document_title: Peter Rabbit (film)

question_text: who plays the protagonist peter rabbit in the 2018 motion picture release

text: Peter Rabbit (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In England's Lake District Peter Rabbit, his cousin Benjamin, and his triplet sisters (who can be distinguished by the colour of jackets they each wear) Flopsy (red), Mopsy (yellow), and Cottontail (teal), spend most of their days picking on Mr. Joe McGregor and stealing vegetables from his garden. They are friends with a local woman named Bea who spends her time painting pictures of the rabbits as well as the surrounding nature. Bea takes on a mother-like relationship with the rabbits due to the death of their mother and father. One day Peter accidentally leaves his jacket in McGregor's garden and goes back to retrieve it. McGregor spots and catches him, but suddenly dies of a heart attack. Enthralled, Peter invites all of the woodland critters, and then takes over McGregor's old house.

text: Meanwhile in London, McGregor's nephew Thomas works at Harrods department store where he waits for a promotion. He coldly accepts the news about his uncle's death, but is infuriated over not getting the promotion and is fired for losing his temper, which proves to be as short as his uncle's. When he learns that his uncle's house is valuable, he decides to refurbish it so he can sell it and start his own toy store to rival Harrods. He kicks out Peter and his friends and begins to secretly wall up the garden, despite Bea's objections. When Peter and Benjamin sneak back into the garden, Thomas catches the latter and attempts to drown Benjamin. Peter and the triplets rescue him and Thomas accidentally tosses the binoculars that Bea had given him earlier.

text: Thomas and Peter start a war with each other by setting up traps and other offensive nuisances. Thomas and Bea end up falling in love with each other, which causes Peter to become jealous and wanting to separate them more. Thomas framed Peter for ruining Bea's paintings and she sent Peter outside along with the other rabbits. Soon, Bea turns on Thomas when his violent tendencies begin to show. This all culminates when Thomas throws dynamite at Peter's burrow, and uses it to attack Peter in the garden, before telling him that his antics caused him to become aggressive. When Peter detonates the dynamite to prove to Bea that Thomas was using it, he ends up knocking down the tree on top of the burrow, which crushes Bea's art studio. Thinking that Thomas was responsible for the detonation, Bea breaks up with him, and he goes back to London to work at Harrods again.

text: Peter feels bad for what he has done, and upon learning that Bea intends to leave the neighborhood, he and Benjamin head to London to find Thomas at Harrods. They make up and rush back to the country where Peter reveals that he had activated the detonator, and he and Thomas apologize to Bea for their fighting. Thomas discovers that he cannot go home because a snobbish couple, whom Thomas had an ugly encounter with prior, had just bought the house. Peter and his friends use their tricks to force the couple out of the house, allowing Thomas and Bea to move back in.

text: In a mid-credits scene, Thomas sets up his own toy shop in the village, and Bea begins to write and illustrate books based on Peter and his friends.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Domhnall Gleeson as Thomas McGregor
Rose Byrne as Bea
Sam Neill as Mr. Joe McGregor
Marianne Jean-Baptiste as Harrods General Manager
Felix Williamson as Derek

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
James Corden as Peter Rabbit
Daisy Ridley as Cottontail Rabbit
Margot Robbie as Flopsy Rabbit and the Narrator
Elizabeth Debicki as Mopsy Rabbit
Colin Moody as Benjamin Bunny
Domhnall Gleeson as Mr. Jeremy Fisher
Sam Neill as Tommy Brock
Sia as Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
Fayssal Bazzi as Mr. Tod
Ewen Leslie as Pigling Bland
Rose Byrne as Jemima Puddle-Duck
Christian Gazal as Felix D’eer
Rachel Ward as Josephine Rabbit
Bryan Brown as Mr. Rabbit
David Wenham as Johnny Town-Mouse
Alexandra Gluck and Taryn Gluck as London Street Rats
Will Reichelt as JW Rooster II
Jensen Karp as Rap Bird

text: The Singing Sparrows were voiced by Jessica Freedman, Shana Halligan, Katharine Hoye, Chris Mann, Chad Reisser, and Fletcher Sheridan

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was first revealed in April 2015 through email leaks as a result of the Sony Pictures hack.[8] The official announcement of the film came that December.[9]

text: On August 4, 2016, it was reported that Will Gluck would be directing the live-action/computer-animated film from a script by Gluck and Rob Lieber, with James Corden cast to voice Peter Rabbit and Rose Byrne to play one of the live-action roles.[10] The report also said Gluck would produce the film along with Zareh Nalbandian of Animal Logic, which will be providing the visual effects and animation for the film.[10]

text: On September 26, 2016, Daisy Ridley and Elizabeth Debicki had joined the cast, with the live action production scheduled to commence in Sydney, Australia in January 2017.[11][12][13] On October 18, Domhnall Gleeson was cast as Thomas McGregor, the descendent of the original Mr. McGregor, and on October 24, Margot Robbie joined the cast, expected to voice a bunny.[14][15] On November 7, Sia was cast to join the film as Mrs Tiggy-Winkle.[16]

text: Filming[edit]

text: On December 18, 2016, a first image of the title character, along with the movie's logo, had been revealed.[17] Production began in December 2016.[18][19] Live action scenes were filmed at Centennial Park in Sydney.[20] In March 2017, filming took place at Central railway station, Sydney, which was depicted as London Paddington station.[21]

text: In April 2017, a film crew were seen in Ambleside and Windermere in the Lake District. A local toy shop on Compston Road, Ambleside, was adapted to be Mr McGregor's.[citation needed]

text: Release[edit]

text: Peter Rabbit was originally scheduled to be released on March 23, 2018,[9] but it was moved up to February 9, 2018.[22]

text: Trailer criticism[edit]

text: The first trailer received negative feedback from critics and fans of the character, many of whom labelled the film as being too modern and insulting to Beatrix Potter's works. Collider slammed the trailer as "garbage" and a "low brow 'comedy' cringe fest."[23]

text: Stuart Heritage from The Guardian stated that "the Peter Rabbit film looks like the result of some blisteringly inept manhandling [...] there's something genuinely harrowing about the sight of Peter Rabbit – gentle, Edwardian Peter Rabbit – thoughtlessly injuring some birds, or grabbing a pile of lettuce leaves and making it rain like a banker in a strip club, or literally twerking" and argued "there is no way on Earth that [Beatrix Potter would] have ever given the green light to a slow motion car crash like this."[24]

text: Metro writer James Baldock found that the trailer was "so gut wrenchingly bad" and that "if the movie lives up to its two minute preview – [it] is set to be the greatest abomination to grace the big screen since The Emoji Movie." He finished by writing "Listen carefully, and you can just about hear the sound of Beatrix Potter, turning furiously in her grave."[25] On November 7, a new trailer for the United Kingdom was released.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of April 24, 2018[update], Peter Rabbit has grossed $114.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $196.3 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $310.6 million, against a production budget of $50 million.[7]

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside Fifty Shades Freed and The 15:17 to Paris, and was projected to gross around $16 million from 3,725 theaters in its opening weekend, with some estimates as high as $25 million.[27] It ended up making $25 million over the weekend, finishing second at the box office behind Fifty Shades ($38.8 million).[28]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 62% based on 124 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Peter Rabbit updates Beatrix Potter's classic characters with colorfully agreeable results that should entertain younger viewers while admittedly risking the wrath of purists."[29] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[30] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[28]

text: "Allergy bullying" controversy[edit]

text: In the first week after the film's release, groups in multiple countries criticized it for "allergy bullying" and called for an apology from Sony. The accusations focused on a scene where Thomas McGregor — whose character has a known severe allergy to blackberries — is pelted with the berries until one enters his mouth, causing him to enter anaphylactic shock and grab for his Epipen.[31][32][33] In response, Sony published a statement saying "We sincerely regret not being more aware and sensitive to this issue, and we truly apologise".[34]


document_title: Last Stand at Saber River

question_text: where was the movie last stand at saber river filmed

root

text: Last Stand at Saber River

text: Plot[edit]

text: As America recovers from the Civil War, Paul Cable (Tom Selleck) returns home to Texas after being away from his family for years while fighting for the Confederacy. His wife, Martha (Suzy Amis), is a pretty but strong-willed frontier woman, whose independence makes her a force in and of herself. She had been told that he was killed in action. Upon her husband's unexpected return, she once again devotes herself to being his wife, but resents him for having left her and their children behind to fight a war she didn't care to understand.

tag: p

text: Despite having loved each other since childhood and being married, Paul and Martha are now like strangers to each other, and the tension between them is evident. During his absence, their youngest daughter died from a fever, and Martha, having borne that without him, has developed a hatred for her husband. Her father, James Sanford (Harry Carey Jr.), scolds her for her attitude toward Cable, but she stands her ground, never backing down from her stance on the subject. Her father knows her well, and subsequently leaves the subject alone.

text: Cable decides he will return to Arizona and reclaim the ranch he owns there. The family members, consisting of Paul, Martha, and their daughter and son, load up their belongings, bid farewell to Martha's father, and make their way to Arizona. While en route, they come into contact with Lorraine Kidston (Tracey Needham), the beautiful ramrod cowgirl daughter of rancher Duane Kidston (David Carradine). During the night, horses headed by her men accidentally stampede through the Cables' camp, leading Paul and Martha to scold the men. Lorraine agrees that her men were foolish to run the horses at night, and scolds them. Through this interaction, the cowhands and Lorraine learn that the man in front of them is, in fact, Paul Cable. They had been told that he was dead, and since then, her father has assumed control of Cable's ranch.

text: Lorraine's father, Duane Kidston, is a former Union Army soldier, as is his brother Vern (Keith Carradine). They have little use for former Confederates, and feel that Cable's ranch now belongs to them. Upon reaching the ranch, Cable confronts the Kidston men staying in his house. However, when one man attempts to draw on Cable, he is shot and killed by Martha Cable, who is in the dark shadows.

