document_title: British Army during the American Revolutionary War

question_text: where did the british army launch a successful invasion in 1776

text: British Army during the American Revolutionary War

text: Structure and recruitment[edit]

text: Britain had incurred a large national debt fighting the Seven Years' War, during which the armies' establishment strength had been increased to an unprecedented size. With the ascension of peace in 1763 the army was dramatically reduced to a peacetime home establishment of just over 11,000 men, with a further 10,000 for the Irish establishment and 10,000 for the colonies. This meant 20 regiments of infantry totaling just over 11,000 men were stationed in England, 21 regiments were stationed in Ireland, 18 regiments were stationed in the Americas, and 7 regiments stationed in Gibraltar. Alongside this the army could call on 16 regiments of the cavalry, a total of 6,869 men and 2,712 men in the artillery. This gave a theoretical strength of just over 45,000 men exclusive of the artillery.[2] The British government deemed this troop strength to be inadequate to prosecute an insurrection in the Americas, as well as deal with defence of the rest of its territories, so treaties with German states (mainly Hesse-Kassel and Brunswick) were negotiated for a further 18,000 men (half of which were stationed in garrisons to release regular British units from other theaters).[3] This measure brought the Army’s total establishment strength to around 55,000 men.

text: After the losses at the Battles of Saratoga and the outbreak of hostilities with France and Spain, the existing voluntary enlistment measures were judged to be insufficient. Between 1775 and 1781, the regular army increased from 48,000 to 121,000. In 1778 the army adopted some non traditional recruiting measures to further augment its strength, a system of private subscription was established, whereby some 12 new regiments totaling 15,000 men were raised by individual towns and nobles.[4] In the same year the government passed the first of two recruiting acts which allowed a limited form of impressment in parts of England and Scotland under strict conditions, however the measure proved unpopular and both acts were repealed in May 1780, permanently discontinuing impressment in the army. The recruiting acts of 1778 and 1779 also provided greater incentives for voluntarily joining the regular army, including a bounty of £3 and the entitlement to discharge after three years unless the nation remained at war.[5] Thousands of volunteer militia battalions were raised for home defense in Ireland and England, and some of the most competent of these were embodied to the regular army. The British Government took a further step by releasing criminals and debtors from prison on the condition they joined the army. Three entire regiments were raised from this early release program.

text: In Nov 1778 the establishment was set at 121,000 men, of whom 24,000 were foreigners, along with 40,000 embodied militia. This was raised the next year to 104,000 men on the British establishment, 23,000 on the Irish establishment, 25,000 foreigners (the “Hessians”), and 42,000 embodied militia, for a total force of about 194,000 men.[6]

text: Although a large portion of the rank and file were lower class and the officers upper class, the army recruited from a variety of social backgrounds, both among the regular and officer ranks.[7] According to Reid, the Georgian army through necessity drew its officers from a far wider base than its later Victorian counterpart and was much more open to promotion from the ranks.[8] Officers were required to be literate, but there was no formal requirement on the level of education or their social standing, and most regimental officers did not come from the landed gentry, but from middle class private individuals in search of a career.[9] Although the system of sale of commissions officially governed the selection and promotion of officers, in practice the system was considerably relaxed during wartime, with far more stringent requirements placed on promotion.[8] Many British officers were professional soldiers rather than wealthy dilettantes and showed themselves ready to discard their drill manuals and use innovative methods and tactics.[10]

text: Leadership[edit]

text: The Commander-in-Chief, India formally held command over crown forces in the East Indies and the Commander-in-Chief, North America commanded crown forces in the Americas. However, the British Army had no formal command structure, so British commanders often worked on their own initiative during the war. The position of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces remained vacant until 1778 when it was given to Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst who held it until the end of the war. However his role in advising the government on strategy was limited and Amherst found himself primarily occupied with the organisation of home forces to oppose the threatened invasion in 1779, and suppress the outbreak of severe anti-Catholic rioting in 1780.

text: The direction of the British war effort ultimately fell to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville. Despite holding no formal position in the army, he appointed or relieved generals, took care of provisions and supplies, and directed much of the strategic planning. While some historians argue Sackville carried out his role effectively, even brilliantly,[11] others have argued he made several miscalculations and struggled to hold genuine authority over his subordinates in the army.

text: In 1776, there were 119 generals of various grades in the British Army. However, since generals never retired, perhaps a third of this number were too old or infirm to command in the field. Others were opposed to war against the colonists, or unwilling to serve for years in America. Sir William Howe, who was chosen to succeed Sir Thomas Gage as Commander in Chief in North America, was only 111th in seniority.[12]

text: Gage and Howe had both served as light infantry commanders in America during the French and Indian War. However, Gage was blamed for underestimating the strength of republican sympathy and was relieved in 1776.[13] Howe had the advantage of large numbers of reinforcements, and was the brother of Admiral Richard Howe, the Royal Navy's commander in chief in America. The two brothers gained much success in 1776, but failed to destroy Washington's Army. They also tried to initiate peace talks but these came to nothing.

text: In 1777, General John Burgoyne was allowed to mount an ambitious campaign southwards from Canada. After early success, he pushed ahead despite major supply difficulties, and was surrounded and forced to capitulate at Saratoga, an event which precipitated intervention by Britain's European rivals. After Howe's Philadelphia campaign in the same year failed to achieve decisive results, Howe was recalled and replaced by Sir Henry Clinton.

text: Clinton was regarded as one of the most studious and well-read experts on tactics and strategy.[14] However, even before becoming commander in chief, he had been reluctant to succeed Howe. He took command when the widening of the war compelled him to relinquish troops to other theatres, and became embittered at the Government's demands that he bring the war to a successful conclusion with fewer troops and resources than had been available to Howe. He repeatedly tried to resign, and quarrelled with the Navy's commanders and his own subordinates.

text: While Clinton held New York, Lord Cornwallis conducted a largely separate campaign in the southern states. Cornwallis was the one of the most aristocratic of the British generals who served in America, but had been dedicated to a military career since an early age, and insisted on sharing his soldiers' hardships.[15] After early victories, he was unable to destroy the American Continental armies opposing him or to raise substantial loyalist support. On Clinton's orders, he tried to create a fortified enclave on the Chesapeake coast, but was cut off by a French fleet and forced to surrender at the Siege of Yorktown, which signalled the end of effective British attempts to retake America.

text: The final effective British commander in chief in America was Sir Guy Carleton, who had defended Quebec in 1775, but had been passed over in favour of Burgoyne in 1777 as a result of his perceived over-caution. As commander in chief, his main concern was to secure the safety of the many Loyalists and former slaves in the British enclave in New York.

text: Infantry[edit]

text: Infantry formed the backbone of crown forces throughout the war. Two of the most heavily engaged infantry regiments, the 23rd and the 33rd, earned enduring reputations for their competence and professionalism in the field.

