmonary arteries is called a saddle embolus.[14]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Image showing main pulmonary artery coursing ventrally to the aortic root and trachea, and the right pulmonary artery passes dorsally to the ascending aorta, while the left pulmonary artery passes ventrally to the descending aorta.

Pulmonary circuit

Transverse section of thorax, showing relations of pulmonary artery.

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary artery.Deep dissection.Anterior view.

CT scan of a normal lung, with different levels of pulmonary arteries.

Bronchial anatomy


document_title: Youth Day

question_text: when was south african youth day first celebrated

text: Youth Day

text: International Youth Day[edit]

text: International Youth Day is an international observance on August 12 officially recognized by the United Nations.The UN General Assembly agreed on this date in 1999.[1]

text: Country wide list[edit]

text: Here is a list of all of the countries that observe this holiday and when they do.

text:
No
Country
Date
In memory of

1
Albania
December 8
Dita Kombëtare e Rinisë for fall of communism

2
Angola
April 14
Hoji-ya-Henda

3
Azerbaijan
February 2

4
Cameroon
February 11

5
China
May 4
May Fourth Movement in 1919

6
Taiwan
March 29
[1]

7
India
January 12
Swami Vivekananda's Birthday

8
Kiribati
First Monday in August

9
Morocco
August 21

10
Pakistan
March 11

11
Paraguay
September 21
Start of spring

12
South Africa
June 16
Soweto Student Uprising

13
Thailand
September 20
Chulalongkorn and Ananda Mahidol

14
Turkey
May 19
Kemal Atatürk

15
Tunisia
March 21

16
Venezuela
February 12
Battle of La Victoria

17
Ukraine
June 24

18
Yugoslavia
May 25
Josip Broz Tito

19
Zambia
March 12

20
World Youth Day

text: Angola[edit]

text: On April 14, Angola observes Youth Day in memory of Hoji-ya-Henda, who was killed on that day during the Portuguese Colonial War.[2] Archived 22 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine. [3] [4]

text: Cameroon[edit]

text: National Youth Day is a national holiday in Cameroon on February 11. Nation

text: Greater China[edit]

text: Mainland China[edit]

text: Youth Day (青年节) in the People's Republic of China is on May 4. It was established in December 1949 by the Government Administration Council [5] to commemorate the beginning of the May Fourth Movement.

text: Taiwan[edit]

text: Youth Day (青年節) in the Republic of China (Taiwan) has been celebrated on March 29[2] since 1954. It commemorates the Huanghuagang Uprising of 1911, during which 72 young revolutionaries sacrificed their lives to overthrow the Qing Dynasty. The Uprising took place on April 27 (the 29th day of the 3rd month in Chinese Calendar), 1911 and is subsequently known as 3.29 Guangzhou Uprising. This event also marked the last unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Qing before the Wuchang Uprising successfully overturned millennia of dynastic rule in China to establish the Republic of China.

text: Originally, Youth Day was celebrated on May 4 to commemorate the patriotic May Fourth Movement in 1919, in which many young intellectuals protested against imperialists. Since the establishment of Youth Day on March 29, May 4 has been known as Literary Day (文藝節) in Taiwan, as the May Fourth Movement is part of a broader New Culture Movement.

text: India[edit]

text: Youth Day in India is celebrated on 12 January on the birthday of Swami Vivekananda.

text: In 1984, the Government of India declared and decided to observe the Birthday of Swami Vivekananda (12 January, according to the English calendar) as National Youth Day every year from 1985 onwards. To quote from the Government of India's Communication, ‘It was felt that the philosophy of Swamiji and the ideals for which he lived and worked could be a great source of inspiration for the Indian Youth.’

text: Swami Vivekananda's Birthday, according to Indian Almanac (Vishuddha Siddhanta Almanac) is on Pausha Krishna Saptami tithi, which falls on different dates of English Calendar every year. This is observed in various centres of Ramakrishna Math and Mission in a traditional Hindu manner which includes mangalarati, special worship, homa (fire-ritual), meditation, devotional songs, religious discourses, sandhyarati (versper service in the evenings), and so on.

text: The National Youth Day is observed all over India at schools and colleges—with processions, speeches, recitations, music, youth conventions, seminars, Yogasana presentation, competitions in essay-writing, recitations, speeches, music, sports, and other programs on 12 January every year.

text: Iran[edit]

text: Youth Day is celebrated in Iran on 11th Shaban (Hijri Ghamari) on the birthday of Hazrat e Alie Akbar (first son of Imam Hossein). After Iran revolution in 1979 the Muslim government endeavored to replace most of the national days with religious events.

text: Kiribati[edit]

text: Youth Day is celebrated on the first Monday of August in Kiribati.

text: Morocco[edit]

text: Youth Day is a public holiday in Morocco on August 21, the birthday of the reigning monarch, Mohammed VI of Morocco.

text: Pakistan[edit]

text: Youth Day is celebrated on March 11 in Pakistan.

text: Paraguay[edit]

text: Youth and Spring Day (Día de la Primavera y la Juventud) is celebrated on September 21 in Paraguay, which marks the start of the spring season.

text: Singapore[edit]

text: Youth Day is celebrated on first Sunday of July every year in Singapore. The next day will normally be a scheduled school holiday.

text: South Africa[edit]

text: Youth Day on 16 June is a public holiday in South Africa and commemorates a protest which resulted in a wave of protests across the country known as the Soweto uprising of 1976.[3] It came in response to multiple issues with the Bantu Education Act and the government edict in 1974 that Afrikaans be used as medium of instruction for certain subjects in black schools. The iconic picture of Hector Pieterson, a black schoolchild shot by the police, brought home to many people within and outside of South Africa the effect of the struggle during the Apartheid government's reign.

text: Thailand[edit]

text: On 20 September each year in Thailand, National Youth Day (Thai: วันเยาวชนแห่งชาติ, Wan Yaowachon Haeng Chat) commemorates the birth dates of Kings Chulalongkorn and Ananda Mahidol. Thailand celebrates Youth Day on this date because of the many births in the month of September.

text: Turkey[edit]

text: Youth and Sports Day (Gençlik ve Spor Bayramı) on May 19 in Turkey is dedicated to the youth. This day is also Atatürk Day (Atatürk'ü Anma), a day of commemoration of Kemal Atatürk, the "Father of Turkey", and the commemoration of the beginning of the national liberation movement initiated by Atatürk in 1919

text: The day is celebrated in honor of the arrival of Kemal Atatürk to Samsun on May 19, 1919, when the Turkish War of Independence began.

text: Tunisia[edit]

text: Youth Day is celebrated on March 21 in Tunisia just after celebration of their independence.[4]

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: Youth Day is celebrated on the last Sunday of June in Ukraine.[5][6]

