document_title: 2017 American League Championship Series

question_text: who won the american league east in 2017

text: Background[edit]

text: The Astros defeated the Boston Red Sox 3–1 in the 2017 American League Division Series (ALDS).[4] This is the Astros' fifth appearance in a League Championship Series, and their first since transferring from the National League to the American League. Their only previous LCS win came in the 2005 National League Championship Series; they lost in 1980, 1986, and 2004. They are also the first AL West team to make it to the ALCS since 2011.

text: The Yankees upset the heavily-favored Cleveland Indians 3–2 in the ALDS to advance.[5] This is the Yankees' 16th appearance in the ALCS, and their second as a Wild Card. Their last ALCS appearance came in the 2012 American League Championship Series where they got swept by the Detroit Tigers. They had won in eleven of their previous fifteen appearances. This is the sixth straight year in which an AL East team has made it to the ALCS.

text: This was the second postseason match-up between these two teams, with the Astros defeating the Yankees in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game at Yankee Stadium.

text: Summary[edit]

text: Houston won the series, 4–3.

text:
Game
Date
Score
Location
Time
Attendance

1
October 13
New York Yankees – 1, Houston Astros – 2
Minute Maid Park
3:20
43,116[6]

2
October 14
New York Yankees – 1, Houston Astros – 2
Minute Maid Park
3:00
43,193[7]

3
October 16
Houston Astros – 1, New York Yankees – 8
Yankee Stadium
3:25
49,373[8]

4
October 17
Houston Astros – 4, New York Yankees – 6
Yankee Stadium
3:37
48,804[9]

5
October 18
Houston Astros – 0, New York Yankees – 5
Yankee Stadium
3:18
49,647[10]

6
October 20
New York Yankees – 1, Houston Astros – 6
Minute Maid Park
3:23
43,179[11]

7
October 21
New York Yankees – 0, Houston Astros – 4
Minute Maid Park
3:09
43,201[12]

text: Game summaries[edit]

text: Game 1[edit]

text:
October 13, 2017 7:10 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 73 °F (23 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
5
0

Houston
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
X
2
6
1

WP: Dallas Keuchel (1–0)   LP: Masahiro Tanaka (0–1)   Sv: Ken Giles (1)
Home runs:
NYY: Greg Bird (1)
HOU: None
Attendance: 43,116

text: In a pitcher's duel, Dallas Keuchel and Masahiro Tanaka allowed no runs through the first three innings before the Astros scored in the bottom of the fourth. José Altuve hit an infield single and stole second base, before Carlos Correa drove him in with an RBI single. Yuli Gurriel drove in Correa to give the Astros a 2–0 lead. Keuchel recorded ten strikeouts, allowing four hits and no runs in seven innings. Tanaka pitched six innings with three strikeouts and allowed two earned runs. Chad Green relieved Tanaka and threw two scoreless innings. Ken Giles was brought in with one out in the eighth for a five-out save. He struck out four of the six batters he faced but allowed a solo home run to Greg Bird before striking out Jacoby Ellsbury swinging to end the game. It was his second save of this postseason.[13]

text: Game 2[edit]

text:
October 14, 2017 3:09 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 73 °F (23 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
5
0

Houston
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
5
0

WP: Justin Verlander (1–0)   LP: Aroldis Chapman (0–1)
Home runs:
NYY: None
HOU: Carlos Correa (1)
Attendance: 43,193

text: Justin Verlander threw a complete game, allowing one run and five hits while striking out 13. Carlos Correa opened the scoring in the fourth inning with a home run off of starter Luis Severino that barely scraped over the right field wall. It was reviewed for fan interference, as a child reached his glove over the wall in an attempt to catch it.[14] Todd Frazier answered for the Yankees in the fifth with an RBI ground-rule double that was lodged in the center-field fence after a two-out double by Aaron Hicks.[14] In the bottom of the ninth, José Altuve singled with one out off of Aroldis Chapman. Correa hit a walk-off double to right field, as Gary Sanchez did not field the ball cleanly at home plate and Altuve scored the winning run, giving the Astros a 2–0 series lead heading to New York.[15]

text: Game 3[edit]

text:
October 16, 2017 8:09 pm (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx, New York, 57 °F (14 °C), partly cloudy

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
4
0

New York
0
3
0
5
0
0
0
0
X
8
7
1

WP: CC Sabathia (1–0)   LP: Charlie Morton (0–1)
Home runs:
HOU: None
NYY: Todd Frazier (1), Aaron Judge (1)
Attendance: 49,373

text: In the bottom of the second inning, Todd Frazier opened the scoring with a three-run home run after two two-out singles off of Charlie Morton. The Yankees piled on five more runs in the fourth inning. After a leadoff ground-rule double and two-out walk, Chase Headley's RBI single made it 4–0 Yankees. A hit-by-pitch to Brett Gardner loaded the bases before Morton was relieved by Will Harris, who threw a wild pitch to let Frazier score before a three-run home run by Aaron Judge made it 8–0 Yankees.[16] CC Sabathia did not allow a run in six innings pitched, striking out five. In the top of the ninth inning, Dellin Betances entered in relief only to walk the first two batters before getting pulled for Tommy Kahnle. A single by Cameron Maybin loaded the bases, then one out later, walk to Alex Bregman forced in a run, but Jose Altuve hit into the game-ending double play as the Yankees' won Game 3 8–1.[17]

text: Game 4[edit]

text:
October 17, 2017 5:08 pm (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx, New York, 61 °F (16 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
4
3
0

New York
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
4
X
6
8
3

WP: Chad Green (1–0)   LP: Ken Giles (0–1)   Sv: Aroldis Chapman (1)
Home runs:
HOU: None
NYY: Aaron Judge (2)
Attendance: 48,804

text: Game 4 began as a pitcher's duel. The Yankees' Sonny Gray threw five scoreless innings, allowing only one hit while Astros' Lance McCullers Jr. threw six shutout innings with one hit. With the bases loaded in the top of the sixth, Yuli Gurriel hit a bases-clearing double off of David Robertson to put the Astros up 3–0. The next inning, a Starlin Castro fielding error allowed Marwin González to score, increasing the lead to 4–0. In the bottom of the seventh, Aaron Judge hit a solo home run, chasing McCullers from the game. Chris Devenski entered in relief only to allow a triple to Didi Gregorius and a sacrifice fly to Gary Sánchez, cutting the lead to 4–2. In the bottom of the eighth, Todd Frazier and Chase Headley both singled, with the latter tripping on his way to second base and evading José Altuve's close tag to remain safe at second. As Ken Giles entered the game, a Brett Gardner groundout made the score 4–3 before Judge doubled into left field, tying the game at 4–4. Gregorius singled and Sánchez doubled to complete the Yankees comeback, now up 6–4. Aroldis Chapman entered in the top of the ninth inning, pitching a 1-2-3 inning to get his first save of the series and third this postseason as the Yankees rallied to tie the series at two games all.[18]

text: Game 5[edit]

text:
October 18, 2017 5:11 pm (EDT) at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx, New York, 74 °F (23 °C), clear

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

Houston
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1

New York
0
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
X
5
10
1

WP: Masahiro Tanaka (1–1)   LP: Dallas Keuchel (1–1)
Home runs:
HOU: None
NYY: Gary Sánchez (1)
Attendance: 49,647

text: In the top of the second inning, Yulieski Gurriel hit a leadoff double, but was stranded with three consecutive groundouts. In the bottom half of that inning, Starlin Castro hit a two-out double and was driven in by Greg Bird's single. Next inning Chase Headley hit a leadoff single and scored on Aaron Judge's one-out double. In the fifth, after a single and walk, back-to-back two-out RBI singles by Gary Sanchez and Didi Gregorius made it 4–0 Yankees and knock starter Dallas Keuchel out of the game. Gary Sánchez provided insurance with a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning off of Brad Peacock. Masahiro Tanaka pitched seven shutout innings and Tommy Kahnle pitched two innings to close. The Yankees were now one win away from the World Series.[19]

text: Game 6[edit]

text:
October 20, 2017 7:09 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 73 °F (23 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
7
1

Houston
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
3
X
6
8
0

WP: Justin Verlander (2–0)   LP: Luis Severino (0–1)
Home runs:
NYY: Aaron Judge (3)
HOU: José Altuve (1)
Attendance: 43,179

text: Facing elimination, Justin Verlander threw seven shutout innings for the Astros, striking out eight. The Astros struck first in the bottom of the fifth off of Luis Severino. After two walks, Brian McCann drove in the first run with a double, then another walk loaded the bases before José Altuve's two-run single put Houston on the board 3–0. In the top of the eighth, Aaron Judge hit a solo home run to cut the lead to 3–1, but the Astros increased their lead in the bottom of the inning, starting with an Altuve lead off home run off of David Robertson. After a double and single, Alex Bregman's two-run double made it 6–1 Astros. One out later Evan Gattis's sacrifice fly off of Dellin Betances made it 7–1 Astros. Ken Giles pitched a scoreless ninth as the Astros forced the first LCS Game 7 in either league since 2012. This was Houston's second ever win in a game facing elimination in a postseason series, the first being the 2015 American League Wild Card Game.[20]

text: Game 7[edit]

text:
October 21, 2017 7:08 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 73 °F (23 °C), roof closed

Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0

Houston
0
0
0
1
3
0
0
0
X
4
10
0

WP: Charlie Morton (1–1)   LP: CC Sabathia (1–1)   Sv: Lance McCullers Jr. (1)
Home runs:
NYY: None
HOU: Evan Gattis (1), José Altuve (2)
Attendance: 43,201

text: In the winner-take-all game to decide the AL pennant winner, Aaron Judge made a leaping catch to rob Yulieski Gurriel of a solo homer in the bottom of the second inning. CC Sabathia allowed the first run of the game on a solo home run to Evan Gattis in the fourth. Tommy Kahnle entered the game in relief, but in the fifth, gave up a home run to José Altuve and after two singles, a two-run double to former Yankee Brian McCann, extending the Astros lead to 4–0. For the Astros, Charlie Morton pitched five innings, allowed one walk and struck out five. Lance McCullers Jr. entered in relief, pitching four scoreless innings to close out the game and earn his first career save. McCullers ended the game throwing 24 straight curveballs; a Greg Bird flyout to George Springer was the final out of the game, sending the Astros to the 2017 World Series.[21]

text: The Astros advanced to their first World Series in 12 years, becoming the first team to win pennants in both leagues. Houston's victory made this just the fifth best-of-seven series (following the 1987, 1991, and 2001 World Series, and the 2004 National League Championship Series), and the first ALCS, in which the home team won all seven games.[22]

text: Composite line score[edit]

text: 2017 ALCS (4–3): Houston Astros beat New York Yankees.

text:
Team
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
R
H
E

New York Yankees
0
4
1
5
3
0
3
5
1
22
45
6

Houston Astros
0
0
0
4
6
3
1
4
2
20
40
2

Total attendance: 320,513   Average attendance: 45,788


document_title: United States budget process

question_text: when is the last time congress passed a complete budget

root

text: United States budget process

text: The budget processes[edit]

text: The President's budget request[edit]

text: The United States budget process begins when the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress. The President's budget is formulated over a period of months with the assistance of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), the largest office within the Executive Office of the President. The budget request includes funding requests for all federal executive departments and independent agencies. Budget documents include supporting documents and historical budget data and contains detailed information on spending and revenue proposals, along with policy proposals and initiatives with significant budgetary implications. The President's budget request constitutes an extensive proposal of the administration's intended revenue and spending plans for the following fiscal year. The budget proposal includes volumes of supporting information intended to persuade Congress of the necessity and value of the budget provisions. In addition, each federal executive department and independent agency provides additional detail and supporting documentation on its own funding requests. The documents are also posted on the OMB website.

tag: p

text: The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the President to submit the budget to Congress for each fiscal year, which is the 12-month period beginning on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the next calendar year. The current federal budget law (31 U.S.C. § 1105(a)) requires that the President submit the budget between the first Monday in January and the first Monday in February. In recent times, the President's budget submission has been issued in the first week of February.[4] The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party. The 2014 United States federal budget was not submitted by the President until April 10, 2013 due to negotiations over the United States fiscal cliff and implementation of the sequester cuts mandated by the Budget Control Act of 2011.[5] (The House had already prepared its budget proposal on March 21, and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23.)

text: President Warren G. Harding brought about the enactment of the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, which, for the first time, required the President to submit a budget annually to Congress and which established the Bureau of the Budget, the forerunner of the Office of Management and Budget, to assist in the formulation of the budget. Initially the Bureau was within the U.S. Department of the Treasury, but in 1939 it was moved to the Executive Office of the President.[6]

text: Budget resolutions[edit]

text: The President's budget submission is referred to the House and Senate Budget Committees and to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO). Other committees with budgetary responsibilities submit requests and estimates to the budget committees during this time.

text: In March, the CBO publishes an analysis of the President's budget proposals. The CBO budget report and other publications are also posted on the CBO website. CBO computes a current-law baseline budget projection that is intended to estimate what federal spending and revenues would be in the absence of new legislation for the current fiscal year and for the coming 10 fiscal years. However, the CBO also computes a current-policy baseline, which makes assumptions about, for instance, votes on tax cut sunset provisions. The current CBO 10-year budget baseline projection grows from $3.7 trillion in 2011 to $5.7 trillion in 2021.[citation needed]

text: In March, the budget committees consider the President's budget proposals in the light of the CBO budget report, and each committee submits a budget resolution to its house by April 1. The House and Senate each consider these budget resolutions, and are expected to pass them, possibly with amendments, by April 15. A budget resolution is a kind of concurrent resolution; it is not a law, and therefore does not require the President's signature.

text: There is no obligation for either or both houses of Congress to pass a budget resolution. There may not be a resolution every year; if none is established, the previous year's resolution remains in force. For example, the Senate has not passed a budget resolution for FY2011, FY2012, or FY2013, and passed the FY2014 budget resolution on March 23, 2013, 23 days before the April 15 deadline set by the No Budget, No Pay Act of 2013. This was the first budget resolution passed by the Senate since a FY2010 budget passed on April 29, 2009. The House and Senate may propose a budget independently of the President's budget. For example, for the 2014 budget process, the House prepared its budget proposal on March 21 and the Senate proposed a budget on March 23, while the President's budget was not submitted until April 10.

text: After both houses pass a budget resolution, selected Representatives and Senators negotiate a conference report to reconcile differences between the House and the Senate versions. The conference report, in order to become binding, must be approved by both the House and Senate.

text: The budget resolution is not legally binding but serves as a blueprint for the actual appropriation process, and provides Congress with some control over the appropriation process. All new discretionary spending requires authority through enactment of appropriation bills or continuing resolutions.

text: Authorization and appropriations[edit]

text: In general, funds for federal government programs must be authorized by an "authorizing committee" through enactment of legislation. Then, through subsequent acts by Congress, budget authority is then appropriated by the Appropriations Committee of the House. In principle, committees with jurisdiction to authorize programs make policy decisions, while the Appropriations Committees decide on funding levels, limited to a program's authorized funding level, though the amount may be any amount less than the limit.

text: The budget resolutions specify funding levels for the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their 12 subcommittees, establishing various budget totals, allocations, entitlements, and may include reconciliation instructions to designated House or Senate committees. The appropriations committees start with allocations in the budget resolution and draft appropriations bills, which may be considered in the House after May 15. Once appropriations committees pass their bills, they are considered by the House and Senate. When there is a final budget, the spending available to each appropriations committee for the coming fiscal year is usually provided in the joint explanatory statement included in the conference report. The appropriations committees then allocate that amount among their respective subcommittees, each to allocate the funds they control among the programs within their jurisdiction.[7]

text: A conference committee is typically required to resolve differences between House and Senate appropriation bills. Once a conference bill has passed both chambers of Congress, it is sent to the President, who may sign the bill or veto it. If he signs, the bill becomes law. Otherwise, Congress must pass another bill to avoid a shutdown of at least part of the federal government.

text: In recent years, Congress has not passed all of the appropriations bills before the start of the fiscal year. Congress may then enact continuing resolutions that provide for the temporary funding of government operations. Failure to appropriate funds results in a partial government shutdown, such the federal government shutdown in October 2013.

text: In practice, the separation between policy making and funding and the division between appropriations and authorization activities are imperfect. Authorizations for many programs have long lapsed, yet still receive appropriated amounts, while other programs that are authorized receive no funds at all.[citation needed] In addition, policy language, which is legislative text changing permanent law, is included in appropriation measures.

text: Discretionary and mandatory spending[edit]

text: Each function within the budget may include "budget authority" and "outlays" that fall within the broad categories of discretionary spending or direct spending.

text: Discretionary spending[edit]

text: Discretionary spending requires an annual appropriation bill, which is a piece of legislation. Discretionary spending is typically set by the House and Senate Appropriations Committees and their various subcommittees. Since the spending is typically for a fixed period (usually a year), it is said to be under the discretion of the Congress. Some appropriations last for more than one year (see Appropriation bill for details). In particular, multi-year appropriations are often used for housing programs and military procurement programs.

text: There are currently 12 appropriation bills that must be passed each fiscal year in order for continued discretionary spending to occur. The subject of each appropriations bill corresponds to the jurisdiction of the respective House and Senate appropriation subcommittees:

text: As of 2012, there are 12 appropriations bills which need to be passed each year:[8]

text:
Agriculture, Rural Development, and Food and Drug Administration
Commerce, Justice, and Science
Defense
Energy and Water Development
Financial Services and General Government (includes judicial branch, the Executive Office of the President, and District of Columbia appropriations)
Homeland Security
Interior and Environment
Labor, Health and Human Services, and Education
Legislative Branch
Military Construction and Veterans Affairs
State and Foreign Operations
Transportation and Housing and Urban Development

tag: ul

text: Multiple bills are sometimes combined into one piece of legislation, such as the Omnibus Appropriations Act, 2009. A continuing resolution is often passed if an appropriations bill has not been signed into law by the end of the fiscal year.

text: Mandatory spending[edit]

text: Direct spending, also known as mandatory spending, refers to spending enacted by law, but not dependent on an annual or periodic appropriation bill. Most mandatory spending consists of transfer payments and welfare benefits such as Social Security benefits, Medicare, and Medicaid. Many other expenses, such as salaries of federal judges, are mandatory, but account for a relatively small share of federal spending. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates costs of mandatory spending programs on a regular basis.[citation needed]

text: Congress can affect spending on entitlement programs by changing eligibility requirements or the structure of programs. Certain programs, because the language authorizing them are included in appropriation bills, are termed "appropriated entitlements." This is a convention rather than a substantive distinction, since the programs, such as Food Stamps, would continue to be funded even were the appropriation bill to be vetoed or otherwise not enacted.[citation needed]

text: Budget functions[edit]

text: The federal budget is divided into categories known as budget functions. These functions include all spending for a given topic, regardless of the federal agency that oversees the individual federal program. Both the President's budget, and Congress' budget resolution provide summaries by function.

text: List of budget functions:[9]

text:
Function Number
Category
Description

050
National Defense
The National Defense function includes the military activities of the Department of Defense (DoD), the nuclear-weapons related activities of the Department of Energy (DoE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration, the national security activities of several other agencies such as the Selective Service Agency, and portions of the activities of the Coast Guard and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The programs in this function include: the pay and benefits of active, Guard, and reserve military personnel; DoD operations including training, maintenance of equipment, and facilities; health care for military personnel and dependents; procurement of weapons; research and development; construction of military facilities, including housing; research on nuclear weapons; and the cleanup of nuclear weapons production facilities.

