document_title: Penicillin

question_text: when was penicillin first introduced to the public

root

text: Penicillin

text: Medical uses[edit]

text: The term "penicillin" is often used generically to refer to benzylpenicillin (penicillin G, the original penicillin found in 1928), procaine benzylpenicillin (procaine penicillin), benzathine benzylpenicillin (benzathine penicillin), and phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V). Procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin have the same antibacterial activity as benzylpenicillin but act for a longer period of time. Phenoxymethylpenicillin is less active against gram-negative bacteria than benzylpenicillin.[6][7] Benzylpenicillin, procaine penicillin and benzathine penicillin can be given by intravenous or intramuscular injections, but phenoxymethylpenicillin can be given by mouth because of its acidic stability.[8]

tag: p

text: Susceptibility[edit]

text: While the number of penicillin-resistant bacteria is increasing, penicillin can still be used to treat a wide range of infections caused by certain susceptible bacteria, including Streptococci, Staphylococci, Clostridium, and Listeria genera. The following list illustrates minimum inhibitory concentration susceptibility data for a few medically significant bacteria:[9][10]

text:
Listeria monocytogenes: from less than or equal to 0.06 μg/ml to 0.25 μg/ml
Neisseria meningitidis: from less than or equal to 0.03 μg/ml to 0.5 μg/ml
Staphylococcus aureus: from less than or equal to 0.015 μg/ml to more than 32 μg/ml

tag: ul

text: Side effects[edit]

text: Common (≥ 1% of people) adverse drug reactions associated with use of the penicillins include diarrhoea, hypersensitivity, nausea, rash, neurotoxicity, urticaria, and superinfection (including candidiasis). Infrequent adverse effects (0.1–1% of people) include fever, vomiting, erythema, dermatitis, angioedema, seizures (especially in people with epilepsy), and pseudomembranous colitis.[11] Penicillin can also induce serum sickness or a serum sickness-like reaction in some individuals. Serum sickness is a type III hypersensitivity reaction that occurs one to three weeks after exposure to drugs including penicillin. It is not a true drug allergy, because allergies are type I hypersensitivity reactions, but repeated exposure to the offending agent can result in an anaphylactic reaction.[medical citation needed] Anaphylaxis will occur in approximately 0.01% of patients.[11]

text: Pain and inflammation at the injection site is also common for parenterally administered benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, and, to a lesser extent, procaine benzylpenicillin.[medical citation needed]

text: Mechanism of action[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Bacteria constantly remodel their peptidoglycan cell walls, simultaneously building and breaking down portions of the cell wall as they grow and divide. β-Lactam antibiotics inhibit the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in the bacterial cell wall; this is achieved through binding of the four-membered β-lactam ring of penicillin to the enzyme DD-transpeptidase. As a consequence, DD-transpeptidase cannot catalyze formation of these cross-links, and an imbalance between cell wall production and degradation develops, causing the cell to rapidly die.

text: The enzymes that hydrolyze the peptidoglycan cross-links continue to function, even while those that form such cross-links do not. This weakens the cell wall of the bacterium, and osmotic pressure becomes increasingly uncompensated—eventually causing cell death (cytolysis). In addition, the build-up of peptidoglycan precursors triggers the activation of bacterial cell wall hydrolases and autolysins, which further digest the cell wall's peptidoglycans. The small size of the penicillins increases their potency, by allowing them to penetrate the entire depth of the cell wall. This is in contrast to the glycopeptide antibiotics vancomycin and teicoplanin, which are both much larger than the penicillins.[12]

text: Gram-positive bacteria are called protoplasts when they lose their cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria do not lose their cell walls completely and are called spheroplasts after treatment with penicillin.

text: Penicillin shows a synergistic effect with aminoglycosides, since the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis allows aminoglycosides to penetrate the bacterial cell wall more easily, allowing their disruption of bacterial protein synthesis within the cell. This results in a lowered MBC for susceptible organisms.[13]

text: Penicillins, like other β-lactam antibiotics, block not only the division of bacteria, including cyanobacteria, but also the division of cyanelles, the photosynthetic organelles of the glaucophytes, and the division of chloroplasts of bryophytes. In contrast, they have no effect on the plastids of the highly developed vascular plants. This supports the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of plastid division in land plants.[14]

text: The chemical structure of penicillin is triggered with a very precise, pH-dependent directed mechanism, effected by a unique spatial assembly of molecular components, which can activate by protonation. It can travel through bodily fluids, targeting and inactivating enzymes responsible for cell-wall synthesis in gram-positive bacteria, meanwhile avoiding the surrounding non-targets. Penicillin can protect itself from spontaneous hydrolysis in the body in its anionic form, while storing its potential as a strong acylating agent, activated only upon approach to the target transpeptidase enzyme and protonated in the active centre. This targeted protonation neutralizes the carboxylic acid moiety, which is weakening of the β-lactam ring N–C(=O) bond, resulting in a self-activation. Specific structural requirements are equated to constructing the perfect mouse trap for catching targeted prey.[15]

text: Structure[edit]