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: Youth Day is celebrated on February 12.[6] The holiday was created to commemorate all the teenagers above 12 years old who fought and died in the Battle of La Victoria (1812), during the Venezuelan War of Independence, on February 12, 1814.[7]

text: Yugoslavia[edit]

text: Youth Day was celebrated throughout the former Yugoslavia on May 25. This was also a celebration of Josip Broz Tito's birthday who was in fact born on May 7, 1892. His birthday was celebrated on May 25, because his troops were attacked by Nazis on May 25, day of his birth found on his forged personal documents. In the weeks preceding the date youth ran a relay around the country and on his birthday Tito was ceremonially presented with the baton. The baton, which had passed through all major cities, contained a symbolic birthday message, ostensibly from the youth of the whole country.

text: Zambia[edit]

text: Youth Day is celebrated on March 12.[7]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts

question_text: baseball teams who have not won a world series

text: Longest current World Series championship droughts[edit]

text:
Seasons
Team
Last championship won
Last World Series appearance

69
Cleveland Indians
1948
2016

57
Texas Rangers
Never (franchise began 1961)
2011

49
Milwaukee Brewers
Never (franchise began 1969)
1982

49
San Diego Padres
Never (franchise began 1969)
1998

49
Washington Nationals
Never (franchise began 1969)
never

41
Seattle Mariners
Never (franchise began 1977)
never

38
Pittsburgh Pirates
1979
1979

34
Baltimore Orioles
1983
1983

33
Detroit Tigers
1984
2012

31
New York Mets
1986
2015

29
Los Angeles Dodgers
1988
2017

28
Oakland Athletics
1989
1990

27
Cincinnati Reds
1990
1990

26
Minnesota Twins
1991
1991

25
Colorado Rockies
Never (franchise began 1993)
2007

24
Toronto Blue Jays
1993
1993

22
Atlanta Braves
1995
1999

20
Tampa Bay Rays
Never (franchise began 1998)
2008

16
Arizona Diamondbacks
2001
2001

15
Los Angeles Angels
2002
2002

14
Miami Marlins
2003
2003

12
Chicago White Sox
2005
2005

9
Philadelphia Phillies
2008
2009

8
New York Yankees
2009
2009

6
St. Louis Cardinals
2011
2013

4
Boston Red Sox
2013
2013

3
San Francisco Giants
2014
2014

2
Kansas City Royals
2015
2015

1
Chicago Cubs
2016
2016

0
Houston Astros
2017
2017

text: Longest World Series championship droughts through history[edit]

text: The first World Series was played in 1903. Note that no World Series was played in 1904 or 1994. This list only shows droughts of 30 or more seasons. Active droughts are listed in bold type.

text:
Seasons
Team
Prev. Title
Next Title

107
Chicago Cubs
1908
2016

87
Chicago White Sox
1917
2005

85
Boston Red Sox
1918
2004

77
Philadelphia Phillies
1903*
1980

69
Cleveland Indians
1948
—

63
St. Louis Browns/Baltimore Orioles
1903*
1966

62
Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins
1924
1987

57
Washington Senators/Texas Rangers
1961*
—

55
Houston Colt .45s/Astros
1962*
2017

55
New York/San Francisco Giants
1954
2010

52
Brooklyn Dodgers
1903*
1955

49
Seattle Pilots/Milwaukee Brewers
1969*
—

49
San Diego Padres
1969*
—

49
Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals
1969*
—

42
Boston/Milwaukee Braves
1914
1957

41
Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics
1930
1972

41
Los Angeles-California-Anaheim Angels
1961*
2002

41
Seattle Mariners
1977*
—

38
Pittsburgh Pirates
1979
—

37
Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves
1957
1995

34
Pittsburgh Pirates
1925
1960

34
Cincinnati Reds
1940
1975

34
Baltimore Orioles
1983
—

33
Detroit Tigers
1984
—

32
Detroit Tigers
1903*
1935

31
New York Mets
1986
—

text: * Year does not indicate a title won, but rather the team's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series (1903).

text: World Series championship droughts by city/region[edit]

text: This list only includes cities/regions with current Major League Baseball franchises. Years during which a city/region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted.

text:
Region
Drought (seasons)
Last World Series title

Cleveland
69
Cleveland Indians, 1948

Washington, D.C.
60*
Washington Senators (original A.L.), 1924

Milwaukee
56**
Milwaukee Braves, 1957

San Diego
49‡
None

Dallas-Ft. Worth
46‡
None

Seattle
42‡ †
None

Pittsburgh
38
Pittsburgh Pirates, 1979

Baltimore
34
Baltimore Orioles, 1983

Detroit
33
Detroit Tigers, 1984

Cincinnati
27
Cincinnati Reds, 1990

Minneapolis–Saint Paul
26
Minnesota Twins, 1991

Denver
25‡
None

Toronto
24
Toronto Blue Jays, 1993

Atlanta
22
Atlanta Braves, 1995

Tampa-St. Petersburg
20‡
None

Phoenix
16
Arizona Diamondbacks, 2001

Greater Los Angeles Area
15
Anaheim Angels, 2002

Miami-Ft. Lauderdale
14
Florida Marlins, 2003

Philadelphia
9
Philadelphia Phillies, 2008

New York City
8
New York Yankees, 2009

St. Louis
6
St. Louis Cardinals, 2011

Boston
4
Boston Red Sox, 2013

San Francisco Bay Area
3
San Francisco Giants, 2014

Kansas City
2
Kansas City Royals, 2015

Chicago
1
Chicago Cubs, 2016

Houston
0
Houston Astros, 2017

text: *city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons (1972–2004)

text: **city without Major League Baseball franchise for 4 seasons (1966–1969)

text: †city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons (1970–1976)

text: ‡number doesn't indicate a title won, but rather total seasons played.

text: World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship[edit]

text: In these instances, the World Series matchup ensured that one team would win the first championship in its history.

text:
Season
Won
Lost

1980
Philadelphia Phillies
Kansas City Royals

1920
Cleveland Indians
Brooklyn Dodgers

1909
Pittsburgh Pirates
Detroit Tigers

1907
Chicago Cubs
Detroit Tigers

1906*
Chicago White Sox
Chicago Cubs

1905*
New York Giants
Philadelphia Athletics

1903*
Boston Americans
Pittsburgh Pirates

text: *In these cases, each team was making its first World Series appearance.

text: World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20-plus seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Won
Drought (seasons)
Lost
Drought (seasons)

2005
Chicago White Sox
45
Houston Astros
43

1948
Cleveland Indians
27
Boston Braves
33

text: World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30-plus seasons[edit]

text: Teams that had never won the World Series are included, even if they were less than 30 seasons old at the time. Bold denotes team that won.

text:
Season
American League
Drought (seasons)
National League
Drought (seasons)