150
International Affairs
Function 150 contains funding for all U.S. international activities, including: operating U.S. embassies and consulates throughout the world; providing military assistance to allies; aiding developing nations; dispensing economic assistance to fledgling democracies; promoting U.S. exports abroad; making U.S. payments to international organizations; and contributing to international peacekeeping efforts. Funding for all of these activities constitutes about one percent of the federal budget. The major agencies in this function include the Departments of Agriculture, State, and the Treasury; the United States Agency for International Development; and the Millennium Challenge Corporation.

250
General Science, Space, and Technology
This function includes the National Science Foundation (NSF), programs at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration except for aviation programs, and general science programs at the Department of Energy (DOE).

270
Energy
Function 270 contains civilian energy and environmental programs in the Department of Energy (DOE). This function also includes the Rural Utilities Service of the Department of Agriculture, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. This function does not include DOE's national security activities, which are in Function 050 (National Defense), or its basic research and science activities, which are in Function 250 (General Science, Space and Technology).

300
Natural Resources and Environment
Function 300 includes programs concerned with environmental protection and enhancement; recreation and wildlife areas; and the development and management of the nation's land, water, and mineral resources. It includes programs within the following federal departments and agencies: Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, Transportation, the Army Corps of Engineers, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

350
Agriculture
Function 350 includes farm income stabilization, agricultural research, and other services administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The discretionary programs include research and education programs, economics and statistics services, administration of the farm support programs, farm loan programs, meat and poultry inspection, and a portion of the Public Law (P.L.) 480 international food aid program. The mandatory programs include commodity programs, crop insurance, and certain farm loans.

370
Commerce and Housing Credit
Function 370 includes mortgage credit, the Postal Service, deposit insurance, and other advancement of commerce (the majority of the discretionary and mandatory spending in this function). The mortgage credit component includes housing assistance through the Federal Housing Administration, the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), the Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), and rural housing programs of the Department of Agriculture. The function also includes net postal service spending and spending for deposit insurance activities of banks, thrifts, and credit unions. Most of the Commerce Department is provided for in this function. Finally, the function also includes funding for independent agencies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Federal Communications Commission, and the majority of the Small Business Administration.

400
Transportation
Function 400 consists mostly of the programs administered by the Department of Transportation, including programs for highways, mass transit, aviation, and maritime activities. This function also includes two components of the Department of Homeland Security: the Coast Guard and the Transportation Security Administration. In addition, this function includes several small transportation-related agencies and the research program for civilian aviation at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

450
Community and Regional Development
Function 450 includes federal programs to improve community economic conditions, promote rural development, and assist in federal preparations for and response to disasters. This function provides appropriated funding for the Community Development Block Grant, Department of Agriculture rural development programs, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and other disaster mitigation and community development-related programs. It also provides mandatory funding for the federal flood insurance program.

500
Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services
Function 500 includes funding for the Department of Education, social services programs within the Department of Health and Human Services, and employment and training programs within the Department of Labor. It also contains funding for the Library of Congress and independent research and art agencies such as the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the Smithsonian Institution, the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, the National Endowment for the Arts, and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

550
Health
Function 550 includes most direct health care services programs. Other health programs in this function fund anti-bioterrorism activities, national biomedical research, protecting the health of the general population and workers in their places of employment, providing health services for under-served populations, and promoting training for the health care workforce. Some of the agencies funded in this function include the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Food and Drug Administration. The major mandatory programs in this function are Medicaid, the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), federal and retirees' health benefits, and health care for Medicare-eligible military retirees.

570
Medicare
Function 570 includes only the Medicare program, which provides health insurance to senior citizens and persons with disabilities. Congress provides an annual appropriation for the costs of administering and monitoring the Medicare program. Nearly 99 percent of spending in this function occurs on the mandatory side of the budget, and almost all of the mandatory spending consists of payments for Medicare benefits.

600
Income Security
Function 600 consists of a range of income security programs that provide cash or near-cash assistance (e.g., housing, nutrition, and energy assistance) to low-income persons, and benefits to certain retirees, persons with disabilities, and the unemployed. Housing assistance programs account for the largest share of discretionary funding in this function. Major federal entitlement programs in this function include unemployment insurance, trade adjustment assistance income support, food stamps, Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, foster care, and Supplemental Security Income. Federal and other retirement and disability programs comprise approximately one third of the funds in this function.

650
Social Security
Function 650 consists of the two payroll tax-financed programs that are collectively known as Social Security: Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance (OASDI). This function includes Social Security benefit payments and funds to administer the program. Under provisions of the Congressional Budget Act and the Budget Enforcement Act, Social Security trust funds are off-budget and do not appear in the budget resolution totals. However, a small portion of spending in Function 650 - the general fund transfer of income taxes on Social Security benefits - is considered on-budget and appears in the budget resolution totals.

700
Veterans Benefits and Services
Function 700 covers the programs of the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), including veterans' medical care, compensation and pensions, education and rehabilitation benefits, and housing programs. It also includes the Department of Labor's Veterans' Employment and Training Service, the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, and the American Battle Monuments Commission. Almost 90 percent of appropriated funding in Function 700 goes to veterans' health care.

750
Administration of Justice
The Administration of Justice function consists of federal law enforcement programs, litigation and judicial activities, correctional operations, and state and local justice assistance. Agencies within this function include: the Federal Bureau of Investigation; the Drug Enforcement Administration; Border and Transportation Security; the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives; the United States Attorneys; legal divisions within the Department of Justice; the Legal Services Corporation; the federal Judiciary; and the Federal Bureau of Prisons. This function includes several components of the Department of Homeland Security.

800
General Government
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900
Net Interest
Function 900 consists primarily of the interest paid by the federal government to private and foreign government holders of U.S. Treasury securities. This amount is slightly offset by interest income received by the federal government on loans and cash balances and by earnings of the National Railroad Retirement Investment Trust.

920
Allowances
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950
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tag: table


document_title: Names of China

question_text: china in chinese is called zhongguo which means

question_tokens: china in chinese is called zhongguo which means

text: Names of China

text: Sinitic names[edit]

text: Zhongguo[edit]

text: Zhōngguó is the most common sinitic name for China in modern times. The first appearance of 中國 on an artifact was in the Western Zhou on a ritual vessel known as He zun.[2] It is formed by combining the characters zhōng (中) meaning "central" or "middle", and guó (國/国), representing "state" or "states"; in contemporary usage, "nation". Prior to the Qin unification of China "Zhongguo" referred to the "Central States"; the connotation was the primacy of a culturally distinct core area, centered on the Yellow River valley, as distinguished from the tribal periphery.[3] In later periods, however, "Zhongguo" was not used in this sense. Dynastic names were used for the state in Imperial China and concepts of the state aside from the ruling dynasty were little understood.[1] Rather, the country was called by the name of the dynasty, such as "Han dynasty" (Hanchao 漢朝), "Tang dynasty" (Tangchao 唐朝), "The Great Ming" (Daming 大明), "The Great Qing" (Daqing 大清), as the case might be. Until the 19th century when the international system came to require a common legal language, there was no need for a fixed or unique name.[4]

text: There were different usages of the term "Zhongguo" in every period. It could refer to the capital of the emperor to distinguish it from the capitals of his vassals, as in Western Zhou. It could refer to the states of the Central Plain to distinguish them from states in outer regions. During the Han dynasty, three usages of "Zhongguo" were common. The Shi Jing explicitly defines "Zhongguo" as the capital; the Records of the Grand Historian uses the concept zhong to indicate the center of civilization: "Eight famous mountains are there in Tianxia. Three are in Man and Yi. Five are in Zhōnghuá." The Records of the Three Kingdoms uses the concept of the central states in "Zhōnghuá", or the states in "Zhōnghuá" which is the center, depending on the interpretation. It records the following exhortation: "If we can lead the host of Wu and Yue to oppose "Zhongguo," then let us break off relations with them soon." In this sense, the term "Zhongguo" is synonymous with Zhōnghuá (中華/中华) and Huáxià (華夏/华夏), names for "China" that comes from the Xia dynasty.