text: In the middle of the eighteenth century, the Army's uniforms were highly elaborate, and manoeuvres were ponderous and slow, with "innumerable words of command."[16] Experience of the conditions and terrain in North America during the French and Indian War prompted changes to its tactics and dress.[17] In battle the redcoats usually formed in two ranks rather than three, to increase mobility and firepower.[18] The Army further adapted this formation during the American Revolution by forming and fighting in looser ranks, a tactic that was known as "loose files and American scramble".[19][20] Soldiers stood at a greater distance apart and three 'orders' were used to specify the distance to be expanded or contracted as necessary; "order" (two intervals), "open order" (four intervals), and "extended order" (ten intervals).[21] British infantry advanced at the 'trott' and fought fluid battles primarily using the bayonet.[22] Although this new formation increased the British army's mobility and tactical flexibility, the abandonment of linear formation was later blamed by some British officers for defeats in the later stages of the war like the Battle of Cowpens, in which British troops engaged denser bodies of men deployed in successive lines.[21]

text: The hired German regiments that joined Howe's army in 1776 also adopted the two rank formation used by the British army, but retained the traditional close order system of fighting throughout the war.[23][24][25]

text: Light infantry[edit]

text: In 1758 Thomas Gage (then a lieutenant colonel) had formed an experimental light infantry regiment known as 80th Regiment of Light-Armed Foot, considered to be the first such unit to serve in the British army. Other officers, notably George Howe, the elder brother of William Howe, had adapted their regiments to serve as light infantry on their own initiative.[26] On becoming commander-in-chief in North America in 1758, General Jeffery Amherst ordered every regiment to form light infantry companies from their ranks.[27] The 80th regiment was disbanded in 1764 and the other ad-hoc light infantry units were converted back to "line" units, but infantry regiments retained their light companies until the mid-nineteenth century.

text: In 1771-72 the British army began implementing a new training scheme for light infantry companies.[21] Much of the early training was found to be inadequate, with officers unsure how to use light companies.[28] Many of the brightest young officers of light companies sought commissions elsewhere because being a "light-bob" officer lacked social prestige.[28] In 1772 General George Townshend, 1st Marquess Townshend wrote Instructions, and Training and Equipping of the new Light Companies which was issued to regiments on the Irish establishment and offered a practical guide for training light companies and guidance for tactics such as skirmishing in broken terrain when acting independently, in sections or in large groups.[29] Townshend also introduced a new communication method for light infantry officers when in command of loosely deployed, scattered troops; whistle signals rather than drums would indicate movements such as advance, retire, extend or contract.[30] In 1774 William Howe wrote the Manual for Light Infantry Drill and formed an experimental Light Infantry battalion trained at Salisbury camp.[30] This became the pattern for all regular light infantry serving in North America.[21] Howe's system differed in that it focused on development composite battalions of light infantry more suited to large scale campaigning in North America, rather than individual companies.[31] On taking command in America, Howe gave orders that every regiment which had not already done so to form a company of light infantry. These men were generally hand picked from the fittest and most proficient of the rank and file.

text: The light infantry companies of several regiments were usually combined in composite light infantry battalions.[32][33] Similar composite battalions were often formed from the grenadier companies of line regiments. Grenadiers were historically chosen from the tallest soldiers, but as with light infantry companies, were often selected from among the most proficient soldiers in their parent units.

text: Tactics[edit]

text: At the Battle of Vigie Point in 1778 a force of British infantry who were veterans of colonial fighting inflicted heavy casualties on a far larger force of regular French troops who advanced in columns.[34][35] Clayton describes how "...the use of light infantry, well led by their officers and NCOs, was of key importance in advance as skirmishers fired on French columns from behind cover; when the French attempted to extend they were threatened with bayonet charge... and when the French advanced they fell back to prepare for further skirmishing and ambushes from all directions."[35] Fortescue, similarly describes the action; "Advancing in skirmish order and keeping themselves always under cover, the light companies maintained at close range the most destructive fire on the Heavy French columns... At last one of the enemy's battalions fairly gave way and the light companies followed them to complete the rout with the bayonet".[36]

text: Loyalists[edit]

text: See also Loyalists Fighting in the American Revolution

text: Large numbers of scouts and skirmishers were also formed from loyalists and Native Americans. The renowned Robert Rogers formed the Queen's Rangers, while his brother James Rogers led the King's Rangers. Loyalist pioneer John Butler raised the provincial regiment known as Butler's Rangers, who were heavily engaged in the Northern colonies during which they were accused of participating in massacres at Wyoming and Cherry Valley. The majority of Native Americans favoured the British cause and Mohawk leader Joseph Brant commanded Iroquois and Loyalists in campaigns on the New York Frontier. Colonel Thomas Brown led another group of King's Rangers in the Southern colonies, defending East Florida from invasion, raiding the southern frontier and participating in the conquest of the southern colonies. Colonial Governor John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore raised a regiment composed entirely of freed slaves known as the Ethiopian Regiment, which served through the early skirmishes of the war.

text: The loyalist units were vital to the British primarily for their knowledge of local terrain. One of the most successful of these units was formed by an escaped slave, and veteran of the Ethiopian Regiment known as Colonel Tye, who led the so-called Black Brigade in numerous raids in New York and New Jersey, interrupting supply lines, capturing rebel officers, and killing suspected leaders. He died from wounds in 1780.

text: Uniform and equipment[edit]

text: The standard uniform of the British army consisted of the traditional red coat with cocked hats, white breeches and black gaiters with leather knee caps.[37] Hair was usually cut short or fixed in plaits at the top of the head. As the war progressed many line regiments replaced their cocked hats with slouch hats.[38] The full "marching order" a line infantryman was expected to carry on campaign was extensive, and British soldiers often dropped much of their equipment before battle.[39] Soldiers were also issued with greatcoats to be worn in adverse conditions, which were often used as tents or blankets. Drummers usually wore colours in reverse of their regimental colour, they carried the coat of arms of their colonel and wore mitre caps.[40] Most German regiments wore dark blue coats, while cavalry and loyalists often wore green.

text: Grenadiers often wore bearskin headdress and usually carried cavalry sabers as a side arm. Light infantry were issued with short coats, without lace, with an ammunition box containing nine cartridges lined up in a row for easy access worn across the stomach rather than at the side.[41] They did not use bayonets but carried naval boarding axes (which became known as tomahawks).

text: The most common infantry weapon was the Brown Bess used with a fixed bayonet. However some of the light companies were issued with the short barrel muskets or the Pattern 1776 Rifle. The British army also conducted limited experimental use of the breech-loading Ferguson Rifle, which proved too difficult to mass-produce to be used more extensively. Major Patrick Ferguson formed a small experimental company of riflemen armed with this weapon, but this was disbanded in 1778.[42] In many instances, British forces relied on Jagers from among the German contingents to provide skirmishers armed with rifles.

text: Colours[edit]

text: British infantry regiments possessed two flags; the King's Colour (the Union flag) and their regimental colour, which displayed colour of the regiment's facings. In 18th and 19th century warfare 'the colours' often became a rallying point in the most bitter actions. Both regimental standards were highly regarded and a source of pride each regiment. However, because of the tactical constraints in conducting the war and the adapted mode of fighting, it is likely that British regiments only used their colours for ceremonial purposes in America,[39] particularly the armies commanded by Howe and Cornwallis. However, in the early years of the war the Hessians continued to carry their colours on campaign, Major-General Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Lossberg wrote; "They [the British] have their colours with them only when quartered, while we carry them with us wherever the regiments go... the country is bad for fighting. Nothing worries me more than the colours, for the regiments cannot stay together in an attack because of the many walls, swamps, and stone cliffs. The English cannot lose their colours, for they do not carry them with them."[39][43] During the Saratoga campaign Baroness Riedesel, the wife of a German officer, saved the colours of the Brunswick regiments by burning the staffs and hiding the flags in her mattress.

text: Daily life[edit]

text: The harsh conditions of life in the army meant that discipline was severe. Crimes such as theft or desertion could result in hanging and punishments such as lashings were administered publicly. Soldiers spent a great deal of time cleaning and preparing their clothing and equipment. Families were permitted to join soldiers in the field.[44] Wives often washed, cooked, mended uniforms and served as nurses in the time of battle or sickness. The army often suffered from poor discipline away from the battlefield, gambling and heavy drinking were common among all ranks.[45] The distance between the colonies and the British Isles meant logistics were stretched to breaking point, with the army often running out of food and supplies in the field, and forced to live off the land.