2016
Cleveland Indians
67
Chicago Cubs
107

2010
Texas Rangers
49*
San Francisco Giants
55

2005
Chicago White Sox
87
Houston Astros
43*

2002
Anaheim Angels
41*
San Francisco Giants
47

1997
Cleveland Indians
48
Florida Marlins
4*

1995
Cleveland Indians
46
Atlanta Braves
37

1992
Toronto Blue Jays
15*
Atlanta Braves
34

1980
Kansas City Royals
11*
Philadelphia Phillies
77*

1975
Boston Red Sox
56
Cincinnati Reds
34

1972
Oakland Athletics
40
Cincinnati Reds
31

1920
Cleveland Indians
17*
Brooklyn Dodgers
17*

1909
Detroit Tigers
6*
Pittsburgh Pirates
6*

1907
Detroit Tigers
4*
Chicago Cubs
4*

1906
Chicago White Sox
3*
Chicago Cubs
3*

1905
Philadelphia Athletics
2*
New York Giants
2*

1903
Boston Americans
0*
Pittsburgh Pirates
0*

text: Numbers marked with * indicates that the number is counted from either the franchise's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series (1903).

text: Major League pennant droughts[edit]

text: Longest current Major League pennant droughts[edit]

text:
Seasons
Team
Last pennant

49
Washington Nationals
never (franchise started in 1969)

41
Seattle Mariners
never (franchise started in 1977)

38
Pittsburgh Pirates
1979

35
Milwaukee Brewers
1982 (never since joining NL in 1998)

34
Baltimore Orioles
1983

27
Cincinnati Reds
1990

27
Oakland Athletics
1990

26
Minnesota Twins
1991

24
Toronto Blue Jays
1993

19
San Diego Padres
1998

18
Atlanta Braves
1999

16
Arizona Diamondbacks
2001

15
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
2002

14
Miami Marlins
2003

12
Chicago White Sox
2005

10
Colorado Rockies
2007

9
Tampa Bay Rays
2008

8
New York Yankees
2009

8
Philadelphia Phillies
2009

6
Texas Rangers
2011

5
Detroit Tigers
2012

4
St. Louis Cardinals
2013

4
Boston Red Sox
2013

3
San Francisco Giants
2014

2
Kansas City Royals
2015

2
New York Mets
2015

1
Chicago Cubs
2016

1
Cleveland Indians
2016

0
Houston Astros
2017

0
Los Angeles Dodgers
2017

text: Longest Major League pennant droughts through history[edit]

text: List begins with 1903, about the time the current configuration of National League and American League stabilized and also the year of the first World Series. Note that no pennants were won in 1994 due to strike. This list only shows droughts of 20 or more seasons. Active droughts are listed in bold type.

text:
Seasons
Team
Prev. Pennant
Next Pennant

70
Chicago Cubs
1945
2016

49
Washington Senators/Texas Rangers
1961*
2010

49
Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals
1969*
—

45
Chicago White Sox
1959
2005

43
Houston Colt .45s/Astros
1962*
2005

41
St. Louis Browns
1903*
1944

41
Los Angeles-California-Anaheim Angels
1961*
2002

41
Seattle Mariners
1977*
—

40
Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics
1931
1972

40
Cleveland Indians
1954
1995

39
Chicago White Sox
1919
1959

38
Pittsburgh Pirates
1979
—

35
Milwaukee Brewers
1982
—

34
Philadelphia Phillies
1915
1950

34
Baltimore Orioles
1983
—

33
Boston Braves
1914
1948

32
Pittsburgh Pirates
1927
1960

32
Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves
1958
1991

31
Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins
1933
1965

29
Philadelphia Phillies
1950
1980

28
Kansas City Royals
1985
2014

28
Los Angeles Dodgers
1988
2017

27
Boston Red Sox
1918
1946

27
Cleveland Indians
1920
1948

27
Oakland Athletics
1990
—

27
Cincinnati Reds
1990
—

26
San Francisco Giants
1962
1989

26
Minnesota Twins
1991
—

24
Detroit Tigers
1909
1934

24
Toronto Blue Jays
1993
—

23
St. Louis Cardinals
1903*
1926

22
Detroit Tigers
1945
1968

21
St. Louis Browns/Baltimore Orioles
1944
1966

21
Minnesota Twins
1965
1987

21
Detroit Tigers
1984
2006

21
Washington Senators
1903*
1924

20
Brooklyn Dodgers
1920
1941

20
Cincinnati Reds
1940
1961

20
Boston Red Sox
1946
1967

text: * Year does not indicate a pennant, but rather the team's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series (1903).

text: Numbers reflect drought at start of current season.

text: Major League pennant droughts by city/region[edit]

text:
Region
Drought (seasons)
Last pennant

Washington, D.C.
51*
Washington Senators (original A.L.), 1933

Seattle
42** †
None

Pittsburgh
38
Pittsburgh Pirates, 1979

Milwaukee
35
Milwaukee Brewers, 1982 (in A.L.)

Baltimore
34
Baltimore Orioles, 1983

Cincinnati
27
Cincinnati Reds, 1990

Minneapolis–Saint Paul
26
Minnesota Twins, 1991

Toronto
24
Toronto Blue Jays, 1993

San Diego
19
San Diego Padres, 1998

Atlanta
18
Atlanta Braves, 1999

Phoenix
16
Arizona Diamondbacks, 2001

Miami-Ft. Lauderdale
14
Florida Marlins, 2003

Denver
10
Colorado Rockies, 2007

Tampa-St. Petersburg
9
Tampa Bay Rays, 2008

Philadelphia
8
Philadelphia Phillies, 2009

Dallas-Ft. Worth
6
Texas Rangers, 2011

Detroit
5
Detroit Tigers, 2012

St. Louis
4
St. Louis Cardinals, 2013

Boston
4
Boston Red Sox, 2013

San Francisco Bay Area
3
San Francisco Giants, 2014

Kansas City
2
Kansas City Royals, 2015

New York City
2
New York Mets, 2015

Cleveland
1
Cleveland Indians, 2016

Chicago
1
Chicago Cubs, 2016

Greater Los Angeles Area
0
Los Angeles Dodgers, 2017

Houston
0
Houston Astros, 2017

text: **city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons (1970–1976)

text: †number doesn't indicate a title won, but rather total seasons played.