text: The shooting leads to an ongoing feud between Paul Cable and the Kidston men, during which several of Kidston's hired guns are killed by Cable. Vern and Lorraine Kidston, however, begin to sympathize with the Cables, feeling it is better to simply return the ranch to them and let things be. Duane disagrees, but relents to his daughter and brother's wishes. In the end, the real threat to the Cables' new life in Arizona does not come from the Kidstons, but from a one-armed Confederate sympathizer and former soldier, Edward Janroe (David Dukes), who kills Duane, an event for which Cable is blamed.

text: Despite everything pointing to Cable as Duane's killer, not even Duane's brother Vern believes it. Janroe kidnaps Cable's daughter as security during an illegal gun transaction with Mexican bandits. Cable and Vern team up and chase down Janroe, killing him, then get involved in a shootout with the bandits. Cable eventually asks Vern to take his daughter out of harm's way, which Vern does. Cable then takes on the remaining bandits alone, with them eventually just deciding to take the guns from Janroe's wrecked wagon and leave.

text: Cable returns home wounded, where he is nursed by Martha, who has finally learned to accept him as he is. She decides to forgive him, forget all the animosity between them, and love her husband again.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Tom Selleck as Paul Cable
Suzy Amis as Martha Cable
David Dukes as Edward Janroe
Rachel Duncan as Clare Cable
Haley Joel Osment as Davis Cable
Keith Carradine as Vern Kidston
David Carradine as Duane Kidston
Tracey Needham as Lorraine Kidston
Chris Stacy as Chris
Harry Carey Jr. as James Sanford
Patrick Kilpatrick as Austin Dodd
Rex Linn as Bill Dancy
Eugene Osment as Wynn Dodd
Denis Forest as Cornet
Lumi Cavazos as Luz
Raymond Cruz as Manuel[3]

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text:
Bonanza Creek Ranch, 15 Bonanza Creek Lane, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
Charles R Ranch, County Road 24, Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA
Las Vegas, New Mexico, USA
Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, USA
Valle Grande, New Mexico, USA[4]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
1997 YoungStar Awards for Best Performance by a Young Actor in a Made For TV Movie (Haley Joel Osment)
1998 Western Heritage Awards Bronze Wrangler for Television Feature Film[2]


document_title: KFC in South Africa

question_text: where does kfc get their chicken in south africa

text: KFC in South Africa

text: Operations[edit]

text: As of 2016, there are 828 KFC outlets in South Africa, and the company dominates the fast food market.[1][2][3] 10 percent of outlets are company owned, and 90 percent are franchise owned.[4]

text: Outlets sell the regional pap dish.[5]

text: South Africa is one of the few countries where KFC does not sell PepsiCo owned soft drinks, due to the company's historically small presence in the country.[6][7]

text: All of the chicken sold is reared in South Africa.[5]

text: History[edit]

text: KFC first entered the South African market in 1971.[8] The company was forced to divest its 60 company owned outlets and trademarks to a South African holding company called Devco in 1987 after the US Congress passed a law forbidding American companies from owning South African assets.[9] The company's 120 franchised outlets were not affected.[10] KFC continued to collect an administrative fee from Devco.[11] The company reacquired its former assets when sanctions were lifted in 1994.[12] By 1994 there were around 300 KFC outlets in the country.[13]


document_title: April Ludgate

question_text: who does april end up with on parks and rec

text: April Ludgate

text: Background[edit]

text: April Ludgate is a college student who starts out working as an intern in the Pawnee parks and recreation department. April is extremely uninterested in the job, regularly napping at her desk and texting constantly, and acts very dry and sarcastic around her co-workers. She was assigned the internship because she overslept on intern sign-up date, which she blamed on her sister Natalie for not waking her up.[3][4] April is of English and Puerto Rican descent (she claims that this explains her 'lively and colorful' personality), and she speaks and understands Spanish fairly well as a result.[5] Her family refers to her as Zuzu.

text: April was responsible for uploading the staff bios onto the Pawnee parks and recreation site,[6] and she jokingly made a fictional bio for herself that reads as follows:

text:
“

April Ludgate-Dwyer was born in Björk’s house in Iceland and grew up on Easter Island, where her parents were giant stone heads. She has the ability to fire beams of tacos out of her hands and she can turn her legs into tigers. On Sundays, April enjoys reading Family Circus and traveling through time. Her favorite color is greenish-transparent and her favorite movie is the one you just watched. April is in charge of uploading the staff bios to the website, and no one has checked over her work.[6]

”

tag: table

text: While picking Spirit dogs in season six, Donna described her as follows:

text:
“

"You're beautiful yet cold and aloof. You pride yourself on being a loner. You do not obey, you choose to cooperate. And when you stop baring your fangs to pick a mate, it's for life. And you're fiercely loyal to your pack. Which makes you a rare black Siberian husky."

”

text: Character arc[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: April starts as a 19-year-old intern at the parks department who is somewhat rebellious and is often annoyed by her fellow parks department workers. For the first two seasons, her boyfriend was Derek, who is openly bisexual and who simultaneously dates an openly gay college student named Ben, whom April dislikes. (Aubrey Plaza herself came up with the idea of her character's boyfriend being bisexual and her boyfriend himself dating another guy.)[7]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Although still dating her openly bisexual boyfriend, Derek, who is still dating his gay boyfriend, Ben, April begins to develop a crush on Andy Dwyer (who works at city hall), the ex-boyfriend of Ann Perkins.[8] Andy is able to make April smile, which is something she rarely does.[9] April flirts with Andy and even convinces Andy to let her give him hickeys on his neck in order to make Ann jealous, but Andy nevertheless remains unaware of her feelings toward him.[10] In order to remain close to Andy, April volunteers to work as Ron's assistant, ending her time as an intern and establishing a full-time position at the Pawnee town hall.[11] April finally breaks up with Derek after he makes fun of Andy and gives her a hard time about spending too much time with him.[12] Toward the end of the season Andy and April's relationship begins to grow to the point that he begins to reciprocate her feelings but their age difference continues to be a wedge between them. They admit their mutual attraction to each other in the season finale, but she tells him she does not want to get involved with him due to what she perceives as his lasting feelings for Ann. She changes her mind after he gets into a car accident and the two kiss for the first time, but she leaves abruptly after he reveals Ann kissed him just two minutes earlier.

text: Season 3[edit]

text: April traveled to Venezuela between seasons but has returned to Pawnee to continue her job at the Parks Dept. and has a new Spanish-speaking Venezuelan boyfriend, Eduardo. April eventually breaks up with Eduardo after he becomes friends with Andy because Eduardo was used only to make Andy jealous. April tells Andy to do all of the things she hates doing for her for a month. After only one day of him doing this, April kisses Andy. Andy and April decide to get married in "April and Andy's Fancy Party" after only one month of dating. Andy had proposed to April the day before the party asking, "What if we got married tomorrow?" to which April replied, "Fine." They were married at their dinner party (which was actually a surprise ceremony) in front of their friends and family.[1][13] With a great deal of help from new housemate Ben Wyatt they have learned, to a limited extent, how to live and act like working adults.

text: Season 4[edit]

text: April and Andy throw a Halloween party at which Ron and Ann go around fixing all of the problems in her and Andy's house. She becomes a member of Leslie's campaign as the "youth outreach". April takes over a large portion of Leslie's duties in the Parks and Rec department towards the end of the season to allow Leslie to concentrate on the election. April is shown to somewhat enjoy and excel in this position. In "Bus Tour", April becomes legally known as April Ludgate-Dwyer.

text: Season 5[edit]

text: April is working as Ben's assistant at Washington D.C. as he successfully runs a congressional re-election campaign. She actively supports Andy while he tries to get into the Pawnee Police Department. Following her passion for animals, she develops plans to have Lot 48 become a dog park. She reveals that she wants to become a veterinarian and asks Ann to write her a recommendation letter. April becomes Deputy Director of the Animal Control by suggesting it be absorbed into the Parks Department due to its inefficiency.

text: Season 6[edit]

text: At the beginning of Season 6, April is planning on attending Veterinary School; however, upon going to the orientation with Ann she realizes it is not what she wants to do. While she supports Andy for having a job away in London, she is very upset while he is away and misses him. She develops a closer relationship with Donna, and they both try to stop Tom leaving the Parks Department by being unhelpful as he searches for a property for his restaurant. However, they later feel guilty, and help him find the perfect place. When Andy returns, she actively supports him on playing music for children, deciding to become his manager. While she makes out she is excited that Ann is leaving Pawnee, the pair share a nostalgic farewell at the Pawnee Commons site in "Ann and Chris". Along with Andy, Tom and some other Pawnee youths, she comes up with the idea of holding a Unity concert celebrating the merger. In the season finale, April has Leslie named a founder of the revamped city of Pawnee and motivates her to convince the National Park Service to move the Midwest Branch to Pawnee, which allows Leslie and Ben to stay. In addition, it is revealed that April and Andy are still happily married in 2017, with April working for Leslie.

text: Season 7[edit]

text: It's 2017 and April laments, as time has passed and she has remained in her government career, she fears she and Andy are becoming ordinary and boring. While driving through the warehouse district, they spot a creepy old house with an equally creepy owner. He tells them it was a place for old factory workers who ended up going mad. They decide to purchase it. When Joan Callamezzo is honored by the mayor, April starts to feel that her life hasn't been fulfilled yet, and realises working in the Parks Department really isn't her dream job. In "Ms. Ludgate-Dwyer Goes to Washington", April is trying to find a way to tell Leslie that she wants to leave the Parks Department. When she finally tells Leslie, after a bit of reluctance, Leslie decides to help her. Leslie takes April to the American Service Foundation, which helps determine potential occupations for job-seekers. After April's meeting, April tells Leslie that she would like to work at the Foundation itself. April and Andy decide to relocate to Washington D.C when April gets an offer to work for the Foundation. However, she feels guilty for making Andy give up 'the best job he's ever had' working as Johnny Karate on his own TV show. Andy assures her that she is the best thing that ever happened to him and after all the support she has given him, helping him to become a children's entertainment phenomenon, she deserves his support in her search for happiness.

