document_title: Yoda

question_text: who plays yoda in revenge of the sith

question_tokens: who plays yoda in revenge of the sith

text: Yoda

text: Concept and creation

text: Frank Oz provided Yoda's voice in each film and used his skills as a puppeteer in the original trilogy and Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. For some walking scenes in Episodes V and I, dwarf actors Deep Roy and Warwick Davis appeared in costume as Yoda (though neither was credited). While Frank Oz served as the primary performer, he was assisted by a multitude of other puppeteers, including:[6] Kathryn Mullen (Ep. V), Wendy Froud (Ep. V), David Barclay (Ep. V-VI), Mike Quinn (Ep. VI), David Greenaway (Ep. I & VI), Don Austen (Ep. I), and Kathy Smee (Ep. I). For the radio dramatizations of The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, Yoda was voiced by John Lithgow, while Tom Kane voiced him in the Clone Wars animated series, several video games, and the series Star Wars: The Clone Wars. George Lucas had originally conceived of Yoda's full name as being "Minch Yoda" before shortening it.[7]

text: The make-up artist Stuart Freeborn based Yoda's face partly on his own and partly on Albert Einstein's.[8][9][10][11] In The Phantom Menace, he was redesigned to look younger. He was computer-generated for two distant shots, but remained mostly a puppet.[12] The puppet was re-designed by Nick Dudman from Stuart Freeborn's original design.

text: Rendered with computer animation in Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith, Yoda appeared in ways not previously possible, including his participation in elaborate fight scenes. In Revenge of the Sith, his face appears in several big close-ups, demanding highly detailed CGI work. His performance was deliberately designed to be consistent with the limitations of the puppet version, with some "mistakes" made such as the occasional ear-jiggling.[citation needed] Rob Coleman was responsible for the character's new incarnation to the series.

text: Yoda was recreated in CGI for the 2011 Blu-ray release of The Phantom Menace.[13] A clip of the new CG Yoda from The Phantom Menace was first seen in the featurette The Chosen One, included in the 2005 DVD release of Revenge of the Sith.[14] The 2012 theatrical 3D release of The Phantom Menace also features the CG version of Yoda.

text: Character overview

text: Jedi Grand Master Yoda is amongst the oldest, stoic and most powerful known Jedi Masters in the Star Wars universe. Series creator George Lucas opted to have many details of the character's life history remain unknown. Yoda's race and home world have not been named in any official media, canonical or otherwise, and he is merely said to be of a "species unknown" by the Star Wars Databank. Yoda's characteristic speech patterns have been analyzed and discussed by academic syntacticians, who found it somewhat inconsistent, but could extrapolate that it has object–subject–verb word order[15] making it an anastrophe.

text: The films and expanded universe reveal that he had a hand in training almost every Jedi Master in the galaxy, including Count Dooku, who is identified in Attack of the Clones as Yoda's old Padawan Learner; Mace Windu; Obi-Wan Kenobi (partially, before Qui-Gon Jinn takes over as Obi-Wan's master);[citation needed] Ki-Adi-Mundi, Kit Fisto and eventually Luke Skywalker. During the animated series Star Wars: Clone Wars, set between Attack of the Clones and Revenge of the Sith, he mentions that he trained another one of the leaders on the Jedi Council, Master Oppo Rancisis. In the Star Wars prequel films, he instructs several younglings in the Jedi Temple before they are assigned to a master. This was displayed in a scene in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones. In The Empire Strikes Back he mentioned that he had been training Jedi "for 800 years", which means he must have been a Master Jedi for quite some time before that.

text: Appearances

text: Feature films

text: Original trilogy

text: The Empire Strikes Back (1980)

text: Yoda makes his first film appearance in The Empire Strikes Back. Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) arrives on Dagobah to seek his guidance, having been instructed to do so by the Force ghost of Obi-Wan Kenobi (Alec Guinness).

text: Yoda does not initially identify himself to Luke and instead tests his patience by presenting himself as a comical and senile backwater individual, deliberately provoking both Luke and R2-D2 (Kenny Baker). Luke is shocked when he finally realizes that this small, elderly creature is the powerful Jedi Master he was seeking. Finding that Luke has the same anger and recklessness which caused his father's downfall, Yoda is reluctant to teach him in the ways of the Force, and agrees only at Obi-Wan's behest. Before finishing his training, however, Luke chooses to leave Dagobah in order to confront Darth Vader and save his friends at Bespin. Yoda and Obi-Wan warn him that he is not ready to face Vader and is being lured into a trap, but Luke leaves anyway, promising to return. When Obi-Wan laments that Luke is their "last hope," Yoda reminds him that "there is another".

text: Return of the Jedi (1983)

text: Yoda makes a brief appearance in Return of the Jedi, set a year after The Empire Strikes Back. Yoda, now sick and frail, informs Luke that he has completed his training but will not be a Jedi until he confronts Darth Vader; he also confirms that Vader is Luke's father, something Vader had told Luke in the previous film. Yoda then peacefully dies at the age of 900, his body disappearing as he becomes "one with the Force". He leaves Luke with the knowledge that "there is another Skywalker". Moments later, Obi-Wan's ghost helps Luke come to the realization that the "other" of whom Yoda spoke is Princess Leia (Carrie Fisher), who is his twin sister.

text: In the film's final scene, after the Empire has been defeated, Luke sees Yoda's spirit looking upon him with pride, alongside Obi-Wan and the redeemed Anakin Skywalker (Vader's former Jedi self).[16]

text: Prequel trilogy

text: Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999)

text: Yoda returns as a younger version of himself in the prequel trilogy beginning with The Phantom Menace. The film marked the final time Oz would portray the character as a puppet, until the release of The Last Jedi (2017).[17] However, in the 2011 Blu-ray release of The Phantom Menace, the Yoda puppet was replaced by a CGI character to match the later depiction of the character. In the film, which is set 35 years before The Empire Strikes Back, Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson) brings the young Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd) to the Jedi Council. Qui-Gon is convinced that Anakin is the "Chosen One" of Jedi prophecy who will bring balance to the Force, and requests the boy be trained as a Jedi. Yoda senses great fear in Anakin, especially in regards to his attachment to his mother, and foresees "grave danger" in his training. The Council, led at the time by Yoda's former padawan Mace Windu (Samuel L. Jackson), rejects Qui-Gon's request.

text: When Qui-Gon is mortally wounded in a duel with Sith Lord Darth Maul (played by Ray Park and voiced by Peter Serafinowicz), his dying request to his Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor) is that Anakin be trained as a Jedi. Obi-Wan, determined to fulfill his promise to his master, tells Yoda that he will train the boy, even without the Council's approval. Yoda makes Obi-Wan a Jedi Knight, and reluctantly gives his blessing to Anakin's training.[18]

text: Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002)

text: Yoda makes his first CGI appearance in Attack of the Clones. Set a decade after The Phantom Menace, Yoda, now in direct control of the Order's policy as Master of the High Council in addition to his traditional position as Grandmaster, is one of the many Jedi who are concerned about the emergence of the Separatists, a group of systems rebelling against the Galactic Republic. After the first attempted assassination of Senator Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman), Chancellor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) "suggests" that she be put under the protection of Obi-Wan, who is training Anakin (now played by Hayden Christensen). At the climax of the film, Yoda arrives in time to save Obi-Wan and Anakin from the Separatists and defeats his former apprentice, Count Dooku (Christopher Lee), in a lightsaber duel.

text: Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005)

text: In Revenge of the Sith, Yoda leads the Jedi Council in pursuing the mysterious Sith Lord Darth Sidious. Palpatine has by now amassed near-dictatorial emergency powers, and begins interfering in Jedi affairs by appointing Anakin as his personal representative on the Council. The Council grants Anakin a Council seat, but denies him the rank of Master, feeling that doing so would amount to giving Palpatine a vote in the Council. Additionally, they order him to spy on Palpatine, whom Anakin considers a friend and mentor. Confused and angered by the perceived snub and the instructions to commit what he believes to be treason, Anakin continues to lose faith in the Jedi Order.

text: Anakin seeks Yoda's counsel about his prophetic visions that someone close to him will die. Yoda, unaware of the person Anakin speaks of is Padmé, or that she is Anakin's wife and pregnant with his child, tells him to "train himself to let go of everything that he fears to lose". Unsatisfied, Anakin turns to Palpatine, who then reveals himself as Darth Sidious. Palpatine manipulates the young Jedi into becoming his Sith apprentice, Darth Vader, with the promise that the dark side holds the power to save Padmé from dying in childbirth.

text: Palpatine later transforms the Republic into the tyrannical Galactic Empire, proclaiming himself emperor for life, and orders the clone troopers to kill their Jedi generals. At this time, Yoda is on Kashyyyk, overseeing the battle between the Separatist forces and a combined command of clone troopers and Wookiees. Through the Force, Yoda feels the deaths of each of the Jedi as they are assassinated by their own troops. After swiftly killing the clone troopers instructed to kill him, he escapes with Wookiee leaders Tarfful and Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew), and returns to Coruscant, where he and Obi-Wan fight their way into the Jedi Temple to stop a trap for all surviving Jedi. Inside, they discover that all the Jedi inside, younglings included, have been slaughtered. They then discover a holographic recording, revealing Vader as the assassin. Yoda decides to face Palpatine, sending Obi-Wan to kill Vader. When Obi-Wan protests, Yoda tells him that the Anakin he knew no longer exists, having been "consumed by Darth Vader".

text: Subsequently, Yoda battles Palpatine in a lightsaber duel that wrecks the Senate Rotunda. In the end, neither is able to overcome the other and Yoda is forced to retreat. He goes into exile on Dagobah so that he may hide from the Empire and wait for another opportunity to destroy the Sith. At the end of the film, it was revealed that Yoda has been in contact with Qui-Gon's spirit, learning the secret of immortality from him and passing it on to Obi-Wan.