text: Postseason droughts[edit]

text: Longest current postseason droughts[edit]

text:
Seasons
Team
Last appearance

16
Seattle Mariners*
2001 ALCS

14
Miami Marlins
2003 World Series

11
San Diego Padres
2006 NLDS

9
Chicago White Sox
2008 ALDS

6
Philadelphia Phillies
2011 NLDS

6
Milwaukee Brewers
2011 NLCS

4
Cincinnati Reds
2013 NL Wild Card

4
Atlanta Braves
2013 NLDS

4
Tampa Bay Rays
2013 ALDS

3
Oakland Athletics
2014 AL Wild Card

3
Detroit Tigers
2014 ALDS

3
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
2014 ALDS

2
Pittsburgh Pirates
2015 NL Wild Card

2
St. Louis Cardinals
2015 NLDS

2
Kansas City Royals
2015 World Series

1
Baltimore Orioles
2016 AL Wild Card

1
New York Mets
2016 NL Wild Card

1
San Francisco Giants
2016 NLDS

1
Texas Rangers
2016 ALDS

1
Toronto Blue Jays
2016 ALCS

0
Colorado Rockies
2017 NL Wild Card

0
Minnesota Twins
2017 AL Wild Card

0
Arizona Diamondbacks
2017 NLDS

0
Boston Red Sox
2017 ALDS

0
Cleveland Indians
2017 ALDS

0
Washington Nationals
2017 NLDS

0
Chicago Cubs
2017 NLCS

0
New York Yankees
2017 ALCS

0
Houston Astros
2017 World Series

0
Los Angeles Dodgers
2017 World Series

text: *Also longest active drought in North American sports[citation needed]

text: Longest postseason droughts in the expanded-postseason era[edit]

text: After the postseason was expanded in 1995 to include eight teams (further expanded in 2012 to ten teams), 18 of the 30 teams qualified within the first five years, and few teams went for long droughts without at least participating in the first round of the postseason. This list only shows droughts of 15 or more seasons that occurred primarily in the expanded-postseason era. Active droughts are listed in bold type.

text:
Seasons
Team
Prev. Postseason Appearance
Next Postseason Appearance

30
Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals
1981
2012

28
Kansas City Royals
1985
2014

25
Milwaukee Brewers
1982
2008

21
Toronto Blue Jays
1993
2015

20
Pittsburgh Pirates
1992
2013

18
Detroit Tigers
1987
2006

16
Seattle Mariners
2001
—

15
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
1986
2002


document_title: Good Morning (1939 song)

question_text: who sang the song good morning good morning

text: Good Morning (1939 song)

text: Good Morning is a song by Nacio Herb Brown (music) and Arthur Freed (lyrics) written for the 1939 film Babes in Arms and performed by Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney.[1] Its best known performance was in the 1952 hit musical film Singin' in the Rain, where it was sung by Debbie Reynolds, Gene Kelly and Donald O'Connor. In 2004 the version in Singin' in the Rain finished at #72 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of the top tunes in American cinema.


document_title: List of the busiest airports in the United States

question_text: who has the biggest airport in the us

question_tokens: who has the biggest airport in the us

text: Busiest US airports by total passenger boardings[edit]

text: The FAA uses passenger boarding for a full calendar year to determine Airport Improvement Program (AIP) entitlements.[1]

text: The term hub is used by the FAA to identify very busy commercial service airports. For instance, large hubs are those airports that each account for at least one percent of total U.S. passenger enplanements. Medium hubs are defined as airports that each account for between 0.25 percent and one percent of the total passenger enplanements. According to preliminary FAA data, in 2014 there were 30 large hubs and 30 medium hubs.

text:
Rank
(2016)
Airports (large hubs)
IATA
Code
Major city served
State
2017
2016[2]
2015[3]
2014[4]
2013[5]
2012[6]
2011[7]
2010[8]
2009[9]
2008[9]
2007[10]
2006[11]
2005[12]

1
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
ATL
Atlanta
GA
51,916,451
50,501,858
49,340,732
46,604,273
45,308,407
45,798,809
44,414,121
43,130,585
42,280,868
43,236,665
43,236,665
41,352,038
42,402,653

2
Los Angeles International Airport
LAX
Los Angeles
CA
42,459,545
39,636,042
36,351,226
34,314,197
32,425,892
31,326,268
30,528,737
28,857,755
27,439,897
28,861,477
30,113,985
29,357,327
29,372,272

3
O'Hare International Airport
ORD
Chicago
IL

37,589,899
36,305,668
33,686,811
32,317,835
32,171,743
31,892,301
32,171,831
31,135,732
33,683,991
36,521,585
36,825,097
36,720,005

4
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
DFW
Dallas/Fort Worth
TX
33,528,927
31,283,579
31,589,832
30,766,940
29,038,128
28,022,877
27,518,358
27,100,656
26,663,984
27,219,985
28,482,417
28,627,749
28,079,147

5
Denver International Airport
DEN
Denver
CO
30,714,011
28,267,394
26,280,043
26,000,591
25,496,885
25,799,832
25,667,499
25,241,962
24,013,669
24,287,939
20,796,173
20,591,909
20,315,544

6
John F. Kennedy International Airport
JFK
New York
NY
29,458,297
29,239,151
27,782,369
26,244,928
25,036,358
24,520,943
23,664,830
22,934,047
22,710,272
23,620,948
23,401,351
21,071,501
20,260,359

7
San Francisco International Airport
SFO
San Francisco
CA
27,862,429
25,707,101
24,190,549
22,756,008
21,704,626
21,284,224
20,038,679
19,359,003
18,467,908
18,135,827
17,280,328
16,236,592
16,070,133

8
McCarran International Airport
LAS
Las Vegas
NV
24,248,814
22,833,267
21,824,231
20,551,016
19,946,179
19,941,173
19,854,759
18,996,738
19,445,952
21,024,443
22,537,950
22,028,521
21,402,676

9
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
SEA
Seattle/Tacoma
WA
23,518,824
21,887,110
21,231,781
18,781,489
17,450,425
16,625,787
16,425,732
15,406,243
15,273,092
15,839,504
15,419,116
14,703,928
14,359,530

10
Charlotte Douglas International Airport
CLT
Charlotte
NC
22,917,874
22,173,747
21,913,166
21,542,277
21,346,601
20,032,426
19,022,535
18,629,181
18,165,476
19,291,428
16,884,780
14,949,568
14,109,608

11
Orlando International Airport
MCO
Orlando
FL
22,215,929
20,283,541
18,759,938
17,278,608
16,884,524
17,159,425
17,250,415
17,017,491
16,371,016
17,288,480
17,614,679
16,807,856
16,592,133

12
Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
PHX
Phoenix
AZ
22,016,714
20,896,265
21,351,445
20,344,867
19,525,109
19,556,189
19,750,306
18,907,171
18,559,647
19,450,576
20,767,144
20,479,291
19,032,196

13
Miami International Airport
MIA
Miami
FL
21,747,189
20,875,813
20,986,341
19,468,523
19,420,089
18,987,488
18,342,158
17,017,654
16,187,768
16,377,488
16,194,162
15,664,791
15,092,763

14
Newark Liberty International Airport
EWR
Newark
NJ
21,507,885
19,834,792
19,923,009
17,680,826
17,546,506
17,035,098
16,814,092
16,571,754
16,659,441
17,599,578
18,163,652
17,804,107
16,444,959

15
George Bush Intercontinental Airport
IAH
Houston
TX
20,367,204
20,062,072
20,595,874
19,772,054
18,952,840
19,038,958
19,306,660
19,528,631
19,290,239
20,030,898
24,117,623
22,822,111
20,799,886

16
Logan International Airport
BOS
Boston
MA
19,145,096
17,749,202
17,759,044
15,425,869
14,810,153
14,293,675
14,171,476
13,561,814
12,566,797
12,820,489
13,783,297
13,544,552
13,214,923

