document_title: Satavahana dynasty

question_text: who were the first kings to issue coins bearing their names

question_tokens: who were the first kings to issue coins bearing their names

text: Satavahana dynasty

text: Origins

text: The date and place of origin of the Satavahanas, as well as the meaning of the dynasty's name, are a matter of debate among the historians. Some of these debates have happened in the context of regionalism, with the present-day Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana being variously claimed as the original homeland of the Satavahanas.[6]

text: Etymology

text: According to one theory, the word "Satavahana" is a Prakrit form of the Sanskrit Sapta-Vahana ("driven by seven"; in Hindu mythology, the chariot of the sun god is drawn by seven horses). This would indicate that the Satavahanas originally claimed association with the legendary solar dynasty, as was common in ancient India.[7] According to Inguva Kartikeya Sarma, the dynasty's name is derived from the words sata ("sharpened", "nimble" or "swift") and vahana ("vehicle"); the expression thus means "one who rides a nimble horse".[8]

text: Another theory connects their name to the earlier Satiyaputa dynasty. Yet another theory derives their name from the Munda words Sadam ("horse") and Harpan ("son"), implying "son of the performer of a horse sacrifice".[9] Several rulers of the dynasty bear the name or title "Satakarni". Satavahana, Satakarni, Satakani and Shalivahana appear to be variations of the same word. Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi theorized that the word "Satakarni" is derived from the Munda words sada ("horse") and kon ("son").[10]

text: The Puranas use the name "Andhra" or "Andhra-Bhritya" for the Satavahanas. The term "Andhra" may refer to ethnicity or territory of the dynasty (see Original homeland below). It does not appear in the dynasty's own records.[11]

text: Original homeland

text: The use of the name "Andhra" in the Puranas has led some scholars to believe that the dynasty originated in the eastern Deccan region (the historic Andhra region, present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana).[12] At Kotilingala in Telangana, coins bearing the legend "Rano Siri Chimuka Satavahanasa" were found.[13] Epigraphist and numismastist P. V. P. Sastry initially identified Chimuka with the dynasty's founder Simuka,[14] because of which Kotilingala came to be known as the only place where coins attributed to Simuka were found.[15] Coins attributed to Simuka's successors Kanha and Satakarni I were also discovered at Kotilingla.[16] Based on these discoveries, historians such as D. R. Reddy, S. Reddy and Shankar R. Goyal theorized that Kotlingala was the original home of the Satavahanas. However, the coin samples from Kotlingala are small, and it is not certain if these coins were minted there or reached there from somewhere else.[17] Moreover, the identification of Chimuka of Kotilingala with the dynasty's founder Simuka has been contested by several scholars including P. L. Gupta and I. K. Sarma, who identified Chimuka as a later ruler.[18][19] P.V.P. Sastry also later changed his view, and stated that the two kings were different.[14] As for the Puranas, these texts were compiled much later, during the Gupta period, and it is not certain if the Satavahanas were referred to as Andhras during their time.[19]

text: Another section of scholars believe that the Satavahanas originated in western Deccan (present-day Maharashtra).[12] All four extant inscriptions from the early Satavahana period (c. 1st century BCE) have been found in and around this region. The oldest known Satavahana inscription was found at Cave No.19 of the Pandavleni Caves in Nashik district, and was issued during the reign of Kanha (100-70 BCE).[20] An inscription found at Naneghat was issued by Nayanika (or Naganika), the widow of Satakarni I; another inscription found at Naneghat has been dated to the same period on a paleographic basis. A slightly later inscription dated to the reign of Satakarni II has been found at Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh, located to the north of Maharashtra.[6] The majority of the other Satavahana inscriptions have also been found in western Deccan.[17] On the other hand, the epigraphic evidence from eastern Deccan does not mention the Satavahanas before the 4th century CE.[19] At Nevasa, a seal and coins attributed to Kanha have been discovered.[21] Coins attributed to Satakarni I have also been discovered at Nashik, Nevasa and Pauni in Maharashtra (besides places in eastern Deccan and present-day Madhya Pradesh).[13] Based on this evidence, some historians argue that the Satavahanas initially came to power in the area around their capital Pratishthana (modern Paithan, Maharashtra) and then expanded their territory to eastern Deccan.[22] Carla Sinopoli cautions that the inference about the western Deccan origin of the Satavahanas is "tentative at best" given the small sample of early inscriptions.[23]

text: Kanha's Pandavleni mentions the term maha-matra (officer-in-charge), which indicates that the early Satavahanas followed the Mauryan administrative model.[24] C. Margabandhu theorized that the Satavahanas were called Andhras because they were natives of eastern Deccan (the Andhra region), although they first established their empire in western Deccan after having served as Mauryan subordinates. Himanshu Prabha Ray (1986) opposes this theory, stating that the Andhra was originally an ethnic term, and did not come to denote the geographical region of eastern Deccan until well after the Satavahana period.[6] According to Vidya Dehejia, the writers of the Puranas (which were compiled after the Satavahana period) mistook the Satavahana presence in eastern Deccan as evidence for their origin in that region, and wrongly labeled them as "Andhra".[25]

text: Some scholars also suggest that the dynasty originated in present-day Karnataka, and initially owed allegiance to some Andhra rulers (because of which they were called Andhra-Bhrityas or "servants of the Andhras".[26] V. S. Sukthankar theorized that the territorial division Satavahani-Satahani (Satavahanihara or Satahani-rattha), in present-day Bellary district, was the homeland of the Satavahana family.[27] A stupa in Kanaganahalli village of Karnataka, dated between the first century BCE and first century CE, features limestone panels depicting portraits of Chimuka (Simuka), Satakani (Satakarni) and other Satavahana rulers.[28]

text: History

text: Information about the Satavahanas comes from the Puranas, some Buddhist and Jain texts, the dynasty's inscriptions and coins, and foreign (Greek and Roman) accounts that focus on trade.[29] The information provided by these sources is not sufficient to reconstruct the dynasty's history with absolute certainty. As a result, there are multiple theories about the Satavahana chronology.[30]

text: Foundation

text: Simuka is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at Naneghat. The various Puranas state that the first king of the dynasty ruled for 23 years, and mention his name variously as Sishuka, Sindhuka, Chhismaka, Shipraka, etc. These are believed to be corrupted spellings of Simuka, resulting from copying and re-copying of manuscripts.[31] Simuka cannot be dated with certainty based on available evidence. Based on the following theories, the beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously from 271 BCE to 30 BCE.[32]

text:
According to the Puranas, the first Andhra king overthrew the Kanva rule. D. C. Sircar dated this event to c. 30 BCE, a theory supported by many other scholars.[30]
The Matsya Purana mentions that the Andhra dynasty ruled for around 450 years. As the Satavahana rule ended in the early 3rd century, the beginning of their rule can be dated to the 3rd century BCE. The Indica of Megasthenes (350 – 290 BCE) mentions a powerful tribe named "Andarae", whose king maintained an army of 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. If Andarae is identified with the Andhras, this can be considered additional evidence of Satavahana rule starting in the 3rd century BCE. The Brahmanda Purana states that "the four Kanvas will rule the earth for 45 years; then (it) will again go to the Andhras". Based on this statement, the proponents of this theory argue that the Satavahana rule began immediately after the Maurya rule, followed by a Kanva interregnum, and then, a revival of the Satavahana rule. According to one version of the theory Simuka succeeded the Mauryans. A variation of the theory is that Simuka was the person who restored the Satavahana rule by overthrowing the Kanvas; the compiler of the Puranas confused him with the founder of the dynasty.[33]

tag: ul

text: Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana ruler began in the first century BCE and lasted until the second century CE. This theory is based on Puranic records as well as archaeological and numismatic evidence. The theory that dates their rule to an earlier period is now largely discredited because the various Puranas contradict each other, and are not fully supported by epigraphic or numismatic evidence.[11]

text: Early expansion

text: Simuka was succeeded by his brother Kanha (also known as Krishna), who extended the kingdom up to Nashik in the west.[34][33] His successor Satakarni I conquered western Malwa, Anupa (Narmada valley) and Vidarbha, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by Greek invasions of northern India. He performed Vedic sacrifices including Ashvamedha and Rajasuya. Instead of the Buddhists, he patronised Brahmins and donated a substantial amount of wealth to them.[9] The Hathigumpha inscription of the Kalinga king Kharavela mentions a king named "Satakani" or "Satakamini", who some[35] identify with Satakarni I. The inscription describes dispatching of an army and Kharavela's threat to a city. Since the inscription is only partially legible, different scholars interpret the events described in the inscription differently. According to R. D. Banerji and Sailendra Nath Sen, Kharavela sent out an army against Satakarni.[36] According to Bhagwal Lal, Satakarni wanted to avoid an invasion of his kingdom by Kharavela. So, he sent horses, elephants, chariots and men to Kharavela as a tribute.[37] According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, Kharavela's army diverted its course after failing to advance against Satakarni.[38] According to Alain Daniélou, Kharavela was friendly with Satakarni, and only crossed his kingdom without any clashes.[39]

text: Satakarni's successor Satakarni II ruled for 56 years, during which he captured eastern Malwa from the Shungas. He was succeeded by Lambodara. The coins of Lambodara's son and successor Apilaka have been found in eastern Madhya Pradesh.[9]

text: Art of Sanchi

text: In that period, the Satavahanas contributed greatly to the embellishment of the Buddhist stupa of Sanchi. It was heavily repaired under King Satakarni II. The gateways and the balustrade were built after 70 BCE, and appear to have been commissioned by the Satavahanas. An inscription on the Southern Gateway records that it was the work of Satakarni II's royal architect Ananda.[40] An inscription records the gift of one of the top architraves of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana Emperor Satakarni:

text: Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni[41]

text:
Sanchi under the Satavahanas
1st century BCE/CE.