text: Yoda is also instrumental in deciding the fate of the Skywalker children after Padmé dies in childbirth, recommending that Luke and Leia be hidden from Vader and Palpatine in remote locations. Other than the ancient Jedi Master, only the Organas, the Lars family, R2-D2 and Obi-Wan know of their true identities.[19]

text: Sequel trilogy

text: Star Wars: The Force Awakens (2015)

text: In The Force Awakens, set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, Yoda's voice is heard by the young scavenger Rey (Daisy Ridley) after she discovers Luke Skywalker's lightsaber.[20]

text: Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017)

text: In Star Wars: The Last Jedi, Yoda appears to Luke as a force ghost as Luke debates whether to burn down the tree storing the only remaining copies of the Sacred Texts of the Jedi.[21] As Luke makes his way to the tree, Yoda appears behind him and talks to Luke about the inner conflicts going on inside him and reminds him that a Jedi must always be sure of his path. When Luke decides against burning down the tree and destroying the texts, Yoda summons a lightning bolt down upon the tree, setting it ablaze while Luke steps back in horror at the sight of the texts seemingly being lost forever (unaware that Rey had taken them earlier as she left the island.) When confronting Yoda as to why he did it, Yoda tells Luke that the true Jedi knowledge is within Jedi themselves and it is their responsibility, not books, to pass that knowledge on and continue the way of the Jedi. As Luke takes in the message, he sits with Yoda and shares a quiet moment with his former master.

text: Unlike in the later sequels, where fight scenes necessitated the character be rendered in with computer-generated imagery,[22][23] Yoda is once more portrayed using puppetry.[24]

text: Star Wars: Episode IX

text: Yoda will appear in Star Wars: Episode IX.[25]

text: Animated series

text: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008)

text: Yoda appears in Star Wars: The Clone Wars, voiced by Tom Kane. In the prequel film Star Wars: The Clone Wars, Yoda assigns Anakin Skywalker his own Padawan, Ahsoka Tano, as he believes that she will help Anakin grow as a Jedi and as a person. Throughout most of the series, Yoda spends his time on Coruscant with the Jedi Council, but he occasionally leaves for certain tasks, such as negotiations with King Katuunko on Rugosa, and a confrontation with Asajj Ventress' droid army. Yoda also watches over Anakin and Ahsoka throughout the series, pleased that they are both maturing due to each other's influence. However, in the final arc of season five, Ahsoka is framed for a crime she didn't commit, and Yoda and the Jedi Council expel her, at the demand of Admiral Tarkin, and turn her over to the Republic military. Along with other members of the Council, Yoda observes Ahsoka's trial, but Anakin bursts in with the true culprit, Barriss Offee, before the verdict can be read. Afterwards Yoda, Anakin and the Council personally invite Ahsoka to rejoin the Order, but to their shock, she refuses and leaves. According to Dave Filoni, Yoda blames himself for Ahsoka's departure, as he had made her Anakin's padawan in the first place.

text: In the final arc of the final season, Yoda hears Qui-Gon Jinn speaking to him from beyond the grave. Yoda flees the Jedi Temple with R2-D2 to travel to Dagobah, the planet he would make his home when he enters exile after events of Revenge of the Sith, to find answers. Shown cryptic visions of the fall of the Jedi, Yoda learns he has been "chosen" to learn how to manifest his consciousness after death as a Force ghost. Yoda is tested by a group of spirit priestesses in order to overcome trials and temptations on his pilgrimage; one of these tests is to face an illusion of ancient Sith lord Darth Bane. Yoda's final test is to resist an attempt by Darth Sidious and Dooku to lure him to the dark side with a false vision of deceased Jedi Master Sifo Dyas. Yoda engages in a metaphysical battle with Sidious, and appears to sacrifice his life in order to save Anakin's - only to awaken and discover that the battle was merely a vision, and that he has passed the test. The priestesses inform Yoda that his training will resume in time.

text: Star Wars Rebels (2014)

text: Yoda was heard in the Star Wars Rebels episode "Path of the Jedi" with Frank Oz reprising the role for the first time since Revenge of the Sith.[26] He communicates with Padawan Ezra Bridger and his master Kanan Jarrus during their experience in an ancient temple on Lothal, and helps the pair do some soul-searching to analyze their true motivations. He appears physically for the first time, in the season 2 episode "Shroud of Darkness", in which he tells Ezra he should find Malachor and reunites with Ahsoka after nearly 20 years.

text: Legends

text: With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014.[27][28][29]

text: Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003)

text: Yoda appears in the 2003 Cartoon Network animated television series Star Wars: Clone Wars, voiced by Tom Kane. In the show, Yoda is made a General, like many of the Jedi Knights and Masters. Yoda escorts Padmé on their journey to an unspecified planet, but Yoda senses several Jedi in distress on Ilum. Using the Jedi mind trick to convince Captain Typho to take them to Ilum, Yoda saves two Jedi Knights and finds a message from Count Dooku giving orders to destroy the Jedi Temple on Ilum. In the animated series' final episode, Yoda fights side by side with Mace Windu to defend Coruscant, which is under attack from the Separatists. The two Jedi Masters realize too late that the battle is a distraction; Separatist leader General Grievous truly intends to kidnap Palpatine. The Jedi Master's effort to stop Grievous fails, and Palpatine is taken hostage, thus setting the stage for Revenge of the Sith.

text: Comics

text: Yoda acts as a supporting character in Dark Horse Comics' Clone Wars tie-in comic books. He is also an important character in several novels set in the Star Wars universe, particularly Yoda: Dark Rendezvous.

text: In popular culture

text: In 2007, Yoda was selected by Empire magazine as the "25th greatest movie character of all time".[30] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania.com ranked Yoda at number 60.[31]

text: Yoda also appears in Disney's Star Tours: The Adventures Continue attraction, where he is voiced by his original voice actor, Frank Oz.[32]

text: A life-size statue of Yoda greets visitors to Lucasfilm's Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco's Presidio, the headquarters of Industrial Light and Magic.

text: American musician and parody artist "Weird Al" Yankovic used the character as inspiration for a parody of The Kinks' "Lola", in a song entitled "Yoda."

text: A Queen Mary University of London linguist claims Yoda's language resembles Hawaiian the most.[33]

text: Merchandising

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (December 2009)

text: TomTom has included a "Yoda" voice as one of the Celebrity GPS voicings in their "Star Wars" voice series.[34]

text: Lego

text: Lego's Yoda minifigure was the first of their figures to be shorter than the other toys in the Lego Star Wars line; it has shorter legs than the other action figures.[35] Yoda appears in a television series based on the Lego Star Wars toys, created by the Lego company, among them Lego Star Wars: The Yoda Chronicles, Lego Star Wars: The Padawan Menace, Star Wars: The New Yoda Chronicles, and Lego Star Wars: Droid Tales.


document_title: Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi

question_text: tumhi ho bandhu sakha tumhi cast real name

root

text: Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi

text:
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tag: table

text:
Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi

Genre
Family Drama

Created by
Shashi Mittal
Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal

Directed by
Vikram Ghai

Starring
Neil Bhatt
Kabir K
Sreejita De
Chandni Bhagwanani
Vineet Raina
Dimple Jhangiani
Ravjeet Singh

Country of origin
India

Original language(s)
Hindi

No. of seasons
1

No. of episodes
128

Production

Producer(s)
Shashi Mittal
Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal

Location(s)
Agra
Mumbai

Camera setup
Multi-camera

Production company(s)
Shashi Sumeet Productions

Release

Original network
Zee TV

Picture format
576i (SDTV)
1080i (HDTV)

Original release
11 May (2015-05-11) – 30 October 2015 (2015-10-30)

External links

Website
www.zeetv.com/shows/tumhi-ho-bandhu-sakha-tumhi/

text: Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi is an Indian television series, which premiered on 11 May 2015 on Zee TV. Neil Bhatt, Kabir K, Sreejita De and Chandini bhagwanani are in lead roles. The show is set in Agra.

tag: p

text: Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi is a tale of a family of five brothers and three sisters.[1]

text: The show began with the working title Pethawala before being named Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi.[2] The show ended due to low trp ratings.

text: From 17 July 2016, it was rerun on Zee Anmol as Choti Bahu - Parivar ki Jeevan Rekha. The show there ended on 11 November 2016.

text: Plot[edit]

text: The story revolves around the Pethewala family. Bhushan (Neil Bhatt), the second son of the family is in love with Shreya (Sreejita De). Before he can tell his family, they pretend to have fixed his marriage elsewhere but the girl turns out to be Shreya. The lovers are happily married.

text: Ajay is the youngest son of the Pethewala family. His best friend Ajju is in love with Sanjana. Ajju gets a job in USA and he and Sanjana decide to marry in the court given Sanjana's father's objections. Being just under 21 years of age, Ajju cannot get married. To stop Sanjana's father from getting her married forcibly to someone else, Ajju requests Ajay to marry her till he returns from the US.

text: Ajay marries Sanjana. Unknown to their families is that their marriage is a contract for a few months. The Pethewala family takes time to accept Sanjana. Meanwhile, Shreya, after getting brain washed by her mother, wants to divide the house and gain control over it. Sanjana comes to know of Shreya's true colours and tries to expose her. But Shreya exposes the truth behind Ajay's marriage. This creates huge problems in the family and Sanjana is thrown out of the house. Trilokchand asks Ajay to go for a divorce. But Sanjana's father, who has aldready accepted the marriage makes her realise her love for Ajay. Ajay likes Sanjana but hides his feelings as he does not want to hurt Ajju. Sanjana tries to win Ajay's love. Meanwhile, Dadi comes to know Shreya's true face. She brings back Sanjana to the house as a negative person. Sanjana tortures the family so the torn apart family will come together to fight against her. She finally succeeds in exposing Shreya who is thrown out by Bhushan.

