document_title: Bald eagle

question_text: what is the genus of a bald eagle

question_tokens: what is the genus of a bald eagle

text: Bald eagle

text: Description

text: The plumage of an adult bald eagle is evenly dark brown with a white head and tail. The tail is moderately long and slightly wedge-shaped. Males and females are identical in plumage coloration, but sexual dimorphism is evident in the species, in that females are 25% larger than males.[2] The beak, feet and irises are bright yellow. The legs are feather-free, and the toes are short and powerful with large talons. The highly developed talon of the hind toe is used to pierce the vital areas of prey while it is held immobile by the front toes.[3] The beak is large and hooked, with a yellow cere.[4] The adult bald eagle is unmistakable in its native range. The closely related African fish eagle (H. vocifer) (from far outside the bald eagle's range) also has a brown body, white head and tail, but differs from the bald in having a white chest and black tip to the bill.[5]

text: The plumage of the immature is a dark brown overlaid with messy white streaking until the fifth (rarely fourth, very rarely third) year, when it reaches sexual maturity.[2][3] Immature bald eagles are distinguishable from the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), the only other very large, non-vulturine bird in North America, in that the former has a larger, more protruding head with a larger beak, straighter edged wings which are held flat (not slightly raised) and with a stiffer wing beat and feathers which do not completely cover the legs. When seen well, the golden eagle is distinctive in plumage with a more solid warm brown color than an immature bald eagle, with a reddish-golden patch to its nape and (in immature birds) a highly contrasting set of white squares on the wing.[6] Another distinguishing feature of the immature bald eagle over the mature bird is its black, yellow-tipped beak; the mature eagle has a fully yellow beak.

text: The bald eagle has sometimes been considered the largest true raptor (accipitrid) in North America. The only larger species of raptor-like bird is the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus), a New World vulture which today is not generally considered a taxonomic ally of true accipitrids.[7] However, the golden eagle, averaging 4.18 kg (9.2 lb) and 63 cm (25 in) in wing chord length in its American race (A. c. canadensis), is merely 455 g (1.003 lb) lighter in mean body mass and exceeds the bald eagle in mean wing chord length by around 3 cm (1.2 in).[5][8] Additionally, the bald eagle's close cousins, the relatively longer-winged but shorter-tailed white-tailed eagle and the overall larger Steller's sea eagle (H. pelagicus), may, rarely, wander to coastal Alaska from Asia.[5]

text:
Bald eagle

A recording of a bald eagle at Yellowstone National Park

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text: The bald eagle has a body length of 70–102 cm (28–40 in). Typical wingspan is between 1.8 and 2.3 m (5.9 and 7.5 ft) and mass is normally between 3 and 6.3 kg (6.6 and 13.9 lb).[5] Females are about 25% larger than males, averaging 5.6 kg (12 lb), and against the males' average weight of 4.1 kg (9.0 lb).[2][9][10][11]

text: The size of the bird varies by location and generally corresponds with Bergmann's rule, since the species increases in size further away from the Equator and the tropics. For example, eagles from South Carolina average 3.27 kg (7.2 lb) in mass and 1.88 m (6.2 ft) in wingspan, smaller than their northern counterparts.[12] The largest eagles are from Alaska, where large females may weigh up to 7.5 kg (17 lb) and span 2.44 m (8.0 ft) across the wings.[4][13] A survey of adult weights in Alaska showed that females weighed on average 6.3 kg (14 lb) and males weighed 4.3 kg (9.5 lb).[14] R.S. Palmer listed a record from 1876 in Wyoming County, New York of an outsized adult bald eagle that was shot and reportedly scaled 8.2 kg (18 lb).[15] Among standard linear measurements, the wing chord is 51.5–69 cm (20.3–27.2 in), the tail is 23–37 cm (9.1–14.6 in) long, and the tarsus is 8 to 11 cm (3.1 to 4.3 in).[5][16] The culmen reportedly ranges from 3 to 7.5 cm (1.2 to 3.0 in), while the measurement from the gape to the tip of the bill is 7–9 cm (2.8–3.5 in).[16][17]

text: The call consists of weak staccato, chirping whistles, kleek kik ik ik ik, somewhat similar in cadence to a gull's call. The calls of young birds tend to be more harsh and shrill than those of adults.[5][6]

text: Taxonomy

text: The bald eagle placed in the genus Haliaeetus (sea eagles) which gets both its common and specific scientific names from the distinctive appearance of the adult's head. Bald in the English name is derived from the word piebald, and refers to the white head and tail feathers and their contrast with the darker body.[18] The scientific name is derived from Haliaeetus, New Latin for "sea eagle" (from the Ancient Greek haliaetos), and leucocephalus, Latinized Ancient Greek for "white head," from λευκος leukos ("white") and κεφαλη kephale ("head").[19][20]

text: The bald eagle was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae, under the name Falco leucocephalus.[21]

text: There are two recognized subspecies of bald eagle:[2][22]

text:
H. l. leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766) is the nominate subspecies. It is found in the southern United States and Baja California Peninsula.[23]
H. l. washingtoniensis (Audubon, 1827), synonym H. l. alascanus Townsend, 1897, the northern subspecies, is larger than southern nominate leucocephalus . It is found in the northern United States, Canada and Alaska.[2][23]

text: The bald eagle forms a species pair with the Eurasian white-tailed eagle. This species pair consists of a white-headed and a tan-headed species of roughly equal size; the white-tailed eagle also has overall somewhat paler brown body plumage. The two species fill the same ecological niche in their respective ranges. The pair diverged from other sea eagles at the beginning of the Early Miocene (c. 10 Ma BP) at the latest, but possibly as early as the Early/Middle Oligocene, 28 Ma BP, if the most ancient fossil record is correctly assigned to this genus.[24]

text: Range

text: The bald eagle's natural range covers most of North America, including most of Canada, all of the continental United States, and northern Mexico. It is the only sea eagle endemic to North America. Occupying varied habitats from the bayous of Louisiana to the Sonoran Desert and the eastern deciduous forests of Quebec and New England, northern birds are migratory, while southern birds are resident, remaining on their breeding territory all year. At minimum population, in the 1950s, it was largely restricted to Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, northern and eastern Canada, and Florida.[25] Today, they are much more common (almost attaining their peak numbers pre-colonization in North America), and nest in every continental state and province in the United States and Canada.[26]

text: Bald eagles will also congregate in certain locations in winter. From November until February, one to two thousand birds winter in Squamish, British Columbia, about halfway between Vancouver and Whistler. The birds primarily gather along the Squamish and Cheakamus Rivers, attracted by the salmon spawning in the area.[27]

text: It has occurred as a vagrant twice in Ireland; a juvenile was shot illegally in Fermanagh on January 11, 1973 (misidentified at first as a white-tailed eagle), and an exhausted juvenile was captured in Kerry on November 15, 1987.[28]

text: Habitat

text: The bald eagle occurs during its breeding season in virtually any kind of American wetland habitat such as seacoasts, rivers, large lakes or marshes or other large bodies of open water with an abundance of fish. Studies have shown a preference for bodies of water with a circumference greater than 11 km (7 mi), and lakes with an area greater than 10 km2 (4 sq mi) are optimal for breeding bald eagles.[29]

text: The bald eagle typically requires old-growth and mature stands of coniferous or hardwood trees for perching, roosting, and nesting. Tree species reportedly is less important to the eagle pair than the tree's height, composition and location.[30] Perhaps of paramount importance for this species is an abundance of comparatively large trees surrounding the body of water. Selected trees must have good visibility, be over 20 m (66 ft) tall, an open structure, and proximity to prey. If nesting trees are in standing water such as in a mangrove swamp, the nest can be located fairly low, at as low 6 m (20 ft) above the ground.[31] In a more typical tree standing on dry ground, nests may be located from 16 to 38 m (52 to 125 ft) in height. In Chesapeake Bay, nesting trees averaged 82 cm (32 in) in diameter and 28 m (92 ft) in total height, while in Florida, the average nesting tree stands 23 m (75 ft) high and is 23 cm (9.1 in) in diameter.[32][33] Trees used for nesting in the Greater Yellowstone area average 27 m (89 ft) high.[34] Trees or forest used for nesting should have a canopy cover of no more than 60%, and no less than 20%, and be in close proximity to water.[29] Most nests have been found within 200 m (660 ft) of open water. The greatest distance from open water recorded for a bald eagle nest was over 3 km (1.9 mi), in Florida.[7]

text: Bald eagle nests are often very large in order to compensate for size of the birds. The largest recorded nest was found in Florida in 1963, and was measured at nearly 10 feet wide and 20 feet deep.[35]

text: In Florida, nesting habitats often consist of mangrove swamps, the shorelines of lakes and rivers, pinelands, seasonally flooded flatwoods, hardwood swamps, and open prairies and pastureland with scattered tall trees. Favored nesting trees in Florida are slash pines (Pinus elliottii), longleaf pines (P. palustris), loblolly pines (P. taeda) and cypress trees, but for the southern coastal areas where mangroves are usually used.[31] In Wyoming, groves of mature cottonwoods or tall pines found along streams and rivers are typical bald eagle nesting habitats. Wyoming eagles may inhabit habitat types ranging from large, old-growth stands of ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa) to narrow strips of riparian trees surrounded by rangeland.[7] In Southeast Alaska, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) provided 78% of the nesting trees used by eagles, followed by hemlocks (Tsuga) at 20%.[30] Increasingly, eagles nest in man-made reservoirs stocked with fish.[31]

text: The bald eagle is usually quite sensitive to human activity while nesting, and is found most commonly in areas with minimal human disturbance. It chooses sites more than 1.2 km (0.75 mi) from low-density human disturbance and more than 1.8 km (1.1 mi) from medium- to high-density human disturbance.[29] However, bald eagles will occasionally nest in large estuaries or secluded groves within major cities, such as Hardtack Island on the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon or John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge at Tinicum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which are surrounded by a great quantity of human activity.[36][37] Even more contrary to the usual sensitivity to disturbance, a family of bald eagles moved to the Harlem neighborhood in New York City in 2010.[38]

text: While wintering, bald eagles tend to be less habitat and disturbance sensitive. They will commonly congregate at spots with plentiful perches and waters with plentiful prey and (in Northern climes) partially unfrozen waters. Alternately, non-breeding or wintering bald eagles, particularly in areas with a lack of human disturbance, spend their time in various upland, terrestrial habitats sometimes quite far away from waterways. In the northern half of North America (especially the interior portion), this terrestrial inhabitance by bald eagles tends to be especially prevalent because unfrozen water may not be accessible. Upland wintering habitats often consist of open habitats with concentrations of medium-sized mammals, such as prairies, meadows or tundra, or open forests with regular carrion access.[7][30]