text: In a series of flash-forwards in the final episode, April and Andy ask Leslie and Ben for advice regarding the prospect of having children, which Andy very much wants but April does not. They decide to try for it and their son Jack (short for Jack-o-Lantern) is born on Halloween 2023. By 2025 the couple is expecting their second child.

text: Development[edit]

text: The role of April Ludgate was written specifically for Aubrey Plaza. Upon meeting the actress, Parks and Recreation casting director Allison Jones contacted series co-creator Michael Schur and said, "I just met the weirdest girl I’ve ever met in my life. You have to meet her and put her on your show."[14] Schur said he met with her and was taken so off-guard by her quiet and deadpan personality that he felt incredibly awkward and uncomfortable, spending the whole meeting trying to keep her entertained. Schur said that from that meeting on, he and fellow co-creator Greg Daniels knew they wanted to cast her on the show.[14][15] When the scripts for Parks and Recreation were first written, the character was referred to simply as "Aubrey".[15]


document_title: The Farm (The Office)

question_text: who played dwight's brother on the office

question_tokens: who played dwight 's brother on the office

text: The Farm (The Office)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) receives news that his Aunt Shirley has died, and he informs the office. The only co-worker he invites to the funeral is Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez), who flees when Dwight begins shooting the corpse with a shotgun to ensure it is really dead. At the funeral, Dwight's family gathers: his cousins Mose (Michael Schur) and Zeke (Matt Jones), his brother Jeb (Thomas Middleditch), his sister Fannie (Majandra Delfino), his nephew Cammy (Blake Garrett Rosenthal), and his uncle Heinrich (Tom Bower). The family learns that Aunt Shirley has willed the siblings her estate on the condition that they all come back home to run it. Despite Dwight's enthusiasm in inheriting it, Fannie and Jeb are unwilling to move back in due to the lack of sophistication farm life offers. Nevertheless, Dwight convinces them to help him run the farm.

text: Meanwhile, Todd Packer (David Koechner) visits the office and announces that he wants to make amends for his past behavior. He makes rude remarks masked as apologies and hands out store-bought cupcakes. Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) argues that they should not eat the cupcakes, to spite Packer. She remains adamant on this point even after Packer leaves, but once Pam goes home the remaining employees eat the cupcakes. Packer reveals to the documentary crew that he spiked the cupcakes with drugs, supposedly as revenge for getting him fired (though none of the employees present save Nellie had anything to do with his being fired). He then visits Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) and Darryl Philbin (Craig Robinson) at Athlead in Philadelphia, pulling the same trick on them. In the morning, Pam returns to the office and announces she is going to eat her cupcake, only to find everyone else reeling from the aftereffects of Packer's deed.

text: Production[edit]

text: The episode was written and directed by executive producer and former showrunner Paul Lieberstein, marking his thirteenth writing credit, sixth directorial credit and fourth dual credit.[3] "The Farm" was the fifth episode produced, but was the seventeenth aired, as noted by its production number.[1] It was originally supposed to act as a backdoor pilot for a spin-off series starring Wilson and focusing on Dwight. As such, Wilson was initially slated to appear in only 13 episodes of The Office's ninth season before leaving for the spin-off.[4] Paul Lieberstein, the showrunner for The Office for seasons five through eight, stepped down at the start of season nine in order to focus more energy on the potential spin-off.[5] However, upon review, the spin-off was not picked up by NBC.[6] Executive producer Greg Daniels revealed that the episode would have additional material shot so that it fits better into the season, as the original version contained "certain aspects that were appropriate for a pilot of a new show".[7]

text: The episode guest stars Majandra Delfino, Blake Garrett Rosenthal, Thomas Middleditch, Matt Jones, and Tom Bower as members of Dwight's family; Delfino plays Dwight's sister Fannie, Rosenthal plays Dwight's nephew Cammy, Middleditch portrays Dwight's brother Jeb, Jones portrays Dwight's cousin Zeke, and Bower appears as Dwight's great uncle Heinrich, in a deleted scene.[2][6][8] Jones had previously appeared in the ninth season entry, "Junior Salesman".[9]

text: Broadcast and reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: "The Farm" originally aired on NBC on March 14, 2013, after a four-week hiatus.[10] In its original American broadcast, the episode was viewed by an estimated 3.54 million viewers and received a 1.9 rating/5 percent share.[11] This means that it was seen by 1.9 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds, and 5 percent of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. This marked a decrease in the ratings from the previous episode, "Moving On".[11][12] The Office ranked fourth in its timeslot, being beaten by an episode of the CBS police procedural Person of Interest which received a 2.9/8 percent rating, an entry of the ABC series Grey's Anatomy which received a 2.6/7 percent rating, and an installment of the Fox series Glee which received a 2.0/6 percent rating.[11] Despite this, the episode was the highest-rated NBC series for the night.[11] 1.90 million viewers watched the episode via DVR playback, bringing the total viewership to 5.36 million viewers and a 3.0 18–49 rating.[13]

text: Reviews[edit]

text:
"Then there was the open-endedness of Dwight walking onto the farm with his brother and sister, the beginning of the new life. The tone didn't match. None of this was necessarily bad on its own, but because we know what we know, it came off less like a weird outing for Dwight and revealed the stitching of people trying to patch in a standalone episode... which by mere approach made it feel larger and grander, the seams of the monster."

—Nick Campbell, TV.com[14]

tag: div

text: "The Farm" received mostly negative reviews from critics, many criticizing Dwight's farm storyline and some critics calling it a "Frankenstein episode".[14][15] M. Giant of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a C.[16] Alan Sepinwall of HitFix considered NBC's decision not to pick the spin-off for more episodes the right decision, writing that the characters and scenes were "barely sketches" and featured too much "cartoonishness". Sepinwall also criticized the Todd Packer scenes, and only saw Dwight's interactions with his nephew, Cammy, in a positive light.[17] TV.com columnist Nick Campbell called the farm storyline "unnatural" compared to the episode and the series, as a whole, and wrote that the tone to the ending "didn't match". Despite this, he complimented the storyline for "establishing tone, characters, and direction in literally half the time usually allotted".[14] The A.V. Club reviewer Erik Adams complimented the episode for serving as a "breather" from the season's long arcs, and gave good background information into Dwight's personality. He went on to criticize the pilot's broad humor, writing that following the scene featuring Dwight shooting a shotgun into his aunt's casket, "it would be next to impossible for The Farm to heighten from that point". Adams graded the episode a B.[18]

text: Damon Houx of Screen Crush called the two storylines "two pieces of that [sic] didn't work all that well together", which all added to a "dull" episode. Houx complimented Koechner's performance, calling him a "great improviser" but wrote that the whole plot was lacking. He also considered the farm plotline to be pointless and aimless, especially due to it airing in the last few episodes of the series.[19]


question_text: when was corporal punishment banned in south africa

text:
Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997

Act to provide for the abolishment of corporal punishment authorised in legislation; and to provide for matters connected therewith.

Citation
Act No. 33 of 1997

Enacted by
Parliament of South Africa

Date assented to
28 August 1997

Date commenced
5 September 1997

Status: Spent

text: The Abolition of Corporal Punishment Act, 1997 (Act No. 33 of 1997) is an act of the Parliament of South Africa that abolished judicial corporal punishment.[1] It followed the Constitutional Court's 1995 decision in the case of S v Williams and Others that caning of juveniles was unconstitutional. Although the ruling in S v Williams was limited to the corporal punishment of males under the age of 21, Justice Langa mentioned in dicta that there was a consensus that corporal punishment of adults was also unconstitutional.[2]

text: The act contains two substantive sections. The first provides that "any law which authorises corporal punishment by a court of law, including a court of traditional leaders," is repealed to the extent that it authorises such a punishment. The second makes specific textual amendments various statutes, including the Black Administration Act, the Magistrates' Courts Act and the Criminal Procedure Act, to remove references to corporal punishment.


document_title: Augusta National Golf Club

question_text: what does it cost to play golf at augusta national

text: Augusta National Golf Club

text: Course[edit]

text: The course was formerly a plant nursery,[10] and each hole on the course is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated. Several of the holes on the first nine have been renamed, as well as hole #11.[11]

text:
Hole
Name
Yards
Par

Hole
Name
Yards
Par

1
Tea Olive
445
4

10
Camellia
495
4

2
Pink Dogwood
575
5
11
White Dogwood
505
4

3
Flowering Peach
350
4
12
Golden Bell
155
3

4
Flowering Crab Apple
240
3
13
Azalea
510
5

5
Magnolia
455
4
14
Chinese Fir
440
4

6
Juniper
180
3
15
Firethorn
530
5

7
Pampas
450
4
16
Redbud
170
3

8
Yellow Jasmine
570
5
17
Nandina
440
4

9
Carolina Cherry
460
4
18
Holly
465
4

Out
3,725
36
In
3,710
36

Source:[2][12]
Total
7,435
72

text:
Masters Course

Tee
Rating/Slope
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Out
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
In
Total

Par

4
5
4
3
4
3
4
5
4
36
4
4
3
5
4
5
3
4
4
36
72

Masters

455
575
350
240
455
180
450
570
460
3735
495
505
155
510
440
530
170
440
465
3710
7445

Member

365
515
340
170
400
165
330
480
395
3160
450
400
145
455
380
475
145
370
385
3205
6365

text: Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade:

text:
2010: 7,435 yards (6,799 m)
2000: 6,985 yards (6,387 m)
1990: 6,905 yards (6,314 m)
1980: 7,040 yards (6,437 m)