text: Shreya tries to commit suicide by jumping off from the cliff. Bhushan saves her but she loses her vision and becomes blind. Shreya regrets her mistakes and asks forgiveness from the family. Everyone forgives her except Bhushan. At the same time Ajju returns from USA. Ajju comes to know of Sanjana's love for Ajay. He tries to drag her out of the house but Ajay stops him and confesses his love for her. This creates a huge fight between the friends. Ajju tries to rape Sanjana, when Ajay's sister Mishri saves her by hitting Ajju on his head with a vase. Ajju dies and Mishri gets scared. Ajay and Sanjana hide Ajju's body. The cops come by and tell Trilokchand that they've discovered Ajju's body and that the entire Pethewala family are suspects in the murder, but Ajay and Sanjana are the main suspects. In college, Mishri notices that she is being followed. It is actually Ajju in disguise. Ajju's sister Shaina, Ajju and even Shreya try and manipulate Mishri into thinking she's going mad but Ajay and Sanjana protect her. In the meantime, Shreya has faked a pregnancy to stay in the family but Bhushan suspects her and finds out her lies. Ajay and Mishri catch another man, Anuj, who claims to have fallen in love with Mishri at first sight. Anuj's family asks for Mishri's hand in marriage. On the day of the wedding, Sanjana is arrested for Ajju's murder. Sanjana confesses and the only way Ajay can save her is to get married to Shaina. Finally bhushan enters and exposes all the villians and made Sanjana and Ajay Married. Shreya ,Ajay and shaina are arrested. sanjana requests bhushan to brought back Shreya and Bhushan agrees. shreya gets happy to learn that Sanjana forgives her. The story ends with whole family dancing.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chandni Bhagwanani as Sanjana Ajay Pethewala
Sreejita De as Shreya Bhushan Pethewala
Kabeer K as Ajay Pethewala
Neil Bhatt as Bhushan Trilokchand Pethewala
Dimple Jhangiani as Avni Pethawala
Lavina Tandon as Shaina
Madhu Malti Kapoor as Dadi
Tushar Dalvi as Trilokchand Pethawala
Aishwarya Narkar as Elaichi Trilokchand Pethawala
Vineet Raina as Amar Pethawala
Aalika Sheikh as Vinati Amar Pethawala
Rehaan Khan as Samar Amar Pethawala
Mahesh Tanwar as Utpal Trilokchand Pethawala
Ravjeet Singh as Aayush Pethawala
Neha Dangal as Mishri Trilokchand Pethawala
Neeraj Goswani as Ajju

tag: ul


document_title: Woody Woodpecker (2017 film)

question_text: where did they film woody the woodpecker movie

text: Woody Woodpecker (2017 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the Pine Grove forest in Washington state, Woody Woodpecker toys with two taxidermist poachers, brothers Nate and Ottis Grimes, and eventually cause them to tranquilize each other. In Seattle, Lance Walters, a real estate lawyer, gets fired after a video of him claiming wildlife conservation is unprofitable goes viral. He tells his girlfriend Vanessa that he intends to build an investment home on a large piece of property located near the Canadian border, left to him by his grandfather. Meanwhile, Lance's ex-wife Linda leaves their son Tommy with him and Vanessa, since she needs to visit her hospitalized father in Philadelphia.

text: At the Pine Grove forest, Lance, Tommy and Vanessa meet park ranger Samantha Bartlett. As Lance and Vanessa unpack, Tommy goes into the forest for a walk. There, he discovers and befriends Woody after he gives him peanut butter crackers. Woody visits the family at lunchtime and eats almost all of the food. Lance tries to shoo Woody away, but he accidentally wrecks the table and hits Vanessa in the face with a brush. The next morning, construction on the investment home begins, prompting an agitated Woody to cause chaos at the site. Later, in a nearby town, Tommy befriends a young musician named Jill, who persuades him to join her band in the annual Firefly Festival. Tommy is then saved from two bullies by Woody.

text: As days pass, Lance grows more agitated because of Woody's constant interference with his project, and he goes to meet Samantha at the ranger station. She reveals that the woodpecker is an endangered species known as a red-crowned pileated woodpecker, which Native Americans saw as a god of mischief and chaos. Lance continues with his work, but Vanessa leaves him after Woody blows up their RV with her inside as a prank. Samantha eventually advises Lance to get along with Woody. Lance reluctantly attempts to surrender to Woody by giving him crackers, but Woody agrees to let him and the workers continue with their construction, as long as he is given crackers every day. Eventually, the investment home is completed despite excessive payment and extended scheduling.

text: At the town's Firefly Festival, Tommy and Jill's drummer Lyle comes down with indigestion, prompting Woody to take over using a homemade drum kit. The performance is a hit, and Lance is surprised to hear that Woody gave Tommy some friendly support. Realizing that having humans around again isn't a bad idea, Woody heads back to the investment home and carves a mural above the fireplace. However, as he signs his name into the carving, he accidentally burns the house down after hitting exposed wiring. Ashamed of his mistake, he flies back to his tree. Infuriated by this, Lance hires Nate and Ottis to hunt Woody down. The brothers find him and tase him unconscious. As they leave, Tommy reprimands his father and runs away. He then forms a plan to rescue Woody and heads to Grimes' shack with Jill and Lyle, as the brothers try to sell Woody at an online black market auction.

text: Lance finds the mural that Woody had created. Having a change of heart, he enlists Samantha's help and they set out to find both Tommy and Woody. However, everyone is captured by the brothers. As Nate grabs a tranquilizer, Lance tilts his cage towards Woody's so he can free him. After beating the brothers, Woody chases them as they attempt to flee to Canada. He carves a hole in the middle of a bridge, and the brothers fall into the river below, where they are later arrested. Later, Lance apologizes to Woody for not knowing that the house fire was an accident, and therefore replaces Woody's cut-down tree with a birdhouse. Woody accepts both the gift and the group to be called his new family, much to their generosity. That night, as Lance and Tommy fall asleep in a tent, Woody carves the words "Home Sweet Home" into the new birdhouse, only to accidentally make it topple onto the tent.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eric Bauza as the voice of Woody Woodpecker, a mischievous rare pileated woodpecker.
Timothy Omundson as Lance Walters, a Seattle lawyer, Tommy's dad and Linda's ex-husband.
Thaila Ayala as Vanessa, Lance's girlfriend.
Graham Verchere as Tommy Walters, Lance's son. He befriends Woody whenever he visits him.
Jordana Largy as Samantha Bartlett,[5] a park ranger at Pine Grove National Park.
Scott McNeil as Nate Grimes, an evil poacher who plans to sell Woody on the black market. He serves as the main antagonist of the film.
Adrian Glynn McMorran as Ottis Grimes, a dimwitted poacher who is Nate's partner and younger brother.
Chelsea Miller as Jill Ferguson, a musician who becomes Tommy's friend.
Emily Holmes as Linda Walters, Tommy's mom and Lance's ex-wife.
Jakob Davies as Lyle, a drummer who becomes Tommy's friend.

text: Production[edit]

text: In the early 2010s, Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment planned a Woody Woodpecker feature film. John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky (King of the Hill) were in talks to develop a story,[6] but in July 2013, Illumination canceled the project.[7] In October 2013, Bill Kopp announced that Universal Pictures had hired him to direct an animated feature film with three interwoven stories.[8] On July 13, 2016, Cartoon Brew reported that Universal 1440 Entertainment was filming a live-action/CG hybrid film based on Woody Woodpecker in Canada. Filming began in June 2016, and ended later in July of that year.

text: In December 2016, a teaser trailer for the film was leaked by Universal Pictures Brasil with the Brazilian Portuguese dub.[9] A trailer for the original English version premiered in the US on December 13, 2017.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received an approval rating of 20% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on five reviews.[10] Common Sense Media rated the film a 1 out of 5 stars, stating "Inanely cruel villains, an unoriginal story, ham-handed performances, and reliance on farts and burps are the low lights of this awkward effort to bring back a less-than-engaging cartoon bird."[11]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of February 22, 2018, Woody Woodpecker has grossed $13.4 million. It debuted at $1.5 million, finishing second at the Brazilian box office behind Blade Runner 2049. The movie increased by +45.4% in its second weekend, moving to first place to $2.1 million.


document_title: District Courts of India

question_text: who presides over the highest criminal court in a district

text: District Courts of India

text: Composition of district courts[edit]

text: The highest court in each district is that of the District and Sessions Judge. This is the principal court of original civil jurisdiction besides the High Court of the State and which derives its jurisdiction in civil matters primarily from the code of civil procedure. The district court is also a court of Sessions when it exercises its jurisdiction on criminal matters under the Code of Criminal procedure. The district court is presided over by one District Judge appointed by the state Governor with on the advice of state chief justice In addition to the district judge there may be a number of Additional District Judges and Assistant District Judges depending on the workload. The Additional District Judge and the court presided have equivalent jurisdiction as the District Judge and his district court.[1]

text: However, the district judge has supervisory control over Additional and Assistant District Judges, including decisions on the allocation of work among them. The District and Sessions judge is often referred to as "district judge" when he presides over civil matters and "sessions judge" when he presides over criminal matters.[2] Being the highest judge at district level, the District Judge also enjoys the power to manage the state funds allocated for the development of judiciary in the district.

text: The district judge is also called "metropolitan session judge" when he is presiding over a district court in a city which is designated "metropolitan area" by the state . Other courts subordinated to district court in the metropolitan area are also referred to with "metropolitan" prefixed to the usual designation. An area is designated a metropolitan area by the concerned state Government if population of the area exceeds one million or more than that.[3]

text: Appointment and removal[edit]

text: The judges of subordinate courts are appointed by the Governor in consultation with the chief justice of the High Court of the concerned State. A minimum of seven years of practise as a lawyer at bar is a necessary qualification for direct entry level to become a District Judge upon a written examination and oral interview by a committee of High court judges, the appointment of district judges is notified by the state Government. This is referred to as direct recruitment. District judges are also appointed by way of elevation of judges from courts subordinate to district courts provided they fulfill the minimum years of service but unfortunately the entry level district judge exams have caused the judges on the lower rungs of the Judiciary to become lax as their chances of filling up posts for the work they had done may never fructify to promotions because of posts later being filled up by lawyers directly becoming district judges.

text: The next level of ascendancy for a district judge who served sufficient number of years is the post of High court judge. High court Judges are usually appointed from a pool of advocates practicing at the Bar of the High court and District Judges who served for sufficient number of years. This has also caused District Judges to wane in their efficiency as they have come to realize that elevation of lawyers directly to High Court Judges dampens their process of being awarded with promotions for the work they've put in over many years of service.

text: A district judge or Additional judge may be removed from his office by the governor on conformation from the high court collegiam.

text: Jurisdiction[edit]

text: The District Court or Additional District court exercises jurisdiction both on original side and appellate side in civil and criminal matters arising in the District. The territorial and pecuniary jurisdiction in civil matters is usually set in concerned state enactments on the subject of civil courts. On the criminal side, jurisdiction is exclusively derived from the criminal procedure code. As per this code the maximum sentence a Sessions Judge of district court may award to a convict is capital punishment.

text: The district court has appellate jurisdiction over all subordinate courts situated in the district on both civil and criminal matters. Subordinate courts, on the civil side (in ascending order) are, Junior Civil Judge (JCJ) Court,[4] Principal Junior Civil Judge Court, Senior Civil Judge Court (also called sub-court). Subordinate courts, on the criminal side (in ascending order) are, Second Class Judicial Magistrate Court, First Class Judicial Magistrate Court, Chief Judicial Magistrate Court.