17
Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport
MSP
Minneapolis/St. Paul
MN
19,002,544
18,123,844
17,634,252
16,972,678
16,280,835
15,943,751
15,895,653
15,512,487
15,551,206
16,369,324
16,962,563
17,192,410
17,971,771

18
Detroit Metropolitan Airport
DTW
Detroit
MI
17,325,600
16,826,287
16,847,135
15,775,941
15,683,523
15,599,877
15,716,865
15,643,890
15,211,402
16,998,174
17,495,135
17,483,468
17,580,363

19
Philadelphia International Airport
PHL
Philadelphia
PA
14,760,585
14,564,419
15,101,318
14,747,112
14,727,945
14,587,631
14,883,180
14,951,254
15,002,961
15,586,852
15,656,653
15,390,848
15,376,569

20
LaGuardia Airport
LGA
New York
NY
14,737,834
14,706,123
14,762,593
13,415,797
13,372,269
12,818,717
11,989,227
12,001,501
11,084,300
11,567,586
12,529,890
12,925,697
13,014,314

21
Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport
FLL
Fort Lauderdale
FL
16,216,686
14,263,270
13,061,607
11,987,607
11,538,140
11,445,101
11,332,466
10,829,810
10,258,118
11,020,091
11,079,250
10,204,579
10,729,468

22
Baltimore–Washington International Airport
BWI
Baltimore/Washington, D.C.
MD
13,214,185
12,340,972
11,738,828
11,022,200
11,132,731
11,183,965
11,067,317
10,848,633
10,338,950
10,215,225
10,487,789
10,297,607
9,829,432

23
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
DCA
Washington, D.C.
VA
11,966,354
11,470,854
11,242,375
10,057,794
9,838,034
9,462,206
9,053,004
8,736,804
8,490,288
8,704,466
9,038,174
8,973,410
8,623,907

24
Salt Lake City International Airport
SLC
Salt Lake City
UT
12,098,835
11,143,738
10,634,519
10,139,065
9,668,048
9,579,836
9,701,756
9,910,493
9,903,821
9,993,198
10,560,906
10,289,129
10,601,918

25
Midway International Airport
MDW
Chicago
IL

11,044,353
11,044,387
10,318,311
9,915,646
9,431,796
9,134,576
8,518,957
8,253,620
8,021,383
9,132,836
8,915,292
8,383,698

26
Washington Dulles International Airport
IAD
Washington, D.C.
VA
11,407,107
10,596,942
10,363,918
10,415,948
10,570,993
10,785,683
11,043,829
11,276,481
11,132,098
11,348,775
11,789,441
11,045,217
13,032,502

27
San Diego International Airport
SAN
San Diego
CA
11,107,078
10,340,164
9,985,739
9,333,152
8,878,772
8,686,592
8,465,683
8,430,509
8,453,854
9,007,617
9,138,116
8,724,442
8,628,648

28
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport
HNL
Honolulu
HI

9,656,340
9,656,340
9,463,000
9,466,995
9,210,270
8,643,494
8,740,077
8,739,389
9,013,440
10,393,929
9,855,838
9,784,404

29
Tampa International Airport
TPA
Tampa
FL
9,830,583
9,194,994
9,150,414
8,531,561
8,267,752
8,216,153
8,174,194
8,137,222
8,263,294
8,871,917
9,306,036
9,187,865
9,297,643

30
Portland International Airport
PDX
Portland
OR
9,538,472
9,071,154
8,340,234
7,878,760
7,452,603
7,142,620
6,808,486
6,582,227
6,430,119
7,090,526
7,281,057
6,956,712
6,798,976

text:
Rank
(2016)
Airports (Medium Hubs)
IATA
Code
City Served
State
2017
2016
2015[2]
2014[1]

31
Dallas Love Field
DAL
Dallas
TX
7,876,769
7,554,596
7,040,921
4,522,341

32
St. Louis Lambert International Airport
STL
St. Louis
MO
7,372,805
6,793,076
6,239,231
6,108,758

33
Nashville International Airport
BNA
Nashville
TN
7,015,119
6,338,517
5,708,852
5,396,958

34
William P. Hobby Airport
HOU
Houston
TX
6,741,870
6,285,181
5,937,944
5,800,726

35
Austin-Bergstrom International Airport
AUS
Austin
TX
6,973,115
6,095,545
5,797,547
5,219,982

36
Oakland International Airport
OAK
Oakland
CA
6,530,308
5,934,639
5,506,672
5,069,257

37
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport
MSY
New Orleans
LA
6,005,527
5,569,705
5,329,696
4,870,569

38
Raleigh-Durham International Airport
RDU
Raleigh/Durham
NC
5,851,004
5,401,714
4,954,717
4,673,869

39
Kansas City International Airport
MCI
Kansas City
MO
5,744,918
5,391,557
5,135,127
4,982,722

40
Norman Y. Mineta San José International Airport
SJC
San Jose
CA
6,225,148
5,321,603
4,885,690
4,621,003

41
John Wayne Airport
SNA
Santa Ana
CA
5,195,047
5,217,242
4,945,175
4,584,147

42
Sacramento International Airport
SMF
Sacramento
CA
5,460,526
4,969,366
4,816,440
4,384,616

43
Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport
SJU
San Juan
PR

4,343,354
4,218,785
4,150,828

44
San Antonio International Airport
SAT
San Antonio
TX
4,521,611
4,179,994
4,091,389
4,046,856

45
Southwest Florida International Airport
RSW
Fort Myers
FL
4,461,304
4,277,214
4,159,212
3,942,387

46
Indianapolis International Airport
IND
Indianapolis
IN
4,376,432
4,216,766
3,889,567
3,605,908

47
Cleveland Hopkins International Airport
CLE
Cleveland
OH

4,120,014
4,083,476
3,686,315

48
Pittsburgh International Airport
PIT
Pittsburgh
PA

3,986,114
3,890,677
3,827,860

49
John Glenn Columbus International Airport
CMH
Columbus
OH
3,765,007
3,567,864
3,312,496
3,115,501

50
General Mitchell International Airport
MKE
Milwaukee
WI
3,121,910
3,327,536
3,229,876
3,228,607

51
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
CVG
Cincinnati/Covington
OH/KY
3,926,158
3,269,979
3,036,697
2,874,684

