document_title: Gulf Breeze, Florida

question_text: where is gulf breeze fl on the map

question_tokens: where is gulf breeze fl on the map

root

text: Gulf Breeze, Florida

text: Geography and climate[edit]

text: Gulf Breeze is located at 30°21′36″N 87°10′41″W / 30.36000°N 87.17806°W / 30.36000; -87.17806 (30.359933, -87.178190).[5]

tag: p

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 23.5 square miles (61 km2), of which 4.8 square miles (12.3 km²) is land and 18.8 square miles (49 km2) (79.79%) is water.

text: Growth of the city itself is geographically restricted, surrounded by major water bodies on three sides; the eastern portion of Gulf Breeze is occupied by the Naval Live Oaks Reservation. As a result, new growth takes place east of the city limits along U.S. Highway 98.

text:
Gulf Breeze, FL

Climate chart (explanation)

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

5.7

61
43

4.9

64
45

6.3

70
52

4

75
57

4.4

83
65

5.2

88
72

7.1

90
74

6.1

92
74

6.7

87
70

4.2

79
59

4.4

71
51

4

64
45

Average max. and min. temperatures in °F

Precipitation totals in inches

Source: weather.com/NOAA.gov

[show]Metric conversion

J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D

145

16
6

124

18
7

160

21
11

102

24
14

112

28
18

132

31
22

180

32
23

155

33
23

170

31
21

107

26
15

112

22
11

102

18
7

Average max. and min. temperatures in °C

Precipitation totals in mm

tag: table

text: Points of interest[edit]

text: In 1828 the U.S. Government purchased the land encompassing the Naval Live Oaks Reservation for experimenting with acorns for the cultivation of live oaks to produce wooden ships. Before the Civil War, the wood of the live oak was the primary material of choice for shipbuilders, thus the protection and cultivation of the trees for the US Navy was considered vital for defense in those turbulent times.

text: Currently, the land comprises over 1300 acres (5.3 km²) in Gulf Islands National Seashore and is supervised by the National Park Service. To the south of Highway 98 is a visitor's center for the Gulf Islands National Seashore and several public beach areas.

text: Gulf Islands National Seashore offers recreation opportunities and preserves natural and historic resources along the Gulf of Mexico barrier islands of Florida and Mississippi. The protected regions include mainland areas and parts of 7 islands.

text: The Florida District of the seashore features offshore barrier islands with sparkling white quartz sand beaches (along miles of undeveloped land), historic fortifications, and nature trails.

text: The Gulf Breeze Zoo is a 50-acre (20 ha) site that includes hundreds of animals, a boardwalk overlooking a free range preserve, CP Huntington style train, as well as other amenities. The zoo features various events throughout the year including Boo at the Zoo and Zoo Lights.[6]

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Historical population

Census
Pop.

%±

1970
4,190

—

1980
5,478

30.7%

1990
5,530

0.9%

2000
5,665

2.4%

2010
5,763

1.7%

Est. 2016
6,466
[2]
12.2%

U.S. Decennial Census[7]

text: As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 5,665 people, 2,377 households, and 1,678 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,192.0 people per square mile (460.5/km²). There were 2,553 housing units at an average density of 537.2 per square mile (207.5/km²).

text: There were 2,377 households out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.7% were married couples living together, 10.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.83.

text: In the city, the population was spread out with 22.3% under the age of 18, 4.6% from 18 to 24, 22.5% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 20.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males.

text: The median income for a household in the city was $52,522, and the median income for a family was $61,661. Males had a median income of $44,408 versus $28,159 for females. The per capita income for the city was $34,688. About 3.8% of families and 4.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.5% of those under age 18 and 1.2% of those age 65 or over.

text: Public transportation[edit]

text: Gulf Breeze is served by Escambia County Area Transit's #61 route.[8][9]

text: Schools[edit]

text:
Gulf Breeze High School (website)
Gulf Breeze Middle School
Gulf Breeze Elementary School (website)
Oriole Beach Elementary School

text: Notable people[edit]

text:
Doug Baldwin, American football player.
Adrian Street, professional wrestler (longtime resident).
Bob Armstrong, professional wrestler (originally from Marietta, Georgia; longtime resident).
Abigail Spencer, actress; born and raised in Gulf Breeze.[10]
Jason McKie, American football player.
Ben Lively, Baseball player, Pitcher for Philadelphia Phillies.
Nate Merrill


document_title: List of national anthem performers at the Super Bowl

question_text: who sang national anthem at the super bowl

text: Performances[edit]

text:
No.
Year
Venue
Performer(s)[1]

I
1967
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, California
The Pride of Arizona, Michigan Marching Band, and UCLA choir

II
1968
Orange Bowl, Miami
GSU Tiger Marching Band

III
1969
Lloyd Geisler of the Washington National Symphony Orchestra[2]
An NFL.com reference ([1]) states that Anita Bryant performed the anthem, but NBC's broadcast of game, available from the Paley Center for Media's collection, shows that Geisler performed it.

IV
1970
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
Al Hirt

V
1971
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tommy Loy (trumpet)

VI
1972
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale

VII
1973
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
Little Angels (children's choir) of Chicago's Holy Angels Church

VIII
1974
Rice Stadium, Houston, Texas
Charley Pride

IX
1975
Tulane Stadium, New Orleans
GSU Tiger Marching Band (2)

X
1976
Orange Bowl, Miami
Tom Sullivan

XI
1977
Rose Bowl, Pasadena, California
None (Vikki Carr sang "America the Beautiful")

XII
1978
Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans
Phyllis Kelly of Northeast Louisiana University

XIII
1979
Orange Bowl, Miami
The Colgate Thirteen

XIV
1980
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Cheryl Ladd

XV
1981
Superdome, New Orleans
Helen O'Connell

XVI
1982
Pontiac Silverdome, Pontiac, Michigan
Diana Ross

XVII
1983
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Leslie Easterbrook

XVIII
1984
Tampa Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Barry Manilow

XIX
1985
Stanford Stadium, Stanford, California
San Francisco Boys Chorus, San Francisco Girls Chorus, Piedmont Children's Chorus, and San Francisco Children's Chorus

XX
1986
Superdome, New Orleans
Wynton Marsalis (trumpet)

XXI
1987
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Neil Diamond

XXII
1988
Jack Murphy Stadium, San Diego
Herb Alpert (trumpet)

XXIII
1989
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Billy Joel

XXIV
1990
Superdome, New Orleans
Aaron Neville

XXV
1991
Tampa Stadium, Tampa
Whitney Houston with The Florida Orchestra directed by Jahja Ling

XXVI
1992
Metrodome, Minneapolis
Harry Connick, Jr.
ASL (American Sign Language): Lori Hilary

XXVII
1993
Rose Bowl, Pasadena
Garth Brooks
ASL: Marlee Matlin

XXVIII
1994
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Natalie Cole
ASL: Courtney Keel Foley

XXIX
1995
Joe Robbie Stadium, Miami
Kathie Lee Gifford
ASL: Heather Whitestone

XXX
1996
Sun Devil Stadium, Tempe, Arizona
Vanessa L. Williams
ASL: Mary Kim Titla

XXXI
1997
Superdome, New Orleans
Luther Vandross
ASL: Erika Rachael Schwarz

XXXII
1998
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Jewel
ASL: Phyllis Frelich

XXXIII
1999
Pro Player Stadium, Miami
Cher
ASL: Speaking Hands

XXXIV
2000
Georgia Dome, Atlanta
Faith Hill
ASL: Briarlake Elementary School Signing Choir

XXXV
2001
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa
Backstreet Boys
AASL: Tom Cooney

XXXVI
2002
Superdome, New Orleans
Mariah Carey
ASL: Joe Narcisse

XXXVII
2003
Qualcomm Stadium, San Diego
Dixie Chicks
ASL: Janet Maxwell

XXXVIII
2004
Reliant Stadium, Houston
Beyoncé
ASL: Suzanna Christy

XXXIX
2005
Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida
Combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the U.S. Naval Academy, the U.S. Air Force Academy (2), and the U.S. Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets
ASL: Wesley Tallent

XL
2006
Ford Field, Detroit
Aaron Neville (2) and Aretha Franklin,
Dr. John (piano accompaniment)
ASL: Angela LaGuardia

XLI
2007
Dolphin Stadium, Miami Gardens, Florida
Billy Joel (2)
ASL: Marlee Matlin (2)

XLII
2008
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona
Jordin Sparks
ASL: A Dreamer[3]

XLIII
2009
Raymond James Stadium, Tampa, Florida
Jennifer Hudson
ASL: Kristen Santos

XLIV
2010
Sun Life Stadium, Miami Gardens
Carrie Underwood
ASL: Kinesha Battles

XLV
2011
Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, Texas
Christina Aguilera
ASL: Candice Villesca[4]

XLVI
2012
Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis
Kelly Clarkson
ASL: Rachel Mazique[5]

XLVII
2013
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans
Alicia Keys[6]
ASL: John Maucere[7]

XLVIII
2014
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, New Jersey
Renée Fleming
ASL: Amber Zion

XLIX
2015
University of Phoenix Stadium, Glendale, Arizona[8]
Idina Menzel
ASL: Treshelle Edmond[9]

50
2016
Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, California
Lady Gaga
ASL: Marlee Matlin (3)[10]

LI
2017
NRG Stadium, Houston, Texas
Luke Bryan
ASL: Kriston Lee Pumphery[11].