text: The term "penam" is used to describe the common core skeleton of a member of the penicillins. This core has the molecular formula R-C9H11N2O4S, where R is the variable side chain that differentiates the penicillins from one another. The penam core has a molar mass of 243 g/mol, with larger penicillins having molar mass near 450—for example, cloxacillin has a molar mass of 436 g/mol. The key structural feature of the penicillins is the four-membered β-lactam ring; this structural moiety is essential for penicillin's antibacterial activity. The β-lactam ring is itself fused to a five-membered thiazolidine ring. The fusion of these two rings causes the β-lactam ring to be more reactive than monocyclic β-lactams because the two fused rings distort the β-lactam amide bond and therefore remove the resonance stabilisation normally found in these chemical bonds.[16]

text: History[edit]

text: Discovery[edit]

text: Starting in the late 19th century there had been many accounts by scientists and physicians on the antibacterial properties of the different types of moulds including the mould penicillium but they were unable to discern what process was causing the effect.[17] The effects of penicillium mould would finally be isolated in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, in work that seems to have been independent of those earlier observations.[18] Fleming recounted that the date of his discovery of penicillin was on the morning of Friday 28 September 1928.[19] The traditional version of this story describes the discovery as a serendipitous accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St Mary's Hospital in London (now part of Imperial College), Fleming noticed a Petri dish containing Staphylococcus that had been mistakenly left open was contaminated by blue-green mould from an open window, which formed a visible growth.[20] There was a halo of inhibited bacterial growth around the mould. Fleming concluded that the mould released a substance that repressed the growth and caused lysing of the bacteria.[21]

text: Once Fleming made his discovery he grew a pure culture and discovered it was a Penicillium mould, now known as Penicillium chrysogenum. Fleming coined the term "penicillin" to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of the Penicillium mould. Fleming asked C. J. La Touche to help identify the mould, which he incorrectly identified as Penicillium rubrum (later corrected by Charles Thom). He expressed initial optimism that penicillin would be a useful disinfectant, because of its high potency and minimal toxicity in comparison to antiseptics of the day, and noted its laboratory value in the isolation of Bacillus influenzae (now called Haemophilus influenzae).[20][22]

text: Fleming was a famously poor communicator and orator, which meant his findings were not initially given much attention.[20] He was unable to convince a chemist to help him extract and stabilize the antibacterial compound found in the broth filtrate. Despite this, he remained interested in the potential use of penicillin and presented a paper entitled "A Medium for the Isolation of Pfeiffer's Bacillus" to the Medical Research Club of London, which was met with little interest and even less enthusiasm by his peers. Had Fleming been more successful at making other scientists interested in his work, penicillin for medicinal use would possibly have been developed years earlier.[20]

text: Despite the lack of interest of his fellow scientists, he did conduct several experiments on the antibiotic substance he discovered. The most important result proved it was nontoxic in humans by first performing toxicity tests in animals and then on humans. His following experiments on penicillin's response to heat and pH allowed Fleming to increase the stability of the compound.[22] The one test that modern scientists would find missing from his work was the test of penicillin on an infected animal, the results of which would likely have sparked great interest in penicillin and sped its development by almost a decade.[20]

text: Medical application[edit]

text: In 1930, Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Royal Infirmary in Sheffield, attempted to use penicillin to treat sycosis barbae, eruptions in beard follicles, but was unsuccessful. Moving on to ophthalmia neonatorum, a gonococcal infection in infants, he achieved the first recorded cure with penicillin, on November 25, 1930. He then cured four additional patients (one adult and three infants) of eye infections, and failed to cure a fifth.[23][24][25]

text: In 1939, Australian scientist Howard Florey (later Baron Florey) and a team of researchers (Ernst Boris Chain, Edward Abraham, Arthur Duncan Gardner, Norman Heatley, M. Jennings, J. Orr-Ewing and G. Sanders) at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford made progress in showing the in vivo bactericidal action of penicillin.[26][27] In 1940, they showed that penicillin effectively cured bacterial infection in mice.[28][29] In 1941, they treated a policeman, Albert Alexander, with a severe face infection; his condition improved, but then supplies of penicillin ran out and he died. Subsequently, several other patients were treated successfully.[30] In December 1942, survivors of the Cocoanut Grove fire in Boston were the first burn patients to be successfully treated with penicillin.[31]

text: Mass production[edit]

text: By late 1940, the Oxford team under Howard Florey had devised a method of mass-producing the drug, but yields remained low.[30] In 1941, Florey and Heatley travelled to the US in order to interest pharmaceutical companies in producing the drug and inform them about their process.[30]

text: Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Fleming for their work.

text: The challenge of mass-producing this drug was daunting. On March 14, 1942, the first patient was treated for streptococcal septicemia with US-made penicillin produced by Merck & Co.[32] Half of the total supply produced at the time was used on that one patient. By June 1942, just enough US penicillin was available to treat ten patients.[33] In July 1943, the War Production Board drew up a plan for the mass distribution of penicillin stocks to Allied troops fighting in Europe.[34] The results of fermentation research on corn steep liquor at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory at Peoria, Illinois, allowed the United States to produce 2.3 million doses in time for the invasion of Normandy in the spring of 1944. After a worldwide search in 1943, a mouldy cantaloupe in a Peoria, Illinois market was found to contain the best strain of mould for production using the corn steep liquor process.[35] Pfizer scientist Jasper H. Kane suggested using a deep-tank fermentation method for producing large quantities of pharmaceutical-grade penicillin.[36][37] Large-scale production resulted from the development of a deep-tank fermentation plant by chemical engineer Margaret Hutchinson Rousseau.[38] As a direct result of the war and the War Production Board, by June 1945, over 646 billion units per year were being produced.[34]