text: Certain matters on criminal side or civil side cannot be tried by a lesser court than a district court. This gives the District Court original jurisdiction in such matters.

text: Appeals from the district courts lie to the High Court of the concerned state.


document_title: Aftermath of World War II

question_text: what was an economic effect of world war ii

question_tokens: what was an economic effect of world war ii

text: Aftermath of World War II

text: Immediate effects[edit]

text: At the end of the war, millions of people were dead and millions homeless, the European economy had collapsed, and much of the European industrial infrastructure had been destroyed. The Soviet Union, too, had been heavily affected. In response, in 1947, U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall devised the "European Recovery Program", which became known as the Marshall Plan. Under the plan, during 1948–1952 the United States government allocated US$13 billion (US$139 billion in 2016 dollars) for the reconstruction of Western Europe.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: By the end of the war, the economy of the United Kingdom was one of severe privation. More than a quarter of its national wealth had been consumed. Until the introduction in 1941 of Lend-Lease aid from the US, the UK had been spending its assets to purchase American equipment including aircraft and ships—over £437 million on aircraft alone. Lend-lease came just before its reserves were exhausted. Britain had placed 55% of its total labor force into war production.

text: In spring 1945, the Labour Party withdrew from the wartime coalition government, in an effort to oust Winston Churchill, forcing a general election. Following a landslide victory, Labour held more than 60% of the seats in the House of Commons and formed a new government on 26 July 1945 under Clement Attlee.

text: Britain's war debt was described by some in the American administration as a "millstone round the neck of the British economy". Although there were suggestions for an international conference to tackle the issue, in August 1945 the U.S. announced unexpectedly that the Lend-Lease programme was to end immediately.

text: The abrupt withdrawal of American Lend Lease support to Britain on 2 September 1945 dealt a severe blow to the plans of the new government. It was only with the completion of the Anglo-American loan by the United States to Great Britain on 15 July 1946 that some measure of economic stability was restored. However, the loan was made primarily to support British overseas expenditure in the immediate post-war years and not to implement the Labour government's policies for domestic welfare reforms and the nationalisation of key industries. Although the loan was agreed on reasonable terms, its conditions included what proved to be damaging fiscal conditions for Sterling. From 1946-1948, the UK introduced bread rationing which it never did during the war.[1][2][3][4]

text: Soviet Union[edit]

text: The Soviet Union suffered enormous losses in the war against Germany. The Soviet population decreased by about 27 million during the war; of these, 8.7 million were combat deaths. The 19 million non-combat deaths had a variety of causes: starvation in the siege of Leningrad; conditions in German prisons and concentration camps; mass shootings of civilians; harsh labour in German industry; famine and disease; conditions in Soviet camps; and service in German or German-controlled military units fighting the Soviet Union.[5] The population would not return to its pre-war level for 30 years.[6]

text: Soviet ex-POWs and civilians repatriated from abroad were suspected of having been Nazi collaborators, and 226,127 of them were sent to forced labour camps after scrutiny by Soviet intelligence, NKVD. Many ex-POWs and young civilians were also conscripted to serve in the Red Army. Others worked in labour battalions to rebuild infrastructure destroyed during the war.[7][8]

text: The economy had been devastated. Roughly a quarter of the Soviet Union's capital resources were destroyed, and industrial and agricultural output in 1945 fell far short of pre-war levels. To help rebuild the country, the Soviet government obtained limited credits from Britain and Sweden; it refused assistance offered by the United States under the Marshall Plan. Instead, the Soviet Union compelled Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe to supply machinery and raw materials. Germany and former Nazi satellites made reparations to the Soviet Union. The reconstruction programme emphasised heavy industry to the detriment of agriculture and consumer goods. By 1953, steel production was twice its 1940 level, but the production of many consumer goods and foodstuffs was lower than it had been in the late 1920s.[9]

text: The immediate post-war period in Europe was dominated by the Soviet Union annexing, or converting into Soviet Socialist Republics,[10][11][12] all the countries captured by the Red Army driving the German invaders out of central and eastern Europe. New Soviet satellite states rose in Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary,[13] Czechoslovakia,[14] Romania,[15][16] Albania,[17] and East Germany; the last of these was created from the Soviet zone of occupation in Germany.[18] Yugoslavia emerged as an independent Communist state allied but not aligned with the Soviet Union, owing to the independent nature of the military victory of the Partisans of Josip Broz Tito during World War II in Yugoslavia. The Allies established the Far Eastern Commission and Allied Council for Japan to administer their occupation of that country while the establishment Allied Control Council, administered occupied Germany. In accordance with the Potsdam Conference agreements, the Soviet Union occupied and subsequently annexed the strategic island of Sakhalin.

text: Germany[edit]

text: In the west, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France. The Sudetenland reverted to Czechoslovakia following the European Advisory Commission's decision to delimit German territory to be the territory it held on 31 December 1937. Close to one quarter of pre-war (1937) Germany was de facto annexed by the Allies; roughly 10 million Germans were either expelled from this territory or not permitted to return to it if they had fled during the war. The remainder of Germany was partitioned into four zones of occupation, coordinated by the Allied Control Council. The Saar was detached and put in economic union with France in 1947. In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was created out of the Western zones. The Soviet zone became the German Democratic Republic.

text: Germany paid reparations to the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union, mainly in the form of dismantled factories, forced labour, and coal. German standard of living was to be reduced to its 1932 level.[19] Beginning immediately after the German surrender and continuing for the next two years, the US and Britain pursued an "intellectual reparations" programme to harvest all technological and scientific know-how as well as all patents in Germany. The value of these amounted to around US$10 billion[20] (US$123 billion in 2016 dollars). In accordance with the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947, reparations were also assessed from the countries of Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland.

text: US policy in post-war Germany from April 1945 until July 1947 had been that no help should be given to the Germans in rebuilding their nation, save for the minimum required to mitigate starvation. The Allies' immediate post-war "industrial disarmament" plan for Germany had been to destroy Germany's capability to wage war by complete or partial de-industrialization. The first industrial plan for Germany, signed in 1946, required the destruction of 1,500 manufacturing plants to lower German heavy industry output to roughly 50% of its 1938 level. Dismantling of West German industry ended in 1951. By 1950, equipment had been removed from 706 manufacturing plants, and steel production capacity had been reduced by 6.7 million tons.[21] After lobbying by the Joint Chiefs of Staff and Generals Lucius D. Clay and George Marshall, the Truman administration accepted that economic recovery in Europe could not go forward without the reconstruction of the German industrial base on which it had previously been dependent.[22] In July 1947, President Truman rescinded on "national security grounds"[23] the directive that had ordered the US occupation forces to "take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany." A new directive recognised that "[a]n orderly, prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany."[24] From mid-1946 onwards Germany received US government aid through the GARIOA programme. From 1948 onwards West Germany also became a minor beneficiary of the Marshall Plan. Volunteer organisations had initially been forbidden to send food, but in early 1946 the Council of Relief Agencies Licensed to Operate in Germany was founded. The prohibition against sending CARE Packages to individuals in Germany was rescinded on 5 June 1946,

text: After the German surrender, the International Red Cross was prohibited from providing aid such as food or visiting POW camps for Germans inside Germany. However, after making approaches to the Allies in the autumn of 1945 it was allowed to investigate the camps in the UK and French occupation zones of Germany, as well as to provide relief to the prisoners held there. On 4 February 1946, the Red Cross was permitted to visit and assist prisoners also in the U.S. occupation zone of Germany, although only with very small quantities of food. The Red Cross petitioned successfully for improvements to be made in the living conditions of German POWs.[25]

text: Italy[edit]

text: The 1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy spelled the end of the Italian colonial empire, along with other border revisions. The 1947 Paris Peace Treaties compelled Italy to pay $360 million (US dollars at 1938 prices) in war reparations: $125 million to Yugoslavia, $105 million to Greece, $100 million to the Soviet Union, $25 million to Ethiopia and $5 million to Albania. In the 1946 Italian constitutional referendum the Italian monarchy was abolished, having been associated with the deprivations of the war and the Fascist rule, especially in the North.

text: Unlike in Germany and Japan, no war crimes tribunals were held against Italian military and political leaders, though the Italian resistance summarily executed some of them (such as Mussolini) at the end of the war; the Togliatti amnesty, taking its name from the Communist Party secretary at the time, pardoned all wartime common and political crimes in 1946.

text: Austria[edit]

text: The Federal State of Austria had been annexed by Germany in 1938 (Anschluss, this union was banned by the Treaty of Versailles). Austria (called Ostmark by the Germans) was separated from Germany and divided into four zones of occupation. With the Austrian State Treaty, these zones reunited in 1955 to become the Republic of Austria.

text: Japan[edit]

text: After the war, the Allies rescinded Japanese pre-war annexations such as Manchuria, and Korea became independent. The Philippines and Guam were returned to the United States. Burma, Malaya and Singapore were returned to Britain and French Indo-China back to France. The Dutch East Indies was to be handed back to the Dutch, but was resisted leading to the Indonesian war for independence. At the Yalta Conference, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt had secretly traded the Japanese Kurils and south Sakhalin to the Soviet Union in return for Soviet entry in the war with Japan.[26] The Soviet Union annexed the Kuril Islands, provoking the Kuril Islands dispute, which is ongoing, as Russia continues to occupy the islands.

text: Hundreds of thousands of Japanese were forced to relocate to the Japanese main islands. Okinawa became a main US staging point. The US covered large areas of it with military bases and continued to occupy it until 1972, years after the end of the occupation of the main islands. The bases still remain. To skirt the Geneva Convention, the Allies classified many Japanese soldiers as Japanese Surrendered Personnel instead of POWs and used them as forced labour until 1947. The UK, France, and the Netherlands conscripted some Japanese troops to fight colonial resistances elsewhere in Asia. General Douglas MacArthur established the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. The Allies collected reparations from Japan.

text: To further remove Japan as a potential future military threat, the Far Eastern Commission decided to de-industrialise Japan, with the goal of reducing Japanese standard of living to what prevailed between 1930 and 1934.[27][28] In the end, the de-industrialisation programme in Japan was implemented to a lesser degree than the one in Germany.[27] Japan received emergency aid from GARIOA, as did Germany. In early 1946, the Licensed Agencies for Relief in Asia were formed and permitted to supply Japanese with food and clothes. In April 1948 the Johnston Committee Report recommended that the economy of Japan should be reconstructed due to the high cost to US taxpayers of continuous emergency aid.