text: Training[edit]

text: Training was rigorous; firing, bayonet drills, movements, physical exercise, marching and forming were all part of the daily regimen to prepare for campaigns.[17]

text: During the course of the war the British army conducted large scale mock battles at Warley and Coxheath camps in southern England. The primary motivation behind this was in preparation for the threatened invasion. By all accounts the camps were massive in scale involving upwards of 18,000 men.[46] One militia officer wrote to his friend in August 1778: "We are frequently marched out in considerable bodies to the heaths or commons adjacent, escorted by the artillery, where we go through various movements, manoeuvres and firings of a field of battle. In these expeditions, let me assure you, there is much fatigue, and no little danger...the most grand and beautiful imitations of action are daily presented to us; and believe me, the army in general are becoming greatly enamoured by war."[46] The maneuvers carried out at Warley camp were subject of a painting by Philip James de Loutherbourg known as Warley Camp: The Mock Attack, 1779. He also drew detailed illustrations of the uniforms of the light infantry and grenadiers present at the camp which are considered some of the most accurate surviving illustrations of 18th century British soldiers.[47]

text: Cavalry[edit]

text: Cavalry played a smaller role in British armies than other European armies of the same era. Britain possessed no armoured Cuirassiers or Heavy cavalry. British doctrine tended to favour the use of medium cavalry, and light dragoons. The cavalry establishment consisted of three regiments of Household Cavalry, seven regiments of Dragoon Guards and six regiments of light Dragoons. Several hundred officers and enlisted men of cavalry regiments which remained stationed in Britain volunteered for service in America and transferred to infantry regiments.

text: Because of the logistical limitations of campaigning in North America, cavalry played a limited role in the war.[48] The transport of horses by ship was extremely difficult. Most of the horses died during the long journey and the ones that survived usually required several weeks to recuperate on landing. The British army primarily adopted small numbers of light dragoons who worked as scouts and were used extensively in irregular operations. One of the most successful of these units, the British Legion combined, light cavalry and light infantry and conducted raiding operations into enemy held territory. The lack of cavalry had great tactical implications on how the war was fought, it meant that British forces could not fully exploit their victories when out maneuvering Continental armies at battles like Long Island and Brandywine.[49] Without a large cavalry force to follow up the infantry, retreating American forces could often escape destruction.

text: Foreign units in British service[edit]

text: Manpower problems at the outbreak of war led to the British government employing large numbers of German mercenaries, primarily recruited from Hesse-Cassel. Units were sent by Count William of Hesse-Hanau; Duke Charles I of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; Prince Frederick of Waldeck; Margrave Karl Alexander of Ansbach-Bayreuth; and Prince Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst.

text: Approximately 9,000 Hessians arrived with Howe's army in 1776[50] and served with British forces through the campaigns in New York and New Jersey. In all 25,000 hired auxiliaries served with Britain in the various campaigns during the war.[3]

text: The German units were found to be different in tactics and approach to the regular British troops. Many British officers regarded the German regiments as slow in mobility,[51] therefore British generals utilised them as heavy infantry. This is primarily because of the German officers' reluctance to adopt loose formations.[23][52] British Lieutenant William Hale commented on the tactical limitations of the German tactical methods: "I believe them steady, but their slowness is of the greatest disadvantage in a country almost covered with woods, and against an enemy whose chief qualification is agility in running from fence to fence keeping up an irregular, but galling fire on troops who advance with the same pace as at their exercise... At Brandywine, when the first line formed, the Hessian Grenadiers were close to our rear, and began beating their march at the same time as us. From that minute we saw them no more until the action was over, and only one man of them was wounded, by a random shot which came over us."[53]

text: The Hessians served in some capacity in most of the major battles of the war. Duke Karl I provided Great Britain with almost 4,000 foot soldiers and 350 dragoons under General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel. These soldiers were the majority of the German regulars under General John Burgoyne in the Saratoga campaign of 1777, and were generally referred to as "Brunswickers." The combined forces from Braunschwieg and Hesse-Hanau accounted for nearly half of Burgoyne's army.

text: The Jagers were greatly prized by British commanders, their skill in skirmishing and scouting meant they continued to serve in the Southern campaigns under Cornwallis until the end of the war.

text: Soldiers from Hanover also formed part of the garrisons at Gibraltar and Minorca, and two regiments participated in the Siege of Cuddalore.

text: Other than mercenary troops, the Company army serving in India consisted of regular British troops alongside native Indian Sepoys. Foreigners were also present among the regular British officer corps. The Swiss-born Major-General Augustine Prévost commanded the successful defense of Savannah in 1779. The former Jacobite officer Allan Maclean of Torloisk, who had previously held commission in the Dutch service, was second in command during the successful defense of Quebec in 1775. Another Swiss-born officer Frederick Haldimand served as Governor of Quebec in the later stages of the war. Huguenots, and exiled Corsicans also served amongst the regular and officers ranks.

text: Campaigns[edit]

text: Boston 1774-75[edit]

text:
"The rebels have done more in one night than my whole army would have done in a month."
—General Howe, March 5, 1776

text: British troops had been stationed in Boston since 1769 amid rising tensions between colonial subjects and the parliament in Great Britain. Fearing the impending insurrection General Thomas Gage dispatched an expedition to remove gunpowder from the powder magazine in Massachusetts on 1 September 1774. The next year on the night of April 18, 1775, General Gage sent a further 700 men to seize munitions stored by the colonial militia at Concord. The Battles of Lexington and Concord were fought. The British troops stationed in Boston were inexperienced,[54] and by the time the redcoats began the return march to Boston, several thousand militiamen had gathered along the road. A running battle ensued, and the British detachment suffered heavily before reaching Charlestown. The British army in Boston found itself under siege by thousands of colonial militia. On June 17, British forces now under the command of General William Howe attacked and seized the Charlestown peninsula in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Although successful in his objective, the British forces suffered heavy casualties in taking the position. Both sides remained at stalemate until guns were placed on the Dorchester Heights, at which point Howe's position became untenable and the British abandoned Boston entirely.

text: Canada 1775-76[edit]

text: After capturing Fort Ticonderoga, American forces under the command of General Richard Montgomery launched an invasion of British controlled Canada. They besieged and captured Fort Saint-Jean, while another army moved on Montreal. However they were defeated at the Battle of Quebec and British forces under the command of General Guy Carleton launched a counter invasion which drove the colonial forces from the province entirely and reached all the way to Lake Chaplain, however came short of recapturing Fort Ticonderoga.

text: New York and New Jersey 1776[edit]

text:
"I cannot too much commend Lord Cornwallis's good services during this campaign, and particularly the ability and conduct he displayed in the pursuit of the enemy from Fort Lee to Trenton, a distance exceding eighty miles, in which he was well supported by the ardour of his corps, who cheerfully quitted their tents and heavy baggage as impediments to their march."
—General Howe, December 20, 1776[55]

text: After withdrawing from Boston, Howe immediately began preparations to seize New York which was considered the 'hinge' of the colonies. In late August, 22,000 men (including 9,000 Hessians[3]) were rapidly landed on Long Island using flat bottomed boats, this would be the largest amphibious operation undertaken by the British army until the Normandy landings almost 200 years later. In the ensuing Battle of Long Island on August 27, 1776, the British outflanked the American positions, driving the Americans back to the Brooklyn Heights fortifications. General Howe not wishing to risk the lives of his men in a bloody frontal assault then began to lay siege works.[56] The navy had failed to properly blockade the East river which left an escape route open for Washington's army,[57] which he fully exploited, managing a nighttime retreat through his unguarded rear to Manhattan Island. British forces then fought a series of actions to consolidate control of Manhattan Island, culminating in the Battle of Fort Washington which resulted in the capture of close to 3,000 Continental troops.[58] Following the conquest of Manhattan, Howe ordered Charles Cornwallis to "clear the rebel troops from New Jersey without a major engagement, and to do it quickly before the weather changed."[59] Cornwallis' force drove Washington's army entirely from New Jersey and across the Delaware River.[60] However, in the pre-dawn hours of December 26, Washington crossed back into New Jersey and captured a garrison of Hessians at Trenton. Several days later, Washington outmaneuvered Cornwallis at Assunpink Creek and overwhelmed a British outpost at Princeton on January 3, 1777. Cornwallis rallied and again drove Washington away, however the defeats showed the British army had become too overstretched and Howe abandoned most of his outposts in New Jersey.