Architrave

Architrave

Yakshini.

Pillar capital.

Lion pillar capital.

The Miracle of Walking in the air at Savrasti.

Pipal tree.

Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River Nairanjana

Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha.

Foreigners making a dedication to the Great Stupa at Sanchi.

Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu.

text: First Saka invasion

text: Little is known about Apilaka's successors, except cryptic references to one Kuntala Satakarni. The next well-known ruler of the dynasty was Hāla, who composed Gaha Sattasai in Maharashtri Prakrit. Like Hala, his four successors also ruled for very short periods (a total of 12 years), indicating troubled times for the Satavahanas.[9]

text: Epigraphic and numismatic evidence suggests that the Satavahanas earlier controlled the northern Deccan plateau, the northern Konkan coastal plains, and the mountain passes connecting these two regions. During 15-40 CE, their northern neighbours - the Western Kshatrapas - extended their influence into these regions.[42] The Western Kshatrapa ruler Nahapana is known to have ruled the former Satavahana territory, as attested by the inscriptions of his governor and son-in-law, Rishabhadatta.[43]

text: First revival

text: The Satavahana power was revived by Gautamiputra Satakarni, who is considered the greatest of the Satavahana rulers.[34] Charles Higham dates his reign c. 103 – c. 127 CE.[34] S. Nagaraju dates it 106–130 CE.[44] The king defeated by him appears to have been the Western Kshatrapa ruler Nahapana, as suggested by Nahapana's coins overstuck with names and titles of Gautamiputra.[43] The Nashik prashasti inscription of Gautamiputra's mother Gautami Balashri, dated to the 20th year after his death, records his achievements. The most liberal interpretation of the inscription suggests that his kingdom extended from the present-day Rajasthan in the north to Krishna river in the south, and from Saurashtra in the west to Kalinga in the east. He assumed the titles Raja-Raja (King of Kings) and Maharaja (Great King), and was described as the Lord of Vindhya.[9]

text: During the last years of his reign, his administration was apparently handled by his mother, which could have been a result of an illness or military preoccupation.[9] According to the Nasik inscription made by his mother Gautami Balashri, he was the one …[45]

text: … who crushed down the pride and conceit of the Kshatriyas; who destroyed the Sakas (Western Satraps), Yavanas (Indo-Greeks) and Pahlavas (Indo-Parthians),... who rooted out the Khakharata family (the Kshaharata family of Nahapana); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race.

text: Gautamiputra was succeeded by his son Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi (or Pulumayi). According to Sailendra Nath Sen, Pulumavi ruled from 96–119 CE.[9] According to Charles Higham, he ascended the throne around 110 CE.[34] Pulumavi features in a large number of Satavahana inscriptions and his coins have been found distributed over a wide area. This indicates that he maintained Gautamiputra's territory, and ruled a prosperous kingdom. He is believed to have added the Bellary region to Satakarni's kingdom. His coins featuring ships with double mast have been found on the Coromandel Coast, indicating involvement in maritime trade and naval power. The old stupa at Amaravati was renovated during his reign.[9]

text: Second Saka invasion

text: Pulumavi's successor was his brother Vashishtiputra Satakarni. According to S. N. Sen he ruled during 120–149 CE;[9] according to Charles Higham, his regnal years spanned 138–145 CE.[34] He entered into a marriage alliance with the Western Satraps, marrying the daughter of Rudradaman I.[9]

text: The Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman I states that he defeated Satakarni, the lord of Dakshinapatha (Deccan), twice. It also states that he spared the life of the defeated ruler because of close relations:[34]

text: "Rudradaman (...) who obtained good report because he, in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated Satakarni, the lord of Dakshinapatha, on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him."

text: According to D. R. Bhandarkar and Dineshchandra Sircar, the ruler defeated by Rudradaman was Gautamiputra Satakarni. However, E. J. Rapson believed that the defeated ruler was his son Vasishthiputra Pulumavi.[46] Shailendra Nath Sen and Charles Higham believe that the defeated ruler was Vashishtiputra's successor Shivaskanda or Shiva Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi).[34][9]

text: As a result of his victories, Rudradaman regained all the former territories previously held by Nahapana, except for the extreme south territories of Pune and Nasik. Satavahana dominions were limited to their original base in the Deccan and eastern central India around Amaravati.

text: Second revival

text: Sri Yajna Sātakarni, the last person belonging to the main Satavahana dynastic line, briefly revived the Satavahana rule. According to S. N. Sen, he ruled during 170–199 CE.[9] Charles Higham dates the end of his reign to 181 CE. His coins feature images of ships, which suggest naval and marine trade success.[34] Wide distribution of his coins, and inscriptions at Nashik, Kanheri and Guntur indicate that his rule extended over both eastern and western parts of Deccan. He recovered much of the territory lost the Western Kshatrapas, and issued silver coinage, imitating them. During the last years of his reign, the Abhiras captured the northern parts of the kingdom, around Nashik region.[9]

text: Decline

text: After Yajna Satakarni, the dynasty was soon extinguished following the rise of its feudatories, perhaps on account of a decline in central power.[47] Yajna Sri was succeeded by Madhariputra Swami Isvarasena. The next king Vijaya ruled for 6 years. His son Vasishthiputra Sri Chadha Satakarni ruled for 10 years.[9] Pulumavi IV, the last king of the main line, ruled until c. 225 CE. During his reign, several Buddhist monuments were constructed at Nagarjunakonda and Amaravati.[34] Madhya Pradesh was also part of his kingdom.[9]

text: After the death of Pulumavi IV, the Satavahana empire fragmented into five smaller kingdoms:[9]

text:
Northern part, ruled by a collateral branch of the Satavahanas (which ended in early 4th century[34])
Western part around Nashik, ruled by the Abhiras
Eastern part (Krishna-Guntur region), ruled by the Andhra Ikshvakus
South-western parts (northern Karanataka), ruled by the Chutus of Banavasi
South-eastern part, ruled by the Pallavas

text: Territorial extent

text: The Satavahana territory included northern Deccan region, spanning the present-day Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Telangana states. At times, their rule also extended to present-day Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. The Nashik prashasti inscription issued by Gautami Balashri, the mother of Gautamiputra Satakarni, claims that her son ruled an extensive territory that stretched from Gujarat in the north to northern Karnataka in the south. It is not clear if Gautamiputra had effective control over these claimed territories. In any case, historical evidence suggests that his control over these territories did not last long.[48] Moreover, this realm was not continuous: many areas in this region remained under the control of the hunter-gatherers and other tribal communities.[49]

text: The Satavahana capital kept shifting with time. The Nashik inscription describes Gautamiputra as the lord of Benakataka, suggesting that this was the name of his capital. Ptolemy (2nd century CE) mentioned Pratishthana (modern Paithan) as the capital of Pulumavi.[48] At other times, the Satavahana capitals included Amaravati (Dharanikota) and Junnar.[50] M. K. Dhavalikar theorized that the original Satavahana capital was located at Junnar, but had to be moved to Pratishthana because of Saka-Kushana incursions from the north-west.[51]

text: Several Satavahana-era inscriptions record grants to religious monasteries. The settlements most frequently mentioned as the residences of donors in these inscriptions include the sea ports of Sopara, Kalyan, Bharucha, Kuda (unidentified), and Chaul. The most frequently mentioned inland settlements include Dhenukakata (unidentified), Junnar, Nashik, Paithan, and Karadh.[48]

text: Other important Satavahana sites in western Deccan include Govardhana, Nevasa, Ter, and Vadgaon-Madhavpur. The ones in eastern Deccan include Amaravati, Dhulikatta, Kotalingala and Peddabankur.[52]

text: Administration

text: The Satavahanas followed the administration guidelines of the Shastras. Their government was less top-heavy than that of the Mauryans, and featured several levels of feudatories:[9]

text:
Rajan, the hereditary rulers
Rajas, petty princes who struck coins in their own names
Maharathis, hereditary lords who could grant villages in their own names and maintained matrimonial relations with the ruling family
Mahabhojas
Mahasenapati (civil administrator under Pulumavi II; governor of a janapada under Pulumavi IV)
Mahatalavara ("great watchman")

text: The royal princes (kumaras) were appointed as viceroys of the provinces.[9]

text: The ahara appears to have been the largest geographical subdivision of the Satavahana polity. Several inscriptions refer to aharas named after the governors appointed to rule them (e.g. Govardhanahara, Mamalahara, Satavanihara and Kapurahara).[48] This suggests that the Satavahanas attempted to build a formal administrative and revenue collection structure.[53]