52
Kahului Airport
OGG
Kahului
HI

3,352,813
3,220,753
3,019,338

53
Palm Beach International Airport
PBI
West Palm Beach
FL
3,166,532
3,100,624
3,113,485
2,926,242

54
Bradley International Airport
BDL
Hartford
CT
3,214,976
2,982,194
2,926,047
2,913,380

55
Jacksonville International Airport
JAX
Jacksonville
FL
2,759,067
2,729,129
2,716,465
2,589,198

56
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
ANC
Anchorage
AK

2,563,524
2,525,876
2,381,826

57
Albuquerque International Sunport
ABQ
Albuquerque
NM
2,483,861
2,341,719
2,323,850
2,354,184

58
Buffalo Niagara International Airport
BUF
Buffalo
NY

2,313,724
2,331,545
2,378,469

59
Eppley Airfield
OMA
Omaha
NE
2,303,223
2,127,387
2,046,155
2,020,354

60
Hollywood Burbank Airport
BUR
Burbank
CA
2,365,361
2,104,625
1,972,531
1,931,948

text: 45 busiest US airports by total passenger traffic (2015)[edit]

text: Listed according to data compiled by Airports Council International North America, and ranked according to total passengers during 2015.[13]

text: This list has the same 99 airports as the FAA list, but the order is slightly different. The FAA ranks by passengers boarding. ACI ranks by sum of boarding, disembarking, and flying through without leaving airplane. The statistics are slightly more than twice as high.

text:
Rank
Airport name
Location
IATA
Code
Traffic
Aircraft

Passengers
% chg.
2014/15
Movements
% chg.
2014/15

1
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Atlanta, Georgia
ATL
101,491,106
05.5
882,497
01.6

2
Chicago O'Hare International Airport
Chicago, Illinois
ORD
76,949,504
09.8
875,136
00.8

3
Los Angeles International Airport
Los Angeles, California
LAX
74,937,004
06.0
655,564
03.0

4
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas
DFW
64,074,762
00.3
681,261
00.2

5
John F. Kennedy International Airport
New York, New York
JFK
56,827,154
06.8
438,897
03.7

6
Denver International Airport
Denver, Colorado
DEN
54,014,502
01.0
541,213
04.3

7
San Francisco International Airport
San Francisco, California
SFO
50,057,887
06.2
429,815
00.4

8
McCarran International Airport
Las Vegas, Nevada
LAS
45,443,900
05.8
530,330
01.5

9
Charlotte Douglas International Airport
Charlotte, North Carolina
CLT
44,876,627
01.3
543,944
00.2

10
Miami International Airport
Miami, Florida
MIA
44,350,247
08.3
412,915
02.5

11
Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
Phoenix, Arizona
PHX
44,003,840
04.5
440,411
02.3

12
George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Houston, Texas
IAH
43,023,224
04.3
502,844
01.2

13
Seattle–Tacoma International Airport
SeaTac, Washington
SEA
42,340,537
012.9
381,408
012

14
Orlando International Airport
Orlando, Florida
MCO
38,727,749
08.4
308,169
06.1

15
Newark Liberty International Airport
Newark, New Jersey
EWR
37,494,704
05.3
415,534
05.1

16
Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport
Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota
MSP
36,582,854
04.1
404,612
01.9

17
Logan International Airport
Boston, Massachusetts
BOS
33,515,905
05.9
372,930
02.5

18
Detroit Metropolitan Airport
Romulus, Michigan
DTW
33,440,112
02.8
379,376
03.4

19
Philadelphia International Airport
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PHL
31,444,403
02.3
411,368
01.9

20
LaGuardia Airport
New York, New York
LGA
28,437,668
05.5
360,274
00.3

21
Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
FLL
26,941,671
09.3
278,002
07.6

22
Baltimore–Washington International Airport
Linthicum, Maryland
BWI
23,823,532
06.8
246,454
00.5

23
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
Arlington, Virginia
DCA
23,012,191
010.7
292,781
03.4

24
Chicago Midway International Airport
Chicago, Illinois
MDW
22,221,499
04.9
253,519
01.7

25
Salt Lake City International Airport
Salt Lake City, Utah
SLC
22,152,498
04.8
311,857
04.0

26
Washington Dulles International Airport
Dulles, Virginia
IAD
21,498,902
00.4
269,070
07.0

27
San Diego International Airport
San Diego, California
SAN
20,081,258
07.1
194,215
01.3

28
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport
Honolulu, Hawaii
HNL
19,869,707
01.5
312,655
00.5

29
Tampa International Airport
Tampa, Florida
TPA
18,815,425
07.2
189,865
03.2

30
Portland International Airport
Portland, Oregon
PDX
16,850,952
05.9
218,021
00.8

31
Dallas Love Field
Dallas, Texas
DAL
14,497,498
054.0
216,099
018.1

32
Lambert–St. Louis International Airport
St. Louis, Missouri
STL
12,752,331
03.0
185,865
01.1

33
William P. Hobby Airport
Houston, Texas
HOU
12,163,344
01.8
200,587
04.7

34
Austin–Bergstrom International Airport
Austin, Texas
AUS
11,897,959
011.0
191,193
04.8

35
Nashville International Airport
Nashville, Tennessee
BNA
11,673,633
05.7
184,421
04.6

36
Oakland International Airport
Oakland, California
OAK
11,205,063
08.4
215,750
05.9

37
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport
New Orleans, Louisiana
MSY
10,868,827
09.3
N/A
N/A

38
Kansas City International Airport
Kansas City, Missouri
MCI
10,472,461
03.0
N/A
N/A

39
John Wayne Airport
Santa Ana, California
SNA
10,180,258
08.5
260,689
03.2

40
Raleigh–Durham International Airport
Morrisville, North Carolina
RDU
9,943,331
04.2
N/A
N/A

41
Norman Y. Mineta San José International Airport
San Jose, California
SJC
9,799,427
04.4
N/A
N/A

42
Sacramento International Airport
Sacramento, California
SMF
9,609,880
07.1
N/A
N/A

43
San Antonio International Airport
San Antonio, Texas
SAT
8,507,459
01.6
N/A
N/A

44
Southwest Florida International Airport
Fort Myers, Florida
RSW
8,371,801
05.0
N/A
N/A

45
Pittsburgh International Airport
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
PIT
8,988,016
01.6
N/A
N/A

text: 20 busiest US airports by international passenger traffic (2016)[edit]

text: Listed according to data compiled by the Office of Aviation Analysis, part of the United States Department of Transportation, and ranked according to total international passengers during 2016.[14]

text:
Rank
Airport Name
Location
IATA
Code
Traffic

Passengers
% chg.
2016/15

1
John F. Kennedy International Airport
New York City, New York
JFK
31,305,193
06.3%

2
Los Angeles International Airport
Los Angeles, California
LAX
22,177,994
010.1%

3
Miami International Airport
Miami, Florida
MIA
19,688,934
02.0%

4
O'Hare International Airport
Chicago, Illinois
ORD
11,917,782
03.8%

5
San Francisco International Airport
San Mateo County, California
SFO
11,835,425
07.6%

6
Newark Liberty International Airport
Newark, New Jersey
EWR
11,757,112
01.5%

7
Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Atlanta, Georgia
ATL
11,194,192
03.8%

8
George Bush Intercontinental Airport
Houston, Texas
IAH
10,780,277
02.1%

9
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Dallas–Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas
DFW
7,821,342
03.1%