text: Behavior

text: The bald eagle is a powerful flier, and soars on thermal convection currents. It reaches speeds of 56–70 km/h (35–43 mph) when gliding and flapping, and about 48 km/h (30 mph) while carrying fish.[39] Its dive speed is between 120–160 km/h (75–99 mph), though it seldom dives vertically.[40] Regarding their flying abilities, the bald eagle is considered surprisingly maneuverable in flight, bounty hunters shooting from helicopters opined that they were far more difficult to hunt while flying than golden eagles as they would turn, double back or dive as soon as approached. Bald eagles have also been recorded catching up to and then swooping under geese in flight, turning over and thrusting their talons into the other bird's breast.[15] It is partially migratory, depending on location. If its territory has access to open water, it remains there year-round, but if the body of water freezes during the winter, making it impossible to obtain food, it migrates to the south or to the coast. A number of populations are subject to post-breeding dispersal, mainly in juveniles; Florida eagles, for example, will disperse northwards in the summer.[41] The bald eagle selects migration routes which take advantage of thermals, updrafts, and food resources. During migration, it may ascend in a thermal and then glide down, or may ascend in updrafts created by the wind against a cliff or other terrain. Migration generally takes place during the daytime, usually between the local hours of 8:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., when thermals are produced by the sun.[3]

text: Diet and feeding

text: The bald eagle is an opportunistic carnivore with the capacity to consume a great variety of prey. Throughout their range, fish often comprise the majority of the eagle's diet.[42] In 20 food habit studies across the species' range, fish comprised 56% of the diet of nesting eagles, birds 28%, mammals 14% and other prey 2%.[43] In Southeast Alaska, fish comprise approximately 66% of the year-around diet of bald eagles and 78% of the prey brought to the nest by the parents.[44] Eagles living in the Columbia River Estuary in Oregon were found to rely on fish for 90% of their dietary intake.[45] In the Pacific Northwest, spawning trout and salmon provide most of the bald eagles' diet from late summer throughout fall.[46] Southeast Alaskan eagles largely prey on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), coho salmon (O. kisutch) and, more locally, sockeye salmon (O. nerka), with chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), due to their large size (12 to 18 kg (26 to 40 lb) average adult size) probably being taken only as carrion.[44] Also important in the estuaries and shallow coastlines of southern Alaska are Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), Pacific sand lance (Ammodytes hexapterus) and eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus).[44] In Oregon's Columbia River Estuary, the most significant prey species were largescale suckers (Catostomus macrocheilus) (17.3% of the prey selected there), American shad (Alosa sapidissima; 13%) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio; 10.8%).[45] Eagles living in the Chesapeake Bay in Maryland were found to subsist largely on American gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), threadfin shad (D. petenense) and white bass (Morone chrysops).[47] Floridian eagles have been reported to prey on catfish, most prevalently the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) and any species in the Ictalurus genus as well as mullet, trout, needlefish, and eels.[7][31][48] Wintering eagles on the Platte River in Nebraska preyed mainly on American gizzard shads and common carp.[49] From observation in the Columbia River, 58% of the fish were caught live by the eagle, 24% were scavenged as carcasses and 18% were pirated away from other animals.[45]

text: Even eagles living in relatively arid regions still typically rely primarily on fish as prey. In Sonora (Mexico) and Arizona, 77% and over 73%, respectively, of prey remains at the nests were from fish, largely various catfish and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Prey fish targeted by bald eagles are often quite large. When experimenters offered fish of different sizes in the breeding season around Lake Britton in California, fish measuring 34 to 38 cm (13 to 15 in) were taken 71.8% of the time by parent eagles while fish measuring 23 to 27.5 cm (9.1 to 10.8 in) were chosen only 25% of the time.[50] At nests around Lake Superior, the remains of fish (mostly suckers) were found to average 35.4 cm (13.9 in) in total length.[51] In the Columbia River estuary, most preyed on by eagles were estimated to measure between 30 and 60 cm (12 and 24 in) in length, and carp flown with (laboriously) were up to 86 cm (34 in) in length.[45]

text: Benthic fishes such as catfish are usually consumed after they die and float to the surface, though while temporarily swimming in the open may be more vulnerable to predation than most fish since their eyes focus downwards.[47] Bald eagles also regularly exploit water turbines which produce battered, stunned or dead fish easily consumed.[52] Predators who leave behind scraps of dead fish that they kill, such as brown bears (Ursus arctos), gray wolves (Canis lupus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), may be habitually followed in order to scavenge the kills secondarily.[44] Once North Pacific salmon die off after spawning, usually local bald eagles eat salmon carcasses almost exclusively. Eagles in Washington need to consume 489 g (1.078 lb) of fish each day for survival, with adults generally consuming more than juveniles and thus reducing potential energy deficiency and increasing survival during winter.[53]

text: Behind fish, the next most significant prey base for bald eagles are other waterbirds. The contribution of such birds to the eagle's diet is variable, depending on the quantity and availability of fish near the water's surface. Waterbirds can seasonally comprise from 7% to 80% of the prey selection for eagles in certain localities.[45][54] Exceptionally, in the Greater Yellowstone area, birds were eaten as regularly as fish year-around, with both prey groups comprising 43% of the studied dietary intake.[34] Preferred avian prey includes grebes, alcids, ducks, gulls, coots, herons, egrets, and geese.[55] Bird species most preferred as prey by eagles tend to be medium-sized, such as western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and American coots (Fulica americana) as such prey is relatively easy for the much larger eagles to catch and fly with.[7][45] American herring gull (Larus smithsonianus) are the favored avian prey species for eagles living around Lake Superior.[51] Larger waterbirds are occasionally prey as well, with wintering emperor geese (Chen canagica) and snow geese (C. caerulescens), which gather in large groups, sometimes becoming regular prey.[16][56] Other large waterbirds hunted at least occasionally by bald eagles have included common loons (Gavis immer),[57] great black-backed gulls (Larus marinus),[58] sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis),[59] great blue herons (Ardea herodias),[43] Canada geese (Branta canadensis),[47] brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalis),[31] and fledging American white pelicans (P. erythrorhynchos).[60] Colony nesting seabirds, such as alcids, storm petrels, cormorants, northern gannets (Morus bassanus), terns and gulls, may be especially vulnerable to predation. Due to easy accessibility and lack of formidable nest defense by such species, bald eagles are capable of preying on such seabirds at all ages, from eggs to mature adults, and can effectively cull large portions of a colony.[61]

text: Along some portions of the North Pacific coastline, bald eagles which had historically preyed mainly kelp-dwelling fish and supplementally sea otter (Enhydra lutris) pups are now preying mainly on seabird colonies since both the fish (possibly due to overfishing) and otters (cause unknown) have had precipitous population declines, causing concern for seabird conservation.[62] Because of this more extensive predation, some biologist have expressed concern that murres are heading for a "conservation collision" due to heavy eagle predation.[61] Eagles have been confirmed to attack nocturnally active, burrow-nesting seabird species such as storm petrels and shearwaters by digging out their burrows and feeding on all animals they find inside.[63] If a bald eagle flies close by, waterbirds will often fly away en masse, though in other cases they may seemingly ignore a perched eagle. If the said birds are on a colony, this exposed their unprotected eggs and nestlings to scavengers such as gulls.[61] Bird prey may occasionally be attacked in flight, with prey up to the size of Canada geese attacked and killed in mid-air.[55] Unprecedented photographs of a bald eagle unsuccessfully attempting to prey on a much larger adult trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) in mid-flight were taken recently.[64] While adults often actively prey on waterbirds, congregated wintering waterfowl are frequently exploited for carcasses to scavenge by immature eagles in harsh winter weather.[65] Bald eagles have been recorded as killing other raptors on occasion. In some cases, these may be attacks of competition or kleptoparasitism on rival species but ended with the consumption of the victim. Raptorial birds reported to be hunted by these eagles have included large adults of species such as red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis),[66] ospreys (Pandion haliaetus)[67] and black (Coragyps atratus) and turkey vultures (Cathartes aura).[68]

text: Mammalian prey includes rabbits, hares, ground squirrels, raccoons (Procyon lotor), muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus), beavers (Castor canadensis), and deer fawns. Newborn, dead, sickly or already injured mammals are often targeted. However, more formidable prey such as adult raccoons and subadult beavers are sometimes attacked. In the Chesapeake Bay area, bald eagles are reportedly the main natural predators of raccoons.[69][70] Where available, seal colonies can provide much food. On Protection Island, Washington, they commonly feed on harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) afterbirths, still-borns and sickly seal pups.[71] On San Juan Island in Washington, introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), mainly those killed by auto accidents, comprise nearly 60% of the dietary intake of eagles.[72] In landlocked areas of North America, wintering bald eagles may become habitual predators of medium-sized mammals that occur in colonies or local concentrations, such as prairie dogs (Cynomys) and jackrabbits (Lepus).[7][73] Together with the golden eagle, bald eagles are occasionally accused of preying on livestock, especially sheep (Ovis aries). There are a handful of proven cases of lamb predation, some of specimens weighing up to 11 kg (24 lb), by bald eagles but they are much less likely to attack a healthy lamb than a golden eagle and both species prefer native, wild prey and are unlikely to cause any extensive detriment to human livelihoods.[74] There is one case of a bald eagle killing and feeding on an adult, pregnant ewe (then joined in eating the kill by at least 3 other eagles), which, weighing on average over 60 kg (130 lb), is much larger than any other known prey taken by this species.[75]

text: Supplemental prey are readily taken given the opportunity. In some areas reptiles may become regular prey, especially warm areas such as Florida where reptile diversity is high. Turtles are perhaps the most regularly hunted type of reptile.[7] In coastal New Jersey, 14 of 20 studied eagle nests included remains of turtles. The main species found were common musk turtles (Sternotherus odoratus), diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin) and juvenile common snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina). In these New Jersey nests, mainly subadult and small adults were taken, ranging in carapace length from 9.2 to 17.1 cm (3.6 to 6.7 in).[76] Snakes are also taken occasionally, especially partially aquatic ones, as are amphibians and crustaceans (largely crayfish and crabs).[31][45]