text: The inscriptions of Gautamiputra Satakarni suggest the existence of a bureaucratic structure, although it is not certain how stable and effective this structure was. For example, two inscriptions from Nashik Cave 11 record donations of agricultural land to ascetic communities. They state that the ascetics would enjoy tax exemption and non-interference from the royal officials. The first inscription states that the grant was approved by Gautamiputra's minister Sivagupta on the king's verbal orders, and preserved by the "great lords". The second inscription records a grant by Gautamiputra and his mother, and mentions Syamaka as the minister of the Govardhana ahara. It states that the charter was approved by a woman named Lota, who according to archaeologist James Burgess' interpretation, was the chief lady-in-waiting of Gautamiputra's mother.[54]

text: The Satavahana-era inscriptions mention three types of settlements: nagara (city), nigama (market town) and gama (village).[48]

text: Economy

text: The Satavahanas participated in (and benefited from) economic expansion through intensification of agriculture, increased production of other commodities, and trade within and beyond the Indian subcontinent.[55]

text: During the Satavahana period, several large settlements emerged in the fertile areas, especially along the major rivers. The amount of land under agricultural use also expanded significantly, as a result of forest clearance and construction of irrigation reservoirs.[53]

text: The exploitation of sites with mineral resources may have increased during the Satavahana period, leading to the emergence of new settlements in these areas. Such sites facilitated commerce and crafts (such as ceramic ware). The increased craft production during the Satavahana period is evident from archaeological discoveries at sites such as Kotalingala, as well as epigraphic references to artisans and guilds.[53]

text: The Satavahanas controlled the Indian sea coast, and as a result, they dominated the growing Indian trade with the Roman Empire. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mentions two important Satavahana trade centres: Pratishthana and Tagara. Other important urban centres included Kondapur, Banavasi and Madhavpur. Nanaghat was the site of an important pass that linked the Satavahana capital Pratishthana to the sea.[34]

text: Religion

text: The Satavahanas were Hindus and claimed Brahmanical status,[56] although they also made generous donations to Buddhist monasteries.[57] The lay people in the Satavahana period generally did not exclusively support a particular religious group .[42]

text: The Naneghat inscription of Nayanika, recorded on the walls of a Buddhist monastic cave, mentions that her husband Satakarni I performed several Vedic sacrifices, including ashvamedha (horse sacrifice), rajasuya (royal consecration), and agnyadheya (fire ceremony).[58] The inscription also records subsantial fees paid to Brahmin priests and attendees for these sacrifices. For example, 10,001 cows were granted for the Bhagala-Dasaratra sacrifice; and 24,400 coins were granted for another sacrifice, whose name is not clear.[59]

text: In the Nashik inscription of Gautami Balashri, her son Gautamiputra Satakarni is called "ekabamhana", which is interpreted by some as "unrivaled Brahmana", thus indicating a Brahmin origin. However, R. G. Bhandarkar interprets this word as "the only protector of the Brahmins".[60]

text: A number of Buddhist monastic sites emerged in the Deccan region during the Satavahana period. However, the exact relations between these monasteries and the Satavahana government is not clear.[52] The Pandavleni Caves inscription issued during the reign of Kanha states that the cave was excavated by maha-matra (officer-in-charge) of the shramanas (non-Vedic ascetics). Based on this, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya concludes that Kanha favoured Buddhism, and had an administrative department dedicated to the welfare of Buddhist monks.[24]

text: However, Carla M. Sinopoli notes that although there are some records of donations to the Buddhist monasteries by the Satavahana royals, the vast majority of the donations were made by the non-royals. The most common among these donors were merchants, and many of the monasteries were located along the important trade routes.[52] The merchants probably donated to the monasteries, because these sites facilitated trade by serving as rest houses, and possibly by directly participating in the trade.[56] The monasteries appear to have been an important venue for displaying charitable donations, including the donations made to non-Buddhists (especially Brahmins).[57]

text: Inscriptions

text: Several Brahmi script inscriptions are available from the Satavahana period, but most of these record donations to Buddhist institutions by individuals, and do not provide much information about the dynasty. The inscriptions issued by the Satavahana royals themselves also primarily concern religious donations, although some of them provide some information about the rulers and the imperial structure.[5]

text: The earliest extant Satavahana inscription is from Nashik Cave 19, which states that the cave was commissioned by Mahamatra Saman of Nashik during the reign of king Kanha.[6]

text: At Naneghat, an inscription issued by Nayanika, the widow of Satakarni I, has been found. It records Nayanika's lineage and mentions the Vedic sacrifices performed by the royal family.[6] Another inscription at Naneghat comprises names of Satavahana royals, appearing as labels over their bas-relief portraits. The portraits are now completely eroded, but the inscription is believed to be contemporary to Nayanika's inscription on a paleographic basis.[17]

text: The next oldest Satavahana-era inscription appears on a sculpted gateway element of Stupa 1 at Sanchi. It states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of Satakarni II.[17]

text: Coinage

text: The Satavahanas are among the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king Gautamiputra Satakarni, a practice derived from that of the Western Kshatrapas he defeated, itself originating with the Indo-Greek kings to the northwest.

text: Thousands of lead, copper and potin Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature uniform design or size, and suggest that multiple minting locations existed within the Satavahana territory, leading to regional differences in coinage.[5]

text: The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a Prakrit dialect without exception. Some reverse coin legends are in Tamil,[62] and Telugu languages.[5][63]

text: Several coins carry titles or matronyms that were common to multiple rulers (e.g. Satavahana, Satakarni, and Pulumavi), so the number of rulers attested by coinage cannot be determined with certainty. The names of 16 to 20 rulers appear on the various coins. Some of these rulers appear to be local elites rather than the Satavahana monarchs.[5]

text: The Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology, language, and even facial features (curly hair, long ears and strong lips). They issued mainly lead and copper coins; their portrait-style silver coins were usually struck over coins of the Western Kshatrapa kings. The Satavahana coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses and chaityas (stupas), as well as the "Ujjain symbol", a cross with four circles at the end.

text:
Early Satavahana coinage, Satakarni issue, Maharashtra – Vidarbha type, 1st century BCE.

Satavahana 1st century BCE coin inscribed in Brahmi: "(Sataka)Nisa". British Museum

Coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni (r. 167 – 196 CE).

text: Cultural achievements

text: The Satavahanas patronised the Prakrit language instead of Sanskrit.[9] The Satavahana king Hāla is famous for compiling the collection of Maharashtri poems known as the Gaha Sattasai (Sanskrit: Gāthā Saptashatī), although from linguistic evidence it seems that the work now extant must have been re-edited in the succeeding century or two. Through this book, it was evident that agriculture was the main means of livelihood. Also many sorts of superstitions had prevailed. Additionally, Gunadhya, the minister of Hala, was the author of Brihatkatha.[64]

text: Sculptures

text: Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar writes that "The Satavahana sculptures unfortunately has never been recognized as an independent school in spite of the fact it has its own distinctive characteristic features. The earliest in point of time is that in the Bhaja Vihara cave which marks the beginning of sculptural art in the Satavahana dominion around 200BC. It is profusely decorated with carvings, and even pillars have a lotus capital crowned with sphinx-like mythic animals."[65] Dhavalikar also writes that in Chankama "the panel occurring on the west pillar of Northern Gateway portrays a very important event in Buddha's life. It depicts votaries, two each on either side of what looks like a ladder which actually is the promenade which Buddha is supposed to have walked. It is said that Buddha, after attaining Enlightment, spent four weeks near the Bodhi tree. Of these, the third week he spent walking along the promenade (chankama) to and fro."[66]

text: Along with some of the above major Satavahana sculptures some more sculptures existed--namely, Dvarapala, Gajalaksmi, Shalabhanjikas, Royal Procession, Decorative pillar, etc.[67]

text: Bronze

text: Several metal figurines are found that could be attributed to the Satavahanas. A hoard of unique bronze objects were also found from Bramhapuri. Numerous articles obtained from there were Indian but also reflected Roman and Italian influence. A small statue of Poseidon, wine jugs, and a plaque depicting Perseus and Andromeda were also obtained from the house from where the objects were found.[68] The fine elephant in the Ashmolean Museum, the Yaksi image in the British Museum,[69] and the cornucopia found in Posheri, kept at Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya[70] can also be attributed to the Satavahana period.

text: Architecture

text: Sculptures of Amravati represent the architectural development of the Satavahana periods. They built Buddhist stupas in Amravati (95 feet high). They also constructed a large number of stupas at Goli, Jaggiahpeta, Gantasala, Amravati Bhattiprolu, and Shri Parvatam. Caves IX and X, containing Ajanta paintings, were patronized by Satavahana, and the painting throughout the caves appear to have started with them. Ashokan Stupas were enlarged, the earlier bricks and wood works being replaced with stone works. The most famous of these monuments are the stupas, the most famous among them being the Amravati Stupa and the Nagarjunakonda Stupa.

text: Paintings

text: The Satavahana paintings are the earliest surviving specimens--excluding prehistoric--in India, and they are to be found only at the Ajanta. There were two phases of artistic activity of Ajanta: the first occurring in the 2nd to 1st centuries BC, when Hinayana caves were excavated during Satavahana rule; the later in the second half of the 5th century under the Vakatakas. Vagaries of nature and some vandalism have taken a heavy toll on the Ajanta Caves. Only a few fragments related to the Satavahanas have survived in Caves No. 9 and 10, both of which are chaitya-grihas with stupas.