text: From the Qin to Ming dynasty literati discussed "Zhongguo" as both a historical place or territory and as a culture. Writers of the Ming period in particular used the term as a political tool to express opposition to expansionist policies that incorporated foreigners into the empire.[6] In contrast foreign conquerors typically avoided discussions of "Zhongguo" and instead defined membership in their empires to include both Han and non-Han peoples.[7]

text: Zhongguo appeared in a formal international legal document for the first time during the Qing dynasty in the Treaty of Nerchinsk, 1689. The term was then used in communications with other states and in treaties. The Manchu rulers incorporated Inner Asian polities into their empire, and Wei Yuan, a statecraft scholar, distinguished the new territories from Zhongguo, which he defined as the 17 provinces of "China proper" plus the Manchu homelands in the Northeast. By the late 19th century the term had emerged as a common name for the whole country. The empire was sometimes referred to as Great Qing but increasingly as Zhongguo (see the discussion below).[8]

text: Dulimbai Gurun is the Manchu name for China.[9][10][11] The historian Zhao Gang writes that "not long after the collapse of the Ming, China [Zhongguo] became the equivalent of Great Qing (Da Qing)—another official title of the Qing state", and "Qing and China became interchangeable official titles, and the latter often appeared as a substitute for the former in official documents."[12] Qing referred to their realm as "Dulimbai Gurun" in Manchu. The Qing equated the lands of the Qing realm (including present day Manchuria, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Tibet and other areas as "China" in both the Chinese and Manchu languages, defining China as a multi-ethnic state, rejecting the idea that China only meant Han areas; both Han and non-Han peoples were part of "China". Officials used "China" (though not exclusively) in official documents, international treaties, and foreign affairs, and the "Chinese language" (Dulimbai gurun i bithe) referred to Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, and the term "Chinese people" (中國人 Zhongguo ren; Manchu: Dulimbai gurun i niyalma) referred to all Han, Manchus, and Mongol subjects of the Qing.[13] Ming loyalist Han literati held to defining the old Ming borders as China and using "foreigner" to describe minorities under Qing rule such as the Mongols, as part of their anti-Qing ideology.[14]

text: When the Qing conquered Dzungaria in 1759, they proclaimed that the new land was absorbed into Dulimbai Gurun in a Manchu language memorial.[15][16][17] The Qing expounded on their ideology that they were bringing together the "outer" non-Han Chinese like the Inner Mongols, Eastern Mongols, Oirat Mongols, and Tibetans together with the "inner" Han Chinese, into "one family" united in the Qing state, showing that the diverse subjects of the Qing were all part of one family, the Qing used the phrase "Zhongwai yijia" (中外一家) or "neiwai yijia" (內外一家, "interior and exterior as one family"), to convey this idea of "unification" of the different peoples.[18] A Manchu language version of a treaty with the Russian Empire concerning criminal jurisdiction over bandits called people from the Qing as "people of the Central Kingdom (Dulimbai Gurun)".[19][20][21][22] In the Manchu official Tulisen's Manchu language account of his meeting with the Torghut Mongol leader Ayuki Khan, it was mentioned that while the Torghuts were unlike the Russians, the "people of the Central Kingdom" (dulimba-i gurun 中國, Zhongguo) were like the Torghut Mongols, and the "people of the Central Kingdom" referred to the Manchus.[23]

text: Mark Elliott noted that it was under the Qing that "China" transformed into a definition of referring to lands where the "state claimed sovereignty" rather than only the Central Plains area and its people by the end of the 18th century.[24]

text: Elena Barabantseva also noted that the Manchu referred to all subjects of the Qing empire regardless of ethnicity as "Chinese" (中國之人), and used the term (中國) as a synonym for the entire Qing empire while using "Han ren" (漢人) to refer only to the core area of the empire, with the entire empire viewed as multiethnic.[25]

text: Joseph W. Esherick noted that while the Qing Emperors governed frontier non-Han areas in a different, separate system under the Lifanyuan and kept them separate from Han areas and administration, it was the Manchu Qing Emperors who expanded the definition of Zhongguo (中國) and made it "flexible" by using that term to refer to the entire Empire and using that term to other countries in diplomatic correspondence, while some Han Chinese subjects criticized their usage of the term and the Han literati Wei Yuan used Zhongguo only to refer to the seventeen provinces of China and three provinces of the east (Manchuria), excluding other frontier areas.[26] Due to Qing using treaties clarifying the international borders of the Qing state, it was able to inculcate in the Chinese people a sense that China included areas such as Mongolia and Tibet due to education reforms in geography which made it clear where the borders of the Qing state were even if they didn't understand how the Chinese identity included Tibetans and Mongolians or understand what the connotations of being Chinese were.[27] The Treaty of Nanking (1842) English version refers to "His Majesty the Emperor of China" while the Chinese refers both to "The Great Qing Emperor" (Da Qing Huangdi) and to Zhongguo as well. The Treaty of Tientsin (1858) has similar language.[4]

text: In the late 19th century the reformer Liang Qichao argued in a famous passage that "our greatest shame is that our country has no name. The names that people ordinarily think of, such as Xia, Han, or Tang, are all the titles of bygone dynasties." He argued that the other countries of the world "all boast of their own state names, such as England and France, the only exception being the Central States." [28] The Japanese term "Shina" was proposed as a basically neutral Western-influenced equivalent for "China". Liang and Chinese revolutionaries, such as Sun Yat-sen, who both lived extensive periods in Japan, used Shina extensively, and it was used in literature as well as by ordinary Chinese. But with the overthrow of the Qing in 1911, most Chinese dropped Shina as foreign and demanded that even Japanese replace it with Zhonghua minguo or simply Zhongguo.[29] Liang went on to argue that the concept of tianxia had to be abandoned in favor of guojia, that is, "nation," for which he accepted the term Zhongguo.[30] After the founding of the Chinese Republic in 1912, Zhongguo was also adopted as the abbreviation of Zhonghua minguo.[31]

text: Qing official Zhang Deyi objected to the western European name "China" and said that China referred to itself as Zhonghua in response to a European who asked why Chinese used the term guizi to refer to all Europeans.[32]

text: In the 20th century after the May Fourth Movement, educated students began to spread the concept of Zhōnghuá (中華/中华), which represented the people, including 56 minority ethnic groups and the Han Chinese, with a single culture identifying themselves as "Chinese". The Republic of China and the People's Republic of China both used the title "Zhōnghuá" in their official names. Thus, "Zhōngguó" became the common name for both governments. Overseas Chinese are referred to as huáqiáo (華僑/华侨), literally "Chinese overseas", or huáyì (華裔/华裔), literally "Chinese descendant" (i.e., Chinese children born overseas).

text:
Burmese: Alaï-praï-daï
Catalan: País del Centre (literally: The Middle's Country/State)
Czech: Říše středu (literally: "The Empire of the Center")
Dutch: Middenrijk (literally: "Middle Empire" or "Middle Realm")
English: Middle Kingdom, Central Kingdom
Finnish: Keskustan valtakunta (literally: "The State of the Center")
French: Empire du milieu (literally: "Middle Empire") or Royaume du milieu (literally: "Middle Kingdom")
German: Reich der Mitte (literally: "Middle Empire")
Hmong: Suav Teb, Roob Kuj, Tuam Tshoj, 中國 (literally: "Land of the Xia, The Middle Kingdom, Great Qing")
Hungarian: Középső birodalom (literally: "Middle Empire")
Indonesian: Tiongkok (from Tiong-kok, the Hokkien name for China)[33]
Italian: Impero di Mezzo (literally: "Middle Empire")
Japanese: Chūgoku (中国; ちゅうごく)
Kazakh: Juñgo (جۇڭگو)
Korean: Jungguk (중국; 中國)
Li: Dongxgok
Manchu: ᡩᡠᠯᡳᠮᠪᠠᡳ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ (Dulimbai gurun) or ᠵᡠᠨᡤᠣ (Jungg'o) (They were the official names for "China" in Manchu language)
Mongolian: ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (Dumdadu ulus) (the official name for "China" used in Inner Mongolia)
Polish: Państwo Środka (literally: "The State of the Center")
Portuguese: Império do Meio (literally: "Middle Empire")
Russian: Срединное Царство (Sredínnoye Tsárstvo; literally: "Middle Empire")
Spanish: País del Centro (literally: The Middle's Country/State)
Swedish: Mittens rike (literally: The Middle's Kingdom/Empire/Realm/State)
Tibetan: Krung-go (ཀྲུང་གོ་)
Uyghur: Junggo (جۇڭگو)
Vietnamese: Trung Quốc/Tung Của (中國)
Yi: ꍏꇩ （/tʂõ˧ ko˨˩/ or /tʂõ˧ kwɛ˨˩/）
Zhuang: Cunghgoz (older orthography: Cuŋƅgoƨ)

text:
Indonesian: Tionghoa (from Tiong-hôa, the Hokkien counterpart)
Japanese: Chūka (中華; ちゅうか)
Korean: Junghwa (중화; 中華)
Kazakh: Juñxwa (حالىق)
Li: Dongxhwax
Manchu: ᠵᡠᠩᡥᡡᠸᠠ (Junghūwa)
Zhuang: Cunghvaz (Old orthography: Cuŋƅvaƨ)
Tibetan: ཀྲུང་ཧྭ (krung hwa)
Uyghur: جۇڭخۇا (Jungxua)
Vietnamese: Trung hoa (中華)
Yi: ꍏꉸ （/tʂõ˧ xɔ˨˩/ or /tʂõ˧ xwa˨˩/）

text: Huaxia[edit]

text: The name Huaxia (華夏/华夏; pinyin: huáxià), generally used as a sobriquet in Chinese text, is the combination of two words:

text:
Hua which means "flowery beauty" (i.e. having beauty of dress and personal adornment 有服章之美，謂之華).
Xia which means "greatness, grandeur" (i.e. having greatness of social customs/courtesy/polite manners and rites/ceremony 有禮儀之大，故稱夏).[34]

text: These two terms originally referred to the elegance of the traditional attire of the Han Chinese (漢服 Hàn fú, or simply 衣冠Yī guān, literally clothes and headgear) and the Confucian concept of rituals (禮/礼 lǐ). In the original sense, Huaxia refers to a confederation of tribes—living along the Yellow River—who were the ancestors of what later became the Han ethnic group in China. During the Warring States (475–221 BCE), the self-awareness of the Huaxia identity developed and took hold in ancient China.