LII
2018
U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Pink
ASL: Alexandria Wailes[12].

text: Multiple and hometown performances[edit]

text: Acts that have performed three times:

text: Marlee Matlin (ASL), (XXVII, XLI, and 50)

tag: ul

text: Acts that have performed two times:

text:
GSU Tiger Marching Band (II and IX)
Billy Joel (XXIII and XLI)
Aaron Neville (XXIV and XL)
U.S. Air Force Academy Chorale[13] (VI and XXXIX)

text: Singers that performed in or near their hometown metropolitan area:

text:
Beyoncé (XXXVIII, Houston)
Aretha Franklin (XL, Detroit)
Al Hirt (IV, New Orleans)
Aaron Neville (XXIV & XL, New Orleans)
Diana Ross (XVI, Detroit)
Jordin Sparks (XLII, Phoenix)

text: Notable performances[edit]

text: The performance by Whitney Houston at Super Bowl XXV in 1991, during the Gulf War, had been for many years regarded as one of the best renditions ever.[14][15][16][17][18][19] It was released as a single a few weeks later, appeared on the album Whitney: The Greatest Hits, and was re-released as a single in 2001 shortly after the September 11 attacks.

text: The 1992 performance marked the first time American Sign Language was used alongside the lead singer.

text: Faith Hill performed the anthem at Super Bowl XXXIV in 2000.[20] It became popular in country radio. Following the September 11 attacks, her version entered the country singles chart at number 35, despite not being released as an official single, and reentered the same chart at number 49 in July 2002.[citation needed]

text: At Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014, in an emotional and groundbreaking performance, soprano Renée Fleming became the first opera singer to perform the national anthem,[21] scoring the highest ratings for a Fox Network program in its history, and the second-highest ratings for any television program in history.

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Just days after Super Bowl XXV, a report surfaced that Whitney Houston lip synced her performance. It was confirmed that she was actually singing into a dead microphone, but the performance heard in the stadium and on television was prerecorded.[22][14][15]

text: Since 1993, the NFL has required performers to supply a backup track.[14] This came after Garth Brooks walked out of the stadium prior to his XXVII performance. Only 45 minutes before kickoff, he refused to take the stage, due to a dispute with NBC. Brooks requested that the network premiere his new music video "We Shall Be Free" during the pregame. The network chose not to air the video, due to content some felt was disturbing imagery. Brooks had also refused to pre-record the anthem, which meant the league had nothing to play if he left. Television producers spotted Jon Bon Jovi in the grandstands, and were prepared to use him as a replacement. After last-minute negotiations, NBC agreed to air a clip of the video during the broadcast of the game,[23] and Brooks was coaxed back into the stadium and sang.[19]

text: Following the "wardrobe malfunction" controversy during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004, all scheduled performers for Super Bowl XXXIX were chosen under heavy scrutiny.[24] Game organizers decided not to use a popular music vocalist.[25] The combined choirs of the U.S. Military Academy, the Naval Academy, Air Force Academy, Coast Guard Academy, and the U.S. Army Herald Trumpets were invited to perform. This was the first time since the second inauguration of President Richard Nixon in 1973 that all four service academies sang together.[13][26]

text: Two days after Super Bowl XLIII, it was revealed that Jennifer Hudson also had lip synced.[14]

text: At the beginning of Super Bowl XLV, Christina Aguilera sang the lyrics incorrectly. Instead of singing "O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming", the pop star sang "What so proudly we watched at the twilight's last gleaming".[27][28] According to the New York Times, she also changed "gleaming" to "reaming".[29]

text: Other patriotic performances[edit]

text: The following Super Bowls featured other patriotic performances besides the national anthem. Since 2009, "America the Beautiful" is sung before the national anthem.[30]

text:
1969: Apollo 8 crew
1970: Apollo astronauts
1973: Apollo 17 crew

text:
1977: Vikki Carr (in place of the national anthem)
2001: Ray Charles
2002: Mary J. Blige, Marc Anthony and the Boston Pops Orchestra
2005: Alicia Keys and a tribute video to the recently deceased Ray Charles
2009: Faith Hill
2010: Queen Latifah
2011: Lea Michele
2012: Blake Shelton and Miranda Lambert
2013: Jennifer Hudson with the Sandy Hook Elementary School Chorus[31][32]
2014: Queen Latifah with the New Jersey Youth Chorus
2015: John Legend [9]
2016: U.S. Armed Forces Chorus [33]
2017: Phillipa Soo, Renee Elise Goldsberry and Jasmine Cephas Jones.[34]
2018: Leslie Odom Jr..[35].

text: 2003: Céline Dion


document_title: Hysteresis

question_text: the area enclosed by hysteresis loop is a measure of

question_tokens: the area enclosed by hysteresis loop is a measure of

text: Hysteresis

text: Etymology and history[edit]

text: The term "hysteresis" is derived from ὑστέρησις, an Ancient Greek word meaning "deficiency" or "lagging behind". It was coined around 1890 by Sir James Alfred Ewing to describe the behaviour of magnetic materials.

text: Some early work on describing hysteresis in mechanical systems was performed by James Clerk Maxwell. Subsequently, hysteretic models have received significant attention in the works of Ferenc Preisach (Preisach model of hysteresis), Louis Néel and D. H. Everett in connection with magnetism and absorption. A more formal mathematical theory of systems with hysteresis was developed in the 1970s by a group of Russian mathematicians led by Mark Krasnosel'skii.[1]

text: Types[edit]

text: Rate-dependent[edit]

text: One type of hysteresis is a simple lag between input and output. A simple example is a sinusoidal input X(t) that results in a sinusoidal output Y(t), but with a phase lag φ:

text: Such behavior can occur in linear systems, and a more general form of response is

text:
where

χ

i

{\displaystyle \chi _{\text{i}}}

 is the instantaneous response and

Φ

d

(
τ
)

{\displaystyle \Phi _{d}(\tau )}

 is the impulse response to an impulse that occurred

τ

{\displaystyle \tau }

 time units in the past. In the frequency domain, input and output are related by a complex generalized susceptibility that can be computed from

Φ

d

{\displaystyle \Phi _{d}}

; it is mathematically equivalent to a transfer function in linear filter theory and analogue signal processing.[2]

text: This kind of hysteresis is often referred to as rate-dependent hysteresis. If the input is reduced to zero, the output continues to respond for a finite time. This constitutes a memory of the past, but a limited one because it disappears as the output decays to zero. The phase lag depends on the frequency of the input, and goes to zero as the frequency decreases.[2]

text: When rate-dependent hysteresis is due to dissipative effects like friction, it is associated with power loss.[2]

text: Rate-independent[edit]

text: Systems with rate-independent hysteresis have a persistent memory of the past that remains after the transients have died out.[3] The future development of such a system depends on the history of states visited, but does not fade as the events recede into the past. If an input variable X(t) cycles from X0 to X1 and back again, the output Y(t) may be Y0 initially but a different value Y2 upon return. The values of Y(t) depend on the path of values that X(t) passes through but not on the speed at which it traverses the path.[2] Many authors restrict the term hysteresis to mean only rate-independent hysteresis.[4] Hysteresis effects can be characterized using the Preisach model and the generalized Prandtl-Ishlinskii model.[5]

text: In engineering[edit]

text: Control systems[edit]

text: In control systems, hysteresis can be used to filter signals so that the output reacts less rapidly than it otherwise would, by taking recent history into account. For example, a thermostat controlling a heater may switch the heater on when the temperature drops below A, but not turn it off until the temperature rises above B. (For instance, if one wishes to maintain a temperature of 20 °C then one might set the thermostat to turn the heater on when the temperature drops to below 18 °C and off when the temperature exceeds 22 °C).

text: Similarly, a pressure switch can be designed to exhibit hysteresis, with pressure set-points substituted for temperature thresholds.

text: Electronic circuits[edit]

text: Often, some amount of hysteresis is intentionally added to an electronic circuit to prevent unwanted rapid switching. This and similar techniques are used to compensate for contact bounce in switches, or noise in an electrical signal.

text: A Schmitt trigger is a simple electronic circuit that exhibits this property.

text: A latching relay uses a solenoid to actuate a ratcheting mechanism that keeps the relay closed even if power to the relay is terminated.

text: Hysteresis is essential to the workings of some memristors (circuit components which "remember" changes in the current passing through them by changing their resistance).[6]

text: Hysteresis can be used when connecting arrays of elements such as nanoelectronics, electrochrome cells and memory effect devices using passive matrix addressing. Shortcuts are made between adjacent components (see crosstalk) and the hysteresis helps to keep the components in a particular state while the other components change states. Thus, all rows can be addressed at the same time instead of individually.

text: In the field of audio electronics, a noise gate often implements hysteresis intentionally to prevent the gate from "chattering" when signals close to its threshold are applied.

text: User interface design[edit]

text: A hysteresis is sometimes intentionally added to computer algorithms. The field of user interface design has borrowed the term hysteresis to refer to times when the state of the user interface intentionally lags behind the apparent user input. For example, a menu that was drawn in response to a mouse-over event may remain on-screen for a brief moment after the mouse has moved out of the trigger region and the menu region. This allows the user to move the mouse directly to an item on the menu, even if part of that direct mouse path is outside of both the trigger region and the menu region. For instance, right-clicking on the desktop in most Windows interfaces will create a menu that exhibits this behavior.

text: Aerodynamics[edit]

text: In aerodynamics, hysteresis can be observed when decreasing the angle of attack of a wing after stall, regarding the lift and drag coefficients. The angle of attack where the flow on top of the wing reattaches is generally lower than the angle of attack where the flow separates during the increase of the angle of attack.[7]

text: In mechanics[edit]

text: Elastic hysteresis[edit]

text: In the elastic hysteresis of rubber, the area in the centre of a hysteresis loop is the energy dissipated due to material internal friction.

