document_title: List of highest paid Major League Baseball players

question_text: who is the highest paid baseball player in the major leagues

text: Key[edit]

text:
Key

Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

1B
First baseman

2B
Second baseman

3B
Third baseman

SS
Shortstop

LF
Left fielder

CF
Center fielder

RF
Right fielder

C
Catcher

SP
Starting pitcher

RP
Relief pitcher

DH
Designated hitter

text: Highest annual salaries in 2015[edit]

text: This table refers to the salary for 2015 alone, not the overall average value of the contract.

text:
Name
Position
Team(s)
Salary
Ref

Clayton Kershaw
SP
Los Angeles Dodgers
$32,571,428
[15]

Justin Verlander
SP
Houston Astros
$28,000,000
[16]

Ryan Howard
1B
Philadelphia Phillies
$25,000,000
[17]

Cliff Lee
SP
Philadelphia Phillies
$25,000,000
[18]

Zack Greinke
SP
Los Angeles Dodgers
$25,000,000
[19]

Felix Hernandez
SP
Seattle Mariners
$24,907,142
[20]

Albert Pujols
1B
Los Angeles Angels
$24,050,000
[21]

Prince Fielder
DH
Texas Rangers
$24,050,000
[22]

Robinson Cano
2B
Seattle Mariners
$24,000,000
[23]

Mark Teixeira
1B
New York Yankees
$23,125,000
[24]

text: Career earnings[edit]

text:
Name
Team(s)
Position
Years
Earnings
Ref

Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Seattle Mariners
Texas Rangers
New York Yankees
SS, 3B
1994–2016
$353,416,252
[25]

Jeter, DerekDerek Jeter
New York Yankees
SS
1995–2014
$253,159,364
[26]

Ramirez, MannyManny Ramirez
Cleveland Indians
Boston Red Sox
Los Angeles Dodgers
Chicago White Sox
Tampa Bay Rays
LF
1993–2011
$206,827,769
[27]

Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
Pittsburgh Pirates
San Francisco Giants
LF
1986–2007
$188,245,322
[28]

Johnson, RandyRandy Johnson
Montreal Expos
Seattle Mariners
Houston Astros
Arizona Diamondbacks
New York Yankees
San Francisco Giants
SP
1988–2009
$175,550,019
[29]

Rivera, MarianoMariano Rivera
New York Yankees
RP
1995–2013
$169,441,825
[30]

Jones, ChipperChipper Jones
Atlanta Braves
3B
1993–2012
$168,552,133
[31]

Sheffield, GaryGary Sheffield
Milwaukee Brewers
San Diego Padres
Florida Marlins
Los Angeles Dodgers
Atlanta Braves
New York Yankees
Detroit Tigers
New York Mets
RF
1988–2009
$168,008,550
[32]

Helton, ToddTodd Helton
Colorado Rockies
1B
1998–2013
$161,490,000
[33]

Beltrán, CarlosCarlos Beltrán
Kansas City Royals
Houston Astros
New York Mets
San Francisco Giants
St. Louis Cardinals
New York Yankees
Houston Astros

CF, RF
1998–
$160,952,782
[34]

Santana, JohanJohan Santana
Minnesota Twins
New York Mets
SP
2000–2012
$155,997,269
[35]

Maddux, GregGreg Maddux
Chicago Cubs
Atlanta Braves
Los Angeles Dodgers
San Diego Padres
SP
1986–2008
$153,845,000
[36]

Suzuki, IchiroIchiro Suzuki
Seattle Mariners
New York Yankees
RF
2001–
$152,631,483
[37]

Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners
Cincinnati Reds
Chicago White Sox
CF
1988–2010
$151,703,682
[38]

Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Boston Red Sox
Toronto Blue Jays
New York Yankees
Houston Astros
SP
1984–2007
$150,601,000
[39]

Halladay, RoyRoy Halladay
Toronto Blue Jays
Philadelphia Phillies
SP
1998–2013
$148,991,666
[40]

Hunter, ToriiTorii Hunter
Minnesota Twins
Los Angeles Angels
Detroit Tigers
CF
1997–2015
$146,555,000
[41]

Sabathia, CCCC Sabathia
Cleveland Indians
Milwaukee Brewers
New York Yankees
SP
2001–
$146,357,142
[42]

Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
Toronto Blue Jays
Florida Marlins
New York Mets
1B
1993–2009
$146,299,000
[43]

Martínez, PedroPedro Martínez
Los Angeles Dodgers
Montreal Expos
Boston Red Sox
New York Mets
Philadelphia Phillies
SP
1992–2009
$146,259,585
[44]

text: Salary progression[edit]

text:
Average annual salary
Date signed
Name
Team
Position
Contract duration
(Years)
Ref(s)

$01170000 !1,170,000
01 !November 19, 1979
Ryan, NolanNolan Ryan
Houston Astros
SP
03 !3
[10][46]

$02500000 !2,500,000[a]
02 !December 15, 1980
Winfield, DaveDave Winfield
New York Yankees
RF
10
[47][48]

$02600000 !2,600,000
03 !September 4, 1985
Murray, EddieEddie Murray
Baltimore Orioles
1B
05 !5
[49][50]

$02633333 !2,633,333[b]
03.1 !February 16, 1989
Hershiser, OrelOrel Hershiser
Los Angeles Dodgers
SP
03 !3
[51][52]

$02970000 !2,970,000
04 !November 17, 1989
Saberhagen, BretBret Saberhagen
Kansas City Royals
SP
03 !3
[53][54]

$03000000 !3,000,000[c]
05 !November 22, 1989
Puckett, KirbyKirby Puckett
Minnesota Twins
CF
03 !3
[55][56]

$03200000 !3,200,000
06 !December 1, 1989
Langston, MarkMark Langston
California Angels
SP
05 !5
[57][58]

$03250000 !3,250,000
07 !December 11, 1989
Davis, MarkMark Davis
Kansas City Royals
SP
04 !4
[59][60]

$03500000 !3,500,000
08 !January 17, 1990
Stewart, DaveDave Stewart
Oakland Athletics
SP
02 !2
[61][62]

$03750000 !3,750,000
09 !January 22, 1990
Clark, WillWill Clark
San Francisco Giants
1B
04 !4
[63][64]

$03860000 !3,860,000
10 !April 9, 1990
Mattingly, DonDon Mattingly
New York Yankees
1B
05 !5
[65][66]

$04700000 !4,700,000
11 !June 28, 1990
Canseco, JoseJose Canseco
Oakland Athletics
RF/DH
05 !5
[67][68]

$05380000 !5,380,000
12 !February 2, 1991
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
Boston Red Sox
SP
04 !4
[39][69]

$05800000 !5,800,000
13 !December 2, 1991
Bonilla, BobbyBobby Bonilla
New York Mets
3B/RF
05 !5
[70][71]

$07100000 !7,100,000
14 !March 2, 1992
Sandberg, RyneRyne Sandberg
Chicago Cubs
2B
04 !4
[72][73]

$07290000 !7,290,000
15 !December 6, 1992
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
LF
06 !6
[28][74]

$08500000 !8,500,000
16 !January 31, 1996
Griffey, Jr., KenKen Griffey, Jr.
Seattle Mariners
CF
04 !4
[38][75]

$11000000 !11,000,000
17 !November 19, 1996
Belle, AlbertAlbert Belle
Chicago White Sox
LF
05 !5
[76][77]

$11450000 !11,450,000
18 !March 20, 1997
Bonds, BarryBarry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
LF
02 !2
[28][78]

$11500000 !11,500,000
19 !August 10, 1997
Maddux, GregGreg Maddux
Atlanta Braves
SP
05 !5
[36][79]

$12500000 !12,500,000
20 !December 10, 1997
Martínez, PedroPedro Martínez
Boston Red Sox
SP
06 !6
[44][80]

$13000000 !13,000,000
21 !October 26, 1998
Piazza, MikeMike Piazza
New York Mets
C
07 !7
[81][82]

$13333333 !13,333,333
22 !November 25, 1998
Vaughn, MoMo Vaughn
Anaheim Angels
1B
06 !6
[83][84]

$15000000 !15,000,000
23 !December 12, 1998
Brown, KevinKevin Brown
Los Angeles Dodgers
SP
07 !7
[85][86]

$15450000 !15,450,000[d]
24 !August 11, 2000
Clemens, RogerRoger Clemens
New York Yankees
SP
02 !2[d]
[39][87]

$17000000 !17,000,000
25 !October 20, 2000
Delgado, CarlosCarlos Delgado
Toronto Blue Jays
1B
04 !4
[43][88]

$25200000 !25,200,000
26 !December 10, 2000
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
Texas Rangers
SS
10
[6][25]

$27500000 !27,500,000
27 !December 13, 2007
Rodriguez, AlexAlex Rodriguez
New York Yankees
3B
10
[8][25]


document_title: U.S. history of alcohol minimum purchase age by state

question_text: when did the legal drinking age changed to 21

root

text: The alcohol laws of the United States regarding minimum age for purchase have changed over time. The history is given in the table below. Unless otherwise noted, if different alcohol categories have different minimum purchase ages, the age listed below is set at the lowest age given (e.g. if the purchase age is 18 for beer and 21 for wine or spirits, as was the case in several states, the age in the table will read as "18", not "21"). In addition, the purchase age is not necessarily the same as the minimum age for consumption of alcoholic beverages, although they have often been the same.

tag: p

text: As one can see in the table below, there has been much volatility in the states' drinking ages since the repeal of Prohibition in 1933. Shortly after the ratification of the 21st amendment in December, most states set their purchase ages at 21 since that was the Voting age at the time. Most of these limits remained constant until the early 1970s. From 1969 to 1976, some 30 states lowered their purchase ages, generally to 18. This was primarily because the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 in 1971 with the 26th amendment. A lot of states started to lower their minimum drinking age in response, most of this occurring in 1972 or 1973.[1][2][3] Twelve states kept their purchase ages at 21 since repeal of Prohibition and never changed them.