text: Saratoga 1777[edit]

text:
"I fear it bears heavy on Burgoyne ... If this campaign does not finish the war, I prophesy that there is an end of British dominion in America."
—General Henry Clinton, July, 1777[61]

text: Following the failure of the New York and New Jersey campaign to bring about a decisive victory over the Americans, the British army adopted a radically new strategy. Two armies would invade from the north to capture Albany, one of 8,000 men (British and Germans[62]) under the command of General John Burgoyne, and another of 1,000 men (British, German, Indian, Loyalists, Canadians) under Brigadier General Barry St. Leger, while a third army under the command of General Howe would advance from New York in support. Through poor co-ordination and unclear orders the plan failed. Howe believed that he could not support a Northern army until the threat of Washington's army had been dealt with[63] and moved on Philadelphia instead. The early stages of Burgoyne's campaign met with success, capturing the forts Crown Point, Ticonderoga and Anne. However part of his army was destroyed at Bennington. After winning a hard fought battle at Freeman's Farm, bought with heavy casualties, Burgoyne complained at the inexperience of his soldiers,[64] that his men were too impetuous and uncertain in their aim, and that his troops remained in position to exchange volleys too long, rather than switch to the bayonet.[64] Following the battle he ordered the retraining of his army.[64] Burgoyne did not want to lose the initiative and immediately prepared a second assault to puncture the Gates' army scheduled for the following morning,[65] however his subordinate General Fraser advised him of the fatigued state of the British light infantry and Grenadiers and that a renewed assault following a further night's rest would be carried out with greater vivacity.[65] That night Burgoyne received word that Clinton would launch his own offensive. The news convinced Burgoyne to wait, believing that the American General Gates would be forced to commit part of his own force to oppose Clinton,[65] however Gates was being continually reinforced.[66] Burgoyne launched the second attempt to breakthrough the American lines early in the following month which failed at Bemis Heights with losses that Burgoyne's force could not sustain. Burgoyne was finally compelled surrender after it had become clear he was surrounded. Burgoyne's campaign tactics were greatly criticised,[67] the composition of his force was disjointed, and his decision to overload his army with artillery (expecting a long siege) meant his army could not advance rapidly enough through the difficult terrain, allowing the Americans too much time to gather an overwhelming force to oppose him.[68] The defeat had far reaching consequences as the French (who had already been secretly supporting the colonists) decided to openly support the rebellion and eventually declared war on Britain in 1778.

text: Philadelphia 1777-78[edit]

text:
"...I do not think that there exists a more select corps than that which General Howe has assembled here. I am too young and have seen too few different corps, to ask others to take my word; but old Hessian and old English officers who have served a long time, say that they have never seen such a corps in respect to quality..."
—Captain Muenchhausen, June, 1777

text: While Burgoyne invaded from the North, Howe took an army of 15,000 men (including 3,500 Hessians) by sea to attack Philadelphia. Howe rapidly outflanked Washington at the Battle of Brandywine, but most of Washington's army managed to escape destruction. After inconclusive skirmishing with Washington's army at the Battle of the Clouds, a battalion of British light infantry were accused of committing a massacre in a surprise assault on a rebel camp at the Battle of Paoli. All remaining resistance to Howe was eliminated in this attack, and the rest of Howe's army marched on the rebel capital unopposed. The capture of Philadelphia did not turn the war in Britain's favour, and Burgoyne's army was left isolated with only limited support from Sir Henry Clinton, who was responsible for defending New York. Howe remained garrisoned in Philadelphia with 9,000 troops. He came under heavy attack from Washington but at the Battle of Germantown, Washington was driven off. After an unsuccessful attempt to capture Fort Mifflin, Howe eventually took the forts of Mifflin and Mercer. After probing Washington's fortifications at the Battle of White Marsh, he returned to winter quarters. Howe resigned shortly afterwards, complaining that he had been inadequately supported. Command was given to Clinton who, after the French declaration of war, carried out orders to evacuate the British army from Philadelphia to New York. He did this with an overland march, fighting a large action at the Battle of Monmouth on the way

text: Raiding Operations 1778-79[edit]

text: In August 1778 a combined Franco-American attempt to drive British forces from Rhode Island failed. One year later an American expedition to drive British forces from Penobscot Bay also failed. In the same year Americans launched a successful expedition to drive Native Americans from the frontier of New York, and captured a British outpost in a nighttime raid. During this period the British army carried out a series of successful raiding operations, taking supplies, destroying military defenses, outposts, stores, munitions, barracks, shops and houses.

text: Southern Colonies 1780–81[edit]

text:
“Whenever the Rebel Army is said to have been cut to pieces it would be more consonant with truth to say that they have been dispersed, determined to join again... in the meantime they take oaths of allegiance, and live comfortably among us, to drain us of our monies, get acquainted with our numbers and learn our intentions.”
—Brigadier General Charles O’Hara, March, 1781

text: The first major British operation in the Southern colonies occurred in 1776, when a force under General Henry Clinton unsuccessfully besieged the fort at Sullivan's Island. In 1778 a British army of 3,000 men under Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell successfully captured Savannah, beginning a campaign to bring the colony of Georgia under British control. A Franco-American attempt to retake Savannah in 1779 ended in failure. In 1780 the main British strategic focus turned to the south. British planners mistakenly believed a large base of loyalism existed in the southern colonies, and based plans on the flawed assumption that a large loyalist army could be raised to occupy the territories that had been pacified by regular British troops.[69] In May 1780 an army of 11,000 men under the command of Henry Clinton and Charles Corwnallis captured Charleston along with 5,000 of the Continental army. Shortly afterwards Clinton returned to New York leaving Cornwallis with a force of less than 4,000 men and instructions to secure control of the southern colonies. At first Cornwallis was successful, winning a lopsided victory at the Battle of Camden and sweeping most resistance aside. However failing supplies and increasing partisan activity gradually wore down his occupying troops, and the destruction of a loyalist force under Major Ferguson at King's Mountain, all but ended any hopes of large scale loyalist support. In January 1781 Tarleton's cavalry force was destroyed at the Battle of Cowpens. Cornwallis then determined to destroy the Continental army under Nathaniel Greene. Cornwallis invaded North Carolina and engaged in a pursuit over hundreds of miles that became known as the "Race to the Dan". Cornwallis's ravaged army met Greene's army at Battle of Guilford Court House, and although Cornwallis was victorious he suffered heavy casualties. With little hope of reinforcements from Clinton, Cornwallis then decided to move out of North Carolina and invade Virginia. Meanwhile, Greene moved back into South Carolina and began attacking the British outposts there.

text: Yorktown 1781[edit]

text:
"If you cannot relieve me very soon, you must prepare to hear the worst." [70]
—General Charles Cornwallis, September 17, 1781.

text: In early 1781 the British army began conducting raids into Virginia. The former Continental army officer, Benedict Arnold, now a Brigadier of the British army, led a force with William Phillips raiding and destroying rebel supply bases. He later occupied Petersburg and fought a small action at Blandford.