text: Elastic hysteresis was one of the first types of hysteresis to be examined.[8][9]

text: A simple way to understand it is in terms of a rubber band with weights attached to it. If the top of a rubber band is hung on a hook and small weights are attached to the bottom of the band one at a time, it will get longer. As more weights are loaded onto it, the band will continue to extend because the force the weights are exerting on the band is increasing. When each weight is taken off, or unloaded, the band will get shorter as the force is reduced. As the weights are taken off, each weight that produced a specific length as it was loaded onto the band now produces a slightly longer length as it is unloaded. This is because the band does not obey Hooke's law perfectly. The hysteresis loop of an idealized rubber band is shown in the figure.

text: In terms of force, the rubber band was harder to stretch when it was being loaded than when it was being unloaded. In terms of time, when the band is unloaded, the effect (the length) lagged behind the cause (the force of the weights) because the length has not yet reached the value it had for the same weight during the loading part of the cycle. In terms of energy, more energy was required during the loading than the unloading, the excess energy being dissipated as heat.

text: Elastic hysteresis is more pronounced when the loading and unloading is done quickly than when it is done slowly.[10] Some materials such as hard metals don't show elastic hysteresis under a moderate load, whereas other hard materials like granite and marble do. Materials such as rubber exhibit a high degree of elastic hysteresis.

text: When the intrinsic hysteresis of rubber is being measured, the material can be considered to behave like a gas. When a rubber band is stretched it heats up, and if it is suddenly released, it cools down perceptibly. These effects correspond to a large hysteresis from the thermal exchange with the environment and a smaller hysteresis due to internal friction within the rubber. This proper, intrinsic hysteresis can be measured only if the rubber band is adiabatically isolated.

text: Small vehicle suspensions using rubber (or other elastomers) can achieve the dual function of springing and damping because rubber, unlike metal springs, has pronounced hysteresis and does not return all the absorbed compression energy on the rebound. Mountain bikes have made use of elastomer suspension, as did the original Mini car.

text: The primary cause of rolling resistance when a body (such as a ball, tire, or wheel) rolls on a surface is hysteresis. This is attributed to the viscoelastic characteristics of the material of the rolling body.

text: Contact angle hysteresis[edit]

text: The contact angle formed between a liquid and solid phase will exhibit a range of contact angles that are possible. There are two common methods for measuring this range of contact angles. The first method is referred to as the tilting base method. Once a drop is dispensed on the surface with the surface level, the surface is then tilted from 0° to 90°. As the drop is tilted, the downhill side will be in a state of imminent wetting while the uphill side will be in a state of imminent dewetting. As the tilt increases the downhill contact angle will increase and represents the advancing contact angle while the uphill side will decrease; this is the receding contact angle. The values for these angles just prior to the drop releasing will typically represent the advancing and receding contact angles. The difference between these two angles is the contact angle hysteresis.

text: The second method is often referred to as the add/remove volume method. When the maximum liquid volume is removed from the drop without the interfacial area decreasing the receding contact angle is thus measured. When volume is added to the maximum before the interfacial area increases, this is the advancing contact angle. As with the tilt method, the difference between the advancing and receding contact angles is the contact angle hysteresis. Most researchers prefer the tilt method; the add/remove method requires that a tip or needle stay embedded in the drop which can affect the accuracy of the values, especially the receding contact angle.

text: Bubble shape hysteresis[edit]

text: The equilibrium shapes of bubbles expanding and contracting on capillaries (blunt needles) can exhibit hysteresis depending on the relative magnitude of the maximum capillary pressure to ambient pressure, and the relative magnitude of the bubble volume at the maximum capillary pressure to the dead volume in the system.[11] The bubble shape hysteresis is a consequence of gas compressibility, which causes the bubbles to behave differently across expansion and contraction. During expansion, bubbles undergo large non equilibrium jumps in volume, while during contraction the bubbles are more stable and undergo a relatively smaller jump in volume resulting in an asymmetry across expansion and contraction. The bubble shape hysteresis is qualitatively similar to the adsorption hysteresis, and as in the contact angle hysteresis, the interfacial properties play an important role in bubble shape hysteresis.

text: The existence of the bubble shape hysteresis has important consequences in interfacial rheology experiments involving bubbles. As a result of the hysteresis, not all sizes of the bubbles can be formed on a capillary. Further the gas compressibility causing the hysteresis leads to unintended complications in the phase relation between the applied changes in interfacial area to the expected interfacial stresses. These difficulties can be avoided by designing experimental systems to avoid the bubble shape hysteresis.[11][12]

text: Adsorption hysteresis[edit]

text: Hysteresis can also occur during physical adsorption processes. In this type of hysteresis, the quantity adsorbed is different when gas is being added than it is when being removed. The specific causes of adsorption hysteresis are still an active area of research, but it is linked to differences in the nucleation and evaporation mechanisms inside mesopores. These mechanisms are further complicated by effects such as cavitation and pore blocking.

text: In physical adsorption, hysteresis is evidence of mesoporosity-indeed, the definition of mesopores (2–50 nm) is associated with the appearance (50 nm) and disappearance (2 nm) of mesoporosity in nitrogen adsorption isotherms as a function of Kelvin radius.[13] An adsorption isotherm showing hysteresis is said to be of Type IV (for a wetting adsorbate) or Type V (for a non-wetting adsorbate), and hysteresis loops themselves are classified according to how symmetric the loop is.[14] Adsorption hysteresis loops also have the unusual property that it is possible to scan within a hysteresis loop by reversing the direction of adsorption while on a point on the loop. The resulting scans are called "crossing," "converging," or "returning," depending on the shape of the isotherm at this point.[15]

text: Matric potential hysteresis[edit]

text: The relationship between matric water potential and water content is the basis of the water retention curve. Matric potential measurements (Ψm) are converted to volumetric water content (θ) measurements based on a site or soil specific calibration curve. Hysteresis is a source of water content measurement error. Matric potential hysteresis arises from differences in wetting behaviour causing dry medium to re-wet; that is, it depends on the saturation history of the porous medium. Hysteretic behaviour means that, for example, at a matric potential (Ψm) of 5 kPa, the volumetric water content (θ) of a fine sandy soil matrix could be anything between 8% to 25%.[16]

text: Tensiometers are directly influenced by this type of hysteresis. Two other types of sensors used to measure soil water matric potential are also influenced by hysteresis effects within the sensor itself. Resistance blocks, both nylon and gypsum based, measure matric potential as a function of electrical resistance. The relation between the sensor’s electrical resistance and sensor matric potential is hysteretic. Thermocouples measure matric potential as a function of heat dissipation. Hysteresis occurs because measured heat dissipation depends on sensor water content, and the sensor water content–matric potential relationship is hysteretic. As of 2002[update], only desorption curves are usually measured during calibration of soil moisture sensors. Despite the fact that it can be a source of significant error, the sensor specific effect of hysteresis is generally ignored.[17]

text: In materials[edit]

text: Magnetic hysteresis[edit]

text: When an external magnetic field is applied to a ferromagnetic material such as iron, the atomic dipoles align themselves with it. Even when the field is removed, part of the alignment will be retained: the material has become magnetized. Once magnetized, the magnet will stay magnetized indefinitely. To demagnetize it requires heat or a magnetic field in the opposite direction. This is the effect that provides the element of memory in a hard disk drive.

text: The relationship between field strength H and magnetization M is not linear in such materials. If a magnet is demagnetized (H=M=0) and the relationship between H and M is plotted for increasing levels of field strength, M follows the initial magnetization curve. This curve increases rapidly at first and then approaches an asymptote called magnetic saturation. If the magnetic field is now reduced monotonically, M follows a different curve. At zero field strength, the magnetization is offset from the origin by an amount called the remanence. If the H-M relationship is plotted for all strengths of applied magnetic field the result is a hysteresis loop called the main loop. The width of the middle section is twice the coercivity of the material.[18]

text: A closer look at a magnetization curve generally reveals a series of small, random jumps in magnetization called Barkhausen jumps. This effect is due to crystallographic defects such as dislocations.[19]

text: Magnetic hysteresis loops are not exclusive to materials with ferromagnetic ordering. Other magnetic orderings, such as spin glass ordering, also exhibit this phenomenon.[20]

text: Physical origin[edit]

text: The phenomenon of hysteresis in ferromagnetic materials is the result of two effects: rotation of magnetization and changes in size or number of magnetic domains. In general, the magnetization varies (in direction but not magnitude) across a magnet, but in sufficiently small magnets, it does not. In these single-domain magnets, the magnetization responds to a magnetic field by rotating. Single-domain magnets are used wherever a strong, stable magnetization is needed (for example, magnetic recording).

text: Larger magnets are divided into regions called domains. Across each domain, the magnetization does not vary; but between domains are relatively thin domain walls in which the direction of magnetization rotates from the direction of one domain to another. If the magnetic field changes, the walls move, changing the relative sizes of the domains. Because the domains are not magnetized in the same direction, the magnetic moment per unit volume is smaller than it would be in a single-domain magnet; but domain walls involve rotation of only a small part of the magnetization, so it is much easier to change the magnetic moment. The magnetization can also change by addition or subtraction of domains (called nucleation and denucleation).