text: G. Raymond Rettew made a significant contribution to the American war effort by his techniques to produce commercial quantities of penicillin.[39] During World War II, penicillin made a major difference in the number of deaths and amputations caused by infected wounds among Allied forces, saving an estimated 12%–15% of lives.[citation needed] Availability was severely limited, however, by the difficulty of manufacturing large quantities of penicillin and by the rapid renal clearance of the drug, necessitating frequent dosing. Methods for mass production of penicillin were patented by Andrew Jackson Moyer in 1945.[40][41][42] Florey had not patented penicillin, having been advised by Sir Henry Dale that doing so would be unethical.[30]

text: Penicillin is actively excreted, and about 80% of a penicillin dose is cleared from the body within three to four hours of administration. Indeed, during the early penicillin era, the drug was so scarce and so highly valued that it became common to collect the urine from patients being treated, so that the penicillin in the urine could be isolated and reused.[43] This was not a satisfactory solution, so researchers looked for a way to slow penicillin excretion. They hoped to find a molecule that could compete with penicillin for the organic acid transporter responsible for excretion, such that the transporter would preferentially excrete the competing molecule and the penicillin would be retained. The uricosuric agent probenecid proved to be suitable. When probenecid and penicillin are administered together, probenecid competitively inhibits the excretion of penicillin, increasing penicillin's concentration and prolonging its activity. Eventually, the advent of mass-production techniques and semi-synthetic penicillins resolved the supply issues, so this use of probenecid declined.[43] Probenecid is still useful, however, for certain infections requiring particularly high concentrations of penicillins.[11][needs update]

text: After World War II, Australia was the first country to make the drug available for civilian use. In the U.S., penicillin was made available to the general public on March 15, 1945.[44]

text: Structure determination and total synthesis[edit]

text: The chemical structure of penicillin was first proposed by Edward Abraham in 1942[26] and was later confirmed in 1945 using X-ray crystallography by Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, who was also working at Oxford.[45] She later received the Nobel prize for this and other structure determinations.

text: Chemist John C. Sheehan at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) completed the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957.[46][47][48] Sheehan had started his studies into penicillin synthesis in 1948, and during these investigations developed new methods for the synthesis of peptides, as well as new protecting groups—groups that mask the reactivity of certain functional groups.[48][49] Although the initial synthesis developed by Sheehan was not appropriate for mass production of penicillins, one of the intermediate compounds in Sheehan's synthesis was 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), the nucleus of penicillin.[48][50][51][page needed] Attaching different groups to the 6-APA 'nucleus' of penicillin allowed the creation of new forms of penicillin.

text: Developments from penicillin[edit]

text: The narrow range of treatable diseases or "spectrum of activity" of the penicillins, along with the poor activity of the orally active phenoxymethylpenicillin, led to the search for derivatives of penicillin that could treat a wider range of infections. The isolation of 6-APA, the nucleus of penicillin, allowed for the preparation of semisynthetic penicillins, with various improvements over benzylpenicillin (bioavailability, spectrum, stability, tolerance).

text: The first major development was ampicillin in 1961. It offered a broader spectrum of activity than either of the original penicillins. Further development yielded β-lactamase-resistant penicillins, including flucloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and methicillin. These were significant for their activity against β-lactamase-producing bacterial species, but were ineffective against the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains that subsequently emerged.[citation needed]

text: Another development of the line of true penicillins was the antipseudomonal penicillins, such as carbenicillin, ticarcillin, and piperacillin, useful for their activity against Gram-negative bacteria. However, the usefulness of the β-lactam ring was such that related antibiotics, including the mecillinams, the carbapenems and, most important, the cephalosporins, still retain it at the center of their structures.[52]

text: Production[edit]

text: Penicillin is a secondary metabolite of certain species of Penicillium and is produced when growth of the fungus is inhibited by stress. It is not produced during active growth. Production is also limited by feedback in the synthesis pathway of penicillin.[citation needed]

text: The by-product, l-lysine, inhibits the production of homocitrate, so the presence of exogenous lysine should be avoided in penicillin production.

text: The Penicillium cells are grown using a technique called fed-batch culture, in which the cells are constantly subject to stress, which is required for induction of penicillin production. The available carbon sources are also important: Glucose inhibits penicillin production, whereas lactose does not. The pH and the levels of nitrogen, lysine, phosphate, and oxygen of the batches must also be carefully controlled.[citation needed]

text: The biotechnological method of directed evolution has been applied to produce by mutation a large number of Penicillium strains. These techniques include error-prone PCR, DNA shuffling, ITCHY, and strand-overlap PCR.

text: Semisynthetic penicillins are prepared starting from the penicillin nucleus 6-APA.

text: Biosynthesis[edit]

text: Overall, there are three main and important steps to the biosynthesis of penicillin G (benzylpenicillin).