text: On hearing the news British forces were in Virginia and believing that North Carolina could not be subdued unless its supply lines from Virginia were cut, Cornwallis decided to join forces with Phillips and Arnold.[71] Cornwallis's army fought a series of skirmishes with the rebel forces commanded by Lafayette before fortifying himself with his back to the sea, believing the Royal Navy could maintain supremacy over the Chesapeake Bay. He then sent requests to Clinton to be either resupplied or evacuated. The reinforcements took too long to arrive and in September the French fleet successfully blockaded Cornwallis in Chesapeake Bay. Royal Navy Admiral Graves believed that the threat posed to New York was more critical and withdrew. Cornwallis then became surrounded by armies commanded by Washington and the French General Rochambeau. Outnumbered and with no avenue of relief or escape, Cornwallis was compelled to surrender his army.

text: West Indies 1778-83[edit]

text: In 1776, an American force captured the British island of Nassau. After the French entry into the war, numerous poorly defended British islands fell quickly. In December 1778 a force of veteran British troops under the command of General James Grant were landed in St. Lucia and successfully captured the high grounds of the islands.[72] Three days later 9,000 French reinforcements were landed and attempted to assault the British position, however they were repulsed with heavy casualties.[73] Despite this victory, numerous other British islands fell during the war. On 1 April 1779, Lord Germain instructed Grant to establish small garrisons throughout the West Indies, Grant believed this would be unwise and instead concentrated defences to cover the major naval bases. He posted the 15th, 28th, and 55th Foot and 1,500 gunners at Saint Kitts. The 27th, 35th, and 49th Foot and 1,600 gunners defended Saint Lucia. Meanwhile, the royal dockyard at Antigua was held by an 800-man garrison of the 40th and 60th Foot. Grant also reinforced the fleet with 925 soldiers. Although Britain lost other islands, his dispositions provided the basis for the British successes in the Caribbean during the final years of the war.[74]

text: East Indies 1778-83[edit]

text: In 1778 British forces began attacking French enclaves in India, first capturing the French port of Pondicherry, and seizing the port of Mahé. The Mysorean ruler Hyder Ali, an important ally of France, declared war on Britain in 1780. Ali invaded Carnatic with 80,000 men, laying siege to British forts in Arcot. A British attempt to relieve the siege ended in disaster at Pollilur. Ali continued his sieges taking fortresses, before another British force under General Eyre Coote defeated the Mysoreans at Porto Novo. Fighting continued until 1783 when the British captured Mangalore, and the Treaty of Mangalore was signed which restored both sides lands to Status quo ante bellum.

text: Gulf Coast 1779-81[edit]

text: From 1779 the Governor of Spanish Louisiana Bernardo de Gálvez led a successful offensive to conquer British West Florida, culminating in the Siege of Pensacola in 1781.

text: Spanish Central America 1779-80[edit]

text: Britain made two attempts to capture Spanish territory in Central America: in 1779 at the Battle of San Fernando de Omoa; and in 1780 in the San Juan Expedition. In both cases initial British military success was defeated by tropical diseases, with the 2,500 dead of the San Juan Expedition giving it the highest British death toll of the war.[75]

text: Europe 1779-83[edit]

text: Europe was the setting of three of the largest engagements of the entire war. The unsuccessful Franco-Spanish attempt to invade England, unsuccessful attempt to capture Gibraltar and the successful Franco-Spanish campaign to capture Minorca, had by 1783 involved over 100,000 men, and hundreds of guns and ships. In September 1782 the "Grand Assault" on the besieged Gibraltar garrison took place, which was the largest single battle of the war, involving over 60,000 soldiers, sailors and marines.[76] France also twice unsuccessfully attempted to capture the British channel island of Jersey, first in 1779 and again in 1781.[77]

text: Later History[edit]

text: Following the Treaty of Paris, the British army began withdrawing from its remaining posts in the Thirteen Colonies. In mid-August 1783, General Guy Carleton began the evacuation of New York, informing the President of the Continental Congress that he was proceeding with the withdrawal of refugees, freed slaves and military personnel. More than 29,000 Loyalist refugees were evacuated from the city.

text: The British army was dramatically reduced again in peacetime. Morale and discipline became extremely poor, and troops levels fell.[78][79] When the wars with France commenced again in 1793 its total strength stood at 40,000 men.[80] In idleness the army again became riddled with corruption and inefficiency.[79]

text: Many British officers returned from America with the belief in the superiority of the firearm and formations adapted with a greater frontage of firepower.[81] However officers who had not served in America, questioned if the irregular and loose system of fighting which had become prevalent in America was suitable for future campaigns against European powers.[81] In 1788 the British army was reformed by General David Dundas, an officer who had not served in America. Dundas wrote many training manuals which were adopted by the army, the first of which was the Principles of Military Movements.[82] He chose to ignore the light infantry and flank battalions the British army had come to rely on in North America, instead after witnessing Prussian army maneuvers in Silesia in 1784, he pushed for drilled battalions of heavy infantry.[82][83] He also pushed for uniformity in training, eliminating the ability of colonels to develop their own systems of training for their own regiments.[82] Charles Cornwallis an experienced "American" officer who witnessed the same maneuvers in Prussia wrote disparagingly; "their maneuvers were such as the worst general in England would be hooted at for practicing; two lines coming up within six yards of one another and firing until they had no ammunition left, nothing could be more ridiculous".[82] The failure to formally absorb the tactical lessons of the American War of Independence contributed to the early difficulties experienced by the British army during the French Revolutionary Wars.


document_title: Arthur Chung

question_text: who was the first executive president of guyana

root

text: Arthur Chung

text: Early life and career[edit]

text: Chung was born at Windsor Forest, West Coast Demerara in Guyana; he was the youngest of Joseph and Lucy Chung's eight children.[1] He was educated at Windsor Forest, Blankenburg and Modern High School. In 1954, Chung married another native of Windsor Forest, Doreen Pamela Ng-See-Quan, with whom he had one daughter and one son.[1]

tag: p

text: Before civic service, Chung was an apprentice surveyor and sworn land surveyor. In the early 1940s, Chung entered the Middle Temple of London, England and qualified as a barrister in 1947. He returned to Guyana and was later appointed an acting magistrate. He became a magistrate in 1954 and a senior magistrate in 1960. Chung also served as Registrar of Deeds and of the Supreme Court. He then became a puisne judge and finally an Appeal Court Judge in 1963.

text: Presidency[edit]

text: When Guyana became a republic under the leadership of Forbes Burnham in 1970, the National Assembly elected Chung as the country's first President; he took office on March 17, 1970. Ten years later, a constitutional revision transformed the presidency into an executive position, and Burnham succeeded Chung as President[1] on October 6, 1980.[3]

text: Later years[edit]

text: Chung died on June 23, 2008[1][3] at his home. In the two months prior to his death he had been hospitalized a number of times, and he was last released from the hospital on June 20.


document_title: Santa Clarita Diet

question_text: who plays sven in the santa clarita diet

text: Santa Clarita Diet

text: Plot[edit]

text: Joel and Sheila Hammond are everyday suburban real estate agents in Santa Clarita, California.[7] The couple face a series of obstacles when Sheila has a physical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh. With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila through the trying time, they have to deal with neighbors, cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery.[8]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Drew Barrymore as Sheila Hammond, Joel's wife and Abby's mother
Timothy Olyphant as Joel Hammond, Sheila's husband and Abby's father
Liv Hewson as Abby Hammond, Sheila and Joel's daughter
Skyler Gisondo as Eric Bemis, the Hammonds' neighbor, Lisa's son and Dan's stepson