text: To hunt fish, the eagle swoops down over the water and snatches the fish out of the water with its talons. They eat by holding the fish in one claw and tearing the flesh with the other. Eagles have structures on their toes called spicules that allow them to grasp fish. Osprey also have this adaptation.[39] Bald eagles have powerful talons and have been recorded flying with a 6.8 kg (15 lb) mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) fawn.[77] This feat is the record for the heaviest load carrying ever verified for a flying bird.[78] It has been estimated that the gripping power (pounds by square inch) of the bald eagle is ten times greater than that of a human.[79] Bald eagles can fly with fish at least equal to their own weight, but if the fish is too heavy to lift, the eagle may be dragged into the water. It may swim to safety, in some cases pulling the catch along to the shore as it swims,[80] but some eagles drown or succumb to hypothermia. Many sources claim that bald eagles, like all large eagles, cannot normally take flight carrying prey more than half of their own weight unless aided by favorable wind conditions.[31][56] On numerous occasions, when large prey such as mature salmon or geese are attacked, eagles have been seen to make contact and then drag the prey in a strenuously labored, low flight over the water to a bank, where they then finish off and dismember the prey.[16] When food is abundant, an eagle can gorge itself by storing up to 1 kg (2.2 lb) of food in a pouch in the throat called a crop. Gorging allows the bird to fast for several days if food becomes unavailable.[31] Occasionally, bald eagles may hunt cooperatively when confronting prey, especially relatively large prey such as jackrabbits or herons, with one bird distracting potential prey, while the other comes behind it in order to ambush it.[4][81][82] While hunting waterfowl, bald eagles repeatedly fly at a target and cause it to dive repeatedly, hoping to exhaust the victim so it can be caught (white-tailed eagles have been recorded hunting waterfowl in the same way). When hunting concentrated prey, a successful catch which often results in the hunting eagle being pursued by other eagles and needing to find an isolated perch for consumption if it is able to carry it away successfully.[16]

text: Unlike some other eagle species, bald eagles rarely take on evasive or dangerous prey on their own. The species mainly target prey which is much smaller than themselves, with most live fish caught weighing 1 to 3 kg (2.2 to 6.6 lb) and most waterbirds preyed weighing 0.2 to 2.7 kg (0.44 to 5.95 lb).[44][56][83] They obtain much of their food as carrion or via a practice known as kleptoparasitism, by which they steal prey away from other predators. Due to their dietary habits, bald eagles are frequently viewed in a negative light by humans.[7] Thanks to their superior foraging ability and experience, adults are generally more likely to hunt live prey than immature eagles, which often obtain their food from scavenging.[84][85] They are not very selective about the condition or origin, whether provided by humans, other animals, auto accidents or natural causes, of a carcass's presence, but will avoid eating carrion where disturbances from humans are a regular occurrence. They will scavenge carcasses up to the size of whales, though carcasses of ungulates and large fish are seemingly preferred.[16] Bald eagles also may sometimes feed on material scavenged or stolen from campsites and picnics, as well as garbage dumps (dump usage is habitual mainly in Alaska).[86]

text: When competing for food, eagles will usually dominate other fish-eaters and scavengers, aggressively displacing mammals such as coyotes (Canis latrans) and foxes, and birds such as corvids, gulls, vultures and other raptors.[86] Occasionally, coyotes, bobcats (Lynx rufus) and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) can displace eagles from carrion, usually less confident immature birds, as has been recorded in Maine.[87] Bald eagles are less active, bold predators than golden eagles and get relatively more of their food as carrion and from kleptoparasitism (although it is now generally thought that golden eagles eat more carrion than was previously assumed).[8] However, the two species are roughly equal in size, aggressiveness and physical strength and so competitions can go either way. Neither species is known to be dominant, and the outcome depends on the size and disposition of the individual eagles involved.[16] The bald eagle is thought to be much more numerous in North America than the golden eagle, with the bald species estimated to number at least 150,000 individuals, about twice as many golden eagles there are estimated to live in North America.[8][26] Due to this, bald eagles often outnumber golden eagles at attractive food sources.[8] Despite the potential for contention between these animals, in New Jersey during winter, a golden eagle and numerous bald eagles were observed to hunt snow geese alongside each other without conflict. Similarly, both eagle species have been recorded, via video-monitoring, to feed on gut pills and carcasses of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in remote forest clearings in the eastern Appalachian Mountains without apparent conflict.[8] Many bald eagles are habitual kleptoparasites, especially in winters when fish are harder to come by. They have been recorded stealing fish from other predators such as ospreys, herons and even otters.[16][88] They have also been recorded opportunistically pirating birds from peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), prairie dogs from ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) and even jackrabbits from golden eagles.[89][90] When they approach scavengers like dogs, gulls or vultures at carrion sites, they often aggressively attack them and try to force them to disgorge their food.[31] Healthy adult bald eagles are not preyed on in the wild and are thus considered apex predators.[91]

text: Reproduction

text: Bald eagles are sexually mature at four or five years of age. When they are old enough to breed, they often return to the area where they were born. It is thought that bald eagles mate for life. However, if one member of a pair dies or disappears, the survivor will choose a new mate. A pair which has repeatedly failed in breeding attempts may split and look for new mates.[92] Bald eagle courtship involves elaborate, spectacular calls and flight displays. The flight includes swoops, chases, and cartwheels, in which they fly high, lock talons, and free fall, separating just before hitting the ground.[43][93] Usually, a territory defended by a mature pair will be 1 to 2 km (0.62 to 1.24 mi) of waterside habitat.[7]

text: Compared to most other raptors which mostly nest in April or May, bald eagles are early breeders: nest building or reinforcing is often by mid-February, egg laying is often late February (sometimes during deep snow in the North), and incubation is usually mid-March and early May. Eggs hatch from mid April to early May, and the young fledge late June to early July.[7] The nest is the largest of any bird in North America; it is used repeatedly over many years and with new material added each year may eventually be as large as 4 m (13 ft) deep, 2.5 m (8.2 ft) across and weigh 1 metric ton (1.1 short tons);[2] one nest in Florida was found to be 6.1 m (20 ft) deep, 2.9 meters (9.5 ft) across, and to weigh 3 short tons (2.7 metric tons).[94] This nest is on record as the largest tree nest ever recorded for any animal.[95] Usually nests are used for under five years or so, as they either collapse in storms or break the branches supporting them by their sheer weight. However, one nest in the Midwest was occupied continuously for at least 34 years.[31] The nest is built out of branches, usually in large trees found near water. When breeding where there are no trees, the bald eagle will nest on the ground, as has been recorded largely in areas largely isolated from terrestrial predators, such as Amchitka Island in Alaska.[86] In Sonora, Mexico, eagles have been observed nesting on top of Hecho catcuses (Pachycereus pectinaboriginum).[96] Nests located on cliffs and rock pinnacles have been reported historically in California, Kansas, Nevada, New Mexico and Utah, but currently are only verified to occur only in Alaska and Arizona.[7] The eggs average about 73 mm (2.9 in) long, ranging from 58 to 85 mm (2.3 to 3.3 in), and have a breadth of 54 mm (2.1 in), ranging from 47 to 63 mm (1.9 to 2.5 in).[39][43] Eggs in Alaska averaged 130 g (4.6 oz) in mass, while in Saskatchewan they averaged 114.4 g (4.04 oz).[97][98] As with their ultimate body size, egg size tends to increase further away from the Equator.[43] Eagles produce between one and three eggs per year, two being typical. Rarely, four eggs have been found in nests but these may be exceptional cases of polygyny.[99] Eagles in captivity have been capable of producing up to seven eggs.[100] it is rare for all three chicks to successfully reach the fledging stage. The oldest chick often bears the advantage of larger size and louder voice, which tends to draw the parents attention towards it.[7] Occasionally, as is recorded in many large raptorial birds, the oldest sibling sometimes attacks and kills its younger sibling(s), especially early in the nesting period when their sizes are most different.[7] However, nearly half of known bald eagle produce two fledgings (more rarely three), unlike in some other "eagle" species such as some in the Aquila genus, in which a second fledging is typically observed in less than 20% of nests, despite two eggs typically being laid.[14] Both the male and female take turns incubating the eggs, but the female does most of the sitting. The parent not incubating will hunt for food or look for nesting material during this stage. For the first two to three weeks of the nestling period, at least one adult is at the nest almost 100% of the time. After five to six weeks, the attendance of parents usually drops off considerably (with the parents often perching in trees nearby).[7] A young eaglet can gain up to 170 g (6.0 oz) a day, the fastest growth rate of any North American bird.[31] The young eaglets pick up and manipulate sticks, play tug of war with each other, practice holding things in their talons, and stretch and flap their wings. By eight weeks, the eaglets are strong enough to flap their wings, lift their feet off the nest platform, and rise up in the air.[31] The young fledge at anywhere from 8 to 14 weeks of age, though will remain close to the nest and attended to by their parents for a further 6 weeks. Juvenile eagles first start dispersing away from their parents about 8 weeks after they fledge. Variability in departure date related to effects of sex and hatching order on growth and development.[98] For the next four years, immature eagles wander widely in search of food until they attain adult plumage and are eligible to reproduce.[101] Additionally, as shown by a pair of eagles in Shoal Harbor Migratory Bird Sanctuary located near Sydney, British Columbia on June 9, 2017, bald eagles have been recently recorded to occasionally adopt other raptor fledglings into their nests. The pair of eagles in question were recorded carrying a juvenile red-tailed hawk back to their nest, whereupon the chick was accepted into the family by both the parents and the eagles' three fledgelings. Whether or not the chick survived remained to be seen at the time, as bald eagles are known for committing fratricide amongst their siblings. However, the aggression of the red-tailed hawk may ensure its survival, as the hawks are well known for their ability to successfully defend against an eagle attack.[102] Six weeks after however, it was discovered that the hawk, nicknamed "Spunky" by biologists monitoring the nest, had grown to fledgeling size and was learning how to hunt, indicating that it successfully survived.[103]

text: Longevity and mortality

text: The average lifespan of bald eagles in the wild is around 20 years, with the oldest confirmed one having been 38 years of age.[104] In captivity, they often live somewhat longer. In one instance, a captive individual in New York lived for nearly 50 years. As with size, the average lifespan of an eagle population appears to be influenced by its location and access to prey.[105] As they are no longer heavily persecuted, adult mortality is quite low. In one study of Florida eagles, adult bald eagles reportedly had 100% annual survival rate.[8] In Prince William Sound in Alaska, adults had an annual survival rate of 88% even after the Exxon Valdez oil spill adversely affected eagles in the area.[106] Of 1,428 individuals from across the range necropsied by National Wildlife Health Center from 1963 to 1984, 329 (23%) eagles died from trauma, primarily impact with wires and vehicles; 309 (22%) died from gunshot; 158 (11%) died from poisoning; 130 (9%) died from electrocution; 68 (5%) died from trapping; 110 (8%) from emaciation; and 31 (2%) from disease; cause of death was undetermined in 293 (20%) of cases.[107] In this study, 68% of mortality was human-caused.[107] Today eagle-shooting is believed to be considerably reduced due to the species protected status.[108] In one case, an adult eagle investigating a peregrine falcon nest for prey items sustained a concussion from a swooping parent peregrine, and ultimately died days later from it.[109] An early natural history video depicting a cougar (Puma concolor) ambushing and killing an immature bald eagle feeding at a rabbit carcass is viewable online although this film may have been staged.[110]