text:
The first step is the condensation of three amino acids—L-α-aminoadipic acid, L-cysteine, L-valine into a tripeptide.[53][54][55] Before condensing into the tripeptide, the amino acid L-valine must undergo epimerization to become D-valine.[56][57] The condensed tripeptide is named δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteine-D-valine (ACV). The condensation reaction and epimerization are both catalyzed by the enzyme δ-(L-α-aminoadipyl)-L-cysteine-D-valine synthetase (ACVS), a nonribosomal peptide synthetase or NRPS.
The second step in the biosynthesis of penicillin G is the oxidative conversion of linear ACV into the bicyclic intermediate isopenicillin N by isopenicillin N synthase (IPNS), which is encoded by the gene pcbC.[53][54] Isopenicillin N is a very weak intermediate, because it does not show strong antibiotic activity.[56]
The final step is a transamidation by isopenicillin N N-acyltransferase, in which the α-aminoadipyl side-chain of isopenicillin N is removed and exchanged for a phenylacetyl side-chain. This reaction is encoded by the gene penDE, which is unique in the process of obtaining penicillins.[53]

text: Members[edit]

text:
Names
Method of administration
Notes

Penicillin G, benzylpenicillin
IV or IM
It has high urinary excretion and is produced as a salt of potassium or sodium.

Penicillin V, phenoxymethylpenicillin
By mouth
It is less active than benzylpenicillin against Gram-negative bacteria.

Benzathine benzylpenicillin, benzathine penicillin G
IM
Benzathine is a stabilizer that causes slower release over two to four weeks.

Procaine benzylpenicillin, penicillin G procaine
IM
Slow release.

text: Natural penicillins[edit]

text:
Penicillin G
Penicillin K
Penicillin N
Penicillin O
Penicillin V

text: β-lactamase-resistant[edit]

text:
Methicillin
Nafcillin
Oxacillin
Cloxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Flucloxacillin

text: Aminopenicillins[edit]

text:
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Pivampicillin
Hetacillin
Bacampicillin
Metampicillin
Talampicillin
Epicillin

text: Carboxypenicillins[edit]

text:
Carbenicillin
Ticarcillin
Temocillin

text: Ureidopenicillins[edit]

text:
Mezlocillin
Piperacillin

text: β-lactamase inhibitors[edit]

text:
Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam


document_title: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)

question_text: what channel is celebrity big brother on in the usa

text: Celebrity Big Brother (U.S. TV series)

text: Background

text: After the first season of the British version of Big Brother proved to be a success in the ratings for Channel 4, the network collaborated with the BBC for the first British season of Celebrity Big Brother in aid of Comic Relief. The season ran for a condensed run of eight days and featured six British celebrities moving into the house used for the first British season.[7] Due to the success of the first celebrity edition, a second season was ordered and shown exclusively on Channel 4 in November 2002. The celebrity version took a two year break before returning for its third season in 2005, and became a regular staple alongside the regular British version. Starting with the third season, the show began to feature celebrities outside the United Kingdom alongside well known British celebrities. Many notable American celebrities have since taken part in the British version of Celebrity Big Brother.[8][9] American actor Gary Busey took part in the fourteenth season in the summer of 2014 and became the first American celebrity to win Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom.[10]

text: An American version of Celebrity Big Brother has been speculated since 2002, along with a celebrity version of Survivor.[11] In an interview, Julie Chen and CBS CEO Leslie Moonves revealed talks of a celebrity edition of Big Brother as far back as Big Brother 2.[12] It was rumored that CBS was looking to air a celebrity edition in the fall after Big Brother 3 with radio personality Howard Stern speculated as a possible houseguest.[13] Chen revealed that Paris Hilton had agreed to do it and Roseanne Barr initially agreed to take part, but then backed out.[12] Barr would later take part in another celebrity spin-off of Big Brother called Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack in the United Kingdom in 2008, where she watched over a group of non-celebrity housemates for a day, set tasks and talked to them in the Diary Room.[14]

text: Julie Chen announced on September 7, 2017, during a live double eviction episode of Big Brother 19 that Celebrity Big Brother would air sometime during the winter, before the twentieth season of Big Brother in the summer of 2018. CBS later confirmed via a press release that Julie Chen would return to host the new season, and Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan will be executive producers. The season will be produced by Fly on the Wall Entertainment in association with Endemol Shine North America.[15]

text: On September 13, 2017, it was revealed by Chen that her husband, CBS chief executive Leslie Moonves, forced her to take a pay cut for the celebrity edition to happen. Moonves stated, "You shouldn't be expected to be paid as if it's a full series. It's a condensed version."[16]

text: Production

text: The format of the show remained similar to the American version of Big Brother. Competitions for Head of Household and Power of Veto had been confirmed to returned for this edition along with live evictions.[2] On December 1, 2017, CBS revealed that the series would premiere on February 7, 2018 and wrap on February 25, 2018.[17]

text: Series changes

text: Celebrity Big Brother was a condensed version of the game and would not last as long as a regular season of Big Brother, with episodes only shown over two weeks instead of three months.[16][18] Unlike the parent series Jury members were not sequestered separately and were allowed to return to the outside world as well as watch the show.[19][20] Beginning with an incident that led to a lawsuit in Big Brother 2 when HouseGuest Justin Sebik got drunk and threatened fellow HouseGuest Krista Stegall by holding a knife to her throat and stating "Wait, hang on, I’m going to slash your throat. Would you get mad if I killed you now?" there has been an alcohol restriction in the house.[21][22] The alcohol restriction was lifted for the Celebrity HouseGuests.[23][24] For the celebrity version of America's Favorite HouseGuest the term Favorite Celebrity HouseGuest was also being used interchangeably.[25][26] For the first time since the beginning of the U.S. series, five players were featured in the season's finale night versus the usual three.[27]