text: Tianxia and Tianchao[edit]

text: Tianxia (天下; pinyin: Tiānxià) literally means "under heaven"; and Tianchao (天朝) means "Heavenly Dynasty". These terms were usually used in the context of civil wars or periods of division, in which whoever ends up reunifying China is said to have ruled Tianxia, or everything under heaven. This fits with the traditional Chinese theory of rulership in which the emperor was nominally the political leader of the entire world and not merely the leader of a nation-state within the world. Historically the term was connected to the later Zhou Dynasty (c. 1046–256 BCE), especially the Spring and Autumn period (eighth to fourth century BCE) and the Warring States period (from there to 221 BCE, when China was reunified by the Qin state).

text: Russian: Поднебесная (Podnebésnaya; lit. "under the heaven")

text: Jiangshan[edit]

text: Jiangshan (江山; pinyin: Jiāngshān) literally means "Rivers and mountains". This term is quite similar in usage to Tianxia, and simply refers to the entire world, and here the most prominent features of which being rivers and mountains. Use of this term is also common as part of the phrase "designing rivers and mountains" meaning maintaining and improving government and policy in the world.

text: Jiuzhou[edit]

text: The name Jiuzhou (九州; pinyin: jiǔ zhōu) means "nine provinces". Widely used in pre-modern Chinese text, the word originated during the middle of Warring States period of China (c. 400–221 BCE). During that time, the Yellow River river region was divided into nine geographical regions; thus this name was coined. Some people also attribute this word to the mythical hero and king, Yu the Great, who, in the legend, divided China into nine provinces during his reign. (Consult Zhou for more information.)

text: Shenzhou[edit]

text: This name means Divine Land (神州; pinyin: Shénzhōu) and comes from the same period as Jiuzhou. It was thought that the world was divided into nine major states, one of which is Shenzhou, which is in turn divided into nine smaller states, one of which is Jiuzhou mentioned above.

text: Sihai[edit]

text: This name, Four Seas (四海; pinyin: sìhǎi), is sometimes used to refer to the world, or simply China, which is perceived as the civilized world. It came from the ancient notion that the world is flat and surrounded by sea.

text: Han[edit]

text:
Han

Chinese name

Traditional Chinese
漢

Simplified Chinese
汉

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Hàn

Wu

Romanization
hoe去

Gan

Romanization
Hon

Hakka

Romanization
hon55

Yue: Cantonese

Jyutping
hon3

Southern Min

Hokkien POJ
hàn

Eastern Min

Fuzhou BUC
Háng

Vietnamese name

Vietnamese alphabet
hán

Korean name

Hangul
한

[show]Transcriptions

Revised Romanization
han

Japanese name

Kana
かん

[show]Transcriptions

Romanization
kan

text: The name Han (漢/汉; pinyin: hàn) derives from the Han dynasty(206 BC–220 AD), who presided over China's first "golden age" . Han dynasty collapsed in 220 and was followed by a long period of disorder, including Three Kingdoms, Sixteen Kingdoms, and Southern and Northern Dynasties periods. During these periods, various non-Chinese ethnic groups invaded from the north and conquered areas of North China, which they held for several centuries. It was during this period that people began to use the term "Han" to refer to the natives of North China, who (unlike the invaders) were the descendants of the subjects of the Han dynasty.

text: During the Yuan dynasty Mongolian rulers divided people into four classes: Mongols, Semu or "Colour-eyeds", Hans, and "Southerns". Northern Chinese were called Han, which was considered to be the highest class of Chinese. This class "Han" includes all ethnic groups in northern China including Khitan and Jurchen who have in most part sinicized during the last two hundreds years. The name "Han" became popularly accepted.

text: During the Qing dynasty, the Manchu rulers also used the name Han to distinguish the local Chinese from the Manchus. After the fall of the Qing government, the Han became the name of a nationality within China. Today the term "Han Persons", often rendered in English as Han Chinese, is used by the People's Republic of China to refer to the most populous of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups of China. The "Han Chinese" are simply referred to as "Chinese" by some.

text: Tang[edit]

text:
Tang

Chinese name

Chinese
唐

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Táng

Wu

Romanization
daon平

Gan

Romanization
Tong

Hakka

Romanization
tong11

Yue: Cantonese

Jyutping
tong4

Southern Min

Hokkien POJ
Tông/Tn̂g

Vietnamese name

Vietnamese alphabet
đường

Korean name

Hangul
당

[show]Transcriptions

Revised Romanization
dang

Japanese name

Kana
とう (On), から (Kun)

[show]Transcriptions

Romanization
tō (On), kara (Kun)

text: The name Tang (唐; pinyin: Táng) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618–907) that presided over China's second golden age. It was during the Tang Dynasty that South China was finally and fully Sinicized; Tang would become synonymous with China in Southern China and it is usually Southern Chinese who refer to themselves as "Tang ren" (唐人, pinyin: Tángrén; literally: "People of Tang").[35] For example, the sinicization and rapid development of Guangdong during the Tang period would lead the Cantonese to refer to themselves as Tong-yan (唐人) in Cantonese, while China is called Tong-saan (唐山; pinyin: Tángshān; literally: "Tang Mountain").[36] Chinatowns worldwide, often dominated by Southern Chinese, also became referred to Tong-yan-gaai (唐人街; pinyin: Tángrénjiē; literally: "Tang people street"). The Cantonese term is recorded as Tongsan in Old Malay as one of the local terms for China, along with the Sanskrit-derived Cina. It is still used in Malaysia today, usually in a derogatory sense.

text: Among Taiwanese, Tn̂g-soaⁿ has been used, for example, in the saying, "has Tangshan father, no Tangshan mother" (有唐山公，無唐山媽; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ū Tn̂g-soaⁿ kong, bô Tn̂g-soaⁿ má).[37][38] This refers how the Han people crossing the Taiwan Strait in the 17th and 18th centuries were mostly men, and that many of their offspring would be through intermarriage with Taiwanese aborigine women.

text: In Ryukyuan, Karate was originally called tii (手, hand) or karatii (唐手, Tang hand) because 唐ぬ國 too-nu-kuku or kara-nu-kuku (唐ぬ國) was a common Ryukyuan name for China; it was changed to karate (空手, open hand) to appeal to Japanese people after the First Sino-Japanese War.

text: Dalu and Neidi[edit]

text: Dàlù (大陸/大陆; pinyin: dàlù), literally "big continent" or "mainland" in this context, is used as a short form of Zhōnggúo Dàlù (中國大陸/中国大陆, Mainland China), excluding (depending on the context) Hong Kong and Macau, and/or Taiwan. This term is used in official context in both the mainland and Taiwan, when referring to the mainland as opposed to Taiwan. In certain contexts, it is equivalent to the term Neidi (内地; pinyin: nèidì, literally "the inner land"). While Neidi generally refers to the interior as opposed to a particular coastal or border location, or the coastal or border regions generally, it is used in Hong Kong specifically to mean mainland China excluding Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. Increasingly, it is also being used in an official context within mainland China, for example in reference to the separate judicial and customs jurisdictions of mainland China on the one hand and Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan on the other.

text: The term Neidi is also often used in Xinjiang and Tibet to distinguish the eastern provinces of China from the minority-populated, autonomous regions of the west.

text: Official names[edit]

text: People's Republic of China[edit]

text:
People's Republic of China

"People's Republic of China" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters

Chinese name

Simplified Chinese
中华人民共和国

Traditional Chinese
中華人民共和國

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó

Bopomofo
ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄖㄣˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Wade–Giles
Chung-hua Jen-min Kung-ho-kuo

Wu

Romanization
tson平 gho平 zin平 min平 gon去 ghu平 koh入

Gan

Romanization
Chungfa Ninmin Khungfokoet

Hakka

Romanization
dung24 fa11 ngin11 min11 kiung55 fo11 gued2

Yue: Cantonese

Jyutping
zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3

Southern Min

Hokkien POJ
Tiong-hôa jîn-bîn kiōng-hô-kok

Eastern Min

Fuzhou BUC
Dṳ̆ng-huà Ìng-mìng Gê̤ṳng-huò-guók

Vietnamese name

Vietnamese alphabet
Trung Hoa Nhân dân Cộng hòa quốc

Korean name

Hangul
중화인민공화국

Hanja
中華人民共和國

[show]Transcriptions

Revised Romanization
Junghwa Inmin Gonghwaguk

Japanese name

Kanji
中華人民共和国

Kana
ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく

[show]Transcriptions

Romanization
Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku

text: The name New China has been frequently applied to China by the Communist Party of China as a positive political and social term contrasting pre-1949 China (the establishment of the PRC) and the new socialist state. This term is also sometimes used by writers outside mainland China. The PRC was known to many in the West during the Cold War as "Communist China" or "Red China" to distinguish it from the Republic of China which is commonly called "Taiwan", "Nationalist China" or "Free China". In some contexts, particularly in economics, trade, and sports, "China" is often used to refer to mainland China to the exclusion of Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. In reporting by Western news services, "China" typically refers to the People's Republic of China including Hong Kong and Macau,[citation needed] particularly when reporting politics.