1970: 6,980 yards (6,383 m)
1960: 6,980 yards (6,383 m)
1950: 6,900 yards (6,309 m)
1940: 6,800 yards (6,218 m)[2]

text: Unlike most other private or public golf courses in the US, Augusta National has never been rated. During the 1990 Masters Tournament, a team of USGA raters, organized by Golf Digest, evaluated the course and gave it an unofficial rating of 76.2. It was re-evaluated in 2009 and given an unofficial rating of 78.1.[3]

text: The golf course architecture website GolfClubAtlas.com has said, "Augusta National has gone through more changes since its inception than any of the world's twenty or so greatest courses. To call it a MacKenzie course is false advertising as his features are essentially long gone and his routing is all that is left." The authors of the site also add that MacKenzie and Jones were heavily influenced by the Old Course at St Andrews, and intended that the ground game be central to the course. Almost from Augusta's opening, Roberts sought to make changes to minimize the ground game, and effectively got free rein to do so because MacKenzie died shortly after the course's opening and Jones went into inactivity due to World War II and then a crippling illness. The authors add, "With the ground game gone, the course was especially vulnerable to changes in technology, and this brought on a slew of changes from at least 15 different 'architects'."[13] Golf Course Histories has an aerial comparison of the architectural changes for Augusta National Golf Club for the year 1938 versus 2013.[14]

text: Among the changes to the course were several made by architect Perry Maxwell in 1937, including an important alteration involving the current 10th hole. When Augusta National originally opened for play in January 1933, the opening hole (now the 10th) was a relatively benign par 4 that played just in excess of 400 yards. From an elevated tee, the hole required little more than a short iron or wedge for the approach. Maxwell moved the green in 1937 to its present location – on top of the hill, about 50 yards back from the old site – and transformed it into the toughest hole in Masters Tournament history. Ben Crenshaw referred to Maxwell's work on the 10th hole as "one of the great strokes in golf architecture".[15]

text: For the 1999 tournament, a short rough was instated around the fairways. Referred to as the second cut, it is substantially shorter than the comparable primary rough at other courses, with an average length of 1.625 inches (4.13 cm). It is meant to reduce a player's ability to control the ball coming out of this lie, and encourage better accuracy for driving onto the fairway.[16][17]

text: Amen Corner[edit]

text: The second shot at the 11th, all of the 12th, and the first two shots at the 13th hole at Augusta are nicknamed "Amen Corner". This term was first used in print by author Herbert Warren Wind in his April 21, 1958, Sports Illustrated article about the Masters that year.[18] In a Golf Digest article in April 1984, 26 years later, Wind told about its origin. He said he wanted a catchy phrase like baseball's "hot-corner" or football's "coffin-corner" to explain where some of the most exciting golf had taken place (the Palmer-Venturi rules issue at twelve, over an embedded ball ruling and how it was handled,[19] in particular). Thus "Amen Corner" was born. He said it came from the title of a jazz record he had heard in the mid-1930s by a group led by Chicago's Mezz Mezzrow, Shouting in that Amen Corner.[20] In a Golf Digest article in April 2008, writer Bill Fields added some new updated information about the origin of the name. He wrote that Richard Moore, a golf and jazz historian from South Carolina, tried to purchase a copy of the old Mezzrow 78 RPM disc for an "Amen Corner" exhibit he was putting together for his Golf Museum at Ahmic Lake, Ontario. After extensive research, Moore found that the record never existed. As Moore put it, Wind, himself a jazz buff, must have "unfortunately bogeyed his mind, 26 years later". While at Yale, he was no doubt familiar with, and meant all along, the popular version of the song (with the correct title, "Shoutin' in that Amen Corner" written by Andy Razaf), which was recorded by the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra, vocal by Mildred Bailey (Brunswick label No. 6655) in 1935. Moore told Fields that, being a great admirer of Wind's work over the years, he was reluctant, for months, to come forth with his discovery that contradicted Wind's memory. Moore's discovery was first reported in Golf World magazine in 2007, before Fields' longer article in Golf Digest in 2008.

text: In 1958 Arnold Palmer outlasted Ken Venturi to win the tournament with heroic escapes at Amen Corner. Amen Corner also played host to Masters moments such as Byron Nelson's birdie-eagle at 12 and 13 in 1937, and Sam Snead's water save at 12 in 1949 that sparked him to victory. On the flip side of fate, Jordan Spieth's quadruple bogey on 12 during Sunday's final round in 2016 cost him his 2-stroke lead and ultimately the championship.

text: "The Big Oak Tree"[edit]

text: "The Big Oak Tree" is on the golf course side of the clubhouse and was planted in the 1850s.[21]

text: Eisenhower Tree[edit]

text: Also known as the "Eisenhower Pine", a loblolly pine was located on the 17th hole, approximately 210 yards (192 m) from the Masters tee. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, an Augusta National member, hit the tree so many times that, at a 1956 club meeting, he proposed that it be cut down.[22] Not wanting to offend the president, the club's chairman, Clifford Roberts, immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request. In February 2014, the Eisenhower Tree was removed after suffering extensive damage during an ice storm.[23]

text: Ike's Pond[edit]

text: During a visit to Augusta National, then-General Eisenhower returned from a walk through the woods on the eastern part of the grounds, and informed Clifford Roberts that he had found a perfect place to build a dam if the club would like a fish pond. Ike's Pond was built and named, and the dam is located just where Eisenhower said it should be.[24] This is also the location that Roberts committed suicide by gunshot in 1977. At age 83, he had been in ill health for several months with cancer and had a debilitating stroke.

text: Rae's Creek[edit]

text: Rae's Creek cuts across the southeastern corner of the Augusta National property. It flows along the back of the 11th green, in front of the 12th green, and ahead of the 13th tee. This is the lowest point in elevation of the course. The Hogan and Nelson Bridges cross the creek after the 12th and 13th tee boxes, respectively. The creek was named after former property owner John Rae, who died in 1789.[25]

text: Rae's Creek runs in front of No. 12 green, has a tributary evident at No. 13 tee, and flows at the back of No. 11 green. It was Rae's house which was the farthest fortress up the Savannah River from Fort Augusta. The house kept residents safe during Indian attacks when the fort was out of reach.

text: Membership[edit]

text: Augusta National Golf Club has about 300 members at any given time. Membership is strictly by invitation: there is no application process. In 2004, USA Today published a list of all the current members.[26] Membership is believed to cost between $10,000 and $30,000 and annual dues were estimated in 2009 to be less than $10,000 per year.[27]

text: Augusta invited and accepted its first African-American member, TV executive Ron Townsend,[28] in 1990 following a controversy at Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club.[6] Shoal Creek, an all-white golf club in Alabama, refused membership to African Americans. The club also faced demands that the PGA Championship not be held there because of racist comments by the club's founder.[29]

text: In his 2012 pre-Masters press conference, Chairman Billy Payne declined to discuss the club's then-continued refusal to admit women.[30][31] He defended the club's position by noting that in 2011, more than 15% of the non-tournament rounds were played by female players who were member guests or spouses of active members.[30] However, on August 20, 2012, Augusta National admitted its first two female members, Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore.[32][33]

text: Notable members[edit]

text: Notable current members include:

text:
Warren Buffett, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway[26][34]
Pete Coors, former chairman and CEO of Coors Brewing Company and Molson Coors Brewing Company, current chairman of MillerCoors[26]
Bill Gates, co-founder and chairman of Microsoft[34]
Roger Goodell, commissioner of the National Football League[35]
Pat Haden, former NFL player and former athletic director at the University of Southern California[36]
Lou Holtz, former college football coach[26]
Hugh L. McColl Jr., former CEO of Bank of America[34]
Darla Moore, South Carolina businesswoman[32]
Sam Nunn, former United States Senator from Georgia[26][34]
Sam Palmisano, former CEO of IBM[26][34]
T. Boone Pickens, Jr., oil tycoon[26][34]
Condoleezza Rice, former United States Secretary of State[32]
Henry Waite, former Chairman of HUFF Productions
Simon Chirayath, British businessman
James D. Robinson III, former CEO of American Express[34]
Lynn Swann, former NFL player and current athletic director at the University of Southern California[37]
Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric[38]
Matt Rose, former CEO of BNSF Railway
Jack Nicklaus, Hall of Fame golfer, six-time Masters champion, and the only Masters champion who is currently a regular member of the club[39]

text: Recently deceased members include:

text:
Arnold Palmer, Hall of Fame golfer and four-time Masters champion, was also a regular member when he died in September 2016.[39]
Melvin Laird, former United States Secretary of Defense (died November 2016)
Robert Sumner former pastor (died December 2016)
Frank Broyles, former athletic director at the University of Arkansas (died August 2017)[40]

text: Chairmen[edit]

text:
Clifford Roberts (1931–1976)
William Lane (1976–1980)
Hord Hardin (1980–1991)
Jackson T. Stephens (1991–1998)
Hootie Johnson (1998–2006)
Billy Payne (2006–2017)
Fred Ridley (2017–present)

text: In 1966, the governing board of Augusta National passed a resolution honoring founder Bobby Jones with the position of President in Perpetuity.