text: The most important surviving painting of the Satavahana period at Ajanta is the Chhadanta Jataka in Cave No. 10, but that, too, is only fragmentary. It is a painting of an elephant named Bodhisattva with six tusks, related to a mythological story. The human figures, both male and female, are typically Satavahanas, almost identical with their counterparts on the Sanchi Gateways so far as their physiognomy, costumes, and jewellery are concerned. The only difference is that the Sanchi figures have shed some of their weight.[71]

text: Art of Amaravati

text: The Satavahana rulers are also remarkable for their contributions to Buddhist art and architecture. They built great stupas in the Krishna River Valley, including the stupa at Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh. The stupas were decorated in marble slabs and sculpted with scenes from the life of the Buddha, portrayed in a characteristic slim and elegant style. The Amaravati style of sculpture also influenced the sculpture of Southeast Asia.[citation needed]

text:
Amaravati Marbles, fragments of Buddhist stupa

Fragment of Amaravati stupa

Mara's assault on the Buddha, 2nd century, Amaravati

Ajanta Cave No. 9, possibly of Satavahana era

Scroll supported by Indian Yaksha, Amaravati, 2nd–3rd century CE.

text: List of rulers

text: Multiple Puranas contain chronology of Satavahana kings. However, there are inconsistencies among the various Puranas over the number of kings in the dynasty, the names of the kings, and the length of their rule. In addition, some of the kings listed in the Puranas are not attested via archaeological and numismatic evidence. Similarly, there are some kings known from coins and inscriptions, whose names are not found in the Puranic lists.[32][33]

text: The reconstructions of the Satavahana kings by historians fall into two categories. According to the first one, 30 Satavahana kings ruled for around 450 years, starting from Simuka's rule immediately after the fall of the Mauryan empire. This view relies heavily on the Puranas, and is now largely discredited. According to the second (and more widely accepted) category of reconstructions, the Satavahana rule started in around first century BCE. The chronologies in this category contain a smaller number of kings, and combine Puranic records with archaeological, numismatic and textual evidence.[72]

text: Because of uncertainty regarding the establishment date of the Satavahana kingdom, it is difficult to give absolute dates for the reigns of the Satavahana kings.[32] Therefore, many modern scholars do not assign absolute dates to the reigns of the historically attested Satavahana kings, and those who do vary greatly with each other.[11]

text: Himanshu Prabha Ray provides the following chronology, based on archaeological and numismatic evidence:[12]

text:
Simuka (before 100 BCE)
Kanha (100–70 BCE)
Satakarni I (70–60 BCE)
Satakarni II (50–25 BCE)
Kshatrapa interregnum with vassal Satavahana kings like Hāla

Nahapana (54-100 CE)

Gautamiputra Satakarni (86–110 CE)
Pulumavi (110–138 CE)
Vashishtiputra Satakarni (138–145 CE)
Shiva Shri Pulumavi (145–152 CE)
Shiva Skanda Satakarni (145–152 CE)
Yajna Shri Satakarni (152–181 CE)
Vijaya Satakarni
Regional rulers of south-eastern Deccan:[55]

Chandra Shri
Pulumavi II
Abhira Isvasena
Madhariputra Sakasena
Haritiputra Satakarni

text: Puranic lists

text: The various Puranas give different lists of the Satavahana rulers. The Matsya Purana states that 30 Andhra kings ruled for 460 years, but some of its manuscripts name only 19 kings whose reigns add up to 448.5 years. The Vayu Purana also mentions that there were 30 Andhra kings, but its various manuscripts name only 17, 18, and 19 kings respectively; the reigns add up to 272.5, 300, and 411 years respectively. Many of thse kings are not attested by historical evidence. On the other hand, some Satavahana kings attested by numismatic evidence (such as Rudra Satakarni) are not mentioned in the Puranas at all.[73]

text: Different scholars have explained these anamolies in different ways. Scholars such as R. G. Bhandarkar, D. C. Sircar and H. C. Raychaudhuri theorized that the Vayu Purana mentions only the main imperial branch of the dynasty, while the Matsya Purana puts together princes of all its branches.[73]

text: The names of the Andhra kings (in IAST), as mentioned in the various Puranas, are given below. These names vary across different manuscripts of the same Puranas, and some names are missing in some of the manuscripts. The list given below for each Purana contains the most exhaustive version. In the Puranas, Krishna (IAST: Kṛṣṇa) is described as brother of the first king, who overthrew the Kanva king Susharman. All other kings are described as sons of their predecessors. The first king of the Andhra-Bhrityas is also known as Shudraka or Suraka in the Kumarika Khanda of Skanda Purana (not present in the table below).[74]

text:
Puranic genealogy of Andhra dynasty[75]

#
Ruler
Coins
Epigraphy
Bhagavata
Brahmanda
Matsya
Vayu
Vishnu
Reign (years)
Alternative names and reigns[76][77]

1
Simuka
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
23
Śiśuka (Matsya), Sindhuka (Vayu), Śipraka (Vishnu), Chhismaka (Brahmanda)

2
Kṛṣṇa (Kanha)
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
18

3
Śatakarṇi I
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
10
Śantakarṇa (Bhagavata), Mallakarni - 10 or 18 years (Matsya), Śri Śatakarṇi (Vishnu)

4
Pūrṇotsanga

✓
✓
✓

✓
18
Paurṇamāsa (Bhagavata)

5
Skandastambhi

✓
✓

18
Śrivasvani (Matsya)

6
Śatakarṇi II
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
56

7
Lambodara

✓
✓
✓

✓
18

8
Āpīlaka
✓

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
12
Apītaka (Matsya), Ivīlaka (Vishnu), Hivilaka (Bhagavata)

9
Meghasvāti
✓

✓
✓
✓

✓
18
Saudāsa (Brahmanda)

10
Svāti (Śatakarṇi)

✓
✓
✓

✓
12

11
Skandasvāti

✓
✓

7
Skandasvati - 28 years (Brahmanda)

12
Mṛgendra-Svātikarṇa

✓
✓

3
Mahendra Śatakarṇi (Brahmanda)

13
Kuntala-Svātikarṇa

✓
✓

8

14
Svātikarṇa

✓
✓

1

15
Pulomavi I
✓

✓

✓
✓
✓
24
Pulomavi - 36 years (Matsya), Aṭamāna (Bhagavata), Paṭimavi (Vayu), Paṭumat (Vishnu), Ābhi - Brahmanda

16
Gaurakṛṣṇa

✓

✓
✓
✓
25
Gorakśāśvaśri (Matsya), Nemi Kṛṣṇa (Vayu), Arishṭakarman (Vishnu)

17
Hāla

✓

✓
✓
✓
5
Hāleya (Bhagavata); 1 year in one manuscript

18
Mandalaka

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
5
Talaka (Bhagavata), Saptaka (Vayu), Pattalaka (Vishnu), Bhavaka (Brahmanda)

19
Purindrasena

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
5
Purīṣabhiru (Bhagavata), Purikaṣena - 21 years (Vayu), Pravillasena (Vishnu), Pravillasena - 12 years (Brahmanda)

20
Sundara Śatakarṇi

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
1
Sundara Svatikarṇa (Matsya), Sunandana (Bhagavata)

21
Cakora Śatakarṇi (Chakora)

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
0.5

22
Śivasvāti

✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
28
Svātisena - 1 year (Brahmanda), Śivasvāmi (Vayu)

23
Gautamīputra
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
21
Yantramati - 34 years (Brahmanda), Gotamīputra (Bhagavata and Vishnu); 24 years according to inscriptions

24
Pulomavi II (Vashishtiputra)
✓
✓
✓

✓

✓
28
Purīmān (Bhagavata), Pulomat (Matsya), Pulimat (Vishnu). See also: Vashishtiputra Satakarni.

25
Śivaśri
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓

✓
7
Madaśirā (Bhagavata)

26
Śivaskanda Śatakarṇi
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓

✓
7

27
Yajñaśri
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
29
Yajñaśri Śatakarṇi - 19 years (Brahmanda), Yajñaśri - 9, 20 or 29 years (Matsya)

28
Vijaya
✓
✓
✓

✓
✓
✓
6

29
Candraśri (Chandrashri)
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
3
Candravijaya (Bhagavata), Daṇḍaśri (Brahmanda and Vayu), Vada-Śri or Candra-Śri-Śatakarṇi - 10 years (Matsya)

