document_title: Isle of Wight

question_text: when did the isle of wight become an island

question_tokens: when did the isle of wight become an island

text: Isle of Wight

text: History[edit]

text: Formation and early history[edit]

text: During the last Ice Age, sea levels were lower and the Solent was part of a river flowing south east from current day Poole Harbour towards mid-Channel. As sea levels rose, the river valley became flooded, and the chalk ridge line west of the Needles breached to form the island.[9]

text: The first inhabitants are assumed to have been hunter-gatherers migrating by land during the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age period, as the ice began to recede. From the Neolithic era onwards, there are indications that the island had wide trading links, with a port at Bouldnor,[10][11][12] evidence of Bronze Age tin trading,[13] and finds of Late Iron Age coins.[14]

text: Julius Caesar reported that the Belgae took the Isle of Wight in about 85 BC, and gave its name as Vectis.[15] The Roman historian Suetonius mentions that the island was captured by the commander Vespasian. The Romans built no towns or roads on the island, but the remains of at least seven Roman villas have been found, indicating the prosperity of local agriculture.[16]

text: During the Dark Ages the island was settled by Jutes as the pagan kingdom of Wihtwara under King Arwald. In 685 it was invaded by Caedwalla, who tried to replace the inhabitants with his own followers. In 686 Arwald was defeated and the island became the last part of English lands to be converted to Christianity,[17][18][19] added to Wessex and then becoming part of England under King Alfred the Great, included within the shire of Hampshire.

text: It suffered especially from Viking raids,[20] and was often used as a winter base by Viking raiders when they were unable to reach Normandy.[21] Later, both Earl Tostig and his brother Harold Godwinson (who became King Harold II) held manors on the island.[22][23]

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: The Norman Conquest of 1066 created the position of Lord of the Isle of Wight, the island being given by William the Conqueror to his kinsman William FitzOsbern. Carisbrooke Priory and the fort of Carisbrooke Castle were then founded. Allegiance was sworn to FitzOsbern rather than the king; the Lordship was subsequently granted to the de Redvers family by Henry I, after his succession in 1100.

text: For nearly 200 years the island was a semi-independent feudal fiefdom, with the de Redvers family ruling from Carisbrooke. The final private owner was the Countess Isabella de Fortibus, who, on her deathbed in 1293, was persuaded to sell it to Edward I. Thereafter the island was under control of the English crown[24] and its Lordship a royal appointment.

text: The island continued to be attacked from the continent, raided in 1374 by the fleet of Castile,[25] and in 1377 by French raiders who burned several towns, including Newtown, and laid siege to Carisbrooke Castle before they were defeated.

text: Early modern period[edit]

text: Under Henry VIII, who developed the Royal Navy and its Portsmouth base, the island was fortified at Yarmouth, Cowes, East Cowes, and Sandown.

text: The French invasion on 21 July 1545 (famous for the sinking of the Mary Rose on the 19th) was repulsed by local militia.[26]

text: During the English Civil War, King Charles fled to the Isle of Wight, believing he would receive sympathy from the governor Robert Hammond, but Hammond imprisoned the king in Carisbrooke Castle.[27]

text: During the Seven Years' War, the island was used as a staging post for British troops departing on expeditions against the French coast, such as the Raid on Rochefort. During 1759, with a planned French invasion imminent, a large force of soldiers was stationed there. The French called off their invasion following the Battle of Quiberon Bay.[28]

text: Modern history[edit]

text: In the 1860s, what remains in real terms the most expensive ever government spending project saw fortifications built on the island and in the Solent, as well as elsewhere along the south coast, including the Palmerston Forts, The Needles Battery and Fort Victoria, because of fears about possible French invasion.[29]

text: The future Queen Victoria spent childhood holidays on the island and became fond of it. When queen she made Osborne House her winter home, and so the island became a fashionable holiday resort, including for Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Julia Margaret Cameron, and Charles Dickens (who wrote much of David Copperfield there), as well as the French painter Berthe Morisot and members of European royalty.[30] Until then, the island had been rural, with most people employed in farming, fishing or boat-building. The boom in tourism, spurred by growing wealth and leisure time, and by Victoria's example, led to significant urban development of the island's coastal resorts.

text: The world's first radio station was set up by Marconi in 1897, during her reign, at the Needles Battery, at the western tip of the island.[31][32] In 1898 the first paid wireless telegram (called a "Marconigram") was sent from this station, and the island is now the home of the National Wireless Museum, near Ryde.[33]

text: Queen Victoria died at Osborne House on 22 January 1901, aged 81.

text: During the Second World War the island was frequently bombed. With its proximity to German-occupied France, the island hosted observation stations and transmitters, as well as the RAF radar station at Ventnor. It was the starting-point for one of the earlier Operation Pluto pipelines to feed fuel to Europe after the Normandy landings.[34]

text: The Needles Battery was used to develop and test the Black Arrow and Black Knight space rockets, which were subsequently launched from Woomera, Australia.[35]

text: The Isle of Wight Festival was a very large rock festival that took place near Afton Down, West Wight in 1970, following two smaller concerts in 1968 and 1969. The 1970 show was notable both as one of the last public performances by Jimi Hendrix and for the number of attendees, reaching by some estimates 600,000.[36] The festival was revived in 2002 in a different format, and is now an annual event.[37]

text: Geography[edit]

text: The Isle of Wight is situated between the Solent and the English Channel, is roughly rhomboid in shape, and covers an area of 150 sq mi (380 km2). Slightly more than half, mainly in the west, is designated as the Isle of Wight Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The island has 100 sq mi (258 km2) of farmland, 20 sq mi (52 km2) of developed areas, and 57 miles (92 km) of coastline. Its landscapes are diverse, leading to its oft-quoted description as "England in miniature".

text: West Wight is predominantly rural, with dramatic coastlines dominated by the chalk downland ridge, running across the whole island and ending in the Needles stacks. The southwestern quarter is commonly referred to as the Back of the Wight, and has a unique character. The highest point on the island is St Boniface Down in the south east, which at 791 feet (241 m) is a marilyn.[38] The most notable habitats on the rest of the island are probably the soft cliffs and sea ledges, which are scenic features, important for wildlife, and internationally protected.

text: The island has three principal rivers. The River Medina flows north into the Solent, the Eastern Yar flows roughly northeast to Bembridge Harbour, and the Western Yar flows the short distance from Freshwater Bay to a relatively large estuary at Yarmouth. Without human intervention the sea might well have split the island into three: at the west end where a bank of pebbles separates Freshwater Bay from the marshy backwaters of the Western Yar east of Freshwater, and at the east end where a thin strip of land separates Sandown Bay from the marshy Eastern Yar basin.

text: The Undercliff between St Catherine's Point and Bonchurch is the largest area of landslip morphology in western Europe.

text: The north coast is unusual in having four high tides each day, with a double high tide every twelve and a half hours. This arises because the western Solent is narrower than the eastern; the initial tide of water flowing from the west starts to ebb before the stronger flow around the south of the island returns through the eastern Solent to create a second high water.[39]

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Isle of Wight is made up of a variety of rock types dating from early Cretaceous (around 127 million years ago) to the middle of the Palaeogene (around 30 million years ago). The geological structure is dominated by a large monocline which causes a marked change in age of strata from the northern younger Tertiary beds to the older Cretaceous beds of the south. This gives rise to a dip of almost 90 degrees in the chalk beds, seen best at the Needles.

text: The northern half of the island is mainly composed of clays, with the southern half formed of the chalk of the central east–west downs, as well as Upper and Lower Greensands and Wealden strata.[40] These strata continue west from the island across the Solent into Dorset, forming the basin of Poole Harbour (Tertiary) and the Isle of Purbeck (Cretaceous) respectively. The chalky ridges of Wight and Purbeck were a single formation before they were breached by waters from the River Frome during the last ice age, forming the Solent and turning Wight into an island. The Needles, along with Old Harry Rocks on Purbeck, represent the edges of this breach.

text: All the rocks found on the island are sedimentary, such as limestones, mudstones and sandstones. They are rich in fossils; many can be seen exposed on beaches as the cliffs erode. Lignitic coal is present in small quantities within seams, and can be seen on the cliffs and shore at Whitecliff Bay. Fossilised molluscs have been found there, and also on the northern coast along with fossilised crocodiles, turtles and mammal bones; the youngest date back to around 30 million years ago.

text: The island is one of the most important areas in Europe for dinosaur fossils. The eroding cliffs often reveal previously hidden remains, particularly along the Back of the Wight.[41] Dinosaur bones and fossilised footprints can be seen in and on the rocks exposed around the island's beaches, especially at Yaverland and Compton Bay. As a result, the island has been nicknamed "Dinosaur Island".

text: The area was affected by sea level changes during the repeated Quaternary glaciations. The island probably became separated from the mainland about 125,000 years ago, during the Ipswichian interglacial.[42]

text:
Ordnance Survey map of the island

Geological map of the island

Blackgang Chine, circa 1910

A view of the Needles and Alum Bay

text: Climate[edit]

text: Like the rest of the UK, the island has an oceanic climate, but is somewhat milder and sunnier, which makes it a holiday destination. It also has a longer growing season. Lower Ventnor and the neighbouring Undercliff have a particular microclimate, because of their sheltered position south of the downs. The island enjoys 1,800–2,100 hours of sunshine a year.[43] Some years have almost no snow in winter, and only a few days of hard frost.[44] The island is in Hardiness zone 9.[45]

text:
[hide]Climate data for Shanklin

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Average high °C (°F)
8.1
(46.6)
7.9
(46.2)
10.0
(50)
12.3
(54.1)
15.6
(60.1)
18.2
(64.8)
20.4
(68.7)
20.5
(68.9)
18.3
(64.9)
15.0
(59)
11.3
(52.3)
8.8
(47.8)
13.87
(56.95)

Average low °C (°F)
3.5
(38.3)
2.9
(37.2)
4.3
(39.7)
5.4
(41.7)
8.4
(47.1)
11.1
(52)
13.4
(56.1)
13.5
(56.3)
11.8
(53.2)
9.5
(49.1)
6.2
(43.2)
4.0
(39.2)
7.83
(46.09)

Average precipitation mm (inches)
90.8
(3.575)
65.5
(2.579)
66.0
(2.598)
53.4
(2.102)
52.1
(2.051)
46.3
(1.823)
47.1
(1.854)
54.6
(2.15)
70.5
(2.776)
115.0
(4.528)
108.6
(4.276)
101.0
(3.976)
870.9
(34.288)

Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0)
13.1
9.8
10.4
9.1
8.2
7.6
6.9
7.4
8.9
12.7
12.7
12.9
119.7

Mean monthly sunshine hours
68.2
89.8
132.9
201.4
241.1
247.7
262.3
240.9
173.1
122.3
82.6
60.7
1,923