text: 2002 membership controversy[edit]

text: Augusta National and its Chairman Hootie Johnson are widely known for a disagreement beginning in 2002 with Martha Burk, then chair of the Washington-based National Council of Women's Organizations; the dispute arose over Augusta National's refusal to admit female members to the club.[41] Burk said she found out about the club's policies in a USA Today column by Christine Brennan published April 11, 2002. She then wrote a private letter to Johnson, saying that hosting the Masters Tournament at a male-only club constituted sexism.[42] Johnson characterized Burk's approach as "offensive and coercive".[43][44] Responding to efforts to link the issue to sexism and civil rights,[43] Johnson maintained that the issue had to do with the rights of any private club:[43][45]

text:
“
Our membership is single gender just as many other organizations and clubs all across America. These would include Junior Leagues, sororities, fraternities, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and countless others. And we all have a moral and legal right to organize our clubs the way we wish.[46]
”

text: Burk, whose childhood nickname was also Hootie,[47] claimed to have been "called a man hater, anti-family, lesbian, all the usual things."[42] Johnson was portrayed as a Senator Claghorn type[48]—"a blustery defender of all things Southern".[48]

text: Following the discord, two club members resigned: Thomas H. Wyman, a former CEO of CBS, and John Snow, when President George W. Bush nominated him to serve as Secretary of the Treasury.[42] Pressure on corporate sponsors led the club to broadcast the 2003 and 2004 tournaments without commercials. The controversy was discussed by the International Olympic Committee when re-examining whether golf meets Olympic criteria of a "sport practiced without discrimination with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play".[49] Augusta National extended membership to Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore on August 20, 2012.[32]

text: Green jacket[edit]

text: Every member of Augusta National receives a green sport coat with the club's logo on the left breast. The idea of the green jacket originated with club co-founder Clifford Roberts. Many believe it is because he wanted patrons visiting during the tournament to be able to readily identify members. Since Sam Snead's victory in 1949, the winner of each year's Masters Tournament has received a green jacket, although he does not receive membership. The jacket is presented to the new winner by the winner of the previous tournament. If the previous champion is either unavailable or has won consecutive tournaments, then the current chairman acts as the presenter. Until 1967, the jackets were manufactured by Brooks Brothers and since have been made by Hamilton of Cincinnati, Ohio, with the imported wool produced at the Victor Forstmann plant in Dublin, Georgia.[50]

text: The current Masters champion is the only owner of a green jacket permitted to remove it from the grounds of Augusta National, and only for a period of one year. Before this time limit was in place, the jacket of a few long-past Masters champions had been sold, after their deaths, to collectors. Consequently, the members of Augusta National have gone to great lengths to secure the remaining examples. Now, two jackets remain outside the grounds of Augusta National with the club's permission. When Gary Player first won the Masters in 1961, he brought his jacket home to South Africa. For years the board insisted that Player return the jacket but Player kept "forgetting" or coming up with humorous creative excuses why he did not return the jacket. After becoming something of a running joke, Augusta National's members allowed him to keep it, where it is on display in his personal museum. The second jacket belongs to 1938 champion Henry Picard. Before the traditions surrounding one of golf's greatest awards were well established, the jacket was removed by Picard from Augusta National. It is now currently on display in the "Picard Lounge" at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio. Along with Snead, the nine previous winners were also awarded green jackets in 1949, and these became known as the "original ten" jackets.[51]

text: Horton Smith's jacket, awarded for his wins in 1934 and 1936, sold at auction in September 2013 for over $682,000; the highest price ever paid for a piece of golf memorabilia.[52][53] Smith died at age 55 in 1963 and it had been in the possession of his brother Ren's stepsons for decades.[51]

text: Caddies[edit]

text: Augusta National employs a staff of caddies to assist members, guests, and professionals. Before 1983,[54] staff caddies were assigned to players at the Masters,[55] and all were black males. Club co-founder Roberts once said, "As long as I'm alive, all the golfers will be white and all the caddies will be black."[7] Roberts comitted suicide at Augusta in 1977 and five years later in November 1982, chairman Hord Hardin announced that players were henceforth permitted to use their regular caddies at the Masters.[56] This decision followed an incident that occurred during the 1982 tournament. Following a Thursday rain delay, many of the caddies failed to show up at the proper time on Friday morning. [57] As a result of the confusion, two-time champion Tom Watson and others sent scathing complaint letters to Hardin.[58][59]

text: Twelve players, including then five-time champion Jack Nicklaus, defending champion Craig Stadler, and future two-time champion Ben Crenshaw, employed club caddies in 1983.[59][60] Well into the 1970s, all four majors and some tour events required the use of the host club's caddies;[61][62][63] the U.S. Open had this policy through 1975,[64][65] but by 1980, only the Masters and the Western Open near Chicago retained the requirement.[66] Augusta's caddie staff continues to wear its trademark white jumpsuits year-round.

text: Female caddies are permitted. Most of them are professional golfers' regular caddies, such as Fanny Sunesson. Sunesson is one of the PGA Tour's few female caddies, and has caddied for several players at the Masters, most notably three-time champion Nick Faldo, and more recently Henrik Stenson. The first female caddie at Augusta was George Archer's daughter Elizabeth in 1983, her 21st event carrying the bag for her father.[59][67] Archer, the 1969 champion, tied for twelfth for one of his better finishes at Augusta.

text: During the pre-tournament events in 2007, Golf Channel's Kelly Tilghman caddied for Arnold Palmer in the par-3 contest. Fuzzy Zoeller's daughter Gretchen was his caddie for his last year as a competitor in the tournament in 2009. Tennis pro Caroline Wozniacki, ex-fiancée of Rory McIlroy, caddied for him in the par-3 contests of 2013 and 2014.

text: Crenshaw won his 1984 and 1995 Masters titles with Augusta National caddie Carl Jackson.[58][68]

text: Appearances in video games[edit]

text: Augusta National Golf Club is featured in the Japan-exclusive video game franchise Harukanaru Augusta, which started in 1989.[69][70] The games were produced by T&E Soft. One of its last titles Masters '98: Haruka Naru Augusta was released for the Nintendo 64.

text: Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament are also featured in the video game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12: The Masters, and has subsequently featured in later iterations of the game. This is the first time that the course has been officially used in the Tiger Woods franchise.[71][72] Augusta National was also previously used in the 1986 computer game Mean 18, published by Accolade.[73]


document_title: Sierra Nevada Brewing Company

question_text: when did sierra nevada brewery open in asheville

text: Sierra Nevada Brewing Company

text: History[edit]

text: Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. was founded in 1979, with founders Ken Grossman and Paul Camusi expanding their homebrewing hobby into a brewery in Chico, California. Along with the brewery's location, Grossman claims the company's name comes from his love of hiking in the mountains of the Sierra Nevada.[5] With $50,000 in loans from friends and family, Grossman and Camusi rented a 3,000 sq ft (280 m2) warehouse and pieced together discarded dairy equipment and scrapyard metal to create their brewing equipment.[6][7] They later were able to acquire second-hand copper brewing kettles from Germany before moving to their larger, current brewing facility in 1989.[8]

text: The first batch brewed on premises was its Pale Ale,[9] in November 1980.[5] The following year, the brewery introduced Celebration, an IPA, which it continues to release as a winter seasonal. The company sold 950 US beer barrels (1,110 hl) of beer in its first year, and double that amount in the second.[6]

text: The company's first employee was Steve Harrison, who was put in charge of marketing and sales.[10] The head brewer is Steve Dresler, who has been with the brewery since 1983, when its output was 25 to 30 barrels per week.

text: The company distributed the beer itself in the early 1980s, struggling with financial and marketing problems. A 1982 article in the San Francisco Chronicle highlighting the brewery, as well as having its beer sold in prominent restaurants such as Berkeley's Chez Panisse, helped establish a market for Sierra Nevada's beer.[11]

text: By 1987, the brewery was distributing to seven states and production had reached 12,000 US beer barrels (14,000 hl) per year, causing the company to pursue building a new brewery.[10] In 1988, the brewery moved into a 100-barrel brewhouse, with four open fermenters, and eleven 200 US bbl (230 hl) secondary fermenters. A year later, Grossman and Camusi added the Sierra Nevada Taproom and Restaurant, which serves lunch and dinner and includes a giftshop. In 2000, the brewery opened "The Big Room", a live-music venue located inside the brewery's facilities, featuring a variety of acts including country, bluegrass, folk, rock, blues, and other musical genres.[10]

text: Camusi retired in 1998 and sold his share in the company to Grossman.[10]

text: In 2010, Sierra Nevada Brewing partnered with the Abbey of New Clairvaux, with the monastery beginning production of Trappist-style beers in 2011. The Abbey has not yet been sanctioned by the International Trappist Association, and therefore the monastery will not be brewing official Trappist beer.[12]

text: The brewery employed about 450 people in 2011.[13]

text: In January 2012, Sierra Nevada announced it would build a second brewing facility with an attached restaurant in Mills River, North Carolina.[14] The LEED-Platinum-certified building opened in early 2014 on a forested tract adjacent to Asheville Regional Airport, re-using the cut-down trees as lumber both in the building and for the rainwater cisterns that flush the toilets.