text: Broadcasts

text: The main television coverage of Celebrity Big Brother was screened on CBS during the winter of the 2017–18 network television season. CBS decided to schedule the spin-off during the February 2018 sweeps period to counterprogram NBC's coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics.[15] Episodes aired on Sundays, Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays with two special episodes on Thursday, February 8 and Saturday, February 24. All episodes aired for one hour and aired from 8:00-9:00 p.m. EST; the Friday episodes and the season finale, however, ran for two hours each (from 8:00-10:00 p.m. EST).[28] The live Internet feeds returned for the American version of Celebrity Big Brother as part of CBS All Access.[15][12] Alongside the weekly shows on CBS, the companion series Big Brother: After Dark returned on Pop under the title Celebrity Big Brother: After Dark. The show provided live coverage nightly from inside the House.[15][29]

text: International broadcasts

text: The series was screened in Canada on Global in simulcast with CBS.[30]

text: The celebrity series is also the first American Big Brother season to be screened in Australia. [31]. The program aired on the Nine Network’s secondary channel; 9Go! from the 11th of February and air 5 times a week (Sundays to Thursdays) with Sunday and Thursday episodes set to air at 8:30pm and with other episodes set to air at 9:30pm.[32] Additionally, episodes were made available to Australian viewers on Nine’s streaming service 9Now the shortly after the American airing of the show.[33] However, low ratings saw the series bumped to a later timeslot on 9Go![34]

text: Prize

text: The HouseGuests competed for the main grand prize of $250,000.[35]

text: HouseGuests

text: The HouseGuests were revealed during a live pre-show of the 2018 Grammy Awards on January 28, 2018.[36][37][38]

text:
Name
Age
Notoriety
Residence[39]

Ariadna Gutiérrez
24
Miss Colombia 2014, runner-up in Miss Universe 2015
Miami, Florida

Brandi Glanville
45
Former The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills star[a]
Los Angeles, California

Chuck Liddell
48
Mixed martial artist, UFC Hall of Famer
Calabasas, California

James Maslow
27
Big Time Rush singer and actor
Venice, California

Keshia Knight Pulliam
38
Former The Cosby Show actress
Atlanta, Georgia

Marissa Jaret Winokur
45
Broadway actress
Toluca Lake, California

Mark McGrath
49
Singer and television host
Studio City, California

Metta World Peace
38
Former NBA player
Los Angeles, California

Omarosa Manigault
44
Reality television star and former White House political aide
Jacksonville, Florida

Ross Mathews
38
Television host
Palm Springs, California

Shannon Elizabeth
44
Actress
Cape Town, South Africa

text: Jump up ^ Brandi Glanville previously participated on the twentieth season of Celebrity Big Brother in the United Kingdom, where she finished in 11th place.[40]

tag: ol

text: Episodes

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Timeline
Original air date
US viewers
(millions)
Rating/share (18-49)

Week 1

1
1
"Episode 1"
Day 1
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
7.27[46]
1.8/7[46]

The eleven celebrities enter the new Celebrity Big Brother House after being sequestered from the public for a week. Prior to the first Head of Household competition Julie Chen informed the HouseGuests she was holding an envelope with a random number inside, all HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number between 1 through 11 and the HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity for the week.[41] Omarosa was standing on the number five which was the winning number and was safe from being nominated for eviction this week.[42]

Head of Household competition: (Award Squeezin’) The HouseGuests are tasked with holding onto a life size spinning trophy elevated in the air without letting go or falling off for as long as possible. The last HouseGuest holding onto their trophy after everyone else was eliminated would win the challenge and become the first Celebrity Head of Household.[43]

During the competition several past Big Brother HouseGuests perform a Broadway-style musical number where Marissa is the first to fall off her trophy.[44] James and Shannon become the last two in the competition after everyone else drops. Shannon wins the Head of Household competition after James falls off his trophy. Julie instructs the HouseGuests to grab a "celebrity gift bag" before going back inside the House and not to open them. She also informs them that one bag contains a special power allowing the holder to "recast" the role of Head of Household with someone else.[45]

2
2
"Episode 2"
Days 2-5
February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
5.49[49]
1.4/5[49]

When the producers inform the HouseGuests that it's time to choose who wants to open their bags, a small standoff occurs. However when Chuck is the first one to enter the Diary Room to say he wants to open his bag most of the women do too. Because more than one person wished to open their bag the Head of Household performed a random draw to decide who would open their bag. At them nomination ceremony Keshia was the winner and immediately opened her bag. She became the new HoH and immediately assumed HoH duties.[47] She nominated Chuck and James for eviction.[48]

3
3
"Episode 3"
Days 6-10
February 9, 2018 (2018-02-09)
4.34[50]
1.0/4[50]

Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests competed in the Power of Veto ceremony. The competitors were the HoH, the two nominees, Ariadna, Shannon and Mark.

Power of Veto: ("The Four Sneezons Spiritual Spa") In this competition HouseGuests had to search for letters and take them back to their spelling station. Once the HouseGuest is satisfied with their word they must lock in their time. The HouseGuest that spelled the longest word correctly in the shortest amount of time will win the Power of Veto. Shannon was the winner. Shannon chose not to use the Power of Veto

On Day 10 by a vote of 7-1 with Omarosa voting to evict James, Chuck was the first one evicted from the house.