text: Survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, known as hibakusha (被爆者), were ostracized by Japanese society. Japan provided no special assistance to these people until 1952.[29] By the 65th anniversary of the bombings, total casualties from the initial attack and later deaths reached about 270,000 in Hiroshima[30] and 150,000 in Nagasaki.[31] About 230,000 hibakusha were still alive as of 2010[update],[30] and about 2,200 were suffering from radiation-caused illnesses as of 2007[update].[32]

text: Finland[edit]

text: In the Winter War of 1939–1940, the Soviet Union invaded neutral Finland and annexed some of its territory. From 1941 until 1944, Finland aligned itself with Nazi Germany in a failed effort to regain lost territories from the Soviets. Finland retained its independence following the war but remained subject to Soviet-imposed constraints in its domestic affairs.

text: The Baltic states[edit]

text: In 1940 the Soviet Union invaded and annexed the neutral Baltic states, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. In June 1941, the Soviet governments of the Baltic states carried out mass deportations of "enemies of the people"; as a result, many treated the invading Nazis as liberators when they invaded only a week later.

text: The Atlantic Charter promised self-determination to peoples deprived of it during the war. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, argued for a weaker interpretation of the Charter to permit the Soviet Union to continue to control the Baltic states.[33] In March 1944 the U.S. accepted Churchill's view that the Atlantic Charter did not apply to the Baltic states.[34]

text: With the return of Soviet troops at the end of the war, the Forest Brothers mounted a guerrilla war. This continued until the mid-1950s.

text: Population displacement[edit]

text: As a result of the new borders drawn by the victorious nations, large populations suddenly found themselves in hostile territory. The Soviet Union took over areas formerly controlled by Germany, Finland, Poland, and Japan. Poland lost the Kresy region (about half of its pre-War territory) and received most of Germany east of the Oder-Neisse line, including the industrial regions of Silesia. The German state of the Saar was temporarily a protectorate of France, but later returned to German administration. As set forth at Potsdam, approximately 12 million people were expelled from Germany, including seven million from Germany proper, and three million from the Sudetenland.

text: During the war, the United States government interned approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese who lived along the Pacific coast of the United States in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.[35][36] Canada interned approximately 22,000 Japanese Canadians, 14,000 of whom were born in Canada. After the war, some internees chose to return to Japan, while most remained in North America.

text: Poland[edit]

text: The Soviet Union expelled at least 2 million Poles from east of the new border approximating the Curzon Line. This estimate is uncertain as both the Polish Communist government and the Soviet government did not keep track of the number of expelled. The number of Polish citizens inhabiting Polish borderlands (Kresy region) was about 13 million before World War II broke out according to official Polish statistics. Polish citizens killed in the war that originated from the Polish borderlands territory (killed by both German Nazi regime and the Soviet regime or expelled to distant parts of Siberia) were accounted as Russian, Ukrainian or Belorussian casualties of war in official Soviet historiography. This fact imposes additional difficulties in making the correct estimation of the number of Polish citizens forcibly transferred after the war.[37] The border change also reversed the results of the 1919-1920 Polish-Soviet War. Former Polish cities such as Lwów came under control of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. Additionally, the Soviet Union transferred more than two million people within their own borders; these included Germans, Finns, Crimean Tatars, and Chechens.

text: Rape during occupation[edit]

text: This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (November 2010)

text: In Europe[edit]

text: As Soviet troops marched across the Balkans, they committed rapes and robberies in Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.[38] The population of Bulgaria was largely spared this treatment, due possibly to a sense of ethnic kinship or to the leadership of Marshal Fyodor Tolbukhin.[38] The population of Germany was treated significantly worse.[39] Rape and murder of German civilians was as bad as, and sometimes worse than, Nazi propaganda had anticipated.[40][41] Political officers encouraged Soviet troops to seek revenge and terrorise the German population.[42] On "the basis of Hochrechnungen (projections or estimations)", "1.9 million German women altogether were raped at the end of the war by Red Army soldiers."[43][44][45] About one-third of all German women in Berlin were raped by Soviet forces.[43] A substantial minority was raped multiple times.[45][46] In Berlin, contemporary hospital records indicate between 95,000 and 130,000 women were raped by Soviet troops.[45] About 10,000 of these women died, mostly by suicide.[43][45] Over 4.5 million Germans fled towards the West.[47] The Soviets initially had no rules against their troops "fraternising" with German women, but by 1947 they started to isolate their troops from the German population in an attempt to stop rape and robbery by the troops.[48] Not all Soviet soldiers participated in these activities.[49]

text: Foreign reports of Soviet brutality were denounced as false.[50] Rape, robbery, and murder were blamed on German bandits impersonating Soviet soldiers.[51] Some justified Soviet brutality towards German civilians based on previous brutality of German troops toward Russian civilians.[52] Until the reunification of Germany, East German histories virtually ignored the actions of Soviet troops, and Russian histories still tend to do so.[53] Reports of mass rapes by Soviet troops were often dismissed as anti-Communist propaganda or the normal byproduct of war.[43]

text: Rapes also occurred under other occupation forces, though the majority were committed by Soviet troops.[46] French Moroccan troops matched the behaviour of Soviet troops when it came to rape, especially in the early occupations of Baden and Württemberg.[54] In a letter to the editor of TIME published in September 1945, an American army sergeant wrote, "Our own Army and the British Army along with ours have done their share of looting and raping ... This offensive attitude among our troops is not at all general, but the percentage is large enough to have given our Army a pretty black name, and we too are considered an army of rapists."[55] Robert Lilly’s analysis of military records led him to conclude about 14,000 rapes occurred in Britain, France, and Germany at the hands of US soldiers between 1942 and 1945.[56] Lilly assumed that only 5% of rapes by American soldiers were reported, making 17,000 GI rapes a possibility, while analysts estimate that 50% of (ordinary peace-time) rapes are reported.[57] Supporting Lilly's lower figure is the "crucial difference" that for World War II military rapes "it was the commanding officer, not the victim, who brought charges".[57]

text: German soldiers left many war children behind in nations such as France and Denmark, which were occupied for an extended period. After the war, the children and their mothers often suffered recriminations. In Norway, the “Tyskerunger“ (German-kids) suffered greatly.[58][59]

text: In Japan[edit]

text: In the first few weeks of the American military occupation of Japan, rape and other violent crime was widespread in naval ports like Yokohama and Yokosuka, but declined shortly afterward. There were 1,336 reported rapes during the first 10 days of the occupation of Kanagawa prefecture.[60] Historian Toshiyuki Tanaka relates that in Yokohama, the capital of the prefecture, there were 119 known rapes in September 1945.[61][page needed]

text: Historians Eiji Takemae and Robert Ricketts state that "When US paratroopers landed in Sapporo, an orgy of looting, sexual violence and drunken brawling ensued. Gang rapes and other sex atrocities were not infrequent" and some of the rape victims committed suicide.[62]

text: General Robert L. Eichelberger, the commander of the U.S. Eighth Army, recorded that in the one instance when the Japanese formed a self-help vigilante guard to protect women from off-duty GIs, the Eighth Army ordered armored vehicles in battle array into the streets and arrested the leaders, and the leaders received long prison terms.[62][63]

text: According to Takemae and Ricketts, members of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF) were also involved in rapes:

text: A former prostitute recalled that as soon as Australian troops arrived in Kure in early 1946, they "dragged young women into their jeeps, took them to the mountain, and then raped them. I heard them screaming for help nearly every night'. Such behavior was commonplace, but news of criminal activity by Occupation forces was quickly suppressed.[62]

text: Rape committed by U.S. soldiers occupying Okinawa was also a notable phenomenon. Okinawan historian Oshiro Masayasu (former director of the Okinawa Prefectural Historical Archives) writes:

text: Soon after the U.S. marines landed, all the women of a village on Motobu Peninsula fell into the hands of American soldiers. At the time, there were only women, children and old people in the village, as all the young men had been mobilized for the war. Soon after landing, the marines "mopped up" the entire village, but found no signs of Japanese forces. Taking advantage of the situation, they started "hunting for women" in broad daylight and those who were hiding in the village or nearby air raid shelters were dragged out one after another.[64]

text: According to Toshiyuki Tanaka, 76 cases of rape or rape-murder were reported during the first five years of the American occupation of Okinawa. However, he claims this is probably not the true figure, as most cases were unreported.[65]

text: Post-war tensions[edit]

text: Europe[edit]

text: The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union began to deteriorate even before the war was over,[66] when Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill exchanged a heated correspondence over whether the Polish government-in-exile, backed by Roosevelt and Churchill, or the Provisional Government, backed by Stalin, should be recognised. Stalin won.[67]

text: A number of allied leaders felt that war between the United States and the Soviet Union was likely. On 19 May 1945, American Under-Secretary of State Joseph Grew went so far as to say that it was inevitable.[68][69]

text: On 5 March 1946, in his "Sinews of Peace" (Iron Curtain) speech at Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill said "a shadow" had fallen over Europe. He described Stalin as having dropped an "Iron Curtain" between East and West. Stalin responded by charging that co-existence between communist countries and the West was impossible.[70] In mid-1948 the Soviet Union imposed a blockade on the Western zone of occupation in Berlin.