text: Most non-human-related mortality involves nestlings or eggs. Around 50% of eagles survive their first year.[101] However, in the Chesapeake Bay area, 100% of 39 radio-tagged nestlings survived to their first year.[111] Occasionally, nestling or egg fatalities are due to nest collapses, starvation, sibling aggression or inclement weather. Another significant cause of egg and nestling mortality is predation. These have been verified to be preyed by large gulls, corvids (including ravens, crows and magpies), wolverines (Gulo gulo), hawks, owls, eagles, bobcats (Lynx rufus), American black bears (Ursus americanus) and raccoons.[97][112][113][114][115][116][117] If food access is low, parental attendance at the nest may be lower because both parents may have to forage thus resulting in less protection.[14] Nestlings are usually exempt from predation by terrestrial carnivores that are poor tree-climbers, but Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) occasionally snatched nestlings from ground nests on Amchitka Island in Alaska before they were extirpated from the island.[86] The bald eagle will defend its nest fiercely from all comers and has even repelled attacks from bears, having been recorded knocking a black bear out of a tree when the latter tried to climb a tree holding nestlings.[118]

text: Relationship with humans

text: Population decline and recovery

text: Once a common sight in much of the continent, the bald eagle was severely affected in the mid-20th century by a variety of factors, among them the thinning of egg shells attributed to use of the pesticide DDT.[119] Bald eagles, like many birds of prey, were especially affected by DDT due to biomagnification. DDT itself was not lethal to the adult bird, but it interfered with the bird's calcium metabolism, making the bird either sterile or unable to lay healthy eggs. Female eagles laid eggs that were too brittle to withstand the weight of a brooding adult, making it nearly impossible for the eggs to hatch.[25] It is estimated that in the early 18th century, the bald eagle population was 300,000–500,000,[120] but by the 1950s there were only 412 nesting pairs in the 48 contiguous states of the US. Other factors in bald eagle population reductions were a widespread loss of suitable habitat, as well as both legal and illegal shooting. In 1930 a New York City ornithologist wrote that in the state of Alaska in the previous 12 years approximately 70,000 bald eagles had been shot. Many of the hunters killed the bald eagles under the long-held beliefs that bald eagles grabbed young lambs and even children with their talons, yet the birds were innocent of most of these alleged acts of predation (lamb predation is rare, human predation is thought to be non-existent).[121] Later illegal shooting was described as "the leading cause of direct mortality in both adult and immature bald eagles," according to a 1978 report in the Endangered Species Technical Bulletin. In 1984, the National Wildlife Federation listed hunting, power-line electrocution, and collisions in flight as the leading causes of eagle deaths. Bald eagles have also been killed by oil, lead, and mercury pollution, and by human and predator intrusion at nests.[122]

text: The species was first protected in the U.S. and Canada by the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty, later extended to all of North America. The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, approved by the U.S. Congress in 1940, protected the bald eagle and the golden eagle, prohibiting commercial trapping and killing of the birds. The bald eagle was declared an endangered species in the U.S. in 1967, and amendments to the 1940 act between 1962 and 1972 further restricted commercial uses and increased penalties for violators. Perhaps most significant in the species' recovery, in 1972, DDT was banned from usage in the United States due to the fact that it inhibited the reproduction of many birds.[123] DDT was completely banned in Canada in 1989, though its use had been highly restricted since the late 1970s.[124]

text: With regulations in place and DDT banned, the eagle population rebounded. The bald eagle can be found in growing concentrations throughout the United States and Canada, particularly near large bodies of water. In the early 1980s, the estimated total population was 100,000 individuals, with 110,000–115,000 by 1992;[2] the U.S. state with the largest resident population is Alaska, with about 40,000–50,000, with the next highest population the Canadian province of British Columbia with 20,000–30,000 in 1992.[2] Obtaining a precise count of bald eagles population is extremely difficult. The most recent data submitted by individual states was in 2006, when 9789 breeding pairs were reported.[125] For some time, the stronghold breeding population of bald eagles in the lower 48 states was in Florida, where over a thousand pairs have held on while populations in other states were significantly reduced by DDT use. Today, the contiguous state with the largest number of breeding pairs of eagles is Minnesota with an estimated 1,312 pairs, surpassing Florida's most recent count of 1,166 pairs. 23, or nearly half, of the 48 contiguous states now have at least 100 breeding pairs of bald eagles.[26] In Washington State, there were only 105 occupied nests in 1980. That number increased by about 30 per year, so that by 2005 there were 840 occupied nests. 2005 was the last year that the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife counted occupied nest. Further population increases in Washington may be limited by the availability of late winter food, particularly salmon.[126]

text: The bald eagle was officially removed from the U.S. federal government's list of endangered species on July 12, 1995, by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, when it was reclassified from "Endangered" to "Threatened." On July 6, 1999, a proposal was initiated "To Remove the Bald Eagle in the Lower 48 States From the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife." It was de-listed on June 28, 2007.[127] It has also been assigned a risk level of Least Concern category on the IUCN Red List.[1] In the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill of 1989 an estimated 247 were killed in Prince William Sound, though the local population returned to its pre-spill level by 1995.[4] In some areas, the population has increased such that the eagles are a pest.[128]

text: Killing Permits

text: In December 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed quadrupling to 4,200 per year the amount of bald eagles that can be killed by the wind electric generation industry without paying a penalty. If issued, the permits would last 30 years, six times the current 5-year permits.[129][130]

text: In captivity

text: Permits are required to keep bald eagles in captivity in the United States. Permits are primarily issued to public educational institutions, and the eagles which they show are permanently injured individuals which cannot be released to the wild. The facilities where eagles are kept must be equipped with adequate caging and facilities, as well as workers experienced in the handling and care of eagles. Bald eagles cannot legally be kept for falconry in the United States. As a rule, the bald eagle is a poor choice for public shows, being timid, prone to becoming highly stressed, and unpredictable in nature. Native American tribes can obtain a "Native American Religious Use" permit to keep non-releasable eagles as well. They use their naturally molted feathers for religious and cultural ceremonies. The bald eagle can be long-lived in captivity if well cared for, but does not breed well even under the best conditions.[131] In Canada, a license is required to keep bald eagles for falconry.[132]

text: Cultural significance

text: The bald eagle is important in various Native American cultures and, as the national bird of the United States, is prominent in seals and logos, coinage, postage stamps, and other items relating to the U.S. federal government.

text: Role in Native American culture

text: The bald eagle is a sacred bird in some North American cultures, and its feathers, like those of the golden eagle, are central to many religious and spiritual customs among Native Americans. Eagles are considered spiritual messengers between gods and humans by some cultures.[133] Many pow wow dancers use the eagle claw as part of their regalia as well. Eagle feathers are often used in traditional ceremonies, particularly in the construction of regalia worn and as a part of fans, bustles and head dresses. In the Navajo Tradition an Eagle feather is represented to be a Protector, along with the Feather Navajo Medicine Man use the leg and wing bones for ceremonial whistles.[134] The Lakota, for instance, give an eagle feather as a symbol of honor to person who achieves a task. In modern times, it may be given on an event such as a graduation from college.[135] The Pawnee considered eagles as symbols of fertility because their nests are built high off the ground and because they fiercely protect their young.[136] The Choctaw considered the bald eagle, who has direct contact with the upper world of the sun, as a symbol of peace.[137]

text: During the Sun Dance, which is practiced by many Plains Indian tribes, the eagle is represented in several ways. The eagle nest is represented by the fork of the lodge where the dance is held. A whistle made from the wing bone of an eagle is used during the course of the dance. Also during the dance, a medicine man may direct his fan, which is made of eagle feathers, to people who seek to be healed. The medicine man touches the fan to the center pole and then to the patient, in order to transmit power from the pole to the patient. The fan is then held up toward the sky, so that the eagle may carry the prayers for the sick to the Creator.[138]

text: Current eagle feather law stipulates that only individuals of certifiable Native American ancestry enrolled in a federally recognized tribe are legally authorized to obtain or possess bald or golden eagle feathers for religious or spiritual use. The constitutionality of these laws has been questioned by Native American groups on the basis that it violates the First Amendment by affecting ability to practice their religion freely.[139][140]

text: The National Eagle Repository, a division of the FWS, exists as a means to receive, process, and store bald and golden eagles which are found dead, and to distribute the eagles, their parts and feathers, to federally recognized Native American tribes for use in religious ceremonies.[141]

text: National bird of the United States

text: The bald eagle is the national bird of the United States of America.[142] The founders of the United States were fond of comparing their new republic with the Roman Republic, in which eagle imagery (usually involving the golden eagle) was prominent. On June 20, 1782, the Continental Congress adopted the design for the Great Seal of the United States depicting a bald eagle grasping 13 arrows and an olive branch with its talons.[143][144][145]

text: The bald eagle appears on most official seals of the U.S. government, including the presidential seal, the presidential flag, and in the logos of many U.S. federal agencies. Between 1916 and 1945, the presidential flag (but not the seal) showed an eagle facing to its left (the viewer's right), which gave rise to the urban legend that the flag is changed to have the eagle face towards the olive branch in peace, and towards the arrows in wartime.[146]

text: Contrary to popular legend, there is no evidence that Benjamin Franklin ever publicly supported the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), rather than the bald eagle, as a symbol of the United States. However, in a letter written to his daughter in 1784 from Paris, criticizing the Society of the Cincinnati, he stated his personal distaste for the bald eagle's behavior. In the letter Franklin states:[147]

text: For my own part. I wish the bald eagle had not been chosen the representative of our country. He is a bird of bad moral character. He does not get his living honestly ... besides he is a rank coward: The little king bird not bigger than a sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the district.

text: Franklin opposed the creation of the Society because he viewed it, with its hereditary membership, as a noble order unwelcome in the newly independent Republic, contrary to the ideals of Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, for whom the Society was named; his reference to the two kinds of birds is interpreted as a satirical comparison between the Society of the Cincinnati and Cincinnatus.[148]


question_text: how many characters are present in icd-10 codes

root

text: List[edit]

text: The following is a list of ICD-10 codes.[7]

tag: p

text:
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision

Chapter

Blocks

Title

I

A00–B99

Certain infectious and parasitic diseases

II

C00–D48

Neoplasms

III

D50–D89

Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism

IV

E00–E90

Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

V

F00–F99

Mental and behavioural disorders

VI

G00–G99

Diseases of the nervous system

VII

H00–H59

Diseases of the eye and adnexa

VIII

H60–H95

Diseases of the ear and mastoid process

IX

I00–I99

Diseases of the circulatory system

X

J00–J99

Diseases of the respiratory system

XI

K00–K93

Diseases of the digestive system

XII

L00–L99

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

XIII

M00–M99

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue

XIV

N00–N99

Diseases of the genitourinary system

XV

O00–O99

Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium

XVI

P00–P96

Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period

XVII

Q00–Q99

Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities

XVIII

R00–R99

Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings, not elsewhere classified

XIX

S00–T98

Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes

XX

V01–Y98

External causes of morbidity and mortality

XXI

Z00–Z99

Factors influencing health status and contact with health services

XXII

U00–U99

Codes for special purposes

tag: table

text: National adoptions[edit]

text: Some 27[8][9] countries use ICD-10 for reimbursement and resource allocation in their health system.  Some have made modifications to ICD to better accommodate this use of ICD-10.  The article below makes reference to some of these modifications.  The unchanged international version of ICD-10 is used in about 110 countries for performing cause of death reporting and statistics.

text: The national versions may differ from the base classification in the level of detail, incomplete adoption of a category,[10] or the addition of procedure codes. For example; the ICD-10 Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) used in the US has some 93,000 codes,[11][not in citation given] compared to the ~16,000 within the international version.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil introduced ICD-10 in 1996.