30
Pulomavi III
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
7
Sulomadhi (Bhagavata), Pulomavit (Matsya), Pulomarchis (Vishnu)

text: Purana-based lists

text: S. Nagaraju relies on the Puranic lists of 30 kings, and gives the following regnal dates:[44]

text:
Simuka (r. 228 – 205 BCE)
Krishna (r. 205 – 187 BCE)
Satakarni I (r. 187 – 177 BCE)
Purnotsanga (r. 177 – 159 BCE)
Skandhastambhi (r. 159 – 141 BCE)
Satakarni II (r. 141 – 85 BCE)
Lambodara (r. 85 – 67 BCE)
Apilaka (r. 67 – 55 BCE)
Meghasvati (r. 55 – 37 BCE)
Svati (r. 37 – 19 BCE)
Skandasvati (r. 19 – 12 BCE)
Mrigendra Satakarni (r. 12 – 9 BCE)
Kunatala Satakarni (r. 9 – 1 BCE)
Satakarni III (r. 1 BCE-1 CE)
Pulumavi I (r. 1 – 36 CE)
Gaura Krishna (r. 36 – 61 CE)
Hāla (r. 61 – 66 CE)
Mandalaka aka Puttalaka or Pulumavi II (r. 69 – 71 CE)
Purindrasena (r. 71 – 76 CE)
Sundara Satakarni (r. 76 – 77 CE)
Chakora Satakarni (r. 77 – 78 CE)
Shivasvati (r. 78 – 106 CE)
Gautamiputra Satkarni (r. 106 – 130 CE)
Vasisthiputra aka Pulumavi III (r. 130 – 158 CE)
Shiva Sri Satakarni (r. 158 – 165 CE)
Shivaskanda Satakarni (r. 165–172)
Sri Yajna Satakarni (r. 172 – 201 CE)
Vijaya Satakarni (r. 201 – 207 CE)
Chandra Sri Satakarni (r. 207 – 214 CE)
Pulumavi IV (r. 217 – 224 CE)


document_title: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

question_text: when do new episodes of riverdale season 2 come out

root

text: Riverdale (2017 TV series)

text: Premise

text: The series follows Archie Andrews' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image.[1]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters

text: Main

text:
KJ Apa as Archibald "Archie" Andrews: An intense and conflicted teen, Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father's construction business. He is now juggling the interest of several girls, as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music—against the wishes of his father and his football coach.[2]
Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth "Betty" Cooper: A sweet, smart, eager-to-please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend, Archie. She is tired of being the perfect daughter, student, sister, etc., so she turns to her new friend, Veronica, for life advice—much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother.[3]
Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge: A beautiful, sophisticated, confident, silver-tongued high school sophomore and former socialite. Veronica is the "new girl" in town and is eager for a fresh start. Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was. Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father, she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth.[4]
Cole Sprouse as Forsythe "Jughead" Jones III: A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once Archie's best friend, and who is still dealing with the rift that developed between them over the summer. His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents.[3]
Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge: Veronica's mother, who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews, following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge.[5]
Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom: A wealthy, entitled, and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident.[6]
Ashleigh Murray as Josephine "Josie" McCoy: A striving, competitive, fierce, snooty, and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.[2]
Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper: Polly and Betty's mother, who is the editor of the local paper. She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters.[7]
Luke Perry as Frederick "Fred" Andrews: Archie's father, who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day.[8]
Mark Consuelos as Hiram Lodge: Veronica's father, who was recently incarcerated for illegal activities. Consuelos joined the cast for the second season after his character was only mentioned by name in season one.[9]
Casey Cott as Kevin Keller: An openly gay high school student who is friends with Archie, Betty and Veronica. He is the son of Riverdale's sheriff. Cott was promoted to series regular in the second season.[10]
Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe "F.P." Jones II: Jughead's estranged father and the leader of the Southside Serpents, a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale.[11][12] Ulrich was promoted to series regular in the second season.[13]

text: Recurring

text:
Martin Cummins as Tom Keller: The town's police sheriff and Kevin's father.[14]
Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy: the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy.[15]
Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's mother.
Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper: Polly and Betty's father, and Alice Cooper's husband.[16]
Colin Lawrence as Floyd Clayton: Chuck's father, and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team.
Peter James Bryant as Waldo Weatherbee: Riverdale High School's principal.
Sarah Habel as Geraldine Grundy: Riverdale High School's young music teacher, who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer. It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce, to escape from an abusive relationship. Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie.
Ross Butler (season 1) and Charles Melton (season 2) as Reginald "Reggie" Mantle: Archie's long-time friend and rival, a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster.[17] Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why; Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie in season 2.[18][19]
Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton: A football-star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player[11]
Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos: The youngest member of the Southside Serpents, who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom's murder.[20]
Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine: The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats.
Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke "Moose" Mason: Archie's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin.[17]
Hayley Law as Valerie Brown: The songwriter, bassist, and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie's ex-girlfriend.
Emilija Baranac as Midge Klump: Moose's girlfriend and member of Riverdale's cheerleading squad.
Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs: A victim of Chuck Clayton's slut-shaming who is also facing problems with her dad's condition due to Hiram Lodge.[21]
Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom: Cheryl's twin brother, whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale.
Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel: The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel, Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica. Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom's best friends.
Caitlin Mitchell-Markovitch as Ginger Lopez: One of Cheryl's best friends.
Major Curda as Dilton Doiley: The leader of the town's troop of Ranger Scouts. Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot.
Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper: Betty's older sister, and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper. She is pregnant with Jason Blossom's children.[22]
Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom: Cheryl and Jason's father.
Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate: The owner of the local diner; Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe.[23]
Tom McBeath as Smithers: The Lodge family butler.[11]
Adain Bradley as Trev Brown: Valerie's younger brother.
Brit Morgan as Penny Peabody: A member of the Southside Serpents, who blackmails Jughead in season 2.
Vanessa Morgan as Toni Topaz: A bisexual member of the Southside Serpents, who befriends Jughead in season 2.
Graham Phillips as Nick St. Clair: A devious, trouble-making bad boy from Veronica's past, who comes to Riverdale looking to win her back in season 2.
Cameron McDonald as Joseph Svenson: The janitor at Riverdale High School in season 2 and notably the only survivor of the Conway family massacre forty years ago by the hands of the Riverdale Reaper.
Hart Denton as Chic Smith: Betty and Polly's long-lost older brother.[24]

text: Guest

text:
Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo: A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer-songwriter.[25]
Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews: Archie's mother, who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams, but returns to Riverdale in her family's hour of need. She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband, Fred, but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice.[26]

text: Episodes

text: Series overview

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Average viewers
(in millions inc. DVR)

1
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
154
1.69[27]

2
22[28]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
TBA
TBA
TBA

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
T15.10136
1.38[29]

During an eventful summer, including the supposed drowning of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July, Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music. He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper, the sweet girl-next-door who harbors her own secret—her feelings for Archie. Meanwhile, Veronica Lodge, the daughter of Hermione and Hiram, a millionaire facing embezzlement charges, arrives in town, instantly capturing Archie's attention. Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing, Betty and Veronica become fast friends, united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad, Cheryl Blossom, who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother's death. Archie's former best friend, Jughead Jones, begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer, including what happened between him and Archie. Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason's body, which has a gunshot wound to the head, by the lake.

2
2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
T13.20302
1.15[30]

Veronica's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls, while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair. Kevin, disturbed by the discovery of Jason's body, refuses to acknowledge Moose's affections for him. Jughead, after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands, deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff, Kevin's father. Archie asks his father, Fred, for advice and decides to come clean. Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty, but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty's sister, Polly, for Jason's death. At a pep rally in his honor, Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field; in the locker room, where Veronica has followed to comfort her, Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to "come back." Against the wishes of her mother, Alice, Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica, while Archie also reconciles with Jughead. The next day, during science class, Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason's autopsy, which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July.

3
3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
Lee Toland Krieger
Yolonda E. Lawrence
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
T13.20303
1.20[31]

Cheryl admits to Sheriff Keller and her parents, Clifford and Penelope, that Jason wanted to run away and she helped him fake his drowning. Betty, upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press, restarts the school newspaper, The Blue and Gold, and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died. Veronica is enraged to learn that Chuck Clayton, whom she had one date with, has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and, when he refuses to stop, she, Betty, and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends, including Jason, to the shaming. Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop's Scoutmaster, Dilton Doiley, during a training exercise. Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean. Fred builds a grounded Archie a studio in which to practice, Chuck is kicked off the football team, and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together. Dilton reveals that he saw Miss Grundy's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie's secret is at risk.

4
4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
Mark Piznarski
Michael Grassi
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
T13.20304
1.14[32]

Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive-in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem. At the diner, Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Miss Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship. Under the guise of an interview, Betty questions Miss Grundy about her life, while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened. Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago. They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name "Jennifer Gibson." Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape. At the drive-in's final night, Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before. Alice exposes Archie's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial, but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town. Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason's murder has been stolen. Jughead vandalizes the projectionist's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader, who turns out to be his father.

5
5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
Jesse Warn
Ross Maxwell
February 23, 2017 (2017-02-23)
T13.20305
0.98[33]

Angry at Cheryl for helping Jason run away, Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow her to speak at Jason's memorial, but Cheryl does so anyway, ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left. Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie Mantle against each other for the coveted spot of team captain. Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor, who ultimately decides not to teach him. Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs. Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner. He and Betty encounter Jason's grandmother, Rose, who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged. While cleaning the diner, Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it, a warning from the Serpents. Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great-grandfather Cooper decades before. Archie is named captain, but turns it down to focus on his music. Jughead and Betty deduce that her father, Hal, is responsible for stealing the sheriff's evidence.

6
6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
Steven A. Adelson
Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart
March 2, 2017 (2017-03-02)
T13.20306
1.09[34]

With Riverdale High's annual variety show approaching, Valerie's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie. Meanwhile, Betty and Jughead's investigation into Jason's murder brings them face-to-face with Betty's sister Polly, who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth, unaware of Jason's death and seven months pregnant. As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother, she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes. At the same time, Hermione's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred. Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show. Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason's death to no avail, but grows closer to Jughead, eventually kissing him. After, they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason's belongings. However, an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive, around the same time that Polly escapes from the home.

7
7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
Allison Anders
Aaron Allen
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
T13.20307
1.03[35]

Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her, which fails. As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers, Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house. Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly. F.P., after being offered a job by Fred, reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together, but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail. Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice. Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason's murder, but Fred provides Keller with an alibi. Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly, so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead. F.P. is revealed to have Jason's jacket in his trailer.