text: From 1976 to 1983, several states voluntarily raised their purchase ages to 19 (or, less commonly, 20 or 21), in part to combat drunk driving fatalities.[citation needed] In 1984, Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act, which required states to raise their ages for purchase and public possession to 21 by October 1986 or lose 10% of their federal highway funds. By mid-1988, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had raised their purchase ages to 21 (but not Puerto Rico, Guam, or the Virgin Islands, see Additional Notes below). South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply with the age 21 mandate. The current drinking age of 21 remains a point of contention among many Americans, because of it being higher than the age of majority (18 in most states) and higher than the drinking ages of most other countries. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act is also seen as a congressional sidestep of the tenth amendment. Although debates have not been highly publicized, a few states have proposed legislation to lower their drinking age,[4] while Guam has raised its drinking age to 21 in July 2010.[5]

text:
State
Pre-Prohibition
(prior to 1919)
Post-Prohibition
(after 1933)
1970s / 26th Amendment
(adopted in 1971)
1980s /
Drinking Age Act of 1984
21st century

Alabama
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21 (none with consent of parent)[6]
21
1975:
Lowered to 19[7]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (no one underage is allowed consumption Section 28-1)

Alaska
?
21[7]
1970:
Lowered to 19[9]
1984:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause (if born before January 1, 1965)[10][11]
21

Arizona
?
21[11]
1972:
Lowered to 19[12][13]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Arkansas
Pre 1925:
None[7]
1925:
21[7]
21
21[14]
21 [8]
21

California
Pre 1891:
Regulated by municipality/county (common age was 16)[15][16][17]
1891:
18 (statewide)[18]
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21 (except small amounts for religious ceremonies)

Colorado
None[11]
1945:
18: for beer
21: for wine and liquor[7]
18 [19]
Raised to 21 in 1987 [8]
21

Connecticut
?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[20]
1982:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[21]
21 (exemptions: (1) a person over age eighteen who is an employee or permit holder under section 30-90a and who possesses alcoholic liquor in the course of such person’s employment or business, (2) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor on the order of a practicing physician, or (3) a minor who possesses alcoholic liquor while accompanied by a parent, guardian or spouse of the minor, who has attained the age of twenty-one. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to burden a person’s exercise of religion under section 3 of article first of the Constitution of the state in violation of subsection (a) of section 52-571b.[22]

Delaware
?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 20[13]
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

District of Columbia
?
18: for beer and wine[11]
21: for liquor[23][24]
18: for beer and wine[13][24]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause.[25][26]
21

Florida
?
18[7]
1980:
19 [27]
1985:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [27]
21 [28]

Georgia
?
21 [11]
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1984:
Raised to 19[14]
1985:
Raised to 20[14]
1986:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Hawaii
?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18[13]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Idaho
?
20: for beer[29][30]
21: for wine and liquor[11][31]
1972:
Lowered to 19 (all)[13][32]
1987:
Raised to 21 in 1987 (Apr 11) with grandfather clause[8][33]
21

Illinois
1872:
Age of majority
(none with written consent of parent)[34]
pre 1961: Age of majority 1961: Raised to 21 [35]
1973:
Lowered to 19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[36]
1980:
Raised to 21[37]
21

Indiana
?
Post-1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Iowa
?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 19 in 1972 (Jul 1)
1973:
Lowered to 18 in 1973 (Jul 1)
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Jul 1)[38]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Jul 1) with grandfather clause.[14][38]
21

Kansas
?
1949:
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine with less than 4% ABV[14]
21: for beer and wine with 4% ABV or more[14]
21: for liquor[14][19]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21 (However, anyone under 21 may consume cereal malt beverages with parental supervision on their own property)

Kentucky
?
1938:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

Louisiana
?
As of 1948:
18[13]
18[19]
1987:
Raised to 21 de jure in 1987,[8]
but de facto age was still 18 until 1995 due to a sale loophole.
1995:
De facto age raised to 21 in 1995 when loophole was closed.[39]
1996:
In 1996, briefly lowered by Louisiana Supreme Court to 18 until it reversed its decision, raising to 21 three months later.[40]
Other exceptions still remain.[41]
21 (Exceptions to state law include:[42]

For an established religious purpose;
When a person under twenty-one years of age is accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian twenty-one years of age or older;
For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication, or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician, pharmacist, dentist, nurse, hospital, or medical institution;
In a private residence, which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres, on which the dwelling is located, owned by the same person who owns the dwelling;
The sale, handling, transport, or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty-one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer, wholesaler, or retailer of beverage alcohol.)

Maine
?
21[7]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 18[12]
1977:
Raised to 20[8][43]
1985:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Maryland
?
21[7]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[44][45]
1982:
Raised to 21 with grandfather clause [8][46]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)

Massachusetts
?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18
1979:
Raised to 20 in 1979 (Apr 16)[47][48][49]
Raised to 21 in 1985 [8]
21

Michigan
?
21[7]
1972:
Lowered to 18 in 1972 (Jan 1)[50]
1978:
Raised to 19 in 1978 (Dec 3)[51][52]
1978:
Raised to 21 in 1978 (Dec 21), 18 days later.[8]
First state to raise age to 21 since it was lowered
21

Minnesota
?
21 [11]
1973:
Lowered to 18 (June 1)
1976:
Raised to 19 (Sept 1)[53]
First state to raise age after lowering.
1986:
Raised to 21[54]
21

Mississippi
?
1966:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
(alcohol not legalized until 1966)
18[19]
Raised to 21 in 1986 [8]
21

Missouri
?
1945:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Montana
?
21 [11]
1971:
Lowered to 19[55]
1973:
Lowered to 18[56][57]
1979:
Raised to 19
1987:
Raised to 21[8][58]
21

Nebraska
?
21[59]
1969:
Lowered to 20
1972:
Lowered to 19[59]
1980:
Raised to 20[14]
1985:
Raised to 21[14]
21

Nevada
?
1933:
21[7]
21
21[8]
21

New Hampshire
?
21[11]
1973:
Lowered to 18[60]
1979:
Raised to 20
1985:
Raised to 21[8][21]
21

New Jersey
Before 1880:
None
Post-1880:
18 (penalties only against businesses)[61][62][63]
21[citation needed]
1973:
Lowered to 18 [12]
1980:
Raised to 19
1983:
Raised to 21[8][64]
21

New Mexico
?
1934:
21[7]
21[14]
21[8]
21

New York
21
18[65]
18
1982:
Raised to 19 in 1982 (Dec)
1985:
Raised to 21 in 1985 (Dec)[21][66][67]
21

North Carolina
?
18[11]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1983:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

North Dakota
?
1936:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [68]
21

Ohio
?
1935:
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[69]
18: for 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor
1982 (Aug. 19 to Oct. 1):
19: for 3.2% ABW beer[14]
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[14]
1982 (From Oct. 1):
19: beer
21: wine and liquor[70]
1988:
21[14]
21 (However, anyone can drink with parents or legal-age spouse)

Oklahoma
?
Men:
21
Women:
18: 3.2% ABW beer
21: for beer stronger than 3.2% ABW, wine and liquor[71]
1976:
Lowered to 18 (for 3.2% ABW beer) for both sexes in 1976 (Dec) [72]
Last state to lower the drinking age.
1983:
Raised to 21[11][73]
21

Oregon
?
1933:
21[7]
21
21 [8]
21

Pennsylvania
?
1935:
21[7]
21
21 [8][52]
21

Rhode Island
?
21[11]
1970:
Lowered to 18[12][74]
1980:
Raised to 19
1981:
Raised to 20
1984:
Raised to 21[21]
21

South Carolina
21[75]
1935:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[7]
18: for beer and wine[19]
21: for liquor
1984:
19: for beer and wine[7]
21: for liquor
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

South Dakota
?
1934:
21 (all)
1939:
Lowered to 18: for 3.2% beer
Raised to 19: for 3.2% beer[76]
1972:
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[13]
1984:
19: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[8]
1988:
Raised to 21[58]
21

Tennessee
Pre 1881:
None
1881:
21[77]
21[7]
1964:
Lowered to 18[7]
1979:
Raised to 19
1984:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Texas
Pre 1909:
21
None (with written permission of parent or guardian)
Post 1909:
21[78][79]
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 18[80]
1981:
Raised to 19[81]
1986:
Raised to 21 in 1986 (Sep 1)[8][26]
21

Utah
?
1935:
21[7]
21[14]
21 [8]
21

Vermont
?
21[7]
1971:
Lowered to 18[82][83]
1986:
Raised to 21[21][83]
21

Virginia
?
21[84]
1974:
Lowered to 18: for beer and wine
(21: for liquor remained)[84]
1981:
Raised to 19 for off-premises consumption
1983:
Raised to 19 (all beer)
1985:
Raised to 21[84]
21

Washington
"Age of majority"
since 1877 [85]
21[citation needed]
21
21 [8]
21

West Virginia
?
18: for beer and wine
21: for liquor[11]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all)[86]
1983:
Raised to 19
(& 21 for non-residents)[8][43]
1986:
Raised to 21[8]
21

Wisconsin
1839–1866:
18: for wine and liquor
None: for beer
Post-1866:
21 (all)[87]
18: for beer
21: for wine and spirits
1957:
21: for residents of bordering states with age limit 21.[88]
1963:
Raised to 21 (off-premises beer sales, remained 18 for on-premises).[88]
1972:
Lowered to 18 (all) in 1972 (Mar)[88]
1977:
Border state restriction lifted.[88]
1984:
Raised to 19
1986:
Raised to 21 (September 1, 1986)[88]
21 (however anyone can drink when parents, spouses, teachers are present)[citation needed]