Source: Met Office Climate Averages, Shanklin, 1981-2010

text: Wildlife[edit]

text: The Isle of Wight is one of the few places in England where the red squirrel is still flourishing; no grey squirrels are to be found.[46] There are occasional sightings of wild deer, and there is a colony of wild goats on Ventnor's downs.[47][48][49][50] Protected species such as the dormouse and rare bats can be found. The Glanville fritillary butterfly's distribution in the United Kingdom is largely restricted to the edges of the island's crumbling cliffs.[51]

text: A competition in 2002 named the pyramidal orchid as the Isle of Wight's county flower.[52]

text: Politics[edit]

text: The island has a single Member of Parliament and 138,300 permanent residents in 2011, being one of the most populated constituencies in the United Kingdom (more than 50% above the English average).[53] However, in 2011 the Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act was to have changed this, as part of the Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies,[54] but this was deferred to no earlier than October 2018 by the Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013. Thus the single constituency remained for the 2015 general election. However, two separate East and West constituencies are proposed for the island under the 2018 review now underway.

text: The Isle of Wight is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county. Since the abolition of its two borough councils and restructuring of the county council as Isle of Wight Council in 1995, it has been a unitary authority.

text: Elections in the constituency have traditionally been a battle between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats. Andrew Turner of the Conservative Party gained the seat from Peter Brand of the Lib Dems at the 2001 general election. Since 2009, Turner has been embroiled in controversy over his expenses, health, and relationships with colleagues, with local Conservatives having tried but failed to remove him in the runup to the 2015 general election.[55] He stood down prior to the 2017 snap general election, and the new Conservative Party candidate Bob Seely was elected with a majority of 21,069 votes.

text: At the Isle of Wight Council election of 2013, the Conservatives lost the majority which they had held since 2005 to the Island Independents, with Island Independent councillors holding 16 of the 40 seats, and a further five councillors sitting as independents outside the group.[56] The Conservatives regained control, winning 25 seats at the 2017 local election.[4]

text: There have been small regionalist movements: the Vectis National Party and the Isle of Wight Party; but they have attracted little support at elections.[57]

text: Main towns[edit]

text:
Newport is the centrally located county town, with a population of about 25,000[58] and the island's main shopping area. Located next to the River Medina, Newport Quay was a busy port until the mid-19th century.
Ryde, the largest town with a population of about 30,000, is in the northeast. It is Victorian with the oldest seaside pier in England and miles of sandy and pebble beaches.
Cowes hosts the annual Cowes Week and is an international sailing centre.
East Cowes is famous for Osborne House, Norris Castle and as the home from 1929 to 1964 of Saunders-Roe, the historic aircraft, flying boat, rocket and hovercraft company.
Sandown is a popular seaside resort. It is home to the Isle of Wight Zoo, the Dinosaur Isle geological museum and one of the island's two 18-hole golf courses.
Shanklin, just south of Sandown, attracts tourists with its high summer sunshine levels, sandy beaches, Shanklin Chine and the old village.
Ventnor, built on the steep slopes of St Boniface Down on the south coast of the island, leads down to a picturesque bay that attracts many tourists. Ventnor Haven is a small harbour.

text: Culture[edit]

text: Language and dialect[edit]

text: The local accent is similar to the traditional dialect of Hampshire, featuring the dropping of some consonants and an emphasis on longer vowels. It is similar to the West Country dialects heard in South West England, but less pronounced.[59][60]

text: The island has its own local and regional words. Some, such as nipper/nips (a young male person), are still commonly used and are shared with neighbouring areas of the mainland. A few are unique to the island, for example overner and caulkhead (see below). Others are more obscure and now used mainly for comic emphasis, such as mallishag (meaning "caterpillar"), gurt meaning "large", nammit (a mid-morning snack) and gallybagger ("scarecrow", and now the name of a local cheese).[61]

text: Identity[edit]

text: There remains occasional confusion between the Isle of Wight as a county and its former position within Hampshire.[62] The island was regarded and administered as a part of Hampshire until 1890, when its distinct identity was recognised with the formation of Isle of Wight County Council (see also Politics of the Isle of Wight). However, it remained a part of Hampshire until the local government reforms of 1974 when it became a full ceremonial county with its own Lord Lieutenant.[63]

text: In January 2009, the first general flag for the county was accepted by the Flag Institute.[64]

text: Island residents are sometimes referred to as "Vectensians", "Vectians" or, if born on the island, "caulkheads".[65] One theory is that this last comes from the once prevalent local industry of caulking or sealing wooden boats; the term became attached to islanders either because they were so employed, or as a derisory term for perceived unintelligent labourers from elsewhere. The term "overner" is used for island residents originating from the mainland (an abbreviated form of "overlander", which is an archaic term for "outsider" still found in parts of Australia).[66]

text: Residents refer to the island as "The Island", as did Jane Austen in Mansfield Park, and sometimes to the UK mainland as "North Island".[67]

text: To promote the island's identity and culture, the High Sheriff Robin Courage founded an Isle of Wight Day; the first was held on Saturday 24 September 2016.

text: "Hauntings"[edit]

text: The island is said to be the most haunted in the world, sometimes referred to as "Ghost Island". Notable claimed hauntings include God's Providence House in Newport (now a tea room), Appuldurcombe House, and the remains of Knighton Gorges.[33]

text: Sport[edit]

text: Cycling[edit]

text: The island is well known for its cycling, and it was included within Lonely Planet's Best in Travel Guide (2010) top ten cycling locations. The island also hosts events such as the Isle of Wight Randonnée and the Isle of Wight Cycling Festival each year.

text: Rowing[edit]

text: There are rowing clubs at Newport, Ryde and Shanklin, all members of the Hants and Dorset rowing association.

text: There is a long tradition of rowing around the island dating back to the 1880s.

text: In May 1999 a group of local women made history by becoming the first ladies crew to row around the island, in ten hours and twenty minutes. Rowers from Ryde Rowing Club have rowed around the island several times since 1880. The fours record was set 16 August 1995 at 7 hours 54 minutes.[68]

text: Two rowers from Southampton ARC (Chris Bennett and Roger Slaymaker) set the two-man record in July 2003 at 8 hours 34 minutes, and in 2005 Gus McKechnie of Coalporters Rowing Club became the first adaptive rower to row around, completing a clockwise row.[69]

text: The route around the island is about 60 miles (97 km) and usually rowed anticlockwise. Even in good conditions, it includes a number of significant obstacles such as the Needles and the overfalls at St Catherine's Point. The traditional start and finish were at Ryde Rowing Club; however other starts have been chosen in recent years to give a tidal advantage.

text: Sailing[edit]

text: Cowes is a centre for sailing, hosting several racing regattas. Cowes Week is the longest-running regular regatta in the world, with over 1,000 yachts and 8,500 competitors taking part in over 50 classes of racing.[70] In 1851 the first America's Cup race was around the island. Other major sailing events hosted in Cowes include the Fastnet race, the Round the Island Race,[71] the Admiral's Cup, and the Commodore's Cup.[72]

text: Trampolining[edit]

text: There are two main trampoline clubs on the island, in Freshwater and Newport, competing at regional, national and international grades.[73][74]

text: Marathon[edit]

text: The Isle of Wight Marathon is the United Kingdom's oldest continuously held marathon, having been run every year since 1957.[75] Since 2013 the course has started and finished in Cowes, heading out to the west of the island and passing through Gurnard, Rew Street, Porchfield, Shalfleet, Yarmouth, Afton, Willmingham, Thorley, Wellow, Shalfleet, Porchfield, and Northwood. It is an undulating course with a total climb of 1,043 feet (318 m).

text: Speedway[edit]

text: The island is home to the Wightlink Warriors speedway team, who compete in the sport's third division, the National League.

text: Field hockey[edit]

text: Following an amalgamation of local hockey clubs in 2011, the Isle of Wight Hockey Club now runs two men's senior and two ladies' senior teams. These compete at a range of levels in the Hampshire open leagues.[76]

text: Football[edit]

text: The now-disbanded Ryde Sports F.C., founded in 1888, was one of the eight founder members of the Hampshire League in 1896. There are several non-league clubs such as Newport (IW) F.C. There is an Isle of Wight Saturday Football League with two divisions and two reserve team leagues , and a rugby union club.[77][78]

text: Cricket[edit]

text: The Isle of Wight is the 39th official county in English cricket, and the Isle of Wight Cricket Board organises a league of local clubs. Ventnor Cricket Club competes in the Southern Premier League, and has won the Second Division several times. Newclose County Cricket Ground near Newport[79][80][81] opened officially in 2009 but with its first match held on 6 September 2008.[82] The island has produced some notable cricketers, such as Danny Briggs, who plays county cricket for Hampshire.

text: Island Games[edit]

text: The Isle of Wight competes in the biennial Island Games, which it hosted in 1993 and again in 2011.

text: Motor scooter[edit]

text: The annual Isle of Wight International Scooter Rally has since 1980 met on the August Bank Holiday. This is now one of the biggest scooter rallies in the world, attracting between four and seven thousand participants.[83]

text: Music[edit]

text: The island is home to the Isle of Wight Festival and until 2016, Bestival before it was relocated to Lulworth Estate in Dorset. In 1970, the festival was headlined by Jimi Hendrix attracting an audience of 600,000, some six times the local population at the time.[84] It is the home of the band The Bees,Trixie's Big Red Motorbike,[85] as well as three of the founding members of Level 42 (Mark King, Boon Gould and Phil Gould). It has also hosted a one-day festival called "Summer Madness", which started in 2009, headlined by Madness. In January 2011 it was reported that the promoter of Summer Madness was insolvent.

text: Economy[edit]

text: Socio-economic data[edit]

text: The table below shows the regional gross value (in millions of pounds) added by the Isle of Wight economy, at current prices, compiled by the Office for National Statistics.[86][87]

text:
Regional gross value in millions of pounds sterling

Year
Regional gross value added[88]
Agriculture[89]
Industry[90]
Services[91]

1995
831
28
218
585

2000
1,369
27
375
800

2003
1,521
42
288
1,161

2008
2,023

2012
2,175

text: According to the 2011 census,[92] the island's population of 138,625 lives in 61,085 households, giving an average household size of 2.27 people.

text: 41% of households own their home outright and a further 29% own with a mortgage, so in total 70% of households are owned (compared to 68% for South East England).

text: Compared to South East England, the island has fewer children (19% aged 0–17 against 22% for the South East) and more elderly (24% aged 65+ against 16%), giving an average age of 44 years for an island resident compared to 40 in South East England.

text: Industry and agriculture[edit]

text: The largest industry is tourism, but the island also has a strong agricultural heritage, including sheep and dairy farming and arable crops. Traditional agricultural commodities are more difficult to market off the island because of transport costs, but local farmers have managed successfully to exploit some specialist markets, with the higher price of such products being able to absorb the transport costs. One of the most successful agricultural sectors is now the growing of crops under cover, particularly salad crops including tomatoes and cucumbers. The island has a warmer climate and longer growing season than much of the United Kingdom. Garlic has been successfully grown in Newchurch for many years, and is even exported to France. This has led to the establishment of an annual Garlic Festival at Newchurch, which is one of the largest events of the local calendar. A favourable climate supports two vineyards, including one of the oldest in the British Isles at Adgestone.[93] Lavender is grown for its oil.[94] The largest agricultural sector has been dairying, but due to low milk prices and strict legislation for UK milk producers, the dairy industry has been in decline: there were nearly 150 producers in the mid-1980s, but now just 24.