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Canada introduced ICD-10-CA in 2000.[12]
Canada implemented ICD-10 in a staggered fashion across nine of the 10 provinces between the years of 2001 and 2004. As data was returned, comparison was undertaken of information classified by ICD-9 and ICD-10, beginning with volumes and length of stay within major diagnostic groups.

text: The large scale realignment of individual diagnostic and procedural codes demanded close analysis of the impacts to existing indicators of healthcare delivery. Using data reported in 2001 and 2002,the Canadian Institute for Health Information, an independent organization that works with the federal government, tabulated the input. Rigorous statistical analysis was conducted to evaluate the comparability of ICD-9 codes to ICD-10 codes as they pertained to the Canadian version of diagnostic groups, Case Mix Groups (CMGs), which are used in the patient classification system to group together patients with similar characteristics.

text: China[edit]

text: China adopted ICD-10 in 2002.[13]

text: Czech Republic[edit]

text: The Czech Republic adopted ICD-10 in 1994, one year after official release from WHO.[14] The Czech Republic uses the international version without any local modifications. The Czech Republic adopted all updates to the international version (namely in 2004,2010,2011,2012).

text: France[edit]

text: France introduced a clinical addendum to ICD-10 in 2005.[citation needed]  See also website of the ATIH.

text: Germany[edit]

text: Germany: ICD-10-GM (German Modification)[15]

text: Korea[edit]

text: A Korean modification has existed since 2008.[16]

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: The Dutch translation of ICD-10 is ICD10-nl, which was created by the WHO-FIC Network in 1994.[17] There is an online dictionary.[18]

text: Russia[edit]

text: The ministry of health of Russia ordered in 1997 to transfer all health organizations to ICD-10.[19]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: ICD-10 was implemented in July 2005 under the auspice of the National ICD-10 Implementation Task Team which is a joint task team between the National Department of Health and the Council for Medical Schemes.[20]

text: Sweden[edit]

text: The current Swedish translation of ICD-10 was created in 1997.[citation needed] A clinical modification has added more detail and omits codes of the international version in the context of clinical use of ICD:

text: The codes F64.1 (Dual-role transvestism), F64.2 (Gender identity disorder of childhood), F65.0 (Fetishism), F65.1 (Fetishistic transvestism), F65.5 (Sadomasochism), F65.6 (Multiple disorders of sexual preference) are not used in Sweden since 1 January 2009 according to a decision by the present Director General of The National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden. The code O60.0 (Preterm labor without delivery) is not used in Sweden; instead, since 1 January 2009, the Swedish extension codes to O47 (False labor) are recommended for use.[citation needed]

text: Thailand[edit]

text: First published in 1998,[citation needed] the ICD-10-TM (Thai Modification) is a Thai language version of ICD-10. Maintenance and development of ICD-10-TM is the responsibility of the Thai Health Coding Center (THCC),[citation needed] a department of the Thai Ministry of Public Health.[citation needed] The current version of ICD-10-TM is based on the 2016 version of ICD-10.[citation needed] An unusual feature of the index of ICD-10-TM is that it is bilingual, containing both Thai and English trails.[21]

text: Along with Czechoslovakia and Denmark; Thailand was one of the first adopters of ICD-10 for coding purposes.[citation needed]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: ICD-10 was first mandated for use in the UK in 1995.[22] In 2010 the UK Government made a commitment to update the UK version of ICD-10 every three years.[23] On 1 April 2016, following a year's delay,[23] ICD-10 5th Edition[note 1] replaced the 4th Edition as the mandated diagnostic classification within the UK.[24]

text: United States[edit]

text: The US has used ICD-10-CM since October 1, 2015.[25] This national variant of ICD-10 was provided by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and the use of ICD-10-CM codes are now mandated for all inpatient medical reporting requirements. There are over 70,000 ICD-10-CM codes, which is up from around 14,000 ICD-9-CM codes.[25]

text: The use of ICD-10 for coding of death certificates and mortality data was mandated in the United States beginning in 1999.[26]

text: The deadline for the United States to begin using Clinical Modification ICD-10-CM for diagnosis coding and Procedure Coding System ICD-10-PCS for inpatient hospital procedure coding was set at October 1, 2015,[27][28] which is a year later than a previous 2014 deadline.[29] Before that 2014 deadline, the previous deadline has been a year before that on October 1, 2013.[30][31] All HIPAA "covered entities" must make the change; a pre-requisite to ICD-10-CM is the adoption of EDI Version 5010 by January 1, 2012.[32] Enforcement of 5010 transition by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), however, was postponed by CMS until March 31, 2012, with the federal agency citing numerous factors, including slow software upgrades.[33]  The implementation of ICD-10-CM has been subject to previous delays. In January 2009, the date was pushed back by two years, to October 1, 2013, rather than an earlier proposal of October 1, 2011.[34]

text: The most recent pushback of the implementation date has inspired a mixed reaction from the healthcare community.[35] Even though the deadline for ICD-10 was pushed back repeatedly, CMS recommended that medical practices take several years to prepare for implementation of the new code set.[36] The basic structure of the ICD-10-CM code is the following: Characters 1–3 (the category of disease); 4 (etiology of disease); 5 (body part affected); 6 (severity of illness); and 7 (placeholder for extension of the code to increase specificity). Not only must new software be installed and tested, but medical practices must provide training for physicians, staff members, and administrators. They will also need to develop new practice policies and guidelines, and update paperwork and forms. For convenience, practices may also create "crosswalks" that will convert their most frequently used ICD-9-CM codes to the ICD-10-CM equivalents.[37]

text: Two of the most common reasons for pushback are 1) the long list of potentially relevant codes for a given condition (such as rheumatoid arthritis) which can be confusing and reduce efficiency and 2) the seemingly absurd conditions assigned codes (such as W55.22XA: Struck by cow, initial encounter and V91.07XA: Burn due to water-skis on fire, initial encounter).[38]

text: The US also has the ICD-10 Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-PCS),[39] a coding system that contains 76,000 procedure codes that is not used by other countries.


document_title: Meninges

question_text: which layer of the meninges is connected to the brain

text: Meninges

text: Structure[edit]

text: Dura mater[edit]

text: The dura mater (Latin: tough mother) (also rarely called meninx fibrosa or pachymeninx) is a thick, durable membrane, closest to the skull and vertebrae. The dura mater, the outermost part, is a loosely arranged, fibroelastic layer of cells, characterized by multiple interdigitating cell processes, no extracellular collagen, and significant extracellular spaces. The middle region is a mostly fibrous portion. It consists of two layers: the endosteal layer, which lies closest to the calvaria (skullcap), and the inner meningeal layer, which lies closer to the brain. It contains larger blood vessels that split into the capillaries in the pia mater. It is composed of dense fibrous tissue, and its inner surface is covered by flattened cells like those present on the surfaces of the pia mater and arachnoid mater. The dura mater is a sac that envelops the arachnoid mater and surrounds and supports the large dural sinuses carrying blood from the brain toward the heart.

text: The dura has four areas of infolding:

text:
Falx cerebri, the largest, sickle-shaped; separates the cerebral hemispheres. Starts from the frontal crest of frontal bone and the crista galli running to the internal occipital protuberance.
Tentorium cerebelli, the second largest, crescent-shaped; separates the occipital lobes from cerebellum. The falx cerebri attaches to it giving a tentlike appearance.
Falx cerebelli, vertical infolding; lies inferior to the tentorium cerebelli, separating the cerebellar hemispheres.
Diaphragma sellae, smallest infolding; covers the pituitary gland and sella turcica.

tag: ul

text: Arachnoid mater[edit]

text: The middle element of the meninges is the arachnoid mater, so named because of its spider web-like appearance. It cushions the central nervous system. This thin, transparent membrane is composed of fibrous tissue and, like the pia mater, is covered by flat cells also thought to be impermeable to fluid.

text: The shape of the arachnoid does not follow the convolutions of the surface of the brain and so looks like a loosely fitting sac. In particular, in the region of the brain a large number of fine filaments called arachnoid trabeculae pass from the arachnoid through the subarachnoid space to blend with the tissue of the pia mater. The arachnoid is composed of an outermost portion (arachnoid barrier cell layer) with tightly packed cells and no extracellular collagen; that is why it is considered to represent an effective morphological and physiological meningeal barrier between the cerebrospinal fluid and subarachnoid space and the blood circulation in the dura.

text: The arachnoid barrier layer is characterized by a distinct continuous basal lamina on its inner surface toward the innermost collagenous portion of the arachnoid reticular layer.

text: Pia mater[edit]

text: The pia mater (Latin: tender mother[5]) is a very delicate membrane. It is the meningeal envelope that firmly adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, following all of the brain's contours (the gyri and sulci). It is a very thin membrane composed of fibrous tissue covered on its outer surface by a sheet of flat cells thought to be impermeable to fluid. The pia mater is pierced by blood vessels to the brain and spinal cord, and its capillaries nourish the brain.

text: Leptomeninges[edit]

text: The arachnoid and pia mater together are sometimes called the leptomeninges,[6] literally "thin meninges" (Greek: λεπτός leptos - thin). Acute meningococcal meningitis can lead to an exudate within the leptomeninges along the surface of the brain.[7] Because the arachnoid is connected to the pia by cob-web like strands, it is structurally continuous with the pia, hence the name pia-arachnoid or leptomeninges. They are responsible for the production of beta-trace protein (prostaglandin D synthase) a major cerebrospinal fluid protein . [8][9]

text: Spaces[edit]

text: The subarachnoid space is the space that normally exists between the arachnoid and the pia mater, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

text: The dura mater is attached to the skull, whereas in the spinal cord, the dura mater is separated from the bone (vertebrae) by a space called the epidural space, which contain fat and blood vessels. The arachnoid is attached to the dura mater, while the pia mater is attached to the central nervous system tissue. When the dura mater and the arachnoid separate through injury or illness, the space between them is the subdural space. There is a subpial space underneath the pia mater that separates it from the glia limitans.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: There are three types of hemorrhage involving the meninges:[10]

text:
A subarachnoid hemorrhage is acute bleeding under the arachnoid; it may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma.[11]
A subdural hematoma is a hematoma (collection of blood) located in a separation of the arachnoid from the dura mater. The small veins that connect the dura mater and the arachnoid are torn, usually during an accident, and blood leaks into this area.
An epidural hematoma may arise after an accident or spontaneously.