text: The official name of the People's Republic of China in various official languages and scripts:

text:
Simplified Chinese: 中华人民共和国 (pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó) – Official language and script, used in Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia
Traditional Chinese: 中華人民共和國 (pinyin: Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó; Jyutping: zung1 waa4 jan4 man4 gung6 wo4 gwok3) – Official script in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan (ROC).
English: People's Republic of China – Official in Hong Kong
Kazakh: As used within Republic of Kazakhstan, Қытай Халық Республикасы (in Cyrillic script), Qıtay Xalıq Respwblïkası (in Latin script), قىتاي حالىق رەسپۋبلىيكاسى (in Arabic script); as used within the People's Republic of China, Жұңxуа Халық Республикасы (in Cyrillic script), Juñxwa Xalıq Respwblïkası (in Latin script), جۇڭحۋا حالىق رەسپۋبليكاسى (in Arabic script). The Cyrillic script is the predominant script in the Republic of Kazakhstan, while the Arabic script is normally used for the Kazakh language in the People's Republic of China.
Korean: 중화 인민 공화국 (中華人民共和國; Junghwa Inmin Gonghwaguk) – Used in Yianbian
Manchu: ᠵᡠᠩᡥᡡᠸᠠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠᡳᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᡤᡠᠨᡥᡝᡬᠣ (Junghūwa niyalmairgen gungheg'o)
Mongolian: ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (Bügüde nayiramdaqu dumdadu arad ulus) – Official in Inner Mongolia; Бүгд Найрамдах Хятад Ард Улс (Bügd Nairamdakh Khyatad Ard Uls) – used in Mongolia
Portuguese: República Popular da China – Official in Macau
Tibetan: ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ, Wylie: krung hwa mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab, ZYPY: Zhunghua Mimang Jitun Gyalkab – Official in PRC's Tibet

Tibetan: རྒྱ་ནག་མི་དམངས་སྤྱི་མཐུན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ, Wylie: rgya nag mi dmangs spyi mthun rgyal khab – Official in Tibet Government-in-Exile

Uyghur: جۇڭخۇا خەلق جۇمھۇرىيىت (Jungxua Xelq Jumhuriyiti) – Official in Xinjiang
Yi: ꍏꉸꏓꂱꇭꉼꇩ (Zho huop rep mip gop hop guop) – Official in Liangshan
Zaiwa: Zhunghua Mingbyu Muhum Mingdan – Official in Dehong
Zhuang: Cunghvaz Yinzminz Gunghozgoz (Old orthography: Cuŋƅvaƨ Yinƨminƨ Guŋƅoƨ) – Official in Guangxi

text: Republic of China[edit]

text:
Republic of China

"Republic of China" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters

Chinese name

Traditional Chinese
中華民國

Simplified Chinese
中华民国

Postal
Chunghwa Minkwo

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōnghuá Mínguó

Bopomofo
ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄍㄨㄛˊ

Wade–Giles
Chung-hua Min-kuo

other Mandarin

Xiao'erjing
ﺟْﻮ ﺧُﻮَ مٍ ﻗُﻮَع

Wu

Romanization
tson平 gho平 min平 koh入

Gan

Romanization
Chungfa Minkoet

Hakka

Romanization
dung24 fa11 min11 gued2

Yue: Cantonese

Jyutping
zung1 waa4 man4 gwok3

Southern Min

Hokkien POJ
Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok

Tâi-lô
Tiong-hûa Tâi-pak

Eastern Min

Fuzhou BUC
Dṳ̆ng-huà Mìng-guók

Chinese Taipei

Traditional Chinese
中華臺北 or
中華台北

Simplified Chinese
中华台北

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Zhōnghuá Táiběi

Bopomofo
ㄓㄨㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊㄊㄞˊㄅㄟˇ

Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Jonghwa Tairbeei

Wade–Giles
Chung¹-hua² T'ai²-pei³

Tongyong Pinyin
Jhonghuá Táiběi

MPS2
Jūnghuá Táiběi

Hakka

Romanization
Chûng-fà Thòi-pet

Southern Min

Hokkien POJ
Tiong-hôa Tâi-pak

Eastern Min

Fuzhou BUC
Dṳ̆ng-huà Dài-báe̤k

Separate Customs Territory of
Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu

Traditional Chinese
臺澎金馬個別關稅領域

Simplified Chinese
台澎金马个别关税领域

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Tái Péng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù

Bopomofo
ㄊㄞˊㄆㄥˊㄐㄧㄣ ㄇㄚˇㄍㄜˋㄅㄧㄝˊㄍㄨㄢ ㄕㄨㄟˋㄌㄧㄥˇㄩˋ

Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Tair Perng Jin Maa Gehbye Guanshuey Liingyuh

Wade–Giles
T'ai² Peng² Chin¹ Ma³ Ke⁴-pieh² Kuan¹-shui⁴ Ling³-yü⁴

Tongyong Pinyin
Tái Péng Jin Mǎ Gèbié Guanshuèi Lǐngyù

MPS2
Tái Péng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuèi Lǐngyù

Southern Min

Hokkien POJ
Tâi-phêⁿ-Kim-bé Kò-piàt Koan-sòe Léng-hèk

Tâi-lô
Tâi-phêⁿ-Kim-bé Kò-piàt Kuan-sùe Líng-hìk

Taiwan

Traditional Chinese
臺灣 or 台灣

Simplified Chinese
台湾

Postal
Taiwan

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Táiwān

Bopomofo
ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢ

Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Tair'uan

Wade–Giles
T'ai²-wan¹

Tongyong Pinyin
Táiwan

MPS2
Táiwān

Wu

Romanization
Wu Chinese pronunciation: [d̥e uɛ]

Hakka

Romanization
Thòi-vàn

Yue: Cantonese

Jyutping
Toi4 Waan1

Southern Min

Hokkien POJ
Tâi-oân

Tâi-lô
Tâi-uân

Eastern Min

Fuzhou BUC
Dài-uăng

Portuguese: (Ilha) Formosa

Traditional Chinese
福爾摩沙

Simplified Chinese
福尔摩沙

Literal meaning
beautiful island

[show]Transcriptions

Standard Mandarin

Hanyu Pinyin
Fúĕrmóshā

Bopomofo
ㄈㄨˊ ㄦˇ ㄇㄛˊ ㄕㄚ

Gwoyeu Romatzyh
Fur'eelmosha

Wade–Giles
Fu²-êr³-mo²-sha¹

Tongyong Pinyin
Fúĕrmósha

MPS2
Fúĕrmóshā

Yue: Cantonese

Jyutping
fuk1ji5mo1saa1

Vietnamese name

Vietnamese alphabet
Trung Hoa Dân Quốc

Hán-Nôm
中華民國

Korean name

Hangul
중화민국

Hanja
中華民國

[show]Transcriptions

Revised Romanization
Junghwa Minguk

Japanese name

Kanji
中華民国

Kana
ちゅうかみんこく

[show]Transcriptions

Romanization
Chūka Minkoku

text: Since its founding in 1912, the Republic of China, or ROC, has sometimes been referred to as "Republican China" or "Republican Era" (民國時代), in contrast to the empire it replaced, or as "Nationalist China", after the ruling Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang). 中華 (Zhonghua) is a term that pertains to "China" while 民國 (mínguó), literally "people's country", stands for "republic".[39][40] With the separation from mainland China in 1949 as a result of the Chinese Civil War, the territory of the Republic of China has largely been confined to the island of Taiwan and some other small islands. Thus, the country is often simply referred to as simply "Taiwan", although this may not be perceived as politically neutral. (See Taiwan Independence.) Amid the hostile rhetoric of the Cold War, the government and its supporters sometimes referred to itself as "Free China" or "Liberal China", in contrast to People's Republic of China (which was historically called the "Bandit-occupied Area" (匪區) by the ROC). In addition, the ROC, due to pressure from the PRC, was forced to use the name "Chinese Taipei" (中華台北) whenever it participates in international forums or most sporting events such as the Olympic Games.