8
8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
David Katzenberg
Julia Cohen
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
T13.20308
0.99[36]

Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for "some biker gang", implied to be the Southside Serpents, in exchange for money before both of them ran away. Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly. Fred's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford. Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project, but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop. After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents' bar, Archie realizes Jughead's father is a Serpent. At the baby shower, Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live. Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion, and when he refuses to let her come back, Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household. F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred's construction site. Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms.

9
9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
Lee Rose
James DeWille
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
T13.20309
0.91[37]

As the Blossom family's annual maple tree-tapping ceremony approaches, Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort. When he refuses, Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor. Veronica grows close to Ethel but, when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram's investors, she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship. Alice prepares to publish a full-blown exposé on the Blossoms, but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house. Betty gets a call from Archie, learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason's death. She and Jughead decide to write the tell-all exposé in The Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them. Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him, Archie attempts to reconcile with Val, but she breaks up with him.

10
10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
Dawn Wilkinson
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
T13.20310
0.87[38]

Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce, leaving Archie alone. Betty learns that Jughead's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party. She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house. Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf. The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl, who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends. F.P. also shows up after Betty's insistence. Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave, but Cheryl forces him to stay for a "game" in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets. Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over. He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice, implying she was once a member of the Serpents. Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss. Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram's behalf. To Archie's surprise, his father returns home with his mother, Mary.

11
11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
Kevin Sullivan
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
T13.20311
0.89[39]

While Archie and his mother reconnect, Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison. F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead's novel, urging him to consider moving on. To learn the truth about Hiram, Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason's murder. The Blossoms, increasingly suspicious of Polly, forbid her from entering their master bedroom. Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together. Polly and Cheryl discover the former's engagement ring in Penelope's jewelry collection, which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford. At a contentious dinner, Alice tries to question F.P., but he shuts her down. Afterwards, he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family. While Archie and Veronica perform "Kids in America" at homecoming, the police execute a search warrant on F.P.'s trailer, find a gun, and arrest him for murder. Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason's death.

12
12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
Rob Seidenglanz
Michael Grassi
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
T13.20312
0.98[40]

Jughead calls his mother, but she refuses to let him move in with her. F.P. confesses to everything, including Jason's murder. Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence and learn the family secret: the Coopers are, in fact, Blossoms by blood, making Jason and Polly's relationship technically incest. The Coopers take Polly back to their home. Mary, posing as F.P.'s lawyer, advises Jughead to visit his father, who tells him never to come see him again. With Joaquin's help, the group tracks down one of F.P.'s associates, but finds him dead of an apparent overdose. The police are summoned and find a bag full of money with Hermione's initials on it. With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects, Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin and find Jason's varsity jacket. Inside one of the pockets, they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason, which they tell Cheryl. Nevertheless, Jughead learns that his father's other charges will not be dropped. Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale and Mary returns to Chicago. When the police go to arrest Clifford, they discover he has hanged himself in the syrup distillery.

13
13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
Lee Toland Krieger
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
T13.20313
0.96[41]

It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and Jason found out. Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing the family business. F.P. is cleared of all charges relating to the murder, but remains in police custody. Alice reveals to Betty that, in high school, she found out she was pregnant, but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child, a baby boy, for adoption. Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High. Devastated by her father's secrets and suicide, Cheryl attempts to drown herself in Sweetwater River, but Archie, along with Veronica, Betty, and Jughead, saves her. Cheryl later burns down the Thornhill mansion, much to Penelope's dismay. The next day, Archie meets Fred at Pop's, where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money. He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint. When Archie tries to intervene, the gunman shoots Fred.

text: Season 2 (2017–18)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

14
1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
Rob Seidenglanz
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
T13.20801
2.34[42]

After being shot, Fred is rushed to the hospital by Archie, who is soon joined by his friends. Sheriff Keller gains a description of the shooter from Archie and calls him in for a lineup, but none of the men in the lineup are the shooter. When Veronica searches Fred's belongings, Archie sees that his wallet is missing. Betty and Jughead visit Pop's to look for the wallet but find nothing; instead, they learn from Pop that the shooter did not take any money from the register, meaning that it was actually a hit against Fred. Jughead asks the Southside Serpents to investigate the shooting, but to no avail. Veronica accuses Hermione of hiring a hitman to kill Fred, but she vehemently denies this and tensions develop between them when Veronica is not sure of her mother is telling the truth. Meanwhile, Cheryl intimidates Penelope—who suffers severe burns due to the fire at their mansion and is hospitalized—into lying that it was an accident. Fred survives his shooting. Hiram returns to Riverdale, further escalating the tensions in the Lodge family. In the nearby town of Greendale, Ms. Grundy is strangled to death by Fred's shooter.

15
2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
Allison Anders
Michael Grassi
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
T13.20802
1.76[43]

After learning of Ms. Grundy's murder, an increasingly anxious Archie suspects that her death is connected with Fred's shooting, which pushes him to get a gun from Dilton Doiley. Following the shooting, business at Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe has declined, leading Pop to consider selling the diner, but Betty convinces Pop to let her throw a retro fun night to drum up business. Jughead learns that F.P. is facing 20 years in prison and seeks help from Penny Peabody, a Serpent lawyer, who advises Jughead to ask the Blossoms to testify on F.P.'s behalf. Cheryl initially refuses, but relents when Betty extorts her with the video of Jason's murder. With Cheryl's testimony, the judge decides to revisit F.P's sentence. Hiram quietly buys the diner from Pop, but tells Veronica he made a "charitable donation". In the woods, Moose Mason and Midge Klump take some jingle jangle (a new drug to Riverdale), and as they do so, they are shot by Fred's shooter.

16
3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
Kevin Sullivan
Ross Maxwell
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
T13.20803
1.62[44]

Kevin, who was in the forest, hears the gunshots and rushes to find Midge crying. Moose, who shielded Midge from the gunfire, is hospitalized and survives. Following the incident, Archie founds a vigilante group called the Red Circle, to protect Riverdale High students. The Coopers receive a letter from "the Black Hood", taking responsibility for the shootings and the murder of Ms. Grundy, and detailing his intentions to target sinners. Polly leaves town, fearing for her babies. Meanwhile, Jughead begins his tenure at Southside High, befriends Toni Topaz, a Serpent, and refounds the school newspaper, the Red and Black, under the advisory of English teacher Robert Philips. Kevin keeps going out late at night, which concerns Betty. Betty follows him on one of his runs, which leads to him lashing out at her. Hiram tells Archie that he should utilize the Black Hood's main weapons for the Red Circle. Inspired by this, the Red Circle makes a video calling out the Black Hood.

17
4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
Allison Anders
Amanda Lasher
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
T13.20804
1.51[45]

Archie's viral video results in negative repercussions, as Principal Waldo Weatherbee demands he disband the Red Circle. Though Archie refuses, the Red Circle disbands regardless due to the football team being suspended but later reassembles when Archie runs afoul of the Serpents and assists him in a rumble, in which Dilton is injured. Veronica finds out that Archie intends to murder the Black Hood and convinces him to discard his gun. Betty receives a letter from the Black Hood, revealing that her speech from the jubilee ball inspired his actions and gives her a cipher that only she could solve. Mayor Sierra McCoy (Josie's mother) hosts a town meeting to discuss action against the Black Hood, in which Alice blames the Serpents, but Fred argues against letting fear rule them. Betty and Jughead figure out that the Black Hood intends to attack town hall and have the meeting evacuated, before showing the letter to her parents, Sheriff Keller and Mayor McCoy. Later, Betty receives a call from the Black Hood.

18
5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
Ellen Pressman
Aaron Allen
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
T13.20805
1.47[46]

The Black Hood reveals to Betty that he knows where Polly is and threatens to kill her unless she publishes a mugshot of Alice, which she does. Hiram invites the St. Clair's, friends of the Lodges from New York. On the Southside, Jughead attempts to stop Sweet Pea and the Serpents from blowing up the Riverdale Register office and joins the gang to prevent this from happening. The Black Hood forces Betty to cut ties with Veronica and Jughead and later gives her a hood. At the Lodge's open house event, Nick St. Clair drugs Cheryl and takes her back to his hotel room to rape her, but is stopped and beaten by Veronica and the Pussycats. Jughead and Toni sit in his trailer, where he tells her his relationship with Betty is over; they kiss. Back at Betty's house, the Black Hood tells her she has broken the rules and he will now kill Polly unless she gives him the name of a "sinner" to kill, to which Betty names Nick St. Clair.

19
6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
Maggie Kiley
Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
T13.20806
1.43[47]

The Black Hood challenges Betty to find the identity of The Sugarman, who has been supplying the jingle jangle to Riverdale. Cheryl wants to press charges against Nick, whom the Black Hood did not attack, but Penelope agrees not to in exchange for money from the St. Clair's. Archie goes to Southside High, where he saves Jughead from a raid organized by McCoy and Sheriff Keller. Tall Boy, F.P.'s right hand man, reaches an agreement with the Ghoulies, the dealers of jingle jangle. Jughead and Archie visit F.P., who tells Jughead to challenge the Ghoulies to a race. During the race, Archie pulls the brake on Jughead's car, and reveals he called Sheriff Keller, who arrests the Ghoulies leader. Veronica convinces Hiram and Hermione to stop investing with the St. Clair's, while Cheryl does the same with Penelope. Later, the Lodges receive a call that the St. Clair's have been run off the road, but will recover in months. Penelope reveals to Cheryl that the Sugarman is Robert Philips; Cheryl later tells Betty, who exposes him in the Blue and Gold. Philips is subsequently arrested and shot by the Black Hood in jail.