text: Other medical conditions that affect the meninges include meningitis (usually from fungal, bacterial, or viral infection) and meningiomas that arise from the meninges, or from meningeal carcinomatoses (tumors) that form elsewhere in the body and metastasize to the meninges.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: In fish, there is a single membrane known as the primitive meninx. In other vertebrates – amphibians, reptiles and birds, the meninges include a thick outer dura mater and a thick inner secondary meninx. In the early 1900s, Giuseppe Sterzi an Italian anatomist carried out comparative studies on the meninges from the lancelet to man. Contrary to previous reports the spinal meninges were seen to be very simple, both in the adult lower vertebrates and in the early developmental stages of the more advanced vertebrates. From the mesenchyme surrounding the neural tube only a single leaflet forms the primitive meninx. In the following phylogenetic and ontogenetic stages, the latter divides into an internal leaflet: the secondary meninx, and into an external one: the dura mater. Finally, in higher vertebrates, even the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and the pia. In the same animals, Sterzi demonstrated that, while in the spinal medulla the dura keeps its identity, in the skull it fuses with the periosteum. He also demonstrated the continuity of all meninges with the envelopes of nerves and with the filum terminale.

text: Mammals (as higher vertebrates) retain the dura mater, and the secondary meninx divides into the arachnoid and pia mater.[12]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the skull

Diagrammatic section of scalp.


document_title: Heart of palm

question_text: where is the heart of palm on a palm tree

text: Heart of palm

text: Harvesting[edit]

text: When harvesting the cultivated young palm, the tree is cut down and the bark is removed leaving layers of white fibers around the center core. During processing the fibers are removed leaving the center core or heart of palm. The center core is attached to a slightly more fibrous cylindrical base with a larger diameter. The entire cylindrical center core and the attached base are edible. The center core is considered more of a delicacy because of its lower fiber content.

text: Nutrition[edit]

text:
Heart of Palm

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy
79.5 kJ (19.0 kcal)

Carbohydrates

3.1 g

Sugars
0.0 g

Dietary fiber
1.6 g

Fat

0.39 g

Protein

1.55 g

Vitamins

Vitamin A equiv.

(3%)
23.4 μg

Vitamin C

(2%)
1.9 mg

Minerals

Calcium

(5%)
47 mg

Iron

(16%)
2.09 mg

Sodium

(23%)
349 mg

Link to USDA Database entry

Units
μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient Database

text: Hearts of palm is rich in fibers, potassium, iron, zinc, phosphorus, copper, vitamins B2, B6, and C.[1]


document_title: PGA Championship

question_text: which player won the pga championship by the most shots

text: PGA Championship

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: In 1894, with 41 golf courses operating in the United States, two unofficial national championships for amateur golfers were organized. One was held at Newport Country Club in Rhode Island, and the other at St. Andrew's Golf Club in New York. In addition, and at the same time as the amateur event, St. Andrew's conducted an Open championship for professional golfers. None of the championships was officially sanctioned by a governing body for American golf, causing considerable controversy among players and organizers. Later in 1894 this led to the formation of the United States Golf Association (USGA), which became the first formal golf organization in the country. After the formation of the USGA, golf quickly became a sport of national popularity and importance.

text: In February 1916 the Professional Golfers Association of America (PGA) was established in New York City. One month earlier, the wealthy department store owner Rodman Wanamaker hosted a luncheon with the leading golf professionals of the day at the Wykagyl Country Club in nearby New Rochelle. The attendees prepared the agenda for the formal organization of the PGA;[1] consequently, golf historians have dubbed Wykagyl "The Cradle of the PGA."[2] The new organization's first president was Robert White, one of Wykagyl's best-known golf professionals.[citation needed]

text: The first PGA Championship was held in October 1916 at Siwanoy Country Club in Bronxville, New York.[3] The winner, Jim Barnes, received $500 and a diamond-studded gold medal donated by Rodman Wanamaker. The 2016 winner, Jimmy Walker, earned $1.8 million. The champion is also awarded a replica of the Wanamaker Trophy, which was also donated by Wanamaker, to keep for one year, and a smaller-sized keeper replica Wanamaker Trophy.[4][5]

text: Format[edit]

text: Initially a match play event, the PGA Championship was originally played in early fall but varied from May to December. Following World War II, the championship was mostly played in late May or late June, then moved to early July in 1953 and a few weeks later in 1954, with the finals played on Tuesday. As a match play event (with a stroke play qualifier), it was not uncommon for the finalists to play over 200 holes in seven days. The 1957 event lost money,[6] and at the PGA meetings in November it was changed to stroke play, starting in 1958, with the standard 72-hole format of 18 holes per day for four days, Thursday to Sunday. Network television broadcasters, preferring a large group of well-known contenders on the final day, pressured the PGA of America to make the format change.[7]

text: During the 1960s, the PGA Championship was played the week following The Open Championship five times, making it virtually impossible for players to compete in both majors. In 1965, the PGA was contested for the first time in August, and returned in 1969, save for a one-year move to late February in 1971, played in Florida. The 2016 event was moved to late July, two weeks after the Open Championship, to accommodate the 2016 Summer Olympics in August.[8]

text: Prior to the 2017 edition, it was announced that the PGA Championship would be moved to May on the weekend prior to Memorial Day, beginning in 2019. The PGA Tour concurrently announced that it would move its Players Championship back to March the same year; it had been moved from March to May in 2007. The PGA of America cited the addition of golf to the Summer Olympics, as well as cooler weather enabling a wider array of options for host courses, as reasoning for the change. It was also believed that the PGA Tour wished to re-align its season to end sooner, so that the FedEx Cup Playoffs would not have to compete with the start of football season in late-August and September.[9][10][11]

text: Location[edit]

text: The PGA Championship is primarily played in the eastern half of the United States; only ten times has it ventured west. It was last played in the Pacific time zone 20 years ago in 1998, at Sahalee east of Seattle. The last time that the championship was played in California was in 1995, at Riviera. The 102nd edition in 2020 is scheduled for TPC Harding Park in San Francisco,[12][13] the first for the Bay Area and a return to California after a quarter century. (The Mountain time zone has hosted three playings, all in suburban Denver; these tournaments occurred in 1941, 1967, and 1985.)

text: Through 2018, the state of New York has hosted twelve times, followed by Ohio (11) and Pennsylvania (9).

text: Promotion[edit]

text: The tournament was previously promoted with the slogan "Glory's Last Shot". In 2013, the tagline had been dropped in favor of "The Season's Final Major", as suggested by PGA Tour commissioner Tim Finchem whilst discussing the allowance of a one-week break in its schedule prior to the Ryder Cup. Finchem had argued that the slogan was not appropriate as it weakened the stature of events that occur after it, such as the PGA Tour's FedEx Cup playoffs. PGA of America CEO Pete Bevacqua explained that they had also had discussions with CBS, adding that "it was three entities that all quickly came to the same conclusion that, you know what, there's just not much in that tag line and we don’t feel it's doing much for the PGA Championship, so let's not stick with it. Let's think what else is out there."[14][15] For a time, the tournament used the slogan "This is Major" as a replacement.[16][17]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: The PGA Championship was established for the purpose of providing a high-profile tournament specifically for professional golfers at a time when they were generally not held in high esteem in a sport that was largely run by wealthy amateurs. This origin is still reflected in the entry system for the Championship. It is the only major that does not explicitly invite leading amateurs to compete (it is possible for amateurs to get into the field, although the only viable ways are by winning one of the other major championships, or winning a PGA Tour event while playing on a sponsor's exemption), and the only one that reserves a large number of places, 20 of 156, for club professionals. These slots are determined by the top finishers in the club pro championship, which is held in June.

text: Since December 1968, the PGA Tour has been independent of the PGA of America.[18][19][20]

text: The PGA Tour is an elite organization of tournament professionals, but the PGA Championship is still run by the PGA of America, which is mainly a body for club and teaching professionals. The PGA Championship is the only major that does not explicitly grant entry to the top 50 players in the Official World Golf Ranking, although it invariably invites all of the top 100 (not just top 50) players who are not already qualified.[citation needed]

text: List of qualification criteria as of 2010:

text:
All former PGA Champions.
Winners of the last five U.S. Opens.
Winners of the last five Masters.
Winners of the last five Open Championships.
Winners of the last three The Players Championships.
The current Senior PGA Champion.
The low 15 scorers and ties in the previous PGA Championship.
The 20 low scorers in the last PGA Professional National Championship.
The 70 leaders in official money standings on the PGA Tour (starting one week prior to the previous year's PGA Championship and ending two weeks prior to the current year's PGA Championship).
Members of the most recent United States and European Ryder Cup Teams, provided they are in the top 100 of the Official World Golf Ranking as of one week before the start of the tournament.
Winners of tournaments co-sponsored or approved by the PGA Tour since the previous PGA Championship (does not include pro-am and team competitions, but does include alternate events).
The PGA of America reserves the right to invite additional players not included in the categories listed above.
The total field is a maximum of 156 players. Vacancies are filled by the first available player from the list of alternates (those below 70th place in official money standings).

text: Winners[edit]

text: Stroke play era winners[edit]

text:
Year
Champion
Country
Venue
Location of venue
Score
Winning
margin
Runner(s)-up
Winner's[21]
share ($)

2018

Bellerive Country Club
Town and Country, Missouri

1,890,000

2017
Justin Thomas
 United States
Quail Hollow Club
Charlotte, North Carolina
276 (−8)
2 strokes
 Francesco Molinari
 Louis Oosthuizen
 Patrick Reed
1,890,000

2016
Jimmy Walker
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course
Springfield, New Jersey
266 (−14)
1 stroke
 Jason Day
1,800,000

2015
Jason Day
 Australia
Whistling Straits, Straits Course
Kohler, Wisconsin[N 1]
268 (−20)
3 strokes
 Jordan Spieth
1,800,000

2014
Rory McIlroy (2)
 Northern Ireland
Valhalla Golf Club
Louisville, Kentucky
268 (−16)
1 stroke
 Phil Mickelson
1,800,000

2013
Jason Dufner
 United States
Oak Hill Country Club, East Course
Rochester, New York[N 2]
270 (−10)
2 strokes
 Jim Furyk
1,445,000

2012
Rory McIlroy
 Northern Ireland
Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course
Kiawah Island, South Carolina
275 (−13)
8 strokes
 David Lynn
1,445,000

2011
Keegan Bradley
 United States
Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course
Johns Creek, Georgia[N 3]
272 (−8)
Playoff
 Jason Dufner
1,445,000

2010
Martin Kaymer
 Germany
Whistling Straits, Straits Course
Kohler, Wisconsin[N 1]
277 (−11)
Playoff
 Bubba Watson
1,350,000

2009
Yang Yong-eun
 South Korea
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, Minnesota
280 (−8)
3 strokes
 Tiger Woods
1,350,000

2008
Pádraig Harrington
 Ireland
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield, Michigan
277 (−3)
2 strokes
 Ben Curtis
 Sergio García
1,350,000