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Ricardo Chavira as Dan Palmer (season 1), a sheriff's deputy, Eric's stepfather and the Hammonds' neighbor. Dan is killed by Joel with a shovel and later eaten by Sheila.
Mary Elizabeth Ellis as Lisa Palmer, Dan's wife and Eric's mother
Andy Richter as Carl Coby, the Hammonds' boss
Richard T. Jones as Rick, a Santa Monica police officer, the Hammond's neighbor, and Joel's friend
Joy Osmanski as Alondra, Rick's wife
Kaylee Bryant as Sarah, a classmate of Abby and Eric
Nathan Fillion as Gary West, a realtor and the Hammonds' co-worker. He is the first person Sheila kills for food. His severed head still survives and is stored in the Hammonds' basement and later storage unit.
Natalie Morales as Anne Garcia, a sheriff's deputy, Dan's partner, and very religious. She becomes romantically involved with Lisa after Dan goes missing.
Thomas Lennon as Principal Andrei Novak, Abby's school principal
Ramona Young as Ramona, a wise Rite-Aid employee. She also turns out to be a zombie.
Grace Zabriskie as Mrs. Bakavic (season 1), Novak's Serbian grandmother
DeObia Oparei as Loki Hayes (season 1), a convicted felon. He turns into a zombie when Sheila is unsuccessful in killing him.
Portia de Rossi as Dr. Cora Wolf (season 1), a scientist focused on the undead
Zachary Knighton as Paul (season 2), Marsha's husband and a descendant of the Knights of Serbia, who has been tasked with ending the zombie outbreak[9]
Jaee Young Han as Marsha (season 2), Paul's wife who's helping him with the mission to end the zombie outbreak
Matt Shively as Christian (season 2), a student at Abby and Eric's school who is also Chris and Christa's son

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Patton Oswalt as Dr. Hasmedi, a virologist
Ryan Hansen as Bob Jonas, Lisa Palmer's lover
Derek Waters as Anton, a conspiracy theorist
Ravi Patel as Ryan, a convention goer
Joel McHale as Chris, a realtor who is married to Christa[9]
Maggie Lawson as Christa, a realtor who is married to Chris[9]
Gerald McRaney as Ed Thune, a retired army colonel[9]
Leo Howard as Sven, a student who asked Abby out in Season 2 after the tray incident, hurting Eric's soul

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
10
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

2
10
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"So Then a Bat or a Monkey"
Ruben Fleischer
Victor Fresco
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila Hammond are realtors leading a normal suburban life with their daughter Abby. They are trying hard to sell a house but while showing it Sheila violently throw ups copious amounts of yellow liquid, including what might be an organ. Joel takes Sheila to the emergency department but since it is slow they go home. Sheila is acting oddly, including an increased libido; her blood is thick and she has no heartbeat. Their neighbor's son Eric explains to them that Sheila is dead and undead and driven by her Id, which Sheila is okay with. Eric tells them Sheila must always be fed, and if she degrades she may have to die. Sheila and Abby sneak out and buy a car, and later Sheila parties with her neighbors. Gary, Sheila's co-worker, entices Sheila to dance with him when Joel finds them. They leave and Sheila thinks her new behavior might be who she really is. At Sheila's home, Gary tries to force himself on her, threatening to tell others she was unfaithful if she refuses. Sheila licks his fingers, suddenly biting two of them off before devouring Gary in the backyard. Joel comes home to find Sheila eating Gary; as he looks on in horror, Sheila tells him she wants to make this work.

2
2
"We Can't Kill People!"
Ruben Fleischer
Victor Fresco
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

They bury Gary’s remains in the desert. Abby and Eric follow them discovering Sheila killed Gary. While covering up the murder Dan sees Joel spraying his grass in the middle of the night and gets suspicious. Joel consults a virologist but he thinks Joel is crazy. Dan comes to inspect the grass and Joel tells him they have ants. Abby ditches school with Eric. Joel tries to get Sheila to eat meat but she says since she ate Gary she does not want anything but humans. Joel suggests that maybe it is the freshness that matters. Sheila continues to act impulsively including killing a rooster. After they make the sale on the listing Sheila tells Joel she couldn’t eat the rooster. Joel reiterates that they cannot kill people. Joel and Sheila try to find an alternate food source at the morgue but Sheila can’t stand the cadaver flesh. Sheila’s hunger is growing so Joel tells her they are going to kill people so she can eat. They have been together since high school and he is not going to leave her now. Abby comes and sleeps in their bed because she is worried about the changes.

3
3
"We Can Kill People"
Marc Buckland
Clay Graham
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila discuss balancing killing people and being parents. Abby is grumpy with them for being overbearing. They make a plan to find a bad person to kill. Dan talks to them about never having a sloppy kill referring to the ants. They get supplies for killing people. Joel smokes pot in the bathroom to calm down. Eric and Abby have lunch while ditching school where Abby’s friend leaves with her 26-year-old drug dealer boyfriend, but he breaks up with her. Joel and Sheila talk to Rick, their other neighbor who is a cop, looking for where to find people to kill. He says that a pedophile lives in the area and the couple consider killing him. Sheila and Joel overhear the teenagers talking about how bad the ex-boyfriend was and decide to kill him. Once Joel talked to him he decides to let him go much to Sheila’s annoyance. The teenagers go to the ex-boyfriend's house; one of them teargasses it and retrieves her friend's sweater. On the way home, Sheila and Joel have a road rage incident then Sheila kills the driver of the other car. They put him in the freezer in their storage unit hoping he will not be missed. They go to family dinner and all three of them tell the others how wonderful everything is.

4
4
"The Farting Sex Tourist"
Ken Kwapis
Michael A. Ross
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Sheila makes a smoothie from the body in storage then goes walking with her neighbors. She suggests the women should live life to the fullest. She tells them her new attitude is due to her new high protein diet. Joel goes to paranormal stores researching zombies. He finds two prints from Serbia that show someone vomiting up a red ball and then eating someone. Rick talks to the couple about their new car and then Dan interrupts bringing them more ant spray. Abby’s school calls them in and Principal Novak tells them Abby is missing school. They insist everything is normal. Sheila gets upset with Novak and she wants to eat him when he threatens to suspend Abby. Sheila tells Abby she should drop out causing Joel to confront Sheila about her behavior concluding he is not sure their family can survive it. Sheila talks to Eric who tells her the undead have no impulse control and she cannot change. Meanwhile Joel talks to Abby and they steal Rick’s motorcycle before they bond over freaking out about Sheila. Joel realizes Novak is Serbian. Dan sprays Joel’s yard for ants and finds Gary's finger.

5
5
"Man Eat Man"
Marc Buckland
Chadd Gindin
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Abby goes to the storage unit and finds the dead man in the freezer. Joel talks to Novak’s Grandmother for help translating the prints. She tells him it is an old story about zombies from a book that might have a cure. Sheila is reluctant about a cure at first as she likes the side effects of being a zombie but finally agrees she wants a cure. Joel finds a possible source for the book, Anton. Abby tells Eric about the dead guy she found. Eric tells Abby he found out his mom is having an affair. Joel asks Rick to run a check for Anton. Dan blackmails Joel into killing a guy named Loki. Joel tells Sheila that Dan knows about Gary. Sheila wants to kill Loki for food and is willing to go alone. Abby complains to Eric about her parent’s lying and he tries to kiss her. Sheila and Joel try to kill Loki and fail. Sheila is worried she bit Loki. Abby notices blood on Sheila’s briefcase but does not confront her mom about it. Loki is on the floor of a hotel room surrounded by vomit like Sheila was before.