text: Maritime industries, especially the making of sailcloth and boat building, has long been associated with the island, although this has diminished somewhat in recent years. GKN operates what began as the British Hovercraft Corporation, a subsidiary of (and known latterly as) Westland Aircraft, although they have reduced the extent of plant and workforce and sold the main site. Previously it had been the independent company Saunders-Roe, one of the island's most notable historic firms that produced many flying boats and the world's first hovercraft.[95]

text: Another manufacturing activity is in composite materials, used by boat-builders and the wind turbine manufacturer Vestas, which has a wind turbine blade factory and testing facilities in West Medina Mills and East Cowes.[96]

text: Bembridge Airfield is the home of Britten-Norman, manufacturers of the Islander and Trislander aircraft. This is shortly to become the site of the European assembly line for Cirrus light aircraft. The Norman Aeroplane Company is a smaller aircraft manufacturing company operating in Sandown. There have been three other firms that built planes on the island.[97]

text: In 2005, Northern Petroleum began exploratory drilling for oil at its Sandhills-2 borehole at Porchfield, but ceased operations in October that year after failing to find significant reserves.[98]

text: Breweries[edit]

text: There are three breweries on the island. Goddards Brewery in Ryde opened in 1993.[99] David Yates, who was head brewer of the Island Brewery, started brewing as Yates Brewery at the Inn at St Lawrence in 2000.[100]

text: Ventnor Brewery, which closed in 2009, was the last incarnation of Burt's Brewery, brewing since the 1840s in Ventnor.[101] Until the 1960s most pubs were owned by Mews Brewery, situated in Newport near the old railway station, but it closed and the pubs were taken over by Strong's, and then by Whitbread. By some accounts Mews beer was apt to be rather cloudy and dark. In the 19th century they pioneered the use of screw top cans for export to British India.[102]

text: Services[edit]

text: Tourism and heritage[edit]

text: Its heritage is a major asset that has for many years supported the island's tourist economy. Holidays focused on natural heritage, including wildlife and geology, are becoming an alternative to the traditional British seaside holiday, which went into decline in the second half of the 20th century due to the increased affordability of foreign holidays.[103] The island is still an important destination for coach tours from other parts of the United Kingdom.

text: Tourism is still the largest industry, and most island towns and villages offer hotels, hostels and camping sites. In 1999, it hosted 2.7 million visitors, with 1.5 million staying overnight, and 1.2 million visits day visits; only 150,000 of these were from abroad. Between 1993 and 2000, visits increased at an average rate of 3% per year.[104]

text: At the turn of the 19th century the island had ten pleasure piers including two at Ryde and a "chain pier" at Seaview. The Victoria Pier in Cowes succeeded the earlier Royal Pier but was itself removed in 1960. The piers at Ryde, Seaview, Sandown, Shanklin and Ventnor originally served a coastal steamer service that operated from Southsea on the mainland. The piers at Seaview, Shanklin, Ventnor and Alum Bay were all destroyed by various storms during the 20th century; only the railway pier at Ryde and the piers at Sandown, Totland Bay (currently closed to the public) and Yarmouth survive.

text: Blackgang Chine is the oldest theme park in Britain, opened in 1843.[105] The skeleton of a dead whale that its founder Alexander Dabell found in 1844 is still on display.[33]

text: As well as its more traditional attractions, the island is often host to walking[106] or cycling holidays through the attractive scenery. An annual walking festival[107] has attracted considerable interest. The 70 miles (113 km) Isle of Wight Coastal Path follows the coastline as far as possible, deviating onto roads where the route along the coast is impassable.[108]

text: A major contributor to the local economy is sailing and marine-related tourism.[109]

text: Summer Camp at Camp Beaumont is an attraction at the old Bembridge School site.[110]

text: Transport[edit]

text: The Isle of Wight has 489 miles (787 km) of roadway. It does not have a motorway, although there is a short stretch of dual carriageway towards the north of Newport near the hospital and prison.

text: A comprehensive bus network operated by Southern Vectis links most settlements, with Newport as its central hub.[111]

text: Journeys away from the island involve a ferry journey. Car ferry and passenger catamaran services are run by Wightlink and Red Funnel, and a hovercraft passenger service (the only such remaining in the world[112]) by Hovertravel.

text: The island formerly had its own railway network of over 55 miles (89 km), but only one line remains in regular use. The Island Line is part of the United Kingdom's National Rail network, running a little under 9 miles (14 km) from Shanklin to Ryde Pier Head, where there is a connecting ferry service to Portsmouth Harbour station on the mainland network. The line was opened by the Isle of Wight Railway in 1864, and from 1996 to 2007 was run by the smallest train operating company on the network, Island Line Trains. It is notable for utilising old ex-London Underground rolling stock, due to the small size of its tunnels and unmodernised signalling. Branching off the Island Line at Smallbrook Junction is the heritage Isle of Wight Steam Railway, which runs for 5 1⁄2 miles (8.9 km) to the outskirts of Wootton on the former line to Newport.[113]

text: There are two airfields for general aviation, Isle of Wight Airport at Sandown and Bembridge Airport.

text: The island has over 200 miles (322 km) of cycleways, many of which can be enjoyed off-road. The principal trails are:[114]

text:
The Sunshine Trail, which is a circular route linking Sandown, Shanklin, Godshill, and Wroxall of 12 miles (19 km);
The Troll Trail between Cowes and Sandown of 13 miles (21 km), 90% off-road;
The Round the Island Cycle Route of 62 miles (100 km).

text: Media[edit]

text: The main local newspaper is the Isle of Wight County Press, published most Fridays.

text: The island has one local commercial radio station: Isle of Wight Radio has broadcast in the medium-wave band since 1990 and on 107.0 MHz (with three smaller transmitters on 102.0 MHz) FM since 1998, as well as streaming on the Internet.[115] The island is also covered by a number of local stations on the mainland, including the BBC station BBC Radio Solent broadcast from Southampton.

text: The island's not-for-profit community radio station Angel Radio opened in 2007. Angel Radio began broadcasting on 91.5 MHz from studios in Cowes and a transmitter near Newport.[116][117]

text: Local online radio station Vectis Radio has broadcast since 2010, broadcasting from the Riverside Centre in Newport.[118]

text: Online news sources for the Isle of Wight include On the Wight[119] and The Isle of Wight Chronicle.[120] The Chronicle was originally an island local paper during the later 19th and early 20th century.

text: The island has an online 24/7 breaking news source Island Echo,[121] which was founded in May 2012.

text: The island has had community television stations in the past, first TV12 and then Solent TV from 2002 until its closure on 24 May 2007. iWight.tv is a local internet video news channel.

text: The Isle of Wight is part of the BBC South region and the ITV Meridian region.

text: Important broadcasting infrastructure includes Chillerton Down transmitting station with a mast that is the tallest structure on the island, and Rowridge transmitting station, which broadcasts the main television signal both locally and for most of Hampshire and parts of Dorset and West Sussex.[122]

text: Prisons[edit]

text: Its separation from the mainland yet being near the densely populated south of England led to it hosting three prisons: Albany, Camp Hill and Parkhurst, all located outside Newport near the main road to Cowes. Albany and Parkhurst were among the few Category A prisons in the UK until they were downgraded in the 1990s.[123] The downgrading of Parkhurst was precipitated by a major escape: three prisoners (two murderers and a blackmailer) escaped from the prison on 3 January 1995 for four days, before being recaptured.[124] Parkhurst enjoyed notoriety as one of the toughest jails in the United Kingdom, and housed many notable inmates including the Yorkshire Ripper Peter Sutcliffe, New Zealand drug lord Terry Clark and the Kray twins.

text: Camp Hill is located adjacent but to the west of Albany and Parkhurst, on the very edge of Parkhurst Forest, having been converted first to a borstal and later to a Category C prison. It was built on the site of an army camp (both Albany and Parkhurst were barracks); there is a small estate of tree-lined roads with the former officers' quarters (now privately owned) to the south and east. Camp Hill closed as a prison in March 2013.

text: The management of all three prisons was merged into a single administration, under HMP Isle of Wight in April 2009.

text: Education[edit]

text: There are sixty-nine Local Education Authority-maintained schools on the Isle of Wight, and two independent schools.[125] As a rural community, many of these are small and with fewer pupils than in urban areas. The Isle of Wight College is located on the outskirts of Newport.

text: From September 2010, there was a transition period from the three-tier system of primary, middle and high schools to the two-tier system that is usual in England.[126] Some schools have now closed, such as Chale C.E. Primary. Others have become "federated", such as Brading C.E. Primary and St Helen's Primary. Christ the King College started as a "middle school" but has now been converted into a secondary school and sixth form.

text: Since September 2011 five new secondary schools, with an age range of 11 to 18 years, replaced the island's high schools (as a part of the previous three-tier system).

text: Notable residents[edit]

text: Notable residents have included:

text: 17th century and earlier[edit]

text:
King Arwald, last pagan king in England
King Charles I of England, who was imprisoned at Carisbrooke Castle
Viking Earl Tostig Godwinson
actor, highwayman and conspirator Cardell "Scum" Goodman
soldier and regicide of Charles I Thomas Harrison, imprisoned at Carisbrooke with John Rogers & Christopher Feake
soldier Peter de Heyno
philosopher and polymath Robert Hooke
murderer Michal Morey

text: 18th century[edit]

text:
explorer Anthony Henday
radical journalist John Wilkes

text: 19th century[edit]

text:
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert (monarch and consort), who built and lived at Osborne House
photographer Julia Margaret Cameron, who lived at Dimbola Lodge
Irish Republican Thomas Clarke
naval captain Jeremiah Coghlan CBG, who retired to Ryde
writer Charles Dickens
poet John Keats
inventor and radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi
poet and hymnwriter Albert Midlane
geologist and engineer John Milne
regency architect John Nash
novelist Miss Harriet Parr
early Hong Kong Government administrator William Pedder
New Zealand PM Henry Sewell
poet Algernon Charles Swinburne
poet Alfred Tennyson
philosopher Karl Marx, who stayed at 1, St. Boniface Gardens, Ventnor
surgeon James Mann Williamson, at the Royal National Hospital, Ventnor

text: 20th century onwards[edit]

text:
scriptwriter Raymond Allen
Indie rock group The Bees
concert organist E. Power Biggs
darts player Keegan Brown
singer Sarah Close
inventor of the hovercraft Sir Christopher Cockerell
presenter and actor Ray Cokes
yachtsman Uffa Fox
actor Marius Goring
survival expert and Chief Scout Bear Grylls
actress Sheila Hancock
folk-rock musician Robyn Hitchcock
actor Geoffrey Hughes
author and conspiracy theorist David Icke
actor Jeremy Irons
comedian Phill Jupitus
actor Laura Michelle Kelly
composer Albert Ketèlbey
Iranian poet Mimi Khalvati
musician Mark King
radio presenter Allan Lake
writer James Leavey
musician Jack Green
yachtswoman Ellen MacArthur
BBC 'Tonight' presenter Cliff Michelmore

text:
film director Anthony Minghella
actor David Niven
cyclist Kieran Page
TV personality Anneka Rice
heptathlete Kelly Sotherton
gardener and presenter Alan Titchmarsh
novelist Edward Upward

text: Places of interest[edit]

text:
Key

Abbey/Priory/Cathedral

Accessible open space

Amusement/Theme Park

Castle

Country Park

English Heritage

Forestry Commission

Heritage railway

Historic House

Museum (free/not free)