text: The official name of the Republic of China in various official languages and scripts:

text:
Simplified Chinese: 中华民国 (pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó; Wade–Giles: Chunghwa Minkuo), 中華台北 (pinyin: Zhōnghuá Táiběi), 台澎金马个别关税领域 (pinyin: Tái Péng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù), 台湾 (pinyin: Táiwān) – Official language and script, used in Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia
Traditional Chinese: 中華民國 (pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó; Jyutping: zung1 waa4 man4 gwok3), 中華臺北 (pinyin: Zhōnghuá Táiběi), 臺澎金馬個別關稅領域 (pinyin: Tái Péng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù), 臺灣 (pinyin: Táiwān) – Official script in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan and the islands controlled by the ROC
English: Republic of China – Official in Hong Kong, Chinese Taipei – official designation in several international organizations (International Olympic Committee, FIFA, Miss Universe, World Health Organization), Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu – World Trade Organization, Taiwan – Most commonly used
Hindi: चीनी गणराज्य (Cīnī Gaṇarājya) – Official in Arunachal Pradesh
Kazakh: As used within Republic of Kazakhstan, Қытай Республикасы (in Cyrillic script), Qıtay Respwblïkası (in Latin script), قىتاي رەسپۋبلىيكاسى (in Arabic script); as used within the People's Republic of China, Жұңxуа Республикасы (in Cyrillic script), Juñxwa Respwblïkası (in Latin script), جۇڭحۋا رەسپۋبليكاسى (in Arabic script). The Cyrillic script is the predominant script in the Republic of Kazakhstan, while the Arabic script is normally used for the Kazakh language in the People's Republic of China.
Mongolian: ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (Bügüde nayiramdaqu dumdadu ulus) – Official in Inner Mongolia; Бүгд Найрамдах Хятад Улс (Bügd Nairamdakh Khyatad Uls) – used in Mongolia
Portuguese: República da China – Official in Macau, Formosa – former name
Tibetan: ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་དམངས་གཙོའི་རྒྱལ་ཁབ།, Wylie: krung hwa dmangs gtso'i rgyal khab, ZYPY: Zhunghua Mang Jitun Gyalkab, Tibetan: ཐའེ་ཝན།, Wylie: tha'e wan – Official in PRC's Tibet

Tibetan: རྒྱ་ནག་དམངས་གཙོའི་རྒྱལ་ཁབ, Wylie: rgya nag dmangs gtso'i rgyal khab – Official in Tibet Government-in-Exile

Uyghur: جۇڭخۇا مىنگو, ULY: Jungxua Mingo – Official in Xinjiang
Zhuang: Cunghvaz Mingoz (Old orthography: Cuŋƅvaƨ Minƨƅoƨ) – Official in Guangxi
Japanese: 中華民国 (ちゅうかみんこく; Chūka Minkoku) – Used in Japan
Korean: 중화민국 (中華民國; Junghwa Minguk) – Used in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture

text: Names in non-Chinese records[edit]

text: Names used in the rest of Asia, especially East and Southeast Asia, are usually derived directly from words in a language of China. Those languages belonging to a former dependency (tributary) or Chinese-influenced country have an especially similar pronunciation to that of Chinese. Those used in Indo-European languages, however, have indirect names that came via other routes and bear little resemblance to what is used in China.

text: Chin, China[edit]

text: English, most Indo-European languages, and many others use various forms of the name "China" and the prefix "Sino-" or "Sin-" from the Latin Sina.[41][42] Europeans had knowledge of a country known as Thina or Sina from the early period;[43] the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea from perhaps the first century AD recorded a country known as Thin (θίν).[44] The English name for "China" itself is derived from Middle Persian (Chīnī چین). This modern word "China" was first used by Europeans starting with Portuguese explorers of the 16th century – it was first recorded in 1516 in the journal of the Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa.[45][46] The journal was translated and published in England in 1555.[47]

text: The traditional etymology, proposed in the 17th century by Martin Martini and supported by later scholars such as Paul Pelliot and Berthold Laufer, is that the word "China" and its related terms are ultimately derived from the polity known as Qin, a state that existed on the furthest west of China since the 9th century BC, and which later unified China to form the Qin Dynasty (秦, Old Chinese: *dzin).[43][48][49] This is still the most commonly held theory, although many other suggestions have also been mooted.[50][51] The existence of the word Cīna in ancient Hindu texts was noted by the Sanskrit scholar Hermann Jacobi who pointed out its use in the Book 2 of Arthashastra with reference to silk and woven cloth produced by the country of Cīna, although textual analysis suggests that Book 2 may not have been written long before 150 AD.[52] The word is also found in other Sanskrit texts such as the Mahābhārata and the Laws of Manu.[53] The Indologist Patrick Olivelle argued that the word Cīnā may not have been known in India before the first century BC, nevertheless he agreed that it probably referred to Qin but thought that the word itself was derived from a Central Asian language.[54] Some Chinese and Indian scholars argued for the state of Jing (荆, another name for Chu) as the likely origin of the name.[51] Another suggestion, made by Geoff Wade, is that the Cīnāh in Sanskrit texts refers to an ancient kingdom centered in present-day Guizhou, called Yelang, in the south Tibeto-Burman highlands.[53] The inhabitants referred to themselves as Zina according to Wade.[55]

text: The term "China" can also be used to refer to:

text:
the modern states known as the People's Republic of China (PRC) and (before the 1970s) the Republic of China (ROC)
"Mainland China" (中國大陸/中国大陆, Zhōngguó Dàlù in Mandarin), which is the territory of the PRC minus the two special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau;
"China proper", a term used to refer to the historical heartlands of China without peripheral areas like Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, Tibet, and Xinjiang

text: In economic contexts, "Greater China" (大中華地區/大中华地区, dà Zhōnghuá dìqū) is intended to be a neutral and non-political way to refer to Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

text: Sinologists usually use "Chinese" in a more restricted sense, akin to the classical usage of Zhongguo, to the Han ethnic group, which makes up the bulk of the population in China and of the overseas Chinese.

text: List of derived terms[edit]

text:
Afrikaans: Sjina (pronounced [ˈʃina])
Albanian: Kinë (pronounced [kinə])
Amharic: Chayna (from English)
Armenian: Չինաստան (pronounced [t͡ʃʰinɑsˈtɑn])
Assamese: চীন (pronounced [sin])
Azeri: Çin (IPA: [tʃin])
Basque: Txina (IPA: [ˈtʃinə])
Bangla/Bengali: Cīn (চীন pronounced [ˈt͡ʃiːn])
Catalan: Xina ([ˈʃinə] or [ˈtʃina])
Chinese: 支那 Zhīnà (obsolete and considered offensive due to historical Japanese usage; originated from early Chinese translations of Buddhist texts in Sanskrit)
Chinese: 震旦 Zhèndàn transcription of the Sanskrit/Pali "Cīnasthāna" in the Buddhist texts.
Czech: Čína (pronounced [ˈtʃiːna])
Danish: Kina
Dutch: China ([ʃiːnɑ])
English: China /ˈtʃaɪnə/
Esperanto: Ĉinujo or Ĉinio, or Ĥinujo (archaic)
Estonian: Hiina (pronounced [hiːnɑ])
Filipino (Tagalog): Tsina ([tʃina])
Finnish: Kiina (pronounced [kiːnɑ])
French: Chine ([ʃin])
Galician: China (pronounced [tʃina])
Georgian: ჩინეთი (pronounced [tʃinɛtʰi])
German: China ([ˈçiːna], in the southern part of the German-speaking area also [ˈkiːna])
Greek: Κίνα (Kína) ([ˈcina])
Hindustani: Cīn चीन or چين (IPA [ˈtʃiːn])
Hungarian: Kína ([kiːnɒ])
Icelandic: Kína ([kʰina])
Indonesian: Cina ([tʃina], unofficial), Tiongkok (for country), Tionghoa (for ethnicity, culture, and other non-country subject)
Interlingua: China
Irish: An tSín ([ən ˈtʲiːnʲ])
Italian: Cina ([ˈtʃiːna])
Japanese: Shina (支那) – considered offensive in China, now largely obsolete in Japan and avoided out of deference to China (the name Chūgoku is used instead); See Shina (word) and kotobagari.
Khmer: ចិន ( [cən])
Korean: Jina (지나)
Latvian: Ķīna ([ˈciːna])
Lithuanian: Kinija ([kʲɪnʲijaː])
Macedonian: Кина (Kina) ([kinə])
Malay: Cina ([tʃina]) – considered less offensive than the historic Tongsan but some have argued for use of the Indonesian word Tionghua
Malayalam: Cheenan/Cheenathi
Maltese: Ċina ([ˈtʃiːna])
Marathi: Cīn चीन (IPA [ˈtʃiːn])
Nepali: Cīn चीन (IPA [ˈtʃiːn])
Norwegian: Kina ([çiːnɑ][stress and toneme?] or [ʂiːnɑ])[stress and toneme?]
Pahlavi: Čīnī
Persian: Chīn چين ([tʃin])
Polish: Chiny ([ˈçinɨ])
Portuguese: China ([ˈʃinɐ])
Romanian: China ([ˈkina])
Serbo-Croatian: Kina or Кина ([ˈkina])
Slovak: Čína ([ˈtʃiːna])
Spanish: China ([ˈtʃina])
Swedish: Kina ([ˈɕiːna])
Sylheti: ꠌꠤꠘ ("sin")
Tamil: Cīnā (சீனா)
Thai: จีน RTGS: Chin ( [t͡ɕiːn])
Tibetan: Rgya Nag (རྒྱ་ནག་)
Turkish: Çin ([tʃin])
Vietnamese: Chấn Đán (in Buddhist texts).
Welsh: Tsieina ([ˈtʃəina])

text: Middle Kingdom[edit]

text: The English translation of "Zhongguo" as the "Middle Kingdom" appeared via the Portuguese in the 16th century. It became popular in the mid 19th century. Some Western writers use the translation "central kingdom" to imply that China has a deeply rooted self-centered psychology as the center of the universe. Endymion Wilkinson points out that the Chinese were not unique in thinking of their country as central, although China was the only culture to use the concept for their name.[56] Regarding the accuracy of the translation, Professor Chen Jian writes: "I believe that 'Central Kingdom' is a more accurate translation for 'Zhong Guo' (China) than 'Middle Kingdom'. The term 'Middle Kingdom' does not imply that China is superior to other peoples and nations around it — China just happens to be located in the middle geographically; the term 'Central Kingdom', however, implies that China is superior to any other people and nation 'under the heaven' and that it thus occupies a 'central' position in the known universe."[57] As pointed out by Wilkinson, this point of view neglects the historical usage of the term. Zhongguo was not commonly used as a name for China until quite recently, nor did it mean the "Middle Kingdom" to the Chinese, or even have the same meaning throughout the course of history.[citation needed]

text: Seres, Ser, Serica[edit]

text: Sēres (Σῆρες) was the Ancient Greek and Roman name for the northwestern part of China and its inhabitants. It meant "of silk," or "land where silk comes from." The name is thought to derive from the Chinese word for silk, "sī" (絲/丝). It is itself at the origin of the Latin for silk, "sērica". See the main article Serica for more details.