text: Magnetic hysteresis models[edit]

text: The most known empirical models in hysteresis are Preisach and Jiles-Atherton models. These models allow an accurate modeling of the hysteresis loop and are widely used in the industry. However, these models lose the connection with thermodynamics and the energy consistency is not ensured. Last models rely on a consistent thermodynamic formulation. VINCH model[21] is inspired by the kinematic hardening laws and by the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. In particular, in addition to provide an accurate modeling, the stored magnetic energy and the dissipated energy are known at all times. The obtained incremental formulation is variationally consistent, i.e., all internal variables follow from the minimization of a thermodynamic potential. That allows to obtain easily a vectorial model while Preisach and Jiles-Atherton are fundamentally scalar models.

text: Applications[edit]

text: There are a great variety of applications of the hysteresis in ferromagnets. Many of these make use of their ability to retain a memory, for example magnetic tape, hard disks, and credit cards. In these applications, hard magnets (high coercivity) like iron are desirable so the memory is not easily erased.

text: Magnetically soft (low coercivity) iron is used for the cores in electromagnets. The low coercivity reduces that energy loss associated with hysteresis. The low energy loss during a hysteresis loop is also the reason why soft iron is used for transformer cores and electric motors.

text: Electrical hysteresis[edit]

text: Electrical hysteresis typically occurs in ferroelectric material, where domains of polarization contribute to the total polarization. Polarization is the electrical dipole moment (either C·m−2 or C·m). The mechanism, an organization of the polarization into domains, is similar to that of magnetic hysteresis.

text: Liquid–solid-phase transitions[edit]

text: Hysteresis manifests itself in state transitions when melting temperature and freezing temperature do not agree. For example, agar melts at 85 °C and solidifies from 32 to 40 °C. This is to say that once agar is melted at 85 °C, it retains a liquid state until cooled to 40 °C. Therefore, from the temperatures of 40 to 85 °C, agar can be either solid or liquid, depending on which state it was before.

text: In biology[edit]

text: Cell biology and genetics[edit]

text: Hysteresis in cell biology often follows bistable systems where the same input state can lead to two different, stable outputs. Where bistability can lead to digital, switch-like outputs from the continuous inputs of chemical concentrations and activities, hysteresis makes these systems more resistant to noise. These systems are often characterized by higher values of the input required to switch into a particular state as compared to the input required to stay in the state, allowing for a transition that is not continuously reversible, and thus less susceptible to noise.

text: Cells undergoing cell division exhibit hysteresis in that it takes a higher concentration of cyclins to switch them from G2 phase into mitosis than to stay in mitosis once begun.[22] [23]

text: Biochemical systems can also show hysteresis-like output when slowly varying states that are not directly monitored are involved, as in the case of the cell cycle arrest in yeast in exposed to mating pheromone.[24] Here, the duration of cell cycle arrest depends not only on the final level of input Fus3, but also on the previously achieved Fus3 levels. This effect is achieved in due to the slower time scales involved in the transcription of intermediate Far1, such that the total Far1 activity reaches its equilibrium value slowly, and for transient changes in Fus3 concentration, the response of the system depends on the Far1 concentration achieved with the transient value. Experiments in this type of hysteresis benefit from the ability to change the concentration of the inputs with time. The mechanisms are often elucidated by allowing independent control of the concentration of the key intermediate, for instance, by using an inducible promoter.

text: Darlington in his classic works on genetics[25][26] discussed hysteresis of the chromosomes, by which he meant "failure of the external form of the chromosomes to respond immediately to the internal stresses due to changes in their molecular spiral", as they lie in a somewhat rigid medium in the limited space of the cell nucleus.

text: In developmental biology, cell type diversity is regulated by long range-acting signaling molecules called morphogens that pattern uniform pools of cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), for example, acts on limb bud and neural progenitors to induce expression of a set of homeodomain-containing transcription factors to subdivide these tissues into distinct domains. It has been shown that these tissues have a 'memory' of previous exposure to Shh.[27] In neural tissue, this hysteresis is regulated by a homeodomain (HD) feedback circuit that amplifies Shh signaling.[28] In this circuit, expression of Gli transcription factors, the executors of the Shh pathway, is suppressed. Glis are processed to repressor forms (GliR) in the absence of Shh, but in the presence of Shh, a proportion of Glis are maintained as full-length proteins allowed to translocate to the nucleus, where they act as activators (GliA) of transcription. By reducing Gli expression then, the HD transcription factors reduce the total amount of Gli (GliT), so a higher proportion of GliT can be stabilized as GliA for the same concentration of Shh.

text: Immunology[edit]

text: There is some evidence that T cells exhibit hysteresis in that it takes a lower signal threshold to activate T cells that have been previously activated. Ras activation is required for downstream effector functions of activated T cells.[29] Triggering of the T cell receptor induces high levels of Ras activation, which results in higher levels of GTP-bound (active) Ras at the cell surface. Since higher levels of active Ras have accumulated at the cell surface in T cells that have been previously stimulated by strong engagement of the T cell receptor, weaker subsequent T cell receptor signals received shortly afterwards will deliver the same level of activation due to the presence of higher levels of already activated Ras as compared to a naïve cell.

text: Neuroscience[edit]

text: The property by which some neurons do not return to their basal conditions from a stimulated condition immediately after removal of the stimulus is an example of hysteresis.

text: Respiratory physiology[edit]

text: Lung hysteresis is evident when observing the compliance of a lung on inspiration versus expiration. The difference in compliance (volume/pressure) is due to the additional energy required during inspiration to recruit and inflate additional alveoli.[30]

text: The transpulmonary pressure vs Volume curve of inhalation is different from the Pressure vs Volume curve of exhalation, the difference being described as hysteresis. Lung volume at any given pressure during inhalation is less than the lung volume at any given pressure during exhalation.[31]

text: Voice and speech physiology[edit]

text: A hysteresis effect may be observed in voicing onset versus offset.[32] The threshold value of the subglottal pressure required to start the vocal fold vibration is lower than the threshold value at which the vibration stops, when other parameters are kept constant. In utterances of vowel-voiceless consonant-vowel sequences during speech, the intraoral pressure is lower at the voice onset of the second vowel compared to the voice offset of the first vowel, the oral airflow is lower, the transglottal pressure is larger and the glottal width is smaller.

text: Ecology and epidemiology[edit]

text: Hysteresis is a commonly encountered phenomenon in ecology and epidemiology, where the observed equilibrium of a system can not be predicted solely based on environmental variables, but also requires knowledge of the system's past history. Notable examples include the theory of spruce budworm outbreaks and behavioral-effects on disease transmission.

text: In economics[edit]

text: Economic systems can exhibit hysteresis. For example, export performance is subject to strong hysteresis effects: because of the fixed transportation costs it may take a big push to start a country's exports, but once the transition is made, not much may be required to keep them going.

text: When some negative shock reduces employment in a company or industry, fewer employed workers then remain. As usually the employed workers have the power to set wages, their reduced number incentivizes them to bargain for even higher wages when the economy again gets better instead of letting the wage be at the equilibrium wage level, where the supply and demand of workers would match. This causes hysteresis: the unemployment becomes permanently higher after negative shocks.[33][34]

text: Permanently higher unemployment[edit]

text: The idea of hysteresis is used extensively in the area of labor economics, specifically with reference to the unemployment rate.[35] According to theories based on hysteresis, severe economic downturns (recession) and/or persistent stagnation (slow demand growth, usually after a recession) cause unemployed individuals to lose their job skills (commonly developed on the job) or to find them become obsolete or become demotivated/disillusioned/depressed or lose job-seeking skills. In addition, employers may use time spent in unemployment as a screening tool, i.e., to weed out less desired employees in hiring decisions. Then, in times of an economic upturn, recovery, or 'boom', the affected workers will not share in the prosperity, remaining unemployed for long periods (e.g., over 52 weeks). This makes unemployment "structural", i.e., extremely difficult to reduce simply by increasing the aggregate demand for products and labor without causing increased inflation. That is, it is possible that a ratchet effect in unemployment rates exists, so a short-term rise in unemployment rates tend to persist. For example, traditional anti-inflationary policy (the use of recession to fight inflation) leads to a permanently higher 'natural' rate of unemployment (more scientifically known as the NAIRU). This occurs first because inflationary expectations are 'sticky' downward due to wage and price rigidities (and so adapt slowly over time rather than being approximately correct as in theories of rational expectations) and second because labor markets do not clear instantly in response to unemployment.

text: The existence of hysteresis has been put forward as a possible explanation for the persistently high unemployment of many economies in the 1990s. Hysteresis has been invoked by Olivier Blanchard among others to explain the differences in long run unemployment rates between Europe and the United States. Labor market reform (usually meaning institutional change promoting more flexible wages, firing, and hiring) or strong demand-side economic growth may not therefore reduce this pool of long-term unemployed. Thus, specific targeted training programs are presented as a possible policy solution.[33] However, the hysteresis hypothesis suggests such training programs are aided by persistently high demand for products (perhaps with incomes policies to avoid increased inflation), which reduces the transition costs out of unemployment and into paid employment easier.

text: Game theory[edit]

text: Hysteresis occurs in applications of game theory to economics, in models with product quality, agent honesty or corruption of various institutions. Slightly different initial conditions can lead to opposite outcomes and resulting stable good and bad equilibria.[citation needed]

text: Additional considerations[edit]

text: Models of hysteresis[edit]

text: Each subject that involves hysteresis has models that are specific to the subject. In addition, there are models that capture general features of many systems with hysteresis.[1][36] An example is the Preisach model of hysteresis, which represents a hysteresis nonlinearity as a linear superposition of square loops called non-ideal relays.[1] Many complex models of hysteresis arise from the simple parallel connection, or superposition, of elementary carriers of hysteresis termed hysterons.