National Trust

Theatre

Zoo

text:
Alum Bay
Appuldurcombe House
Amazon World Zoo
Bembridge Lifeboat Station
Blackgang Chine
Brading Roman Villa
Carisbrooke Castle
Classic Boat Museum, East Cowes
Dimbola Lodge
Dinosaur Isle
Fort Victoria
Godshill village and model village
Isle of Wight Bus & Coach Museum
Isle of Wight Steam Railway
Isle of Wight Zoo, Yaverland
Medina Theatre
The Needles
Newport Roman Villa.
Osborne House
Quarr Abbey
Robin Hill
Botanic Gardens, Ventnor
Yarmouth Castle

text: Overseas names[edit]

text: The Isle of Wight has given names to many parts of former colonies, most notably Isle of Wight County in Virginia founded by settlers from the island in the 17th century. Its county seat is a town named Isle of Wight.

text: Other notable examples include:

text:
Isle of Wight - an island off Maryland, United States
Dunnose Head, West Falkland
Ventnor, Cowes on Philip Island, Victoria, Australia
Carisbrook, Victoria, Australia
Carisbrook, a former stadium in Dunedin, New Zealand
Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
Shanklin, Sandown, New Hampshire, United States
Ventnor City, New Jersey, United States
Gardiners Island, New York, United States shown as "Isle of Wight" on some of the older maps.[127]

text: Media references[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
The film Something to Hide (1972; US title Shattered), starring Peter Finch, was filmed near Cowes, including a scene on the Red Funnel ferry;
The British film That'll Be the Day (1973), starring David Essex and Ringo Starr, included scenes shot in Ryde (notably Cross Street), Sandown (school), Shanklin (beach) and Wootton Bridge (fairground);
Mrs. Brown (1997), with Dame Judi Dench and Billy Connolly, was filmed at Osborne and Chale;
The film Fragile (2005), starring Calista Flockhart, is based on the Isle of Wight.
Victoria and Abdul (2017) starring Dame Judi Dench and Ali Fazal began shooting principal photography at Osborne House in September 2016.

text: Games[edit]

text: John Worsley's Commodore 64 game Spirit of the Stones was set on the Isle of Wight.[129]

text: Literature[edit]

text: The Isle of Wight was:[130]

text:
the setting of Julian Barnes's novel England, England;
called The Island in some editions of Thomas Hardy's novels in his fictional Wessex;
selected for the development of a new base by the supercomputer "Colossus", in D. F. Jones' novel Colossus (1966);
the setting for D.H. Lawrence's book The Trespasser, filmed for TV on location in 1981;
the setting of Graham Masterton's book Prey;
mentioned in J.K. Rowling's first Harry Potter book, which refers to Uncle Vernon's sister Marge on holiday on the island, who got sick after eating a whelk;
a major element in Daniel O'Malley's series The Rook (2012) & its sequel Stiletto (2016). The antagonists try to invade in the 1600s, the effects of which continue to colour perceptions of the Crown's secret supernatural agency, the "Checquy Group";
the refuge of the British monarchy & government in S.M. Stirling's alternative history novel The Protector's War (2005), in which high energy technology ceased to function. After an ensuing holocaust, the island was the base for re-population of Europe, whose populations had mostly perished;
one of the destinations to which the British government evacuates in Frank Tayell's post-apocalyptic novel Surviving the Evacuation Book One: London (2013), guided by the mistaken impression that it would be defensible against the zombie hordes;[131]
featured in John Wyndham's novel The Day of the Triffids and Simon Clark's sequel The Night of the Triffids.

text: Music[edit]

text:
The Beatles' song "When I'm Sixty-Four" (1967), credited to Lennon-McCartney and sung by Paul McCartney, refers to renting a cottage on the island;[132]
Bob Dylan recorded "Like a Rolling Stone" (1965), "Minstrel Boy", "Quinn the Eskimo (The Mighty Quinn)" (1967), and "She Belongs to Me" (1965) for the album Self Portrait (1970) live on the island;
"Wight Is Wight" (1969), a song by French artist Michel Delpech, also spawned an Italian cover by Dik Dik, titled "L'isola di Wight"(IT) (1970).

text: Radio[edit]

text: There was a running joke in radio sitcom The Navy Lark involving Sub-Lieutenant Phillips's inability to navigate and subsequently tail the Isle of Wight ferry.[133]

text: Television[edit]

text:
ITV's dramatisation of Dennis Potter's work Blade on the Feather (19 October 1980) was filmed on the island;[134]
A 2002 Top Gear feature showed an Aston Martin being driven around Cowes, East Cowes, and along the Military Road and seawall at Freshwater Bay.[135]
The setting for Free Rein was based on the Isle of Wight.[136]


document_title: Lunar phase

question_text: when do the different phases of the moon occur

root

text: Lunar phase

text: Phases of the Moon[edit]

text: In Western culture, the four principal phases of the Moon are new moon, first quarter, full moon, and third quarter (also known as last quarter). These are the instances when the Moon's ecliptic longitude and the Sun's ecliptic longitude differ by 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, respectively.[a] Each of these phases occur at slightly different times when viewed from different points on Earth. During the intervals between principal phases, the Moon's apparent shape is either crescent or gibbous. These shapes, and the periods when the Moon shows them, are called the intermediate phases and last one-quarter of a synodic month, or 7.38 days, on average. However, their durations vary slightly because the Moon's orbit is rather elliptical, so the satellite's orbital speed is not constant. The descriptor waxing is used for an intermediate phase when the Moon's apparent shape is thickening, from new to full moon, and waning when the shape is thinning.

tag: p

text: The eight principal and intermediate phases are given the following names, in sequential order:

text:
Principal and intermediate phases of the Moon

Phase
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Visibility
Mid-phase
standard time
Average
moonrise time
Average
moonset time
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Photograph
(view from
Northern Hemisphere)

New moon
Disc completely in Sun's shadow
(lit by earthshine only)
Invisible (too close to Sun)
Midday
6 am
6 pm

Not visible

Waxing crescent
Right side, 1–49% lit disc
Left side, 1–49% lit disc
Late morning to post-dusk
3 pm
9 am
9 pm

First quarter
Right side, 50% lit disc
Left side, 50% lit disc
Afternoon and early evening
6 pm
Midday
Midnight

Waxing gibbous
Right side, 51–99% lit disc
Left side, 51–99% lit disc
Late afternoon and most of night
9 pm
3 pm
3 am

Full moon
Completely illuminated disc
Sunset to sunrise (all night)
Midnight
6 pm
6 am

Waning gibbous
Left side, 99–51% lit disc
Right side, 99–51% lit disc
Most of night and early morning
3 am
9 pm
9 am

Third quarter (or last quarter)
Left side, 50% lit disc
Right side, 50% lit disc
Late night and morning
6 am
Midnight
Midday

Waning crescent
Left side, 49–1% lit disc
Right side, 49–1% lit disc
Pre-dawn to early afternoon
9 am
3 am
3 pm

tag: table

text: Non-Western cultures may use a different number of lunar phases; for example, traditional Hawaiian culture has a total of 30 different phases (one per day).[1]

text: Waxing and waning[edit]

text: When the Sun and Moon are aligned on the same side of the Earth, the Moon is "new", and the side of the Moon facing Earth is not illuminated by the Sun. As the Moon waxes (the amount of illuminated surface as seen from Earth is increasing), the lunar phases progress through new moon, crescent moon, first-quarter moon, gibbous moon, and full moon. The Moon is then said to wane as it passes through the gibbous moon, third-quarter moon, crescent moon, and back to new moon. The terms old moon and new moon are not interchangeable. The "old moon" is a waning sliver (which eventually becomes undetectable to the naked eye) until the moment it aligns with the Sun and begins to wax, at which point it becomes new again.[2] Half moon is often used to mean the first- and third-quarter moons, while the term quarter refers to the extent of the Moon's cycle around the Earth, not its shape.

text: When an illuminated hemisphere is viewed from a certain angle, the portion of the illuminated area that is visible will have a two-dimensional shape as defined by the intersection of an ellipse and circle (in which the ellipse's major axis coincides with the circle's diameter). If the half-ellipse is convex with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be gibbous (bulging outwards),[3] whereas if the half-ellipse is concave with respect to the half-circle, then the shape will be a crescent. When a crescent moon occurs, the phenomenon of earthshine may be apparent, where the night side of the Moon dimly reflects indirect sunlight reflected from Earth.

text: Orientation by latitude[edit]

text: In the Northern Hemisphere, if the left (east) side of the Moon is dark, then the bright part is thickening, and the Moon is described as waxing (shifting toward full moon). If the right (west) side of the Moon is dark, then the bright part is thinning, and the Moon is described as waning (past full and shifting toward new moon). Assuming that the viewer is in the Northern Hemisphere, the right side of the Moon is the part that is always waxing. (That is, if the right side is dark, the Moon is becoming darker; if the right side is lit, the Moon is getting brighter.)

text: In the Southern Hemisphere, the Moon is observed from a perspective inverted, or rotated 180°, to that of the Northern and to all of the images in this article, so that the opposite sides appear to wax or wane.

text: Closer to the Equator, the lunar terminator will appear horizontal during the morning and evening. Since the above descriptions of the lunar phases only apply at middle or high latitudes, and observers moving towards the tropics from northern or southern latitudes will see the Moon rotated anti-clockwise or clockwise with respect to the images in this article.

text: The lunar crescent can open upward or downward, with the "horns" of the crescent pointing up or down, respectively. When the Sun appears above the Moon in the sky, the crescent opens downward; when the Moon is above the Sun, the crescent opens upward. The crescent Moon is most clearly and brightly visible when the Sun is below the horizon, which implies that the Moon must be above the Sun, and the crescent must open upward. This is therefore the orientation in which the crescent Moon is most often seen from the tropics. The waxing and waning crescents look very similar. The waxing crescent appears in the western sky in the evening, and the waning crescent in the eastern sky in the morning.

text: Earthshine[edit]

text: When the Moon as seen from Earth is a narrow crescent, Earth as viewed from the Moon is almost fully lit by the Sun. Often, the dark side of the Moon is dimly illuminated by indirect sunlight reflected from Earth, but is bright enough to be easily visible from Earth. This phenomenon is called earthshine and sometimes picturesquely described as "the old moon in the new moon's arms" or, as pictured here, "the new moon in the old moon's arms".