2007
Tiger Woods (4)
 United States
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
272 (−8)
2 strokes
 Woody Austin
1,260,000

2006
Tiger Woods (3)
 United States
Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3
Medinah, Illinois
270 (−18)
5 strokes
 Shaun Micheel
1,224,000

2005
Phil Mickelson
 United States
Baltusrol Golf Club, Lower Course
Springfield, New Jersey
276 (−4)
1 stroke
 Thomas Bjørn
 Steve Elkington
1,170,000

2004
Vijay Singh (2)
 Fiji
Whistling Straits, Straits Course
Kohler, Wisconsin[N 1]
280 (−8)
Playoff
 Chris DiMarco
 Justin Leonard
1,125,000

2003
Shaun Micheel
 United States
Oak Hill Country Club, East Course
Rochester, New York[N 2]
276 (−4)
2 strokes
 Chad Campbell
1,080,000

2002
Rich Beem
 United States
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, Minnesota
278 (−10)
1 stroke
 Tiger Woods
990,000

2001
David Toms
 United States
Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course
Duluth, Georgia[N 3]
265 (−15)
1 stroke
 Phil Mickelson
936,000

2000
Tiger Woods (2)
 United States
Valhalla Golf Club
Louisville, Kentucky[N 4]
270 (−18)
Playoff
 Bob May
900,000

1999
Tiger Woods
 United States
Medinah Country Club, Course No. 3
Medinah, Illinois
277 (−11)
1 stroke
 Sergio García
630,000

1998
Vijay Singh
 Fiji
Sahalee Country Club
Sammamish, Washington
271 (−9)
2 strokes
 Steve Stricker
540,000

1997
Davis Love III
 United States
Winged Foot Golf Club, West Course
Mamaroneck, New York
269 (−11)
5 strokes
 Justin Leonard
470,000

1996
Mark Brooks
 United States
Valhalla Golf Club
Louisville, Kentucky[N 4]
277 (−11)
Playoff
 Kenny Perry
430,000

1995
Steve Elkington
 Australia
Riviera Country Club
Pacific Palisades, California[N 5]
267 (−17)
Playoff
 Colin Montgomerie
360,000

1994
Nick Price (2)
 Zimbabwe
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
269 (−11)
6 strokes
 Corey Pavin
310,000

1993
Paul Azinger
 United States
Inverness Club
Toledo, Ohio
272 (−12)
Playoff
 Greg Norman
300,000

1992
Nick Price
 Zimbabwe
Bellerive Country Club
St. Louis, Missouri[N 6]
278 (−6)
3 strokes
 John Cook
 Nick Faldo
 Jim Gallagher, Jr.
 Gene Sauers
280,000

1991
John Daly
 United States
Crooked Stick Golf Club
Carmel, Indiana
276 (−12)
3 strokes
 Bruce Lietzke
230,000

1990
Wayne Grady
 Australia
Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club
Birmingham, Alabama
282 (−6)
3 strokes
 Fred Couples
225,000

1989
Payne Stewart
 United States
Kemper Lakes Golf Club
Long Grove, Illinois
276 (−12)
1 stroke
 Andy Bean
 Mike Reid
 Curtis Strange
200,000

1988
Jeff Sluman
 United States
Oak Tree Golf Club
Edmond, Oklahoma
272 (−12)
3 strokes
 Paul Azinger
160,000

1987
Larry Nelson (2)
 United States
PGA National Resort & Spa
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
287 (−1)
Playoff
 Lanny Wadkins
150,000

1986
Bob Tway
 United States
Inverness Club
Toledo, Ohio
276 (−8)
2 strokes
 Greg Norman
145,000

1985
Hubert Green
 United States
Cherry Hills Country Club
Cherry Hills Village, Colorado
278 (−6)
2 strokes
 Lee Trevino
125,000

1984
Lee Trevino (2)
 United States
Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club
Birmingham, Alabama
273 (−15)
4 strokes
 Gary Player
 Lanny Wadkins
125,000

1983
Hal Sutton
 United States
Riviera Country Club
Pacific Palisades, California[N 5]
274 (−10)
1 stroke
 Jack Nicklaus
100,000

1982
Raymond Floyd (2)
 United States
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
272 (−8)
3 strokes
 Lanny Wadkins
65,000

1981
Larry Nelson
 United States
Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course
Duluth, Georgia[N 3]
273 (−7)
4 strokes
 Fuzzy Zoeller
60,000

1980
Jack Nicklaus (5)
 United States
Oak Hill Country Club, East Course
Rochester, New York[N 2]
274 (−6)
7 strokes
 Andy Bean
60,000

1979
David Graham
 Australia
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield, Michigan
272 (−8)
Playoff
 Ben Crenshaw
60,000

1978
John Mahaffey
 United States
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
276 (−8)
Playoff
 Jerry Pate
 Tom Watson
50,000

1977
Lanny Wadkins
 United States
Pebble Beach Golf Links
Pebble Beach, California
282 (−6)
Playoff
 Gene Littler
45,000

1976
Dave Stockton (2)
 United States
Congressional Country Club, Blue Course
Bethesda, Maryland
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Raymond Floyd
 Don January
45,000

1975
Jack Nicklaus (4)
 United States
Firestone Country Club, South Course
Akron, Ohio
276 (−4)
2 strokes
 Bruce Crampton
45,000

1974
Lee Trevino
 United States
Tanglewood Park, Championship Course
Clemmons, North Carolina
276 (−4)
1 stroke
 Jack Nicklaus
45,000

1973
Jack Nicklaus (3)
 United States
Canterbury Golf Club
Beachwood, Ohio
277 (−7)
4 strokes
 Bruce Crampton
45,000

1972
Gary Player (2)
 South Africa
Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course
Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
281 (+1)
2 strokes
 Tommy Aaron
 Jim Jamieson
45,000

1971
Jack Nicklaus (2)
 United States
PGA National Golf Club
Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
281 (−7)
2 strokes
 Billy Casper
40,000

1970
Dave Stockton
 United States
Southern Hills Country Club
Tulsa, Oklahoma
279 (−1)
2 strokes
 Bob Murphy
 Arnold Palmer
40,000

1969
Raymond Floyd
 United States
NCR Country Club, South Course
Dayton, Ohio
276 (−8)
1 stroke
 Gary Player
35,000

1968
Julius Boros
 United States
Pecan Valley Golf Club
San Antonio, Texas
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Bob Charles
 Arnold Palmer
25,000

1967
Don January
 United States
Columbine Country Club
Columbine Valley, Colorado
281 (−7)
Playoff
 Don Massengale
25,000

1966
Al Geiberger
 United States
Firestone Country Club, South Course
Akron, Ohio
280 (E)
4 strokes
 Dudley Wysong
25,000

1965
Dave Marr
 United States
Laurel Valley Golf Club
Ligonier, Pennsylvania
280 (−4)
2 strokes
 Billy Casper
 Jack Nicklaus
25,000

1964
Bobby Nichols
 United States
Columbus Country Club
Columbus, Ohio
271 (−9)
3 strokes
 Jack Nicklaus
 Arnold Palmer
18,000

1963
Jack Nicklaus
 United States
Dallas Athletic Club, Blue Course
Dallas, Texas
279 (−5)
2 strokes
 Dave Ragan
13,000

1962
Gary Player
 South Africa
Aronimink Golf Club
Newtown Square, Pennsylvania
278 (−2)
1 stroke
 Bob Goalby
13,000

1961
Jerry Barber
 United States
Olympia Fields Country Club
Olympia Fields, Illinois
277 (−3)
Playoff
 Don January
11,000

1960
Jay Hebert
 United States
Firestone Country Club, South Course
Akron, Ohio
281 (+1)
1 stroke
 Jim Ferrier
11,000

1959
Bob Rosburg
 United States
Minneapolis Golf Club
St. Louis Park, Minnesota
277 (−3)
1 stroke
 Jerry Barber
 Doug Sanders
8,250

1958
Dow Finsterwald
 United States
Llanerch Country Club
Havertown, Pennsylvania
276 (−4)
2 strokes
 Billy Casper
5,500

text: Match play era winners[edit]

text:
Year
Champion
Country
Runner-up
Margin
Venue
Location of venue
Winners
share ($)

1957
Lionel Hebert
 United States
 Dow Finsterwald
2 & 1
Miami Valley Golf Club
Dayton, Ohio
8,000

1956
Jack Burke, Jr.
 United States
 Ted Kroll
3 & 2
Blue Hill Country Club
Canton, Massachusetts
5,000

1955
Doug Ford
 United States
 Cary Middlecoff
4 & 3
Meadowbrook Country Club
Detroit, Michigan
5,000

1954
Chick Harbert
 United States
 Walter Burkemo
4 & 3
Keller Golf Course
Maplewood, Minnesota
5,000

1953
Walter Burkemo
 United States
 Felice Torza
2 & 1
Birmingham Country Club
Birmingham, Michigan
5,000

1952
Jim Turnesa
 United States
 Chick Harbert
1 up
Big Spring Country Club
Louisville, Kentucky
3,500

1951
Sam Snead (3)
 United States
 Walter Burkemo
7 & 6
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
3,500

1950
Chandler Harper
 United States
 Henry Williams, Jr.
4 & 3
Scioto Country Club
Columbus, Ohio
3,500

1949
Sam Snead (2)
 United States
 Johnny Palmer
3 & 2
Hermitage Country Club
Richmond, Virginia
3,500

1948
Ben Hogan (2)
 United States
 Mike Turnesa
7 & 6
Norwood Hills Country Club
St. Louis, Missouri
3,500

1947
Jim Ferrier
 Australia
 Chick Harbert
2 & 1
Plum Hollow Country Club
Detroit, Michigan
3,500

1946
Ben Hogan
 United States
 Ed Oliver
6 & 4
Portland Golf Club
Portland, Oregon
3,500

1945
Byron Nelson (2)
 United States
 Sam Byrd
4 & 3
Moraine Country Club
Dayton, Ohio
3,750

1944
Bob Hamilton
 United States
 Byron Nelson
1 up
Manito Golf and Country Club
Spokane, Washington
3,500

1943
Not held due to World War II

1942
Sam Snead
 United States
 Jim Turnesa
2 & 1
Seaview Country Club
Atlantic City, New Jersey
1,000

1941
Vic Ghezzi
 United States
 Byron Nelson
38 holes
Cherry Hills Country Club
Cherry Hills Village, Colorado
1,100

1940
Byron Nelson
 United States
 Sam Snead
1 up
Hershey Country Club, West Course
Hershey, Pennsylvania
1,100

1939
Henry Picard
 United States
 Byron Nelson
37 holes
Pomonok Country Club
Flushing, New York
1,100

1938
Paul Runyan (2)
 United States
 Sam Snead
8 & 7
The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort
Smithfield Township, Pennsylvania
1,100