text: A simple parametric description of various hysteretic loops may be found in the Lapshin model of hysteresis.[36] Along with the classical loop (see figure at the top of the page), substitution of trapezoidal or triangle pulses instead of the harmonic functions also allows piecewise-linear hysteresis loops (see Electronic circuit example) frequently used in discrete automatics to be built in the model. There is an implementation of the hysteresis model in R programming language (package Hysteresis).[37]

text: The Bouc–Wen model of hysteresis is often used to describe non-linear hysteretic systems. It was introduced by Bouc[38][39] and extended by Wen,[40] who demonstrated its versatility by producing a variety of hysteretic patterns. This model is able to capture in analytical form, a range of shapes of hysteretic cycles which match the behaviour of a wide class of hysteretical systems; therefore, given its versability and mathematical tractability, the Bouc–Wen model has quickly gained popularity and has been extended and applied to a wide variety of engineering problems, including multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems, buildings, frames, bidirectional and torsional response of hysteretic systems two- and three-dimensional continua, and soil liquefaction among others. The Bouc–Wen model and its variants/extensions have been used in applications of structural control, in particular in the modeling of the behaviour of magnetorheological dampers, base isolation devices for buildings and other kinds of damping devices; it has also been used in the modelling and analysis of structures built of reinforced concrete, steel, masonry and timber.[citation needed]

text: Energy[edit]

text: When hysteresis occurs with extensive and intensive variables, the work done on the system is the area under the hysteresis graph.


document_title: List of Academy Award-winning families

question_text: who are the only 2 families that have had 3 generations of oscar winners

text: List of Academy Award-winning families

text: Extended family[edit]

text: This list includes winners who are direct relatives of other winners, including in-laws, aunts/uncles and first cousins.

text: The Shearers have the most wins, with 16. The Newmans were nominated the most often, all 92 being for Film Scoring, Arrangement, or Original Song.

text: The Coppolas have the most nominated (9) and winning (7) members.

text: The Hustons were the first three generation family of winners. The others are the Coppolas and, technically, the Farrow/Previn/Allens.

text: There are only two instances of a parent and child receiving acting nominations in the same film:[1]

text: There are only two instances of three family members being nominated for a single award:

text: Relationships noted show relation to first family member listed.

text:
Family
Awards /
Nominations
Member
(Wins
/Nominations
/Honorary)
Relationship
Awards
Earliest Winning Film
Note

Shearer
16
34
Douglas Shearer (14/28/0)[2]
Sound Recording, Special Effects
The Big House

Norma Shearer (1/5/0)[3]
Sister
Actress
The Divorcee
Shearer's husband, Irving G. Thalberg, produced numerous MGM hits, including Best Picture winner Grand Hotel, but never took screen credit.

Howard Hawks (0/1/1)[4]
Brother-in-law
Honorary

married to Norma Shearer's sister, Athole Shearer.

Newman
12
76
Alfred Newman (9/45/0)[5]
Music - Scoring
Alexander's Ragtime Band
Sons: Composers David Newman (1 nomination)[6] and Thomas Newman (14 nominations).[7]

Randy Newman (2/20/0)[8]
Nephew
Music - Original Song
Monsters, Inc.

Lionel Newman (1/11/0)[9]
Brother
Music - Scoring
Hello, Dolly!
Brother Emil Newman has 1 nomination[10] for Music - Scoring, making the Newmans the most-nominated family.

Coppola
12
29
Francis Ford Coppola (5/14/1)[11]
Writing, Directing, Producing
Patton
Son Roman Coppola has one nomination.[12]

Spike Jonze (1/4/0)[13]
Son-in-law
Writing
her
Ex-husband of Sofia Coppola

Sofia Coppola (1/3/0)[14]
Daughter
Writing
Lost in Translation

Carmine Coppola (1/2/0)[15]
Father
Music - Scoring, Song
The Godfather, Part II

David Shire (1/2/0)[16]
Brother-in-law
Music - Original Song
Norma Rae
Was married to F.F.C.'s sister, Talia Shire, who has 2 nominations[17] of her own.

Nicolas Cage (1/2/0)[18]
Nephew
Actor
Leaving Las Vegas

Patricia Arquette (1/1/0)[19]
Niece-in-law
Actor
Boyhood
ex-wife of Nicolas Cage and ex-sister-in-law of James Newton Howard (8 nominations)

Farrow
9
39
Woody Allen (4/24/0)[20]
Directing, Writing
Annie Hall
Allen is married to André Previn's daughter, Soon-Yi Previn, making him John Farrow's grandson-in-law. In addition, Soon-Yi Previn's mother, Mia Farrow, was previously married to Frank Sinatra (1/2/2).[21]

André Previn (4/13/0)[22]
Father-in-law
Music - Scoring, Song
Gigi
Married to John Farrow's daughter, Mia Farrow. Shared 3 song nominations[23] with his first wife, Dory Previn.

John Farrow (1/2/0)[24]
Grandfather-in-law
Writing
Around the World in 80 Days

Coen
5
19
Ethan Coen (4/14/0)[25]
Writing, Directing, Producing
Fargo
All awards and nominations shared with Joel Coen (except Best Picture for Fargo); includes two nominations with Joel Coen under their shared editing pseudonym "Roderick Jaynes".

Joel Coen (4/14/0)[26]
Brother
Writing, Directing, Producing
Fargo
All awards and nominations shared with Ethan Coen (except Best Director for Fargo); includes two nominations with Ethan Coen under their shared editing pseudonym "Roderick Jaynes".

Frances McDormand (1/4/0)[27]
Sister-in-law
Actress
Fargo
married to Joel Coen

Voight
5
15
Angelina Jolie (1/2/1)[28]
Actress
Girl, Interrupted

Brad Pitt (1/6/0)[29]
Former Husband
Producing
12 Years a Slave

Billy Bob Thornton (1/3/0)[30]
Former husband
Writing
Sling Blade

Jon Voight (1/4/0)[31]

Father

Actor
Coming Home

Selznick
5
13
David O. Selznick (2/8/1)[32]
Producing
Gone With the Wind

Jennifer Jones (1/5/0)[33]
Wife
Actress
Song of Bernadette

Louis B. Mayer (0/0/1)[34]
Father-in-law
Honorary

DeMille
5
7
Cecil B. DeMille (1/3/2)[35]
Producer
The Greatest Show on Earth

Anthony Quinn (2/4/0)[36]
Son-In-Law
Actor
Viva Zapata!

Zanuck
5
4
Darryl F. Zanuck (0/1/3)[37]
Honorary
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award

Richard Zanuck (1/3/1)[38]
Son
Producer
Driving Miss Daisy

Lili Fini Zanuck[39] (1/1/0)[40]
Daughter-in-law
Producer
Driving Miss Daisy

Huston
4
21
John Huston (2/14/0)[41]
Director, Screenplay
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Directed both his father and daughter's award-winning performances.

Walter Huston (1/4/0)[42]
Father
Actor
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre

Anjelica Huston (1/3/0)[43]
Daughter
Actress
Prizzi's Honor
Brother Tony Huston[44] was nominated[45] for Writing for The Dead

Bergman
4
17
Ingrid Bergman (3/7/0)[46]
Actress
Gaslight
Husband Roberto Rossellini has one nomination[47] (Screenplay)

Martin Scorsese (1/10/0)[48]
Son-in-law
Director
The Departed
Was married to I.B.'s daughter Isabella Rossellini

Horner
4
13
James Horner (2/10/0)[49]
Composer
Titanic

Harry Horner (2/3/0)[50]
Father
Art Direction
The Heiress

Minkler
4
12
Michael Minkler (3/11/0)[51]
Sound
Black Hawk Down
nominated with uncles Bob Minkler and Lee Minkler for Sound work on Tron, one of only two instances of 3 family members sharing a nomination in the same category

Bob Minkler (1/2/0)[52]
Uncle
Sound
Star Wars Episode IV

Ferrer
4
12
George Clooney (2/8/0)[53]
Actor
Syriana

José Ferrer
(1/3/0)[54]
Uncle
Actor
Cyrano de Bergerac
was married to George Clooney's aunt, singer/actress Rosemary Clooney

Martin Balsam (1/1/0)[55]
father-in-law
Actor
A Thousand Clowns
father of George Clooney's ex-wife, Talia Balsam

Fonda
4
10
Jane Fonda (2/7/0)[56]
Actress
Klute
Brother Peter Fonda has two nominations[57] (Screenplay and Actor)

Henry Fonda (1/3/1)[58]
Father
Actor
On Golden Pond
First wife Margaret Sullavan had 1 nomination.[59]

Guggenheim
4
10
Charles Guggenheim (3/9/0)[60]
Short Subject - Live Action
Robert Kennedy Remembered

Davis Guggenheim (1/1/0)[61]
Son
Documentary- Feature Length
An Inconvenient Truth
Wife Elisabeth Shue has 1 nomination.[62]

Stevens
4
10
George Stevens (2/9/1)[63]
Director, Producer
A Place in the Sun

George Stevens, Jr. (0/1/1)[64]
Son
Documentarian, Producer
Honorary[65]

Garland
4
7
Judy Garland (0/2/1)[66]
Honorary - Juvenile Performance
The Wizard of Oz

Liza Minnelli (1/2/0)[67]
Daughter
Actress
Cabaret
Only winner with two winning parents

Vincente Minnelli (1/2/0)[68]
Husband
Director
Gigi

Peter Allen (1/1/0)[69]
Son-in-law
Songwriter
Arthur
Wife Liza Minnelli was featured in Arthur

Douglas
4
6
Michael Douglas (2/2/0)[70]
Producer, Actor
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

Kirk Douglas (0/3/1)[71]
Father
Actor
Honorary

Catherine Zeta-Jones (1/1/0)[72]
Wife
Actress
Chicago

Ustinov
3
7
Peter Ustinov (2/4/0)[73]
Acting
Spartacus
Was married to Angela Lansbury's half-sister, Isolde Denham.