text: Calendar[edit]

text: The Gregorian calendar month, which is 1⁄12 of a tropical year, is about 30.44 days, while the cycle of lunar phases (the Moon's synodic period) repeats every 29.53 days on average. Therefore, the timing of the lunar phases shifts by an average of almost one day for each successive month. (A lunar year lasts about 354 days.)

text: Photographing the Moon's phase everyday for a month (starting in the evening after sunset, and repeating roughly 24 hours and 50 minutes later, and ending in the morning before sunrise) and arranging the series of photos on a calendar would create a composite image like the example calendar (May 8 – June 6, 2005) shown on the left. May 20 is blank because a picture would be taken before midnight on May 19 and the next after midnight on May 21.

text: Similarly, on a calendar listing moonrise or moonset times, some days will appear to be skipped. When moonrise precedes midnight one night, the next moonrise will follow midnight on the next night (so too with moonset). The "skipped day" is just a feature of the Moon's eastward movement in relation to the Sun, which at most latitudes, causes the Moon to rise later each day. The Moon follows a predictable orbit every month.

text: Calculating phase[edit]

text: Each of the 4 lunar phases lasts approximately 7 days (~7.4 days), but varies slightly due to lunar apogee and perigee.

text: The approximate age of the moon, and hence the approximate phase, can be calculated for any date by calculating the number of days since a known new moon (such as January 1, 1900 or August 11, 1999) and reducing this modulo 29.530588853 (the length of a synodic month). The difference between two dates can be calculated by subtracting the Julian Day Number of one from that of the other, or there are simpler formulae giving (for instance) the number of days since December 31, 1899. However, this calculation assumes a perfectly circular orbit and makes no allowance for the time of day at which the new moon happened, therefore may be incorrect by several hours (it also becomes less accurate the larger the difference between the required date and the reference date); it is accurate enough to use in a novelty clock application showing moon phase, but specialist usage taking account of lunar apogee and perigee requires a more elaborate calculation.

text: Effect of parallax[edit]

text: The Earth subtends an angle of about two degrees, when seen from the Moon. This means that an observer on Earth who sees the Moon when it is close to the eastern horizon sees it from an angle that is about two degrees different from the line of sight of an observer who sees the Moon on the western horizon. The Moon moves about 12 degrees around its orbit per day, so, if these observers were stationary, they would see the phases of the Moon at times that differ by about one-sixth of a day, or four hours. But in reality the observers are on the surface of the rotating Earth, so someone who sees the Moon on the eastern horizon at one moment sees it on the western horizon about 12 hours later. This adds an oscillation to the apparent progression of the lunar phases. They appear to occur more slowly when the Moon is high in the sky than when it is below the horizon. The Moon appears to move jerkily, and the phases do the same. The amplitude of this oscillation is never more than about four hours, which is a small fraction of a month. It does not have any obvious effect on the appearance of the Moon. However, it does affect accurate calculations of the times of lunar phases.

text: Misconceptions[edit]

text: It might be expected that once every month, when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun during a new moon, its shadow would fall on Earth causing a solar eclipse, but this does not happen every month. Nor is it true that during every full moon, the Earth's shadow falls on the Moon, causing a lunar eclipse. Solar and lunar eclipses are not observed every month because the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth is tilted by about 5° with respect to the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun (the plane of the ecliptic). Thus, when new and full moons occur, the Moon usually lies to the north or south of a direct line through the Earth and Sun. Although an eclipse can only occur when the Moon is either new (solar) or full (lunar), it must also be positioned very near the intersection of Earth's orbital plane about the Sun and the Moon's orbital plane about the Earth (that is, at one of its nodes). This happens about twice per year, and so there are between four and seven eclipses in a calendar year. Most of these eclipses are partial; total eclipses of the Moon or Sun are less frequent.


document_title: Washington metropolitan area

question_text: what part of maryland is close to washington dc

text: Washington metropolitan area

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: The U.S. Office of Management and Budget defines the area as the Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV metropolitan statistical area, a metropolitan statistical area used for statistical purposes by the United States Census Bureau and other agencies. The region's three largest cities are the federal territory of Washington, D.C., the county (and census-designated place) of Arlington, and the independent city of Alexandria. The Office of Management and Budget also includes the metropolitan statistical area as part of the larger Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area, which has a population of 9,546,579 as of the 2014 Census Estimate.[6]

text: The area is also sometimes referred to as the National Capital Region, particularly by federal agencies such as the military[7] Department of Homeland Security.[8] Another term used to describe the region is the D.C. Area. The area in the region that is surrounded by Interstate 495 is also referred to as being "inside the Beltway". The city of Washington, which is at the center of the area, is referred to as "the District" because it is the federal District of Columbia, and is not part of any state. The Virginian portion of the region is known as Northern Virginia.

text: Composition[edit]

text: The U.S. Census Bureau divides the Washington statistical metropolitan area into two metropolitan divisions:[9]

text:
Washington–Arlington–Alexandria, DC–VA–MD–WV Metropolitan Division, comprising the majority of the metropolitan area
Silver Spring–Frederick–Rockville, MD Metropolitan Division, consisting of Montgomery and Frederick counties

tag: ul

text: Political subdivisions[edit]

text: The area includes the following counties, districts, and independent cities:[9]

text: District of Columbia[edit]

text: Washington

text: Maryland[edit]

text:
Calvert County
Charles County
Frederick County
Montgomery County
Prince George's County

text: Virginia[edit]

text:
Alexandria
Arlington County
Clarke County
Culpeper County
Fairfax County
Fairfax
Falls Church
Fauquier County
Fredericksburg
Loudoun County
Manassas
Manassas Park
Prince William County
Rappahannock County
Spotsylvania County
Stafford County
Warren County

text: West Virginia[edit]

text: Jefferson County

text:
Historical populations - Washington Metropolitan Area

Census
Pop.

%±

1950
1,464,089

—

1960
2,001,897

36.7%

1970
2,861,123

42.9%

1980
3,060,922

7.0%

1990
3,923,574

28.2%

2000
4,923,153

25.5%

2010
5,636,232

14.5%

U.S. Decennial Census
2011 estimate

text: Regional organizations[edit]

text: Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments[edit]

text: Founded in 1957, the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (MWCOG) is a regional organization of 21 Washington-area local governments, as well as area members of the Maryland and Virginia state legislatures, the U.S. Senate, and the U.S. House of Representatives. MWCOG provides a forum for discussion and the development of regional responses to issues regarding the environment, transportation, public safety, homeland security, affordable housing, community planning, and economic development.[10]

text: The National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board, a component of MWCOG, is the federally designated metropolitan planning organization for the metropolitan Washington area.[11]

text: Principal cities[edit]

text: The metropolitan area includes the following principal cities (not all of which are incorporated as cities; one, Arlington, is actually a county, and another, Bethesda, is not a city, simply a census-designated unincorporated area.[12]

text:
Washington, D.C.
Arlington, Virginia
Alexandria, Virginia
Bethesda, Maryland
Frederick, Maryland
Gaithersburg, Maryland
Reston, Virginia
Rockville, Maryland
Silver Spring, Maryland

text: Demographics[edit]

text:
Presidential election results

Year
DEM
GOP
Others

2016
69.0% 1,860,678
25.7% 692,743
5.4% 145,269

2012
67.5% 1,813,963
30.9% 829,567
1.7% 44,708

2008
68.0% 1,603,902
31.0% 728,916
1.0% 25,288

2004
61.0% 1,258,743
38.0% 785,144
1.4% 19,735

2000
58.5% 1,023,089
37.9% 663,590
3.6% 62,437

1996
57.0% 861,881
37.0% 558,830
6.0% 89,259

1992
53.0% 859,889
34.1% 553.369
12.9% 209,651

1988
50.4% 684,453
48.6% 659,344
1.0% 14,219

1984
51.0% 653,568
48.5% 621,377
0.4% 5,656

1980
44.7% 484,590
44.6% 482,506
11.1% 115,797

1976
54.2% 590,481
44.9% 488,995
1.0% 10,654

1972
44.2% 431,257
54.8% 534,235
1.1% 10,825

1968
49.4% 414,345
39.1% 327,662
11.5% 96,701

1964
69.8% 495,490
30.2% 214,293
0.1% 462

1960
52.5% 204,614
47.3% 184,499
0.1% 593

text: Politics[edit]

text: The relative strength of the major political parties within the region is shown by the presidential election results since 1960, as presented in the adjacent table.[citation needed]

text: Racial composition[edit]

text: The area has been a magnet for international immigration since the late 1960s. It is also a magnet for internal migration (persons moving from one region of the U.S. to another).[13][dubious – discuss]

text: Racial composition of the Washington, D.C. area:

text:
Non-Hispanic White : 48.2%
Black or African American : 25.3%
Hispanic or Latino : 14.1%
Asian : 9.3%
Mixed and Other : 3.1%

text:
White : 54.8%
Black : 25.8%
Asian : 9.3%
Hispanic : 13.8% (4.1% Salvadoran, 2.1% Mexican, 1.1% Colombian, 0.9% Guatemalan, 0.9% Puerto Rican, 0.8% Peruvian, 0.7% Honduran, 0.7% Bolivian)
Mixed and Other : 3.7%

text:
White : 51.7%
Black : 26.3%
Asian : 8.4%
Hispanic : 11.6%
Mixed and Other : 2.0%

text:
White : 67.8%
Black : 26.0%
Asian : 2.5%
Hispanic : 2.8%
Mixed and Other : 0.9%

text: Social indicators[edit]

text: The Washington metropolitan area has ranked as the highest-educated metropolitan area in the nation for four decades.[15] As of the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, the three most educated places with 200,000 people or more in Washington–Arlington–Alexandria by bachelor's degree attainment (population 25 and over) are Arlington, Virginia (68.0%), Fairfax County, Virginia (58.8%), and Montgomery County, Maryland (56.4%).[16] Forbes magazine stated in its 2008 "America's Best- And Worst-Educated Cities" report: "The D.C. area is less than half the size of L.A., but both cities have around 100,000 Ph.D.'s."[17]

text: The Washington, D.C. metro area has held the top spot in the American College of Sports Medicine's annual American Fitness Index ranking of the United States' 50 most populous metropolitan areas for two years running. The report cites, among other things, the high average fitness level and healthy eating habits of residents, the widespread availability of health care and facilities such as swimming pools, tennis courts, and parks, low rates of obesity and tobacco use relative to the national average, and the high median household income as contributors to the city's community health.[18]

text: In the 21st century, the Washington metropolitan area has overtaken the San Francisco Bay Area as the highest-income metropolitan area in the nation.[4] The median household income of the region is US$72,800. The two highest median household income counties in the nation – Loudoun and Fairfax County, Virginia – are components of the MSA (and #3 is Howard County, officially in Baltimore's sphere but strongly connected with Washington's); measured in this way, Alexandria ranks 10th among municipalities in the region – 11th if Howard is included – and 23rd in the entire United States. 12.2% of Northern Virginia's 881,136 households, 8.5% of suburban Maryland's 799,300 households, and 8.2% of Washington's 249,805 households have an annual income in excess of $200,000, compared to 3.7% nationally.[20]

text: According to a report by the American Human Development Project, women in the Washington metropolitan area are ranked as having the highest income and educational attainment among the 25 most populous metropolitan areas in the nation, while Asian American women in the region had the highest life expectancy, at 92.3 years.[21]

text: Economy[edit]

text: The Washington, D.C. area has the largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation in 2006 according to the Greater Washington Initiative at 324,530, ahead of the combined San Francisco Bay Area work force of 214,500, and Chicago metropolitan area at 203,090, citing data from U.S. Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Claritas Inc., and other sources.[4]

text: The Washington, D.C. area was ranked as the second best High-Tech Center in a statistical analysis of the top 100 Metropolitan areas in the United States by American City Business Journals in May 2009, behind the Silicon Valley and ahead of the Boston metropolitan area.[24] Fueling the metropolitan area's ranking was the reported 241,264 tech jobs in the region, a total eclipsed only by New York, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area, as well as the highest master's or doctoral degree attainment among the 100 ranked metropolitan areas.[24] A Dice.com report showed that the Washington–Baltimore area had the second-highest number of tech jobs listed: 8,289, after the New York metro area with 9,195 jobs.[25]

text: Real estate and housing market[edit]

text: Changes in house prices for the D.C. area are publicly tracked on a regular basis using the Case–Shiller index; the statistic is published by Standard & Poor's and is also a component of S&P's 10-city composite index of the value of the U.S. residential real estate market.