6
6
"Attention to Detail"
Craig Zisk
Leila Cohan-Miccio
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila stake out Loki and debate the possibility that he was turned into a zombie. With no resolution they go to a party at Dan’s house and Joel has to lie to Dan about Loki. Sheila realizes she left a pen with her contact information at Loki’s house. Abby and Eric have a hard time recovering from the kiss. Dan wants Joel to kill another guy who he claims is a bad guy but when Sheila goes to kill him it turns out to be the guy Lisa is having an affair with and she does not kill him. Abby and Eric plant a flash bang in Dan’s rose garden to freak him out. In the process they find a stash of money concluding Dan is a dirty cop. Joel runs into Loki’s friends and is held hostage. They knock him out but he is OK and he finds the pen. Joel and Sheila decide they are going to do everything together moving forward. Joel confronts Dan telling him he will not be killing people for him anymore. They get into a fight and Joel kills him with a shovel.

7
7
"Strange or Just Inconsiderate?"
Lynn Shelton
Ben Smith
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Sheila bring Dan’s body to their house and they make a plan to dispose of him. Sheila begins to worry about Joel, who is obsessed with retaining the family's "normality." Rick finds Anton for Joel. Abby finds Dan’s body in the tub and confronts her parents about lying to her. Abby tells Eric that Dan is dead and he is fine with it. Abby and Eric have a plan to help cover up Dan’s murder by revealing he is a dirty cop to the other cops. With the sheriff's department all over the neighborhood following Dan's disappearance, Sheila undertakes to eat him completely to hide the evidence but fails. Joel decides to take the remaining body parts out of the house in a cooler. The cops find Dan’s stash and with it Gary’s finger. Rick tells Joel that Gary’s disappearance is being blamed on Dan. While Sheila is taking a bath her little toe falls off.

8
8
"How Much Vomit?"
Steve Pink
Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Sheila keeps the fact that her toe has fallen off from Joel. As the police discover more about Dan's corrupt activities, Joel and Sheila hear that Loki is still alive and appears to have turned undead as well. They find him doing an acoustic performance at a local club, and he becomes obsessed with Sheila, forcing them to kill him when he tries to murder Joel. As Joel is coming to terms with Sheila's toe having fallen off, they are both shocked to notice that her right eye is now hanging out of her head.

9
9
"The Book!"
Tamra Davis
Sarah Walker
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Joel and Eric head to a paranormal convention to meet Anton, a popular and mysterious figure in the paranormal community, who claims to have an ancient book containing the cure for Sheila's condition. Anton accuses Joel of being a government agent, and when confronted later, admits he is a fraud and does not have the book—however Joel is approached by another attendee, who puts him in touch with the book's real owner, Dr. Cora Wolf. Meanwhile, Sheila tries to bond with Abby, as the two try to get her money back from the brother of the deceased chop shop owner.

10
10
"Baka, Bile and Baseball Bats"
Dean Parisot
Clay Graham
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)

Dr. Cora Wolf moves in with the Hammonds to work on a cure for the virus, which has previously only been tested on rats. Wolf tells Sheila that as her condition progresses, she will become uncontrollably violent and could harm her family and others. With Eric's assistance, Wolf synthesizes the cure, only requiring the final ingredient: the bile of a pure-born Serbian. Joel and Sheila visit Principal Novak's "baka" and attempt to get her to vomit by getting her drunk, however Novak calls the police and Joel is arrested and committed to a mental institution. Sheila gets Abby to chain her up in the basement, to prevent her harming anyone. She takes a call from a real estate client, telling them that she hopes either she or her husband will be free next week.

text: Season 2 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

11
1
"No Family is Perfect"
Ken Kwapis
Victor Fresco
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Joel is under a 72-hour hold at the mental institution and confides in his roommate Ron, who suffers from apparent delusions. Sheila is chained up in the basement as Abby and Eric search the internet for a pure Serbian who will sell their bile. They get a hit and Abby goes to collect. Joel is released from the institution and buys bile from the morgue. Sheila gets Eric to unchain her. Goran, the bile seller, is extremely forward with Abby and even follows her home. Sheila attacks and consumes him. Eric uses the man's bile to render a cure for Sheila's deterioration. Joel comes home horrified, but Eric assures the Hammonds that Sheila won’t get any worse. Joel proposes that Sheila stay in the basement until she can control herself. Eric goes to buy cleaning supplies, where he meets deadpan store employee Ramona. Joel and Abby decide to stay the night with Sheila in the basement. Later on, Ramona calls Eric and asks if Abby is his girlfriend, adding that she is recently single. While eating a man's finger from her fridge, she asks Eric if he’d like to hang out sometime.

12
2
"Coyote in Yoga Pants"
Marc Buckland
Michael A. Ross
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Sheila begins chasing animals to curb her antsy behavior. Joel and Sheila run into their neighbor Lisa, who has no news on her "missing" husband Dan and has since started seeing his partner, Deputy Anne Garcia. Abby and Eric realize that their emails to Goran could trace his disappearance back to them. Sheila and Joel convince their boss Carl to give them one of Gary's old assignments. Abby and Eric break into Goran's apartment to delete the evidence. Abby tells Eric how scared she was when Goran followed her home, but Eric's phone keeps blowing up with texts from Ramona. Another couple enters the apartment, also claiming to be Goran's friends. Abby and Eric leave, but the other couple knows about the bile. Sheila and Joel compete with their high school rivals, Chris and Christa, for a listing and prevail when Sheila is able to run down the owner's fleeing dog. Abby reluctantly encourages Eric to ask Ramona out. Sheila and Joel discover that the spot where they buried her first kill, Gary, is planned for development. They go to the desert to dig him up, but discover that Gary's severed head has reanimated.

13
3
"Moral Gray Area"
Ken Kwapis
Clay Graham
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Sheila and Joel decide they need to kill the zombified Gary. Gary agrees, but asks them to bring the deed to his Michigan lake house to his niece Kayla. Sheila and Joel decide to honor Gary's last request. Eric finds a corpse in Ramona's bathtub and calls Abby, who sets out to rescue him. Sheila and Joel bring the deed to Kayla, but she still needs her car, which is with her ex-boyfriend, Boone. Sheila volunteers herself and Joel to retrieve the car. Abby bursts into Ramona's apartment but realizes that Eric and Ramona actually had sex. Ramona discloses that she is also deteriorating and Eric offers to help her. At Boone's house, Sheila and Joel discover that he is the "young, single Hitler" type that Sheila can eat guilt-free. While debating whether they should kill again impulsively, Boone's friend AJ shows up and offers them a raffle book for the Nazi softball team. Sheila buys one as a future kill reference. After Eric gives Ramona the serum to halt her deterioration, she admits that she was just using him for his ties to Abby's mother and they break up. Abby discovers Gary in the basement.

14
4
"The Queen of England"
Adam Arkin
Chadd Gindin
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Gary decides he doesn’t want to die, leaving the Hammonds in a bind. Abby tells her parents that Ramona is undead. Sheila and Joel go to her and realize that becoming undead makes people who they always wanted to be. Remembering reports of murdered joggers, Sheila tells Ramona that without "a Joel" to help her, she needs to be more careful. Ramona shows them that the ball she threw up during transformation has sprouted legs. Abby stands up for a classmate by hitting another student, Christian, with a lunch tray. Ramona threatens Eric into being her Joel. Joel feels uneasy about his new life, but Gary offers some perspective. Ramona and Eric go to the Hammonds' dinner party and a fight ensues to free him. Abby chokes Ramona, who then confesses that she doesn’t want to do the undead thing alone anymore. Lisa walks in and the Hammonds reschedule dinner. Ramona decides to move to Seattle and Sheila and Joel go to her apartment for the ball creature. While there, Joel discovers a receipt showing that Ramona went to the restaurant Japopo's on the same day and ordered the same clam dish Sheila did before their transformations.