Angela Lansbury (0/3/1)[74]
Sister-in-law
Actress
Honorary

Magnusson
3
7
Kim Magnusson (2/5/0)[75]
Short Film
Election Night

Tivi Magnusson (1/2/0)[76]
Father
Short Film
The New Tenants

Kanin
2
7
Ruth Gordon (1/5/0)[77]
Acting
Rosemary's Baby
married to Michael Kanin's brother, Garson Kanin, sharing 3 writing nominations with him.[78]

Michael Kanin (1/2/0)[79]
Brother-in-law
Writing
Woman of the Year
shared one nomination with wife Fay Kanin[79]

Kress
2
6
Harold Kress (2/6/0)[80]
Film Editing
How the West Was Won

Carl Kress[81] (1/1/0)[82]
Son
Film Editing
The Towering Inferno
shared the award with his father

Pressburger
2
5
Emeric Pressburger (1/4/0)[83]
Writing
49th Parallel

Kevin Macdonald (1/1/0)[84]
Grandson
Documentary- Feature Length
One Day in September

Rouse
2
4
Russell Rouse (1/2/0)[85]
Writing
Pillow Talk

Christopher Rouse (1/2/0)[86]
Son
Film Editing
The Bourne Ultimatum

Berri
2
3
Claude Berri (1/2/0)[87]
Short Film
Le Poulet

Thomas Langmann (1/1/0)[88]
Son
Producer
The Artist

Fisher
2
3
Thomas L. Fisher (1/2/0)[89]
Visual Effects
Titanic

Scott R. Fisher (1/1/0)[90]
Son
Visual effects
Interstellar

George
1
3
Terry George (1/3/0)[91]
Short Film
The Shore

Oorlagh George (1/1/0)[92]
Daughter
Short Film
The Shore

text: Siblings[edit]

text: The Sherman Brothers shared all their nominations and awards. The Coen brothers have shared all of their awards and 12 of their nominations (including two nominations under the pseudonym Roderick Jaynes); each received an individual nomination for Fargo.

text: Sisters Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine were both nominated for Best Actress in 1942, with Fontaine winning for Suspicion. They are the only siblings to have both won lead acting awards, and the only pair of sisters to have awards.

text: Sisters Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave were both nominated for Best Actress in 1966 (for Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment and Georgy Girl, respectively), both losing to Elizabeth Taylor in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?).

text: There are three sets of twins on the list:

text:
Julius / Philip G. Epstein
Richard / Paul Sylbert
Wolfgang / Christoph Lauenstein

text:
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Combined Awards/
Nominations

Douglas Shearer
Sound / Special Effects
(14/28/0)[2]
The Big House
Norma Shearer
Actress
(1/5/0)[3]
The Divorcee
15/33

Alfred Newman
Composer
(9/45/0)[5]
Alexander's Ragtime Band
Lionel Newman
Composer
(1/11/0)[9]
Hello, Dolly!
10/56

Herman Mankiewicz
Writing
(1/2/0)[93]
Citizen Kane
Joseph Mankiewicz
Directing, Writing
(4/9/0)[94]
A Letter to Three Wives
5/11

Ethan Coen
Producing, Directing, Writing, Editing
(4/14/0)[25]
Fargo
Joel Coen
Producing, Directing, Writing, Editing
(4/14/0)[26]
Fargo
4/15

Shirley MacLaine
Actress
(1/6/0)[95]
Terms of Endearment
Warren Beatty
Directing, Honorary
(1/13/1)[96]
Reds
3/19

Joan Fontaine
Actress
(1/3/0)[97]
Suspicion
Olivia de Havilland
Actress
(2/5/0)[98]
To Each His Own
3/8

Richard Sylbert
Art Direction
(2/6/0)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Paul Sylbert
Art Direction
(1/2/0)
Heaven Can Wait
3/8

Neil Corbould
Visual Effects
(2/4/0)[99]
Gladiator
Chris Corbould
Visual Effects
(1/3/0)[100]
Inception
3/7

Denis Sanders
Short Film
(2/2/0)[101]
A Time Out of War
Terry Sanders
Short Film
(2/5/0)[102]
A Time Out of War
3/6

Bub Asman
Sound Editing
(2/5/0)[103]
Letters From Iwo Jima
John Asman
Technical Achievement
(0/0/1)[104]

3/5

Ben Affleck
Writing, Producing
(2/2/0)[105]
Good Will Hunting
Casey Affleck
Actor
(1/2/0)[106]
Manchester by the Sea
3/4

James Goldman
Writing
(1/1/0)[107]
The Lion in Winter
William Goldman
Writing
(2/2/0)[108]
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
3/3

Richard Sherman
Music
(2/9/0)[109]
Mary Poppins
Robert B. Sherman
Music
(2/9/0)[110]
Mary Poppins
2/9

Ethel Barrymore
Actress
(1/4/0)[111]
None But the Lonely Heart
Lionel Barrymore
Actor
(1/2/0)[112]
A Free Soul
2/6

Todd Boekelheide
Sound
(1/2/0)[113]
Amadeus
Jay Boekelheide
Sound Editing
(1/1/0)[114]
The Right Stuff
2/3

Julius J. Epstein
Writing
(1/4/0)[115]
Casablanca
Philip G. Epstein
Writing
(1/1/0)[116]
Casablanca
1/4

Wolfgang Lauenstein
Short Film
(1/1/0)[117]
Balance
Christoph Lauenstein
Short Film
(1/1/0)[118]
Balance
1/1

text: The Marx Brothers were cited in an honorary award given to Groucho Marx in 1973.[119]

text: In addition to siblings mentioned directly above, these five sets of siblings share acting nominations:[120]

text:
Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal
Meg and Jennifer Tilly
Julia and Eric Roberts
Jane and Peter Fonda
River and Joaquin Phoenix
Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave

text: One winning family has two generations of nominated siblings: Sofia Coppola has won for writing and been nominated for best picture and best director, and her brother Roman Coppola has been nominated for writing. Their father Francis Ford Coppola, who has multiple wins, and his sister (their aunt) Talia Shire have also both been nominated.

text: Couples[edit]

text: These are the spouses who have won Academy Awards, though not necessarily while they were married.

text: Only two couples have won awards for Best Actor/Actress:[121] Laurence Olivier / Vivien Leigh and Joanne Woodward / Paul Newman. Michael Douglas/Catherine Zeta-Jones[122] and Nicolas Cage/Patricia Arquette have Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress wins. Javier Bardem and Penélope Cruz share Best Supporting awards.

text: Three couples have been nominated for performances in the same film:[121] Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne for The Guardsman; Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester for Witness for the Prosecution; Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?.

text: Only one couple has ever competed head-to-head for the same award. In 2010, Kathryn Bigelow won for directing/producing The Hurt Locker, beating ex-spouse James Cameron, nominated for his film Avatar.

text: Julie Andrews, Lauren Bacall, and Angelina Jolie have each been married to two other winners (Tony Walton/Blake Edwards, Humphrey Bogart/Jason Robards, and Billy Bob Thornton/Brad Pitt, respectively).

text: Judy Garland / Vincente Minnelli and Liza Minnelli / Peter Allen constitute the only instance in which a member of a winning couple (Liza Minnelli) has a parent (in this case, both parents) who is also a member of a winning couple.

text: Shared awards[edit]

text: All the awards and nominations for these couples were for films they worked on together:

text:
Couple
Earliest Winning Film
Combined Awards/
Nominations

Alan Bergman
Marilyn Bergman
Music - Original Song
The Thomas Crown Affair
3/16[123]

Charles Huguenot van der Linden[124]
Martina Huguenot van der Linden[125]
Short Documentary
This Tiny World
1/2[126]

Julia Phillips
Michael Phillips
Producer
The Sting
1/2[127]

Sean Fine
Andrea Nix Fine
Short Documentary
Inocente
1/2[128]

Ray McKinnon
Lisa Blount
Short Film
The Accountant
1/1[129]

Ben Shedd
Jacqueline Phillips Shedd[130]
Short Documentary
The Flight of the Gossamer Condor
1/1[131]

Muriel Box
Sydney Box
Writing
The Seventh Veil
1/1[132]

Chris Innis
Bob Murawski
Film Editing
The Hurt Locker
1/1[133]

Earl W. Wallace[134]
Pamela Wallace[135]
Writing
Witness
1/1

Kristen Anderson-Lopez[136]
Robert Lopez[137]
Songwriting
Frozen
1/1

Sandy Reynolds-Wasco[138]
David Wasco[139]
Production Design
La La Land
1/1

text: Separate awards[edit]

text: Couples with at least one unshared award or nomination:

text:
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Combined Awards/
Nominations

Joel Coen
Director, Producer, Writer
(4/14/0)[26]
Fargo
Frances McDormand
Actress
(1/4/0)[27]
Fargo
5/18

Laurence Olivier
Actor, Producer
(2/11/1)[140]
Hamlet
Vivien Leigh
Actress
(2/2/0)[141]
Gone with the Wind
5/13

James Cameron
Director, Producer, Editor
(3/6/0)[142]
Titanic
Kathryn Bigelow
Director, Producer
(2/3/0)[143]
The Hurt Locker
5/9