10
Washington Dulles International Airport
Dulles, Virginia
IAD
7,117,880
01.6%

11
Logan International Airport
Boston, Massachusetts
BOS
5,842,669
016.4%

12
Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport
Broward County, Florida
FLL
5,642,557
09.3%

13
Orlando International Airport
Orlando, Florida
MCO
5,417,295
08.8%

14
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport
Honolulu, Hawaii
HNL
5,084,453
01.6%

15
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport
SeaTac, Washington
SEA
4,626,762
06.3%

16
Philadelphia International Airport
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PHL
3,685,920
08.0%

17
McCarran International Airport
Paradise, Nevada
LAS
3,497,658
02.7%

18
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
Romulus, Michigan
DTW
3,263,216
00.3%

19
Charlotte Douglas International Airport
Charlotte, North Carolina
CLT
2,967,941
00.4%

20
Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport
Barrigada and Tamuning, Guam
GUM
2,953,930
03.1%

text: 10 busiest airports in the US by total cargo throughput (2015)[edit]

text: Listed according to data compiled by the Federal Aviation Administration for the United States, and ranked according to total cargo throughput in pounds during 2015.[15]

text:
Rank
Airport Name
Location
IATA
Code
Cargo

Ibs.
% chg.
2015/14

1
Memphis International Airport
Memphis, Tennessee
MEM
22,679,195,919
0-0.42%

2
Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport
Anchorage, Alaska
ANC
17,139,250,601
08.01%

3
Louisville International Airport
Louisville, Kentucky
SDF
12,057,543,654
04.23%

4
O'Hare International Airport
Chicago, Illinois
ORD
9,063,649,529
020.19%

5
Miami International Airport
Miami, Florida
MIA
7,630,761,702
06.09%

6
Los Angeles International Airport
Los Angeles, California
LAX
6,585,460,219
053.24%

7
Indianapolis International Airport
Indianapolis, Indiana
IND
5,324,737,760
0-0.58%

8
Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport
Hebron, Kentucky
CVG
4,019,745,706
010.30%

9
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas
DFW
3,328,784,075
05.99%

10
John F. Kennedy International Airport
New York, New York
JFK
3,255,916,985
02.68%


document_title: Betty Cooper

question_text: who does betty end up with on riverdale

question_tokens: who does betty end up with on riverdale

text: Betty Cooper

text: Publication history[edit]

text:
Betty and Me

Publication information

Publisher
Archie Comics

Schedule
Varied between bimonthly and monthly

Format
Ongoing series

Genre

Romantic comedy

Publication date
Aug. 1965 – Aug. 1992

No. of issues
200

Main character(s)
Betty Cooper

text:
Betty

Publication information

Publisher
Archie Comics

Schedule
Varied between bimonthly and monthly

Format
Ongoing series

Genre

Romantic comedy

Publication date
Sept. 1992 – Jan. 2012

No. of issues
195

Main character(s)
Betty Cooper

text: Betty was named for, and originally based on, Betty Tokar Jankovich, a Czech immigrant who briefly dated Archie co-creator Bob Montana in 1939 when she was 18.[5] Created to serve as a love interest for Archie Andrews, she is portrayed as a smart, nice, sweet, talented, and tomboyish yet beautiful girl with blonde hair and blue eyes.

text: In addition to appearing in many Archie stories, Betty was the star of two long-running comic book titles published by Archie Comics during the period 1965–2012: Betty and Me (later styled as Betty & Me), which published 200 issues from Aug. 1965 to Aug. 2012; and Betty, which published 195 issues from Sept. 1992 to Jan. 2012. She also was featured in Betty's Diary, which published 40 issues from Apr. 1986–Apr. 1990.

text: Currently, Betty is the co-star of Betty and Veronica Digest Magazine, now known as B&V Friends Double Digest, which was launched in Nov. 1980 and has published more than 250 issues; and Betty and Veronica Double Digest, which has published 250+ issues since June 1987.

text: She was the co-star of Betty and Veronica, which ran for 347 issues (and eight annuals) from March 1950–April 1987. A new Betty and Veronica series published 278 issues from June 1987–late 2015. The limited series Betty and Veronica, taking place in their rebooted New Riverdale universe, was published in 2017. Betty and Veronica also co-starred in:

text:
Betty and Veronica Spectacular (90 issues, Oct. 1992–July 2009)
Betty and Veronica Summer Fun (six annual issues, 1994–1999)

text: Fictional character biography[edit]

text: Betty Cooper (Bety Rosas in the Spanish version) is the third and youngest child and second daughter of Hal Cooper and Alice Cooper. Her older brother Chic Cooper and older sister Polly Cooper have both moved out of Riverdale, their hometown. Chic moved to New York City and Polly to San Francisco, but both occasionally appear in flashbacks to Betty's childhood, and both occasionally visit their family.

text: The quintessential girl next door, Betty's middle class upbringing is a world apart from the flashy lifestyle of her wealthy friend, Veronica Lodge. Nowhere is this more evident than when she and Veronica are competing for Archie Andrews' heart, and yet they remain best friends (Veronica once told Archie that she and Betty are only rivals in unimportant matters, like boys.)

text: In the late 1960s, the two girls joined Archie's band, a garage band appropriately named The Archies. Both sang (usually backup), and Betty played tambourine, while Veronica played organ. This implies that Veronica is more musically talented, but that is not necessarily true. Some stories indicate that Betty is the better vocalist. Additionally, there is little consistency in the instruments she is able to play. Betty has played the recorder, tambourine, maracas, guitar, banjo, keyboard, saxophone, cello, and the bongos.

text: Interests and personality[edit]

text: Betty is friends with everybody, and is a loving daughter and sister. She likes to help the homeless, read to the senior citizens, and rescue wounded animals and birds.

text: Betty's hobbies include playing sports (particularly baseball), cooking, and looking after animals (she owns a cat, Caramel). She is also concerned with the environment and other social issues and encourages the rest of the gang to clean up after themselves. She loves children and sometimes babysits Jellybean with Jughead as well as other children in Riverdale. Occasionally, families hire Betty to keep their elderly members company. Betty is a skilled mechanic who frequently helps Archie with his broken down car Betsy. Betty is also good at skiing and car-racing. She is often said to be the best pitcher in the girls' baseball team. Betty is a scuba diver, wearing a red shorty wetsuit, breathing with an air tank she carries on her back and a regulator in her mouth, wears red fins on her feet and a mask on her face, but she prefers to swim underwater.

text: Contrary to the "dumb blonde"-stereotype, Betty actually has an above-average intelligence and is one of the smartest students at Riverdale High School, along with Dilton Doiley. In one story she won an award and was sent to compete in New York and has won numerous academic awards. At one point, she gained ESP when an encyclopedia accidentally fell on her head. This ability took away all hope for the future; Archie asked Veronica for a date, but Betty knew that Archie would dump Veronica for her. Betty lost her ESP power when a ball that Reggie kicked accidentally hit her; in her gratefulness, she gave him a thankful kiss.

text: Betty's many talents and accomplishments often make her friend Veronica jealous, who then tries to sabotage Betty to steal her glory and make her look bad.

text: During a stay at the Lodge mansion, while the family are in Europe, Betty is waited on hand and foot by the servants and, keeping true to her caring, loving, and unselfish nature, she begins to feel guilty about being waited on.

text: Wanting to do something very special for them in appreciation for the tough jobs that they do (and for what also seems to be a very thankless job in serving someone like Veronica, who tends to be very snobbish towards those who serve her), she throws them a pool party which surprises Mr. and Mrs. Lodge, and angers Veronica. In return, Smithers, the butler, and the rest of the staff, who are quite appreciative of what Betty did for them (since they never seem to get any appreciation from Veronica), offer to help Betty with the next party she throws, for free. Mr. Lodge would then lecture Veronica about how servants were people too.