15
5
"Going Pre-med"
Marc Buckland
Ben Smith
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Sheila stakes out Boone's house while Joel goes undercover at Japopo's but Joel is recognized for writing a negative Yelp review. The proprietor agrees to give Joel their receipts if he writes a positive review. Sheila accidentally convinces Anne to investigate the recent murders herself and Joel encourages Sheila to end their friendship. Sheila and Joel voice concern for Abby before renting a second storage unit; one for Gary and the ball creature, and the other for a kill room. Ron finds Joel and Sheila at work and Joel persuades him to keep their secret. Principal Novak nearly gives Abby a month's detention but with Eric's intervention, she instead joins the Environmental Club. Abby meets a new boy, Sven. Sheila and Joel lure Boone to their storage unit. She kills him as well as his fellow Nazi friend. Abby ditches the Environmental Club for something more extreme, with Eric's support. Joel vents to Gary and writes a new review for Japopo's. At the restaurant, Ron meets with the couple from Goran's apartment, Marsha and Paul. They are looking for Serbian bile and information on the Hammonds. The man sports a ball creature tattoo on his arm.

16
6
"Pasión"
Steve Pink
Aaron Brownstein & Simon Ganz
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Abby and Joel find another person from the Japopo's receipts who ordered the clam dish. Joel goes to stake out Colonel Ed Thune's house while Sheila attends a work meeting. To be consistent with a previous lie, Joel agrees to give Anne dance lessons. Abby tells Eric she has a date with Sven. Sheila's eye pops out at the meeting with Carl due to the frustration of not killing him. Joel goes to Ed's house undercover to confirm that Japopo's clams are the cause of the undead epidemic. Eric helps Sheila with her eye. Abby goes on a date with Sven but they don’t connect. Joel questions Ed and searches his things. Sheila and Carl attend a meeting with an investor, who hates Carl's idea, prompting Sheila to offer her own. Carl berates Sheila, who accidentally bites off her own finger. The skin of Ed's hand slides off during a handshake, proving that he is undead. Joel kills Ed, who had already gone feral, as well as his ball creature. Abby tells Eric about her extreme plan to stop local fracking. Joel comes home to find Anne, but gets her to leave. Sheila shows Joel her mangled finger.

17
7
"A Change of Heart"
Jaffar Mahmood
Melissa Hunter
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Eric helps Sheila reattach her finger and lets it slip about the tray incident. Sheila and Joel confront Abby, but she feels no remorse. Eric goes undercover at Japopo's but the owner won’t disclose his clam distributor. Out of concern, Sheila and Joel force Abby to apologize to Christian only to discover that his parents are Chris and Christa, who try to blackmail the Hammonds with threats of Abby's expulsion. Eric breaks into Japopo's back office. The Hammonds go to Principal Novak's house where Sheila and Joel tell Abby how difficult it’s been juggling all their problems and ask Abby to help them out. Abby apologizes to Novak but gets expelled anyway. He accidentally slams Sheila's finger in his door and she pretends to be hurt, forcing Novak to un-expel Abby. Eric calls Joel to shows him that Japopo's used a different clam distributor, Ruby's Clams, the day that the Hammonds ate there before Sheila's transformation. Sheila pulls into the parking lot for an investor meeting but Carl shows up unexpectedly. She closes her eyes and wakes up 12 hours later at home with blood on her face and a heart in her hand.

18
8
"Easels and War Paint"
Steve Pink
Caitlin Meares
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Sheila can’t recall anything since the parking lot and is missing a boot. She and Joel suspect she killed Carl until Carl shows up to work and fires Sheila for missing the meeting. Lisa stops by the Hammonds' house to thank Sheila for convincing her to get baptized for Anne. During her blackout, Sheila also convinced Anne to focus on painting rather than the murder investigations. Abby finds AJ, the Nazi who sold Sheila the raffle book, dead in their freezer. Sheila and Joel go to AJ's work to retrieve her missing boot. Abby and Eric make plans to vandalize a fracking site. Abby asks Lisa for Dan's night vision goggles and Lisa agrees to lend them to her if Abby agrees to a makeover before her "date" with Eric. Sheila and Joel delete the security videos and retrieve Sheila's boot. Abby tells Eric she wants to use Dan's explosives, but Eric backs out of the plan. Joel quits his job and he and Sheila decide to establish their own real estate company. Anne's "Suspicious Objects" series includes paintings of Gary's finger, the Nazi raffle book, Dan's missing persons poster, and Joel.

19
9
"Suspicious Objects"
Jamie Babbit
Romi Barta
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Joel goes undercover to scout Ruby's Clams and meets the proprietor. Anne shows Sheila her paintings. Abby is upset with Eric for bailing on their plans. Ruby shows Joel her clam farm, which has grown from 4 clams found in a deep aquatic cave in Serbia to 5,000 in matter of months. She informs Joel that the clams are to be shipped out to restaurants the next day. As Sheila alerts Joel about the paintings, Marsha and Paul arrive at Ruby's. Anne explains to Sheila and Joel that she was simply painting suspicious objects, including a tumbler containing Goran's bile. She has pieced together parts of the case, but her boss did not buy her theories. Eric attempts to kill a red clam that Joel stole from Ruby's, but nothing works. The clam extends a tentacle to a regular clam and consumes it. Abby and Eric get Sven to give them access to a kiln so they can incinerate the clams. Ruby catches Sheila and Joel stealing her clams before Marsha and Paul blow up the building. Anne makes the connection of Boone having dated Gary's niece and her boss becomes interested in the case.

20
10
"Halibut!"
Marc Buckland
Victor Fresco
March 23, 2018 (2018-03-23)

Sheila and Joel plan to destroy Anne's case. Eric helps Abby construct an explosive for the fracking site. After numerous takes, Gary finally records a message to a burner phone that’ll lead the police to believe that he and Dan are on the run. Gary then confirms that he’s ready to die. Abby and Eric plant the burner phone containing the message in Dan's closet for Anne to find, where they also discover C-4 to use it at the fracking site. At Lisa's baptism, Anne informs Sheila and Joel that she has a guy looking into possible deleted messages. Not knowing that deleted messages could be salvaged, the Hammonds plan their escape. Abby goes to say goodbye to Eric and they kiss. Anne confirms that nothing could be recovered from the burner phone but eventually recognizes a sound on the voicemail to be Sheila's bracelets. Anne catches Sheila and Joel in the middle of Gary's funeral and they tell her the truth. Anne shoots Sheila, who is unharmed, and Joel shows her Gary. Reading Eric and Abby's explosion as a sign, Anne accepts Sheila as an instrument of God.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Fresco came up with the premise from wanting to make "a family show with an interesting approach that we haven’t seen before". The zombie angle also allowed Fresco to explore the concept of Narcissism stating that "the undead are the ultimate narcissists. They want what they want when they want it and will do anything to just have what they want and don’t care about other people’s needs" [10]

text: For the setting Fresco drew from his own experience growing up in San Fernando Valley. Santa Clarita was chosen because of its middle class inhabitants.[10] The Hammonds' profession of realtors was chosen because "It gets them out into the world" as well as the "forced friendliness" inherent to the profession.[10]

text: Advertising controversy[edit]

text: In February 2017, advertising for the show sparked criticism in Germany, where Netflix promoted the show with posters depicting a human finger sliced up like a currywurst, a popular German fast food dish. After receiving more than 50 complaints that the advertising was glorifying violence and inducing fear, especially in children, the German Advertising Council, a self-regulatory institution, forwarded the complaints to the company. Netflix then decided to end the campaign and remove all posters.[11]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The first season of Santa Clarita Diet received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 75% based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 7.18/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Santa Clarita Diet serves up an excellent cast, frequent laughs, and an engaging premise – but the level of gore might not be to everyone's taste."[12] Metacritic reports that the first season received "generally favorable reviews" with a score of 67 out of 100, based on 30 critics.[13]