20
7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
Dawn Wilkinson
James DeWille
November 29, 2017 (2017-11-29)
T13.20807
1.45[48]

After killing Phillips, the Black Hood leaves a letter at Pop's challenging Riverdale to go 48 hours without sinning, or he will kill again. Jughead is enlisted by Penny Peabody to deliver a crate of drugs to repay her for her earlier help, which he does with Archie. She says this is a one-time thing, but Jughead later finds she was lying. Josie begins to receive weird messages from a secret admirer, implied to be Cheryl, including a box with a pig's heart. Mayor McCoy reprimands her for coming home late, revealing she has received death threats. Betty, realizing that Phillips was killed in the sheriff's office, believes Sheriff Keller might be the Black Hood. She investigates, but Keller is able to provide proof that he is not the Black Hood. However, Betty and Veronica discover that he is having an affair with Mayor McCoy. Archie, Jughead, Betty, Veronica, Josie, and Cheryl all gather at Pop's. After Jughead leaves to visit F.P., the Black Hood calls Pop to inform him Riverdale failed his challenge, and Pop grimly announces that "The reckoning is upon us".

21
8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
Kevin Sullivan
Yolonda Lawrence
December 6, 2017 (2017-12-06)
T13.20808
1.48[49]

F.P. is released from jail and begins working at Pop's, intending to quit the Serpents. Jughead and Betty decide to throw F.P. a "retirement" party at the Whyte Worm, so they enlist Archie and Veronica to do the detective work. While Jughead reconnects with his dad, Betty goes to the Whyte Worm to organize the party. There, she meets Toni and tells her she wants to keep watch over Jughead. Archie and Veronica follow a lead on a past serial killer called the Riverdale Reaper, who murdered a family of four before being killed himself by a lynch mob. Their investigation leads them to discover there was a fifth member of the family, which they discover to be the school's janitor, Joseph Svenson. Archie and Veronica confront Svenson, but decide he isn't the Black Hood. At the party, F.P., who is upset that Jughead helped Peabody, decides to stay with the Serpents. Outside, Veronica breaks up with Archie following a discussion about love. Jughead, not wanting to bring Betty into the Serpents' business, also ends their relationship.

22
9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
Rob Seidenglanz
Shepard Boucher
December 13, 2017 (2017-12-13)
T13.20809
1.43[50]

Fred receives a hospital bill of $86,000. Failing to convince her parents to help Fred, Veronica sneaks into Hiram's study and finds out that he bought Pop's. She later convinces him and Hermione to stop hiding secrets from her and help Fred. Jughead rallies the younger Serpents, who kidnap Peabody and cut off her Serpent tattoo. Betty and Archie receive a box from the Black Hood, containing Svenson's finger. They then receive a call from the Black Hood, who challenges them to find Svenson. They are able to find Svenson's location, but instead find an empty coffin. The Black Hood then arrives and tries to force Betty into burying Archie alive, but flees when the police arrive. After a chase, Keller shoots and kills the Black Hood before he can escape. The Black Hood is then revealed to be Svenson himself. Later, with the Black Hood dead, Veronica and Archie get back together, while Betty throws away all of her findings surrounding Svenson, but she keeps the hood he gave her earlier.

23
10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"
Tim Hunter
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
T13.20810
1.44[51]

The Lodges strike a deal with Mayor McCoy for land which involves shutting down Southside High, causing Jughead, Toni, Sweet Pea and the other Serpents to transfer to Riverdale High, putting them at odds with other students. Archie is approached by FBI Agent Adams, who wants his help on finding proof of Hiram's criminal dealings. Archie agrees to help in exchange for immunity for Veronica and Fred. Archie investigates Nick, who implies that Hiram was behind his car crash, which broke both of his legs. Despite Hal's objections, Betty and Alice track down Alice's son she gave up for adoption, Chic. Chic initially refuses to come with them, but Betty returns to his residence and saves him from an assault, bringing him to the Cooper household. Jughead, following advice from FP, gets his fellow Serpents to lay low. Archie reveals to Adams that he secretly doubts Svenson was really the Black Hood. That night, Chic lurks in Betty's room while she sleeps.

24
11
"Chapter Twenty-Four: The Wrestler"
Gregg Araki
Greg Murray & Devon Turner
January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)
T13.20811
TBD

Pickens' Day, a day in remembrance of Riverdale's founder, nears. Adams tells Archie to get close to Hiram. With Veronica's urging, he tries out for the wrestling team in order to impress Hiram, a former wrestler. This, however, causes tension between the two to rise. Betty learns that Chic is a webcam model, and attempts to reach out to him, talking about her 'dark side'. Mayor McCoy organizes the Pickens' Day festival, which the Lodges attempt to spin as a festival with North/Southside unity, with the Serpents as security. Jughead interviews Toni's grandfather for a school project, learning that Toni's grandfather was a member of a Native American tribe which was slaughtered by Pickens. Jughead publishes this story as an article, escalting tensions with the two sides. Tensions arise between Veronica and Josie, with McCoy driving a wedge between the two. At the Pickens Day fest, the Serpents protest the event, but Hiram spins their words positively. That night, Archie meets with Hiram, who offers Archie his business tutelage, which Archie accepts. The next morning, McCoy, Sheriff Keller, and the Lodges meet at the statue of Pickens, which has been decapitated. They decide to blame the desecration on the Serpents.

25
12
"Chapter Twenty-Five: The Wicked and the Divine"[52]
Rachel Talalay
Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
T13.20812
TBD

26
13
"Chapter Twenty-Six: The Tell-Tale Heart"[53]
Julie Plec
Michael Grassi
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
TBA
TBD

27
14
"Chapter Twenty-Seven: The Hills Have Eyes"[54]
David Katzenberg
Ross Maxwell
TBA
TBA
TBD

28
15
"Chapter Twenty-Eight: There Will Be Blood"[55]
Mark Piznarski
Aaron Allen
TBA
TBA
TBD

29
16
"Chapter Twenty-Nine: Primary Colors"[56]
Sherwin Shilati
James DeWille
TBA
TBA
TBD

30
17
"Chapter Thirty: The Noose Tightens"[57]
Alexis Ostrander
Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson
TBA
TBA
TBD

31
18
"Chapter Thirty-One: A Night to Remember"[59]
Jason Stone
Arabella Anderson & Tessa Leigh Williams
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)[58]
TBA
TBD

This episode will be a musical event covering songs from Carrie: The Musical.[58]

text: Production

text: Development

text: Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013, after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition.[60] The duo brought the project to Warner Bros., where a VP recommended a more high-concept direction involving time travel or interdimensional portals, suggesting Louis C. K. to portray an older Archie.[61] Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project, which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at the studio towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series.[60] Riverdale was originally in development at Fox, with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty.[62] However, Fox did not go forward with the project. In 2015, the show's development was moved to The CW,[63] which officially ordered a pilot on January 29, 2016.[64] On March 7, 2017, The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season.[65]

text: Casting

text: Casting Archie was a difficult process, with Aguirre-Sacasa stating "I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way."[66] The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network, which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation.[66]

text: In April 2017, it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge's father, Hiram Lodge.[67] The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1, 2017.[68] The next month, it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why.[19] It was also announced that Casey Cott, who played Kevin Keller, was promoted to a series regular.[69] In July 2017, it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody, an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run-ins with the law.[70] In August 2017, it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair, Veronica's ex-boyfriend from New York.[71][72]

text: Filming

text: Filming of the pilot began on March 14, 2016, and ended on April 1 in Vancouver, British Columbia.[73][74] Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7, 2016, in Vancouver.[75] Sets include Pop Tate's Chock'lit Shoppe, a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18-wheeler there, believing that it was open.[76] Season two will also be filmed in Vancouver and the nearby Fraser Valley.[77] Principal photography began on June 22, 2017.[citation needed] The aerial view of Riverdale is actually drawn from stock footage used in the series Pretty Little Liars, Gilmore Girls, and the landmark setting are the same utilized in both of the aforementioned series as well as in Hart of Dixie.[78]

text: Homages to other films and TV series

text: Several reviewers had noted that the series' episode titles, are often taken directly or slightly altered from the titles of older films.[79][80] For example, De Elizabeth of TeenVogue points out that Riverdale's pilot episode was named "River's Edge" after the 1986 film of the same name, and the season finale also takes its name from 1997's The Sweet Hereafter.[81] Executive producer Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa notes that this is a deliberate choice, in order to hint at what will happen in that episode.[81]

text: Additionally, Katie-Kouise Smith, of Popbuzz, notes that the opening credits for Riverdale mirror those of the Twin Peaks television series, and are intended as an homage to that series' creator, David Lynch.[78]

text: Release

text: Broadcast

text: Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale,[82] making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after its original U.S. broadcast.[83]

text: Marketing

text: In July 2016, members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic-Con to promote the upcoming series, where they premiered the first episode "Chapter One: The River's Edge".[84] The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016, while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017.[85][86] The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos, where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe.[87][88][89]

text: Comic-book adaptation

text: Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017, Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale, featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series' own continuity. The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa himself, along with various other writers from the show. Alongside a one-shot pilot issue, illustrated by Alitha Martinez, released in March 2017,[90] the first issue of the ongoing Riverdale comic book series was set to release starting April 2017.[91]

text: In addition to the adaptation, Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale. This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line, introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular ongoing comic series that inspired it. Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines. The first volume was released in March 2017.[91]

text: Music

text: Musical performances are featured throughout the series,a blend of cover versions and originals. Songs performed in episodes are released as digital singles after broadcast; WaterTower Music released a digital compilation of the season 1 songs on May 12, 2017.[92]

text: An album of Blake Neely's scoring for season 1 was released on compact disc by La-La Land Records and simultaneously on download by WaterTower Music on July 18, 2017.[93]

text: Season 1

text:
[show]Riverdale: Season 1 (Original Television Soundtrack)[94]