Wyoming
?
21[7]
1973:
Lowered to 19[13]
1988:
Raised to 21 in 1988 (Jul 1)[89][90]
Last state to raise de jure drinking age to 21
21

American Samoa
?
?
?
21?
21 [91]

Northern Mariana Islands
–
–
?
21?
21 [92]

Puerto Rico
?
18
18
Kept at 18
despite 10% highway funding
penalty under Drinking Age Act.
18 [93]

Virgin Islands
?
?
?
18
18 [94]

Guam
?
21?
18
18
Raised to 21 in 2010 [5]

tag: table

text: Additional notes[edit]

text:
Contrary to popular belief, since the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, not all states specifically prohibit minors' and young adults' consumption of alcohol in private settings. That is because the federal law is concerned only with purchase and public possession, not private consumption, and contains several exceptions. As of January 1, 2007, 14 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright, 19 states do not specifically ban underage consumption outright, and 17 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws. Federal law explicitly provides for religious, medical, employment and private club possession exceptions; as of 2005, 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws.[41]
In the 1960s the age for buying or drinking beer and wine in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.) was 18; the age for hard liquor was 21.[23][24] Residents from Virginia and Maryland would often drive to D.C. to obtain alcohol. In Louisiana, the 1987 law raising the age from 18 to 21 was deliberately written solely to comply with the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 to avoid losing highway funding, while still allowing 18- to 20-year-olds to drink as before. Not only did it still allow 18- to 20-year-olds to consume in private, it contained a major loophole allowing bars and stores to sell alcohol to 18- to 20-year-olds without penalty (despite purchase being technically illegal) which meant that the de facto age was still 18.[39] In other words, the drinking age was 21 only on paper. This loophole was closed in 1995, but in 1996 the Louisiana Supreme Court declared a drinking age of 21 unconstitutional.[39] That briefly lowered the de jure purchase age to 18, causing an uproar which prompted the Louisiana Supreme Court to reverse its decision, raising the age to 21 three months later.[40] Other exceptions still remain to this day, including drinking in a private residence,[41] and Louisiana still has some of the most liberal general alcohol laws of any state.
Some states were "dry" well before national Prohibition was enacted in 1919, in some cases since achieving statehood. Also, some states did not become fully "wet" until several years after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 (e.g. Mississippi in 1966). Since 1966, all states and territories of the USA have been "wet", but dry counties and towns still exist in some states.

tag: ul


document_title: Basketball moves

question_text: a player that can shoot pass or dribble is considered to be

text: Basketball moves

text: Dribbling[edit]

text: Dribbling is bouncing the ball continuously with one hand at a time without ever holding the ball. Dribbling is required in order for a player to take steps while possessing the ball.

text: Crossover dribble[edit]

text: In a crossover dribble, the ball handler changes the ball from one hand to the other using a single dribble. The crossover is a fundamental dribbling technique in basketball used to keep the ball in the hand farthest from the defender (preventing a steal) while maintaining a desired speed and orientation on the court. It is very efficient when executing a drive. Make the crossover, get around your defender, and drive to the basket. A crossover functions best when the ball handler looks and acts like they are headed in one direction, before crossing over to the other direction.[1] This can often be achieved by a simple head fake, or a step in that intended direction.[2] Some of the players famous for their crossover dribble include Allen Iverson, Kyrie Irving, Stephen Curry, and Kobe Bryant.

text: Between the legs[edit]

text: This is a commonly used variation of the crossover in which the ball-handler bounces the ball off of the floor between his/her legs and catches it with the other hand on the opposite side of his/her body. It is used as a safer way to cross over while directly facing a defender, but requires more slowing of forward momentum than the crossover dribble.

text: Behind the back[edit]

text: This advanced form of crossover involves the ball handler bouncing the ball off of the floor behind his feet and catching it with the other hand, usually while his/her feet are no more than shoulder-width apart. If there are no defensive players around the ball handler except one directly facing him/her, and that defender does not expect this type of dribble, it can be an even safer way of crossing over compared to a between-the-legs. In all other cases, it is generally a dangerous move that can result in the ball bouncing off of the dribbler's feet or a steal.[3]

text: This dribble is especially useful for when the offensive player is really close to their defender and needs to change dribble hands, but doesn't have space to use a regular crossover.[4]

text: Wraparound[edit]

text: The wraparound is similar to a behind-the-back except; instead of the ball being thrown in a sideways direction and bouncing behind the ballhandler's back, it is swung further around the back and thrown in a forward direction, bouncing on the side or in front of the ballhandler's body. This move is mostly used when a defender lunges toward one side of the ballhandler's body for a steal. The ballhandler would then simply throw the ball around his body and quickly pass his defender.

text: In and out dribble[edit]

text: An in and out dribble is widely used as a counter move to a crossover, whereby the ball handler fakes the crossover, and pushes the ball back out on the same hand.[2]

text: Different heights dribble[edit]

text: This technique involves dribbling the ball in different heights. This is usually combined with other dribbling techniques to make it more effective. It is mostly effective on players smaller or taller than you but NOT quite on players that has the same height as you. The fundamentals are if you have a smaller opponent, you can lure them by pretending to bring the ball low and then suddenly turning the ball very high. If the opponent is taller, you can lure them by pretending to bring the ball high and suddenly changing its height very low. This dribbling technique can be used if you want to drive past your opponents. If your opponent does not bite on your lure/trap, maintain the height of your dribble, and you can drive through them but with more speed. Note, if you're going to pass or shoot after your dribble, make sure that you will go back to your usual pace to maintain the momentum for your dribbling.

text: Ankle breaker dribble[edit]

text: This is when an offensive player does a move that makes their defender stumble to the ground. Players' collapsing due to this rarely occurs under normal circumstances. Typically this happens when a defender loses balance, trips over their own feet, or even slips. An offensive player can't consistently control whether the defender falls, but using speed, body momentum, body contact and sharp changes of direction make it much more likely to happen.[5]

text: After the dribble[edit]

text: Euro step[edit]

text: The Euro step (sometimes "Eurostep") is a move developed in European basketball in which a player, after picking up his dribble, takes a step in one direction, and then quickly takes a second step in the other direction before they attempt a layup. It is an attempt to evade at least one defender before attacking the basket.

text: Šarūnas Marčiulionis, a Lithuanian, is generally credited with bringing the move to the NBA. It was popularized in North America by Manu Ginóbili, an Argentine who arrived in the NBA from the Italian league, and has since been used by many US-born players, such as Dwyane Wade, James Harden, and Russell Westbrook

text: Pro-hop[edit]

text: The combination of a euro step and a jump-stop, the pro-hop is a move in which a player picks up their dribble with a synchronized right hand dribble/right foot step, or... a synchronized left hand dribble with left foot step. The player then rips the ball to the opposite side of their body while landing on a jump-stop. The pro hop's ability to split defenders, or throw an opposing defender off rhythm through 'change of direction speed' is a move popularized by Shantay Legans, former point guard for University of California at Berkeley.

text: Pro-hop euro step[edit]

text: It is a pro-hop, without landing on a jump stop. Player picks up their dribble with a synchronized right hand dribble/right foot step, or a left hand dribble with left foot step. Player then rips the ball to opposite side of their body (behind the back if skilled), takes two steps, and finishes with a reverse layup.

text: Power up[edit]

text: The power up is a move in which the player lands on their outside foot then inside foot, and powers up toward the basket. An effective move because of its balance and power resulting from a two-foot gather and take off.

text: Over-the-head[edit]

text: The over-the-head move is a move in which the player rotates the ball over their head in a circular fashion. This is done as the player is stepping to one side of the defender, while trying to get past him/her at the same time. It is essentially used as a way to prevent the ball from getting stolen. It is typically used when driving to the basket, and on fast breaks.

text: Passes[edit]

text: Bounce pass[edit]

text: The bounce pass is a fundamental and very effective passing technique. This pass consists of one player passing the ball to a teammate by bouncing the ball off the floor. Because the ball will be at ground level as it passes a defender, a successful bounce pass can easily result in a scoring assist because a bounce pass is harder for defenders to steal. Still, a bounce pass may be stolen due to its slower speed. So, a player must use his best judgment when he decides whether to make such a pass.

text: Chest pass[edit]

text: This pass is performed best by stepping towards your target with one foot, then throwing the ball out towards their chest with two hands while turning the hands over, ending with the thumbs pointing down. It is best used in an open court and on the perimeter.

text: Over the head pass[edit]

text: An over the head pass is another fundamental passing technique. It is used by snapping the ball over the head, like a soccer throw-in. This pass is especially effective in helping to initiate a fast break. After a defensive rebound, a well-thrown overhead, or outlet, pass can allow a breaking offensive player to quickly score without even dribbling by catching the ball near the basket.

text: Touch pass[edit]

text: A touch pass is an advanced passing technique in which a prior pass or a loose ball is immediately redirected to another player by tipping or slapping the ball. This is the quickest pass in basketball and is therefore very effective when executed correctly.

text: Lance pass[edit]

text: The lance pass or baseball pass is a long pass in which the passer throws the ball with one hand, as if it were a baseball or a football. It is infrequently used, mainly to set up last-second plays off a baseline inbounding situation.

text: Jump pass[edit]

text: A jump pass is a pass performed while the passing player's feet are off the floor. When done intentionally, usually when a teammate gets open during the shot, it can sometimes confuse the defender, causing him to believe that the passer is shooting instead of passing. At times, however, it is done as a result of the player having their shooting lane blocked and often leads to the player turning the ball over to the opposing team. This kind of pass is risky to execute, and the chances of perfectly passing the ball to an open teammate are considerably low, as it leaves the offensive player very vulnerable to turnovers.