Week 2

4
4
"Episode 4"
Day 11
February 11, 2018 (2018-02-11)
4.79[51]
1.2/5[51]

Following the eviction the HouseGuests compete in the next Head of Household competition.

Head of Household: ("Celebrity Bowlerina") The HouseGuests compete head to head in a bowling competition. The competing players must spin around twelve times to lower the barricade located on their bowling lane. Once lowered the HouseGuests has twelve seconds to bowl down the four pins in their lane before the barricade raises again. The first HouseGuest to bowl down all pins in their lane wins the round. Ross was the winner and became the new Head of Household.

During the competition Omarosa had a asthma attack and was hospitalized. The next day HouseGuests were informed of her hospitalization and it was announced that she would be returning to the house prior to the nomination ceremony. Following her return to the house on Day 11, Ross nominated Keshia and Omarosa for eviction.

5
5
"Episode 5"
Days 11-13
February 12, 2018 (2018-02-12)
5.16[52]
1.3/5[52]

Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a live veto competition, live veto ceremony and live eviction.

Power of Veto: ("Now You See It")The HouseGuests will see a billboard containing an advertisement for a new cruise line. The answer will either be either "More", "Exactly", or "Less". The first HouseGuest to buzz in with the correct answer will win the round and choose the next two competitors to face off. The one to guess wrong or not answer at all will be eliminated. The last remaining HouseGuest will win the competition. Marissa was the winner and chose not to use the Power of Veto.

On Day 13 by a unanimous vote of 7-0 Keshia was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the second jury member.

6
6
"Episode 6"
Days 13-14
February 14, 2018 (2018-02-14)
5.21[53]
1.3/5[53]

Following the eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition

Head of Household: ("Get Your Putt Into Gear") The HouseGuests take turns playing rounds of golf. The HouseGuest who scores three holes-in-ones in the shortest amount of time wins Head of Household. Ariadna was the winner with a time of two minutes and eighteen seconds.

On Day 14 Ariadna nominated James and Shannon for eviction.

7
7
"Episode 7"
Days 14-17
February 16, 2018 (2018-02-16)
4.38[54]
1.0/4[54]

Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in the Power of Veto ceremony the competitors were the HoH, the two nominees, Ross, Omarosa, and Brandi

Power of Veto: ("Dining in the Dark") The competing HouseGuests must enter a dark room and find their seat. Once they find their seat eat the first course of their meal. Following that they must move on to the next room and find the next seat for that course. Once all four courses have been found they must turn on the lights. The HouseGuest that moves through all four rooms and turns on their lights the fastest will win the Power of Veto. James was the winner with a time of six minutes and twenty-four seconds. James received the Power of Veto and used it to remove himself from the block.

On Day 16, Ariadna named Mark as a replacement nominee. On Day 17, by a vote of 5-1, Shannon was evicted from the Big Brother house and became the third member of the jury.

Head of Household: ("Courtside Seats")1 The celebrities must hold on and sit in their seat as long as possible. The last HouseGuest sitting in their seat will become the next Head of Household. The first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats will be on a slop only diet for two days.

Week 3

8
8
"Episode 8"
Days 17-18
February 18, 2018 (2018-02-18)
4.91[55]
1.2/5[55]

Head of Household: ("Courtside Seats")1 For being the first three HouseGuests to drop from their seats, Metta, Ross, and Mark were put on a slop-only diet for 48 hours, which began after the competition. Omarosa won after more than an hour and a half.

On Day 18 Omarosa nominated Ross and Brandi for eviction.

9
9
"Episode 9"
Days 18-20
February 19, 2018 (2018-02-19)
5.11[56]
1.2/5[56]

Following the nomination ceremony the HouseGuests participated in a special Power of Veto competition. For this Power of Veto America was allowed to vote between the Diamond Veto, Spotlight Veto, and the VIP Veto. America voted for the VIP Veto which allows the winner to use the veto once, twice, or not at all. If the winning HouseGuest chooses to use the Power of Veto to save one of the nominees they are also able to save the replacement nominee or the other nominee if they choose. The competitors in the competition were Brandi, Mark, Marissa, Metta, Omarosa, and Ross.

VIP Power of Veto: ("Invitation Only") When the competition starts the HouseGuests must race to grab their puzzle pieces. Once they have pieces they must race to the other end and begin to put the puzzle together. The first HouseGuest to successfully build their puzzle and press their button will win the VIP Power of Veto. The winner was Ross.

On Day 20 Ross used the VIP Veto to remove himself from the block. Omarosa then named Metta as the replacement nominee and Ross chose not to use the veto a second time. On Day 20 by a unanimous vote of 5-0, Metta was evicted from the house and became the fourth member of the jury.

10
10
"Episode 10"
Days 20-21
February 21, 2018 (2018-02-21)
5.54[57]
1.4/5[57]

Following Metta's eviction the HouseGuests competed in the next Head of Household competition

Head of Household: ("Red Carpet Ride") In this competition when the horn begins the HouseGuests must try to get across their red carpet without touching the ground. If they touch the ground they must go back to the beginning and start over. When they reach the other side they must lock in their time. Throughout the round the carpets tighten and loosen to make the carpets easier and harder to cross. The HouseGuests competed in two rounds of three. The three HouseGuests with the three fastest times competed against each other in the final round. Brandi, James, and Mark competed in the final round. Mark was the winner and became the next Head of Household.