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"The Song That Everyone Sings"
KJ Apa
3:46

2.
"Fear Nothing"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

3.
"All Through The Night"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield and Hayley Law
2:37

4.
"Dance Dance Dance"
KJ Apa
1:00

5.
"Candy Girl (Sugar Sugar)" (Cover of the Inner Circle version feat. Flo Rida; full-length version, Petsch is not heard on the aired version.)
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Madelaine Petsch
2:19

6.
"I Feel Love"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:11

7.
"I'll Try"
KJ Apa
3:15

8.
"I Got You"
KJ Apa and Hayley Law
3:32

9.
"Kids in America"
KJ Apa and Camila Mendes
2:55

10.
"Our Fair Riverdale"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law
1:19

11.
"Astronaut"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law and Camila Mendes
3:28

12.
"These Are the Moments I Remember"
Ashleigh Murray, Asha Bromfield, Hayley Law, Camila Mendes and KJ Apa
2:58

text:
[show]Riverdale: Season 1 (Original Television Score)[95]

No.
Title
Artist(s)
Length

1.
"Riverdale"
Blake Neely
2:58

2.
"If You Love Me"
Blake Neely
2:06

3.
"Viral Gossip in Town"
Blake Neely
3:08

4.
"Everyone a Suspect"
Blake Neely
2:33

5.
"Receiving the Jersey"
Blake Neely
1:56

6.
"Doubts and Accusations"
Blake Neely
2:24

7.
"All is OK With Milkshakes"
Blake Neely
2:48

8.
"Long Reach"
Blake Neely
3:47

9.
"Ended Up Drowning"
Blake Neely
4:11

10.
"Irreconcilable"
Blake Neely
3:25

11.
"So Many Questions"
Blake Neely
2:42

12.
"A Gift / Forced to Leave"
Blake Neely
3:23

13.
"Not Making the Play"
Blake Neely
3:25

14.
"Overwhelming Evidence"
Blake Neely
3:53

15.
"Realizations"
Blake Neely
2:02

16.
"Do You Feel Guilty?"
Blake Neely
2:38

17.
"Into the Woods"
Blake Neely
3:21

18.
"Name of the Game"
Blake Neely
3:38

19.
"Angry and Vulnerable Girls"
Blake Neely
2:52

20.
"Results of the Father"
Blake Neely
4:39

21.
"Your Father Was Arrested"
Blake Neely
2:44

22.
"The Recording"
Blake Neely
4:12

23.
"Oh, Mommy!"
Blake Neely
3:51

24.
"What Floats Beneath"
Blake Neely
3:29

25.
"Never Safe"
Blake Neely
1:59

text: Reception

text: Critical response

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
88% (54 reviews)
68 (36 reviews)

2
86% (11 reviews)
TBD

text: The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a fresh rating of 88% based on 54 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.69/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Riverdale offers an amusingly self-aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie, odd, daring, and above all addictive."[96] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[97] Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a "B+" saying that it turned, "out to be an artfully crafted, instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential."[98]

text: Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters. While reviewing the first season, Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared "the show marginalizes and ignores the [people of color] in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there."[99] In an article for Vulture, Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats (who are each played by African Americans), noting, "They're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message. Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past, even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting."[100] Monique Jones of Ebony noted, "Despite the show's multi-racial casting choices, it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town." She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown, but declared "Archie shouldn't be what makes Valerie interesting to us".[101]

text: Ratings

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Thursday 9:00 pm
13
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
1.38[29]
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
0.96[41]
2016–17
154
1.69
0.7/2[27]

2
Wednesday 8:00 pm
22[28]
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
2.34[42]
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter One: The River's Edge"
January 26, 2017
0.5/2
1.38[29]
0.4
1.01
0.9
2.38[104]

2
"Chapter Two: A Touch of Evil"
February 2, 2017
0.4/2
1.15[30]
0.4
0.76
0.8
1.91[105]

3
"Chapter Three: Body Double"
February 9, 2017
0.5/2
1.20[31]
N/A
0.71
N/A
1.90[106]

4
"Chapter Four: The Last Picture Show"
February 16, 2017
0.4/1
1.14[32]
0.4
0.73
0.8
1.87[107]

5
"Chapter Five: Heart of Darkness"
February 23, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[33]
0.4
0.71
0.7
1.69[108]

6
"Chapter Six: Faster, Pussycats! Kill! Kill!"
March 2, 2017
0.4/1
1.09[34]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Chapter Seven: In a Lonely Place"
March 9, 2017
0.4/1
1.03[35]
0.3
0.76
0.7
1.80[109]

8
"Chapter Eight: The Outsiders"
March 30, 2017
0.4/2
0.99[36]
N/A
0.55
N/A
1.54[110]

9
"Chapter Nine: La Grande Illusion"
April 6, 2017
0.3/1
0.91[37]
N/A
0.63
N/A
1.54[111]

10
"Chapter Ten: The Lost Weekend"
April 13, 2017
0.3/1
0.87[38]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.48[112]

11
"Chapter Eleven: To Riverdale and Back Again"
April 27, 2017
0.3/1
0.89[39]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

12
"Chapter Twelve: Anatomy of a Murder"
May 4, 2017
0.3/1
0.98[40]
0.3
0.58
0.6
1.56[113]

13
"Chapter Thirteen: The Sweet Hereafter"
May 11, 2017
0.4/2
0.96[41]
N/A
0.56
N/A
1.52[114]

text: Season 2 (2017–18)

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Chapter Fourteen: A Kiss Before Dying"
October 11, 2017
0.8/3
2.34[42]
0.6
1.40
1.4
3.74[115]

2
"Chapter Fifteen: Nighthawks"
October 18, 2017
0.6/2
1.76[43]
0.6
1.34
1.2
3.10[116]

3
"Chapter Sixteen: The Watcher in the Woods"
October 25, 2017
0.6/2
1.62[44]
0.6
1.32
1.2
2.94[117]

4
"Chapter Seventeen: The Town That Dreaded Sundown"
November 1, 2017
0.6/2
1.51[45]
0.5
1.30
1.1
2.80[118]

5
"Chapter Eighteen: When a Stranger Calls"
November 8, 2017
0.5/2
1.47[46]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.70[119]

6
"Chapter Nineteen: Death Proof"
November 15, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[47]
0.5
1.23
1.0
2.66[120]

7
"Chapter Twenty: Tales from the Darkside"
November 29, 2017
0.5/2
1.45[48]
0.5
1.19
1.0
2.64[121]

8
"Chapter Twenty-One: House of the Devil"
December 6, 2017
0.5/2
1.48[49]
0.6
1.20
1.1
2.68[122]

9
"Chapter Twenty-Two: Silent Night, Deadly Night"
December 13, 2017
0.5/2
1.43[50]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

10
"Chapter Twenty-Three: The Blackboard Jungle"
January 17, 2018
0.5/2
1.44[51]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Saturn Awards
Best Action-Thriller Television Series
Riverdale
Won
[123]

Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series
KJ Apa
Nominated

Breakthrough Performance
KJ Apa
Won
[124]

Leo Awards
Best Production Design in a Dramatic Series
Tyler Harron for "Pilot - Chapter 1"
Nominated
[125]

Teen Choice Awards
Choice Breakout TV Show
Riverdale
Won
[126]

Choice Breakout TV Star
K.J. Apa
Nominated

Lili Reinhart
Won

Choice Drama TV Actor
Cole Sprouse
Won

Choice Drama TV Show
Riverdale
Won

Choice Hissy Fit
Madelaine Petsch
Won

Choice Scene Stealer
Camila Mendes
Won

Choice TV Ship
Lili Reinhart and Cole Sprouse
Won

text: Spin-off

text: In September 2017, it was reported that a live-action television series was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions, with a planned release in the 2018–2019 television season. Based on the comic series Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch, the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot, which will be written by Aguirre-Sacasa. Both are executive producers along with Berlanti, Schechter, and Goldwater.[127] In December 2017, it was reported that the project had moved to Netflix under a yet-to-be-announced new title. Two seasons, comprising ten episodes each, have been ordered by the streaming service.[128] In January 2018, it was announced that the lead role of Sabrina Spellman would be portrayed by Kiernan Shipka,[129] and CW president Mark Pedowitz noted that, "at the moment, there is no discussion about crossing over" with Riverdale.[130]