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Betty's best friend is Veronica. Although the two are often involved in disputes over Archie or something else that evokes jealousy, they have remained the best of friends since their childhood. The two have commented that Jughead and Archie's friendship could not compare to theirs. In many stories, Betty and Veronica team up or help each other despite Veronica's jealousy and bitterness towards her. Betty's other female friends include Ethel Muggs, Midge Klump, and Nancy Woods, all of whom share common interests and group activities such as shopping and cheer-leading.

text: Frequently, Betty has been shown to date Reggie Mantle early on in the titles' runs and occasionally still, more often than not as a casual date when Veronica has Archie take her out. Sometimes, Reggie and Betty are seen to be flirting with each other; when Betty is feeling sad, Reggie always tells her that she has won a date with the most handsome man in the world. Although Reggie does not appear to admit it, he seems to care about Betty, but his self-image sometimes is more important. Once Betty said that sometimes the way Archie and Reggie fight over her, it sounds like she has the plague. In the Life with Archie magazines that depict a future timeline in which Archie marries Veronica, Betty and Reggie are portrayed as a loving couple.[6] It has been hinted they may be planning to get married.

text: Betty's relationship with Jughead Jones has mostly been that of close confidant and close friend, as they normally discuss their issues more candidly with each other than anyone else; Jughead will provide commentary on her feelings for Archie, and Betty will attempt to "better" Jughead, by getting rid of his slothful attitude and laziness. Once when she had a sprained ankle, Veronica told both Archie and Jughead to visit her. The four of them were having dinner together when people from the school mistook Jughead as Betty's boyfriend because he was carrying chocolates to her house. Jughead appears to care more about Betty than other girls and there have been hints of a potential romantic relationship between them. He once accidentally asked her out to a school dance. When he was telling Archie what to do, Betty walked up behind him and thought he was asking her even though he was just demonstrating how to ask Betty to the dance. In one story, Jughead even says that if the time ever comes that he would willingly kiss a girl, it would be Betty. A happy tear is seen sliding down Betty's face at this comment.

text: She had a friendship with an elderly woman named Lydia Wyndham, whom she found when doing research about World War I. With this acquaintance Betty got to know an accomplished writer and poet with a sharp mind (and a sad past—Betty's research had turned up a beau of Ms. Wyndham's who was killed in combat), but after a while Ms. Wyndham herself died.

text: At times, Betty is seen to have a close friendship with Cheryl Blossom, especially in Cheryl's own title. However, at other times, Betty and Veronica regard the seductive Cheryl as a threat because she tries to lure Archie away from them, and the two best friends unite against Cheryl to protect their interests. Jason Blossom, Cheryl's twin brother, is sometimes seen to have genuine interest towards Betty, which makes Archie jealous.

text: In the late 90s, Betty started dating Adam Chisholm. It was thought by some people that Betty had chosen Adam over Archie. This event made Archie jealous and he concentrated his attention on Betty, ignoring Veronica, as he always does when he thinks someone else may take Betty away from him. Though in actuality, Adam has rarely been seen in the stories after that story arc, and Betty has continued to prefer Archie.

text: Career[edit]

text: Betty enjoys writing and keeps a diary that is featured in the series Betty's Diary. She wants to be a famous writer someday, an aspiration that her teacher Ms. Grundy approves of. She submits her work to writing magazines and has been published a number of times. She once got to be an intern for a fashion magazine but ended up modeling as well. At the same time, she takes various types of employment, including some work as a mechanic, which is also a career that she is interested in. In some stories she finds employment as an assistant teacher at the local elementary school. Betty is also a well known baby sitter, and baker.

text: Other versions[edit]

text: Jughead: The Hunger[edit]

text: In this one-shot, Betty hails from a long-line of werewolf hunters that have always taken down members of the Jones lineage. She only befriended Archie and faked her affections towards him in an effort to get closer to the newest werewolf of Riverdale, Jughead. Archie convinces her to try curing Jughead of his lycanthropy with Wolfsbane, which works for months before it wears off and results in Reggie's death. Jughead leaves town because he knows Betty won't give him a second chance.[7]

text: Life with Archie: The Married Life[edit]

text: Betty appears as a main character in Life with Archie: The Married Life. In Archie Loves Veronica, she runs a catering business while her boyfriend, Reggie Mantle, runs a repair shop. They both star in a reality show based on their lives. In Archie Loves Betty, she is an English teacher at Riverdale High. However, in both universes, Betty previously worked as a buyer for Saks Fifth Avenue in New York.

text: In other media[edit]

text: Television[edit]

text: Animated[edit]

text:
Betty appeared in The Archie Show, a 1968 cartoon series produced by Filmation. She also appeared in the various spin-offs The Archie Comedy Hour, Archie's Funhouse, Archie's TV Funnies, The U.S. of Archie and The New Archie and Sabrina Hour produced in the same format. She was voiced by Jane Webb.
Betty appeared in The New Archies, a 1987 re-imagining of Archie and the gang. Betty was portrayed as a pre-teen in junior high. She was voiced by Lisa Coristine.
Betty appeared in Archie's Weird Mysteries voiced by America Young.

text: Live-action[edit]

text:
Betty was portrayed by Lauren Holly in the 1990 TV movie Archie: To Riverdale and Back Again.
Betty appears in The CW series Riverdale, with Lili Reinhart portraying the character. As in the comics, Betty is a pretty and good-natured girl-next-door who once had a crush on her longtime friend Archie Andrews,.[8] In the series, however, Betty falls in love with Jughead Jones, whom she gets into a relationship with. They both have said they love each other, however they break up in the second season due to their personal circumstances. After the breakup, Betty continues her friendship with Archie by sleuthing together, in order to uncover the identity of the Black Hood killer. Later, Archie and Betty have a passionate moment in a car after discussing a potential issue that they are facing, which results in them kissing each other, before fulfilling their own quest of unraveling the identity of the town's killer.

text: Film[edit]

text: Betty appeared in The Archies in Jugman, voiced by America Young. The film was released direct-to-video and takes place after Archie's Weird Mysteries.