text:
Ancient Greek: Σῆρες Seres, Σηρικός Serikos
Latin: Serica

text: This may be a back formation from sērikos (σηρικός), "made of silk", from sēr (σήρ), "silkworm", in which case Sēres is "the land where silk comes from."

text: Sinae, Sin[edit]

text: Sīnae was an ancient Greek and Roman name for some people who dwelt south of the Seres (Serica) in the eastern extremity of the inhabitable world. References to the Sinae include mention of a city that the Romans called Sēra Mētropolis, which may be modern Chang'an. The name The Latin prefixes Sino- and Sin-, which are traditionally used to refer to China and the Chinese, came from Sīnae.[58] It is generally thought that Chīna, Sīna and Thīna are variants that ultimately derived from Qin, which was the westernmost state in China that eventually formed the Qin Dynasty.[44] There are however other opinions on its etymology (See section on China above). Henry Yule thought that this term may have come to Europe through the Arabs, who made the China of the farther east into Sin, and perhaps sometimes into Thin.[59] Hence the Thin of the author of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, who appears to be the first extant writer to employ the name in this form; hence also the Sinæ and Thinae of Ptolemy.[43][44]

text: Some denied that Ptolemy's Sinae really represented the Chinese as Ptolemy called the country Sērice and the capital Sēra, but regarded them as distinct from Sīnae.[44][60] Marcian of Heraclea (a condenser of Ptolemy) tells us that the "nations of the Sinae lie at the extremity of the habitable world, and adjoin the eastern Terra incognita". The 6th century Cosmas Indicopleustes refers to a "country of silk" called Tzinista, which is understood as referring to China, beyond which "there is neither navigation nor any land to inhabit".[61] It seems probable that the same region is meant by both. According to Henry Yule, Ptolemy's misrendering of the Indian Sea as a closed basin meant that Ptolemy must also have misplaced the Chinese coast, leading to the misconception of Serica and Sina as separate countries.[59]

text: In the Hebrew Bible, there is a mention of a faraway country Sinim in the Book of Isaiah 49:12 which some had assumed to be a reference to China.[44][62] In Genesis 10:17, a tribes called the Sinites were said to be the descendants of Canaan, the son of Ham, but they are usually considered to be a different people, probably from the northern part of Lebanon.[63][64]

text:
Arabic: Ṣīn صين
French/English (prefix of adjectives): Sino- (i.e. Sino-American), Sinitic (the Chinese language family).
Hebrew: Sin סין
Irish: An tSín
Latin: Sīnae

text: Cathay[edit]

text: This group of names derives from Khitan, an ethnic group that originated in Manchuria and conquered parts of Northern China early tenth century forming the Liao dynasty, and later in the twelfth century dominated Central Asia as the Kara Khitan Khanate. Due to long period of domination of Northern China and then Central Asia by these nomadic conquerors, the name Khitan become associated with China to the people in and around the northwestern region. Muslim historians referred to the Kara Khitan state as Khitay or Khitai; they may have adopted this form of "Khitan" via the Uyghurs of Kocho in whose language the final -n or -ń became -y.[65] The name was then introduced to medieval and early modern Europe through Islamic and Russian sources.[66] In English and in several other European languages, the name "Cathay" was used in the translations of the adventures of Marco Polo, which used this word for northern China. Words related to Khitay are still used in many Turkic and Slavic languages to refer to China. However, its use by Turkic speakers within China, such as the Uyghurs, is considered pejorative by the Chinese authority who tried to ban it.[66]

text:
Belarusian: Кітай (Kitay)
Bulgarian: Китай (Kitay, IPA: [kiˈtaj])
Classical Mongolian: Kitad[67]
English: Cathay
Kazan Tatar: Кытай (Qıtay)
Medieval Latin: Cataya, Kitai
Mongolian: Хятад (Khyatad) (the name for China used in the State of Mongolia)
Buryat: Хитад (Khitad)
Portuguese: Catai ([kɐˈtaj])
Russian: Китай (Kitáy, IPA: [kʲɪˈtaj])
Slovene: Kitajska ([kiːˈtajska])
Spanish: Catay
Kazakh: Қытай (Qıtay)
Kyrgyz: Кытай ("Qıtay")
Tajik: Хитой ("Khitoy")
Turkmen: Hytaý ("Хытай")
Ukrainian: Китай (Kytai)
Uygur: Hyty
Uzbek: Xitoy ("Хитой")

text: There is no evidence that either in the 13th or 14th century, Cathayans, i.e. Chinese, travelled officially to Europe, but it is possible that some did, in unofficial capacities, at least in the 13th century. During the campaigns of Hulagu (the grandson of Genghis Khan) in Persia (1256–65), and the reigns of his successors, Chinese engineers were employed on the banks of the Tigris, and Chinese astrologers and physicians could be consulted. Many diplomatic communications passed between the Hulaguid Ilkhans and Christian princes. The former, as the great khan's liegemen, still received from him their seals of state; and two of their letters which survive in the archives of France exhibit the vermilion impressions of those seals in Chinese characters—perhaps affording the earliest specimen of those characters to reach western Europe.

text: Tabgach[edit]

text: "Tabgach" came from the metatheses of "Tuoba" (*t'akbat), a dominant tribe of the Xianbei, and the surname of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the 5th century before sinicisation. It referred to Northern China, which was dominated by half-Xianbei, half-Chinese people.

text:
Byzantine Greek: Taugats
Orhon Kok-Turk: Tabgach (variations Tamgach)

text: Nikan[edit]

text: Nikan (Manchu: ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ, means"Han ethnicity") was a Manchu ethnonym of unknown origin that referred specifically to the ethnic group known in English as the Han Chinese; the stem of this word was also conjugated as a verb, nikara(-mbi), and used to mean "to speak the Chinese language." Since Nikan was essentially an ethnonym and referred to a group of people (i.e., a nation) rather than to a political body (i.e., a state), the correct translation of "China" into the Manchu language is Nikan gurun, literally the "Nikan state" or "country of the Nikans" (i.e., country of the Hans).[citation needed]

text: This exonym for the Han Chinese is also used in the Daur language, in which it appears as Niaken ([njakən] or [ɲakən]).[68] As in the case of the Manchu language, the Daur word Niaken is essentially an ethnonym, and the proper way to refer to the country of the Han Chinese (i.e., "China" in a cultural sense) is Niaken gurun, while niakendaaci- is a verb meaning "to talk in Chinese."

text: Kara[edit]

text: Japanese: Kara (から; variously written in kanji as 唐 or 漢). An identical name was used by the ancient and medieval Japanese to refer to the country that is now known as Korea, and many Japanese historians and linguists believe that the word "Kara" referring to China and/or Korea may have derived from a metonymic extension of the appellation of the ancient city-states of Gaya.

text: The Japanese word karate (空手, lit. "empty hand") is derived from the Okinawan word karatii (唐手, lit. "Tang/Chinese hand") and refers to Okinawan martial arts; the character for kara was changed to remove the connotation of the style originating in China.

text: Morokoshi[edit]

text: Japanese: Morokoshi (もろこし; variously written in kanji as 唐 or 唐土). This obsolete Japanese name for China is believed to have derived from a kun reading of the Chinese compound 諸越 Zhūyuè or 百越 Bǎiyuè as "all the Yue" or "the hundred (i.e., myriad, various, or numerous) Yue," which was an ancient Chinese name for the societies of the regions that are now southern China.

text: The Japanese common noun tōmorokoshi (トウモロコシ, 玉蜀黍), which refers to maize, appears to contain an element cognate with the proper noun formerly used in reference to China. Although tōmorokoshi is traditionally written with Chinese characters that literally mean "jade Shu millet," the etymology of the Japanese word appears to go back to "Tang morokoshi," in which "morokoshi" was the obsolete Japanese name for China as well as the Japanese word for sorghum, which seems to have been introduced into Japan from China.

text: Mangi[edit]

text: From Chinese Manzi (southern barbarians). The division of North China and South China under the Jin dynasty and Song dynasty weakened the idea of a unified China, and it was common for non-Han Chinese to refer to the politically disparate North and South by different names for some time. While Northern China was called Cathay, Southern China was referred to as Mangi. Manzi often appears in documents of the Mongol Yuan dynasty. The Mongols also called Southern Chinese "Nangkiyas" or "Nangkiyad", and considered them ethnically distinct from North Chinese. The word "Manzi" also reached the Western world as "Mangi" (as used by Marco Polo), also in Persian as Machin ماچين and Arabic as Māṣīn ماصين. The name is also commonly found on medieval maps. However, the Chinese themselves considered "Mangi" to be derogatory and never used it as a self appellation.[69][70]

text:
Chinese: Manzi (蠻子)
Latin: Mangi