text: McLean ZIP code 22102 had the highest median home prices among ZIP codes within the Washington metropolitan area as of 2013.[26]

text: Net worth, wealth disparities, and business ownership[edit]

text: The economy of the Washington metropolitan region is characterized by significant wealth disparities, which were heightened by the Great Recession and the 2007–09 housing crisis, which adversely affected black and Hispanic households more than other households.[27][28]

text: A 2016 Urban Institute report found that the median net worth (i.e., assets minus debt) for white households in the D.C. region was $284,000, while the median net worth for Hispanic/Latino households was $13,000, and for African American households as $3,500.[27][28] Asian Americans had the highest median net worth in the Washington area ($220,000 for Chinese American households, $430,000 for Vietnamese American households, $496,000 for Korean American households, and $573,000 for Indian American households).[27][28]

text: Although the median net worth for white D.C.-area households was 81 times that of black D.C.-area households, the two groups had comparable rates of business ownership (about 9%). The Urban Institute report suggests that this "may be driven by the presence of a large federal government and a local district government whose membership and constituents have been largely Black, coupled with government policies designed to increase contracting opportunities for minority-owned businesses."[27][28]

text: Primary industries[edit]

text: Biotechnology

text: The Washington metropolitan area has a significant biotechnology industry; companies with a major presence in the region as of 2011 include Merck, Pfizer, Human Genome Sciences, Martek Biosciences, MedImmune and Qiagen.[29]

text: Defense contracting

text: Many defense contractors are based in the region to be close to the Pentagon in Arlington. Local defense contractors include Lockheed Martin, the largest, as well as Raytheon, General Dynamics, BAE Systems, Northrup Grumman,[30] Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC), Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC), CACI, and Orbital Sciences Corporation.

text: Tourism

text: Tourism is a significant industry in the Washington metropolitan region. In 2015, more than 74,000 tourism-sector jobs existed in the District of Columbia, a record-setting 19.3 million domestic tourists visited the city, and domestic and international tourists combined spent $7.1 billion.[31][32] The convention industry is also significant; in 2016, D.C. hosted fifteen "city-wide conventions" with an estimated total economic impact of $277.9 million.[31]

text: Tourism is also significant outside the District of Columbia; in 2015, a record-setting $3.06 billion in tourism spending was reported in Arlington, Virginia, and $2.9 million in Fairfax County, Virginia.[33] A 2016 National Park Service report estimated that there were 56 million visitors to national parks in the National Capital Region, sustaining 16,917 and generating close to $1.6 billion in economy impact.[34]

text: Largest companies[edit]

text:
Largest public companies (Fortune 500 2016)[35]

Company
Industry
Headquarters
National rank

AES Corporation
Energy
Arlington, Virginia
190

Booz Allen Hamilton
Defense
McLean, Virginia
487

Capital One
Finance
McLean, Virginia
112

Computer Sciences Corporation
Defense
Falls Church, Virginia
233

Danaher Corporation
Conglomerate
Washington, D.C.
133

Discovery Communications
Mass Media
Silver Spring, Maryland
406

Fannie Mae
Finance
Washington, D.C.
16

Freddie Mac
Finance
McLean, Virginia
43

General Dynamics
Defense
Falls Church, Virginia
88

Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc.
Hospitality
McLean, Virginia
254

Host Hotels and Resorts
Hospitality
Bethesda, Maryland
472

Lockheed Martin
Defense
Bethesda, Maryland
60

Marriott International
Hospitality
Bethesda, Maryland
195

Northrop Grumman
Defense
Falls Church, Virginia
118

NVR, Inc.
Construction
Reston, Virginia
498

text:
Largest private companies (Forbes America's Largest Private Companies 2016)[36]

Company
Industry
Headquarters
National rank

BrightView
Landscaping
Rockville, Maryland
220

Carahsoft
Defense
Reston, Virginia
161

Clark Construction
Construction
Bethesda, Maryland
102

Mars, Incorporated
Food processing
McLean, Virginia
7

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2013)

text: The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure resulted in a significant shuffling of military, civilian, and defense contractor employees in the Washington D.C. area. The largest individual site impacts of the time are as follows:[37]

text:
Fort Belvoir gained 11,858 employees, primarily as a result of the relocation of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) into a massive new headquarters within the fort.
Fort Meade gained 5,361 employees, primarily as a result of the expansion of the National Security Agency.
Walter Reed Army Medical Center lost 5,630 employees as part of its realignment. It was later closed and consolidated into Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.

text: BRAC 2005 was the largest infrastructure expansion by the Army Corps of Engineers since World War II, resulting in the Mark Center, tallest building they have ever constructed, as well as National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency Campus East, which at 2.4 million square feet is the largest building the Corps have constructed since the Pentagon.[38]

text: Transportation[edit]

text: 'WMATA'-indicated systems are run by Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority and always accept Washington Metro fare cards, others may or may not.

text: Major airports[edit]

text:
Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD), located in Dulles, Virginia – the busiest in the region
Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA), located in Arlington County, Virginia – the closest to Washington
Baltimore–Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport (BWI), located in Linthicum, Maryland – in the Baltimore metropolitan area

text: Rail transit systems[edit]

text:
Washington Metro – DC, MD, VA (rapid transit) (WMATA)
MARC Train – DC, MD, WV (commuter rail)
Virginia Railway Express – DC, VA (commuter rail)
Amtrak – US (commuter rail, inter-city rail)

text: Bus transit systems[edit]

text:
DC Circulator – Washington, D.C. (DDoT, WMATA)
Metrobus – Washington metropolitan area (WMATA)
Metroway – Arlington County, Virginia and Alexandria, Virginia (bus rapid transit) (WMATA)
Ride On – Montgomery County, Maryland
TheBus – Prince George's County, Maryland
ART – Arlington County, Virginia
DASH – Alexandria, Virginia
Fairfax Connector – Fairfax County, Virginia
CUE Bus – Fairfax, Virginia
Loudoun County Transit – Loudoun County, Virginia
PRTC – Prince William County, Manassas and Manassas Park
TransIT – Frederick County, Maryland
Regional Transportation Agency of Central Maryland – Howard County, Anne Arundel County, Prince George's County, Laurel, Maryland
Maryland Transit Administration – Washington, D.C., Montgomery County, Maryland, Prince George's County, Frederick County, Maryland, Charles County, Maryland, Calvert County, Maryland, Howard County, Anne Arundel County, Saint Mary's County, Maryland
Eastern Panhandle Transit Authority – Jefferson County, West Virginia, Berkeley County, West Virginia
Virginia Regional Transit – Loudoun County, Virginia, Fauquier County, Virginia, Warren County, Virginia
Fredericksburg Regional Transit – Fredericksburg, Spotsylvania County and Stafford County

text: Major roads[edit]

text: Capital Beltway – Maryland and Virginia

text: Bicycle sharing[edit]

text: Capital Bikeshare – Washington, D.C., Arlington, Virginia, Alexandria, Virginia, Fairfax County, Virginia, and Montgomery County, Maryland

text: Culture[edit]

text: Sports teams[edit]

text: Listing of the professional sports teams in the Washington metropolitan area:

text:
National Basketball Association (NBA)

Washington Wizards

Major League Baseball (MLB)

Washington Nationals

National Football League (NFL)

Washington Redskins

National Hockey League (NHL)

Washington Capitals

Major League Soccer (MLS)

D.C. United

Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA)

Washington Mystics

Atlantic League of Professional Baseball (ALPB)

Southern Maryland Blue Crabs

Arena Football League (AFL)

Washington Valor

National Women's Soccer League (NWSL)

Washington Spirit

text: Media[edit]

text: The Washington metropolitan area is home to USA Today, C-SPAN, PBS, NPR, POLITICO, BET, TV One and Discovery Communications. The two main newspapers are The Washington Post and The Washington Times. Local television channels include WRC-TV 4 (NBC), WTTG 5 (FOX), WJLA 7 (ABC), WUSA 9 (CBS), WDCA 20 (MyNetworkTV), WETA-TV 26 (PBS), WDCW 50 (CW), and WPXW 66 (Ion). NewsChannel 8 is a 24/7 local news provider available only to cable subscribers. Radio stations serving the area include: WETA-FM, WIHT, WMAL-AM, and WTOP.

text: Area codes[edit]

text:
202 – Washington, D.C.
571/703 – Northern Virginia including the cities of Alexandria, Fairfax, and Falls Church as well as Arlington, Fairfax, and Loudoun counties (571 created 1 March 2000; 703 in October 1947).
240/301 – portions of Maryland in the Greater Washington, D.C. metro area, southern Maryland, and western Maryland
540 – Fredericksburg/Spotsylvania/Warrenton
304 – Jefferson County, West Virginia

text: Sister cities[edit]

text:
City
Country
Year

Washington, D.C.