Joanne Woodward
Actress
(1/4/0)[144]
The Three Faces of Eve
Paul Newman
Actor
(1/10/2)[145]
The Color of Money
4/14

Peter Jackson
Director, Producer, Writer
(3/9/0)[146]
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Fran Walsh
Producer, Writer, Original Song
(3/7/0)[147]
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
4/10

Elizabeth Taylor
Actress
(2/5/1)[148]
BUtterfield 8
Mike Todd
Producer
(1/1/0)[149]
Around the World in 80 Days
4/6

David O. Selznick
Producer
(2/8/1)[32]
Gone with the Wind
Jennifer Jones
Actress
(1/5/0)[33]
The Song of Bernadette
3/13

Holly Hunter
Actress
(1/4/0)[150]
The Piano
Janusz Kamiński
Cinematography
(2/6/0)[151]
Schindler's List
3/10

Dante Ferretti
Art Direction
(3/9/0)[152]
The Aviator
Francesca Lo Schiavo
Set Decoration
(3/8/0)[153]
The Aviator
3/9

John Hubley
Animated Short
(3/7/0)[154]
Moonbird
Faith Hubley
Animated Short
(2/6/0)[155]
The Hole
3/7

Tony Richardson
Producer / Director
(2/2/0)[156]
Tom Jones
Vanessa Redgrave
Actress
(1/4/0)[157]
Julia
3/6

Helen Hayes
Actress
(2/2/0)[158]
The Sin of Madelon Claudet
Charles MacArthur
Writing
(1/3/0)[159]
The Scoundrel
3/5

Billy Bob Thornton
Writing
(1/3/0)[30]
Sling Blade
Angelina Jolie
Actress
(1/2/1)[28]
Girl, Interrupted
3/5

Brad Pitt
Producing
(1/6/0)[29]
12 Years a Slave
3/8

John Toll
Cinematography
(2/3/0)[160]
Legends of the Fall
Lois Burwell
Makeup
(1/2/0)[161]
Braveheart
3/5

Jason Robards
Actor
(2/3/0)[162]
All the President's Men
Lauren Bacall
Honorary
(0/1/1)[163]

3/4

Humphrey Bogart
Actor
(1/3/0)[164]
The African Queen
2/4

Michael Douglas
Producer, Actor
(2/2/0)[70]
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Supporting Actress
(1/1/0)[72]
Chicago
3/3

Douglas Fairbanks
Honorary
(0/0/1)[165]

Mary Pickford
Actress
(1/1/1)[166]
Coquette
3/1

Anne Bancroft
Actress
(1/5/0)[167]
The Miracle Worker
Mel Brooks
Writing
(1/3/0)[168]
The Producers
2/8

Julie Andrews
Actress
(1/3/0)[169]
Mary Poppins
Tony Walton
Costume Design
(1/5/0)[170]
All That Jazz
2/8

Blake Edwards
Honorary
(0/1/1)[171]

2/4

Sam Mendes
Director
(1/1/0)[172]
American Beauty
Kate Winslet
Actress
(1/6/0)[173]
The Reader
2/7

Taylor Hackford
Short Film
(1/3/0)[174]
Teenage Father
Helen Mirren
Actress
(1/5/0)[175]
The Queen
2/7

Spike Jonze
Director, Producer, Writer, Actor
(1/4/0)[176]
Her
Sofia Coppola
Director, Producer, Screenwriter
(1/3/0)[177]
Lost in Translation
2/7

George Miller
Writer/Director/Producer
(1/6/0)[178]
Happy Feet
Margaret Sixel
Editor
(1/1/0)[179]
Mad Max: Fury Road
2/7

Marcia Lucas
Film Editing
(1/2/0)[180]
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
George Lucas
Honorary
(0/4/1)[181]
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
2/6

Javier Bardem
Supporting Actor
(1/3/0)[182]
No Country for Old Men
Penélope Cruz
Supporting Actress
(1/3/0)[183]
Vicky Cristina Barcelona
2/6

Judy Garland
Honorary - Juvenile Performance
(0/2/1)[66]
The Wizard of Oz
Vincente Minnelli
Director
(1/2/0)[68]
Gigi
2/4

Edna Anhalt
Writing
(1/2/0)[184]
Panic in the Streets
Edward Anhalt
Writing
(2/3/0)[185]
Panic in the Streets
2/3

Liza Minnelli
Actress
(1/2/0)[186]
Cabaret
Peter Allen
Songwriter
(1/1/0)[69]
Arthur
2/3

William Friedkin
Director
(1/2/0)[187]
The French Connection
Sherry Lansing
Producer
(0/1/1)[188]
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
2/3

Richard Zanuck
Producer
(1/3/1)[38]
Driving Miss Daisy
Lili Fini Zanuck[39]
Producer
(1/1/0)[40]
Driving Miss Daisy
2/3

Callie Khouri
Screenwriter
(1/1/0)[189]
Thelma and Louise
T Bone Burnett
Original Song
(1/2/0)[190]
Crazy Heart
2/3

Nicolas Cage
Actor
(1/2/0)[18]
Leaving Las Vegas
Patricia Arquette
Supporting Actress
(1/1/0)[19]
Boyhood
2/3

text: Other[edit]

text: Carl Laemmle Jr. (1/1/0),[191] who produced Best Picture winner All Quiet on the Western Front but was not nominated for the award because at the time the production company (in this case Universal) and not individual producers were nominated, and director William Wyler (3/14/1)[192] (Mrs. Miniver), were cousins.

text: Susan Sarandon (1/5/0)[193] (Dead Man Walking) has two children with former partner Tim Robbins (1/2/0)[194] (Mystic River). Robbins directed Sarandon in her winning performance in Dead Man Walking.[195]

text: Casey Affleck (1/2/0)[196] (The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Manchester by the Sea) is the brother of Ben Affleck (2/2/0)[197] (Good Will Hunting and Argo) and brother-in-law of Joaquin Phoenix (0/3/0)[198] (Gladiator, Walk the Line, and The Master).


document_title: United States Attorney General

question_text: what is the role of the us attorney general

text: United States Attorney General

text: History[edit]

text: Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which, besides other things, established the Office of the Attorney General. The original duties of this officer were "to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned, and to give his or her advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States, or when requested by the heads of any of the departments."[3]

text: The Department of Justice was established in 1870 to support the Attorney General in the discharge of their responsibilities.

text: The Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of Defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials in the United States because of the importance and age of their respective departments.[4]

text: Presidential transition[edit]

text: It is the practice for the Attorney General, along with many other public officials, to give resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day (January 20) of a new President. The Deputy Attorney General, who is also required to tender their resignation, is commonly requested to stay on and act as Attorney General pending the confirmation by the Senate of the new Attorney General.

text: For example, on the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January, 20, 2017, the tenure of the then Attorney General Loretta Lynch was brought to an end, and the Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates, who had also tendered her resignation, was asked to stay on and be Acting Attorney General until the confirmation of the new Attorney General Jeff Sessions, who had been nominated for the office in November 2016 by then-President-elect Donald Trump. However, Yates was dismissed by Trump on January 30, 2017[5][6] before Sessions had been confirmed. Dana Boente automatically succeeded Yates as Acting Attorney General as the next available successor in the line of succession. Boente, who was the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia,[7] was the most senior Justice Department official whose resignation had not been accepted by Trump.[8][9] When Sessions was confirmed and sworn in as Attorney General on February 9, 2017, Boente became Acting Deputy Attorney General.[10][11] On March 10, 2017, Sessions oversaw the firing of 46 United States Attorneys, leaving only his acting Deputy Dana Boente and nominated Deputy Rod Rosenstein in place.[12] Rosenstein's appointment was subject to Senate confirmation. Rosenstein was confirmed on April 25, 2017 and became Deputy Attorney General on April 26, 2017, and Boente reverted to his permanent position.

text: As of May 12, 2017, 205 of the 207 senior Justice Department positions subject to presidential appointment were still awaiting nomination and then confirmation.[13] Hearings by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary of four presidential nominees are still to take place. Deputy United States Attorneys, who are career officials, were left in an acting capacity for the Attorneys.[12]

text: List of Attorneys General[edit]

text: No party (1)   Federalist (3)   Democratic-Republican (5)   Democratic (34)   Whig (4)   Republican (38)

text:
No.
Portrait
Name
State of Residence
Took office
Left office
President(s)