text: In 2013, the company opened the "Torpedo Room" in Berkeley, their first tasting room outside of Chico.[15]

text: In January 2017, Sierra Nevada issued a voluntary recall of certain 12-ounce bottles of different beers in 36 states due to a manufacturing defect that had possibly introduced chipped pieces of glass into the bottle.[16]

text: Influence[edit]

text: Along with Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco and the now-defunct New Albion Brewing Company in Sonoma, whose owners offered Grossman and Camusi early guidance in their venture, Sierra Nevada is considered one of the earliest and most influential breweries which spawned the craft beer movement of the 1980s-90s.[6][9] Grossman has been dubbed a "pioneer" by fellow craft brewers in the United States.[11]

text: Whereas many of the newly spawned microbreweries of the 1980s went out of business, Sierra Nevada Brewing endured to become one of the largest independent brewers in the country, whose beers were noted for their "character and complexity".[6][7] Grossman believed many microbrewers of the early 1980s had put out an inferior product due to lack of preparation for the financial and mechanical realities of commercial brewing, which were a "much different process" from homebrewing.[6]

text: For its 30th anniversary in 2010, the company released a series of collaborative beers with the assistance of those Grossman considered an early influence on his brewing: Charlie Papazian, Fred Eckhardt, Fritz Maytag (Anchor) and Jack McAuliffe (New Albion).[11]

text: In November 2010, Stansbury Publishing released Hops and Dreams: The Story of Sierra Nevada Brewing Co, written by California State University, Chico professor Rob Burton who researched the company for three years.[17]

text: The company has claimed to be neutral on political issues, and reiterated this stance in 2010 when it was erroneously linked by a beer industry group to opposing the California Proposition 19 of that year, which would have legalized marijuana in the state.[18]

text: Environmental record[edit]

text: Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. won the US Environmental Protection Agency's "Green Business of the Year" award for 2010.[19]

text: The brewery is powered by solar energy, having 10,000 photovoltaic modules covering its rooftops and parking lot.[20] In all, the brewery uses 2.6 megawatts of solar electricity on premises.[21] It also has built a charging station for electric vehicles on its premises.[1]

text: The company uses a small-scale BioPro™[22] biodiesel processor to convert the used cooking oil from its restaurant for biodiesel use in its delivery trucks. In 2009, it reached an agreement with a local ethanol company to produce high-grade ethanol fuel from its discarded yeast.[23] Spent grain is sold to local cattle ranchers for livestock feed; spent water is sent to the brewery's own water treatment plant, where it is reused, mainly as drip irrigation for its fields.[24] Over 99.5% of the brewery plant's solid waste is diverted from landfill.[24]

text: The company owns one mile of railway for use in intermodal freight transport, which aids in reducing the brewery's carbon footprint. Each rail car can hold the equivalent of four semi-trailers of grain;[25] rail transport is more fuel efficient than road transport.

text: Sierra Nevada is the largest buyer of organic hops in the United States.[19] It also farms its own organic hops and barley for use in its annual Chico Estate Harvest Ale release.[26]

text: Beers[edit]

text: Sierra Nevada Classics[edit]

text: The brewery's year-round offerings include its Pale Ale, Porter, Stout, Torpedo 'Extra' IPA, Kellerweis Hefeweizen, Nooner Pilsner, and Hop Hunter IPA.

text: Sierra's flagship Pale Ale has been described as "a balance between aggressive hops and hearty malt flavor", with its Cascade hops offering a grapefruit aroma and fruity palate.[27] Like several other Sierra Nevada offerings, it is bottle-conditioned.[28] It is the best-selling pale ale in the United States as of 2012.[8][29][30]

text: Sierra Nevada's Porter, along with its heavier Stout version, have been described by writer Michael Jackson as "gently coffeish" and "beautifully roasty" examples of their respective styles.[31] The two offerings have been brewed since the company's first year of operation.[11]

text: Torpedo is an American India Pale Ale and Kellerweis is a traditional Bavarian hefeweizen. Both were introduced as nationwide offerings in 2009.[32][33]

text: Seasonals[edit]

text: The brewery's current lineup of seasonals include Beer Camp Hoppy Lager, Summerfest Lager, Oktoberfest, and Celebration Ale.

text: Sierra Nevada's Celebration Ale has been brewed as a winter seasonal since 1981. While it has won medals under the IPA category,[34] it has also been described as a hoppy, malty amber ale,[35] as well as a "bigger version" of the company's pale ale.[36]

text: Previous Autumn seasonal Tumbler Brown Ale has been described as a full-bodied, malt-heavy brown ale[37] and is sold for the autumn months.

text: Previous Spring seasonal Ruthless Rye IPA is an IPA brewed with rye and whole-cone hops for the spring, while Summerfest is a pilsner brewed in the Czech tradition.[38]

text: Special release[edit]

text: Annual "Special Release" beers produced by Sierra Nevada include Bigfoot Barleywine Style Ale, Hemisphere Harvest Ales and Chico Harvest Estate Ale.

text: Bigfoot is brewed with two types of malt and three differing hops, and tops out at 9.6%ABV. It is a barleywine, but due to alcohol laws in the U.S. it must be marketed as a "barleywine style ale". Only alcohols derived from fruits, not grains, can be marketed as wine.[39] It first won medals at the Great American Beer Festival in 1987.[40] It is generally released January–February of each year.

text: The brewery releases both a Northern and Southern Hemisphere Harvest "wet hop" ale. Introduced in 1996 as Harvest Ale, Northern Hemisphere utilizes wet (undried) hops from eastern Washington for its "fresh harvest" ale. It was the first fresh-hop ale brewed in the United States.[41] The brewery later introduced Southern Hemisphere which features wet hops from New Zealand.

text: The Chico Estate Harvest Ale is brewed with organic wet hops and barley grown in land on the brewery's premises.[24]

text: Old Chico Crystal Wheat, a wheat beer, is named in memory of the Chico Brewery which operated in the town during the 19th century.[17] Old Chico brand beers are only distributed in the northern California area around Chico.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
Name
Style
Awards

Barrel-Aged Narwhal
Wood-Aged Strong Stout
2013 Great American Beer Festival Silver

Bigfoot
Barley Wine
2012 World Beer Cup Silver, 2005 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1997 Great American Beer Festival Silver, 1995 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1992 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1988 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1987 Great American Beer Festival Gold

Celebration
India Pale Ale
1994 Great American Beer Festival Silver, 1990 Great American Beer Festival Bronze

Estate Homegrown Ale
Fresh Hop Ale
2012 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 2010 Great American Beer Festival Silver

Imperial Stout
Imperial Stout
2012 Great American Beer Festival Silver

IPA
India Pale Ale
2005 Great American Beer Festival Gold

Kellerweis
Hefeweizen
2012 World Beer Cup Silver

Kolsch
Kölsch
2009 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 2008 Great American Beer Festival Silver

Ovila Dubbel
Dubbel
2012 World Beer Cup Bronze

Pilsner
Pilsner
2010 World Beer Cup Gold

Porter
Porter
2009 U.S. Open Beer Championship Bronze, 2000 Great American Beer Festival Bronze, 1983 Great American Beer Festival Silver

Ruthless Rye PA
Rye Ale
2012 World Beer Cup Gold

Sierra 30 Jack and Ken's Ale
Barley Wine
2010 Great American Beer Festival Gold

Pale Ale
Pale Ale
1995 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1993 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1992 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1990 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1989 Great American Beer Festival Gold, 1987 Great American Beer Festival Bronze, 1983 Great American Beer Festival Gold

Stout
Stout
2004 World Beer Cup Bronze, 1989 Great American Beer Festival Silver, 1988 Great American Beer Festival Silver, 1987 Great American Beer Festival Bronze

Summerfest
Lager
2004 Great American Beer Festival Bronze, 1991 Great American Beer Festival Silver

Weizenbock
Wheat Ale
2011 Great American Beer Festival Silver

Wheat
Wheat Ale
1998 Great American Beer Festival Bronze


document_title: February 29

question_text: when do you celebrate birthday if born on feb 29

text: February 29

text: Leap years[edit]

text: Although most modern calendar years have 365 days, a complete revolution around the Sun (one solar year) takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours. An extra 24 hours thus accumulates every four years, requiring that an extra calendar day be added to align the calendar with the Sun's apparent position. Without the added day, in future years the seasons would occur later in the calendar, eventually leading to confusion about when to undertake activities dependent on weather, ecology, or hours of daylight.

text: A solar year is actually slightly shorter than 365 days and 6 hours (365.25 days). As early as the 13th century it was recognized that the year is shorter than the 365.25 days assumed by the Julian calendar: the Earth's orbital period around the Sun was derived from the medieval Alfonsine tables as 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes, and 16 seconds (365.2425 days). The currently accepted modern figure is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 45 seconds. Adding a calendar day every four years, therefore, results in an excess of around 44 minutes for those four years, or about 3 days every 400 years. To compensate for this, three days are removed every 400 years. The Gregorian calendar reform implements this adjustment by making an exception to the general rule that there is a leap year every four years. Instead, a year divisible by 100 is not a leap year unless that year is also divisible by 400. This means that the years 1600, 2000, and 2400 are leap years, while the years 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300, and 2500 are common years.

text: Modern (Gregorian) calendar[edit]

text: The Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years, which is exactly 20,871 weeks including 97 leap days (146,097 days). Over this period, February 29 falls on Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday 13 times each; 14 times each on Friday and Saturday; and 15 times each on Monday and Wednesday. Excepting when a century mark that is not a multiple of 400 intervenes, consecutive leaps days fall in order Thursday, Tuesday, Sunday, Friday, Wednesday, Monday, and Saturday; then repeating with Thursday again.

text: Early Roman calendar[edit]

text: The calendar of the Roman king Numa Pompilius had only 355 days (even though it was not a lunar calendar) which meant that it would quickly become unsynchronized with the solar year. An earlier Roman solution to this problem was to lengthen the calendar periodically by adding extra days to February, the last month of the year. February consisted of two parts, each with an odd number of days. The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd, which was considered the end of the religious year, and the five remaining days formed the second part. To keep the calendar year roughly aligned with the solar year, a leap month, called Mensis Intercalaris ("intercalary month"), was added from time to time between these two parts of February. The (usual) second part of February was incorporated in the intercalary month as its last five days, with no change either in their dates or the festivals observed on them. This followed naturally, because the days after the Ides (13th) of February (in an ordinary year) or the Ides of Intercalaris (in an intercalary year) both counted down to the Kalends of March (i.e. they were known as "the nth day before the Kalends of March"). The Nones (5th) and Ides of Intercalaris occupied their normal positions.