Bangkok
 Thailand
1962, renewed 2002

Dakar
 Senegal
1980, renewed 2006

Beijing
 China
1984, renewed 2004

Brussels
 Belgium
1985, renewed 2012

Athens
 Greece
2000

Paris[Note 1]
 France
2000, renewed 2005

Pretoria
 South Africa
2002, renewed 2008

Seoul
 South Korea
2006

Accra
 Ghana
2006

Sunderland
 United Kingdom
2006

Alexandria, Virginia

Gyumri
 Armenia

Helsingborg
 Sweden

Dundee[Note 2]
 United Kingdom

Caen
 France

Arlington County, Virginia

Aachen
 Germany

Reims
 France

San Miguel
 El Salvador

Coyoacán
 Mexico

Ivano-Frankivsk[Note 3]
 Ukraine

Herndon, Virginia

Runnymede[Note 4]
 United Kingdom

Fairfax County, Virginia

Harbin[Note 5]
 China
2009

Songpa-gu[Note 6]
 South Korea
2009

Falls Church, Virginia

Kokolopori
 Congo

District Heights, Maryland

Mbuji-Mayi
 Congo

Frederick, Maryland

Aquiraz
 Brazil

Moerzheim
Germany

Schifferstadt
 Germany

La Plata, Maryland

Jogeva County
 Estonia

Walldorf
 Germany

Rockville, Maryland

Pinneberg
 Germany

text:
Jump up ^ Paris is a "Partner City" due to the one Sister City policy of that commune.[1]
Jump up ^ "Historic Alexandria | City of Alexandria, VA". Oha.alexandriava.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2012.
Jump up ^ Exploration phase
Jump up ^ Town twin [2]
Jump up ^ Rejected by Washington due to not being a national capital.[3]
Jump up ^ "Sisterhood Partnerships". Fairfaxcounty.gov. Retrieved November 19, 2012.

tag: ol


document_title: Big Mouth (TV series)

question_text: who plays the voice of the hormone monster

text: Big Mouth (TV series)

text: Summary[edit]

text: The series follows 7th grade best friends Nick Birch and Andrew Glouberman as they navigate their way through puberty, masturbation, and sexual arousal. Acting as sex-based shoulder angels are the hormone monsters Maurice, who pesters Andrew and occasionally Nick and Jay, and Connie, who pesters Jessi and occasionally Missy. Throughout the series, the kids interact with people and objects who are personified in one way or another and offer helpful, albeit confusing, advice in their puberty-filled lives including the ghost of Duke Ellington, a French accented Statue of Liberty, a pillow capable of getting pregnant, and even Jessi's own vagina.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Nick Kroll[2] as:

Nick Birch, a preadolescent boy, with a mother named Diane who babies him and father named Elliot who overshares. He also has an older brother Judd and a sister named Leah.
Maurice the Hormone Monster, a wild thing-type monster who follows Andrew around and is responsible for his brooding sexual desires, which frequently occur at inappropriate moments.
Coach Steve, the middle school gym class teacher, who is incompetent and overly talkative, often trying to get his colleagues - or even the students - to hang out (often to no avail). It is heavily implied that the coach may be mentally disabled.
Kroll also voices Lola, Lady Liberty, a ladybug, Joe Walsh, the ghosts of Picasso and Richard Burton, and Sylvester Stallone.

John Mulaney[2] as Andrew Glouberman, a young Jewish boy, who spends much of his time furtively masturbating.

Mulaney also voices Mint, Grandpa Andrew, Babe the Blue Ox, and a detective.

Jessi Klein[2] as Jessi Glaser, a sarcastic and smart girl. Her father, named Greg, is an unemployed stoner and her mother, named Shannon, is secretly dating another woman. She gets her period for the first time on a school trip to the Statue of Liberty.
Jason Mantzoukas[2] as Jay Bilzerian, a boy who is obsessed with magic and sex. He has sex with a pillow that he made into a sex toy. His mom is mentally ill, his dad is a divorce lawyer, and his two older brothers are named Kurt and Val. He is obsessed with Nick's mother and father and wishes for a loving family.

Mantzoukas also voices the ghost of Socrates and Guy Bilzerian.

Jenny Slate[2] as Missy, a girl who is nerdy and kind. Her father is black and her mother is white.
Fred Armisen[2] as Elliot Birch/Ghost of Antonin Scalia/Bus Driver/Stavros
Maya Rudolph[2] as Diane Birch/Connie the Hormone Monstress/Bath Mat/Ghost of Elizabeth Taylor/Ghost of Whitney Houston
Jordan Peele[2] as the Ghost of Duke Ellington/Ghost of Freddie Mercury/Atlanta Claus/DJ/Cyrus/Patrick Ewing

text: Also starring[edit]

text:
Paula Pell as Barbara Glouberman, Andrew's mother and a Jewish wife stereotype.
Richard Kind as Marty Glouberman
Andrew Rannells as Matthew
June Diane Raphael as Devin
Jak Knight as DeVon
Neil Casey as Detective
John Gemberling as Security Guard
Joe Wengert as Caleb
Seth Morris as Greg Glaser
Emily Altman
Jessica Chaffin as Shannon Glaser
Rob Huebel as Mr. Lizer
Kat Dennings as Leah Birch
Jon Gabrus
Kristen Bell as Pam/Uninterested Girl
Jess Harnell as Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson
Mark Rivers
Heather Lawless as Jenna Bilzerian
Chelsea Peretti as Monica
Mark Duplass as Val Bilzerian/Clerk
Paul Scheer as Kurt Bilzerian
Nathan Fillion as himself
Anna Graves
Kristen Wiig as Jessi's genitalia
Nasim Pedrad as Fatima
Carlos Alazraqui as Gustavo
Alia Shawkat as Roland
Mae Whitman as Tallulah Levine
Zach Woods as Daniel
Jon Hamm as Scallops
Jack McBrayer as Nick's pubic hair #1
Craig Robinson as Nick's pubic hair #2
Jon Daly as Judd Birch
Rosa Salazar as Ms. Benitez
Michaela Watkins as Cantor Dina Reznick
Gil Ozeri
Ashley London

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
1
"Ejaculation"
Joel Moser
Nick Kroll & Andrew Goldberg & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

As Andrew falls under the spell of the Hormone Monster, Randy, also his buddy Nick becomes obsessed with the lack of changes in his own body. The gang go to the school dance.

2
2
"Everybody Bleeds"
Bryan Francis
Kelly Galuska
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A field trip goes from awkward to mortifying as Jessi is pressured into being Nick's girlfriend, then gets her first period -- inside the Statue of Liberty.

3
3
"Am I Gay?"
Mike L. Mayfield
Joe Wengert
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A trailer for a new movie starring The Rock leaves Andrew questioning his sexuality. Jessi and Nick's budding romance turns ugly fast.

4
4
"Sleepover: A Harrowing Ordeal of Emotional Brutality"
Joel Moser
Jess Dweck & Victor Quinaz
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

While the boys head to Jay's for a testosterone-fueled sleepover, Jessi throws a party of her own and gets caught up in mean-girl drama.

5
5
"Girls Are Horny Too"
Bryan Francis
Emily Altman
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

A steamy novel making the rounds at school inspires Jessi to explore her own sexuality -- and leaves the boys totally confused about what girls want.

6
6
"Pillow Talk"
Mike L. Mayfield
Peter A. Knight
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Nick drags Andrew into the city to visit an old camp crush, but the day doesn't go as planned. Jay embarks on an emotional journey with his pillow.

7
7
"Requiem for a Wet Dream"
Joel Moser
Duffy Boudreau
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Andrew struggles to keep the Hormone Monster in check as he works with Missy on a science fair project. Jessi and Matthew have fun at Jay's expense.

8
8
"The Head Push"
Bryan Francis
Emily Altman & Jennifer Flackett & Mark Levin
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

When Leah hosts a party for the high school drama crowd, Nick wrestles with a romantic dilemma, and Andrew and Missy witness a disturbing scene.

9
9
"I Survived Jessi's Bat Mitzvah"
Mike L. Mayfield
Kelly Galuska
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Family blowups, secret liaisons and an unflattering dress make Jessi's bat mitzvah a night to remember.

10
10
"The Pornscape"
Joel Moser
Gil Ozeri
September 29, 2017 (2017-09-29)

Andrew tries to drown his sorrows in a sea of porn, only to become hopelessly addicted. Coach Steve becomes a suspect in a murder spree. Also, Jessi and Jay run away together.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: On October 24, 2017, Netflix announced it has renewed Big Mouth for a second season set to be released in 2018.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Big Mouth has received critical acclaim since its official release. On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 100% based on 16 reviews, with the critical consensus reading, "Big Mouth's simplistic animation and scatalogical humor belie its finely sketched characters and smart, empathetic approach to the messiness of adolescence."[5] At Metacritic, the show currently holds a rating of 80 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[6]

text: Vox described the show as sharp, and as jarringly depicting the awkwardness of pubescence, postpubescence and prepubescence.[7]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2018
Annie Award
Best General Audience Television/Broadcast Production
Big Mouth
Pending


document_title: Convergent boundary

question_text: where can you find convergent boundaries on earth

text: Convergent boundary

text: Mid-ocean ridges[edit]

text: The reason for the existence of convergent boundaries are the mid-ocean ridges that were only beginning to be understood with the acceptance of the theory of plate tectonics in the mid-1960s. The radioactive decay of elements within the rocks in the interior of the earth generates large amounts of heat that moves magma to the surface of the crust in a process called mantle convection. This results in new oceanic crust or sea floor being formed that slowly moves away from the ridges (sometimes called spreading centers) towards the subduction zones. In other words, new sea floor originates from the upwelling rock as it emerges from the depths of the mantle and it slowly cools as it is transported over the millennia to the collision or subduction zones where it is consumed or recycled.[1]

text: Subduction zones[edit]

text: Large, shallow earthquakes on subduction zone interfaces are the largest types of earthquakes. They accounted for 90% of the total seismic moment released for the period 1900–1989, but these events usually occur offshore and far from population centers. Non-subduction interface earthquakes also occur in the region of the trench including shallow upper plate shocks, deeper events within the downgoing slab, and events that are related to outer trench swell.[2]

text: Volcanic arcs[edit]

text: A volcanic arc is formed on the continental plate, above the location of the downgoing oceanic slab. The volcanic arc is the surface expression of the magma that is generated by hydrous melting of the mantle above the downgoing slab. Hydrated minerals (e.g., phlogopite, lawsonite, amphibole) within the oceanic lithosphere become unstable at certain depths due to increased temperature and pressure, causing the crystal structure of the hydrated minerals break down and release water. The buoyant fluids then rise into the asthenosphere, where they lower the melting temperature of the mantle and cause partial melting. These melts rise to the surface and are the source of some of the most explosive volcanism on Earth because of their high volumes of extremely pressurized gases.

text: When two plates with oceanic crust converge, they typically create an island arc as one plate is subducted below the other. The arc is formed from volcanoes which erupt through the overriding plate as the descending plate melts below it. The arc shape occurs because of the spherical surface of the earth (nick the peel of an orange with a knife and note the arc formed by the straight-edge of the knife). A deep oceanic trench is located in front of such arcs where the descending slab dips downward, such as the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands.

text: Back arc basins[edit]

text: Some convergent margins have zones of active seafloor spreading behind the island arc, known as back-arc basins. When one plate is composed of oceanic lithosphere and the other is composed of continental lithosphere, the denser oceanic plate is subducted, often forming an orogenic belt and associated mountain range. This type of convergent boundary is similar to the Andes or the Cascade Range in North America.