1

Edmund Randolph
Virginia
September 26, 1789
January 26, 1794

George Washington

2

William Bradford
Pennsylvania
January 27, 1794
August 23, 1795

3

Charles Lee
Virginia
December 10, 1795
February 19, 1801

John Adams

4

Levi Lincoln Sr.
Massachusetts
March 5, 1801
March 2, 1805

Thomas Jefferson

5

John Breckinridge
Kentucky
August 7, 1805
December 14, 1806

6

Caesar A. Rodney
Delaware
January 20, 1807
December 10, 1811

James Madison

7

William Pinkney
Maryland
December 11, 1811
February 9, 1814

8

Richard Rush
Pennsylvania
February 10, 1814
November 12, 1817

9

William Wirt
Virginia
November 13, 1817
March 4, 1829

James Monroe

John Quincy Adams

10

John M. Berrien
Georgia
March 9, 1829
July 19, 1831

Andrew Jackson

11

Roger B. Taney
Maryland
July 20, 1831
November 14, 1833

12

Benjamin Franklin Butler
New York
November 15, 1833
July 4, 1838

Martin Van Buren

13

Felix Grundy
Tennessee
July 5, 1838
January 10, 1840

14

Henry D. Gilpin
Pennsylvania
January 11, 1840
March 4, 1841

15

John J. Crittenden
Kentucky
March 5, 1841
September 12, 1841

William Henry Harrison

John Tyler

16

Hugh S. Legaré
South Carolina
September 13, 1841
June 20, 1843

17

John Nelson
Maryland
July 1, 1843
March 4, 1845

18

John Y. Mason
Virginia
March 5, 1845
October 16, 1846

James K. Polk

19

Nathan Clifford
Maine
October 17, 1846
March 17, 1848

20

Isaac Toucey
Connecticut
June 21, 1848
March 4, 1849

21

Reverdy Johnson
Maryland
March 8, 1849
July 21, 1850

Zachary Taylor

22

John J. Crittenden
Kentucky
July 22, 1850
March 4, 1853

Millard Fillmore

23

Caleb Cushing
Massachusetts
March 7, 1853
March 4, 1857

Franklin Pierce

24

Jeremiah S. Black
Pennsylvania
March 6, 1857
December 16, 1860

James Buchanan

25

Edwin M. Stanton
Pennsylvania
December 20, 1860
March 4, 1861

26

Edward Bates
Missouri
March 5, 1861
November 24, 1864

Abraham Lincoln

27

James Speed
Kentucky
December 2, 1864
July 22, 1866

Andrew Johnson

28

Henry Stanbery
Ohio
July 23, 1866
July 16, 1868

29

William M. Evarts
New York
July 17, 1868
March 4, 1869

30

Ebenezer R. Hoar
Massachusetts
March 5, 1869
November 22, 1870

Ulysses S. Grant

31

Amos T. Akerman
Georgia
November 23, 1870
December 13, 1871

32

George Henry Williams
Oregon
December 14, 1871
April 25, 1875

33

Edwards Pierrepont
New York
April 26, 1875
May 21, 1876

34

Alphonso Taft
Vermont
May 22, 1876
March 4, 1877

35

Charles Devens
Massachusetts
March 12, 1877
March 4, 1881

Rutherford B. Hayes

36

Wayne MacVeagh
Pennsylvania
March 5, 1881
December 15, 1881

James A. Garfield

Chester A. Arthur

37

Benjamin H. Brewster
Pennsylvania
December 16, 1881
March 4, 1885

38

Augustus H. Garland
Arkansas
March 6, 1885
March 4, 1889

Grover Cleveland

39

William H. H. Miller
Indiana
March 7, 1889
March 4, 1893

Benjamin Harrison

40

Richard Olney
Massachusetts
March 6, 1893
April 7, 1895

Grover Cleveland

41

Judson Harmon
Ohio
April 8, 1895
March 4, 1897

42

Joseph McKenna
California
March 5, 1897
January 25, 1898

William McKinley

43

John W. Griggs
New Jersey
January 25, 1898
March 29, 1901

44

Philander C. Knox
Pennsylvania
April 5, 1901
June 30, 1904

Theodore Roosevelt

45

William H. Moody
Massachusetts
July 1, 1904
December 17, 1906

46

Charles J. Bonaparte
Maryland
December 17, 1906
March 4, 1909

47

George W. Wickersham
New York
March 4, 1909
March 4, 1913

William Howard Taft

48

James C. McReynolds
Tennessee
March 5, 1913
August 29, 1914

Woodrow Wilson

49

Thomas Watt Gregory
Texas
August 29, 1914
March 4, 1919

50

Alexander Mitchell Palmer
Pennsylvania
March 5, 1919
March 4, 1921

51

Harry M. Daugherty
Ohio
March 4, 1921
April 6, 1924

Warren G. Harding

Calvin Coolidge

52

Harlan F. Stone
New York
April 7, 1924
March 1, 1925

53

John G. Sargent
Vermont
March 7, 1925
March 4, 1929

54

William D. Mitchell
Minnesota
March 4, 1929
March 4, 1933

Herbert Hoover

55

Homer Stille Cummings
Connecticut
March 4, 1933
January 1, 1939

Franklin D. Roosevelt

56

Frank Murphy
Michigan
January 2, 1939
January 18, 1940

57

Robert H. Jackson
New York
January 18, 1940
August 25, 1941

58

Francis Biddle
Pennsylvania
August 26, 1941
June 26, 1945

Harry S. Truman

59

Tom C. Clark
Texas
June 27, 1945
July 26, 1949

60

J. Howard McGrath
Rhode Island
July 27, 1949
April 3, 1952

61

James P. McGranery
Pennsylvania
April 4, 1952
January 20, 1953

62

Herbert Brownell Jr.
New York
January 21, 1953
October 23, 1957

Dwight D. Eisenhower

63

William P. Rogers
Maryland
October 23, 1957
January 20, 1961

64

Robert F. Kennedy
Massachusetts
January 20, 1961
September 3, 1964

John F. Kennedy

Lyndon B. Johnson

65

Nicholas Katzenbach
Illinois
September 4, 1964[1]
January 28, 1965

January 28, 1965
November 28, 1966

66

Ramsey Clark
Texas
November 28, 1966[1]
March 10, 1967

March 10, 1967
January 20, 1969

67

John N. Mitchell
New York
January 20, 1969
February 15, 1972

Richard Nixon

68

Richard Kleindienst
Arizona
February 15, 1972
May 25, 1973

69

Elliot Richardson
Massachusetts
May 25, 1973
October 20, 1973

–

Robert Bork[3]
Acting
Pennsylvania
October 20, 1973
January 4, 1974

70

William B. Saxbe
Ohio
January 4, 1974
January 14, 1975

Gerald Ford

71

Edward H. Levi
Illinois
January 14, 1975
January 20, 1977

–

Dick Thornburgh[2]
Acting
Pennsylvania
January 20, 1977
January 26, 1977

Jimmy Carter

72

Griffin Bell
Georgia
January 26, 1977
August 16, 1979

73

Benjamin Civiletti
Maryland
August 16, 1979
January 19, 1981

74

William French Smith
California
January 23, 1981
February 25, 1985

Ronald Reagan

75

Edwin Meese
California
February 25, 1985
August 12, 1988

76

Dick Thornburgh
Pennsylvania
August 12, 1988
August 15, 1991

George H. W. Bush

77

William P. Barr
New York
August 16, 1991[1]
November 26, 1991

November 26, 1991
January 20, 1993

–

Stuart M. Gerson[4]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
January 20, 1993
March 12, 1993

Bill Clinton

78

Janet Reno
Florida
March 12, 1993
January 20, 2001

–

Eric Holder[2]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
January 20, 2001
February 2, 2001

George W. Bush

79

John Ashcroft
Missouri
February 2, 2001
February 3, 2005

80

Alberto Gonzales
Texas
February 3, 2005
September 17, 2007

–

Paul Clement[5]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
September 17, 2007
September 18, 2007

–

Peter Keisler[5]
Acting
Washington, D.C.
September 18, 2007
November 9, 2007

81

Michael Mukasey
New York
November 9, 2007
January 20, 2009

–

Mark Filip[6]
Acting
Illinois
January 20, 2009
February 3, 2009

Barack Obama

82

Eric Holder
Washington, D.C.
February 3, 2009
April 27, 2015

83

Loretta Lynch
New York
April 27, 2015
January 20, 2017

–

Sally Yates
Acting
Georgia
January 20, 2017
January 30, 2017

Donald Trump

–

Dana Boente
Acting
Virginia
January 30, 2017
February 9, 2017

84

Jeff Sessions
Alabama
February 9, 2017
Incumbent

text: Living former U.S. Attorneys General[edit]

text: As of April 2018, there are eleven, living former US Attorneys General, the oldest being Ramsey Clark (served 1967–1969, born 1927). The most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno (served 1993–2001, born 1938) on November 7, 2016.

text:
Name
Term of office
Date of birth (and age)

Ramsey Clark
1967–1969
(1927-12-18) December 18, 1927 (age 90)

Benjamin Civiletti
1979–1981
(1935-07-17) July 17, 1935 (age 82)

Edwin Meese
1985–1988
(1931-12-02) December 2, 1931 (age 86)

Dick Thornburgh
1988–1991
(1932-07-16) July 16, 1932 (age 85)

William P. Barr
1991–1993
(1950-05-23) May 23, 1950 (age 67)

John Ashcroft
2001–2005
(1942-05-09) May 9, 1942 (age 75)

Alberto Gonzales
2005–2007
(1955-08-04) August 4, 1955 (age 62)

Michael Mukasey
2007–2009
(1941-07-28) July 28, 1941 (age 76)

Eric Holder
2009–2015
(1951-01-21) January 21, 1951 (age 67)

Loretta Lynch
2015–2017
(1959-05-21) May 21, 1959 (age 58)

text: Line of succession[edit]

text: On February 9, 2017, President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order which modified the line of succession for the Attorney General.[14] Under Executive Order 13762 signed by President Obama on January 13, 2017, before leaving office, the line of succession was:[15]

text:
United States Deputy Attorney General
United States Associate Attorney General
Other Officers potentially designated by the Attorney General (in no particular order):

Solicitor General of the United States
Assistant Attorney General, Antitrust Division
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division
Assistant Attorney General, Civil Rights Division
Assistant Attorney General, Criminal Division
Assistant Attorney General, National Security Division
Assistant Attorney General, Environment and Natural Resources Division
Assistant Attorney General, Justice Management Division
Assistant Attorney General, Tax Division
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Justice Programs
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Policy
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legislative Affairs

United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia
United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina
United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas[16]

tag: ol