text: Due to the rising tension in Europe and concerns over further Soviet expansion, American planners came up with a contingency plan code-named Operation Dropshot in 1949. It considered possible nuclear and conventional war with the Soviet Union and its allies in order to counter a Soviet takeover of Western Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia that they anticipated would begin around 1957. In response, the US would saturate the Soviet Union with atomic and high-explosive bombs, and then invade and occupy the country.[71] In later years, to reduce military expenditures while countering Soviet conventional strength, President Dwight Eisenhower would adopt a strategy of massive retaliation, relying on the threat of a US nuclear strike to prevent non-nuclear incursions by the Soviet Union in Europe and elsewhere. The approach entailed a major buildup of US nuclear forces and a corresponding reduction in America's non-nuclear ground and naval strength.[72][73] The Soviet Union viewed these developments as "atomic blackmail".[74]

text: In Greece, civil war broke out in 1946 between Anglo-American-supported royalist forces and communist-led forces, with the royalist forces emerging as the victors.[75] The US launched a massive programme of military and economic aid to Greece and to neighbouring Turkey, arising from a fear that the Soviet Union stood on the verge of breaking through the NATO defence line to the oil-rich Middle East. On 12 March 1947, to gain Congressional support for the aid, President Truman described the aid as promoting democracy in defence of the "free world", a principle that became known as the Truman Doctrine.[76]

text: The US sought to promote an economically strong and politically united Western Europe to counter the threat posed by the Soviet Union. This was done openly using tools such as the European Recovery Program, which encouraged European economic integration. The International Authority for the Ruhr, designed to keep German industry down and controlled, evolved into the European Coal and Steel Community, a founding pillar of the European Union. The United States also worked covertly to promote European integration, for example using the American Committee on United Europe to funnel funds to European federalist movements. In order to ensure that Western Europe could withstand the Soviet military threat, the Western European Union was founded in 1948 and NATO in 1949. The first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, famously stated the organisation's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down". However, without the manpower and industrial output of West Germany no conventional defence of Western Europe had any hope of succeeding. To remedy this, in 1950 the US sought to promote the European Defence Community, which would have included a rearmed West Germany. The attempt was dashed when the French Parliament rejected it. On 9 May 1955, West Germany was instead admitted to NATO; the immediate result was the creation of the Warsaw Pact five days later.

text: The Cold War also saw the creation of propaganda and espionage organisations such as Radio Free Europe, the Information Research Department, the Gehlen Organization, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Special Activities Division, and the Ministry for State Security.

text: Asia[edit]

text: In Asia, the surrender of Japanese forces was complicated by the split between East and West as well as by the movement toward national self-determination in European colonial territories.

text: China[edit]

text: As agreed at the Yalta Conference, the Soviet Union went to war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany. The Soviet forces invaded Manchuria. This was the end of the Manchukuo puppet state and all Japanese settlers were forced to leave China. The Soviet Union dismantled the industrial base in Manchuria built up by the Japanese in the preceding years. Manchuria also became a base for the Communist Chinese forces because of the Soviet presence.

text: After the war, the Kuomintang (KMT) party (led by generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek) and the Communist Chinese forces resumed their civil war, which had been temporarily suspended when they fought together against Japan. The fight against the Japanese occupiers had strengthened popular support among the Chinese for the Communist guerrilla forces while it weakened the KMT, who depleted their strength fighting a conventional war. Full-scale war between the opposing forces broke out in June 1946. Despite U.S. support to the Kuomintang, Communist forces were ultimately victorious and established the People's Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland. The KMT forces retreated to the island of Taiwan in 1949. Hostilities had largely ceased in 1950.

text: With the Communist victory in the civil war, the Soviet Union gave up its claim to military bases in China that it had been promised by the Western Allies during World War II. The defeat of the US-backed KMT led to a debate in the United States about who in the US government was responsible for this, the debate is commonly labeled "Who lost China?"

text: The outbreak of the Korean War diverted the attention of the PRC at the same time as it bolstered US support for Chiang Kai-shek, the two main factors that prevented the PRC from invading Taiwan. Intermittent military clashes occurred between the PRC and Taiwan from 1950-1979. Taiwan unilaterally declared the civil war over in 1991, but no formal peace treaty or truce exists and the PRC officially sees Taiwan as a breakaway province that rightfully belongs to it and has expressed its opposition to Taiwanese independence. Even so, tensions between the two states has decreased over time for example with the Chen-Chiang summits (2008-2011).

text: Sino-American relations (between the PRC and the US) continued to be mostly hostile up until US president Nixon visited China in 1972. From this point the relations between them have improved over time although some tension and rivalry remain even with the end of the Cold War and the PRC's distancing from the Communist ideology.

text: Korea[edit]

text: At the Yalta Conference, the Allies agreed that an undivided post-war Korea would be placed under four-power multinational trusteeship. After Japan's surrender, this agreement was modified to a joint Soviet-American occupation of Korea.[77] The agreement was that Korea would be divided and occupied by the Soviets from the north and the Americans from the south.[78]

text: Korea, formerly under Japanese rule, and which had been partially occupied by the Red Army following the Soviet Union's entry into the war against Japan, was divided at the 38th parallel on the orders of the US War Department.[77][79] A US military government in southern Korea was established in the capital city of Seoul.[80][81] The American military commander, Lt. Gen. John R. Hodge, enlisted many former Japanese administrative officials to serve in this government.[82] North of the military line, the Soviets administered the disarming and demobilisation of repatriated Korean nationalist guerrillas who had fought on the side of Chinese nationalists against the Japanese in Manchuria during World War II. Simultaneously, the Soviets enabled a build-up of heavy armaments to pro-communist forces in the north.[83] The military line became a political line in 1948, when separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel, each republic claiming to be the legitimate government of Korea. It culminated in the north invading the south, start of the Korean War two years later.

text: Malaya[edit]

text: Labour and civil unrest broke out in the British colony of Malaya in 1946. A state of emergency was declared by the colonial authorities in 1948 with the outbreak of acts of terrorism. The situation deteriorated into a full-scale anti-colonial insurgency, or Anti-British National Liberation War as the insurgents referred to it, led by the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), the military wing of the Malayan Communist Party.[84] The Malayan Emergency would endure for the next 12 years, ending in 1960. In 1967, communist leader Chin Peng reopened hostilities, culminating in a second emergency that lasted until 1989.

text: French Indochina[edit]

text: Events during World War II in the colony of French Indochina (consisting of the modern-day states of Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) set the stage for the First Indochina War which in turn led to the Vietnam War.

text: During World War II, the Vichy French aligned colonial authorities cooperated with the Japanese invaders. The communist-controlled common front Viet Minh (supported by the Allies) was formed among the Vietnamese in the colony in 1941 to fight for the independence of Vietnam, against both the Japanese and prewar French powers. After the Vietnamese Famine of 1945 support for the Viet Minh was bolstered as the front launched a rebellion, sacking rice warehouses and urging the Vietnamese to refuse to pay taxes. Because the French colonial authorities started to hold secret talks with the Free French, the Japanese interned them 9 March 1945. When Japan surrendered in August, this created a power vacuum, and the Viet Minh took power in the August Revolution, declaring the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam. However, the Allies (including the Soviet Union) all agreed that the area belonged to the French. Nationalist Chinese forces moved in from the north and British from the south (as the French were unable to do so immediately themselves) and then handed power to the French, a process completed by March 1946. Attempts to integrate the Democratic Republic of Vietnam with French rule failed and the Viet Minh launched their rebellion against the French rule starting the First Indochina War that same year (the Viet Minh organized common fronts to fight the French in Laos and Cambodia).

text: The war ended in 1954 with French withdrawal and a partition of Vietnam that was intended to be temporary until elections could be held. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam held the north while South Vietnam formed into a separate republic in control of Ngo Dinh Diem who was backed in his refusal to hold elections by the US. The communist party of the south eventually organized the common front NLF to fight to unite south and north under the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and thus began the Vietnam War, which ended with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam conquering the South in 1975.

text: Dutch East Indies[edit]

text: Japan invaded and occupied Indonesia during the war and replaced much of the Dutch colonial state. Although the top positions were held by Japanese, the internment of all Dutch citizens meant that Indonesians filled many leadership and administrative positions. Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared Indonesian independence. A four and a half-year struggle followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their colony, using a significant portion of their Marshall Plan aid to this end.[85] The Dutch were directly helped by UK forces who sought to re-establish the colonial dominions in Asia. The UK also kept 35,000 Japanese Surrendered Personnel under arms to fight the Indonesians.

text: Although Dutch forces re-occupied most of Indonesia's territory, a guerrilla struggle ensued, and the majority of Indonesians, and ultimately international opinion, favoured Indonesian independence. In December 1949, the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty.

text: Covert operations and espionage[edit]

text: British covert operations in the Baltic States, which began in 1944 against the Nazis, escalated after the war. In Operation Jungle, the Secret Intelligence Service (known as MI6) recruited and trained Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians for the clandestine work in the Baltic states between 1948 and 1955. Leaders of the operation included Alfons Rebane, Stasys Žymantas, and Rūdolfs Silarājs. The agents were transported under the cover of the "British Baltic Fishery Protection Service". They launched from British-occupied Germany, using a converted World War II E-boat captained and crewed by former members of the wartime German navy.[86] British intelligence also trained and infiltrated anti-communist agents into Russia from across the Finnish border, with orders to assassinate Soviet officials.[87] In the end, counter-intelligence supplied to the KGB by Kim Philby allowed the KGB to penetrate and ultimately gain control of MI6's entire intelligence network in the Baltic states.[88]

text: Vietnam and the Middle East would later damage the reputation gained by the US during its successes in Europe.[89]

text: The KGB believed that the Third World rather than Europe was the arena in which it could win the Cold War.[90] Moscow would in later years fuel an arms buildup in Africa. In later years, African countries used as proxies in the Cold War would often become "failed states" of their own.[89]

text: Recruitment of former enemy scientists[edit]

text: When the divisions of postwar Europe began to emerge, the war crimes programmes and denazification policies of Britain and the United States were relaxed in favour of recruiting German scientists, especially nuclear and long-range rocket scientists.[91] Many of these, prior to their capture, had worked on developing the German V-2 long-range rocket at the Baltic coast German Army Research Center Peenemünde. Western Allied occupation force officers in Germany were ordered to refuse to cooperate with the Soviets in sharing captured wartime secret weapons,[92] the recovery for which, specifically in regards to advanced German aviation technology and personnel, the British had sent the Fedden Mission into Germany to contact its aviation technology centers and key personnel, paralleled by the United States with its own Operation Lusty aviation technology personnel and knowledge recovery program.