1937
Denny Shute (2)
 United States
 Harold McSpaden
37 holes
Pittsburgh Field Club
O'Hara Township, Pennsylvania
1,000

1936
Denny Shute
 United States
 Jimmy Thomson
3 & 2
Pinehurst Resort, No. 2 Course
Pinehurst, North Carolina
1,000

1935
Johnny Revolta
 United States
 Tommy Armour
5 & 4
Twin Hills Golf & Country Club
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
1,000

1934
Paul Runyan
 United States
 Craig Wood
38 holes
The Park Country Club
Williamsville, New York
1,000

1933
Gene Sarazen (3)
 United States
 Willie Goggin
5 & 4
Blue Mound Golf & Country Club
Wauwatosa, Wisconsin
1,000

1932
Olin Dutra
 United States
 Frank Walsh
4 & 3
Keller Golf Course
Maplewood, Minnesota
1,000

1931
Tom Creavy
 United States
 Denny Shute
2 & 1
Wannamoisett Country Club
Rumford, Rhode Island
1,000

1930
Tommy Armour
 Scotland
 United States^
 Gene Sarazen
1 up
Fresh Meadow Country Club
Queens, New York

1929
Leo Diegel (2)
 United States
 Johnny Farrell
6 & 4
Hillcrest Country Club
Los Angeles, California

1928
Leo Diegel
 United States
 Al Espinosa
6 & 5
Baltimore Country Club, East Course
Timonium, Maryland

1927
Walter Hagen (5)
 United States
 Joe Turnesa
1 up
Cedar Crest Country Club
Dallas, Texas

1926
Walter Hagen (4)
 United States
 Leo Diegel
5 & 3
Salisbury Golf Club, Red Course
East Meadow, New York

1925
Walter Hagen (3)
 United States
 Bill Mehlhorn
6 & 5
Olympia Fields Country Club
Olympia Fields, Illinois

1924
Walter Hagen (2)
 United States
 Jim Barnes
2 up
French Lick Springs Resort, Hill Course
French Lick, Indiana

1923
Gene Sarazen (2)
 United States
 Walter Hagen
38 holes
Pelham Country Club
Pelham Manor, New York

1922
Gene Sarazen
 United States
 Emmet French
4 & 3
Oakmont Country Club
Oakmont, Pennsylvania
500

1921
Walter Hagen
 United States
 Jim Barnes
3 & 2
Inwood Country Club
Inwood, New York
500

1920
Jock Hutchison
 Scotland
 United States^
 J. Douglas Edgar
1 up
Flossmoor Country Club
Flossmoor, Illinois
500

1919
Jim Barnes (2)
 England
 Fred McLeod
6 & 5
Engineers Country Club
Roslyn Harbor, New York
500

1918
Not held due to World War I

1917

1916
Jim Barnes
 England
 Jock Hutchison
1 up
Siwanoy Country Club
Eastchester, New York
500

text: ^ These players were British born, but they were based in the United States when they won the PGA Championship, and they became U.S. citizens:

text:
Tommy Armour - Born in Scotland but moved to the U.S. in the early 1920s and became a U.S. citizen at that time.
Jock Hutchison - Born in Scotland. He became a U.S. citizen in 1920.

text: Match play era details[edit]

text: The table below lists the field sizes and qualification methods for the match play era. All rounds were played over 36 holes except as noted in the table.[22]

text:
Years
Field size
Qualification
18 hole rounds

1916–21
32
sectional*

1922
64
sectional
1st two rounds

1923
64
sectional

1924–34
32
36 hole qualifier

1935–41
64
36 hole qualifier
1st two rounds

1942–45
32
36 hole qualifier

1946–55
64
36 hole qualifier
1st two rounds

1956
128
sectional
1st four rounds

1957
128
sectional
1st four rounds, consolation matches (3rd-8th place)

text: * In 1921, the field consisted of the defending champion and the top 31 qualifiers from the 1921 U.S. Open.

text: Summary by course, state and region[edit]

text:
Summary by course, state and region

Course/State/Region
Number
State No.
Region No.

Blue Hill Country Club
1

Total Massachusetts

1

Wannamoisett Country Club
1

Total Rhode Island

1

Total New England

2

Baltusrol Golf Club
1

Seaview Country Club
1

Total New Jersey

2

Engineers Country Club
1

Fresh Meadow Country Club
1

Inwood Country Club
1

Oak Hill Country Club
3

Pelham Country Club
1

Pomonok Country Club
1

Salisbury Golf Club
1

Siwanoy Country Club
1

The Park Country Club
1

Winged Foot Golf Club
1

Total New York

12

Aronimink Golf Club
1

Hershey Country Club
1

Laurel Valley Golf Club
1

Llanerch Country Club
1

Oakmont Country Club
3

Pittsburgh Field Club
1

The Shawnee Inn & Golf Resort
1

Total Pennsylvania

9

Total Mid-Atlantic

23

PGA National Golf Club
1

PGA National Resort & Spa
1

Total Florida

2

Atlanta Athletic Club
3

Total Georgia

3

Baltimore Country Club
1

Congressional Country Club
1

Total Maryland

2

Pinehurst Resort
1

Quail Hollow
1

Tanglewood Park
1

Total North Carolina

3

Kiawah Island Golf Resort
1

Total South Carolina

1

Hermitage Country Club
1

Total Virginia

1

Total South Atlantic

12

Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club
2

Total Alabama

2

Big Spring Country Club
1

Valhalla Golf Club
3

Total Kentucky

4

Total East South Central

5

Oak Tree Golf Club
1

Southern Hills Country Club
4

Twin Hills Golf & Country Club
1

Total Oklahoma

6

Cedar Crest Country Club
1

Dallas Athletic Club
1

Pecan Valley Golf Club
1

Total Texas

3

Total West South Central

9

Flossmoor Country Club
1

Kemper Lakes Golf Club
1

Medinah Country Club
2

Olympia Fields Country Club
2

Total Illinois

6

Crooked Stick Golf Club
1

French Lick Springs Resort
1

Total Indiana

2

Birmingham Country Club
1

Meadowbrook Country Club
1

Oakland Hills Country Club
3

Plum Hollow Country Club
1

Total Michigan

6

Canterbury Golf Club
1

Columbus Country Club
1

Firestone Country Club
3

Inverness Club
2

Miami Valley Golf Club
1

Moraine Country Club
1

NCR Country Club
1

Scioto Country Club
1

Total Ohio

11

Blue Mound Golf & Country Club
1

Whistling Straits
3

Total Wisconsin

4

Total East North Central

29

Hazeltine National Golf Club
2

Keller Golf Course
2

Minneapolis Golf Club
1

Total Minnesota

5

Bellerive Country Club
1

Norwood Hills Country Club
1

Total Missouri

2

Total West North Central

7

Cherry Hills Country Club
2

Columbine Country Club
1

Total Colorado

3

Total Mountain

3

Hillcrest Country Club
1

Pebble Beach Golf Links
1

Riviera Country Club
2

Total California

4

Portland Golf Club
1

Total Oregon

1

Manito Golf and Country Club
1

Sahalee Country Club
1

Total Washington

2

Total Pacific

7

text: Records[edit]

text:
Most wins: 5, Jack Nicklaus, Walter Hagen
Most runner-up finishes: 4, Jack Nicklaus
Oldest winner: Julius Boros in 1968 (48 years, 142 days)
Youngest winner: Gene Sarazen in 1922 (20 years, 174 days)
Greatest winning margin in the match play era: Paul Runyan beat Sam Snead 8 & 7 in 1938
Greatest winning margin in the stroke play era: 8 strokes, Rory McIlroy in 2012
Lowest absolute 72-hole score: 265, David Toms (66-65-65-69), 2001
Lowest 72-hole score in relation to par: –20, Jason Day (68-67-66-67=268) in 2015

This is the lowest score in relation to par at any major championship.
Toms' 2001 score was −15. The 2001 site, the Highlands Course at Atlanta Athletic Club, played to par 70, while the 2015 site, the Straits Course at Whistling Straits, played to par 72. (The Highlands Course also played to par 70 when it hosted in 1981 and 2011, and the Straits Course also played to par 72 when it hosted in 2004 and 2010.)

Lowest 18-hole score: 63 – Bruce Crampton, 2nd round, 1975; Raymond Floyd, 1st, 1982; Gary Player, 2nd, 1984; Vijay Singh, 2nd, 1993; Michael Bradley, 1st, 1995; Brad Faxon, 4th, 1995; José María Olazábal, 3rd, 2000; Mark O'Meara, 2nd, 2001; Thomas Bjørn, 3rd, 2005; Tiger Woods, 2nd, 2007; Steve Stricker, 1st, 2011; Jason Dufner, 2nd, 2013; Hiroshi Iwata, 2nd, 2015; Robert Streb, 2nd, 2016.
Most frequent venues:

4 PGA Championships: Southern Hills Country Club – 1970, 1982, 1994, 2007.
3 PGA Championships: Atlanta Athletic Club, Highlands Course – 1981, 2001, 2011.
3 PGA Championships: Firestone Country Club, South Course – 1960, 1966, 1975.
3 PGA Championships: Oakland Hills Country Club, South Course – 1972, 1979, 2008.
3 PGA Championships: Oakmont Country Club – 1922, 1951, 1978.
3 PGA Championships: Oak Hill Country Club, East Course – 1980, 2003, 2013.
3 PGA Championships: Valhalla Golf Club – 1996, 2000, 2014.
3 PGA Championships: Whistling Straits, Straits Course – 2004, 2010, 2015.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Under current contracts running through 2019, the PGA Championship is televised in the United States[23] by CBS—which holds rights to afternoon coverage of the weekend rounds, and TNT—which holds rights to broadcast early-round and weekend morning coverage.[24][25] ABC had historically broadcast the tournament until 1991, when it moved to its current home of CBS.[26][27]

text: Future sites[edit]

text:
Year
Edition
Course
Location
Dates
Hosted

2018
100th
Bellerive Country Club
Town and Country, Missouri
August 9–12
1992

2019
101st
Bethpage State Park, Black Course
Farmingdale, New York[N 7]
May 16–19
Never

2020
102nd
TPC Harding Park[28]
San Francisco, California
May TBA
Never

2021
103rd
Kiawah Island Golf Resort, Ocean Course
Kiawah Island, South Carolina
May TBA
2012

2022
104th
Trump National Golf Club
Bedminster, New Jersey
TBD
Never

2023
105th
Oak Hill Country Club
Rochester, New York
TBD
1980, 2003, 2013

2024
106th
Valhalla Golf Club
Louisville, Kentucky
TBD
1996, 2000, 2014

2027
109th
Aronimink Golf Club[29]
Newtown Square, Pennsylvania
TBD
1962

2028
110th
Olympic Club[30]
San Francisco, California
TBD
Never

TBD
TBD
Southern Hills Country Club[31][32]
Tulsa, Oklahoma
TBD
1970, 1982, 1994, 2007