Mark nominated Brandi and Ariadna for eviction.

11
11
"Episode 11"
Days 21-24
February 23, 2018 (2018-02-23)
4.60[58]
1.1/4[58]

Following the HoH competition the HouseGuests competed in the next Power of Veto competition.

Power of Veto: ("BB Celebrity Toy Factory") When the competition starts the celebrity competing must hit their buzzer to reveal an action figure. Once the action figure appears they must figure out who's mouth, eyes, and nose are on the action figure. When they think they have correctly matched the three they must hit their buzzer. If it is incorrect they must correct themselves or if it is correct they move onto the next action figure. Once the HouseGuest has four action figures figured out they must lock in their time. The HouseGuest who figures out all four action figures in the fastest amount of time wins the next Power of Veto. Ariadna was the winner with a time of 9 minutes and 10 seconds. Ariadna used the veto to remove herself from the block.

Mark named Marissa as the replacement nominee. Following the Power of Veto ceremony Julie informed the HouseGuests of the double eviction. On Day 24 by a vote of 3-1 Brandi was evicted from the house and became the fifth member of the jury. Following Brandi eviction the HouseGuests participated in the next Head of Household competition.

Head of Household: ("BB Auction") Julie will ask the competitors a question based on the BB Works of Arts viewed earlier that day. The answer is either true or false. If the correct answer is chosen they will receive a point. The HouseGuest with the most point at the end of 7 questions will be the next Head of Household. A tiebreaker was held between James and Omarosa. The answer this time was a number. The HouseGuest who got closest to the number without going over will win. If both HouseGuests went over the one closest will win. Omarosa was the winner and became the next HoH.

Omarosa nominated Marissa and Ross for eviction. Due to there only being six HouseGuests all HouseGuests were able to compete in the Power of Veto competition.

Power of Veto: ("Art-Rageous") The HouseGuests must enter the Big Brother house and look at the four paintings in the kitchen. They must then compare them to the other paintings in the house and figure out which paintings is an exact replica of one in the kitchen. When the HouseGuest thinks they have figured it out the must race back to the yard and lock in their guess. If incorrect they are out of the competition. Ross was the winner and received the Power of Veto. Ross used the veto to remove himself from the block.

Omarosa named James as the replacement nominee. On Day 24 by a vote of 2-1 James was evicted from the house and became the sixth member of the jury.

Week 4

12
12
"Episode 12"
Days 24-252; Various2
February 24, 2018 (2018-02-24)
3.54[59]
0.9/4[59]

Following James' eviction from the house the final five HouseGuests had time to think back on their time in the Big Brother house.

Head of Household: ("Rocky Mountain Fly")3 HouseGuests must step onto their ski's and hold on. The ski's will "fly" into the air and the HouseGuests must hold on as long as possible. If a HouseGuest falls off of their ski's they will be eliminated. The last HouseGuest standing will become the next to last Head of Household of the season.

13
13
"Episode 13"
Days 25-26
February 25, 2018 (2018-02-25)
5.21[60]
1.4/5[60]

Head of Household: ("Rocky Mountain Fly")3 Marissa was the first to fall followed by Ariadna, and then Mark. Ross was the last one standing and became the next Head of Household.

Following the HoH competition Ross nominated Ariadna and Omarosa for eviction.

Power of Veto: ("Get Your Story Straight") When the timer starts the competing HouseGuest must look at the supersized laptop. There are eight stories on the laptop however they are missing days. The HouseGuest must climb on the laptop and transport the day tiles from the search bar to match the correct event on the website. When they finish they must lock in their time by hitting the enter button on the laptop. The HouseGuest with the fastest time and most days correct will win the Power of Veto. Marissa and Ross tied with a total of 8 correct however because Ross finished faster with a time of five minutes and twenty-one seconds he was awarded the final Power of Veto of the season.

Ross chose not to use the veto effectively keeping his nominations the same. On Day 26 by a unanimous vote of 2-0 Omarosa was evicted from the house becoming the seventh member of the jury.

Head of Household: ("Hash It Out") In this competition Julie will read tweets from evicted HouseGuests over their time in the house, one of the tweets will be an incorrect statement. The competing HouseGuests must figure out who tweeted the incorrect statement. Each time the HouseGuests guess correctly the will get a point. The HouseGuest with the most points after eight rounds will win the final Head of Household of the season. Mark, Marissa, and Ross tied. In the tiebraker the Julie asked the HouseGuests a question. The answer was a number. The HouseGuest who got closest without going over became the next Head of Household. If everyone went over the one closest HouseGuest will become the next Head of Household. Marissa was the winner and became the final Head of Household of the season.