text: Blind pass[edit]

text: Also known as a no-look pass, the blind pass is performed when a player looks in one direction but passes the ball to his target in another direction. Blind passes are risky and infrequently attempted, but when done correctly, they can confuse the defense. The no-look pass has been popularized by players such as Magic Johnson, Isiah Thomas, Stephen Curry, Pete Maravich, Larry Bird, Jason Kidd, Rajon Rondo, Michael Jordan, John Stockton, Ricky Rubio, Jason Williams, and Steve Nash. Šarūnas Jasikevičius also frequently used it during his glory years in the EuroLeague.

text: Behind-the-back[edit]

text: Behind-the-back passes are passes dealt to a target behind the passer's back. Usually done to confuse the defender, behind the back passes can either be bounced off the floor or passed directly to a teammate's chest. However, most behind-the-back passes are direct. Earl Monroe was famous for this move. Steve Nash used this move often, and Chris Webber is famed for using this move down in the paint.

text: Two person game[edit]

text: Give and go[edit]

text: "Give and Go" is an offensive play that involves passing the ball (give) and then running (go) to an open spot to receive the ball back, usually near the basket, for an easy score. This play can be effective when the defender pays too much attention to the ball instead of the player who moves after passing the ball. This is also known as a "One-Two" in street ball.

text: Dribble pitch - handoff[edit]

text: The dribble pitch or the handoff, is an offensive play, whereby the ball-handler passes to a player (often a bigger player) and runs by him to collect the ball, whilst the big sets a screen.

text: Pick and roll[edit]

text: "Pick and Roll" is an offensive play in which a player stops to screen (block) a defender for the teammate handling the ball and then slips behind the defender to accept a pass as the handler makes a move towards the basket. In the NBA, John Stockton and Karl Malone of the Utah Jazz are the quintessential pick and roll tandem and used this play to great effect in the 1990s. Steve Nash and Amar'e Stoudemire when playing for the Phoenix Suns proved to be extremely effective at the pick and roll throughout the 2000s. Kyrie Irving and LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers and Blake Griffin and Chris Paul of the Los Angeles Clippers are currently among the best pick and roll tandems.

text: From the initial position of the pick and roll maneuver, the player who receives the ball has many different options as to whether he/she passes it, or fakes and then goes for a jump shot. These variations typically include the pick and pop, where by the roll man instead of heading to the basket trails behind and is wide open for a jumper, hence the 'pop', as well as slipping the screen, whereby the defender of the screener attempts to cheat and get ahead of the screener, at which point the screener does not set a screen, but merely slips by, leaving him open as his defender trails behind.

text: Backdoor[edit]

text: A backdoor play is when a player without the ball gets behind the defense and receives a pass for an easy score. This can be executed if the defenders are unaware of the open space behind them. Also, when a defender strongly commits on defense (e.g. tries to steal or deny a pass), they are vulnerable to a backdoor play.

text: Alley-oop[edit]

text: An alley-oop is an offensive play which involves one teammate lofting the ball up near the rim in anticipation of another teammate jumping up to catch and dunk it. Because this move requires both teammates to know what the other is thinking, the alley-oop is a rare and exciting play. The Los Angeles Clippers, led by point guard Chris Paul, and big men Blake Griffin, and DeAndre Jordan, were known for their spectacular alley-oops. For that, they earned the name "Lob City".

text: Shots[edit]

text: Layups[edit]

text: A layup is a two-point attempt made by leaping from the ground, releasing the ball with one hand up near the basket, and using one hand to tip the ball over the rim and into the basket (lay-in) or banking it off the backboard and into the basket (lay-up). The motion and one-handed reach distinguish it from a jump shot. The layup is considered the most basic shot in basketball.

text: An undefended layup is usually a high-percentage shot. The main challenge is getting near the rim and avoiding blocks by taller defenders who usually stand near the basket. Common layup strategies are to create space, releasing the ball from different spots or using an alternate hand. A player tall enough (or with sufficient leaping ability) to reach over the rim might choose to perform a more spectacular and higher percentage slam dunk (dropping or throwing the ball through the basket from above the rim) instead.

text: As the game has evolved through the years, so has the layup. Several different versions of the layup are used today. Layups can be broadly categorized into two types: the underarm and the overarm. The underarm layup involves using most of the wrist and the fingers to 'lay' the ball into the basket or off the board. The underarm layup is more commonly known as the finger roll. Notable current NBA players who rely heavily on the underarm finger roll are Mike Bibby and Dwyane Wade.

text: Finger-rolls today have many forms, including the Around the World which involves a complete circle around the player before the layup and a variety of faking in the approach to the rim. A classic example is a play by former Kings point guard Jason Williams during his time with Sacramento, in which Williams brings the ball behind his back with his right hand, in a fake of a back pass, and then brings it front again with the same hand for the finish (reminiscent of Bob Cousy who pioneered the move).

text: The other layup is the overhand shot, similar to a jump shot but from considerably closer range. Overhand layups almost always involved the use of the backboard. Players like Scottie Pippen (formerly of Chicago) and Karl Malone (formerly Utah) have used this move to great effect.

text: In addition, another variation of the lay-up is the wrong-foot layup. Typically, this move can be seen by inexperienced players with poor footwork, however, when done intentionally, a wrong-footed layup can deceive a defender into mistiming his block attempt. In a normal layup, the left foot is used to step off when laying in with the right hand, and vice versa. However, in a wrong-footed layup, the right foot is used to step off when laying in with the right hand. This also helps to shield the defender from reaching across to block the shot; in reaching across however, the defender will likely get called for a defensive foul. Tony Parker of the San Antonio Spurs relies heavily on the wrong footed layup, largely due to his smaller size and deceptive quickness.

text: Reverse layup[edit]

text: A reverse layup is a layup that is finished on the opposite side of the court's split-line, than the player began the attack on.

text: Finger roll[edit]

text: A finger roll is performed when a player shoots the ball with one hand during a layup and then lifts his fingers, rolling the ball into the basket. The rotation produced provides the ball with a soft touch, and the ball will roll around the rim and then drop into the basket. The former Philadelphia 76ers forward Julius Erving is credited with the creation of the finger roll layup. Former San Antonio Spurs guard George "The Iceman" Gervin was known for having one of the best finger rolls in the game along with Lakers center Wilt Chamberlain. Michael Jordan and Scottie Pippen are other notable practitioners, while former NBA star Jason Kidd is renowned for his smooth finger rolls as well.

text: Tear drop[edit]

text: The tear drop, also called a runner or a floater, is usually performed by undersized players (mainly point guards). A player usually starts the layup procedure a good distance away from the basket. The ball is generally released earlier and in a higher arc than the normal layup. The ball should be away before the taller defender has the chance to block it. The purpose of this shooting move is to make the defender miss blocking the ball as the ball is released from the hand one moment sooner than expected. It is so-named because the ball drops down from the high point of the arc like a falling tear drop. Gary Payton of the Seattle SuperSonics and John Stockton of the Utah Jazz during their primes, the former in the mid-to-late 90s and the latter in the early-to-mid 90s were considered to have the best tear drops in the game. Chris Paul of the Houston Rockets, Tony Parker of the San Antonio Spurs and Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors frequently use the tear drop with great success.[6] Antawn Jamison had one of the most highly effective tear drop shots in the league despite being a power forward. Ben Gordon of the Charlotte Bobcats, Juan Carlos Navarro of FC Barcelona, Steve Nash (Retired), Rajon Rondo of the New Orleans Pelicans, J.J. Barea from the Dallas Mavericks, and Derrick Rose from the Cleveland Cavaliers are currently known for the tear drop move.

text: Power stop/drive[edit]

text: Power drive is a continuous shooting move in which a player stops dribbling and makes a huge leap forward, while securing the ball in both hands from the dribbling hand, then making a layup. The move is generally used as a layup because the huge movement coming from the leap provides the momentum for the player to jump forward for a layup. The move is a great way to squeeze the player under the basket for a fast layup.

text: Double clutch[edit]

text: A double clutch is a move associated with a layup or a dunk; it is a change of ball position in mid-air (similar to the "up and under" move, but performed while the player is in the air). It is effectively used by many players.

text: Bank shot[edit]

text: A bank shot in basketball is a shot that relies on the ball bouncing off the backboard and into the basket. It is frequently used for mid-range jump shots from around a 45° angle and layups. It is not commonly used for long-range shots or shots from the middle or near the baseline. The purpose of using the backboard is to try to hit the backboard at an angle, thus slowing the speed of the ball and increasing its chances of falling into the hoop. Researchers at North Carolina State University found that bank shots may be 20 percent more effective up to a distance of about 12 feet than direct shots.[7] Another term for a bank shot is "off the glass." NBA players known for using the bank shot often are Sam Jones, George Gervin, Tim Duncan, Dwyane Wade, Dirk Nowitzki, Scottie Pippen, and Kobe Bryant.

text: Putback and tip-in[edit]

text: A putback describes a situation where a player secures an offensive rebound, then immediately scores a basket. If the player secures the rebound while in the air, for the shot to be considered a putback, the player can land on the ground before shooting, but cannot dribble before taking the shot. If the player does not secure the rebound but instead taps the ball into the basket, it is considered a tip-in. There is a point where the difference between a putback and a tip-in is subjective (e.g., a one-handed rebound in the air followed by a shot before touching the ground). A putback jam is a spectacular alternative to the tip-in, where the ball is slam-dunked off the rebound in the same motion. Josh Smith and Kenyon Martin are the perfectors of the putback jam. It is also a primary source of scoring for All-Star center Dwight Howard, who led the NBA in dunks in the 2008–2009, 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 seasons.