text: In Operation Paperclip, beginning in 1945, the United States imported 1,600 German scientists and technicians, as part of the intellectual reparations owed to the US and the UK, including about $10 billion (US$123 billion in 2016 dollars) in patents and industrial processes.[93] In late 1945, three German rocket-scientist groups arrived in the U.S. for duty at Fort Bliss, Texas, and at White Sands Proving Grounds, New Mexico, as “War Department Special Employees”.[94]

text: The wartime activities of some Operation Paperclip scientists would later be investigated.[95] Arthur Rudolph left the United States in 1984, in order to not be prosecuted.[96] Similarly, Georg Rickhey, who came to the United States under Operation Paperclip in 1946, was returned to Germany to stand trial at the Mittelbau-Dora war crimes trial in 1947. Following his acquittal, he returned to the United States in 1948 and eventually became a US citizen.[97]

text: The Soviets began Operation Osoaviakhim in 1946. NKVD and Soviet army units effectively deported thousands of military-related technical specialists from the Soviet occupation zone of post-war Germany to the Soviet Union.[98] The Soviets used 92 trains to transport the specialists and their families, an estimated 10,000-15,000 people.[99] Much related equipment was also moved, the aim being to virtually transplant research and production centres, such as the relocated V-2 rocket centre at Mittelwerk Nordhausen, from Germany to the Soviet Union. Among the people moved were Helmut Gröttrup and about two hundred scientists and technicians from Mittelwerk.[100] Personnel were also taken from AEG, BMW's Stassfurt jet propulsion group, IG Farben's Leuna chemical works, Junkers, Schott AG, Siebel, Telefunken, and Carl Zeiss AG.[101]

text: The operation was commanded by NKVD deputy Colonel General Serov,[98] outside the control of the local Soviet Military Administration.[102] The major reason for the operation was the Soviet fear of being condemned for noncompliance with Allied Control Council agreements on the liquidation of German military installations.[103] Some Western observers thought Operation Osoaviakhim was a retaliation for the failure of the Socialist Unity Party in elections, though Osoaviakhim was clearly planned before that.[104]

text: Demise of the League of Nations and the founding of the United Nations[edit]

text: As a general consequence of the war and in an effort to maintain international peace,[105] the Allies formed the United Nations (UN), which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945.[106] The UN replaced the defunct League of Nations (LN) as an intergovernmental organization. The LN was formally dissolved on 20 April 1946, but had in practice ceased to function in 1939, being unable to stop the outbreak of World War II. The UN inherited some of the bodies of the LN, such as the International Labour Organization.

text: League of Nations mandates, mostly territories that had changed hands in World War I, became United Nations Trust Territories. South-West Africa, an exception, was still governed under terms of the original mandate. As the successor body to the League, the UN still assumed a supervisory role over the territory. The Free City of Danzig, a semi-autonomous city state that was partly overseen by the League, became part of Poland.

text: The UN adopted The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, "as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations." The Soviet Union abstained from voting on adoption of the declaration. The US did not ratify the social and economic rights sections.[107]

text: The five major Allied powers were given permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council. The permanent members can veto any United Nations Security Council resolution, the only UN decisions that are binding according to international law. The five powers at the time of founding were: the United States of America, the United Kingdom, France, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China. The Republic of China lost the Chinese Civil War and retreated to the island of Taiwan by 1950 but continued to be a permanent member of the Council even though the de facto state in control of mainland China was the People's Republic of China (PRC). This was changed in 1971 when the PRC was given the permanent membership previously held by the Republic of China. Russia inherited the permanent membership of the Soviet Union in 1991 after the dissolution of that state.

text: Unresolved conflicts[edit]

text: Japanese holdouts persisted on various islands in the Pacific Theatre until at least 1974. Although all hostilities are now resolved, a peace treaty has never been signed between Japan and Russia due to the Kuril Islands dispute.

text: Economic aftermath[edit]

text: By the end of the war, the European economy had collapsed with some 70% of its industrial infrastructure destroyed.[108] The property damage in the Soviet Union consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, and 31,850 industrial establishments.[109] The strength of the economic recovery following the war varied throughout the world, though in general it was quite robust, particularly in the United States.

text: In Europe, West Germany, after having continued to decline economically during the first years of the Allied occupation, later experienced a remarkable recovery, and had by the end of the 1950s doubled production from its pre-war levels.[110] Italy came out of the war in poor economic condition,[111] but by the 1950s, the Italian economy was marked by stability and high growth.[112] France rebounded quickly and enjoyed rapid economic growth and modernisation under the Monnet Plan.[113] The UK, by contrast, was in a state of economic ruin after the war[114] and continued to experience relative economic decline for decades to follow.[115]

text: The Soviet Union also experienced a rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era.[116] Japan experienced rapid economic growth, becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s.[117] China, following the conclusion of its civil war, was essentially bankrupt. By 1953, economic restoration seemed fairly successful as production had resumed pre-war levels.[118] This growth rate mostly persisted, though it was interrupted by economic experiments during the disastrous Great Leap Forward.

text: At the end of the war, the United States produced roughly half of the world's industrial output. The US, of course, had been spared industrial and civilian devastation. Further, much of its pre-war industry had been converted to wartime usage. As a result, with its industrial and civilian base in much better shape than most of the world, the US embarked on an economic expansion unseen in human history. US Gross Domestic Product increased from $228 billion in 1945 to just under $1.7 trillion in 1975. [119][120]


document_title: Bill Nye Saves the World

question_text: when does bill nye saves the world season 2 come out

text: Bill Nye Saves the World

text: Episodes

text: Season 1

text:
No.
Title
Original release date

1
"Earth Is a Hot Mess"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Nominated for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards[10]

Bill discusses climate change.

Correspondent: Karlie Kloss
Guests: Zach Braff, Desiigner
Panelists: Mark Jacobson, Richard Martin, Taryn O'Neill

2
"Tune Your Quack-o-Meter"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill debunks alternative medicine.

Correspondent: Joanna Hausmann
Guests: Steve Aoki, Prashanth Venkat
Panelists: Chris Beedie, Cara Santa Maria, Donald Schultz

3
"Machines Take Over the World"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill discusses artificial intelligence.

Correspondent: Derek Muller
Guests: Neil deGrasse Tyson (voice), Saqib Shaik, Margaret Mitchell
Panelists: Ryan Calo, Xeni Jardin, Subbarao Kambhampati

4
"More Food, Less Hype"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill discusses genetically modified organisms.

Correspondent: Derek Muller
Panelists: Robb Fraley, Fred Gould, Julie Kennye

5
"The Original Martian Invasion"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill discusses the theory of panspermia.

Correspondent: Derek Muller
Guests: Alton Brown, Rachel Bloom, Randy Couture, Hunter Pence
Panelists: Moogega Cooper Stricker, Hakeem M. Oluseyi, Wil Wheaton

6
"Do Some Shots, Save the World"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill discusses vaccinations.

Correspondent: Emily Calandrelli
Guests: Diedrich Bader, Jim O'Heir, John O'Hurley, Prashanth Venkat, George Wendt
Panelists: Lanre Falusi, Kristen Omeara, Jennifer Reich

7
"Cheat Codes for Reality"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill discusses playing games.

Correspondents: Derek Muller, Nazeem Hussain
Guests: Gus Sorola, Geoff Ramsey
Panelists: Hilarie Cash, Shawn Green, Jonna Mae

8
"This Diet Is Bananas"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill discusses diets.

Correspondent: Karlie Kloss
Guests: Martin Starr, Aubrey Anderson-Emmons, Lauren Ash, Jeff Dye, Heather McDonald, Andi Osho
Panelists: Sara Benincasa, Traci Mann, Jennifer Widerstrom

9
"The Sexual Spectrum"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Nominated for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards[10]

Bill discusses sex.

Correspondent: Derek Muller
Guests: Rachel Bloom, Todd Barry, Sandra Bernhard, Matt Lucas, Mario Cantone, Margaret Cho, Cameron Esposito, Prashanth Venkat
Panelists: Solomon Georgio, Katrina Karkazis, Jeff McCune

10
"Saving the World—with Space!"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill discusses space exploration.

Correspondent: Emily Calandrelli
Guests: Joel McHale, Diamond Stone, Roman Duponte
Panelists: Chris Lewicki, Michelle Thaller, George T. Whitesides

11
"Malarkey!"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill debunks extrasensory perception.

Correspondent: Karlie Kloss
Guests: Donald Faison
Panelists: Jamila Bey, Timothy Caulfield, Sam Reynolds

12
"Designer Babies"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill discusses designer babies.

Correspondents: Karlie Kloss, Nazeem Hussain
Guests: Tim Gunn
Panelists: Camille Hammond, Leslie Hinkson, Paul Knoepfler

13
"Earth's People Problem"
April 21, 2017 (2017-04-21)

Bill discusses human overpopulation.

Correspondents: Emily Calandrelli, Joanna Hausmann
Panelists: Nerys Benfield, Travis Rieder, Rachel Snow

text: Season 2

text:
No.
Title
Original release date

14
"The Marijuana Episode"
December 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)

Bill discusses marijuana.

Correspondents: Derek Muller
Panelists:

15
"Your Computer Is Under Attack"
December 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)

Bill discusses computer viruses, malware, and related cyber attacks.

Correspondents: Karlie Kloss
Panelists:

16
"We Suck at Sleeping"
December 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)

Bill discusses sleep.

Correspondents:
Panelists:

17
"Sex, Drugs and Superbugs"
December 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)

Bill discusses superbugs.

Correspondents:
Panelists:

18
"Extinction: Why All Our Friends Are Dying"
December 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)

Bill discusses extinction and de-extinction.

Correspondents:
Panelists:

19
"How to Travel Through Time"
December 29, 2017 (2017-12-29)

Bill discusses time travel and gravity waves.