On Day 26 Marissa chose to take Ross to the final two evicting Ariadna and Mark who became the eighth, ninth, and final two members of the jury. Following this, the jurors had a chance to ask questions to the final two. The Jury then voted one by one on who they think should win the game. Marissa became the first winner of Celebrity Big Brother receiving $250,000 making Ross the runner-up who received $50,000. Ross was later named America's Favorite HouseGuest and received an additional $25,000.

text: Notes

text:
^Note 1 This Head of Household competition began in Episode 7 on Day 17. However, completion was not broadcast on television until episode 8.
^Note 2 In episode 12 the HouseGuests looked back over their time in the game. The current day in the house was 24 however flashbacks featured content from Days 1-25.
^Note 3 This Head of Household competition began in episode 12 on Day 25. However, completion was not broadcast on television until episode 13.

text: Voting history

text:
Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4

Day 11
Day 14
Day 18
Day 21
Day 24
Day 25
Day 26
Finale

Head of
Household
Shannon
Keshia
Ross
Ariadna
Omarosa
Mark
Omarosa
Ross
Marissa
(none)

Nominations
(pre-veto)
Chuck
James
Keshia
Omarosa
James
Shannon
Brandi
Ross
Ariadna
Brandi
Marissa
Ross
Ariadna
Omarosa
Ariadna
Mark
Ross

Veto Winner
Shannon
Marissa
James
Ross
Ariadna
Ross
Ross
(none)

Nominations
(post-veto)
Chuck
James
Keshia
Omarosa
Mark
Shannon
Brandi
Metta
Brandi
Marissa
James
Marissa
Ariadna
Omarosa

Marissa
Chuck
Keshia
Shannon
Metta
Nominated
Nominated
Omarosa
Ariadna
Mark
Winner
(Day 26)

Ross
Chuck
Head of
Household
Shannon
Metta
Brandi
James
Head of
Household
Nominated
Runner-up
(Day 26)

Mark
Chuck
Keshia
Nominated
Metta
Head of
Household
Marissa
Omarosa
Evicted
(Day 26)
Ross

Ariadna
Chuck
Keshia
Head of
Household
Metta
Marissa
James
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 26)
Marissa

Omarosa
James
Nominated
Shannon
Head of
Household
Brandi
Head of
Household
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 26)
Marissa

James
Nominated
Keshia
Shannon
Metta
Brandi
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 24)
Marissa

Brandi
Chuck
Keshia
Mark
Nominated
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 24)
Ross

Metta
Chuck
Keshia
Shannon
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 20)
Ross

Shannon
Chuck
Keshia
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 17)
Marissa

Keshia
Head of
Household
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 13)
Marissa

Chuck
Nominated
Evicted
(Day 10)
Marissa

Notes
1, 2
none
3, 4
none
5
none
6
7

Evicted
Chuck
7 of 8 votes
to evict
Keshia
7 of 7 votes
to evict
Shannon
5 of 6 votes
to evict
Metta
5 of 5 votes
to evict
Brandi
3 of 4 votes
to evict
James
2 of 3 votes
to evict
Omarosa
2 of 2 votes
to evict
Ariadna
Marissa's choice
to evict
Ross
3 votes
to win

Mark
Marissa's choice
to evict
Marissa
6 votes
to win

text: Notes

text:
^Note 1 :      Before the first HoH competition, the HouseGuests were instructed to stand on a number. The HouseGuest standing on the winning number would be awarded immunity that week. Omarosa was the winner and was immune from nominations for the week. Since she was immune, she became ineligible to compete in the HoH competition.
^Note 2 :      Due to the Gift Bag twist, Keshia opened her bag to reveal she had the "Recast” Power, dethroning Shannon, who then became immune from nominations for the round.
^Note 3 : Mark, Metta, and Ross were the first three HouseGuests to fall in the HoH competition and were therefore put on slop for 48 hours.
^Note 4 :      Viewers were able to choose which veto would be played for this eviction. The Diamond Veto allows the winner to save a nominee and choose their replacement. The VIP Veto gives the winner the option to use the veto once, twice, or not at all; if the winner chooses to use it they are able to save one of the nominees and then save the replacement nominee if the veto winner wishes to. The Spotlight Veto forces the winner to use the veto to save one of the nominees.[61] America chose the VIP Veto.
^Note 5 : There was a double eviction on Day 24. Following the first eviction, the remaining HouseGuests played a round worth of games — including HoH and Veto competitions and Nomination, Veto and Eviction ceremonies—during the remainder of the live show, culminating in a second eviction for the night.
^Note 6 : All four remaining houseguests competed in the final Head of Household competition. Marissa won the final HoH competition and chose to evict Mark and then Ariadna, who were officially announced as 9th and 8th jurors, respectively.
^Note 7 : During the finale, the jury members voted for which finalist should win Celebrity Big Brother.

text: Reception

text: Viewing figures

text:
#
Air Date
United States
Source

18–49
(rating/share)
Viewers
(millions)
Rank
(timeslot)
Rank
(night)

1
Wednesday, February 7, 2018
1.8/7
7.27
1
1
[46]

2
Thursday, February 8, 2018
1.4/5
5.49
3
4
[62]

3
Friday, February 9, 2018
1.0/4
4.34
2
2
[50]

4
Sunday, February 11, 2018
1.2/5
4.79
1
4
[63]

5
Monday, February 12, 2018
1.3/5
5.16
3
3
[64]

6
Wednesday, February 14, 2018
1.3/5
5.21
2
2
[65]

7
Friday, February 16, 2018
1.0/4
4.38
2
2
[66]

8
Sunday, February 18, 2018
1.2/5
4.91
1
2
[67]

9
Monday, February 19, 2018
1.2/5
5.11
3
3
[68]

10
Wednesday, February 21, 2018
1.4/5
5.54
2
2
[69]

11
Friday, February 23, 2018
1.1/5
4.64
2
2
[70]

12
Saturday, February 24, 2018
0.9/4
3.54
1
3
[71]

13
Sunday, February 25, 2018
1.4/5
5.21
2
2
[72]