text: The third-century writer Censorinus says:

text: When it was thought necessary to add (every two years) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days, so that the civil year should correspond to the natural (solar) year, this intercalation was in preference made in February, between Terminalia [23rd] and Regifugium [24th].[3]

text: Julian reform[edit]

text: The set leap day was introduced in Rome as a part of the Julian reform in the 1st century BC. As before, the intercalation was made after February 23. The day following the Terminalia (February 23) was doubled, forming the "bis sextum"—literally 'twice sixth', since February 24 was 'the sixth day before the Kalends of March' using Roman inclusive counting (March 1 was the Kalends of March and was also the first day of the calendar year). Inclusive counting initially caused the Roman priests to add the extra day every three years instead of four; Augustus was compelled to omit leap years for a few decades to return the calendar to its proper position. Although there were exceptions, the first day of the bis sextum (February 24) was usually regarded as the intercalated or "bissextile" day since the 3rd century AD.[4] February 29 came to be regarded as the leap day when the Roman system of numbering days was replaced by sequential numbering in the late Middle Ages,[citation needed] although this has only been formally enacted in Sweden and Finland. In Britain, the extra day added to leap years remains notionally the 24th, although the 29th remains more visible on the calendar.[5]

text: Born on February 29[edit]

text: A person born on February 29 may be called a "leapling", a "leaper", or a "leap-year baby".[6] In non-leap years, some leaplings celebrate their birthday on either February 28 or March 1, while others only observe birthdays on the authentic intercalary date, February 29.

text: Legal status[edit]

text: The effective legal date of a leapling's birthday in non-leap years varies between jurisdictions.

text: In the United Kingdom and Hong Kong, when a person born on February 29 turns 18, they are considered to have their birthday on March 1 in the relevant year.[7][8]

text: In New Zealand, a person born on February 29 is deemed to have their birthday on February 28 in non-leap years, for the purposes of Driver Licensing under §2(2) of the Land Transport (Driver Licensing) Rule 1999.[9] The net result is that for drivers aged 75, or over 80, their driver licence expires at the end of the last day of February, even though their birthday would otherwise fall on the first day in March in non-leap years. Otherwise, New Zealand legislation is silent on when a person born on 29 February has their birthday, although case law[10] would suggest that age is computed based on the number of years elapsed, from the day after the date of birth, and that the person's birth day then occurs on the last day of the year period. This differs from English common law where a birthday is considered to be the start of the next year, the preceding year ending at midnight on the day preceding the birthday. While a person attains the same age on the same day, it also means that, in New Zealand, if something must be done by the time a person attains a certain age, that thing can be done on the birthday that they attain that age and still be lawful.

text: In Taiwan (Republic of China), the legal birthday of a leapling is February 28 in common years:

text: Thus, in England and Wales or in Hong Kong, a person born on February 29 will have legally reached 18 years old on March 1. If they were born in Taiwan they legally become 18 on February 28, a day earlier. In the United States, according to John Reitz, a professor of law at the University of Iowa, there is no "... statute or general rule that has anything to do with leap day."[12] Reitz speculates that "March 1 would likely be considered the legal birthday in non-leap years of someone born on leap day,"[12] using the same reasoning as described for the United Kingdom and Hong Kong.

text: In fiction[edit]

text: There are many instances in children's literature where a person's claim to be only a quarter of their actual age turns out to be based on counting only their leap-year birthdays.

text: A similar device is used in the plot of Gilbert and Sullivan's 1879 comic opera The Pirates of Penzance. As a child, Frederic was apprenticed to a band of pirates until his 21st birthday. Having passed his 21st year, he leaves the pirate band and falls in love. However, since he was born on February 29, his 21st birthday will not arrive until he is eighty-four, so he must leave his fiancée and return to the pirates.[13]

text: Events[edit]

text:
1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to provide him with supplies.
1644 – Abel Tasman's second Pacific voyage began.
1704 – Queen Anne's War: French forces and Native Americans stage a raid on Deerfield, Massachusetts Bay Colony, killing 56 villagers and taking more than 100 captive.
1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, in a move to abolish the Swedish calendar for a return to the Julian calendar.
1720 – Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden abdicates in favour of her husband, who becomes King Frederick I on 24 March.
1752 – King Alaungpaya founds Konbaung Dynasty, the last dynasty of Burmese monarchy.
1768 – Polish nobles formed Bar Confederation.
1796 – The Jay Treaty between the United States and Great Britain comes into force, facilitating ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations.
1864 – American Civil War: Kilpatrick–Dahlgren Raid fails: Plans to free 15,000 Union soldiers being held near Richmond, Virginia are thwarted.
1892 – St. Petersburg, Florida is incorporated.
1912 – The Piedra Movediza (Moving Stone) of Tandil falls and breaks.
1916 – Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom.
1916 – Child labor: In South Carolina, the minimum working age for factory, mill, and mine workers is raised from twelve to fourteen years old.
1920 – Czechoslovak National assembly adopted the Constitution.
1936 – February 26 Incident in Tokyo ends.
1940 – For her performance as "Mammy" in Gone with the Wind, Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award.
1940 – Finland initiates Winter War peace negotiations.
1940 – In a ceremony held in Berkeley, California, because of the war, physicist Ernest Lawrence receives the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics from Sweden's Consul General in San Francisco.
1944 – World War II: The Admiralty Islands are invaded in Operation Brewer led by American General Douglas MacArthur.
1960 – The 5.7 Mw Agadir earthquake shakes coastal Morocco with a maximum perceived intensity of X (Extreme), destroying Agadir, and leaving 12,000 dead and another 12,000 injured.
1964 – In Sydney, Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser sets a new world record in the 100-meter freestyle swimming competition (58.9 seconds).
1972 – Vietnam War: Vietnamization: South Korea withdraws 11,000 of its 48,000 troops from Vietnam.
1980 – Gordie Howe of the then Hartford Whalers makes NHL history as he scores his 800th goal.
1988 – South African archbishop Desmond Tutu is arrested along with 100 clergymen during a five-day anti-apartheid demonstration in Cape Town.
1988 – Svend Robinson becomes the first member of the House of Commons of Canada to come out as gay.
1992 – First day of Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum.
1996 – Faucett Flight 251 crashes in the Andes, all 123 passengers and crew died.
1996 – Siege of Sarajevo officially ends.
2000 – Second Chechen War: Eighty-four Russian paratroopers are killed in a rebel attack on a guard post near Ulus Kert.
2004 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide is removed as President of Haiti following a coup.
2008 – The United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence decides to withdraw Prince Harry from a tour of Afghanistan "immediately" after a leak led to his deployment being reported by foreign media.
2008 – Misha Defonseca admits to fabricating her memoir, Misha: A Mémoire of the Holocaust Years, in which she claimed to have lived with a pack of wolves in the woods during the Holocaust.
2012 – Tokyo Skytree construction completed. It is, as of 2017, the tallest tower in the world, 634 meters high, and second tallest (man-made) structure on Earth, next to Burj Khalifa.

text: Births[edit]