text: Triple threat position and related moves[edit]

text: Triple threat is the position when a player facing a defender receives a pass but has not dribbled yet. The offensive player's feet are slightly wider than shoulder width and slightly on the balls of their feet, their knees flexed, with both hands on the basketball in front of them or almost resting on their thigh, presenting the defender with an opponent able to move in any direction. One foot is held as the pivot and the other slightly ahead. From this, the player can choose from three options: to jump-shoot, to dribble (drive) past the defender or to pass it to a teammate. There are also options to get the defender out of their defensive stance by using jab steps and pump fakes.

text: Pivot[edit]

text: Pivoting is the act of rotating one's body while keeping the ball of one foot in place on the floor. Most of the player's balance should be on the pivot foot while slightly raising the heel in order to pivot on the ball of the foot. Pivoting can be done with or without the ball as it is an important tool to quickly change direction or orientation to the basket.[8]

text: Jab step[edit]

text: A jab step, also known as side step, is performed when a player holds onto the ball before dribbling while his non-pivot leg performs a jabbing forward or side motion. This move is used to test defender's defensive weaknesses and stance. A combination of the pump fake, the drive, the shot and the crossover drive can be performed along with the jab step to lure the opponent out of his defense. New York Knicks forward Carmelo Anthony is well known for taking the jab step, as was 13-year pro Kiki Vandeweghe. When the player does this, the defender falls off from their defensive stance, creating a space between the player and the defender, allowing them to take a quick mid-range jumper, a three-pointer, or a drive "to the lane."

text: Pump fake[edit]

text: A pump fake (also called a shot fake) is a feigned attempt at a jump shot, restrained before the feet leave the ground. The pump fake is a fundamental move in basketball, used to cause defenders to jump (known in basketball slang as "lifting" the defender) or be shifted off-balance. Its main applications are in the low post area, where a player is much more likely to have his or her shot blocked. On the perimeter, it is useful in creating open lanes to the basket by "showing" the ball enough to entice a defender to attempt to block or steal it, allowing the dribbler to penetrate easily. Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, and Dwyane Wade are known to be masters of the pump fake.

text: Drawing contact[edit]

text: An offensive move intended to produce a foul call on the defensive player. A typical strategy is to drive into a defensive player whose feet are not stationary. When the two players make bodily contact, a blocking foul can be called on the defensive player. If the defensive player has a set position (i.e., both feet are stationary and arms are not in a downward motion), the contact can result in a charging foul against the offensive player (this is known as taking the charge for the fouled defensive player). Another way of drawing contact is to pump fake and then jump towards the defender, make contact and then shoot; this gets you to the foul line. If you make the basket (often made in the paint), you get the basket and one foul shot. Players like DeMar DeRozan and Kobe Bryant have mastered the art of drawing contact.

text: Shuffle[edit]

text: This move is similar to the jab step, but smaller. It is when a player uses multiple very little jab steps to throw off a defender and keep him constantly guessing whether you will go to the basket or not. It was used frequently by former San Antonio Spurs forward Tim Duncan.

text: Posting up[edit]

text: To "post up" is to establish a position in the low post, the area near the basket below the foul line, usually in order to take advantage of a smaller defender. The offensive player usually faces away from the basket, so that his body can protect the ball from the defender. From this position, options such as spinning or backing down the defender to close in to the basket for better scoring opportunities become available.

text: Up and under[edit]

text: The up and under is a move consisting of two parts: a shot fake (the up) and a step-through (the under). First the player with the ball fakes a shot by thrusting the ball above his head as if to take a shot, then when the defender jumps in an attempt to block the shot, the offensive player steps by him and attempts a clear, unguarded shot.[9]

text: Generally used by post players, Hakeem Olajuwon and Kevin McHale were considered masters of this move.[10]

text: Hook shot[edit]

text: The hook shot is one of the most effective inside moves, but it is also quite difficult to execute. A hook shot begins when the player puts his body between the ball and the opponent. He then releases the ball towards the basket with his outside hand in a "hook" motion. The hook shot and variations such as the jump-hook and skyhook are effective because they are very difficult for the defender to block, although it is harder to hit the shot with precision. The advantage the hook shot offers is the space it creates between the offensive player and his defender. This extra space can reduce or eliminate the advantages enjoyed by a taller defender. The hook shot is most often used by post players because it is difficult to make the shot from a distance.[11] Kareem Abdul-Jabbar became the NBA's all-time leading scorer by using his almost indefensible skyhook.

text: Drop step[edit]

text: Also called a reverse pivot, the drop step is a move in which the player posting up takes a back step on the side of a defender behind him and spins to that side to gain leverage.[12]

text: Power move[edit]

text: The power move is executed by pivoting towards the basket to seal the defender, then using a two handed power dribble followed by a jump stop to get closer to the basket. Immediately after the jump stop the player jumps up for a power shot or jump hook.[13]

text: Spin and drive[edit]

text: When the offensive player receives the ball in the low post, the player either fakes in one direction and then spins in the opposite direction, or immediately after catching the ball, the player spins around the defender and goes up for the shot or takes one hard dribble and then takes the shot.[14][15]

text: Sikma move[edit]

text: Named after Jack Sikma, the post player receives the ball with their back to the basket and keeps the ball at forehead level. The post then pivots to face the basket while bringing the ball overhead (almost behind the head) to shoot a jump shot. The ball is released high over the head making it difficult for the defense to block.[16][17]

text: Dream shake[edit]

text: Named after former Houston Rocket Hakeem "The Dream" Olajuwon, this move is executed when a post player dribbles alongside the baseline and with one hand under the ball fakes a layup, then pivots to the outside for a jump hook. If the defender recovers and jumps at the hook shot, the post player can pump fake the hook and step through for the unguarded layup (similar to the up and under move).[18][19]

text: Shooting[edit]

text: Pull up jumper[edit]

text: A pull-up jumper is an offensive move, where the ball handler in the act of dribbling, 'pulls up' to shoot the basketball. This is especially effective as the defender is not able to react in time to affect or block the shot. This move is widely used by many players in the NBA, including notable stars such as Demar Derozan of the Toronto Raptors, Russell Westbrook of the Oklahoma City Thunder, Stephen Curry and Kevin Durant of the Golden State Warriors, and LeBron James of the Cleveland Cavaliers.

text: Turnaround jump shot[edit]

text: When a player posts up, in order to shoot he has to turn around to face the basket. This can be done by turning in the air, timing the jump shot when the defender is not likely to jump and challenge the shot. Though a fade-away version of this move was perfected by Larry Bird and Dirk Nowitzki, players such as Michael Jordan, Kobe Bryant, Hakeem Olajuwon, and Kevin Garnett are also well known for it.

text: Fadeaway[edit]

text: A fadeaway shot is a variation on a set jump shot in which the shooter attempts his shot leaning backward, creating the effect of "fading away" from his defender. This makes it more difficult for the defender to contest the shot. The fadeaway usually has less range than a regular jump shot, because the ball has backwards momentum due to its inertia, making it somewhat tougher to project the ball over long distances.[20] Michael Jordan, Reggie Miller, Kobe Bryant, Dwyane Wade, Dirk Nowitzki, Karl Malone, Steve Nash, and DeMar DeRozan are famous for their use of the fadeaway. Wilt Chamberlain was criticized for his frequent use of the fadeaway jumper, since the follow-through usually carries the shooter away from the basket and out of rebounding position.

text: Step-back jump shot[edit]

text: The shooter takes a quick jab step away from the basket and takes a normal jump shot. Stephen Curry and James Harden are famous for their step-back jumper. This move is great for creating space right before the shot, but stay more on balance than on the fadeaway shot.[21]


document_title: Cauda equina

question_text: where does the spinal cord become cauda equina

text: Cauda equina

text: Structure[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In humans, the spinal cord stops growing in infancy and the end of the spinal cord is about the level of the third lumbar vertebra, or L3, at birth. Because the bones of the vertebral column continue to grow, by about 12 months of age, the end of the cord reaches its permanent position at the level of L1 or L2 (closer to the head). However, due to normal anatomical variations, the final cord end position may occur anywhere from T12 twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12) to L3. Individual spinal nerve roots arise from the cord as they get closer to the head, but as the differential growth occurs, the top end of the nerve stays attached to the spinal cord while the lower end of the nerve exits the spinal column at its proper level. This results in a "bundle"-like structure of nerve fibers that extends caudally from the end of the spinal cord, gradually declining in number further down as individual pairs leave the spinal column.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The cauda equina exists within the lumbar cistern, a gap between the arachnoid membrane and the pia matter of the spinal cord, called the subarachnoid space. Cerebrospinal fluid also exists within this space. Because the spinal cord terminates at level L1/L2, lumbar puncture (or colloquially, "spinal tap") is performed from the lumbar cistern between two vertebrae at level L3/L4, or L4/L5, where there is no risk of accidental injury to the spinal cord, when a sample of CSF is needed for clinical purposes.

text: Cauda equina syndrome[edit]

text: Cauda equina syndrome, a rare disorder affecting the bundle of nerve roots (cauda equina) at the lower (lumbar) end of the spinal cord, is a surgical emergency.[2] Cauda equina syndrome occurs when the nerve roots in the lumbar spine are compressed, disrupting sensation and movement.[3] Nerve roots that control the function of the bladder and bowel are especially vulnerable to damage. It can lead to permanent paralysis, impaired bladder and/or bowel control, loss of sexual sensation, and other problems if left untreated. Even with immediate treatment, some patients may not recover complete function.[2]

text: Cauda equina syndrome most commonly results from a massive disc herniation in the lumbar region.[4] A disc herniation occurs when one of the soft flexible discs that functions as an elastic shock absorber between the bones of the spinal column displaces from its normal position. The herniation occurs after the disc begins to break down with aging and can be precipitated by stress or a mechanical problem in the spine. The result is that the softer, center portion of the disc pushes out and causes pressure on the nerve roots in the lumbar spine. Other causes include spinal lesions and tumors, spinal infections or inflammation, lumbar spinal stenosis, trauma to the lower back, birth abnormalities, spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), spinal hemorrhages (subarachnoid, subdural, epidural), narrowing of the spinal canal, postoperative lumbar spine surgery complications or spinal anesthesia.[3]

text: History[edit]

text: The cauda equina was named after its resemblance to a horse's tail (Latin: cauda equina) by the French anatomist Andreas Lazarius (André du Laurens) in the 17th century.