Correspondents:
Panelists:

text: Reception

text: Bill Nye Saves the World received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics[11] and audiences.[12] The show has an aggregate rating of 63/100 based on 5 reviews from Metacritic[13] and a Rotten Tomatoes score of 75% based on 8 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10.[14] The performance segments of the show have been the focus of criticism. In particular, Rachel Bloom's performance in episode 9 has been described as "strange" and "out of place".[12] Conversely, NPR's Fresh Air said the show is "fun to watch," working well with Nye's "consistent reliance on scientific and provable facts."[15] Vox praised Nye's unapologetic talking style, though worried this may alienate some viewers.[16]


document_title: Half-pipe skiing

question_text: when did skiing halfpipe become an olympic event

text: Half-pipe skiing

text: Competitions[edit]

text: Half-pipe skiing was formally endorsed by the International Ski Federation in June 2010,[4] and was approved by the International Olympic Committee in April 2011 to be an official sport 2014 Olympic Games in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia.[5] It has been a part of the Winter Dew Tour,[6] the World Skiing Invitational,[7][8] and the inaugural 2012 Winter Youth Olympics.[9] The current world record for the highest half-pipe ski jump was set in 2015, and is held by Joffrey Pollet-Villard with 26 feet and 3 inches (8.00 metres).[1]

text: Superpipe skiing[edit]

text: Superpipe skiing is an alternate form of half-pipe skiing that utilizes a superpipe (large halfpipe used in extreme sports), instead of a half-pipe. It has been a part of the Winter X Games since 2002.[10] The 2012 Winter X Games champion was David Wise[11] with a high score of 93.00.[12]

text: Safety concerns[edit]

text: Half-pipe skiing is considered to be a dangerous sport compared to other forms of skiing.[13] In January 2012, Sarah Burke died due to injuries suffered during a training accident.[14][15] Helmets are required during competition, and there are airbags on the sides of pipes during practice runs.[15] Colorado governor Bill Owens signed a law which protected ski-resorts from injury-related lawsuits.[16]


document_title: Lies of the Heart

question_text: who is ishani in lies of the heart

question_tokens: who is ishani in lies of the heart

text: Lies of the Heart

text: Plot[edit]

text: It is the story of Urmi, a young girl who gets married to Samrat, an arrogant, male chauvinist and abusive husband. As the story progresses Urmi and Samrat have a child, Shaurya. Moving further Urmi walks out of her marriage with Samrat due to his infidelity and ends up as a successful independent woman. Later, Ishaan, who has been Urmi's friend, confidant and lawyer, falls in love with her and they get married.

text: Samrat, the abusive husband, comes back to take revenge on Urmi. In the process, Ishaan is killed while saving Samrat and later Samrat ends his life due to guilt.

text: Moving 15 years forward, Shaurya is an upright honest reporter who runs a news agency. Diya works with Shaurya in the same agency. On a work assignment Diya is raped. Hereon begins the journey of Urmi, Shaurya and Diya.

text: Over the years Urmi, with her courage, integrity and determination to fight for the right has become one of the most iconic characters on Zee TV. With this leap Urmi passes the baton she has been carrying to Shaurya. The story henceforth focuses on Shaurya and Diya and how Shaurya helps Diya, stand up for her, fights for her, supports her and eventually falls in love with her. Diya on her part fights for her rights, lives her life with her head held high and also eventually falls in love with Shaurya.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Neha Marda as Urmi Ishaan Sinha / Urmi Samrat Singh Rathore
Siddharth Arora/Vibhav Roy as Ishaan Anirudh Sinha
Mohit Malik as Samrat Singh Rathore
Parvati Sehgal as Tani  Samrat Singh Rathore
Avinash Wadhawan as Anirudh Sinha
Kamya Punjabi as Damini Anirudh Sinha
Ayesha Singh as Ratti Sinha
Shashwita Sharma as Sandhiya Sinha
Geeta Tyagi as  Shashikala  Rudra Singh Rathore
Hemant Thatte as Gaurav Devi Singh
Anjali Mukhi as  Saroj Devi Singh
Sameeksha Sood as Asha Gaurav Singh
Jayant Rawal as  Devi Singh
Mitansh Gera as Shaurya Samrat Singh Rathore / Shaurya Ishaan Sinha
Shruti Kanwar as Radha
Vikram Chatterjee as Yash Singhania
Gaurav Rana as Diwakar Rudra Singh Rathore
Vibhuti Thakur as Kanchan Diwakar Singh Rathore
Jetendra as Rudra Singh Rathore
Anupam Shyam as Garjan Singh Rathore
Amita Udgata as Gayatri Singh
Guddi Maruti as  Bua
Snigdha Srivastava as Trisha(Urmi's cousin sister)
Manisha Thakkar as Rashmi Singh Rathore / Rashmi Gaurav Singh
Mehendi Jain as Anushka Devi Singh
Aadesh Chaudhary / Harsh Vashisht as Amrit Singh Chauhan
Ragini Gakhar as  Aditi Amrit Singh Chauhan
Krishnam Sharma as Rahul
Karan Mishra as Deepak
Ayush Mehra as Ravi Darshan Tiwari
Swati Nanda  as Sanaya
Mohit Shrivastava as Prathanesh Sharma
Himani Shivpuri as Sushma Darshan Tiwari
Raju Kher as Darshan Tiwari
Keith Sequeira as James (Blackmailer)
Neetha Shetty as Kiran(Samrat's love interest)

text:
Shahab Khan as Diya's Father
Manasi Salvi as Urmi Ishaan Sinha / Urmi Samrat Singh Rathode
Kunal Karan Kapoor as Shaurya Ishaan Sinha / Shaurya Samrat Singh Rathode
Neha Sargam as Diya Shaurya Sinha / Diya Shaurya Singh Rathode
Kapil Arya as Karan
Shashank Sethi as Cheeku
Gaurav Chopra as Akash Kumar
Avinash Wadhawan as Anirudh Sinha
Kamya Punjabi as Damini Anirudh Sinha
Nalini Negi as Ishaani Ishaan Sinha
Mohit Shrivastava as Prathanesh Sharma

text: International broadcast[edit]

text: In Pakistan, it airs on Geo Kahani


document_title: Old North Church

question_text: who hung the lanterns in the old north church

text: Old North Church

text: History[edit]

text: The Old North Church was built in December, 1723, and was inspired by the works of Christopher Wren, the British architect who was responsible for rebuilding London after the Great Fire. Timothy Cutler was the founding rector after serving as third rector of Yale College from 1719 to 1722.

text: In April 1775, Paul Revere told three Boston patriots to hang two lanterns in the steeple. These men were the church sexton Robert Newman and Captain John Pulling—the two of whom historian David Hackett Fischer suggests each carried one lantern up to the steeple—as well as Thomas Bernard, who stood watch for British troops outside the church. The lanterns were displayed to send a warning to Charlestown patriots across the Charles River about the movements of the British Army. Revere and William Dawes would later deliver the same message to Lexington themselves, but this lantern method was a fast way to inform the back-up riders in Charlestown about the movements of the British; these back-up riders planned to deliver the warning message to Lexington and Concord in case Revere and Dawes were arrested on the way.

text: The lanterns were hung for just under a minute to avoid catching the eyes of the British troops occupying Boston, but this was long enough for the message to be received in Charlestown. The militia waiting across the river had been told to look for the signal lanterns, and were prepared to act as soon as they saw them.

text: The meaning of two lanterns has been memorized by countless American schoolchildren. "One if by land, and two if by sea" is from Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's poem "Paul Revere's Ride". One lantern was to notify Charlestown that the British Army would march over Boston Neck and the Great Bridge, and two were to notify them that the troops were taking boats across the Charles River to land near Phips farm (the British Army would take the "sea" route; thus, two lanterns were hung). After receiving the signal, the Charlestown Patriots sent out a rider to Lexington, but this rider did not reach his destination and his identity has disappeared from history. He was the one who might have been captured by a British patrol.

text: But the warning was delivered miles away to dozens of towns, first by Revere and Dawes on horses, and then by other men on horses and men who rang church bells and town bells, beat drums, and shot off warning guns. (The current status of the lanterns is not entirely clear; one is said to be in the hands of a private collector, another broken during a tour, and yet another is on display at the Concord Museum.)

text: U.S. bicentennial celebration[edit]

text: President Gerald Ford visited Old North Church on April 18, 1975. In his nationally televised speech, the President said, in part:

text: Let us pray here in the Old North Church tonight that those who follow 100 years or 200 years from now may look back at us and say: We were a society which combined reason with liberty and hope with freedom. May it be said above all: We kept the faith, freedom flourished, liberty lived. These are the abiding principles of our past and the greatest promise of our future.

text: Following President Ford's remarks, two lanterns were lit by Robert Newman Ruggles and Robert Newman Sheet, descendants of Robert Newman, who, as sexton of the Old North Church in 1775, lit the two lanterns which signaled the movement of British troops. The President then lit a third lantern, which hangs in a window of the church today.

text: On July 11, 1976, Queen Elizabeth II visited Boston as part of celebrations honoring the United States Bicentennial, and made reference to the aforementioned celebration events in April 1975 that followed President Ford's speech. She said: "At the Old North Church last year, your President lit a third lantern dedicated to America's third century of freedom and to renewed faith in the American ideals. May its light never be dimmed."

text: The Queen and Prince Philip attended a Sunday morning service at the Old North Church, sitting in a pew at the right front. The Rev. Robert W. Golledge led the service and later presented the Queen with a replica of a silver chalice made by Paul Revere. The Queen was shown the iconic statue of Paul Revere by Cyrus E. Dallin near the church before departing in a motorcade to attend a function at the Old State House.

text: The bells[edit]

text: Eight change ringing bells (tenor: 13 long cwt 3 qr 5 lb (1,545 lb or 701 kg) in F) at Old North Church were cast by Abel Rudhall (Rudhall of Gloucester) in Gloucester, England in 1744 and hung in 1745.[2] One bell has the inscription: "We are the first ring of bells cast for the British Empire in North America, A.R. 1744." The bells were restored in 1894 and in 1975. They are maintained and rung regularly by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Guild of Bellringers.

text: Steeple damage[edit]

text: The original steeple of the Old North Church was destroyed by the 1804 Snow hurricane. A replacement steeple, designed by Charles Bulfinch, was toppled by Hurricane Carol on August 25, 1954. The current steeple uses design elements from the original and the Bulfinch version. The church is now 174 feet (53 m) tall.[3] At its tip is the original weather vane.

text: The other "Old North"[edit]

text: Before the construction of the "Old North Church" (Christ Church, Boston), there was another church in Boston called the "Old North" (Meetinghouse). This Congregationalist meeting house was founded in North Square, across the street from what is now called "Paul Revere's house". This church was once pastored by Cotton Mather, the minister now known largely for his involvement in the Salem witch trials.

text: Crypt[edit]

text: In 2009, an archeologist began examining the estimated 1,100 bodies buried in 37 tombs in the basement.[4] The crypt was in use between 1732 and 1860, and each tomb is sealed with a wooden or slate door, with many doors covered over by plaster as ordered by the city of Boston in the 1850s.

text: Founding Rector Timothy Cutler and his wife were buried under the altar together. Other notable figures buried under the church include British Marine Major John Pitcairn, who died at the Battle of Bunker Hill and was entombed along with many other soldiers killed in this battle. So is Captain Samuel Nicholson of the USS Constitution. A behind the scenes tour run by the church takes tourists down into the crypt, as well as up to the bell-ringing chamber.

text: Today[edit]

text: Old North Church is today one of four church sites among the 16 stops on the Freedom Trail.