text:
1468 – Pope Paul III (d. 1549)
1528 – Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1579)
1528 – Domingo Báñez, Spanish theologian (d. 1604)
1572 – Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon (d. 1638)
1576 – Antonio Neri, Florentine priest and glassmaker (d. 1614)
1640 – Benjamin Keach, Particular Baptist preacher and author whose name was given to Keach's Catechism (d. 1704)
1692 – John Byrom, English poet and educator (d. 1763)
1724 – Eva Marie Veigel, Austrian-English dancer (d. 1822)
1736 – Ann Lee, English-American religious leader, founded the Shakers (d. 1784)
1792 – Gioachino Rossini, Italian pianist and composer (d. 1868)
1812 – James Milne Wilson, Scottish-Australian soldier and politician, 8th Premier of Tasmania (d. 29 February 1880)
1828 – Emmeline B. Wells, American journalist, poet, and activist (d. 1921)
1836 – Dickey Pearce, American baseball player and manager (d. 1908)
1852 – Frank Gavan Duffy, Irish-Australian lawyer and judge, 4th Chief Justice of Australia (d. 1936)
1860 – Herman Hollerith, American statistician and businessman, co-founded the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company (d. 1929)
1884 – Richard S. Aldrich, American lawyer and politician (d. 1941)
1892 – Augusta Savage, American sculptor (d. 1962)
1896 – Morarji Desai, Indian civil servant and politician, 4th Prime Minister of India (d. 1995)
1896 – William A. Wellman, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1975)
1904 – Rukmini Devi Arundale, Indian dancer and choreographer (d. 1986)
1904 – Jimmy Dorsey, American saxophonist, composer, and bandleader (d. 1957)
1904 – Pepper Martin, American baseball player and manager (d. 1965)
1908 – Balthus, French-Swiss painter and illustrator (d. 2001)
1908 – Dee Brown, American historian and author (d. 2002)
1908 – Alf Gover, English cricketer and coach (d. 2001)
1908 – Louie Myfanwy Thomas, Welsh writer (d. 1968)
1916 – Dinah Shore, American singer and actress (d. 1994)
1916 – James B. Donovan, American lawyer (d. 1970)
1916 – Leonard Shoen, founder of U-Haul Corp. (d. 1999)
1920 – Fyodor Abramov, Russian author and critic (d. 1983)
1920 – Arthur Franz, American actor (d. 2006)
1920 – James Mitchell, American actor and dancer (d. 2010)
1920 – Michèle Morgan, French-American actress and singer (d. 2016)
1920 – Howard Nemerov, American poet and academic (d. 1991)
1920 – Rolland W. Redlin, American lawyer and politician (d. 2011)
1924 – David Beattie, New Zealand judge and politician, 14th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 2001)
1924 – Carlos Humberto Romero, Salvadoran politician, President of El Salvador (d. 2017)
1924 – Al Rosen, American baseball player and manager (d. 2015)
1928 – Joss Ackland, English actor
1928 – Vance Haynes, American archaeologist, geologist, and author
1928 – Seymour Papert, South African mathematician and computer scientist, co-created the Logo programming language (d. 2016)
1932 – Gene H. Golub, American mathematician and academic (d. 2007)
1932 – Masten Gregory, American race car driver (d. 1985)
1932 – Reri Grist, American soprano and actress
1932 – Jaguar, Brazilian cartoonist
1932 – Gavin Stevens, Australian cricketer
1936 – Jack R. Lousma, American colonel, astronaut, and politician
1936 – Henri Richard, Canadian ice hockey player
1936 – Alex Rocco, American actor (d. 2015)
1940 – Bartholomew I of Constantinople
1940 – William H. Turner, Jr. American horse trainer
1944 – Ene Ergma, Estonian physicist and politician
1944 – Dennis Farina, American police officer and actor (d. 2013)
1944 – Nicholas Frayling, English priest and academic
1944 – Phyllis Frelich, American actress (d. 2014)
1944 – Steve Mingori, American baseball player (d. 2008)
1944 – Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri, Italian author and illustrator
1948 – Hermione Lee, English author, critic, and academic
1948 – Patricia A. McKillip, American author
1948 – Henry Small, American-born Canadian singer
1952 – Sharon Dahlonega Raiford Bush, American journalist and producer
1952 – Tim Powers, American author and educator
1952 – Raisa Smetanina, Russian cross-country skier
1952 – Bart Stupak, American police officer and politician
1956 – Jonathan Coleman, English-Australian radio and television host
1956 – Bob Speller, Canadian businessman and politician, 30th Canadian Minister of Agriculture
1956 – Aileen Wuornos, American serial killer (d. 2002)
1960 – Lucian Grainge, English businessman
1960 – Khaled, Algerian singer-songwriter
1960 – Richard Ramirez, American serial killer (d. 2013)
1960 – Tony Robbins, American motivational speaker and author
1964 – Dave Brailsford, English cyclist and coach
1964 – Lyndon Byers, Canadian ice hockey player and radio host
1964 – Mervyn Warren, American tenor, composer, and producer
1968 – Suanne Braun, South African-English actress
1968 – Chucky Brown, American basketball player and coach
1968 – Pete Fenson, American curler and sportscaster
1968 – Naoko Iijima, Japanese actress and model
1968 – Bryce Paup, American football player and coach
1968 – Howard Tayler, American author and illustrator
1968 – Eugene Volokh, Ukrainian-American lawyer and educator
1968 – Frank Woodley, Australian actor, producer, and screenwriter
1972 – Mike Pollitt, English footballer and coach
1972 – Antonio Sabàto, Jr., Italian-American model and actor
1972 – Pedro Sánchez, Spanish politician
1972 – Dave Williams, American singer (d. 2002)
1972 – Saul Williams, American singer-songwriter
1972 – Pedro Zamora, Cuban-American activist and educator (d. 1994)
1976 – Zoë Baker, English-New Zealand swimmer and coach
1976 – Gehad Grisha, Egyptian soccer referee
1976 – Terrence Long, American baseball player
1976 – Ja Rule, American rapper and actor
1980 – Çağdaş Atan, Turkish footballer
1980 – Chris Conley, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1980 – Patrick Côté, Canadian mixed martial artist
1980 – Simon Gagné, Canadian ice hockey player
1980 – Rubén Plaza, Spanish cyclist
1980 – Clinton Toopi, New Zealand rugby league player
1980 – Taylor Twellman, American soccer player and sportscaster
1984 – Darren Ambrose, English footballer
1984 – Megan Bernard, Australian audio artist
1984 – Mark Foster, American musician (Foster the People)
1984 – Rica Imai, Japanese model and actress
1984 – Cullen Jones, American swimmer
1984 – Nuria Martínez, Spanish basketball player
1984 – Adam Sinclair, Indian field hockey player
1984 – Rakhee Thakrar, English actress
1984 – Dennis Walger, German rugby player
1984 – Cam Ward, Canadian ice hockey player
1988 – Lena Gercke, German model and television host
1988 – Scott Golbourne, English footballer
1988 – Benedikt Höwedes, German footballer
1988 – Nadav Ben Yehuda, Israeli Mountaineer and SAR Specialist
1988 – Brent Macaffer, Australian Rules footballer
1988 – Bobby Sanguinetti, American ice hockey player
1992 – Sean Abbott, Australian cricketer
1992 – Ben Hampton, Australian rugby league player
1992 – Perry Kitchen, American soccer player
1992 – Caitlin EJ Meyer, American actress
1992 – Saphir Taïder, French-Algerian footballer
1996 – Nelson Asofa-Solomona, New Zealand rugby league player
1996 – Claudia Williams, New Zealand tennis player

text: Deaths[edit]

text:
468 – Pope Hilarius
992 – Oswald of Worcester, French archbishop and saint (b. 925)
1212 – Hōnen, Japanese monk, founded Jōdo-shū (b. 1133)
1460 – Albert III, Duke of Bavaria-Munich (b. 1401)
1528 – Patrick Hamilton, Scottish Protestant reformer and martyr (b. 1504)
1592 – Alessandro Striggio, Italian composer and diplomat (b. 1540)
1600 – Caspar Hennenberger, German pastor, historian and cartographer (b. 1529)
1604 – John Whitgift, English archbishop and academic (b. 1530)
1740 – Pietro Ottoboni, Italian cardinal (b. 1667)
1744 – John Theophilus Desaguliers, French-English physicist and philosopher (b. 1683)
1792 – Johann Andreas Stein, German piano builder (b. 1728)
1820 – Johann Joachim Eschenburg, German historian and critic (b. 1743)
1848 – Louis-François Lejeune, French general, painter and lithographer (b. 1775)
1852 – Matsudaira Katataka, Japanese daimyo (b. 1806)
1868 – Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786)
1880 – James Milne Wilson, Scottish-Australian soldier and politician, 8th Premier of Tasmania (b. 29 February 1812)
1908 – Pat Garrett, American sheriff (b. 1850)
1908 – John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow, Scottish-Australian politician, 1st Governor-General of Australia (b. 1860)
1920 – Ernie Courtney, American baseball player (b. 1875)
1928 – Adolphe Appia, Swiss architect and theorist (b. 1862)
1928 – Ina Coolbrith, American poet and librarian (b. 1841)
1940 – E. F. Benson, English archaeologist and author (b. 1867)
1944 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, Finnish lawyer, judge and politician, 3rd President of Finland (b. 1861)
1948 – Robert Barrington-Ward, English lawyer and journalist (b. 1891)
1948 – Rebel Oakes, American baseball player and manager (b. 1883)
1952 – Quo Tai-chi, Chinese politician and diplomat, Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations (b. 1888)
1956 – Elpidio Quirino, Filipino lawyer and politician, 6th President of the Philippines (b. 1890)
1960 – Melvin Purvis, American police officer and FBI agent (b. 1903)
1960 – Walter Yust, American journalist and author (b. 1894)
1964 – Frank Albertson, American actor and singer (b. 1909)
1968 – Lena Blackburne, American baseball player, coach and manager (b. 1886)
1968 – Tore Ørjasæter, Norwegian poet and educator (b. 1886)
1972 – Tom Davies, American football player and coach (b. 1896)
1976 – Florence P. Dwyer, American politician (b. 1902)
1980 – Yigal Allon, Israeli general and politician, Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1918)
1980 – Gil Elvgren, American painter and illustrator (b. 1914)
1984 – Ludwik Starski, Polish screenwriter and songwriter (b. 1903)
1988 – Sidney Harmon, American screenwriter and producer (b. 1907)
1992 – Ruth Pitter, English poet and author (b. 1897)
1996 – Wes Farrell, American singer-songwriter and producer (b. 1939)
1996 – Ralph Rowe, American baseball player, coach and manager (b. 1924)
2000 – Dennis Danell, American guitarist (b. 1961)
2004 – Kagamisato Kiyoji, Japanese sumo wrestler, the 42nd Yokozuna (b. 1923)
2004 – Jerome Lawrence, American playwright and author (b. 1915)
2004 – Harold Bernard St. John, Barbadian lawyer and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (b. 1931)
2004 – Lorrie Wilmot, South African cricketer (b. 1943)
2008 – Janet Kagan, American author (b. 1946)
2008 – Erik Ortvad, Danish painter and illustrator (b. 1917)
2008 – Akira Yamada, Japanese scholar and philosopher (b. 1922)
2012 – Roland Bautista, American guitarist (b. 1951)
2012 – Davy Jones, English singer, guitarist and actor (b. 1945)
2012 – Sheldon Moldoff, American illustrator (b. 1920)
2012 – P. K. Narayana Panicker, Indian social leader (b. 1930)
2016 – Wenn V. Deramas, Filipino director and screenwriter (b. 1968)
2016 – Gil Hill, American police officer, actor and politician (b. 1931)
2016 – Josefin Nilsson, Swedish singer (b. 1969)
2016 – Louise Rennison, English author (b. 1951)

text: Holidays and observances[edit]

text:
Christian feast day:

Auguste Chapdelaine (one of Martyr Saints of China)
Oswald of Worcester (in leap year only)
February 29 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saint John Cassian

The fourth day of Ayyám-i-Há (Bahá'í Faith) (Please note that this observance is only locked into this date the Gregorian calendar on this date if Bahá'í Naw-Rúz takes place on March 21, which it doesn't in all years)
Rare Disease Day (in leap years, otherwise is February 28th)
Bachelor's Day (Ireland, United Kingdom)
In Discordianism, February 29 is coterminus with St. Tibs' day in the Discordian calendar

text: Folk traditions[edit]

text: There is a popular tradition known as Bachelor's Day in some countries allowing a woman to propose marriage to a man on February 29.[14] If the man refuses, he then is obliged to give the woman money[15] or buy her a dress. In upper-class societies in Europe, if the man refuses marriage, he then must purchase 12 pairs of gloves for the woman, suggesting that the gloves are to hide the woman's embarrassment of not having an engagement ring. In Ireland, the tradition is supposed to originate from a deal that Saint Bridget struck with Saint Patrick.[16][17]

text: In the town of Aurora, Illinois, single women are deputized and may arrest single men, subject to a four-dollar fine, every February 29.[18][19]

text: In Greece, it is considered unlucky to marry on a leap day.[20]