document_title: List of French artists

question_text: who was the 19th c. artist who was both painter and graphic designer

text: List of French artists

text: Middle Ages[edit]

text: See also Middle Ages, Gothic architecture, Illuminated manuscript

text:
Gislebertus (12th century), sculptor
Pierre de Montreuil (c.1200–1266), architect
Villard de Honnecourt (13th century), other media
Jean Pucelle (active 1325–28), other media
Jean Malouel (Dutch, worked in Burgundy) (1365-1416), painter
Anastasia (fl. c.1400), manuscript illuminator
Claus Sluter (Dutch, worked in Burgundy from 1395–1406), sculptor
the Limbourg brothers (Pol and Hermann) (Dutch artists working in Burgundy around 1403–1416), other media

text: Renaissance[edit]

text: See also Renaissance, Francis I of France, Henry II of France, Catherine de' Medici, Henry III of France, Henry IV of France, Louvre, Fontainebleau, Châteaux of the Loire Valley

text:
Jacques Morel (c.1395–1459), sculptor
Enguerrand Quarton (c.1410–c.1466), painter, miniatures
Henri Bellechose (Flemish born) (active 1415-1440), painter
Simon Marmion (c.1420–1489), illuminations
Jean Fouquet (1420–1481), painter, illuminations
Jean Colombe (1430–1493), illuminations
Michel Colombe (c.1430–1515), sculptor
Nicolas Froment (c.1450–c.1490), painter
Jean Perréal (c.1455–1528), painter, illuminations
Antoine Le Moiturier (active in the 1460s), sculptor
Jean Clouet (c.1485–1541) (Flemish born), painter, miniatures
Jean Duvet (c.1485–c.1570), engraver
Josse Lieferinxe (active 1493–1508) (Flemish born), painter
Nicolas Dipre (fl. 1495–1532), painter
Jehan Cousin the elder (1500–1593), painter, engraver, sculptor
Ligier Richier (1500–1567), sculptor
Philibert Delorme (or de L'Orme) (1505/1510–1570), sculptor, architectural plans
Pierre Bontemps (1505/1510–after 1562), sculptor
Jean Goujon (c.1510–1565?), sculptor
Bernard Palissy (1510–1590), master potter
Jacques Androuet du Cerceau (c.1510–1585), architectural plans
Jean Juste (active 1515–1530), sculptor
François Clouet (c.1515–1572) (son of Jean Clouet), painter
Pierre Lescot (c.1515–1578), sculptor, architect
Antoine Caron (c.1521–1599), painter
Jean Cousin the Younger (c. 1522–1593), painter
Germain Pilon (c.1535–1590), sculptor
Ambroise Dubois (c.1542–1614) (Flemish born), painter
Barthélemy Prieur (c.1536–1616), sculptor
Toussaint Dubreuil (c.1561–1602), painter
Martin Fréminet (1567–1619), painter
Frans Pourbus the younger (1569–1622) (Flemish born), painter
Jacques Bellange (1575–1616) (in Lorraine), engraver
Jean Decourt (active 1570s), painter
François Quesnel (active 1580s), painter
Pierre Quesnel (c.1502–1580), painter
Jacques Patin (active 1580s), engraver
Jean de Beaugrand (1584–1640), lineographer
Claude Deruet (1588–1660) (in Lorraine), painter

text: Seventeenth century[edit]

text: See also French Baroque and Classicism, Louis XIII of France, Cardinal Richelieu, Baroque, Louis XIV of France, Palace of Versailles, Classicism

text:
Simon Vouet (1590–1649), painter
Jacques Callot (1592–1635) (in Lorraine), engraver
Georges de La Tour (1593–1652), painter
Nicolas Poussin (1594–1665), painter
Antoine Le Nain (before 1600–?), painter
Louis Le Nain (after 1600–?), painter
Nicolas Lagneau (fl c. 1600–c. 1650), draftsman
Abraham Bosse (1602–1676), engraver
Claude Gelée, called Claude Lorrain (1600–1682), painter
Philippe de Champaigne (1602–1674)
Pierre-Antoine Lemoine (1605–1665), still-life painter
Laurent de La Hyre (1606–1565), painter
Mathieu Le Nain (1607–c.1677), painter
Louise Moillon (1610–1696), painter
Pierre Mignard (1612–1695), painter
Gaspard Dughet (1613–1675), painter
André Le Nôtre (1613–1700), landscape architect
Eustache Le Sueur (1616–1655), painter
Sébastien Bourdon (1616–1671), painter
Charles Le Brun (1619–1690), painter, other media
Pierre Paul Puget (1620–1694), sculptor
Guillaume Courtois (1628–1679), painter and etcher
François Girardon (1628–1715), sculptor
Catherine Duchemin (1630–1698), painter
Claude Lefèbvre (1633–1675), painter and engraver
Claudine Bouzonnet-Stella (1636–1697), engraver
Charles de la Fosse (1636–1716), painter
Antoine Coysevox (1640–1720), sculptor
Antoinette Bouzonnet-Stella (1641–1676), engraver
Étienne Allegrain (1644–1736), topographical painter
Jean Jouvenet (1644–1717), painter
François de Troy (1645–1730), painter
Madeleine Boullogne (1646–1710), still life painter
Marie Blancour (fl. 1650–1699), painter
Marie Courtois (c.1655–1703), miniature painter
Nicolas de Largillière (1656–1746), painter
Nicolas Coustou (1658–1733), sculptor
Hyacinthe Rigaud (1659–1743), painter
Antoine Coypel (1661–1722), sculptor
François Desportes (1661–1743), painter

text: Eighteenth century[edit]

text: See also Palace of Versailles, Louis XV of France, Madame de Pompadour, Rococo, Louis XVI of France, Neoclassicism, Enlightenment, Gobelins. For art criticism, see Denis Diderot

text:
Alexis Simon Belle (1674–1734)
Jean-François de Troy (1679–1752) (son of François), painter
Marie-Anne Horthemels (1682–1727), engraver
Antoine Watteau (1684–1721), painter
Jean-Baptiste van Loo (1684–1745), painter
Jean-Marc Nattier (1685–1766), painter
Jean-Baptiste Oudry (1686–1755), painter
Louise-Magdeleine Horthemels (1686–1767), engraver
François Lemoyne (1688–1737), painter
Nicolas Lancret (1690–1743), painter
Charles-Antoine Coypel (1694–1752), painter, art commentator, and playwright
Jean-Baptiste Pater (1695–1736), painter
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (1699–1779), painter
Charles Joseph Natoire (1700–1777), painter
Louis-François Roubiliac (1702–1762), sculptor
Jean-Étienne Liotard (1702–1789), painter
François Boucher (1703–1770), painter, engraver
Maurice Quentin de La Tour (1704–1788), painter
Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne (1704–1778), painter, sculptor
Charles-André van Loo (Carle Van Loo) (1705–1765) (brother of Jean-Baptiste van Loo), painter
Louis-Michel van Loo (1707–1771) (son of Jean-Baptiste van Loo), painter
Jean-Baptiste Pigalle (1714–1785), sculptor
Claude Joseph Vernet (1714–1789), painter
Jean-Baptiste Perronneau (1715–1783), painter
Etienne-Maurice Falconet (1716–1791), sculptor
Joseph-Marie Vien (1716–1809), painter
Charles-Amédée-Philippe van Loo (1719–1795) (son of Jean-Baptiste van Loo), painter
Charles Germain de Saint Aubin (1721–1786), engraver, embroidery designer
Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725–1805), painter
François-Hubert Drouais (Drouais le fils) (1727–1775), painter
Jean-Baptiste Defernex (1729–1783), sculptor
Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732–1806), painter
Jean-Jacques Durameau (1733–1796), painter
Hubert Robert (1733–1808), painter, engraver
Marie-Suzanne Giroust (1734–1772), painter
Joseph Ducreux (1735–1802), painter
Étienne de La Vallée Poussin (1735–1802), French history painter and creator of interior decorative schemes
Louis Albert Guislain Bacler d'Albe (1761–1824), painter
Nicolas Bernard Lépicié (1735–1784), painter
Nicolas Benjamin Delapierre (1739–c.1800), painter
Jean Antoine Houdon (1741–1828), sculptor
Jean-Michel Moreau (Moreau the younger) (1741–1814), engraver
Anne Vallayer-Coster (1744–1818), painter
Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825), painter
Claude-Jean-Baptiste Hoin (1750–1817), portrait artist
Jacques-Antoine-Marie Lemoine (1751–1824), portrait and landscape artist
Antoine Berjon (1754–1843), painter and designer
Jean-Baptiste Regnault (1754–1829)
Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun (1755–1842), painter
Alexandre-Hyacinthe Dunouy (1757–1841), painter known for his landscapes
Pierre Prudhon (1758–1823), painter

text: Nineteenth century (Romanticism to Impressionism)[edit]

text: See also French Revolution, Napoleon I, Romanticism, Barbizon school, Naturalism, Symbolism, Impressionism, Academic art, Napoleon III of France, Photography, Modernism