text: Oceanic trenches[edit]

text: An oceanic trench is found where the denser plate is subducted underneath the other plate. There is water in the rocks of the oceanic plate (because they are underwater), and as this plate moves further down into the subduction zone, much of the water contained in the plate is squeezed out when the plate begins to subduct. However, the recrystallization of ocean floor rocks, such as serpentinite, which are unstable in the upper mantle, recrystallize into olivine, causing dehydration through loss of hydroxyl groups. This addition of water to the mantle causes partial melting of the mantle, generating magma, which then rises, and which normally results in volcanoes. This normally happens at a certain depth, about 70 to 80 miles below the Earth's surface, and so volcanoes are formed fairly close to, but not right next to, the trench.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
The collision between the Eurasian Plate and the Indian Plate that is forming the Himalayas.
The collision between the Australian Plate and the Pacific Plate that formed the Southern Alps in New Zealand
Subduction of the northern part of the Pacific Plate and the NW North American Plate that is forming the Aleutian Islands.
Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate to form the Andes.
Subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Australian Plate and Tonga Plate, forming the complex New Zealand to New Guinea subduction/transform boundaries.
Collision of the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate formed the Pontic Mountains in Turkey.
Mariana Trench
Subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate to form the Cascade Range.


document_title: Zookeeper (film)

question_text: who plays the lion in the movie zookeeper

text: Zookeeper (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: A zookeeper named Griffin Keyes (Kevin James) sets up a plan to propose to the love of his life Stephanie (Leslie Bibb), but she rejects him and claims that his career as a zookeeper is what is keeping her away, therefore breaking Griffin's heart.

text: Five years later, Griffin is shown to be the lead zookeeper at the Franklin Park Zoo who cares deeply for the zoo animals. That night, Griffin holds a party at the zoo for his brother Dave (Nat Faxon) who is getting married, but freaks out when he discovers that Stephanie was invited. Dave offers Griffin to come and work with him at a car dealership, explaining that it is the best way to get Stephanie back. Griffin contemplates quitting his job at the zoo and joining his brother at the dealership.

text: Later, the animals hold a meeting saying that they think Griffin is the best zookeeper at the zoo and don't want him to leave, so they decide to find some way to help him win Stephanie's heart. Jerome the Bear (Jon Favreau) suggests that they teach Griffin their animal mating techniques, but Joe the Lion (Sylvester Stallone) protests, reminding them that it's against the animal code to talk to humans. Donald the Monkey (Adam Sandler) says that Stephanie will be at the zoo tomorrow, and all the animals have to do is make Griffin look like a hero in front of her.

text: The next day, Donald unlocks the door to the lion enclosure and lets Joe out, who confronts Stephanie and Dave's fiancée Robin (Steffiana de la Cruz). Kate (Rosario Dawson), the zoo's vet, manages to get them away from Joe, but Griffin fails to jump into the lion enclosure, ruining the animals' plan. When he climbs out of the enclosure, Joe yells at Griffin, causing Griffin to believe he has gone mad. The next night, all the animals break their code of silence and tell Griffin that they will teach him what to do to win Stephanie. Griffin learns their different mating rituals, but ends up humiliating himself in front of the other zookeepers and the guests.

text: Griffin then has a talk with Bernie (Nick Nolte), a forlorn gorilla who was moved into a deep enclosure after allegedly attacking a zookeeper named Shane (Donnie Wahlberg). Bernie explains to Griffin that Shane abuses the animals and he fell when he was abusing Bernie. He lied and said that Bernie attacked him, causing Bernie to lose his trust in humans.

text: Griffin discovers that Stephanie is dating her other ex-boyfriend, a bullying alpha-male named Gale (Joe Rogan). Joe's mate Janet (Cher) tells Griffin that the best way to attract a female is to be seen with another female, so Griffin asks Kate to go with him to Dave and Robin's wedding. Griffin then takes Bernie to T.G.I. Friday's and they bond, with Bernie telling Griffin that he's his best friend.

text: Griffin and Kate go to the wedding and seem to have fun together. Griffin becomes brave enough to stand up to Gale and this grabs Stephanie's attention. After Kate tells Griffin she had a great time with him, Stephanie asks Griffin out to dinner. Griffin accepts and they go to dinner and then go to a fashion show. Stephanie tells Griffin that his job at the zoo is holding him back, so Griffin decides to quit his job and accepts Dave's offer, which upsets Kate. Bernie also becomes upset and tells Griffin that he thought he could trust someone again, but was proved wrong when Griffin quit his job. Kate decides to leave the zoo and accepts a job in Nairobi.

text: Griffin becomes the best employee at the car dealership, but misses working at the zoo. Stephanie proposes to Griffin, but Griffin refuses and dumps her. He then goes back to the zoo and apologizes to Bernie, who accepts Griffin's friendship. The animals then tell Griffin that Kate is heading to the airport. Griffin heads out to stop her, though he does make a stop first to beat up Shane. Then, with Bernie's help, Griffin manages to catch up with Kate on the bridge and confesses his love for her. Six months later, Griffin and Kate are back working at the zoo and Bernie is now living in a new enclosure where he gets a great view of the city. When Bernie asks what a "Benihana" is, Griffin asks Bernie if he still has his iZod.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin James as Griffin Keyes, the lead zookeeper.
Rosario Dawson as Kate, Griffin's friend and the zoo's veterinarian.
Leslie Bibb as Stephanie, Griffin's antagonistic love interest who turns down his marriage proposal because of the job he has.
Joe Rogan as Gale, Stephanie's alpha-male ex-boyfriend.
Nat Faxon as Dave Keyes, Griffin's brother who convinces Griffin to work at his car dealership.
Ken Jeong as Venom, Griffin's friend and the worker at the reptile house.
Steffiana de la Cruz as Robin Keyes, Dave's fiancé later turned wife. De La Cruz is the real life wife of Kevin James.
Thomas Gottschalk as Jürgen Mavroc
Donnie Wahlberg as Shane, an abusive zookeeper
Brandon Keener as Nimer

text: Animals[edit]

text:
Tom Woodruff, Jr. as Bernie the Lowland Gorilla (in-suit performer)
Crystal the Monkey as Donald the Capuchin Monkey
Bart the Bear 2 as Jerome the Grizzly Bear
Honey Bump Bear as Bruce the Grizzly Bear

text: Voices[edit]

text:
Nick Nolte as Bernie the Lowland Gorilla
Sylvester Stallone as Joe the African Lion
Adam Sandler as Donald the Capuchin Monkey
Judd Apatow as Barry the Indian elephant
Cher as Janet the Lioness, Joe's mate
Jon Favreau as Jerome the Grizzly Bear
Faizon Love as Bruce the Grizzly Bear
Maya Rudolph as Mollie the Reticulated Giraffe
Bas Rutten as Sebastian the Wolf
Don Rickles as Jim the Bullfrog
Jim Breuer as Spike the Crow
Richie Minervini as Elmo the Ostrich

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming began in Boston on August 17, 2009, aiming for a release in October 2010, which was then released on July 8, 2011. Filming ended on October 30, 2009.[6]

text: Tweet, the giraffe who rose to fame as a star in the classic Toys "R" Us commercials (by being cast as Geoffrey, the company's official mascot) and who appeared alongside Jim Carrey in the film Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, died after filming Zookeeper at the Franklin Park Zoo.[7] The 18-year-old giraffe collapsed during feeding and in the care of his trainer.[8]

text: Tai the elephant was featured in a video, reportedly filmed in 2005 and released in 2011 by Animal Defenders International (ADI), which showed him being abused by its trainers. A campaign to boycott the movie was formed since the outbreak of the news.[9] ADI has also contacted the American Humane Association, urging them to re-evaluate how they assess the use of animals in films and the statements being made which effectively endorse the use of performing animals.[10][11] Animal rights advocates PETA also urged the public to boycott the film.[12]

text: Around 50 people came to the film's premiere at the Regency Village Theatre in Westwood, Los Angeles, California to protest against the filmmakers for their alleged animal abuse. Frank Coraci claimed that the animals were not harmed during production. In an interview, Coraci stated, "...We worked with people who love their animals and [the American] Humane Association was there to ensure that they were being treated correctly. We didn’t do anything that we shouldn’t do. We treated the animals with love and respect."[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Zookeeper made its debut in 3,482 theaters in the United States and Canada. It grossed $7.4 million on its opening day and $20.1 million on its opening weekend, ranking it #3 for the weekend behind holdover Transformers: Dark of the Moon and newcomer Horrible Bosses.[13] The film earned a worldwide total of $169,852,759.[2]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 14% of 130 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 3.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Zookeeper smothers Kevin James's inherent likability with a sodden script and a surfeit of jokes inappropriate for the young viewers who would be intrigued by its juvenile storyline."[14] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100 based on 29 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".[15] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[16]

text: Mary Pols of Time magazine named it one of the Top 10 Worst Movies of 2011.[17] British newspaper The Telegraph named Zookeeper one of the ten worst films of 2011, saying "Portly Kevin James is the hero of this "comedy", which boasts five screenwriters and not a single amusing moment."[18]

text: Ignatiy Vishnevetsky, who co-hosts the movie review series Ebert Presents: At the Movies, said that "even though the movie looks hilarious from the trailer, it is only hilarious if you enjoy seeing Kevin James fall down a lot". He gave the film a "thumbs down," as did Christy Lemire, the other co-host of the series.[citation needed] In May 2011, RedLetterMedia (creators of the Mr. Plinkett reviews) did an episode of the show Half in the Bag reviewing the film's first trailer. The hosts sarcastically praised the trailer as if they thought it was a fake, well crafted parody of a tired subset of the comedy genre, at one point noting "All they were missing was a wise cracking sidekick for Kevin James, played by a rapper."[19] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times published a three-out-of-four star review, stating, "Look, a great movie this is not. A pleasant summer entertainment it is. I think it can play for all ages in a family audience... and besides, I'm getting a teensy bit exhausted by cute little animated animals. The creatures in this zoo all have the excellent taste to be in 2D."[20]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipients
Result

Teen Choice Award[21]
Choice Summer Movie Star – Female
Rosario Dawson
Nominated

Razzie Award
Worst Supporting Actor
Ken Jeong
Nominated

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
I'll Supply the Love – Performed by Toto
Carry On Wayward Son – Performed by Kansas
Anything for You – Performed by The Axis
Smokin' – Performed by Boston
Low – Performed by Flo Rida featuring T-Pain
Unbelievable – Performed by EMF
Two Out of Three Ain't Bad – Performed by Meat Loaf
Kickstart My Heart – Performed by Mötley Crüe
Boogie Wonderland – Performed by Earth, Wind & Fire
You're the First, the Last, My Everything – Performed by Barry White
Bebop Blues – Performed by Peter Blair Jazz Quartet
Easy – Performed by Commodores
Kiss You All Over – Performed by Exile
Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today) – Performed by Love and Rockets
(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty – Performed by KC & The Sunshine Band
So Much Class – Performed by Doctor Jay featuring J. Sabin
In the Car Crash – Performed by Swayzak
Yoga Music – Written and Performed by Ana Brett, Ravi Singh and Tom Carden
Cum On Feel the Noize – Performed by Quiet Riot
More Than a Feeling – Performed by Boston