text:
Louis-Léopold Boilly (1761–1845), painter
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1765–1833), photographer
Adélaïde Dufrénoy (1765–1825), poet and painter from Brittany
Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson (1767–1824), painter
Jean-Baptiste Isabey (1767–1855), painter
Antoine Jean Gros (1771–1835), painter
Pierre Narcisse Guérin (1771–1833), painter
Adélaïde Victoire Hall (1772–1844), painter
Eustache-Hyacinthe Langlois (1777–1837), painter, draftsman
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (1780–1867), painter
Étienne Bouhot (1780–1862), painter and art teacher
Alexandre-François Caminade (1783–1862), portraitist and religious painter
François Rude (1784–1855), sculptor
Eugénie Charen (1786–1824), painter
Louis-Jacques Daguerre (1787–1851), photographer
Charles de Steuben (1788–1856), painter active during the Napoleonic Era
Horace Vernet (1789–1863), painter
Jules Robert Auguste (c.1789–1850), painter
Théodore Géricault (1791–1824), painter
Nicolas Toussaint Charlet (1792–1845), painter
Antoine-Louis Barye (1795–1875), sculptor
Ary Scheffer (1795–1858), painter
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot (1796–1875), painter
Paul Delaroche (1797–1856), painter
Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863), painter
Alfred Johannot (1800–1837), painter and engraver
Hippolyte Bellangé (1800–1866), painter
Achille Devéria (1800–1857), painter, engraver
Paul Huet (1803–1869), painter
François-Émile de Lansac (1803–1890), painter
Grandville (Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard, called) (1803–1847), engraver
Eugène Isabey (1803–1886), painter
Denis Auguste Marie Raffet (1804–1860), painter
Édouard Viénot (born 1804), painter
Hippolyte Bayard (1807–1887), photographer
Honoré Daumier (1808–1879), painter, lithographer, sculptor
Louis Boulanger (1808–1867), painter
Narcisse Virgile Diaz de la Peña (1808–1878) (born in Spain), painter
Auguste Préault (1809–1879), sculptor
Ignace François Bonhomme (1809–1881), painter
Constant Troyon (1810–1865), painter
Eugène André Oudiné (1810–1875), sculptor, engraver
Jules Dupré (1811–1889), painter
Théodore Rousseau (1812–1867), painter
Boissard de Boisdenier (1813–1866), painter
Charles Jacque (1813–1894), painter
Jean-François Millet (1814–1875), painter
Thomas Couture (1815–1879), painter
Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier (1815–1891), painter
Jacques-Eugene Feyen (1815–1908), painter
Charles Marville (1816–1879), painter, engraver, photographer
Antoine Chintreuil (1816–1873), painter
Jean Pierre Alexandre Antigna (1817–1878), painter
François Bonvin (1817–1887), painter
Charles-François Daubigny (1817–1878), painter
Johan Barthold Jongkind (1819–1891) (Dutch, worked in France), painter
Théodore Chassériau (1819–1856), painter
Gustave Courbet (1819–1877), painter
Eugène Fromentin (1820–1876), painter
Nadar (Gaspard Félix Tournachon, called "Nadar") (1820–1910), photographer
Charles Méryon (1821–1868), printmaker (etching)
Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899), painter
Marie Adrien Persac (1823), painter, cartographer, architect, civil engineer, photographer
Alexandre Cabanel (1823–1889), painter
Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse (1824–1887), sculptor and painter
Jean-Léon Gérôme (1824–1904), painter
Adolphe Joseph Thomas Monticelli (1824–1886), painter
Théodule Ribot (1824–1891), painter
Eugène Boudin (1824–1898), painter
Pierre Puvis de Chavannes (1824–1898), painter
William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905), painter
Gustave Moreau (1826–1898), painter
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827–1875), sculptor
Elie Delaunay (1828–1891), painter
Achille Emperaire (1829–1898), painter and a friend of Paul Cézanne
Gaston de Laperriere (1848-1920), painter
Aimé Morot (1850-1915), painter and son in law of Jean-Léon Gérôme
Camille Bouvagne (1864–1936), painter
Jeanne Baudot (1877–1957), painter and the only assistant and pupil of Auguste Renoir

text: Nineteenth century (Impressionism to Fauvism)[edit]

text: See also Modern art, Modernism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Les Nabis, Fauvism, Symbolism, Symbolist painters, Art Nouveau, Primitivism

text:
Camille Pissarro (1830–1903), painter
Étienne-Jules Marey (1830–1904), photographer
Édouard Manet (1832–1883), painter
Gustave Doré (1832–1883), engraver
Edgar Degas (1834–1917), painter, sculptor
Pierre Mallet (1836-1898), painter of ceramics
Henri Fantin-Latour (1836–1904), painter
Jules Chéret (1836–1932), painter, other media
Paul Cézanne (1839–1906), painter
François Salle (1839–1899)
Odilon Redon (1840–1916), painter, draftsman, lithographer
Auguste Rodin (1840–1917), sculptor
Claude Monet (1840–1926), painter; a founder of French impressionist painting
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841–1919), painter
Frédéric Bazille (1841–1870), painter
Berthe Morisot (1841–1895), painter
Marie Bracquemond (1841–1916), painter
Fernand Pelez (1843–1913), painter
Alexander Louis Leloir (1843–1884), painter
Henri Rousseau ("Le Douanier Rousseau") (1844–1910), painter
Jean Antonin Mercié (1845–1916), sculptor
Jean-Joseph Benjamin-Constant (1845–1902), painter
Gustave Caillebotte (1848–1894), painter
Henri Biva (1848–1929), painter
Jules Bastien-Lepage (1848–1884), painter
Paul Gauguin (1848–1903), painter, sculptor
Henry Lerolle (1848–1929), painter
Eugène Carrière (1849–1906), painter
Pierre Carrier-Belleuse (1851–1932), painter
Vincent van Gogh (1853–1890) (Dutch, worked in France), painter
Charles Angrand (1854–1926), painter
Henry Moret (1856–1913), painter
Eugène Atget (Jean-Eugène Auguste Atget) (1857–1927), photographer
Mathurin Janssaud (1857–1940), painter
Georges-Pierre Seurat (1859–1891), painter
Antoine Bourdelle (1861–1929), sculptor
Aristide Maillol (1861–1944), sculptor
Louis Vivin (1861–1936), painter
Antonio de la Gandara (1861–1917), painter
Gaston Bussière (1862–1929), Symbolism movement painter and illustrator
Ernest de Chamaillard (1862–1931), painter
Henri Delavallée (1862–1943), painter
Paul Signac (1863–1935), painter
René Georges Hermann-Paul (1864–1940), graphic artist, illustrator, painter
William Didier-Pouget (1864–1959), painter
Henri Marie de Toulouse-Lautrec (1864–1901), painter
Paul Sérusier (1864–1927), painter
Paul Ranson (1864–1909), painter
Seraphine Louis (1864–1942), painter
Henri Jourdain (1864–1931), painter, prints or lithographs of landscapes usually by the water
Albert Aurier (1865–1892), poet, art critic and painter devoted to Symbolism
Suzanne Valadon (1865–1938), painter
Félix Vallotton (1865–1925) (Swiss, worked in France), painter, engraver
Jacqueline Marval (1866-1932), the pseudonym for Marie Josephine Vallet, French painter
Pierre Bonnard (1867–1947), painter
Ker-Xavier Roussel (1867–1944), painter
Hector Guimard (1867–1942), architect and decorator
Édouard Vuillard (1868–1940), painter
Georges Lacombe (1868–1916), sculptor
Émile Bernard (1868–1941), painter
Henri Matisse (1869–1954), painter, other media
Adolf de Meyer (1869–1949), photographer
Georges d'Espagnat (1870–1950), painter, illustrator, engraver

text: Twentieth century (pre-World War II)[edit]

text: See also Post-Impressionism, Modern art, Modernism, Cubism, Puteaux Group, Dada, Surrealism

text:
Georges Rouault (1871–1958), painter
Léon Printemps (1871–1945), painter
František Kupka (1871–1957) (Czech, worked in France), painter
Henri-Charles Manguin (1874–1943), painter
Albert Marquet (1875–1947), painter
Jacques Villon (1875–1963), painter
Constantin Brâncuși (1876–1957) (French, born in Romania), sculptor
Maurice de Vlaminck (1876–1958) (Flemish, worked in France), painter
Raymond Duchamp-Villon (1876–1918), sculptor
Raoul Dufy (1877–1953), painter
Jean Crotti (1878–1958) (Swiss), painter
Louis Marcoussis (Louis Markus) (1878–1941 or 1883–1941) (Polish, worked in France), painter
Francis Picabia (1879–1953), painter
André Derain (1880–1954), painter
Joseph Hémard (1880–1961), illustrator
Albert Gleizes (1881–1952), painter, writer, theorist
Henri Le Fauconnier (1881–1946), painter
Fernand Léger (1881–1955), painter
Georges Braque (1882–1963), painter
Auguste Chabaud (1882–1955), painter
Auguste Herbin (1882–1960), painter
Jean Metzinger (1883–1956), painter, engraver, poet, writer, theorist
Marie Laurencin (1883–1956), painter
Maurice Utrillo (1883–1955), painter
Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes (1884–1974), painter
Jacques Maroger (1884–1962), painter
Robert Delaunay (1885–1941), painter
André Dunoyer de Segonzac (1884–1974), painter
Raymond Wintz (1884–1956), painter
Pierre Brissaud (1885–1964), painter
Roger de La Fresnaye (1885–1925), painter
Robert Antoine Pinchon (1886–1943), French Post-Impressionist painter of the Rouen School (l'École de Rouen)
Amédée Ozenfant (1886–1956), painter
Jean (Hans) Arp (1886–1966), painter, sculptor
Marc Chagall (1887–1985) (born in Belarus), painter
Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968), painter, sculptor, other media
Suzanne Duchamp-Crotti (1889–1963), painter
Ossip Zadkine (1890–1967) (Russian born), sculptor
Jacques Lipchitz (1891–1973) (born in Lithuania), sculptor
Max Ernst (1891–1976) (German born), painter, sculptor
Louis Favre (1892-1956), painter, creator of lithographs
Bram van Velde (1892–1981) (Dutch, worked in France), painter
Chaïm Soutine (1894–1943) (born in Belarus), painter
Jacques Henri Lartigue (1894–1986), photographer
Jean Maurice Rothschild (1902–1998), furniture artist, interior designer, muralist
Gen Paul (1895–1975), painter, engraver
Albert Gilles (1895–1979), metal embosser, working with copper
André Masson (1896–1987), painter
René Iché (1897–1954), sculptor, painter
Jean Fautrier (1898–1964), painter
Georges Gimel (1898–1962), painter,engraver,sculptor
Henri Michaux (1899–1984) (Belgian), painter
Brassaï (Gyula Halasz) (1899–1984) (born in Hungary), photographer

text: Twentieth century (post-World War II)[edit]

text: See also Modern art

text:
René Pellos (1900–1998), cartoonist
Yves Tanguy (1900–1955) (naturalized American), painter
Marcelle Bergerol (1900–1989), painter
Madeleine Schlumberger or Marie d’Ailleurs’ (1900–1980), artist, writer
Alberto Giacometti (1901–1966) (Swiss, worked in Paris), sculptor, painter
Alfred-Georges Regner (1901–1987), painter, engraver
Jean Dubuffet (1901–1985), painter
Charles Cobelle (1902-1994), painter
Hans Bellmer (1902–1975) (French, born in Germany), sculptor, photographer, engraver
Victor Brauner (1903–1966) (Romanian), painter
Hans Hartung (1904–1992) (born in Germany), painter
Jean Hélion (1904–1987), painter
Pierre Tal-Coat (1905–1985), painter
Elisa Breton (1906–2000), artist and writer, third wife of French writer and surrealist André Breton
Henri Cadiou (1906–1989), painter
Victor Vasarely (1908–1997) (born in Hungary), painter
Balthus (Balthasar Klossowski de Rola, called "Balthus") (1908–2001) (Polish born), painter
Lucien Hervé (László Elkán) (1910–2007) (born in Hungary), photographer
Othello Radou (1910–2006), painter
Louise Bourgeois (1911–2010) (lived and died in America), sculptor, other media
Ervin Marton (1912–1968), photographer and artist
Wols (1913–1951) (born in Germany), painter
Pierre Wemaëre (1913–2010), artist[1]
Etienne Martin (1913–1995), sculptor
Nicolas de Staël (1914–1955) (French, Russian origin), painter
Gerard Locardi (1915–1998), painter
Jean-Yves Couliou (1916–1995), painter
François Lanzi (1916–1988), painter
Constantine Andreou (1917–2007) (Greek, Brazilian born), painter, sculptor
Marcel Mouly (1918–2008), painter, print maker
Bernard Cathelin (1919–2004), painter
Maurice Boitel (1919–2007), painter
Pierre Soulages (1919–), painter
Gabrielle Bellocq (1920–1999), painter
César Baldaccini (called "César") (1921–1998), sculptor
Claude Bonin-Pissarro (1921–), painter
Georges Mathieu (1921–), painter
Francois Fiedler (1921–2001), painter
Simon Hantaï (1922–) (born in Hungary), painter
Michel de Sereville (1922–2006), painter, illustrator
François Ozenda (1923–1976), painter
Jean Tinguely (1925–1991) (Swiss), sculptor
Robert Filliou (1926–1987), other media
Raymond Hains (1926–2005), other media
Paul Rebeyrolle (1926–2005), painter
François Morellet (1926–), painter
Jacques de la Villeglé (1926–), other media (ripped posters)
Georges Badin (1927–), painter
Bernard Buffet (1928–1999), painter
Yves Klein (1928–1962), painter
Jacques Rivette (1928–), filmmaker
Arman (Armand Fernandez) (1928–2005), sculptor
Gérard Gasiorowski (1930–1986), painter, other media
Niki de Saint-Phalle (1930–2002), sculptor
Gérard Laplau (d.2009), folk artist
Alvaro Guillot (1931–2010) (Uruguay/French, died in Santa Fe, New Mexico), abstract realism
Jules Michel (1931–), painter, sculptor
Jean-Marie Straub (1933–) and Danièle Huillet (1936–2006), filmmakers
Lydia Corbett (1934–), artist
Jean-Pierre Yvaral (1934–2002) (son of Victor Vasarely), painter
Jean-Michel Sanejouand (1934–), sculptor, painter
Ben Vautier (called "Ben") (1935-), painter, other media
Martial Raysse (1936–), painter
Daniel Buren (1938–), sculptor, painter
Pierre Laffillé (1938–), painter
Henri Sert (1938–1964), painter
Gérard Fromanger (1939–), painter, other media
Andrey Lekarski (1940–), painter,sculptor, media artist (Bulgarian born)
Bernar Venet (1941–) (lives in America), sculptor
Daniel Dezeuze (1942–), other media
Anne Poirier (1942–), painter, other media
Ksenia Milicevic (1942-), painter
Jean Jacques Surian (1942–), painter and ceramist, lives in Marseilles
Patrick Bokanowski (1943–), filmmaker
Pierre Risch (1943–), painter, lithograph, engraver, designer, pastellist, watercolorist
René-Louis Baron (1944–), conceptualist, algorithmic music composer
Christian Boltanski (1944–), painter, photographer, other media, sculptor
Jacques Pellegrin (1944–), painter
Henri Richelet (1944–), painter
Jean-Yves Lechevallier (1946-), sculptor
Gérard Garouste (1946–), sculptor, painter, other media
Denis Schneider (1946–), painter
Orlan (1947–), performance artist, body artist
Bracha L. Ettinger (1948–) (born in Tel Aviv), painter, photographer, new media, artists' books
Guillerm Zamor (1951–), painter, sculptor, writer
Dominique Sanson (1949–) (French, lives and works in Ibiza, Spain), painter
Thibaut de Reimpré (1949–), abstract painter
Claude-Max Lochu (1951–), painter
Pierre Toutain-Dorbec (1951–), painter, sculptor, photographer, writer
Jean-Marc Bustamante (1952–), painter, sculptor, photographer
Vanilla Beer (1953–), painter, daughter of Anthony Stafford Beer
Thierry Bisch (1953–), painter
Bernard Frize (1954–), painter
Michel Mimran (1954–)
Jean Paul Leon (1955–), painter, sculptor, writer
Joel Ducorroy (1955– ), licence plate artist
Patrick Moya (1955–), painter, sculptor, media artist (see fr:Patrick Moya)
Patrick Mimran (1956–), multimedia artist
Michel De Caso (1956–), painter, sculptor
Robert Combas (1957–), painter
Maurice Benayoun (aka MoBen) (1957–), media artist
Emmanuel Flipo (1958-), painter
Hervé Di Rosa (1959–), painter
Zaven Paré (1961–), new media artist
Victor Orly (1962– ) (lives and works in Marseilles), painter, ceramist
Pierre Huyghe (1962–), media, film, video
Bibi (1964–), installation artist
Damien Valero (1965–), mixed media artist
Manu Farrarons (1967–), tattoo artist, graphic designer, illustrator, other media
Béatrice Cussol (1970–), watercolor, drawing, mural
Elsa Dax (1972–), painter
Jean-François Batellier (1974–), caricaturist and cartoonist
Amelie Chabannes (1974–), painter, sculptor
Abdelkader Benchamma (1975–), drawings, sculptor
Y Liver (1977–) (lives and works in Paris), video maker and performance artists
Elena Mirolioubova (1980-), lives and works in Paris
Natalie d'Arbeloff, cartoonist and painter
Hom Nguyen, drawer, painter

text: French photographers[edit]

text:
Eugène Atget (Jean-Eugène Auguste Atget) (1857–1927)
Brassaï (Gyula Halasz) (1899–1984) (born in Hungary)
Hippolyte Bayard (1807–1887)
Adeline Boutain (1862–1946), photographer, postcard publisher
Adolphe Braun (1812–1877)
Alexandra Boulat (1962–2007), photographer
Sophie Calle (1953–), other media, photographer
Henri Cartier-Bresson (1908–2004)
Louis-Jacques Daguerre (1787–1851)
Robert Doisneau (1912–1994)
Pierre Dubreuil (1872–1944), photographer
Philippe Echaroux (1983)
Lucien Hervé (László Elkán) (1910–), photographer (born in Hungary)
Jacques Henri Lartigue (1894–1986)
Ange Leccia (1952–), photographer, filmmaker
Jean-François Lepage (1960–), photographer
Étienne-Jules Marey (1830–1904)
Charles Marville (1816–1879)
Nadar (Gaspard Félix Tournachon, called "Nadar") (1820–1910)
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1765–1833), inventor of photography
Pierre et Gilles (Pierre: 1949, Gilles: 1953), photographers (active since 1976)
Michel Poivert (1965–), photography historian, president of Société française de photographie
Herman Puig (originally from Cuba), photographer, filmmaker
Constant Puyo (1857–1933)
Marc Riboud (1923–), photographer
Georges Rousse (1947–), photographer
Bettina Rheims (1952–), photographer
Willy Ronis (1910–2009), photographer
Lise Sarfati (1958–), photographer
Jean-Louis Schoellkopf (1946-), photographer
Jean-Baptiste Tournassoud (1866-1951), photographer and military officer
Pierre Toutain-Dorbec (1951–)
Xavier Veilhan (1963–), photographer, other media
Jean-Marie Villard (1828-1899)
Wols (Alfred Otto Wolfgang Schulze) (1913–1951) (German, worked in France), photographer